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Azygos ( impar ), from the Greek άζυξ, refers to an anatomical structure that is unpaired. This is relatively unusual, as most elements of anatomy reflect bilateral symmetry . Azygos may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygos |
The Azzopardi phenomenon , or Azzopardi effect , is the presence of DNA in necrotic venules . [ 1 ] It can occur in small cell carcinomas and in some high-grade malignant neoplasms . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The effect is well known in diagnostic surgical pathology . [ 3 ] The phenomenon is named after the pathologist, John G. Az... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzopardi_phenomenon |
A B-cell leukemia is any of several types of lymphoid leukemia which affect B cells . [ 1 ]
Types include (with ICD-O code): [ citation needed ]
aggressive: Sézary disease
This oncology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell_leukemia |
BMC Cancer is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal that publishes original research on cancer and oncology . It was established in 2001 at a time when open access publishing was in its infancy, and is published by BioMed Central . It was one of the first journals to be open access and exclusively published onli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC_Cancer |
The BODE index , for B ody-mass index, airflow O bstruction , D yspnea , and E xercise , is a multidimensional scoring system and capacity index used to test patients who have been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to predict long-term outcomes for them. The index uses the four factors to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BODE_index |
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NM_... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1 |
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BRCA2 and BRCA2 ( / ˌ b r æ k ə ˈ t uː / [ 5 ] ) are human genes and their protein products, respectively. The official symbol (BRCA2, italic for the gene, nonitalic for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2 |
BT-20 is a breast cancer cell line derived from a 74-year-old human female in 1958 by E.Y. Lasfargues and L. Ozzello. [ 1 ] The cells technically came from a triple-negative breast cancer , which was caused by an invasive ductal carcinoma in the mammary gland . BT-20 cells are known to have amplified regions of chromos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-20 |
BW-247 is an antidepressant. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] BW-247 is a secondary amine, closely related in structure to the tricyclic antidepressants, which inhibits NA uptake in aortic strips [ 3 ] and rat cerebral cortex slices. [ 4 ] Unlike the tricyclic antidepressants, it is reported not to possess anticholinergic activity. [ 5 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW247 |
B symptoms are a set of symptoms , namely fever , night sweats , and unintentional weight loss , that can be associated with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma . These symptoms are not specific to lymphomas, especially each one considered individually, and even as a trio they are not pathognomonic for lymph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_symptoms |
B-type inclusions , formerly known as Guarnieri bodies / ɡ w ɑːr n ˈ j ɛər i / are cellular features found upon microscopic inspection of epithelial cells of individuals suspected of having poxvirus [ 1 ] (e.g. smallpox [ 2 ] or vaccinia ). In cells stained with eosin , they appear as pink blobs in the cytoplasm of aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_type_inclusion |
The concept of backward masking originated in psychoacoustics , referring to temporal masking of quiet sounds that occur moments before a louder sound.
In cognitive psychology , visual backward masking involves presenting one visual stimulus (a "mask" or "masking stimulus") immediately after a brief (usually 30 ms) "t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_masking |
The trait of backward speech is described as an ability to spontaneously and accurately reverse words. Two strategies of word reversal were reported: reversal according to the phonetic structure of the words or reversal according to their spelling . [ 1 ] In the 1980s Nelson Cowan hypothesized that this ability is affo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_speech |
Bacterial adhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in. Adhesins are a type of virulence factor .
Adherence is an essential step in bacterial pathogenesis or infection , required f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_adhesin |
Bacterial neuraminidase is type of neuraminidase and a virulence factor for many bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
Its function is to cleave a sialic acid residue off ganglioside- GM1 (a modulator of cell surface and receptor activity) turning it into asialo-GM1 to which type 4 pili (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_neuraminidase |
A baffle is a surgically created tunnel or wall within the heart or major blood vessels used to redirect the flow of blood. [ 1 ] They are used in some types of heart abnormalities that a child is born with known as congenital heart defects . Baffles are usually constructed, at least in part, from a person's own heart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_(medicine) |
Bagadilico , Basal Ganglia Disorders Linnaeus Consortium , is a research group in Lund , Sweden , and a Linnaeus environment, supported by the Swedish Research Council. The group comprises about 120 researchers at either Lund University or Lund University Hospital.
The name Bagadilico is an acronym formed using the tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagadilico |
Balanced anesthesia , also known as multimodal anesthesia (also spelt: anaesthesia ), is a technique used to induce and maintain anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery or certain medical procedures. This method employs a combination of anesthetic agents and other drugs – and techniques – to selectively target variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_anesthesia |
The Ballard Maturational Assessment , Ballard Score , or Ballard Scale , is a gestational age assessment technique. It was devised by Dr. Jeanne L. Ballard , professor emeritus of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine . It was developed in 1979. [ 1 ]
The assessment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Maturational_Assessment |
The ballistocardiograph ( BCG ) is a measure of ballistic forces generated by the heart. [ 1 ] The downward movement of blood through the descending aorta produces an upward recoil , moving the body upward with each heartbeat. [ 2 ] As different parts of the aorta expand and contract, the body continues to move downwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistocardiography |
Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration ( BRTO ) is an endovascular procedure used for the treatment of gastric varices . When performing the procedure, an interventional radiologist accesses blood vessels using a catheter, inflates a balloon (e.g. balloon occlusion) and injects a substance into the varice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon-occluded_retrograde_transvenous_obliteration |
A balloon septostomy is the widening of the foramen ovale , a patent foramen ovale (PFO), or an atrial septal defect (ASD) via cardiac catheterization using a balloon catheter . This procedure allows for a greater amount of oxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation in some cases of cyanotic congenital heart de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_septostomy |
Balthasar Gérard (alternative spellings Gerards or Gerardts ; c. 1557 – 14 July 1584) was the assassin of the Dutch revolt 's leader, William the Silent of the House of Orange (William the Silent, and later known as the "Father of the Fatherland"). He killed William the Silent in Delft on 10 July 1584, by shooting him ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Gérard |
The Baly Medal is a biennial award awarded by the Royal College of Physicians of London.
Founded by a gift from Frederick Daniel Dyster (1809?–93) received in 1866, confirmed by deed 1930 – in memory of William Baly : £400 to provide a gold medal for the person deemed to have most distinguished himself in the science ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baly_Medal |
The Band of Parents is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization . Formed in July 2007 and incorporated in October 2007, it was founded by approximately 100 parents of young children with neuroblastoma who were treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). Its purpose is to fund the development of new therapies f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Parents |
The Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council ( BMDC ) is the professional regulatory body that monitors the practice of medicine in Bangladesh. It was formed under the Bangladesh Medical Council Act. The act was made in 1973, hence it is also called 1973 Act of Bangladesh Medical Council. [ 1 ] The act of 1973 was repeale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Medical_and_Dental_Council |
A Bankart repair is an operation for habitual anterior shoulder dislocation . [ 1 ] The joint capsule is sewed to the detached glenoid labrum , without duplication of the subscapularis tendon .
The procedure is named for the Bankart lesion , a common name for the condition it addresses. The condition was named for Bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankart_repair |
The Banting Medal , officially the Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement , is an annual award conferred by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), which is the highest award of ADA. Inaugurated in 1941, the prize is given in memory of Sir Frederick Banting , [ 1 ] a key discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banting_Medal |
Bar code medication administration ( BCMA ) is a barcode system designed by Glenna Sue Kinnick to prevent medication errors in healthcare settings and to improve the quality and safety of medication administration. The overall goals of BCMA are to improve accuracy, prevent errors, and generate online records of medic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_code_medication_administration |
Baralyme is a mixture of 80% calcium hydroxide and 20% barium hydroxide compounds [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] that is used as an alternative to soda lime to absorb the exhaled carbon dioxide in a closed circuit anesthetic system. [ 4 ]
The substance has been used for carbon dioxide scrubbing in diving bells and the U.S Navy's e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baralyme |
A barbed broach is a hand-operated endodontic tool used to remove the pulp tissue during root canal treatments. They have been in widespread use at least since the early 1900s, and their introduction allowed dentists to remove tissue from much smaller root canals than before. [ 1 ]
Barbed broaches are made from stainl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_broach |
The barber surgeon was one of the most common European medical practitioners of the Middle Ages , generally charged with caring for soldiers during and after battle. In this era, surgery was seldom conducted by physicians. Instead, barbers , who possessed razors and dexterity, were responsible for tasks ranging from cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeon |
A bare-metal stent is a stent made of thin, uncoated (bare) metal wire that has been formed into a mesh-like tube. The first stents licensed for use in cardiac arteries were bare metal – often 316L stainless steel. More recent "second generation" bare-metal stents have been made of cobalt chromium alloy. [ 1 ] While pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare-metal_stent |
Bariatric surgery (also known as metabolic surgery or weight loss surgery ) is a surgical procedure used to manage obesity and obesity-related conditions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Long term weight loss with bariatric surgery may be achieved through alteration of gut hormones, physical reduction of stomach size ( stomach reduction s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariatric_surgery |
Baricity refers to the ratio of the densities ( density ) of a substance, e.g., spinal local anesthetic, compared to the mean density of human cerebrospinal fluid , both at 37°C. Baricity is used in anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.
The mean density of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricity |
Barinthus Biotherapeutics plc (formerly Vaccitech plc) is a biotechnology company developing immunotherapies for infectious diseases, cancer and autoimmune diseases such as hepatitis B , HPV and prostate cancer . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Formerly known as Vaccitech plc , in November 2023 the company announced that it had renamed it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinthus_Biotherapeutics |
Bartholin gland carcinoma is a type of cancer of the vulva arising in the Bartholin gland . [ 2 ] It typically presents with a painless mass at one side of the vaginal opening in a female of middle-age and older, and can appear similar to a Bartholin cyst . [ 2 ] The mass may be big or small, may be deep under skin or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin_gland_carcinoma |
Prof. Baruch Modan ( Hebrew : ברוך מודן) (1932-2001) [ 1 ] was an Israeli medical scientist . Modan made significant findings in the field of oncology and was an expert on the effects of radiation .
Modan worked with various types of cancer , and in 1974 demonstrated that the chances of getting breast cancer increase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Modan |
Basal cell adenoma is a rare, low-grade benign salivary gland neoplasm . [ 1 ]
The most common involved site is the parotid gland , however other possible sites include the submandibular gland , [ 2 ] minor salivary glands of upper lip, buccal mucosa, palate and nasal septum. [ 1 ]
It appears as a slow-growing, firm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_cell_adenoma |
A baseline in science (including medicine ) is the initial conditions found by observation and measurement at the beginning of a survey or clinical trial or which is used for comparison with later data collected during or after the survey or trial to identify and measure changes, often with the intention of assessing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(science) |
Basilar invagination is invagination (infolding) of the base of the skull that occurs when the top of the C2 vertebra migrates upward. It can cause narrowing of the foramen magnum (the opening in the skull where the spinal cord passes through to the brain ). It also may press on the lower brainstem . [ 1 ]
This is sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_invagination |
The Baskerville effect , or the Hound of the Baskervilles effect , is the alleged self-fulfilling prophecy that there is an increase in rate of mortality through heart attacks on days considered unlucky because of the psychological stress this causes on superstitious people. The term derives from the Sherlock Holmes n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskerville_effect |
The Batista procedure (also called a reduction left ventriculoplasty) was an experimental heart procedure that proposed the reversal of the effects of remodeling in cases of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy refractory to conventional medical therapy. The hypothesis of the operation appears to be that reduction (resecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batista_procedure |
The Bean prize , also known as the William B. Bean Student Research Award and named for William Bennett Bean , is awarded annually to medical students by the American Osler Society (AOS) for research in history of medicine and humanities . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The Bean prize is named for William Bennett Bean , who was a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_prize |
A beating heart cadaver is a body that is pronounced dead in all medical and legal definitions, connected to a medical ventilator , and retains cardio-pulmonary functions. This keeps the organs of the body, including the heart , functioning and alive. [ 1 ] As a result, the period of time in which the organs may be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver |
Beevor's Axiom is the idea that the brain does not know muscles, only movements. In other words, the brain registers the movements that muscles combine to make, not the individual muscles that are making the movements. Hence, this is why one can sign their name (albeit poorly) with their foot. Beevor's Axiom was coined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beevor's_axiom |
Behavioral endocrinology is a branch of endocrinology that studies the Neuroendocrine system and its effects on behavior. [ 1 ] Behavioral endocrinology studies the biological mechanisms that produce behaviors, this gives insight into the evolutionary past. [ 2 ] The field has roots in ethology , endocrinology and psyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology |
Behavioral neurology is a subspecialty of neurology that studies the impact of neurological damage and disease upon behavior, memory, and cognition, and the treatment thereof. Two fields associated with behavioral neurology are neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology . In the United States , 'Behavioral Neurology & Neurop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neurology |
Behr syndrome is characterized by the association of early-onset optic atrophy with spinocerebellar degeneration resulting in ataxia , pyramidal signs, peripheral neuropathy and developmental delay. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Although it is an autosomal recessive disorder, heterozygotes may still manifest much attenuated symptoms. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behr_syndrome |
The Beit Memorial Medical Fellowships were one of the most prestigious and competitive fellowships for post-doctoral or medical degree research in medicine in the United Kingdom. The Fellowships were founded in 1909 by Sir Otto Beit , a German-born British financier, philanthropist and art connoisseur, in memory of his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Memorial_Fellowships_for_Medical_Research |
Bendopnea is a newly described symptom, normally of heart failure , meaning shortness of breath felt when leaning forward. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It was introduced by Thibodeau et al. in 2014. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Patients with heart failure often experience this when bending over to tie a shoe, putting socks on, or othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendopnea |
Benign fasciculation syndrome ( BFS ) is characterized by fasciculation (twitching) of voluntary muscles in the body. [ 1 ] The twitching can occur in any voluntary muscle group but is most common in the eyelids , arms, hands, fingers, legs, and feet. The tongue can also be affected. The twitching may be occasional to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_fasciculation_syndrome |
Benign hereditary chorea ( BHC ), also known as benign familial chorea , is a rare autosomal dominant neurogenetic syndrome. It typically presents itself in childhood with isolated chorea , with average to below average intelligence. Unlike other neurogenetic causes of chorea such as Huntington's disease , BHC is not p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_hereditary_chorea |
Benign proliferative breast disease is a group of noncancerous conditions that may increase the risk of developing breast cancer . Examples include atypical ductal hyperplasia , atypical lobular hyperplasia , and intraductal papillomas .
This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_proliferative_breast_disease |
A benign tumor is a mass of cells ( tumor ) that does not invade neighboring tissue or metastasize (spread throughout the body). Compared to malignant (cancerous) tumors , benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate . Benign tumors have relatively well differentiated cells. They are often surrounded by an outer s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_tumor |
Professor Benjamin Oluwakayode Osuntokun (6 January 1935 – 22 September 1995), [ 1 ] was a researcher and neurologist from Okemesi, Ekiti State , Nigeria. [ 2 ] Known for discovering the cause of ataxic tropical neuropathy , he was a founding member of the Pan African Association of Neurological Sciences and an early a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Oluwakayode_Osuntokun |
Benjamin Rush (January 4, 1746 [ O.S. December 24, 1745] – April 19, 1813) was an American revolutionary , a Founding Father of the United States and signatory to the U.S. Declaration of Independence , and a civic leader in Philadelphia , where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush |
Benzydamine (also known as Tantum Verde and branded in some countries as Maxtra Gargle, Difflam and Septabene), available as the hydrochloride salt, is a locally acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with local anaesthetic and analgesic properties for pain relief and anti-inflammatory treatment of inflamma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzydamine |
BerEp4 (also Ber-EP4 ) is a histologic stain mainly used to aid in the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). [ 2 ] It is an antibody to EpCAM ( epithelial cell adhesion molecule ). [ 1 ]
BerEp4 has a high sensitivity and specificity in being positive only in BCC cells. [ 1 ] BerEp4 is normally negative in squamous ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerEp4 |
Berkshire and Surrey Pathology Services (BSPS) is a pathology network, serving NHS hospitals in Surrey and Berkshire . BSPS is a joint venture between Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust , Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust , Royal Surrey County Hospital , and S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Surrey_Pathology_Service |
Johann Bernhard Aloys von Gudden (7 June 1824 – 13 June 1886) was a German neuroanatomist and psychiatrist born in Kleve .
In 1848, von Gudden earned his doctorate from the University of Halle and became an intern at the asylum in Siegburg under Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi (1775–1858). From 1851 to 1855 he worked a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_Gudden |
Bernheim syndrome is a presumed disorder wherein the right ventricle is severely compressed due to a shift in the ventricular septal wall of the heart , leading to heart failure . It was first described by Hippolyte Bernheim in 1910. Today, it is argued whether or not Bernheim syndrome is indeed a syndrome or a side ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernheim_syndrome |
Berta Vogel Scharrer (December 1, 1906 – July 23, 1995) was an American scientist who helped to found the scientific discipline now known as neuroendocrinology . [ 1 ]
She received her Ph.D. from the University of Munich , Germany in 1930. [ 2 ] She worked at the university with Professor Karl von Frisch , who shared ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berta_Scharrer |
The Bertarelli Foundation is a private foundation founded by the Bertarelli family; brother and sister Ernesto and Dona Bertarelli , who are co-Chairs of the Foundation, and their mother, Maria Iris Bertarelli. It was established in 1998 in memory of Fabio Bertarelli and is based in Gstaad , Switzerland . [ 1 ] For ten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertarelli_Foundation |
Bertha Boronda ( née Zettle ; March 14, 1877 – January 18, 1950) was an American woman who sliced off her husband's penis with a straight razor in 1907. [ A ] She fled the scene of the crime, but was captured the next day. Boronda was tried, convicted of mayhem , and imprisoned at San Quentin Penitentiary .
The victi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Boronda |
Bess Mensendieck (1 July 1864 New York City - 27 January 1957, born Elizabeth Marguerite de Varel Mensendieck) was an American physician and gymnastics teacher of Dutch descent who developed the Mensendieck System , a therapeutic teaching methodology for female physical education claimed to be both corrective and preve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bess_Mensendieck |
A bezoar stone ( / ˈ b i z ɔː r / BEE -zor ) is a mass often found trapped in the gastrointestinal system , [ 2 ] though it can occur in other locations. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A pseudobezoar is an indigestible object introduced intentionally into the digestive system. [ 5 ]
There are several varieties of bezoar, some of which h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezoar |
Bibersteinia trehalosi is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Pasteurellaceae . Originally described as Pasteurella trehalosi by Sneath & Stevens in 1990, it was reclassified into the newly created genus Bibersteinia in 2007 based on phylogenetic and biochemical studies. [ 1 ]
The genus name Bibersteinia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibersteinia_trehalosi |
bibic is a small charitable organization based in the United Kingdom that supports children, young people and their families who have a wide range of different conditions. The charity was founded by the late Keith Pennock who had a daughter with a learning disability. The work was derived from Glenn Doman's The Institu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibic_(charity) |
Bicameral mentality is a hypothesis introduced by Julian Jaynes who argued human ancestors as late as the ancient Greeks did not consider emotions and desires as stemming from their own minds but as the consequences of actions of gods external to themselves. The theory posits that the human mind once operated in a stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral_mentality |
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system , [ 3 ] first described by Edwin Bickerstaff in 1951. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It may also affect the peripheral nervous system , and has features in common with both Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome . [ 2 ]
The most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bickerstaff_brainstem_encephalitis |
The bidomain model is a mathematical model to define the electrical activity of the heart . It consists in a continuum (volume-average) approach in which the cardiac microstructure is defined in terms of muscle fibers grouped in sheets, creating a complex three-dimensional structure with anisotropical properties. Then,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidomain_model |
Bifrontal craniotomy is a surgical process which is used to target different tumors or malfunctioning areas of the brain . [ 1 ]
This surgery article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifrontal_craniotomy |
Bila M. Kapita is a doctor from Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of the Congo who aided in initial research efforts investigating HIV/AIDS in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s. Kapita is credited as one of the first African scientists to independently identify that AIDS was prevalent in Central Africa. Research work in colla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_M._Kapita |
Biliary microlithiasis refers to the creation of small gallstones less than 3 mm in diameter in the biliary duct or gallbladder .
It has been suggested [ 1 ] as a cause of postcholecystectomy syndrome , or PCS, the symptoms of which include:
This medical symptom article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_microlithiasis |
Biliary pseudolithiasis is an unusual complication of ceftriaxone where the drug complexes with calcium and mimics gallstones . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is reversed when ceftriaxone administration is stopped. [ 2 ] It was first described in 1988 by Schaad et al. as "reversible ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudolithiasis". [ 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_pseudolithiasis |
Biliary sludge refers to a viscous mixture of small particles derived from bile . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These sediments consist of cholesterol crystals, calcium salts, calcium bilirubinate , mucin , and other materials. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Biliary sludge may cause complications such as biliary colic , acute cholecystitis , acute ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_sludge |
William R. Allen is a former President of the British Dental Association . [ 1 ]
This English biographical article related to medicine is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This dentistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Allen_(dentist) |
Binswanger's disease , also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy , [ 1 ] is a form of small-vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter . [ 2 ] White matter atrophy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hypertension as well as o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binswanger's_disease |
Bio-inks are materials used to produce engineered/artificial live tissue using 3D printing . These inks are mostly composed of the cells that are being used, but are often used in tandem with additional materials that envelope the cells. The combination of cells and usually biopolymer gels are defined as a bio-ink. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-ink |
Bioactive glass S53P4 ( BAG-S53P4 ) is a biomaterial consisting of sodium , silicate , calcium and phosphate . [ 1 ] S53P4 is osteoconductive and also osteoproductive in the promotion, migration, replication and differentiation of osteogenic cells and their matrix production. [ 2 ] In other words, it facilitates bone f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactive_glass_S53P4 |
Biochemical recurrence is a rise in the blood level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer patients after treatment with surgery or radiation . Biochemical recurrence may occur in patients who do not have symptoms . It may mean that the cancer has come back. Also called PSA failure and biochemical relaps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_recurrence |
Biocompatibility (biomedical therapy) : Ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. [ 1 ] [ a ]
Biocompatibility : Ability to be in contact with a living system without producing an adverse effect. [ 1 ]
Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocompatibility |
Biodontics dentistry was founded by Dr. Edward Rossomando in 2001 as an area of oral health . Biodontics is funded by the United States National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). The purpose of Biodontics is to expand the dental profession in its research capacity, skill sets, and entrepreneurshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodontics |
Biofilling , also known as the orthograde canal grafting technique or 4D sealing , is an endodontic root canal obturation technique with a Bioceramic material after root canal preparation and enlargement procedure. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
All diagnoses of the teeth lead to endodontic therapy and retreatment procedures... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilling |
Bioglass 45S5 or calcium sodium phosphosilicate , is a bioactive glass specifically composed of 45 wt% SiO 2 , 24.5 wt% CaO, 24.5 wt% Na 2 O, and 6.0 wt% P 2 O 5 . [ 1 ] Typical applications of Bioglass 45S5 include: bone grafting biomaterials , repair of periodontal defects, cranial and maxillofacial repair, wound car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioglass_45S5 |
A biological pacemaker is one or more types of cellular components that, when "implanted or injected into certain regions of the heart," produce specific electrical stimuli that mimic that of the body's natural pacemaker cells . [ 1 ] Biological pacemakers are indicated for issues such as heart block , slow heart rate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pacemaker |
Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of mental illnesses with a particular emphasis on the genetic and neurophysiological basis of clinical psychology . Biological psychopathology attempts to explain psychiatric disorders using multiple levels of analysis from the genome to brain functioni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_psychopathology |
Biologics: Targets and Therapy is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on the clinical application of biologic agents in the management of pathologies where a molecular target can be identified. The journal was established in 2007 and is published by Dove Medical Press .
This article about a medical journ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologics:_Targets_and_Therapy |
Bioluminescent activated destruction or BLADe refers to a technique used to kill cancer cells. [ 1 ] [ unreliable medical source? ]
It works by first altering the cells in an organism , once they become cancerous, to create the firefly light source luciferin and luciferase to create light. The light itself would have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescent_activated_destruction |
Biomaterials exhibit various degrees of compatibility with the harsh environment within a living organism. They need to be nonreactive chemically and physically with the body, as well as integrate when deposited into tissue. [ 1 ] The extent of compatibility varies based on the application and material required. Often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial_surface_modifications |
The Biomedical Research Center (BRC) is a research center at Qatar University focusing on biomedical research. BRC was founded in 2014, and partners with the Ministry of Public Health (Qatar) , and Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The incidence of genetic disorders in Qatar is high, [ 4 ] with the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_Research_Center |
Biomesh (or biologic mesh ) is a type of surgical mesh made from an organic biomaterial (such as porcine dermis, porcine small intestine submucosa , bovine dermis or pericardium , and the dermis or fascia lata of a cadaveric human). Biologic mesh is primarily indicated for several types of hernia repair, including ingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomesh |
The Biophone is a combination voice and telemetry radio communications system used in the 1970s and 80s by paramedics to talk to the physicians supervising them from a hospital base station. The difference between the unit and another two-way radio was that it had the ability to transmit a patient's electrocardiogram .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophone |
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon , an interventional radiologist , or an interventional cardiologist . The process involves the extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is then fixed, dehydrated, embedded, sectioned, sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsy |
Bioptics is a combinatorial vision -correction refractive surgical technique performed by ophthalmologists , in which refractive error of the eye is treated on both the lenticular and corneal optical planes. The dual technique was pioneered, and the term coined, by Roberto Zaldívar in 1989. The procedure is increasing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioptics_(surgery) |
A bioptome is a small pincer -shaped cutting/grasping instrument used in medicine for taking endomyocardial biopsy specimens of the heart muscle following heart transplantation in rejection monitoring and for diagnosing some diseases of the heart. [ 1 ]
It is flexible and usually operated under the guidance of fluoros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioptome |
Bioresorbable (also called biodegradable or bioabsorbable ) metals are metals or their alloys that degrade safely within the body. [ 1 ] The primary metals in this category are magnesium-based [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and iron-based alloys, [ 4 ] although recently zinc has also been investigated. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Currently, the primary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresorbable_metal |
A bioresorbable stent is a tube-like device ( stent ) that is used to open and widen clogged heart arteries and then dissolves or is absorbed by the body. It is made from a material that can release a drug to prevent scar tissue growth. It can also restore normal vessel function and avoid long-term complications of met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresorbable_stent |
Biostratinomy is the study of the processes that take place after an organism dies but before its final burial. It is considered to be a subsection of the science of taphonomy , along with necrology (the study of the death of an organism) and diagenesis (the changes that take place after final burial). These processes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostratinomy |
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