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The toroidal ring model , known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron , is a physical model of subatomic particles . It is also known as the plasmoid ring , vortex ring , or helicon ring . This physical model treated electrons and protons as elementary particles , and was first proposed by Alfred Lauck... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_ring_model |
The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Rights to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems is a declaration that advocates responsible practices for machine learning practitioners and governing bodies. It is a joint statement issued by groups including Amnesty International and Access Now , with othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Declaration |
A torpedo is an explosive device used, especially in the early days of the petroleum industry , to fracture the surrounding rock at the bottom of an oil well to stimulate the flow of oil and to remove built-up paraffin wax that would restrict the flow. Earlier torpedoes used gunpowder , but the use of nitroglycerin eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_(petroleum) |
Torque density is a measure of the torque -carrying capability of a mechanical component. It is the ratio of torque capability to volume and is expressed in units of torque per volume .
Torque density is a system property since it depends on the design of each element of the component being examined and their intercon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_density |
Torque effect is an effect experienced in helicopters and single propeller -powered aircraft is an example of Isaac Newton 's third law of motion, that "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."
In helicopters, the torque effect causes the main rotor to turn the fuselage in the opposite direction fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_effect |
A torque tester is a quality control device to test or calibrate torque -controlled tools. This includes electronic torque wrenches , click torque wrenches, dial torque wrenches, electric screwdrivers, air screwdrivers, pulse tools, cordless screwdrivers, nutrunners, and torque screwdrivers. Advanced torque testers inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_tester |
The torquetum or turquet is a medieval astronomical instrument designed by persons unknown to take and convert measurements made in three sets of coordinates: horizon, equatorial, and ecliptic. It is characterised by R. P. Lorch as a combination of Ptolemy 's astrolabon ( Greek : aστpoλaẞov ) and the plane astrolabe . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquetum |
In stereochemistry , torquoselectivity is a special kind of stereoselectivity observed in electrocyclic reactions , defined as "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." [ 1 ] Torquoselectivity is not to be confused with the normal diastereosel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquoselectivity |
Torrefaction of biomass , e.g., wood or grain, is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C. Torrefaction changes biomass properties to provide a better fuel quality for combustion and gasification applications. Torrefaction produces a relatively dry product, which reduces or eliminates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrefaction |
Torreyanic acid is a dimeric quinone first isolated and by Lee et al. in 1996 from an endophyte, Pestalotiopsis microspora . This endophyte is likely the cause of the decline of Florida torreya ( Torreya taxifolia ), an endangered species that is related to the taxol-producing Taxus brevifolia . [ 1 ] The natural produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torreyanic_acid |
In physics, Torricelli's equation , or Torricelli's formula , is an equation created by Evangelista Torricelli to find the final velocity of a moving object with constant acceleration along an axis (for example, the x axis) without having a known time interval.
The equation itself is: [ 1 ]
where
In this and all sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli's_equation |
Torricelli's law , also known as Torricelli's theorem , is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing from a hole to the height of fluid above the hole. The law states that the speed v {\displaystyle v} of efflux of a fluid through a sharp-edged hole in the wall of the tank filled to a height h {\d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli's_law |
Torsion is a gastropod synapomorphy which occurs in all gastropods during larval development. Torsion is the rotation of the visceral mass , mantle , and shell 180˚ with respect to the head and foot of the gastropod. This rotation brings the mantle cavity and the anus to an anterior position above the head.
In some gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_(gastropod) |
In the field of solid mechanics , torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Torsion could be defined as strain [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or angular deformation, [ 5 ] and is measured by the angle a chosen section is rotated from its equilibrium position. [ 6 ] The resulting stress (torsional shear s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics) |
A torsion box consists of two thin layers of material (skins) on either side of a lightweight core , usually a grid of beams. It is designed to resist torsion under an applied load. A hollow core door is probably the most common example of a torsion box (stressed skin) structure. The principle is to use less material m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_box |
In algebraic geometry and number theory , the torsion conjecture or uniform boundedness conjecture for torsion points for abelian varieties states that the order of the torsion group of an abelian variety over a number field can be bounded in terms of the dimension of the variety and the number field. A stronger versio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_conjecture |
In differential geometry , the torsion tensor is a tensor that is associated to any affine connection . The torsion tensor is a bilinear map of two input vectors X , Y {\displaystyle X,Y} , that produces an output vector T ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle T(X,Y)} representing the displacement within a tangent space when the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_tensor |
Torsional instability is a mechanical phenomenon where a structural element subjected to twisting ( torsional ) forces undergoes sudden deformation or failure beyond a critical torque threshold. This instability is characterized by a rapid transition from stable twisting to helical buckling , kinking, or collapse, ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsional_instability |
A tortilla machine , called in Spanish máquina tortilladora , is a machine for processing corn dough (masa) into corn tortillas .
The earliest tortilla machines were invented by Evarardo Rodríguez Arce and Luis Romero, and patented in 1904. [ 1 ] Their machine formed dough balls into square tortillas, and was not comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla_machine |
TortoiseGit is a Git revision control client, implemented as a Windows shell extension and based on TortoiseSVN . It is free software released under the GNU General Public License .
In Windows Explorer , besides showing context menu items for Git commands, TortoiseGit provides icon overlays that indicate the status of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TortoiseGit |
Tortuosity is widely used as a critical parameter to predict transport properties of porous media, such as rocks and soils. But unlike other standard microstructural properties, the concept of tortuosity is vague with multiple definitions and various evaluation methods introduced in different contexts. Hydraulic, elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuosity |
The Winchester Medical College ( WMC ) building, currently located at 302 W. Boscawen Street, Winchester, Virginia , along with all its records, equipment, museum, and library, was burned on May 16, 1862, by Union troops occupying the city. [ 1 ] : 843 This was "retaliation for the dissection of cadavers from John Brow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_and_desecration_at_Winchester_Medical_College |
Torulene (3',4'-didehydro-β,γ-carotene) is a carotene (a hydrocarbon carotenoid ) which is notable for being synthesized by red pea aphids ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ), imparting the natural red color to the aphids, which aids in their camouflage and escape from predation. The aphids have gained the ability to synthesize to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torulene |
In algebraic geometry, a torus action on an algebraic variety is a group action of an algebraic torus on the variety. A variety equipped with an action of a torus T is called a T -variety . In differential geometry, one considers an action of a real or complex torus on a manifold (or an orbifold ).
A normal algebraic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_action |
A torus interconnect is a switch-less network topology for connecting processing nodes in a parallel computer system.
In geometry , a torus is created by revolving a circle about an axis coplanar to the circle. While this is a general definition in geometry, the topological properties of this type of shape describes t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_interconnect |
The torus semicircularis is a region of the vertebrate midbrain that contributes to auditory perception , studied most often in fish and amphibians . It corresponds to the inferior colliculus .
Neurons from the medulla project to the nucleus centralis and the nucleus ventrolateralis in the torus semicircularis, provid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_semicircularis |
TosMIC ( toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide ) is an organic compound with the formula CH 3 C 6 H 4 SO 2 CH 2 NC. The molecule contains both sulfonyl and isocyanide groups. It is a colourless solid that, unlike many isocyanides, is odorless. It is prepared by dehydration of the related formamide derivative. It is used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TosMIC |
The Toshiba T1000LE was a laptop manufactured by Toshiba starting in 1990 as a member of their LE/SE/XE family. It used a 9.54/4.77 MHz Intel 80C86 , with the clock speed being switchable by using function keys on the keyboard. The laptop came with a 20 MB hard drive , 1 MB of RAM , a 1.44M/720K switchable 3.5" floppy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_T1000LE |
Toshiko K. Mayeda (née Kuki) (1923–13 February 2004) was a Japanese American chemist who worked at the Enrico Fermi Institute in the University of Chicago . She worked on climate science and meteorites from 1958 to 2004.
Toshiko Mayeda was born in Tacoma, Washington . [ 1 ] She grew up in Yokkaichi, Mie , and Osaka . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Mayeda |
Tosyl azide is a reagent used in organic synthesis . [ 1 ]
Tosyl azide is used for the introduction of azide and diazo functional groups . [ 1 ] It is also used as a nitrene source and as a substrate for [3+2] cycloaddition reactions. [ 1 ]
Tosyl azide can be prepared by the reaction of tosyl chloride with sodium azi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosyl_azide |
Tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone ( TPCK ) is a protease inhibitor . Its structural formula is 1- chloro -3- tosylamido -4- phenyl -2- butanone .
TPCK is an irreversible inhibitor of chymotrypsin . Also inhibits some cysteine proteases such as caspase , papain , bromelain or ficin . [ 1 ] It does not inhibit tryp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosyl_phenylalanyl_chloromethyl_ketone |
A tosylhydrazone in organic chemistry is a functional group with the general structure RR'C=N-NH-Ts where Ts is a tosyl group. Organic compounds having this functional group can be accessed by reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with tosylhydrazine . [ 1 ]
As an example camphor tosylhydrazone is synthesised by condensat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosylhydrazone |
The Total Carbon Column Observing Network ( TCCON ) is a global network of instruments that measure the amount of carbon dioxide , methane , carbon monoxide , nitrous oxide and other trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere . The TCCON ( / ˈ t iː k ɒ n / TEE -kon ) began in 2004 with the installation of the first instrume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Carbon_Column_Observing_Network |
The total acid number ( TAN ) is a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. [ 1 ] It is an important quality measurement of crude oil .
The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_acid_number |
In aviation, stagnation temperature is known as total air temperature and is measured by a temperature probe mounted on the surface of the aircraft. The probe is designed to bring the air to rest relative to the aircraft. As the air is brought to rest, kinetic energy is converted to internal energy . The air is compres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_air_temperature |
In abstract algebra , the total algebra of a monoid is a generalization of the monoid ring that allows for infinite sums of elements of a ring. Suppose that S is a monoid with the property that, for all s ∈ S {\displaystyle s\in S} , there exist only finitely many ordered pairs ( t , u ) ∈ S × S {\displaystyle (t,u)\i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_algebra |
The term total analysis system ( TAS ) describes a device that combines and automates all necessary steps for the chemical analysis of a sample (e.g., sampling, sample transport, filtration , dilution, chemical reactions, separation, and detection). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Most current total analysis systems are "micro" total anal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_analysis_system |
Base Number (BN) is a measurement of basicity that is expressed in terms of the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of oil sample (mg KOH/g). BN is an important measurement in petroleum products, and the value varies depending on its application. BN generally ranges from 6–8 mg KOH/g in modern lubrican... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_base_number |
Total benefits of ownership ( TBO ) is a calculation that tries to summarise the positive effects of the acquisition of a plan . [ 1 ] It is an estimate of all the values that will affect a business.
TBO is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect benefits of a product ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_benefits_of_ownership |
Total body irradiation ( TBI ) is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow) transplantation . As the name implies, TBI involves irradiation of the entire body, though in modern practice the lungs are often partially shielded to lower the risk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_body_irradiation |
The total boron (B T ) is the sum of boron species in a solution . In the environment these species usually include boric acid and borate , for example:
where
Total boron is an important quantity when determining alkalinity due to borate's contribution to a solution's acid neutraling capacity. Total boron is a conser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_boron |
Total carbon ( TC ) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of carbon in a sample. TC includes carbon in any form, whether organic or inorganic, volatile or fixed, dissolved or suspended. In many application areas, rather than TC, a parameter representing of subset of TC is measured; examples include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_carbon |
Total complement activity (TCA) refers to a series of tests that determine the functioning of the complement system in an individual.
A variety of tests can be used to measure TCA, but the most commonly used on is the CH50 test. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other tests include the liposome immunoassay (LIA), [ 3 ] single tube titratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_complement_activity |
In theoretical computer science , an algorithm is correct with respect to a specification if it behaves as specified. Best explored is functional correctness, which refers to the input–output behavior of the algorithm: for each input it produces an output satisfying the specification. [ 1 ]
Within the latter notion, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_correctness |
In probability theory and in particular in information theory , total correlation (Watanabe 1960) is one of several generalizations of the mutual information . It is also known as the multivariate constraint (Garner 1962) or multiinformation (Studený & Vejnarová 1999). It quantifies the redundancy or dependency among... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_correlation |
Total cost management (TCM) is the name given by AACE International to a process for applying the skills and knowledge of cost engineering . It is also the first integrated process or methodology for portfolio, program and project management . It was initially conceived by Thomas D. Fromm and John Nunnemaker of Perkins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cost_management |
In mathematics , the total derivative of a function f at a point is the best linear approximation near this point of the function with respect to its arguments. Unlike partial derivatives , the total derivative approximates the function with respect to all of its arguments, not just a single one. In many situations, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_derivative |
Total dissolved solids ( TDS ) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular , ionized , or micro-granular ( colloidal sol ) suspended form. TDS are often measured in parts per million (ppm). TDS in water can be measured using a digital meter. [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids |
The Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is a radiation dosimetry quantity defined by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to monitor and control human exposure to ionizing radiation . It is defined differently in the NRC regulations and NRC glossary. According to the regulations, it is the sum of effective dose equi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_effective_dose_equivalent |
A total harmonic distortion analyzer calculates the total harmonic content of a sinewave with some distortion , expressed as total harmonic distortion (THD). A typical application is to determine the THD of an amplifier by using a very-low-distortion sinewave input and examining the output. The figure measured will inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion_analyzer |
Total human ecosystem (THE) is an ecocentric concept initially proposed by ecology professors Zeev Naveh and Arthur S. Lieberman in 1994. [ 1 ]
Naveh and Lieberman [ 1 ] proposed a holistic , ecocentric concept of the total human ecosystem in order to study anthropocene ecology and improve land use planning and enviro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_human_ecosystem |
In metrology and the fields that it serves (such as manufacturing , machining , and engineering ), total indicator reading ( TIR ), also known by the newer name full indicator movement ( FIM ), is the difference between the maximum and minimum measurements (the range ), that is, readings of an indicator , on the planar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_indicator_reading |
Total inorganic carbon ( C T or TIC ) is the sum of the inorganic carbon species.
Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic , and dissolved or particulate , depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key components of organic compounds such as proteins , lipids , ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_inorganic_carbon |
In physics , total internal reflection ( TIR ) is the phenomenon in which waves arriving at the interface (boundary) from one medium to another (e.g., from water to air) are not refracted into the second ("external") medium, but completely reflected back into the first ("internal") medium. It occurs when the second med... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection |
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope ( TIRFM ) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed.
TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass sli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope |
Total internal reflection microscopy is a specialized optical imaging technique for object tracking and detection utilizing the light scattered from an evanescent field in the vicinity of a dielectric interface. Its advantages are a high signal-to-noise ratio and a high spatial resolution in the vertical dimension.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection_microscopy |
A mass chromatogram is a representation of mass spectrometry data as a chromatogram , where the x-axis represents time and the y-axis represents signal intensity. [ 1 ] The source data contains mass information; however, it is not graphically represented in a mass chromatogram in favor of visualizing signal intensity v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_ion_current_chromatogram |
Total ionic strength adjustment buffer ( TISAB ) is a buffer solution which increases the ionic strength of a solution to a relatively high level. This is important for potentiometric measurements, including ion selective electrodes , because they measure the activity of the analyte rather than its concentration. TISAB... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_ionic_strength_adjustment_buffer |
A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act , describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The Clean Water Act requires that state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load |
Total mycosynthesis [ 1 ] is the combination of the use of a filamentous fungal host organism with a genetic expression system that allows the assembly and controlled expression of one or more biosynthetic genes. Total mycosynthesis involves the reconstruction and/or engineering of biosynthetic pathways for the product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_mycosynthesis |
The total operating characteristic ( TOC ) is a statistical method to compare a Boolean variable versus a rank variable . TOC can measure the ability of an index variable to diagnose either presence or absence of a characteristic. The diagnosis of presence or absence depends on whether the value of the index is above a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_operating_characteristic |
Total organic carbon ( TOC ) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of water quality , or TOC of source rock may be used as one factor in evaluating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_organic_carbon |
Total petroleum hydrocarbons ( TPH ) is a term used for any mixture of hydrocarbons that are found in crude oil. There are several hundred of these compounds, but not all occur in any one sample; because there are so many different chemicals in crude oil and in other petroleum products, it is not practical to measure e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_petroleum_hydrocarbon |
In physics , the total position-spread (TPS) tensor is a quantity originally introduced in the modern theory of electrical conductivity . In the case of molecular systems, this tensor measures the fluctuation of the electrons around their mean positions, which corresponds to the delocalization of the electronic charge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_position_spread |
In functional analysis , a total set (also called a complete set ) in a vector space is a set of linear functionals T {\displaystyle T} with the property that if a vector x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} satisfies f ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(x)=0} for all f ∈ T , {\displaystyle f\in T,} then x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_set |
A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction . It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_station |
Total suspended solids ( TSS ) is the dry-weight of suspended particles , that are not dissolved, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analyzed using a filtration apparatus known as sintered glass crucible. TSS is a water quality parameter used to assess the quality of a specimen of any type of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_suspended_solids |
Total synthesis , a specialized area within organic chemistry , focuses on constructing complex organic compounds, especially those found in nature, using laboratory methods. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It often involves synthesizing natural products from basic, commercially available starting materials. Total synthesis ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis |
Synthesis of morphine-like alkaloids in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the natural morphinan class of alkaloids that includes codeine , morphine , oripavine , and thebaine and the closely related semisynthetic analogs methorphan , buprenorphine , hydromorphone , hydrocodone , isocodeine , naltrexone , nalbu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis_of_morphine_and_related_alkaloids |
In mathematics , the total variation identifies several slightly different concepts, related to the ( local or global) structure of the codomain of a function or a measure . For a real-valued continuous function f , defined on an interval [ a , b ] ⊂ R , its total variation on the interval of definition is a measure of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_variation |
Total viable count ( TVC ), gives a quantitative estimate of the concentration of microorganisms such as bacteria , yeast or mould spores in a sample. The count represents the number of colony forming units (cfu) per g (or per ml) of the sample.
A TVC is achieved by plating serial tenfold dilutions of the sample until... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_viable_count |
Total viable organism (or TVO ) is a term used in microbiology to quantify the amount of microorganisms present in a sample. [ 1 ] Each sample is usually cultured on a variety of agar plates ( petri dishes ) often containing different types of selective media . The colony-forming units (CFUs) are calculated after allo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_viable_organism |
Totalitarian architecture is a term utilized to refer to "the officially approved architecture of dictatorships, over-centralized governments, or political groups intolerant of opposition, especially that of Fascist Italy , Nazi Germany , Stalin's Soviet Union , etc. As an international style , it often drew on simplif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture |
In topology and related branches of mathematics , total-boundedness is a generalization of compactness for circumstances in which a set is not necessarily closed . A totally bounded set can be covered by finitely many subsets of every fixed “size” (where the meaning of “size” depends on the structure of the ambient sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_bounded_space |
In number theory , a totative of a given positive integer n is an integer k such that 0 < k ≤ n and k is coprime to n . Euler's totient function φ( n ) counts the number of totatives of n . The totatives under multiplication modulo n form the multiplicative group of integers modulo n .
The distribution of totatives h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totative |
Totenkopf ( German: [ˈtoːtn̩ˌkɔpf] , i.e. skull , literally "dead person's head") is the German word for skull. The word is often used to denote a figurative, graphic or sculptural symbol, common in Western culture, consisting of the representation of a human skull – usually frontal, more rarely in profile with or with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totenkopf |
TouchBistro Inc. is a Toronto-based software company that develops a restaurant point of sale system for the iPad . TouchBistro Inc. was founded by Alex Barrotti in 2010. [ 1 ]
Barrotti had previously founded INEX, a web-based online storefront creator, which he sold to Infospace (now Blucora ) in 1999 for $45 million... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchBistro_Inc. |
TouchPal is an alternative input method for mobile devices , designed and developed by Shanghai -based CooTek. It is a software application running on multiple platforms , including Android, iOS (no longer supported, only maintained), Windows Mobile , and Windows 8 . [ 1 ] It simulates a keyboard on the screen of the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchPal |
Touch probes are tools used for precision measurements in CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining processes. They work in a way similar to Coordinate-measuring devices . Probes are used to adjust different offsets when setting up a machining job. They can help make adjustments to tool lengths, diameter and length of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_probe |
The touchdown polymerase chain reaction or touchdown style polymerase chain reaction is a method of polymerase chain reaction by which primers avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences. [ 1 ] The annealing temperature during a polymerase chain reaction determines the specificity of primer annealing. The melting point of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown_polymerase_chain_reaction |
A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as slate or lydite , used for assaying precious metal alloys . It has a finely grained surface on which soft metals leave a visible trace. [ 1 ]
The touchstone was used during the Harappa period of the Indus Valley civilization ca. 2600–1900 BC for testing the purity o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_(assaying_tool) |
In materials science , toughening refers to the process of making a material more resistant to the propagation of cracks. When a crack propagates, the associated irreversible work in different materials classes is different. Thus, the most effective toughening mechanisms differ among different materials classes. The cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughening |
In materials science and metallurgy , toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. [ 1 ] Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness |
Touton giant cells are a type of multinucleated giant cell observed in a myriad of pathological disorders and conditions. Specifically, Touton giant cells are found in lipid -rich lesions such as those of fat necrosis , xanthoma , xanthelasma and xanthogranulomas . Touton giant cells are also referred to as xanthelasm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touton_giant_cell |
A Tower Mounted Amplifier ( TMA ), or Mast Head Amplifier ( MHA ), is a low-noise amplifier (LNA) mounted as close as practical to the antenna in mobile masts or base transceiver stations . A TMA reduces the base transceiver station noise figure (NF) and therefore improves its overall sensitivity ; in other words the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Mounted_Amplifier |
A tower climber [ 1 ] specializes in maintenance, installation, and decommissioning of cellular and radio tower components such as coaxial cable , antennas , radios, fiber-optic cable and broadcast equipment for cell phones , television , radio , etc.
Tower climbers perform routine inspections and tests on broadcastin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_climber |
A tower crane anti-collision system is an operator support system for tower cranes on construction sites . It helps an operator to anticipate the risk of contact between the moving parts of a tower crane and other tower cranes and structures. In the event that a collision becomes imminent, the system can send a command... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_crane_anti-collision_system |
In electromagnetism , the Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is an ionisation process for gases where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field , collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons. Those electrons are in turn accelerated and free additional electrons. The result is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend_discharge |
tox is a command-line driven automated testing tool for Python , based on the use of virtualenv . It can be used for both manually-invoked testing from the desktop, or continuous testing within continuous integration frameworks such as Jenkins or Travis CI . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Its use began to become popular in the Python com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tox_(Python_testing_wrapper) |
Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and the 1970s. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene |
Toxgnostics is part of personalized medicine as it describes the guiding principles for the discovery of pharmacogenomic biomarker tests, also referred to as companion diagnostic tests, which identify if an individual patient is likely to suffer severe drug toxicity from treatment with a specific therapeutic agent. Onc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxgnostics |
The Toxic Substances Control Act ( TSCA ) is a United States law, passed by the Congress in 1976 and administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), that regulates chemicals not regulated by other U.S. federal statutes, [ 1 ] including chemicals already in commerce and the introduction of new c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976 |
Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons (2000) is a MIT Press book edited by Jonathan B. Tucker which has twelve chapters by different authors discussing use of chemical and biological weapons by terrorists from 1946 to 1998. Only three groups caused "mass casualties" and only one attac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_Terror_(book) |
Toxic capacity can mean the toxicity of a substance, possibly in relation to a specific organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism, organic system or ecosystem to contain a toxic substance or a selection of toxic substances (a compound) without showing signs of poisoning or dying.
Generally peopl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_capacity |
Since the 1990s, several mass poisonings from toxic cough syrup have occurred in developing countries. In these cases, an ingredient in cough syrup , glycerine (glycerol), was replaced with diethylene glycol , a cheaper alternative to glycerine for industrial applications. Diethylene glycol is nephrotoxic and can resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_cough_syrup |
A toxic heavy metal is a common but misleading term for a metal -like element noted for its potential toxicity. [ 4 ] Not all heavy metals are toxic and some toxic metals are not heavy. [ 5 ] Elements often discussed as toxic include cadmium , mercury and lead , [ 6 ] all of which appear in the World Health Organizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal |
Toxic hotspots are locations where emissions from specific sources such as water or air pollution may expose local populations to elevated health risks, such as cancer. [ 1 ] These emissions contribute to cumulative health risks of emissions from other sources nearby. Urban, highly populated areas around pollutant emit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_hotspot |
Toxic units ( TU ) are used in the field of toxicology to quantify the interactions of toxicants in binary mixtures of chemicals. [ 1 ] A toxic unit for a given compound is based on the concentration at which there is a 50% effect (ex. EC50 ) for a certain biological endpoint. One toxic unit is equal to the EC50 for a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_unit |
Toxic waste is any unwanted material in all forms that can cause harm (e.g. by being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin). Mostly generated by industry, consumer products like televisions, computers, and phones contain toxic chemicals that can pollute the air and contaminate soil and water . Disposing of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_waste |
A toxicant is any toxic substance, whether artificial or naturally occurring. [ 1 ] By contrast, a toxin is a poison produced naturally by an organism (e.g. plant, animal, insect, bacterium). [ 2 ] The different types of toxicants [ 3 ] can be found in the air, soil, water, or food. [ 4 ]
Toxicants can be found in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicant |
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