text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
The Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (or TOV limit ) is an upper bound to the mass of cold, non-rotating neutron stars , analogous to the Chandrasekhar limit for white dwarf stars. Stars more massive than the TOV limit collapse into a black hole . The original calculation in 1939, which neglected complications such as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff_limit |
Toluene ( / ˈ t ɒ l . j u iː n / ), also known as toluol ( / ˈ t ɒ l . j u . ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group. It is a colorless, water -insoluble liquid with the odor assoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on toluene . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene_(data_page) |
Toluidine blue , also known as TBO or tolonium chloride ( INN ) is a blue cationic (basic) dye used in histology (as the toluidine blue stain ) and sometimes clinically.
Toluidine blue solution is used in testing for lignin , a complex organic molecule that bonds to cellulose fibres and strengthens and hardens the cel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluidine_blue_stain |
In organic chemistry , tolyl groups are functional groups related to toluene . [ 1 ] They have the general formula CH 3 C 6 H 4 −R . The change of the relative position of the methyl and the R substituent on the aromatic ring can generate three possible structural isomers : 1,2 ( ortho ), 1,3 ( meta ), and 1,4 ( para )... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolyl_group |
Tom's Hardware is an online publication owned by Future plc and focused on technology. It was founded in 1996 by Thomas Pabst. [ 1 ] It provides articles, news, price comparisons, videos and reviews on computer hardware and high technology. The site features coverage on CPUs , motherboards , RAM , PC cases, graphic car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom's_Hardware |
James Thomas Brenna (born October 15, 1959) is an American scientist specializing in analytical chemistry , mass spectrometry , and in human nutrition and foods, specifically fats . He is a professor of Pediatrics and chemistry at Dell Medical School , having previously been a professor of human nutrition, chemistry, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brenna |
Thomas Linn Dinwoodie (born November 15, 1954) is a cleantech entrepreneur, inventor, and founder of SunPower Corporation Systems (formerly PowerLight Corporation). He holds a long-standing interest in accelerating the transition to clean energy and other climate-sustaining practices. Dinwoodie is also an architect.
F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dinwoodie |
Thomas C. Hull is an associate professor of applied mathematics at Franklin & Marshall College [ 1 ] and is known for his expertise in the mathematics of paper folding . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Hull was an undergraduate at Hampshire College . He earned a master's degree and Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Rhode Is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hull_(mathematician) |
Tom Meier is a sculptor , a founding partner of Ral Partha Enterprises , and the winner of numerous awards for the design and sculpture of historical, fantasy and science fiction gaming miniatures.
Meier began sculpting professionally at the age of 15 and won his first H.G. Wells award just two years later. His earlie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Meier |
The Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics is an annual prize awarded by the American Physical Society's Division of Nuclear Physics . Established in 1964, [ 1 ] and currently consisting of $10,000 and a certificate, the Bonner Prize was founded in memory of physicist Tom W. Bonner . The aim of the prize, as stated by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_W._Bonner_Prize |
The tomahawk is a tool in geometry for angle trisection , the problem of splitting an angle into three equal parts. The boundaries of its shape include a semicircle and two line segments , arranged in a way that resembles a tomahawk , a Native American axe. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The same tool has also been called the shoemaker's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(geometry) |
Tomato grafting is a horticulture technique that has been utilized in Asia and Europe for greenhouse and high tunnel production and is gaining popularity in the United States. [ 1 ] Typically, stock or rootstock are selected for their ability to resist infection by certain soilborne pathogens or their ability to increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_grafting |
Tomaž (Tomo) Pisanski (born 24 May 1949 in Ljubljana , Yugoslavia , which is now in Slovenia ) is a Slovenian mathematician working mainly in discrete mathematics and graph theory . He is considered by many Slovenian mathematicians to be the "father of Slovenian discrete mathematics." [ 1 ]
As a high school student, P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaž_Pisanski |
In mathematics, the tombstone , halmos , end-of-proof , or Q.E.D. symbol "∎" (or "□") is a symbol used to denote the end of a proof , in place of the traditional abbreviation "Q.E.D." for the Latin phrase " quod erat demonstrandum ". It is inspired by the typographic practice of end marks , an element that marks the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone_(typography) |
Tomka gas test site ( German : Gas-Testgelände Tomka ) was a secret chemical weapons testing facility near a place codenamed Volsk-18 ( Wolsk , in German literature), 20 km off Volsk , now Shikhany , [ 1 ] Saratov Oblast , Russia created within the framework of German-Soviet military cooperation to circumvent the demil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomka_gas_test_site |
The Tomlinson model , also known as the Prandtl–Tomlinson Model , is one of the most popular models in nanotribology widely used as the basis for many investigations of frictional mechanisms on the atomic scale . Essentially, a nanotip is dragged by a spring over a corrugated energy landscape. A "frictional parameter" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomlinson_model |
Tommy Bonnesen (March 27, 1873, in Copenhagen – March 14, 1935) was a Danish mathematician and professor of geometry at the Polytechnical School . He is most known for Bonnesen's inequality .
He graduated from the Metropolitanskolen in 1892 and then began mathematical and natural science studies at University of Copen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Bonnesen |
Tommy Gate is an American brand of hydraulic liftgate , or tail lift , manufactured by Woodbine Manufacturing Company. The company was formed in 1965 by Delbert "Bus" Brown and its production facility is located in Woodbine, Iowa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Prior to founding Woodbine Manufacturing Company, Delbert Brown manufacture... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Gate |
The reflected binary code ( RBC ), also known as reflected binary ( RB ) or Gray code after Frank Gray , is an ordering of the binary numeral system such that two successive values differ in only one bit (binary digit).
For example, the representation of the decimal value "1" in binary would normally be " 001 ", and "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_code_I |
The reflected binary code ( RBC ), also known as reflected binary ( RB ) or Gray code after Frank Gray , is an ordering of the binary numeral system such that two successive values differ in only one bit (binary digit).
For example, the representation of the decimal value "1" in binary would normally be " 001 ", and "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_code_II |
In fluid dynamics , the Toms effect is a reduction of the drag of a turbulent flow thought a pipeline when polymer solutions are added. [ 1 ]
In 1948, B. A. Toms discovered [ 2 ] by experiments that the addition of a small amount of polymer into a Newtonian solvent ( parts per million by weight), which results in a no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_effect |
Tonalli (see also: Tonal ) plays a multiplicity of roles; acting as a day sign, body part, and a symbol of the sun's warmth. Ancient Nahua people believed that it was located in the hair and the fontanel area of one's skull, and that the tonalli provided the “vigor and energy for growth and development”. [ 1 ] It often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalli |
In mathematics , the Tonelli–Hobson test gives sufficient criteria for a function ƒ on R 2 to be an integrable function . It is often used to establish that Fubini's theorem may be applied to ƒ . It is named for Leonida Tonelli and E. W. Hobson .
More precisely, the Tonelli–Hobson test states that if ƒ is a real-value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli–Hobson_test |
The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm (referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used in modular arithmetic to solve for r in a congruence of the form r 2 ≡ n (mod p ), where p is a prime : that is, to find a square root of n modulo p .
Tonelli–Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli: finding square roots modulo com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli–Shanks_algorithm |
Tong Dizhou ( Chinese : 童第周 ; May 28, 1902 – March 30, 1979) was a Chinese embryologist known for his contributions to the field of cloning . He was a vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences .
Born in Yinxian , Zhejiang province, Tong graduated from Fudan University in 1924 with a degree in biology, and received... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Dizhou |
Tonic in physiology refers to a physiological response which is slow and may be graded. This term is typically used in opposition to a fast response. For instance, tonic muscles are contrasted by the more typical and much faster twitch muscles, while tonic sensory nerve endings are contrasted to the much faster phasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(physiology) |
In chemical biology , tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane . Tonicity depends on the relative concentration of selective membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane which determine the direction an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity |
In physics , a Tonks–Girardeau gas is a Bose gas in which the repulsive interactions between bosonic particles confined to one dimension dominate the system's physics. It is named after physicists Lewi Tonks , who developed a classical model in 1936, and Marvin D. Girardeau who generalized it to the quantum regime. [ 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonks–Girardeau_gas |
Tonmeister is a job description in the music and recording industries that describes a so-called "sound master" (a literal translation of the German Tonmeister ): a person who creates recordings or broadcasts of music who is also both musically trained (in classical and non-classical genres) and has theoretical and pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonmeister |
In musical tuning and harmony , the Tonnetz (German for 'tone net') is a conceptual lattice diagram representing tonal space first described by Leonhard Euler in 1739. [ 1 ] Various visual representations of the Tonnetz can be used to show traditional harmonic relationships in European classical music.
The Tonnetz ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnetz |
Anthony Frank Marchington (2 December 1955 [ 1 ] – 16 October 2011 [ 2 ] ) was an English biotechnology entrepreneur and businessman, famous as the co-founder of Oxford Molecular, and the former owner of the famous Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman locomotive. [ 3 ]
Born in Buxton , Derbyshire , [ 1 ] he was brought up on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Marchington |
Anthony Frederick Orchard (13 March 1941 – 19 August 2005) was a pioneer of inorganic chemistry . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] His research contributed to laying the foundations of much modern consumer electronic technology . [ 3 ]
Tony Orchard was born in Carmarthen , Wales , and moved to Swansea . He studied Chemistry first at Wadha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Orchard |
Professor Anthony Peter Francis Turner , FRSC , usually known as Tony Turner , is a British academic specialising in the fields of biosensors and bioelectronics .
Professor Anthony (Tony) Turner is an Emeritus Professor of Cranfield University in England , where he was previously the Distinguished Professor of Biotech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Turner_(scientist) |
A tool is an object that can extend an individual's ability to modify features of the surrounding environment or help them accomplish a particular task. Although many animals use simple tools , only human beings, whose use of stone tools dates back hundreds of millennia, have been observed using tools to make other too... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool |
Toolkits for user innovation and custom design are coordinated sets of “user-friendly” design tools . They are designed to support users who may wish to develop products or services for their own use. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The problem toolkits are developed to solve is that, while user designers may know their own needs be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolkits_for_user_innovation |
Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology is a work of "retrospective futurism " in which Smart Mobs author Howard Rheingold looked at the history of computing and then attempted to predict what the networked world might look like in the mid-1990s. The book covers the groundbreaking work of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tools_for_Thought |
In astrophysics , Toomre's stability criterion (also known as the Safronov–Toomre criterion ) is a relationship between parameters of a differentially rotating , gaseous accretion disc which can be used to determine approximately whether the system is stable. In the case of a stationary gas, the Jeans stability criter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomre's_stability_criterion |
In geometry , the toothpick sequence is a sequence of 2-dimensional patterns which can be formed by repeatedly adding line segments ("toothpicks") to the previous pattern in the sequence.
The first stage of the design is a single "toothpick", or line segment. Each stage after the first is formed by taking the previous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpick_sequence |
A top-lit updraft gasifier (also known as a TLUD ) is a micro-kiln used to produce charcoal, especially biochar , and heat for cooking. [ 1 ] A TLUD pyrolyzes organic material, including wood or manure, and uses a reburner to eliminate volatile byproducts of pyrolization. The process leaves mostly carbon as a residue, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-lit_updraft_gasifier |
TopFIND is the T ermini o riented p rotein F unction I nferred D atabase ( TopFIND ) is an integrated knowledgebase focused on protein termini, their formation by proteases and functional implications. It contains information about the processing and the processing state of proteins and functional implications thereof ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopFIND |
Top International Managers in Engineering (T.I.M.E.), formerly Top Industrial Managers for Europe, is a network of fifty-seven engineering schools , faculties and technical universities . The oldest European network of engineering schools in its field, the T.I.M.E. Association promotes graduate student exchanges and do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_International_Managers_in_Engineering |
Top Tier Detergent Gasoline and Top Tier Diesel Fuel are performance specifications and trademarks designed and supported by several automakers. [ 1 ] BMW , General Motors , Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , Ford , Acura / Honda , Toyota , Volkswagen , Mercedes-Benz , Navistar , Audi , and Volvo support the gasoline standard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Tier_Detergent_Gasoline |
A top drive is a mechanical device on a drilling rig that provides clockwise torque to the drill string to drill a borehole . It is an alternative to the rotary table and kelly drive . It is located at the swivel's place below the traveling block and moves vertically up and down the derrick. [ 1 ]
The top drive allows... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_drive |
Top trading cycle (TTC) is an algorithm for trading indivisible items without using money. It was developed by David Gale and published by Herbert Scarf and Lloyd Shapley . [ 1 ] : 30–31
The basic TTC algorithm is illustrated by the following house allocation problem . There are n {\displaystyle n} students living in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_trading_cycle |
Topera, Inc. is a cardiac arrhythmia mapping company for targeting catheter ablation company launched in San Diego, California and specializes in mapping electrical signals of the heart. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Topera's headquarters are located in Palo Alto, California. The company uses 3D analysis and mapping to detect the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topera_Medical |
Topical steroid withdrawal , also known as red burning skin and steroid dermatitis , has been reported in people who apply topical steroids for 2 weeks or longer and then discontinue use. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ] [ 1 ] Symptoms affect the skin and include redness, a burning sensation, and itchiness, [ 2 ] which may then be fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_steroid_withdrawal |
In stereochemistry , topicity is the stereochemical relationship between substituents and the structure to which they are attached. Depending on the relationship, such groups can be heterotopic , homotopic , enantiotopic , or diastereotopic .
Homotopic groups in a chemical compound are equivalent groups. Two groups A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topicity |
In mathematical economics , Topkis's theorem is a result that is useful for establishing comparative statics . The theorem allows researchers to understand how the optimal value for a choice variable changes when a feature of the environment changes. The result states that if f is supermodular in ( x , θ ), and D is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkis's_theorem |
TopoFlight is a three-dimensional flight planning software for photogrammetric flights.
Originally conceived by a team of experts in the mapping industry, it has been in use since 2003. The program is used to facilitate the planning of flight lines with the help of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), to document the fligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopoFlight |
TopoFusion GPS Mapping software designed to plan and analyze trails using topographic maps and GPS tracks .
The software was created in 2002 by two brothers who were outdoor bikepacking enthusiasts and felt software could help them plan better trails . [ 3 ] They developed the first version of the software in 2002 and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopoFusion |
Topo-Chico is a brand of sparkling mineral water from Mexico . Topo-Chico is both naturally carbonated at the source and artificially carbonated. [ 1 ]
Topo-Chico has been sourced from and bottled in Monterrey, Mexico since 1895. The drink takes its name from the mountain Cerro del Topo Chico in Monterrey. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topo_Chico |
Topochemical polymerization is a polymerization method performed by monomers aligned in the crystal state. In this process, the monomers are crystallised and polymerised under external stimuli such as heat, light, or pressure. Compared to traditional polymerisation, the movement of monomers was confined by the crystal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topochemical_polymerization |
A topogenic sequence is a collective term used for a peptide sequence present at nascent proteins essential for their insertion and orienting in cellular membranes . The sequences are also used to translocate proteins across various intracellular membranes, [ 1 ] and ensure they are transported to the correct organelle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topogenic_sequence |
The topographic wetness index ( TWI ), also known as the compound topographic index (CTI), is a steady state wetness index. It is commonly used to quantify topographic control on hydrological processes. [ 1 ] The index is a function of both the slope and the upstream contributing area per unit width orthogonal to the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_wetness_index |
In medicine , " topographical codes " (or "topography codes") are codes that indicate a specific location in the body. [ 1 ]
Only the first of these is a system dedicated only to topography. The others are more generalized systems that contain topographic axes.
This anatomy article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographical_code |
Topoisomers or topological isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and stereochemical bond connectivities but different topologies . Examples of molecules for which there exist topoisomers include DNA , which can form knots , and catenanes . Each topoisomer of a given DNA molecule possesses a different li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomer |
In mathematics , topological Galois theory is a mathematical theory which originated from a topological proof of Abel's impossibility theorem found by Vladimir Arnold and concerns the applications of some topological concepts to some problems in the field of Galois theory . It connects many ideas from algebra to ideas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_Galois_theory |
In mathematics , a topological abelian group , or TAG , is a topological group that is also an abelian group .
That is, a TAG is both a group and a topological space , the group operations are continuous , and the group's binary operation is commutative .
The theory of topological groups applies also to TAGs, but more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_abelian_group |
In mathematics, topological complexity of a topological space X (also denoted by TC( X )) is a topological invariant closely connected to the motion planning problem [ further explanation needed ] , introduced by Michael Farber in 2003.
Let X be a topological space and P X = { γ : [ 0 , 1 ] → X } {\displaystyle PX=\{\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_complexity |
In quantum many-body physics , topological degeneracy is a phenomenon in which the ground state of a gapped many-body Hamiltonian becomes degenerate in the limit of large system size such that the degeneracy cannot be lifted by any local perturbations . [ 1 ]
Topological degeneracy can be used to protect qubits which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_degeneracy |
In mathematics, topological degree theory is a generalization of the winding number of a curve in the complex plane . It can be used to estimate the number of solutions of an equation, and is closely connected to fixed-point theory . When one solution of an equation is easily found, degree theory can often be used to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_degree_theory |
In mathematics , the topological entropy of a topological dynamical system is a nonnegative extended real number that is a measure of the complexity of the system. Topological entropy was first introduced in 1965 by Adler , Konheim and McAndrew. Their definition was modelled after the definition of the Kolmogorov–Sinai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_entropy |
The topological entanglement entropy [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] or topological entropy , usually denoted by γ {\displaystyle \gamma } , is a number characterizing many-body states that possess topological order .
A non-zero topological entanglement entropy reflects the presence of long range quantum entanglements in a many-bod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_entropy_in_physics |
Topological ideas are relevant to fluid dynamics (including magnetohydrodynamics ) at the kinematic level, since any fluid flow involves continuous deformation of any transported scalar or vector field. Problems of stirring and mixing are particularly susceptible to topological techniques. Thus, for example, the Thurs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_fluid_dynamics |
Topological geometry deals with incidence structures consisting of a point set P {\displaystyle P} and a family L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} of subsets of P {\displaystyle P} called lines or circles etc. such that both P {\displaystyle P} and L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} carry a topology and all geometric ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_geometry |
In the fields of chemical graph theory , molecular topology , and mathematical chemistry , a topological index , also known as a connectivity index , is a type of a molecular descriptor that is calculated based on the molecular graph of a chemical compound. [ 1 ] Topological indices are numerical parameters of a graph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_index |
A topological insulator is a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor , [ 3 ] meaning that electrons can only move along the surface of the material.
A topological insulator is an insulator for the same reason a " trivial " (ordinary) insulator is:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_insulator |
A topological insulator is a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor , [ 3 ] meaning that electrons can only move along the surface of the material.
A topological insulator is an insulator for the same reason a " trivial " (ordinary) insulator is:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_insulator_growth |
In mathematics , a topological module is a module over a topological ring such that scalar multiplication and addition are continuous .
A topological vector space is a topological module over a topological field .
An abelian topological group can be considered as a topological module over Z , {\displaystyle \mathbb {... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_module |
In physics , topological order [ 1 ] describes a state or phase of matter that arises system with non-local interactions, such as entanglement in quantum mechanics, and floppy modes in elastic systems. [ 2 ] Whereas classical phases of matter such as gases and solids correspond to microscopic patterns in the spatial ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_order |
Topological polymers may refer to a polymeric molecule that possesses unique spatial features, such as linear, branched, or cyclic architectures. [ 1 ] It could also refer to polymer networks that exhibit distinct topologies owing to special crosslinkers. [ 2 ] When self-assembling or crosslinking in a certain way, pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_polymers |
A topological quantum computer is a type of quantum computer . It utilizes anyons , a type of quasiparticle that occurs in two-dimensional systems. The anyons' world lines intertwine to form braids in a three-dimensional spacetime (one temporal and two spatial dimensions). The braids act as the logic gates of the compu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_computer |
In gauge theory and mathematical physics , a topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT ) is a quantum field theory that computes topological invariants .
While TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_field_theory |
In mathematics , topological recursion is a recursive definition of invariants of spectral curves.
It has applications in enumerative geometry , random matrix theory , mathematical physics , string theory , knot theory .
The topological recursion is a construction in algebraic geometry . [ 1 ] It takes as initial data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_recursion |
In the mathematical field of topology , a manifold M is called topologically rigid if every manifold homotopically equivalent to M is also homeomorphic to M . [ 1 ]
A central problem in topology is determining when two spaces are the same i.e. homeomorphic or diffeomorphic. Constructing a morphism explicitly is almost... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_rigidity |
In mathematics , a topological ring is a ring R {\displaystyle R} that is also a topological space such that both the addition and the multiplication are continuous as maps: [ 1 ] R × R → R {\displaystyle R\times R\to R} where R × R {\displaystyle R\times R} carries the product topology . That means R {\displaystyle R}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_ring |
In mathematics , a topological semigroup is a semigroup that is simultaneously a topological space , and whose semigroup operation is continuous . [ 1 ]
Every topological group is a topological semigroup.
This algebra -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This topology-related article... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_semigroup |
In condensed matter physics and materials chemistry , a topological superconductor is a material that conducts electricity with zero electrical resistivity , and has non-trivial topology which gives it certain unique properties. These materials behave as superconductors that feature exotic edge states , known as Majora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_superconductor |
In mathematics , there are usually many different ways to construct a topological tensor product of two topological vector spaces . For Hilbert spaces or nuclear spaces there is a simple well-behaved theory of tensor products (see Tensor product of Hilbert spaces ), but for general Banach spaces or locally convex topol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_tensor_product |
A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. [ 1 ] The average size of a topologically associating domain (TAD) is 1000 kb in humans, 880 kb in mouse cells, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologically_associating_domain |
Topology (from the Greek words τόπος , 'place, location', and λόγος , 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations , such as stretching , twisting , crumpling, and bending; that is, without closing holes, opening holes, tearin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology |
In chemistry , topology provides a way of describing and predicting the molecular structure within the constraints of three-dimensional (3-D) space. Given the determinants of chemical bonding and the chemical properties of the atoms , topology provides a model for explaining how the atoms ethereal wave functions must ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(chemistry) |
Topology broadcast based on reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF) is a link-state routing protocol for wireless mesh networks .
The obvious design for a wireless link-state protocol (such as the optimized link-state routing protocol ) transmits large amounts of routing data, and this limits the utility of a link-state proto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_dissemination_based_on_reverse-path_forwarding |
Topology optimization is a mathematical method that optimizes material layout within a given design space, for a given set of loads , boundary conditions and constraints with the goal of maximizing the performance of the system. Topology optimization is different from shape optimization and sizing optimization in the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_optimization |
The toponome is the spatial network code of proteins and other biomolecules in morphologically intact cells and tissues . [ 1 ] It is mapped and decoded by imaging cycler microscopy (ICM) in situ able to co-map many thousand supermolecules in one sample (tissue section or cell sample at high subcellular resolution). T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponome |
Toponomics is a discipline in systems biology , molecular cell biology , and histology concerning the study of the toponome of organisms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the field of study that purposes to decode the complete toponome in health and disease (the human toponome project) [ 3 ] —which is the next big challenge in human ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponomics |
In mathematics , a topos ( US : / ˈ t ɒ p ɒ s / , UK : / ˈ t oʊ p oʊ s , ˈ t oʊ p ɒ s / ; plural topoi / ˈ t ɒ p ɔɪ / or / ˈ t oʊ p ɔɪ / , or toposes ) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally, on a site ). Topoi behave much like the category of sets and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topos |
In chemistry , a topotactic transition involves a structural change to a crystalline solid, which may include loss or gain of material, so that the final lattice is related to that of the original material by one or more crystallographically equivalent, orientational relationships.
An example is a transition in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topotactic_transition |
In building construction , topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off ) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed at the top of a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is often parlayed into a media event for public relations purposes. [ 1 ] It ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_out |
Topswops (and the variants Topdrops , Bottomswops and Bottomdrops ) are mathematical problems devised and analysed by the British mathematician John Conway in 1973. Contrary to other games and problems introduced by Conway, these problems have not received much attention from the scientific community. Two famous mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topswops |
The Torch Triple X (or XXX ) was a UNIX workstation computer produced by the British company Torch Computers , and launched in 1985. It was based on the Motorola 68010 microprocessor and ran a version of UNIX System V .
The Triple X was based on an 8 MHz 68010 CPU , with a Hitachi 6303 "service processor". The CPU was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Triple_X |
The toric code is a topological quantum error correcting code , and an example of a stabilizer code , defined on a two-dimensional spin lattice . [ 1 ] It is the simplest and most well studied of the quantum double models. [ 2 ] It is also the simplest example of topological order — Z 2 topological order
(first studied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_code |
In algebra , a toric ideal is an ideal generated by differences of two monomials . An affine or projective algebraic variety defined by a toric prime ideal or a homogeneous toric ideal is an affine or projective toric variety . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
This algebra -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_ideal |
In mathematics , a toric manifold is a topological analogue of toric variety in algebraic geometry . It is an even-dimensional manifold with an effective smooth action of an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional compact torus which is locally standard with the orbit space a simple convex polytope . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The aim is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_manifold |
A toric section is an intersection of a plane with a torus , just as a conic section is the intersection of a plane with a cone . Special cases have been known since antiquity, and the general case was studied by Jean Gaston Darboux . [ 1 ]
In general, toric sections are fourth-order ( quartic ) plane curves [ 1 ] of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toric_section |
The Torino scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets . It is intended as a communication tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of collision predictions, by combining probability statistics and known kinetic damage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_scale |
In coding theory , Tornado codes are a class of erasure codes that support error correction . Tornado codes require a constant C more redundant blocks than the more data-efficient Reed–Solomon erasure codes , but are much faster to generate and can fix erasures faster. Software-based implementations of tornado codes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_code |
In mathematics , a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle. The axis of revolution passes through the hole and so does not intersect the surface. [ 1 ] For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced. If the revol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid |
The terms toroidal and poloidal refer to directions relative to a torus of reference. They describe a three-dimensional coordinate system in which the poloidal direction follows a small circular ring around the surface, while the toroidal direction follows a large circular ring around the torus, encircling the central ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_and_poloidal_coordinates |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.