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In mathematics, thesigned areaororiented areaof a region of anaffine planeis itsareawithorientationspecified by thepositive or negative sign, that is "plus"(+{\displaystyle +})or "minus"(−{\displaystyle -}). More generally, the signed area of an arbitrarysurfaceregion is itssurface areawith specified orientation. When ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_area |
Inmathematics, asigned measureis a generalization of the concept of (positive)measureby allowing the set function to takenegativevalues, i.e., to acquiresign.
There are two slightly different concepts of a signed measure, depending on whether or not one allows it to take infinite values. Signed measures are usually o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_measure |
Ingeometryandalgebra, thetriple productis a product of three 3-dimensionalvectors, usuallyEuclidean vectors. The name "triple product" is used for two different products, thescalar-valuedscalar triple productand, less often, thevector-valuedvector triple product.
Thescalar triple product(also called themixed product,b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_volume |
Inphysicsandmathematics, thedimensionof amathematical space(orobject) is informally defined as the minimum number ofcoordinatesneeded to specify anypointwithin it.[1][2]Thus, alinehas adimension of one(1D) because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it – for example, the point at 5 on a number line. Asu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension#In_mathematics |
Inmathematics, a structure on aset(or on some sets) refers to providing or endowing it (or them) with certain additional features (e.g. anoperation,relation,metric, ortopology). Τhe additional features are attached or related to the set (or to the sets), so as to provide it (or them) with some additional meaning or sig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_structure |
Inmathematics, particularly inuniversal algebraandcategory theory,transport of structurerefers to the process whereby amathematical objectacquires a newstructureand itscanonical definitions, as a result of beingisomorphicto (or otherwise identified with) another object with a pre-existing structure.[1]Definitions by tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_of_structure |
Inmathematics, acategory(sometimes called anabstract categoryto distinguish it from aconcrete category) is a collection of "objects" that are linked by "arrows". A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrowsassociativelyand the existence of an identity arrow for each object. A simple example i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_(mathematics) |
Attraction, inlinguistics, is a type of error in language production that incorrectly extends a feature from one word in a sentence to another.[1]This can refer to agreement attraction, wherein a feature is assigned based on agreement with another word. This tends to happen in English with subject-verb agreement, espec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attraction_(grammar) |
Inlinguistics,case governmentis a type ofgovernmentwherein a verb oradpositionimposesgrammatical caserequirements on its noun phrase complement. For example, inGermanthe prepositionfür'for' governs theaccusative case:für mich'for me-accusative'.[1]Case government may modify the meaning of the verb substantially, even t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_government |
Inlinguistics,declension(verb:todecline) is the changing of the form of aword, generally to express itssyntactic functionin the sentence by way of aninflection. Declension may apply tonouns,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs, anddeterminers. It serves to indicatenumber(e.g. singular, dual, plural),case(e.g.nominative,accusati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension |
Intaxonomy,binomial nomenclature("two-term naming system"), also calledbinary nomenclature, is a formal system of namingspeciesof living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which useLatin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called abinomial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature#Derivation_of_binomial_names |
Inlinguistics, especially withingenerative grammar,phi features(denoted with the Greek letterφ'phi') are themorphologicalexpression of asemanticprocess in which a word ormorphemevaries with the form of another word or phrase in the same sentence.[1]This variation can includeperson,number,gender, andcase, as encoded in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_features |
Inlinguistics, aredundancyisinformationthat is expressed more than once.[1][2]
Examples of redundancies include multipleagreementfeatures inmorphology,[1]multiple features distinguishingphonemesinphonology,[2]or the use of multiple words to express a single idea inrhetoric.[1]For instance, while the previous sentence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redundancy_(linguistics) |
Thesequence of tenses(known inLatinasconsecutio temporum, and also known asagreement of tenses,succession of tensesandtense harmony) is a set ofgrammaticalrules of a particular language, governing theagreementbetween thetensesof verbs in relatedclausesorsentences.
A typical context in which rules of sequence of tenses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_of_tenses |
Inphilosophy, anactionis something anagentdoes. Actions contrast with events which merely happen to someone and are typically performed for apurposeand guided by anintention.[1][2]The first question in thephilosophy of actionis to determine how actions differ from other forms of behavior, likeinvoluntary reflexes.[3][4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(philosophy) |
Descriptionis any type of communication that aims to make vivid a place, object, person, group, or other physical entity.[1]It is one of fourrhetorical modes(also known asmodes of discourse), along withexposition,argumentation, andnarration.[2]
Fiction writing specifically has modes such asaction, exposition, descript... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description |
Elocutionis the study of formal speaking inpronunciation,grammar, style, andtoneas well as the idea and practice of effective speech and its forms. It stems from the idea that while communication is symbolic, sounds are final and compelling.[1][2]
Elocution emerged inEnglandin the 18th and 19th centuries and in theUni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elocution |
Greetingis an act ofcommunicationin which human beings intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship (usually cordial) orsocial status(formal or informal) between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. Greetings are sometim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting |
Orthoepyis the study ofpronunciationof a particular language, within a specificoral tradition. The term is from theGreekὀρθοέπειαorthoepeia, fromὀρθόςorthos('correct') andἔποςepos('speech'). The antonym iscacoepy"bad or wrong pronunciation". The pronunciation of the wordorthoepyitself varies widely; theOEDrecognizes th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoepy |
Poetic dictionis the term used to refer to the linguisticstyle, thevocabulary, and themetaphorsused in the writing ofpoetry. In the Western tradition, all these elements were thought of as properly different in poetry and prose up to the time of theRomanticrevolution, whenWilliam Wordsworthchallenged the distinction in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_diction |
Insociolinguistics, aregisteris avarietyoflanguageused for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation. For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, anEnglishspeaker may be more likely to followprescriptive normsfor formalusagethan in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics) |
Speech productionis the process by which thoughts are translated into speech. This includes the selection ofwords, the organization of relevantgrammaticalforms, and then the articulation of the resulting sounds by themotor systemusing thevocal apparatus. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person create... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_production |
Vocal pedagogyis the study of the art and science ofvoiceinstruction. It is used in the teaching ofsingingand assists in defining what singing is, how singing works, and howsinging techniqueis accomplished.
Vocal pedagogy covers a broad range of aspects of singing, ranging from the physiological process of vocal produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy |
Inlinguistics,affectis an attitude oremotionthat a speaker brings to an utterance. Affects such as sarcasm, contempt, dismissal, distaste, disgust, disbelief, exasperation, boredom, anger, joy, respect or disrespect, sympathy,pity, gratitude, wonder, admiration, humility, and awe are frequently conveyed throughparaling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(linguistics) |
The termboundary tonerefers to a rise or fall in pitch that occurs in speech at the end of a sentence or other utterance, or, if a sentence is divided into two or moreintonational phrases, at the end of each intonational phrase. It can also refer to a low or high intonational tone at the beginning of an utterance or in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_tone_(linguistics) |
Inlinguistics,focus(abbreviatedFOC) is agrammatical categorythat conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information. In theEnglishsentence "Mary only insulted BILL", focus is expressedprosodicallyby apitch accenton "Bill" which identifies him as the only person whom Mary insul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(linguistics) |
Thehigh rising terminal(HRT), also known asrising inflection,upspeak,uptalk, orhigh rising intonation(HRI), is a feature of some variants of English wheredeclarative sentencescan end with a rising pitch similar to that typically found inyes–no questions. HRT has been claimed to be especially common among younger speake... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_rising_terminal |
Inlinguistics, aprosodic unitis a segment of speech that occurs with specific prosodic properties. These properties can be those of stress,intonation(a singlepitchandrhythmcontour), ortonalpatterns.
Prosodic units occur at ahierarchy of levels, from thesyllable, themetrical footandphonological wordto theintonational u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosodic_unit |
Inlinguistics,prosody(/ˈprɒsədi,ˈprɒz-/)[1][2]is the study of elements of speech, includingintonation,stress,rhythmandloudness, that occur simultaneously with individualphoneticsegments: vowels and consonants. Often, prosody specifically refers to such elements, known assuprasegmentals, when they extend across more tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics) |
In thephilosophy of languageandlinguistics, aspeech actis something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well.[1]For example, the phrase "I would like the mashed potatoes; could you please pass them to me?" is considered a speech act as it expresses the speaker's desir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act |
Informal semantics, thesquiggle operator∼{\displaystyle \sim }is an operator that constrains the occurrence offocus. In one common definition, the squiggle operator takes a syntacticargumentα{\displaystyle \alpha }and adiscoursesalient argumentC{\displaystyle C}and introduces apresuppositionthat theordinary semantic va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squiggle_operator |
Toneis the use ofpitchinlanguageto distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or toinflectwords.[1]All oral languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is calledintonation, but not all languages u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics) |
Autosegmental phonologyis a framework of phonological analysis proposed byJohn Goldsmithin hisPhD thesisin 1976 at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).
As a theory of phonological representation, autosegmentalphonologydeveloped a formal account of ideas that had been sketched in earlier work by several lingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosegmental_phonology |
Inlinguistics,apophony(also known asablaut, (vowel)gradation, (vowel)mutation,alternation,internal modification,stem modification,stem alternation,replacive morphology,stem mutation, orinternal inflection) is analternationofvowel(quality) within awordthat indicatesgrammatical information(ofteninflectional).
Apophony i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophony |
Inlinguisticmorphology, atransfixis a discontinuousaffixwhich is inserted into aword root, as inroot-and-patternsystems of morphology, like those of manySemitic languages.
A discontinuous affix is an affix whose phonetic components are not sequential within a word, and instead, are spread out between or around thephon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfix |
Inlinguisticmorphology, adisfixis a subtractivemorpheme, a morpheme manifest through the subtraction ofsegmentsfrom arootorstem. Although other forms of disfixation exist, the element subtracted is usually the final segment of the stem.[1]
Productive disfixation is extremely rare among the languages of the world but i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfix |
Arabic grammar(Arabic:النَّحْوُ العَرَبِيُّ) is the grammar of theArabic language. Arabic is aSemitic languageand its grammar has many similarities with thegrammar of other Semitic languages.Classical ArabicandModern Standard Arabichave largely the same grammar; colloquial spokenvarieties of Arabiccan vary in different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar |
TheArabic scripthas numerousdiacritics, which include consonant pointing known asiʻjām(إِعْجَام,IPA:[ʔiʕdʒæːm]), and supplementary diacritics known astashkīl(تَشْكِيل,IPA:[t̪æʃkiːl]). The latter include the vowel marks termedḥarakāt(حَرَكَات,IPA:[ħæɾækæːt̪];sg.حَرَكَة,ḥarakah,IPA:[ħæɾækæ]).
The Arabic script is a modi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashk%C4%ABl |
TheArabic scripthas numerousdiacritics, which include consonant pointing known asiʻjām(إِعْجَام,IPA:[ʔiʕdʒæːm]), and supplementary diacritics known astashkīl(تَشْكِيل,IPA:[t̪æʃkiːl]). The latter include the vowel marks termedḥarakāt(حَرَكَات,IPA:[ħæɾækæːt̪];sg.حَرَكَة,ḥarakah,IPA:[ħæɾækæ]).
The Arabic script is a modi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_diacritics |
Amater lectionis(/ˌmeɪtərˌlɛktiˈoʊnɪs/ⓘMAY-tərLEK-tee-OH-niss,/ˌmɑːtər-/MAH-tər -;[1][2]Latinfor 'mother of reading',pl.matres lectionis/ˌmɑːtreɪs-/MAH-trayss -;[2]originalHebrew:אֵם קְרִיאָה,romanized:ʾēm qərîʾāh) is any consonant letter that is used to indicate a vowel, primarily in the writing ofSemitic languagess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_lectionis |
Mimation(Arabic:تَمْيِيم,tamyīm) is the phenomenon of a suffixed-m(the lettermemin many Semiticabjads) which occurs in someSemitic languages.
This occurs inAkkadianin singular nouns.[1]It was also present in theProto-Semitic language.
It is retained in the plural and dual forms inHebrew. It corresponds to the lettern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimation |
Inlinguistics, anaffixis amorphemethat is attached to aword stemto form a new word or word form. The main two categories arederivationalandinflectionalaffixes. Derivational affixes, such asun-,-ation,anti-,pre-etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix |
Inlinguisticsand social sciences,markednessis the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known asunmarked; the other, secondary one ismarked. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markedness |
Inmorphologyandlexicography, alemma(pl.:lemmasorlemmata) is thecanonical form,[1]dictionary form, orcitation formof a set ofwordforms.[2]In English, for example,break,breaks,broke,brokenandbreakingare forms of the samelexeme, withbreakas the lemma by which they are indexed.Lexeme, in this context, refers to the set of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology) |
Inmorphology, anull morphemeorzero morphemeis amorphemethat has no phonetic form.[1]In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It is a concept useful for analysis, by contrasting null morphemes with alternatives that do have some phonetic realization.[2]The null morpheme is represented as either the fig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_morpheme |
Inlinguistics, analternationis the phenomenon of amorphemeexhibiting variation in itsphonologicalrealization. Each of the various realizations is called analternant. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological,morphological, and/orsyntacticenvironment in which the morpheme finds itself.
Alternations provide l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics) |
Afloating toneis amorpheme[1]or element of a morpheme that contains neitherconsonantsnorvowels, but onlytone. It cannot be pronounced by itself but affects the tones of neighboring morphemes.[2][3]
An example occurs inBambara, aMande languageof Mali that has twophonemictones,[4]highandlow.Thedefinite articleis a float... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone |
Greekmorphemesare parts ofwordsoriginating from theGreek language. This article lists Greek morphemes used in the English language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English |
Morphological parsing, innatural language processing, is the process of determining themorphemesfrom which a given word is constructed. It must be able to distinguish between orthographic rules and morphological rules. For example, the word 'foxes' can be decomposed into 'fox' (the stem), and 'es' (a suffix indicating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_parsing |
Morphophonology(alsomorphophonemicsormorphonology) is the branch oflinguisticsthat studies the interaction betweenmorphologicalandphonologicalorphoneticprocesses. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place inmorphemes(minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words.
The origins of morphophonology t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonology |
Morphotacticsrepresent the ordering restrictions in place on the ordering ofmorphemes. Etymologically, it can be translated as "the set of rules that define how morphemes (morpho) can touch (tactics) each other".
Many Englishaffixesmay only be attached directly to morphemes with particularparts of speech:
but not
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphotactics |
TheMotif-Index of Folk-Literatureis a six volume catalogue ofmotifs, granular elements offolklore, composed by American folkloristStith Thompson(1932–1936, revised and expanded 1955–1958). Often referred to asThompson's motif-index, the catalogue has been extensively used infolklore studies, where folklorists commonly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature |
Theoretical linguisticsis a term inlinguisticsthat,[1]like the related termgeneral linguistics,[2]can be understood in different ways. Both can be taken as a reference to thetheory of language, or the branch oflinguisticsthat inquires into thenature of languageand seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics |
Inlinguistics, aword stemis awordpart responsible for a word'slexicalmeaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on themorphologyof the language in question. For instance, inAthabaskan linguistics, a verb stem is arootthat cannot appear on its own and that carries thetoneof the word.
Typically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_stem |
Adpositionsare aclass of wordsused to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, behind, ago, etc.) or mark varioussemantic roles(of, for).[1]The most common adpositions areprepositions(which precede their complement) andpostpositions(which follow their complement).
An adposition typically combines wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition |
Inlinguistics, acompound verborcomplex predicateis a multi-wordcompoundthat functions as a singleverb. One component of the compound is alight verborvector, which carries anyinflections, indicatingtense,mood, oraspect, but provides only fine shades of meaning. The other, "primary", component is a verb or noun which car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_verb |
Deflexionis a diachronic linguistic process ininflectionallanguages typified by the degeneration of the inflectional structure of a language. All members of theIndo-Europeanlanguage family are subject to some degree of deflexional change. This phenomenon has been especially strong in Western European languages, such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflexion_(linguistics) |
Acollateral adjectiveis anadjectivethat is identified with a particularnounin meaning, but that is not derived from that noun. For example, the wordbovineis considered the adjectival equivalent for the nouncattle, but it is derived from a different word, which happens to be the Latin word for "cattle" (n.b. the collate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_adjective |
Aregular verbis anyverbwhoseconjugationfollows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called anirregular verb. This is one instance of the distinction betweenregular and irregular inflection, which can also apply ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_verb |
Inlinguistics, abound morphemeis amorpheme(the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while afree morpheme(orunbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone.[1]A bound morpheme is a type ofbound form, and a free morpheme is a type offree form.[2]
A form is a free form if it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme |
Anisolating languageis atype of languagewith amorphemeperwordratio close to one, and with noinflectionalmorphologywhatsoever. In the extreme case, each word contains a single morpheme. Examples of widely spoken isolating languages areYoruba[1]in West Africa andVietnamese[2][3](especially itscolloquialregister) in South... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language |
Morphological derivation, inlinguistics, is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding aprefixorsuffix, such asun-or-ness.For example,unhappyandhappinessderive from theroot wordhappy.
It is differentiated frominflection, which is the modification of a word to form differentgrammatical cat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_derivation |
Screeveis a term of grammatical description in traditional Georgian grammars that roughly corresponds totense–aspect–moodmarking in the Western grammatical tradition. It derives from theGeorgianwordმწკრივიmts’k’rivi'row'. Formally, it refers to a set of six verb forms inflected for person and number forming a single pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screeve |
Ingrammar, the termparticle(abbreviatedPTCL) has a traditional meaning, as apart of speechthat cannot beinflected, and a modern meaning, as afunction word(functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning. Although a particle may have an intrinsic meaning and may fit into other grammatical cate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle |
Code-mixingis the mixing of two or more languages orlanguage varietiesin speech.[a]
Some scholars use the terms "code-mixing" and "code-switching" interchangeably, especially in studies ofsyntax,morphology, and otherformalaspects of language.[1][2]Others assume more specific definitions of code-mixing, but these speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_mixing |
Aneggcornis the alteration of a word or phrase through the mishearing or reinterpretation of one or more of its elements,[1]creating a new phrase which is plausible when used in the same context.[2]Thus, an eggcorn is an unexpectedly fitting or creativemalapropism. Eggcorns often arise as people attempt to make sense o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggcorn |
Homophonic translationrenders a text in one language into a near-homophonictext in another language, usually with no attempt to preserve the original meaning of the text. For example, the English "sat on a wall"/ˌsætɒnəˈwɔːl/is rendered as French "s'étonne aux Halles"[setɔnoal](literally "gets surprised at theParis Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophonic_translation |
The following are lists of words in theEnglish languagethat are known as "loanwords" or "borrowings," which are derived from other languages.
ForOld English-derived words, seeList of English words of Old English origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin |
Macaronic languageis any expression using a mixture oflanguages,[1]particularlybilingual punsor situations in which the languages are otherwise used in the same context (rather than simply discrete segments of a text being in different languages).Hybrid wordsare effectively "internally macaronic". In spoken language,co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_language |
Soramimi(空耳, "thought to have heard", or "pretending to have not heard"[1][2])is aJapaneseword that in the context of contemporary Japanese internet meme culture and its related slang is commonly used to refer to humorous homophonic reinterpretation, deliberately interpreting words as other similar-sounding words for c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soramimi |
Translationis the communication of themeaningof asource-languagetext by means of anequivalenttarget-languagetext.[1]The English language draws aterminologicaldistinction (which does not exist in every language) betweentranslating(a written text) andinterpreting(oral orsignedcommunication between users of different lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation |
Neoclassical compoundsarecompound wordscomposed from combining forms (which act asaffixesorstems) derived fromclassical languages(classical Latinorancient Greek)roots.Neo-Latincomprises many such words and is a substantial component of thetechnicalandscientificlexiconofEnglishand other languages, viainternational scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_compound |
International scientific vocabulary(ISV) comprises scientific and specialized words whose language of origin may or may not be certain, but which are in current use in several modern languages (that is,translingually, whether innaturalized,loanword, orcalqueforms).
The name "international scientific vocabulary" was fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary |
The English language uses manyGreekandLatinroots,stems, andprefixes. These roots are listed alphabetically on three pages:
Some of those used inmedicineand medical technology are listed in theList of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English |
Sino-Japanese vocabulary, also known askango(Japanese:漢語,pronounced[kaŋɡo], "Hanwords"), is a subset of Japanese vocabulary that originated inChineseor was created from elements borrowed from Chinese. Most Sino-Japanese words were borrowed in the 5th–9th centuries AD, fromEarly Middle ChineseintoOld Japanese. Some gram... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary |
Kanji(漢字,pronounced[kaɲ.dʑi]ⓘ)arelogographicChinese characters, adapted fromChinese script, used in the writing ofJapanese.[1]They were made a major part of theJapanese writing systemduring the time ofOld Japaneseand are still used, along with the subsequently-derivedsyllabic scriptsofhiraganaandkatakana.[2][3]The char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#Other_readings |
Aureation("to makegolden", fromLatin:aureus) is a device in arts ofrhetoricthat involves the "gilding" (or supposed heightening) ofdictionin one language by the introduction of terms from another, typically aclassical languageconsidered to be more prestigious. Aureation commonly involves other mannered rhetorical featu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureation |
Franglais(French:[fʁɑ̃ɡlɛ]) orFrenglish(/ˈfrɛŋɡlɪʃ/FRENG-glish) is a French blend that referred first to the overuse of English words by French speakers[1]and later todiglossiaor themacaronicmixture ofFrench(français) andEnglish(anglais).[2]
The wordFranglaiswas first attested in French in 1959,[3]but it was popularis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franglais |
Plain languageis writing designed to ensure the reader understands as quickly, easily, and completely as possible.[1]Plain language strives to be easy to read, understand, and use.[2]It avoidsverbose, convoluted language andjargon. In many countries, laws mandate that public agencies use plain language to increase acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language |
Prestigeinsociolinguisticsis the level of regard normally accorded a specificlanguageordialectwithin aspeech community, relative to other languages or dialects. Prestigevarietiesare language or dialect families which are generally considered by a society to be the most "correct" or otherwise superior. In many cases, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics) |
"Uncleftish Beholding" is a short text byPoul Anderson, first published in the Mid-December 1989 issue of the magazineAnalog Science Fiction and Fact(with no indication of its fictional or factual status)[1]and included in his anthologyAll One Universe(1996).[2]It is designed to illustrate what English might look like ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncleftish_Beholding |
Purism in the linguistic fieldis the historical trend of languages to conserve intact their lexical structure ofword families, in opposition to foreign influences which are considered 'impure'. Historically,linguistic purism in Englishis a reaction to the great number ofborrowingsin theEnglish languagefrom other langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglish |
Ingeolinguistics,areal featuresare elements shared by languages ordialectsin a geographic area,[1]particularly when such features are not descended from a common ancestor orproto-language. An areal feature is contrasted withgenetic relationshipdetermined similarity within the samelanguage family. Features may diffuse f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areal_feature |
Inlinguistics,code-switchingorlanguage alternationoccurs when a speaker alternates between two or morelanguages, orlanguage varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation.[citation needed]These alternations are generally intended to influence the relationship between the speakers, for example, suggesti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching |
Apidgin[1][2][3]/ˈpɪdʒɪn/, orpidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have alanguagein common: typically, itsvocabularyandgrammarare limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin |
Alingua franca(/ˌlɪŋɡwəˈfræŋkə/;lit.'Frankish tongue'; for plurals see§ Usage notes), also known as abridge language,common language,trade language,auxiliary language,link languageorlanguage of wider communication(LWC), is alanguagesystematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca |
Amixed language, also referred to as ahybrid languageorfusion language, is a type ofcontact languagethat arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language.[1]It differs from acreoleorpidgin languagein that, whereas creoles/pidgins arise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_language |
Metatypy/mɪˈtætɪpi/is a type ofmorphosyntacticandsemanticlanguage changebrought about bylanguage contactinvolvingmultilingualspeakers. The term was coined by linguistMalcolm Ross.
Ross (1999: 7, 1) gives the following definition:
[Metatypy is a]change in morphosyntactic type and grammatical organisation[and also sema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatypy |
Nahuatlhas been in intensecontactwithSpanishsince the Spanish conquest of 1521. Since that time, there have been a large number of Spanishloanwordsintroduced to the language, loans which span from nouns and verbs to adjectives and particles.Syntactical constructionshave also been borrowed into Nahuatl from Spanish, thr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl-Spanish_Contact |
Apost-creole continuum(or simplycreole continuum) is adialect continuumofvarietiesof acreole languagebetween those most and least similar to thesuperstratelanguage (that is, a closely related language whose speakers assert or asserted dominance of some sort). Due to social, political, and economic factors, a creole lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-creole_speech_continuum |
Asprachbund(/ˈsprɑːkbʊnd/, fromGerman:Sprachbund[ˈʃpʁaːxbʊnt]ⓘ,lit.'language federation'), also known as alinguistic area,area of linguistic convergence, ordiffusion area, is a group oflanguagesthat shareareal featuresresulting from geographical proximity andlanguage contact. The languages may begenetically unrelated, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachbund |
Alanguage island(a calque of GermanSprachinsel; alsolanguage enclave,language pocket) is anenclaveof alanguagethat is surrounded by one or more different languages.[1]The term was introduced in 1847.[2]Many speakers of these languages also have their own distinctculture.
Language islands often form as a result ofmigra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_island |
Inlinguisticsanaccidental gap, also known as agap,paradigm gap,accidental lexical gap,lexical gap,lacuna, orhole in the pattern, is a potentialword,word sense,morpheme, or other form that does not exist in some language despite being theoretically permissible by thegrammatical rulesof that language.[1]For example, a wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_gap |
Incultural anthropologyandcultural geography,cultural diffusion, as conceptualized byLeo Frobeniusin his 1897/98 publicationDer westafrikanischeKulturkreis, is the spread ofculturalitems—such asideas,styles, religions,technologies,languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to ano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_(anthropology) |
Linguistic anthropologyis theinterdisciplinarystudy of how language influences social life. It is a branch ofanthropologythat originated from the endeavor to documentendangered languagesand has grown over the past century to encompass most aspects oflanguage structureand use.[1]
Linguistic anthropology explores how la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology |
Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursiveis a historical dictionary ofAnglo-Indianwords and terms fromIndian languageswhich came into use duringBritish rule in India.
It was written bySir Henry YuleandArthur Coke ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson-Jobson |
Inlinguistics, aninternationalismorinternational wordis aloanwordthat occurs in several languages (that is,translingually) with the same or at least similar meaning and etymology. These words exist in "several different languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the ultimate source".[1]Pronunci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics) |
Aphonestheme(/foʊˈnɛsθiːm/foh-NESS-theem;[1]phonaesthemein British English) is a pattern of sounds systematically paired with a certainmeaningin alanguage. The concept was proposed in 1930 by British linguistJ. R. Firth, who coined the term from the Greekφωνήphone, "sound", andαἴσθημαaisthema, "perception" (fromαίσθάνο... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonestheme |
Inlinguistics,sound symbolismis theperceptualsimilarity betweenspeech soundsandconcept meanings. It is a form oflinguistic iconicity. For example, the English worddingmay sound similar to the actual sound of a bell.
Linguistic sound may be perceived as similar to not only sounds, but also to other sensory properties, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonosemantics |
Poetry(from theGreekwordpoiesis, "making") is a form ofliterary artthat usesaestheticand oftenrhythmic[1][2][3]qualities oflanguageto evokemeaningsin addition to, or in place of,literalor surface-level meanings. Any particular instance of poetry is called apoemand is written by apoet.
Poets use a variety of techniques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry |
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