text
stringlengths
11
320k
source
stringlengths
26
161
Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs . The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its dis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_water_chlorination
In biology , saltation (from Latin saltus ' leap, jump ' ) is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation . This was historically offered as an alternative to Darwinism . Some forms of mutationism were effectively saltationist, implying large disconti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltation_(biology)
The Saltcellar with Portuguese Figures is a salt cellar in carved ivory , made in the Kingdom of Benin in West Africa in the 16th century, for the European market. It is attributed to an unknown master or workshop who has been given the name Master of the Heraldic Ship by art historians. It depicts four Portuguese figu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcellar_with_Portuguese_Figures
Salting in refers to the effect where increasing the ionic strength of a solution increases the solubility of a solute, such as a protein . This effect tends to be observed at lower ionic strengths . [ citation needed ] Protein solubility is a complex function of physicochemical nature of the protein, pH, temperature,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_in
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation , salt fractionation , anti-solvent crystallization , precipitation crystallization , or drowning out ) [ 1 ] is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength . Salting out is typically u...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_out
Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers , which can lead to groundwater quality degradation, including drinking water sources, and other consequences. Saltwater intrusion can naturally occur in coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection between groundwater and seawater . Be...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion
The State of California enforces several methodologies through technical innovation and scientific approach to combat saltwater intrusion in areas vulnerable to saltwater intrusion. Seawater intrusion is either caused by groundwater extraction or increased in sea level. For every 1-foot of freshwater depression (0.30 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion_in_California
Salva congruitate [ 1 ] is a Latin scholastic term in logic , which means "without becoming ill-formed", [ 2 ] salva meaning rescue , salvation , welfare and congruitate meaning combine , coincide , agree . Salva Congruitate is used in logic to mean that two terms may be substituted for each other while preserving gram...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_congruitate
The Salvinia effect describes the permanent stabilization of an air layer upon a hierarchically structured surface submerged in water. Based on biological models (e.g. the floating ferns Salvinia , backswimmer Notonecta ), biomimetic Salvinia-surfaces are used as drag reducing coatings (up to 30% reduction were previou...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinia_effect
The salvo combat model provides a mathematical representation of anti-ship missile battles between modern warships . It was developed by Wayne Hughes at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, and published in 1995. [ 1 ] The salvo model describes the basic elements of modern missile combat in a ve...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvo_combat_model
Samantha Joanne Payne MBE is an English entrepreneur. The co-founder of Open Bionics , a bionics company developing affordable prosthetics for children, [ 1 ] Payne has won a number of international awards for her work. These include the MIT Technology Review 'Innovators under 35' in 2018, [ 2 ] James Dyson gong for in...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Payne
Samarium(II) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SmBr 2 . [ 6 ] It is a brown solid that is insoluble in most solvents but degrades readily in air. [ 4 ] In the gas phase, SmBr 2 is a bent molecule with Sm–Br distance 274.5 pm and bond angle 131±6°. [ 7 ] Samarium(II) bromide was first synthesi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium(II)_bromide
Samarium(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula SmI 2 . When employed as a solution for organic synthesis , it is known as Kagan 's reagent . SmI 2 is a green solid and forms a dark blue solution in THF . [ 1 ] It is a strong one-electron reducing agent that is used in organic synthesis . In solid sama...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium(II)_iodide
Samarium(III) arsenide is a binary inorganic compound of samarium and arsenic with the chemical formula SmAs . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Samarium arsenide can be synthesised by heating of pure substances in vacuum: Samarium arsenide forms crystals of a cubic system , [ 3 ] space group Fm3m , cell parameters a = 0.5921 nm, Z = 4, o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium(III)_arsenide
Samarium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound , a salt of samarium and hydroiodic acid with the chemical formula SmI 3 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Samarium(III) iodide is prepared by the reaction of metallic samarium and iodine : [ 3 ] Samarium(III) iodide is a yellow powder that is unstable in air and decomposes in water ( hydrol...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium(III)_iodide
Samarium–cobalt (SmCo) magnets belong to the category of rare-earth magnets and are composed of samarium (Sm), a rare-earth element , and cobalt (Co), a transition metal . They are among the strongest permanent magnets. They were developed in the early 1960s based on work done by Karl Strnat at Wright-Patterson Air Fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium–cobalt_magnet
Sameh Fahmi (born 14 August 1949) is an Egyptian engineer and politician who served as oil minister of Egypt for 12 years from 1999 to 2011. Fahmi was born in Cairo on 14 August 1949. [ 1 ] He has a twin brother, Hadi Fahmi. [ 1 ] Sameh Fahmi holds a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering, which he received from Ca...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameh_Fahmi
In general, a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s). [ 1 ] The things could be countable objects such as individual items available as units for sale, or an uncountable material. Even though the word "sample" implies a smaller quantit...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(material)
The Sample and Data Relationship Format ( SDRF ) is part of the MAGE-TAB standard for communicating the results of microarray investigations, including all information required for MIAME compliance. [ 1 ] An SDRF file is a tab-delimited file describing the relationships between samples, arrays, data, and other objects...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_and_Data_Relationship_Format
A sample injector is a device used in conjunction with injecting samples into high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or similar chromatography apparati. This article related to chromatography is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_injector
In analytical chemistry , sample preparation (working-up) refers to the ways in which a sample is treated prior to its analyses. Preparation is a very important step in most analytical techniques, because the techniques are often not responsive to the analyte in its in-situ form, or the results are distorted by interf...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_preparation
Sample preparation equipment refers to equipment used for the preparation of physical specimens for subsequent microscopy or related disciplines - including failure analysis and quality control . The equipment includes the following types of machinery: Each of these system types incorporates a wealth of accessories an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_preparation_equipment
In probability theory , the sample space (also called sample description space , [ 1 ] possibility space , [ 2 ] or outcome space [ 3 ] ) of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment. [ 4 ] A sample space is usually denoted using set notation , and the possible orde...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_space
In medicine , sampling is gathering of matter from the body to aid in the process of a medical diagnosis and/or evaluation of an indication for treatment, further medical tests or other procedures. In this sense, the sample is the gathered matter, and the sampling tool or sampler is the person or material to collect th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(medicine)
Sampson flow is defined as fluid flow through an infinitely thin orifice in the viscous flow regime for low Reynolds number . It is derived from an analytical solution to the Navier-Stokes equations . The below equation can be used to calculate the total volumetric flowrate through such an orifice: [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_flow
Samsung Galaxy Book Pro is a notebook computer announced by Samsung Electronics in April 2021. It has a 13.3 inch display with 1080p resolution and a 720p webcam. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This computing article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Book_Pro
The Samsung Galaxy Gear is a smartwatch produced by Samsung Electronics in the Samsung Gear family of devices. Unveiled during a Samsung Unpacked event in Berlin , Germany on September 4, 2013, the device serves as a companion for all Samsung Galaxy smartphones and tablets which runs on Android 4.3 "Jelly Bean" or newe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Gear
The Samsung Galaxy S24 is a series of high-end Android -based smartphones developed, manufactured, and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of its flagship Galaxy S series . They collectively serve as the successor to the Galaxy S23 series. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The phones were announced on January 17, 2024, at the Galaxy Unp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S24
The Samsung Galaxy S24 is a series of high-end Android -based smartphones developed, manufactured, and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of its flagship Galaxy S series . They collectively serve as the successor to the Galaxy S23 series. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The phones were announced on January 17, 2024, at the Galaxy Unp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S24+
The Samsung Galaxy S24 is a series of high-end Android -based smartphones developed, manufactured, and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of its flagship Galaxy S series . They collectively serve as the successor to the Galaxy S23 series. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The phones were announced on January 17, 2024, at the Galaxy Unp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S24_Ultra
The Samsung Galaxy S25 is a series of high-end Android -based smartphones developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of its flagship Galaxy S Series . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] They collectively serve as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy S24 series . The S25, S25+ and S25 Ultra models were announced on January 22,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S25
The Samsung Galaxy S25 is a series of high-end Android -based smartphones developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of its flagship Galaxy S Series . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] They collectively serve as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy S24 series . The S25, S25+ and S25 Ultra models were announced on January 22,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S25+
The Samsung Galaxy S25 is a series of high-end Android -based smartphones developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of its flagship Galaxy S Series . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] They collectively serve as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy S24 series . The S25, S25+ and S25 Ultra models were announced on January 22,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S25_Ultra
The Samsung Galaxy Watch is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics . It was announced on 9 August 2018. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The Galaxy Watch was scheduled for availability in the United States starting on 24 August 2018, at select carriers and retail locations in South Korea on ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch
The Samsung Galaxy Watch 3 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch3 ) is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics that was released on August 5, 2020 at Samsung's Unpacked Event alongside the flagships of the Galaxy Note series and Galaxy Z series , i.e., the Samsung Galaxy Note 20 and Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2 , respecti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_3
The Samsung Galaxy Watch 4 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch4 ) is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics . It is the first Samsung watch to run Google's Wear OS since the Samsung Gear Live , and the first watch to run Wear OS 3, co-developed by Samsung and Google . [ 3 ] The device largely followed the design l...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_4
The Samsung Galaxy Watch 5 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch5 ) is a series of Wear OS -based smartwatches developed by Samsung Electronics . It was announced on 10 August 2022, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and was released on 26 August 2022. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_5
The Samsung Galaxy Watch 6 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch6 ) is a series of Wear OS -based smartwatches developed by Samsung Electronics . It was announced on July 26, 2023 at Samsung's biannual Galaxy Unpacked event in Seoul, South Korea , making it the first such release held in the company's home country. [ 1 ] [...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_6
The Samsung Galaxy Watch 7 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch7 ) is a series of Wear OS -based smartwatches developed by Samsung Electronics . It was announced on July 10, 2024, at Samsung's biannual Galaxy Unpacked event. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The watches were launched on July 24, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_7
The Samsung Galaxy Watch Active is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics . It was announced on 20 February 2019. [ 1 ] The Galaxy Watch Active was scheduled for availability in the United States starting on March 8, 2019. This technology-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_Active
The Samsung Galaxy Watch Active 2 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Watch Active2 ) is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics , running the Tizen operating system. Announced on 5 August 2019, the Active 2 was scheduled for availability in the United States starting on 23 September 2019. [ 1 ] The Active 2 was release...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_Active_2
The Samsung Galaxy Watch series is a line of smartwatches designed and produced by Samsung Electronics . The line features various health, fitness, and fashion related features, and is integrated with Samsung's other products under the Samsung Galaxy brand. The series is the successor to the previous Samsung Gear watch...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Watch_series
The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 6 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Flip6 ) is a foldable smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics . officially announced on July 10, 2024, at the Samsung Galaxy Unpacked event in Paris, France , alongside the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 , Galaxy Watch 7 Series , Samsung Galaxy Buds3 Series , and S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_Flip_6
The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Fold4 , sold as Samsung Galaxy Fold 4 in certain territories) is a foldable smartphone that is part of the Samsung Galaxy Z series . It was announced at the August 2022 edition of Galaxy Unpacked [ 5 ] [ 6 ] alongside the Galaxy Z Flip 4 . It was released subseq...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_Fold_4
The Samsung Gear 2 and Samsung Gear 2 Neo are smartwatches produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled on February 22, 2014 at Mobile World Congress , the Gear 2 line is a successor to the Samsung Galaxy Gear . In comparison to the Galaxy Gear, the most significant change made to the Gear 2 line was the replacement of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_2
The Samsung Gear Fit is a fitness wristband made by Samsung Electronics, and forms part of their Samsung Gear family of smartwatch devices. It features a curved AMOLED display. [ 2 ] Its design was developed to appeal to people interested in fitness and style. The included applications facilitate monitoring fitness ac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_Fit
The Samsung Gear Fit2 is a fitness smartwatch made by Samsung Electronics . The product is made in China. Unveiled in June 2016, the Gear Fit2 is the successor to the Samsung Gear Fit released in 2014. [ 2 ] Compared to the Gear Fit the new wristband has an updated design, built-in GPS , and the ability to automatical...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_Fit_2
The Samsung Gear Live is an Android Wear -based smartwatch announced and released by Samsung and Google on June 25, 2014. [ 1 ] [ dead link ] It was released along with the LG G Watch as launch devices for Android Wear, a modified version of Android designed specifically for smartwatches and other wearables. [ 2 ] Gear...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_Live
Samsung Gear S is a smartwatch designed and marketed by Samsung Electronics . It was announced on August 28, 2014, as the successor to the Samsung Gear 2 and was released on November 7, 2014. [ 2 ] The smartwatch can be modified to run Android 5.1.1 [ 3 ] or Wear OS 6.0.1. [ 4 ] Its successor, the Samsung Gear S2 , wa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_S
The Samsung Gear S2 is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics running Samsung's Tizen operating system. It was unveiled at IFA in 2015. [ 1 ] The Gear S2 was the first device to use eSIM technology. [ 2 ] Its successor, the Samsung Gear S3 , was released on November 18, 2016. The watch features a rotating beze...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_S2
The Samsung Gear S3 is a Tizen -based circular smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics . It was released on 18 November 2016. [ 1 ] There are two models of the Gear S3, Classic and Frontier. The Classic has a silver watch case and black leather band, while the Frontier has a black watch case and rubber band. Both...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_S3
The Samsung Gear Sport is a smartwatch developed by Samsung Electronics . The Gear Sport was released at Samsung Galaxy Unpacked in 2017. [ 1 ] This Samsung mobile phone-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Gear_Sport
Samsung Knox (stylized as SΛMSUNG Knox ) is a proprietary security and management framework pre-installed on most Samsung mobile devices. Its primary purpose is to provide organizations with a toolset for managing work devices, such as employee mobile phones or interactive kiosks . [ 2 ] Samsung Galaxy hardware, as wel...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Knox
Samuel Alexander OM FBA (6 January 1859 – 13 September 1938) was an Australian-born British philosopher. He was the first Jewish fellow of an Oxbridge college. [ 2 ] He is now best known as an advocate of emergentism in biology. [ 3 ] He was born into a Jewish family at 436 George Street, Sydney , Australia, the third...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alexander
Samuel Francis (Frank) Boys (20 December 1911 – 16 October 1972) was a British theoretical chemist . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Boys was born in Pudsey , Yorkshire, England. He was educated at the Grammar School in Pudsey and then at Imperial College London , whence he graduated in Chemistry in 1932. He then embarked on postgr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Boys
Samuel H. Wood is a scientist and fertility specialist. In 2008, he became the first man to clone himself, donating his own DNA via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce mature human embryos that were his clones. Wood completed undergraduate studies in psychology at Loma Linda University in 1979. His graduat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Wood
In mathematics, the Samuelson–Berkowitz algorithm efficiently computes the characteristic polynomial of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix whose entries may be elements of any unital commutative ring . Unlike the Faddeev–LeVerrier algorithm , it performs no divisions, so may be applied to a wider range of algeb...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelson–Berkowitz_algorithm
The San Jose BioCenter is a business incubator formed as a university foundation in 2004 and focused on the initiation and development of technology companies, with an emphasis on the life sciences industry. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The BioCenter emerged from San Jose State University in an effort to revitalize an industrial area o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_BioCenter
The San Juan–Chama Project is a U.S. Bureau of Reclamation interbasin water transfer project located in the states of New Mexico and Colorado in the United States . The project consists of a series of tunnels and diversions that take water from the drainage basin of the San Juan River – a tributary of the Colorado Rive...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan–Chama_Project
In mycology , a sanctioned name is a name that was adopted (but not necessarily coined) in certain works of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon or Elias Magnus Fries , which are considered major points in fungal taxonomy. Sanctioned names are those, regardless of their authorship, that were used by Persoon in his Synopsis Meth...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctioned_name
The species name sanctus ( Latin for "sacred") occurs in several binomial names in the taxonomy of life . Examples include:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctus_(species)
A sand bath is a common piece of laboratory equipment made from a container filled with heated sand . It is used to evenly heat another container, most often during a chemical reaction . A sand bath is most commonly used in conjunction with a hot plate or heating mantle . A beaker is filled with sand or metal pellet...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_bath
Sand dune ecology describes the biological and physico-chemical interactions that are a characteristic of sand dunes . Sand dune systems are excellent places for biodiversity, partly because they are not very productive for agriculture, and partly because disturbed, stressful, and stable habitats are present in proxi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dune_ecology
A sand fence or sandbreak , similar to a snow fence , is a barrier used to force windblown, drifting sand to accumulate in a desired place. Sand fences are employed to control erosion, help sand dune stabilization , keep sand off roadways, and to recruit new material in desert areas. Sand fences are also commonly emplo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_fence
A sand rammer is a piece of equipment used in foundry sand testing to make test specimen of molding sand by compacting bulk material by free fixed height drop of fixed weight for 3 times. It is also used to determine compactibility of sands by using special specimen tubes and a linear scale. Sand rammer consists of ca...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_rammer
A sand table uses constrained sand for modelling or educational purposes. The original version of a sand table may be the abax used by early Greek students. In the modern era, one common use for a sand table is to make terrain models for military planning and wargaming . An abax was a table covered with sand commonly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_table
The Sandberg Institute ( Dutch : Sandberg Instituut ) is a postgraduate institution in Amsterdam that offers the master's programme of the Gerrit Rietveld Academy . [ 1 ] It is named after Willem Sandberg . Since 1995, the Sandberg Institute has been offering a number of master's programmes in art and design. The direc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandberg_Institute
Sandes is an Indian state-owned freeware instant messaging platform developed by the Government of India . It runs on Android , iOS and in web browsers . [ 1 ] The platform is hosted exclusively at Government infrastructure and both are governed by the rules and regulations of Government of India. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Sandes o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandes_(software)
Sandi Klavžar (born 5 February 1962) is a Slovenian mathematician working in the area of graph theory and its applications. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of Ljubljana . Klavžar received his Ph.D. from the University of Ljubljana in 1990, under the supervision of Wilfried Imrich and Tomaž Pisanski ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandi_Klavžar
The Sandia method (also known as Veers method) is a method for generating a turbulent wind profile that can be used in aero-elastic software to evaluate the fatigue imparted on a turbine in a turbulent environment. That is, it generates time series of wind speeds at a set of points on a surface, say the plane of the ro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_method
The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts using copper salts as reagents or catalysts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution . The Sandmeyer reaction provides a method through which one can perform unique tr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandmeyer_reaction
Sandoz Group AG is a Swiss company that focuses on generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars. [ 4 ] Prior to October 2023, it was part of a division of Novartis that was established in 2003, when Novartis united all of its generics businesses under the name Sandoz. Before this, the company existed as an independent pharm...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoz
Sandra Pizzarello (24 April 1933 – 24 October 2021) was an Italian biochemist known for her co-discovery of amino acid enantiomeric excess in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites . Her research interests concerned the characterization of meteoritic organic compounds in elucidating the evolution of planetary homochirality ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Pizzarello
A sandwich panel is any structure made of three layers: a low-density core ( PIR , mineral wool , XPS ), and a thin skin-layer bonded to each side. Sandwich panels are used in applications where a combination of high structural rigidity and low weight is required. The structural functionality of a sandwich panel is si...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_panel
Sandwich theory [ 1 ] [ 2 ] describes the behaviour of a beam , plate , or shell which consists of three layers—two facesheets and one core. The most commonly used sandwich theory is linear and is an extension of first-order beam theory . The linear sandwich theory is of importance for the design and analysis of sand...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_theory
Sandy Munro is an automotive engineer who specializes in machine tools and manufacturing . He started as a toolmaker at the Valiant Machine & Tool company – a General Motors supplier in Windsor . In 1978, he joined the Ford Motor Company where he improved methods of engine assembly. In 1988, he started his own consu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Munro
The Sanford–Wang parameterisation is an empirical formula used to model the production of pions in nuclear interaction of the form p+A → π + {\displaystyle \pi ^{+}} +X where a beam of high-energy protons hit a material. Its formula for the double-differential cross section with respect to momentum (p) and solid angle...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford–Wang_parameterisation
Sangaku or san gaku ( Japanese : 算額 , lit. 'calculation tablet') are Japanese geometrical problems or theorems on wooden tablets which were placed as offerings at Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples during the Edo period by members of all social classes. The sangaku were painted in color on wooden tablets ( ema ) and h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangaku
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication . After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_sequencing
Sanger–Black apparatus [ 1 ] is a piece of chemical laboratory ware used for quantitative and semi-quantitative determination of arsenic element in the solution. It is constituted by glass bottle of volume ca. 30 mL, sealed with rubber stopper with one or two holes. Through one hole a thistle tube is inserted, almost r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger–Black_apparatus
Sanitary engineering or sanitation engineering , also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering , is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water ....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance , synonym epidemiological reconnaissance is a literal name of a concept and routine of finding out disease potential on a territory of arrival of major contingent. Russian : санитарно-эпидемиологическая разведка, син. эпидемиологическая разведка . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is a kind of me...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_epidemiological_reconnaissance
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and commercial buildings (but not stormwater ) to a sewage treatment plant or disposal. Sanitary sewers are a type of gravity sewer and are part of an overall system called a "sewage system" or sewerage . Sanitary sewers servi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer
Sanitary sewer overflow ( SSO ) is a condition in which untreated sewage is discharged from a sanitary sewer into the environment prior to reaching sewage treatment facilities. When caused by rainfall it is also known as wet weather overflow . Causes of sanitary sewer overflows include: Blockage of sewer lines, infiltr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow
A sanity check or sanity test is a basic test to quickly evaluate whether a claim or the result of a calculation can possibly be true. It is a simple check to see if the produced material is rational (that the material's creator was thinking rationally, applying sanity ). The point of a sanity test is to rule out certa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanity_check
University of Rajasthan Sanjay Mathur (born 1968) is an inorganic chemist, current president (Oct. 2022 - Oct. 2023) of the American Ceramic Society . [ 1 ] acting director of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Cologne , [ 2 ] honorary co-director of the Institute of Renewable Energy Sources at ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay_Mathur
Sankofa (pronounced SAHN -koh-fah) is a word in the Twi language of Ghana meaning “to retrieve" (literally "go back and get"; san - to return; ko - to go; fa - to fetch, to seek and take) and also refers to the Bono Adinkra symbol represented either with a stylized heart shape or by a bird with its head turned backward...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankofa
In mathematics and information theory , Sanov's theorem gives a bound on the probability of observing an atypical sequence of samples from a given probability distribution . In the language of large deviations theory , Sanov's theorem identifies the rate function for large deviations of the empirical measure of a seque...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanov's_theorem
SBA-15 , an acronym for Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 , is a silica-based ordered mesoporous material that was first synthesized by researchers at the university of California Santa Barbra in 1998. [ 1 ] This material proved important for scientists in various fields such as material sciences, [ 2 ] drug delivery, [ 3 ] c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Amorphous-15
The Santa Margherita Lines ( Maltese : Is-Swar ta' Santa Margerita ), also known as the Firenzuola Lines ( Maltese : Is-Swar ta' Firenzuola ), are a line of fortifications in Cospicua , Malta . They were built in the 17th and 18th centuries to protect the land front defences of the cities of Birgu and Senglea . A secon...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Lines
Santucci's armillary sphere is a Ptolemaic armillary sphere at the Museo Galileo in Florence , the largest existing in the world. [ 1 ] Begun on March 4, 1588, and completed on May 6, 1593, this large armillary sphere was built under the supervision of Antonio Santucci at the request of Ferdinand I de' Medici . The sp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santucci's_Armillary_Sphere
The sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ) is located at the saphenous opening within the groin and formed by the meeting of the great saphenous vein (GSV), common femoral vein and the superficial inguinal veins (confluens venosus subinguinalis). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is one of the distinctive points where a superficial vein meets a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphenofemoral_junction
A saponifiable lipid is part of the ester functional group. They are made up of long chain carboxylic (of fatty) acids connected to an alcoholic functional group through the ester linkage which can undergo a saponification reaction. The fatty acids are released upon base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis to form ionized salt...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponifiable_lipid
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali . Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis . When the carboxylate is long chain, its salt is called a soap . The saponification of e...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification
Saponification value or saponification number ( SV or SN ) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatt...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification_value
A sapper , also called a combat engineer , is a combatant or soldier who performs a variety of military engineering duties, [ 1 ] such as breaching fortifications , demolitions , bridge -building, laying or clearing minefields , preparing field defenses, and road and airfield construction and repair. Sappers are also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper
A Sapper Army ( Russian : сапёрная армия ) was a multi- brigade military construction engineer formation of the Engineer Troops (Soviet Union) of the Soviet Red Army during World War II . Formed to construct large-scale defensive works, sapper armies were used from late 1941 until mid-1942 when the Red Army opted to or...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper_army
Sapping is a term used in siege operations to describe the digging of a covered trench (a "sap" [ 1 ] ) to approach a besieged place without danger from the enemy's fire. [ 2 ] The purpose of the sap is usually to advance a besieging army's position towards an attacked fortification. It is excavated by specialised mili...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapping
The saprobic system is a tool to measure water quality, and specifically it deals with the capacity of a water body to self-regulate and degrade organic matter. The saprobic system derives from so-called saprobes — organisms that thrive through degradation of organic matter, which is called saprotrophic nutrition . Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprobic_system
Saprobionts are organisms that digest their food externally and then absorb the products. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This process is called saprotrophic nutrition . Fungi are examples of saprobiontic organisms, which are a type of decomposer . [ citation needed ] Saprobiontic organisms feed off dead and/or decaying biological materi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprobiont