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In chemistry and physics , valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom , and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed . In a single covalent bond , a shared pair forms with both atoms in the bond each contributing one valence electron. The pres...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron
In organic chemistry , two molecules are valence isomers when they are constitutional isomers that can interconvert through pericyclic reactions . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There are many valence isomers one can draw for the C 6 H 6 formula benzene . Some were originally proposed for benzene itself before the actual structure of be...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_isomer
Valencia Joyner Koomson is an American electrical engineer . She is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering with secondary appointments in the Department of Computer Science and the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University . She is the principal investigator f...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Koomson
The Valency Interaction Formula , or VIF provides a way of drawing or interpreting the molecular structural formula based on molecular orbital theory . Valency Points, VP, dots drawn on a page, represent valence orbitals . Valency Interactions, VI, that connect the dots, show interactions between these valence orbit...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valency_interaction_formula
Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin ( Russian : Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н , 14 February 1931 – 7 April 2010) was a Soviet and American physicist, cybernetician , and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language , the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation . He was a pioneer in...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Turchin
Valerie Charlton made props , models and special effects for movies in the 1970s and 1980s, especially those by the Monty Python troupe and Terry Gilliam . Her partner was Julian Doyle , who also worked on many of the same movies. [ 1 ] This biographical article related to film in the United Kingdom is a stub . You c...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Charlton
Order of Mapungubwe , 2007 Valerie Mizrahi FRS (born 1958) is a South African molecular biologist . [ 1 ] The daughter of Morris and Etty Mizrahi, she was born in Harare , Zimbabwe and was educated there. Her family is a Sephardi Jewish family from the Greek island of Rhodes . [ 2 ] She went on to earn a BSc in chem...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Mizrahi
Valeriu Rudic (born 18 February 1947 in Talmaza ) is a Moldovan microbiologist , chemist , biochemist , and pharmacist . He is a titular member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and has made significant contributions to scientific research and the development of new biotechnological products. Rudic was born on 18 ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriu_Rudic
Valery I Levitas is a Ukrainian mechanics and material scientist , academic and author. He is an Anson Marston Distinguished Professor and Murray Harpole Chair in Engineering at Iowa State University [ 1 ] and was a faculty scientist at the Ames National Laboratory . [ 2 ] Levitas is most known for his works on the me...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_I._Levitas
Valid Time Event Code ( VTEC ) is a code used by the National Weather Service , a part of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government , to identify products / events. [ 1 ] This United States government–related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Thi...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid_Time_Event_Code
Validation and verification are procedures that ensure that medical devices fulfil their intended purpose. Validation or verification is generally needed when a health facility acquires a new device to perform medical tests . The main difference between the two is that validation is focused on ensuring that the device...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_and_verification_(medical_devices)
The Valley of Peace initiative is an effort to promote economic cooperation between Israel , Jordan , and Palestine based around efforts and joint projects in the Arava/Arabah Valley , along which runs the southern portion of the Israel - Jordan border. It received the personal attention and support of Shimon Peres , P...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Peace_initiative
In nuclear physics , the valley of stability (also called the belt of stability , nuclear valley , energy valley , or beta stability valley ) is a characterization of the stability of nuclides to radioactivity based on their binding energy. [ 1 ] Nuclides are composed of protons and neutrons . The shape of the valley r...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_stability
Valproate ( valproic acid , VPA , sodium valproate , and valproate semisodium forms) are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and prevent migraine headaches . [ 6 ] They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures , partial seizures , and generalized seizures . ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate
In geometry , a valuation is a finitely additive function from a collection of subsets of a set X {\displaystyle X} to an abelian semigroup . For example, Lebesgue measure is a valuation on finite unions of convex bodies of R n . {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}.} Other examples of valuations on finite unions of convex...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(geometry)
In logic and model theory , a valuation can be: In mathematical logic (especially model theory), a valuation is an assignment of truth values to formal sentences that follows a truth schema . Valuations are also called truth assignments. In propositional logic, there are no quantifiers, and formulas are built from pr...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(logic)
Value-driven design ( VDD ) is a systems engineering strategy based on microeconomics which enables multidisciplinary design optimization . Value-driven design is being developed by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , through a program committee of government, industry and academic representatives...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-driven_design
Value-stream mapping , also known as material- and information-flow mapping , [ 1 ] is a lean [ 2 ] -management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from the beginning of the specific process until it reaches the customer. A value s...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-stream_mapping
In mathematics, value may refer to several, strongly related notions. In general, a mathematical value may be any definite mathematical object . In elementary mathematics , this is most often a number – for example, a real number such as π or an integer such as 42. For example, if the function f is defined by f ( x )...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(mathematics)
Value engineering ( VE ) is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost . Value can therefore be manipulated by either improving the...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineering
The value of Earth , i.e. the net worth of our planet, is a debated concept both in terms of the definition of value, as well as the scope of " Earth ". Since most of the planet's substance is not available as a resource , "earth" has been equated with the sum of all ecosystem services as evaluated in ecosystem valuati...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_of_Earth
Value of information (VOI or VoI) is the amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for information prior to making a decision. VoI is sometimes distinguished into value of perfect information , also called value of clairvoyance (VoC) , and value of imperfect information . They are closely related to the widely ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_of_information
Value sensitive design (VSD) is a theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and comprehensive manner. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] VSD originated within the field of information systems design [ 3 ] and human-computer interaction [ 4 ] to address design issues within the ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_sensitive_design
Value tree analysis is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) implement by which the decision-making attributes for each choice to come out with a preference for the decision makes are weighted. [ 1 ] Usually, choices' attribute-specific values are aggregated into a complete method. Decision analysts (DAs) distinguish...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_tree_analysis
A valve RF amplifier ( UK and Aus. ) or tube amplifier ( U.S. ) is a device for electrically amplifying the power of an electrical radio frequency signal . Low to medium power valve amplifiers for frequencies below the microwaves were largely replaced by solid state amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s, initially for...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_RF_amplifier
Technical specifications and detailed information on the valve audio amplifier , including its development history. Valves (also known as vacuum tubes) are very high input impedance (near infinite in most circuits) and high-output impedance devices. They are also high-voltage / low-current devices. The characteristic...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_audio_amplifier_technical_specification
A valve exerciser is a device that operates a valve periodically in order to prevent it from becoming so stiff that it no longer works. Valves that are left in a static position for a long time may corrode, [ 1 ] or become blocked with mineral deposits . [ 2 ] Electronic valve exercisers can provide information on the ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_exerciser
Valve interstitial cells (VIC), cardiac valve interstitial cells , or also known as valvular interstitial cells (VICs), are the most prevalent cells in the heart valve leaflets, which are a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and are responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix that provides the mechanical pr...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_interstitial_cells
In electrochemistry, a valve metal is a metal which passes current in only one direction. Usually, in an electrolytic cell , it can function generally as a cathode , but not generally as an anode because a (highly resistive) oxide of the metal forms under anodic conditions. [ 1 ] Valve metals include commonly aluminium...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_metals
Valve oil is a lubricant for valves of brass instruments . It is typically mostly mineral oil with a small amount of other ingredients, although synthetic oils are increasingly available. Besides lubricating the moving parts of the valve, valve oil provides corrosion protection to the bare metal of the inner valve. Wh...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_oil
The Valz Prize (Prix Valz) was awarded by the French Academy of Sciences , from 1877 through 1970, to honor advances in astronomy . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Valz Prize was established in June 1874 when the widow of astronomer Benjamin Valz , [ 1 ] Marie Madeleine Julie Malhian, [ 3 ] donated 10,000 francs to establish a prize ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valz_Prize
The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant , K eq , of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature , T , given the standard enthalpy change , Δ r H ⊖ , for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard". I...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation
The van 't Hoff factor i (named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff ) is a measure of the effect of a solute on colligative properties such as osmotic pressure , relative lowering in vapor pressure , boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression . The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio between the act...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_factor
Bond triangles or Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangles (named after Anton Eduard van Arkel and J. A. A. Ketelaar ) are triangles used for showing different compounds in varying degrees of ionic , metallic and covalent bonding . In 1941 Van Arkel recognised three extreme materials and associated bonding types. Using 36 main gr...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Arkel–Ketelaar_triangle
The van Arkel–de Boer process , also known as the iodide process or crystal-bar process , was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile titanium , zirconium and some other metals. It was developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 for Philips Nv . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Arkel–de_Boer_process
The van Deemter equation in chromatography , named for Jan van Deemter , relates the variance per unit length of a separation column to the linear mobile phase velocity by considering physical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties of a separation. [ 1 ] These properties include pathways within the column, diffusion ( ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Deemter_equation
Van Gieson's stain is a histological staining technique used to differentiate between collagen and other tissue elements in microscopic sections. It is a combination of two Acidic dye - picric acid and acid fuchsin , producing distinct coloration that aids in the visualization of connective tissue . [ 1 ] When examini...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Gieson's_stain
In mathematics education , the Van Hiele model is a theory that describes how students learn geometry . The theory originated in 1957 in the doctoral dissertations of Dina van Hiele-Geldof and Pierre van Hiele (wife and husband) at Utrecht University , in the Netherlands . The Soviets did research on the theory in the ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Hiele_model
Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression is a data compression protocol described in RFC 1144, [ 1 ] specifically designed by Van Jacobson to improve TCP/IP performance over slow serial links . Van Jacobson compression reduces the normal 40 byte TCP/IP packet headers down to 3–4 bytes for the average case; it does this b...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Jacobson_TCP/IP_Header_Compression
Van Krevelen diagrams are graphical plots developed by Dirk Willem van Krevelen (chemist and professor of fuel technology at the TU Delft ) and used to assess the origin and maturity of kerogen and petroleum . The diagram cross-plots the hydrogen : carbon atomic ratio as a function of the oxygen :carbon atomic ratio. ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Krevelen_diagram
The Van Leusen reaction is the reaction of a ketone with TosMIC leading to the formation of a nitrile . It was first described in 1977 by Van Leusen and co-workers. [ 1 ] When aldehydes are employed, the Van Leusen reaction is particularly useful to form oxazoles and imidazoles . The reaction mechanism consists of the...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Leusen_reaction
The Van Slyke determination is a chemical test for the determination of amino acids containing a primary amine group. It is named after the biochemist Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1883-1971). [ 1 ] One of Van Slyke's first professional achievements was the quantification of amino acids by the Van Slyke determination react...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Slyke_determination
In general relativity , the van Stockum dust is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations where the gravitational field is generated by dust rotating about an axis of cylindrical symmetry. Since the density of the dust is increasing with distance from this axis, the solution is rather artificial, but as one of...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust
In condensed matter and atomic physics , Van Vleck paramagnetism refers to a positive and temperature -independent contribution to the magnetic susceptibility of a material, derived from second order corrections to the Zeeman interaction . The quantum mechanical theory was developed by John Hasbrouck Van Vleck between ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Vleck_paramagnetism
Van den Bergh reaction is a chemical reaction used to measure bilirubin levels in blood. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] More specifically, it determines the amount of conjugated bilirubin in the blood. The reaction produces azobilirubin . Principle: bilirubin reacts with diazotised sulphanilic acid to produce purple coloured azobilirubin...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_den_Bergh_reaction
In mathematics , the van der Corput inequality is a corollary of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality that is useful in the study of correlations among vectors, and hence random variables . It is also useful in the study of equidistributed sequences , for example in the Weyl equidistribution estimate . Loosely stated, the v...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Corput_inequality
In mathematics , in the field of harmonic analysis , the van der Corput lemma is an estimate for oscillatory integrals named after the Dutch mathematician J. G. van der Corput . The following result is stated by E. Stein : [ 1 ] Suppose that a real-valued function ϕ ( x ) {\displaystyle \phi (x)} is smooth in an open...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Corput_lemma_(harmonic_analysis)
The Van der Meer formula is a formula for calculating the required stone weight for armourstone under the influence of (wind) waves . This is necessary for the design of breakwaters and shoreline protection. Around 1985 it was found that the Hudson formula in use at that time had considerable limitations (only valid fo...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Meer_formula
The van der Pauw Method is a technique commonly used to measure the resistivity and the Hall coefficient of a sample. Its strength lies in its ability to accurately measure the properties of a sample of any arbitrary shape, as long as the sample is approximately two-dimensional (i.e. it is much thinner than it is wide)...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Pauw_method
In the study of dynamical systems , the van der Pol oscillator (named for Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol ) is a non- conservative , oscillating system with non-linear damping . It evolves in time according to the second-order differential equation d 2 x d t 2 − μ ( 1 − x 2 ) d x d t + x = 0 , {\displaystyle {d^{...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Pol_oscillator
The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation ) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids. [ 1 ] These constants are generally calculated from the critical pressure p c {\displaystyle p_{c}} and temperature T c {\displaystyle T_{c}} using the formulas a = 27 64 R 2 T c 2...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_constants_(data_page)
The van der Waals equation is a mathematical formula that describes the behavior of real gases . It is an equation of state that relates the pressure , volume , number of molecules , and temperature in a fluid . The equation modifies the ideal gas law in two ways: first, it considers particles to have a finite diameter...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation
In molecular physics and chemistry , the van der Waals force (sometimes van der Waals' force ) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules . Unlike ionic or covalent bonds , these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond ; [ 2 ] they are comparatively weak and therefore more suscepti...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force
van der Waals integration is a physical assembly strategy, in which prefabricated building blocks are physically assembled together through weak van der Waals interactions . [ 1 ] This concept was originally proposed in two-dimensional materials research community to construct 2D van der Waals heterostructures . [ 2 ] ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_integration
A Van der Waals molecule is a weakly bound complex of atoms or molecules held together by intermolecular attractions such as Van der Waals forces or by hydrogen bonds . [ 1 ] The name originated in the beginning of the 1970s when stable molecular clusters were regularly observed in molecular beam microwave spectroscopy...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_molecule
The van der Waals radius , r w , of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom. It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals , winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics , as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius
Van der Waals strain is strain resulting from Van der Waals repulsion when two substituents in a molecule approach each other with a distance less than the sum of their Van der Waals radii . Van der Waals strain is also called Van der Waals repulsion and is related to steric hindrance . [ 1 ] One of the most common fo...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_strain
The van der Waals surface of a molecule is an abstract representation or model of that molecule, illustrating where, in very rough terms, a surface might reside for the molecule based on the hard cutoffs of van der Waals radii for individual atoms, and it represents a surface through which the molecule might be conceiv...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_surface
In linear algebra , the permanent of a square matrix is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant . The permanent, as well as the determinant, is a polynomial in the entries of the matrix. [ 1 ] Both are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the immanant . The permanent of an n × n matr...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waerden's_conjecture
Van der Waerden's theorem is a theorem in the branch of mathematics called Ramsey theory . Van der Waerden's theorem states that for any given positive integers r and k , there is some number N such that if the integers {1, 2, ..., N } are colored, each with one of r different colors, then there are at least k integer...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waerden's_theorem
In theoretical physics , Van der Waerden notation [ 1 ] [ 2 ] refers to the usage of two-component spinors ( Weyl spinors ) in four spacetime dimensions. This is standard in twistor theory and supersymmetry . It is named after Bartel Leendert van der Waerden . Spinors with lower undotted indices have a left-handed chi...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waerden_notation
Vanadium(II) oxide is the inorganic compound with the idealized formula VO. It is one of the several binary vanadium oxides . It adopts a distorted NaCl structure and contains weak V−V metal to metal bonds. VO is a semiconductor owing to delocalisation of electrons in the t 2g orbitals. VO is a non-stoichiometric compo...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide
C 0.1 mg V 2 O 5 /m 3 (fume) [ 6 ] Vanadium(V) oxide ( vanadia ) is the inorganic compound with the formula V 2 O 5 . Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide , it is a dark yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high oxidation state , it is both...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide
Vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 51 V NMR spectroscopy ) is a method for the characterization of vanadium -containing compounds and materials. 51 V comprises 99.75% of naturally occurring vanadium. The nucleus is quadrupolar with I = ⁠ 7 / 2 ⁠ , which is not favorable for NMR spectroscopy, although its quadrupo...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium-51_nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Vanadium nitrogenase is a key enzyme for nitrogen fixation found in nitrogen-fixing bacteria , and is used as an alternative to molybdenum nitrogenase when molybdenum is unavailable. [ 1 ] Vanadium nitrogenases are an important biological use of vanadium , which is uncommonly used by life. An important component of the...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_nitrogenase
Vanadium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula V Cl 4 . This reddish-brown liquid serves as a useful reagent for the preparation of other vanadium compounds. With one more valence electron than diamagnetic TiCl 4 , VCl 4 is a paramagnetic liquid. It is one of only a few paramagnetic compounds that...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_tetrachloride
Vanadium–gallium (V 3 Ga) is a superconducting alloy of vanadium and gallium . It is often used for the high field insert coils of superconducting electromagnets . [ clarification needed ] [ citation needed ] Vanadium–gallium tape is used in the highest field magnets ( magnetic fields of 17.5 T ). The structure of the...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium–gallium
Vanadyl ribonucleoside is a potent transition-state analog of ribonucleic acid and potent inhibitor of many species of ribonuclease formed from a vanadium coordination complex and one ribonucleoside. [ 1 ] Vanadium's [ Ar ] 3d 3 4s 2 electron configuration allows it to make five sigma bonds and two pi bonds with adjace...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyl_ribonucleoside
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat certain bacterial infections . [ 6 ] It is administered intravenously ( injection into a vein ) to treat complicated skin infections , bloodstream infections , endocarditis , bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphy...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin
The Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users or VANDU is a not-for-profit organization [ 1 ] and advocacy group based in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada. The group believes that all drug users should have their own rights and freedoms . The group's members have been actively involved in lobbying for support of Insite...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Area_Network_of_Drug_Users
Vandana Shiva (born 5 November 1952) is an Indian scholar , environmental activist , food sovereignty advocate, ecofeminist and anti-globalization author. [ 2 ] Based in Delhi , Shiva has written more than 20 books. [ 3 ] She is often referred to as "Gandhi of grain" for her activism associated with the anti-GMO moveme...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandana_Shiva
In combinatorics , Vandermonde's identity (or Vandermonde's convolution ) is the following identity for binomial coefficients : for any nonnegative integers r , m , n . The identity is named after Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde (1772), although it was already known in 1303 by the Chinese mathematician Zhu Shijie . [...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandermonde's_identity
In algebra , the Vandermonde polynomial of an ordered set of n variables X 1 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}} , named after Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde , is the polynomial : (Some sources use the opposite order ( X i − X j ) {\displaystyle (X_{i}-X_{j})} , which changes the sign ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandermonde_polynomial
Vandortuzumab vedotin ( INN ; development code RG7450 ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This drug was developed by Genentech / Roche . Development was discontinued in 2017. [ 3 ] This monoclonal antibody –related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expand...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandortuzumab_vedotin
Vanessa Lorraine Allen Sutherland is a corporate lawyer and former chairperson of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). Sutherland was born at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C. She lived in Tantallon, Maryland , where she attended Queen Anne School. [ 3 ] She graduated from high sch...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Allen_Sutherland
Vanessa Claire Wood (born 25 February 1983) is an American engineer who is a professor at the ETH Zurich . She holds a chair in Materials and Device Engineering and serves as Vice President of Knowledge Transfer and Corporate Relations. Wood earned her bachelor's degree in physics at Yale University . She moved to Mas...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Wood
Vanilla software refers to applications and systems used in their unmodified, original state, as distributed by their vendors. [ 1 ] This term is often applied in fields such as enterprise resource planning (ERP), [ 2 ] e-government systems, [ 3 ] and software development, where simplicity and adherence to vendor stand...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_software
Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula C 8 H 8 O 3 . It is a phenolic aldehyde . Its functional groups include aldehyde , hydroxyl , and ether . It is the primary component of the ethanolic extract of the vanilla bean . Synthetic vanillin is now used more often than natural vanilla extract as a ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin
In organic chemistry , the vanillyl group (also known as vanilloyl ) is a functional group . Compounds containing a vanillyl group are called vanilloids , and include vanillin , vanillic acid , capsaicin , vanillylmandelic acid , etc. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This organic chemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by exp...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillyl_group
Vanillylmandelic acid ( VMA ) is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of artificial vanilla flavorings [ 1 ] and is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines ( epinephrine , and norepinephrine ). It is produced via intermediary metabolites. VMA synthesis is the first step of a two-step process practiced by Rho...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillylmandelic_acid
In mathematics , a function is said to vanish at infinity if its values approach 0 as the input grows without bounds. There are two different ways to define this with one definition applying to functions defined on normed vector spaces and the other applying to functions defined on locally compact spaces . Aside from ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanish_at_infinity
Vanishing-dimensions theory is a particle physics theory suggesting that systems with higher energy have a smaller number of dimensions . For example, the theory implies that the Universe had fewer dimensions after the Big Bang when its energy was high. Then the number of dimensions may have increased as the system co...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_dimensions_theory
A vanishing point is a point on the image plane of a perspective rendering where the two-dimensional perspective projections of parallel lines in three-dimensional space appear to converge. When the set of parallel lines is perpendicular to a picture plane , the construction is known as one-point perspective, and thei...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_point
A vanishing puzzle is a mechanical optical illusion comprising multiple pieces which can be rearranged to show different versions of a picture depicting several objects, the number of which depending on the arrangement of the pieces. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Wemple & Company marketed an advertising card named The Magic Egg Puzzle,...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_puzzle
In number theory , Vantieghems theorem is a primality criterion. It states that a natural number n ≥3 is prime if and only if Similarly, n is prime, if and only if the following congruence for polynomials in X holds: or: Let n=7 forming the product 1371531*63 = 615195. 615195 = 7 mod 127 and so 7 is prime Let n...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantieghems_theorem
In Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory , the Vapnik–Chervonenkis (VC) dimension is a measure of the size (capacity, complexity, expressive power, richness, or flexibility) of a class of sets. The notion can be extended to classes of binary functions. It is defined as the cardinality of the largest set of points that the algorit...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapnik–Chervonenkis_dimension
In chemistry , Vapochromism strongly overlaps with solvatochromism since vapochromic systems are ones in which dyes change colour in response to the vapour of an organic compound or gas. Vapochromic devices are the optical branch of electronic noses. The main applications are in sensors for detecting volatile organic c...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapochromism
In physics, a vapor ( American English ) or vapour ( Commonwealth English ; see spelling differences ) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature , [ 1 ] which means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing the temperature of...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor
Vapor-compression desalination ( VC ) refers to a distillation process where the evaporation of sea or saline water is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor. Since compression of the vapor increases both the pressure and temperature of the vapor, it is possible to use the latent heat reject...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_desalination
Vapor-compression evaporation is the evaporation method by which a blower , compressor or jet ejector is used to compress , and thus, increase the pressure of the vapor produced. Since the pressure increase of the vapor also generates an increase in the condensation temperature, the same vapor can serve as the heating...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_evaporation
Vapour-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system ( VCRS ), [ 1 ] in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes , is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air conditioning of buildings and automobiles . It is also used in domestic and commercial refriger...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration
Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in designing large industrial distillation processes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In effect, it indicates the ease or difficulty of using distillation to separate the more volatile compo...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-liquid_K_values
In physical chemistry , Henry's law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional at equilibrium to its partial pressure above the liquid. The proportionality factor is called Henry's law constant . It was formulated by the English chemist William Henry , who studied the...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-liquid_distribution_ratio
A vapor-tight tank is a piece of portable onshore oil production equipment designed to store crude oil and convey oil vapors to a flare stack . Vapor-tight tanks are horizontal vessels that can usually hold up to 14.7 pounds per square inch ( gauge ) (1.01 bar(g)). They use that pressure to force oil vapors to the fla...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-tight_tank
A Vapor horn is a device used primarily for two-phase (liquid/vapor) feeds to petroleum refinery fractionators , which is designed to provide both bulk phase separation of the vapor and liquid, and to provide initial distribution of the feed vapor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] For vapor/liquid phase separation, vapor horns utili...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_horn
Vapor lock is a problem caused by liquid fuel changing state to vapor while still in the fuel delivery system of gasoline -fueled internal combustion engines . This disrupts the operation of the fuel pump , causing loss of feed pressure to the carburetor or fuel injection system, resulting in transient loss of power or...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_lock
Vapor polishing is a method of polishing plastics to reduce the surface roughness or improve clarity. Typically, a component is exposed to a chemical vapor causing the surface to flow thereby improving the surface finish. This method of polishing is frequently used to return clear materials to an optical quality finish...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_polishing
Vapor pressure [ a ] or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system . The equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's thermodynamic tendency to evaporate. It relates to the ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure
In polymer chemistry , vapor phase osmometry ( VPO ), also known as vapor-pressure osmometry , is an experimental technique for the determination of a polymer 's number average molecular weight , M n . It works by taking advantage of the decrease in vapor pressure that occurs when solutes are added to pure solvent . Th...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressure_osmometry
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition . CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition , online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elemen...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)

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