text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
Spatial visualization abilityorvisual-spatial abilityis theabilityto mentally manipulate2-dimensionaland3-dimensionalfigures. It is typically measured with simplecognitive testsand is predictive of user performance with some kinds of user interfaces.
The cognitive tests used to measure spatial visualization ability i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_visualization_ability |
Avisual languageis a system of communication using visual elements. Speech as a means of communication cannot strictly be separated from the whole of human communicative activity which includes the visual[1]and the term 'language' in relation to vision is an extension of its use to describe the perception, comprehensio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_language |
The tables below compare features of notablenote-takingsoftware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_note-taking_software |
This is a list ofwiki softwareprograms. They are grouped by use case: standard wiki programs, personal wiki programs, hosted-only wikis, wiki-based content management software, and wiki-based project management software. They are further subdivided by the language of implementation: JavaScript, Java,PHP, Python,Perl,Ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_wiki |
Apersonal data manager(PDM) is a portable hardware tool enabling secure storage and easy access to user data.[1]It can also be an application located on a portablesmart deviceor PC, enabling novice end-users to directly define, classify, and manipulate a universe of information objects.[1]Usually PDMs includepassword m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data_manager |
Apersonal organizer, also known as adatebook,date log,daybook,day planner,personal analog assistant,book planner,year planner, oragenda(from Latinagenda– things to do), is a portable book or binder designed for personal management. It typically includes sections such as adiary,calendar,address book, blank paper, checkl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_organizer |
This is a list ofwiki softwareprograms. They are grouped by use case: standard wiki programs, personal wiki programs, hosted-only wikis, wiki-based content management software, and wiki-based project management software. They are further subdivided by the language of implementation: JavaScript, Java,PHP, Python,Perl,Ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_wiki |
Apersonal information manager(often referred to as aPIM toolor, more simply, aPIM) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer. The acronymPIMis now, more commonly, used in reference to personal information management as a field of study.[1]As an information management tool, a PIM tool's pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_manager |
The following is alist of personal information managers(PIMs) and online organizers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_personal_information_managers |
Incomputer science, thesemantic desktopis a collective term for ideas related to changing a computer'suser interfaceand data handling capabilities so that data are more easily shared between differentapplicationsor tasks and so that data that once could not be automatically processed by a computer could be. It also enc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_desktop |
Information overload(also known asinfobesity,[1][2]infoxication,[3]orinformation anxiety[4]) is the difficulty in understanding an issue andeffectively making decisionswhen one hastoo much information(TMI) about that issue,[5]and is generally associated with the excessive quantity of daily information.[6]The term "info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_overload |
Relevanceis the connection between topics that makes one useful for dealing with the other. Relevance is studied in many different fields, including cognitive science, logic, andlibrary and information science.Epistemologystudies it in general, and different theories of knowledge have different implications for what is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance |
Inmachine learningandinformation retrieval, thecluster hypothesisis an assumption about the nature of the data handled in those fields, which takes various forms. In information retrieval, it states that documents that areclusteredtogether "behave similarly with respect to relevance to information needs".[1]In terms of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_hypothesis |
Linear discriminant analysis(LDA),normal discriminant analysis(NDA),canonical variates analysis(CVA), ordiscriminant function analysisis a generalization ofFisher's linear discriminant, a method used instatisticsand other fields, to find alinear combinationof features that characterizes or separates two or more classes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis |
Adatabase indexis adata structurethat improves the speed of data retrieval operations on adatabase tableat the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain the index data structure. Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in a database table every time said table is access... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_index |
Intext retrieval,full-text searchrefers to techniques for searching a singlecomputer-storeddocumentor a collection in afull-text database. Full-text search is distinguished from searches based onmetadataor on parts of the original texts represented in databases (such as titles, abstracts, selected sections, or bibliogr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-text_search |
Key Word In Context(KWIC) is the most common format forconcordancelines. The term KWIC was coined byHans Peter Luhn.[1]The system was based on a concept calledkeyword in titles, which was first proposed for Manchester libraries in 1864 byAndrea Crestadoro.[2]
A KWIC index is formed by sorting and aligning the words wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Word_in_Context |
Aselection-based searchsystem is asearch enginesystem in which the user invokes asearch queryusing only themouse.[1]A selection-based search system allows the user to search the internet for more information about anykeywordor phrase contained within a document or webpage in any software application on their desktop co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection-based_search |
Asitemapis a list ofpagesof aweb sitewithin adomain.
There are three primary kinds of sitemap:
Sitemaps may be addressed to users or to software.
Many sites have user-visible sitemaps which present a systematic view, typically hierarchical, of the site. These are intended to help visitors find specific pages, and ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_map |
Document retrievalis defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set offree-textrecords. These records could be any type of mainlyunstructured text, such asnewspaper articles, real estate records or paragraphs in a manual. User queries can range from multi-sentence full descriptions of an information ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_retrieval |
TheAssociation of College and Research Librariesdefinesinformation literacyas a "set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of how information is produced and valued and the use of information in creating new knowledge and participating ethically in communities o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy |
TheACMConference on Information and Knowledge Management(CIKM, pronounced/ˈsikəm/) is an annualcomputer scienceresearch conferencededicated toinformation management(IM) andknowledge management(KM). Since the first event in 1992, the conference has evolved into one of the major forums for research ondatabase management,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Information_and_Knowledge_Management |
Document classificationordocument categorizationis a problem inlibrary science,information scienceandcomputer science. The task is to assign adocumentto one or moreclassesorcategories. This may be done "manually" (or "intellectually") oralgorithmically. The intellectual classification of documents has mostly been the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_classification |
Anabstracting serviceis a service that providesabstractsof publications, often on a subject or group of related subjects, usually on a subscription basis.[1]Anindexing serviceis a service that assigns descriptors and other kinds of access points todocuments. The word indexing service is today mostly used for computer p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexing_and_abstracting_service |
Metadata(ormetainformation) is "datathat provides information about other data",[1]but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself.[2]There are many distinct types of metadata, including:
Metadata is not strictly bound to one of these categories, as it can describe a piece of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata |
Overcategorization,overcategorisationorcategory clutteris the process of assigning too many categories, classes orindex termsto a givendocument. It is related to theLibrary and Information Science(LIS) concepts ofdocument classificationandsubject indexing.
In LIS, the ideal number of terms that should be assigned to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcategorization |
Thomas of Ireland(fl.1295 – before 1338), also known asThomas Hibernicus,Thomas Palmeranus, orThomas Palmerstonus, was anIrishanthologistandindexer.[1]
Thomas was a Fellow of theCollege of Sorbonneand a Master of Arts by 1295, and referred to as a former fellow in the first manuscripts of hisManipulusin 1306. He is be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Ireland |
Document retrievalis defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set offree-textrecords. These records could be any type of mainlyunstructured text, such asnewspaper articles, real estate records or paragraphs in a manual. User queries can range from multi-sentence full descriptions of an information ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_retrieval |
Information retrieval(IR) incomputingandinformation scienceis the task of identifying and retrievinginformation systemresources that are relevant to aninformation need. The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based onfull-textor other conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval_applications |
Concept Searching Limitedwas asoftware companythat specialized ininformation retrievalsoftware. It created products forenterprise search, taxonomy management, andstatistical classification.
Concept Searching was founded in 2002 in theUKwith offices in theUSAandSouth Africa.[citation needed]In August 2003, the company ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_Searching_Limited |
Enterprise searchis software technology for searching data sources internal to a company, typicallyintranetanddatabasecontent. The search is generally offered only to users internal to the company.[1][2]Enterprise search can be contrasted withweb search, which applies search technology to documents on the open web, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_search |
Categorical perceptionis a phenomenon ofperceptionof distinct categories when there is gradual change in a variable along a continuum. It was originally observed for auditory stimuli but now found to be applicable to other perceptual modalities.[1][2]
If one analyzes the sound spectrogram of [ba] and [pa], for example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_perception |
Acolor spaceis a specific organization ofcolors. In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of color – whether such representation entails ananalogor adigitalrepresentation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e. with physically realized colors assi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space |
Inartificial intelligence(AI),commonsense reasoningis a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations humans encounter every day. These assumptions include judgments about the nature of physical objects, taxonomic properties, and peoples' intentions. A device that exhibits co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_reasoning |
Conceptual dependency theoryis a model ofnatural language understandingused inartificial intelligencesystems.
Roger SchankatStanford Universityintroduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence.[1]This model was extensively used by Schank's students atYale Universitysuch asRobert Wilensky, Wend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_dependency_theory |
Face spaceis a theoretical idea inpsychologysuch that it is amultidimensional spacein which recognizable faces are stored. The representation of faces within this space are according to invariant features of the face itself.[1]However, recently it was theoretically demonstrated that faces can be stored in the face spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_space |
Global workspace theory(GWT) is a framework for thinking aboutconsciousnessintroduced by cognitive scientistBernard Baarsin 1988.[1][2]It was developed to qualitatively explain a large set of matched pairs of conscious and unconscious processes. GWT has been influential in modeling consciousness and higher-order cognit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_workspace_theory |
Animage schema(bothschemasandschemataare used as plural forms) is a recurring structure within ourcognitiveprocesses which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. As an understudy toembodied cognition, image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions,[1]from linguistic experience, and from historical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_schema |
Phonetic spaceis the range of sounds that can be made by an individual.[1]There is some controversy over whether an individual's phonetic space is language dependent, or if there exists some common, innate, phonetic space across languages.[2]
Phonetic Space is a concept pioneered byMartin Joosin 1948[3]and developed b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_space |
Semantic spaces[note 1][1]in the natural language domain aim to create representations of natural language that are capable of capturing meaning. The original motivation for semantic spaces stems from two core challenges of natural language:Vocabulary mismatch(the fact that the same meaning can be expressed in many way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_space |
Incomputer science, astate spaceis adiscrete spacerepresenting the set of all possible configurations of a system.[1]It is a useful abstraction for reasoning about the behavior of a given system and is widely used in the fields ofartificial intelligenceandgame theory.
For instance, thetoy problemVacuum World has a dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space |
Visual spaceis the experience of space by an awareobserver. It is the subjective counterpart of the space of physical objects. There is a long history in philosophy, and later psychology of writings describing visual space, and its relationship to the space of physical objects. A partial list would includeRené Desca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_space |
Autoassociative memory, also known asauto-association memoryor anautoassociation network, is any type of memory that is able to retrieve a piece of data from only a tiny sample of itself. They are very effective in de-noising or removing interference from the input and can be used to determine whether the given input i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoassociative_memory |
Thecerebellar model arithmetic computer(CMAC) is a type of neural network based on a model of the mammaliancerebellum. It is also known as the cerebellar model articulation controller. It is a type ofassociativememory.[2]
The CMAC was first proposed as a function modeler for robotic controllers byJames Albusin 1975[1]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_model_articulation_controller |
There are manytypes of artificial neural networks(ANN).
Artificial neural networksarecomputational modelsinspired bybiological neural networks, and are used toapproximatefunctionsthat are generally unknown. Particularly, they are inspired by the behaviour ofneuronsand the electrical signals they convey between input (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_artificial_neural_networks#Dynamic |
Forholographic data storage,holographic associative memory(HAM) is an information storage and retrieval system based on the principles ofholography. Holograms are made by using two beams of light, called a "reference beam" and an "object beam". They produce a pattern on thefilmthat contains them both. Afterwards, by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_associative_memory |
There are manytypes of artificial neural networks(ANN).
Artificial neural networksarecomputational modelsinspired bybiological neural networks, and are used toapproximatefunctionsthat are generally unknown. Particularly, they are inspired by the behaviour ofneuronsand the electrical signals they convey between input (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_artificial_neural_networks#Memory_networks |
Thememory-prediction frameworkis a theory ofbrainfunction created byJeff Hawkinsand described in his 2004 bookOn Intelligence. This theory concerns the role of the mammalianneocortexand its associations with thehippocampiand thethalamusin matching sensory inputs to storedmemorypatterns and how this process leads to pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-prediction_framework |
Neural coding(orneural representation) is aneurosciencefield concerned with characterising the hypothetical relationship between thestimulusand the neuronal responses, and the relationship among theelectrical activitiesof the neurons in theensemble.[1][2]Based on the theory that
sensory and other information is represe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_coding |
Aneural Turing machine(NTM) is arecurrent neural networkmodel of aTuring machine. The approach was published byAlex Graveset al. in 2014.[1]NTMs combine the fuzzypattern matchingcapabilities ofneural networkswith thealgorithmicpower ofprogrammable computers.
An NTM has a neural network controller coupled toexternal me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine |
Random indexingis adimensionality reductionmethod and computational framework fordistributional semantics, based on the insight that very-high-dimensionalvector space modelimplementations are impractical, that models need not grow in dimensionality when new items (e.g. new terminology) are encountered, and that a high-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_indexing |
Semantic foldingtheory describes a procedure for encoding thesemanticsofnatural languagetext in a semantically groundedbinary representation. This approach provides a framework for modelling how language data is processed by theneocortex.[1]
Semantic folding theory draws inspiration fromDouglas R. Hofstadter'sAnalogy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_folding |
Semantic memoryrefers to general worldknowledgethat humans have accumulated throughout their lives.[1]Thisgeneral knowledge(word meanings,concepts, facts, and ideas) is intertwined in experience and dependent onculture. New concepts are learned by applying knowledge learned from things in the past.[2]
Semantic memory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_memory |
Asemantic network, orframe networkis aknowledge basethat representssemanticrelations betweenconceptsin a network. This is often used as a form ofknowledge representation. It is adirectedorundirected graphconsisting ofvertices, which representconcepts, andedges, which representsemantic relationsbetweenconcepts,[1]mappin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network |
Visual indexing theory, also known asFINST theory, is a theory of earlyvisual perceptiondeveloped byZenon Pylyshynin the 1980s. It proposes apre-attentivemechanism (a ‘FINST’) whose function is to individuate salient elements of a visual scene, and track their locations across space and time. Developed in response to w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_indexing_theory |
Concept miningis an activity that results in the extraction ofconceptsfromartifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects ofartificial intelligenceandstatistics, such asdata miningandtext mining.[1][2]Because artifacts are typically a loosely structured sequence of words and other symbols (rather than concep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_mining |
Inbioinformatics,k-mersaresubstringsof lengthk{\displaystyle k}contained within a biological sequence. Primarily used within the context ofcomputational genomicsandsequence analysis, in whichk-mers are composed ofnucleotides(i.e. A, T, G, and C),k-mers are capitalized upon toassemble DNA sequences,[1]improveheterologou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-mer |
Ann-gramis a sequence ofnadjacent symbols in particular order.[1]The symbols may benadjacentletters(includingpunctuation marksand blanks),syllables, or rarely wholewordsfound in a language dataset; or adjacentphonemesextracted from a speech-recording dataset, or adjacent base pairs extracted from a genome. They are col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gram |
Arolling hash(also known as recursive hashing or rolling checksum) is ahash functionwhere the input is hashed in a window that moves through the input.
A few hash functions allow a rolling hash to be computed very quickly—the new hash value is rapidly calculated given only the old hash value, the old value removed fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_hash |
TheRand index[1]orRand measure(named after William M. Rand) instatistics, and in particular indata clustering, is a measure of the similarity between twodata clusterings. A form of the Rand index may be defined that is adjusted for the chance grouping of elements, this is theadjusted Rand index. The Rand index is theac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_index |
Binary classificationis the task ofclassifyingthe elements of asetinto one of two groups (each calledclass). Typical binary classification problems include:
When measuring the accuracy of a binary classifier, the simplest way is to count the errors. But in the real world often one of the two classes is more important,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_classification |
Thepositive and negative predictive values(PPVandNPVrespectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results instatisticsanddiagnostic teststhat aretrue positiveandtrue negativeresults, respectively.[1]The PPV and NPV describe the performance of a diagnostic test or other statistical measure. A high result ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_negative_predictive_values |
Indecision theory,economics, andprobability theory, theDutch book argumentsare a set ofresultsshowing that agents must satisfy the axioms ofrational choiceto avoid a kind ofself-contradictioncalled a Dutch book. ADutch book, sometimes also called amoney pump, is a set of bets that ensures a guaranteed loss, i.e. the ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(philosophical_gambling_strategy) |
Indecision theory, adecision ruleis a function which maps an observation to an appropriate action. Decision rules play an important role in the theory ofstatisticsandeconomics, and are closely related to the concept of astrategyingame theory.
In order to evaluate the usefulness of a decision rule, it is necessary to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_rule |
The use ofevidence under Bayes' theoremrelates to the probability of finding evidence in relation to the accused, whereBayes' theoremconcerns theprobabilityof an event and its inverse. Specifically, it compares the probability of finding particular evidence if the accused were guilty, versus if they were not guilty. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_under_Bayes%27_theorem |
Inductive reasoningrefers to a variety ofmethods of reasoningin which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but with some degree of probability.[1]Unlikedeductivereasoning(such asmathematical induction), where the conclusion iscertain, given the premises are correct, inductive reasoni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_argument |
Cognitive biasesare systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment.[1][2]They are often studied inpsychology,sociologyandbehavioral economics.[1]
Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed byreproducibleresearch,[3][4]there are often controversies about how to classify these b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases |
Anecdotal evidence(oranecdata[1]) isevidencebased on descriptions and reports of individual, personal experiences, or observations,[2][3]collected in a non-systematicmanner.[4]
The termanecdotalencompasses a variety of forms of evidence. This word refers to personal experiences, self-reported claims,[3]or eyewitness a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misleading_vividness |
Theprevention paradoxdescribes the seemingly contradictory situation where the majority of cases of a disease come from a population at low or moderate risk of that disease, and only a minority of cases come from the high risk population (of the same disease). This is because the number of people at high risk is small.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_paradox |
Simpson's paradoxis a phenomenon inprobabilityandstatisticsin which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics,[1][2][3]and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox |
Intuitive statistics, orfolk statistics, is the cognitive phenomenon where organisms use data to make generalizations and predictions about the world. This can be a small amount of sample data or training instances, which in turn contribute toinductive inferencesabout either population-level properties, future data, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_statistics |
R v Adams[1996]EWCACrim 10 and 222, are rulings in the United Kingdom that banned the expression in court of headline (soundbite), standaloneBayesian statisticsfrom thereasoningadmissible before ajuryinDNA evidencecases, in favour of the calculated average (and maximal) number of matching incidences among the nation's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Adams |
Instatisticalanalysis ofbinary classificationandinformation retrievalsystems, theF-scoreorF-measureis a measure of predictive performance. It is calculated from theprecisionandrecallof the test, where the precision is the number of true positive results divided by the number of all samples predicted to be positive, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_Score |
Population impact measures(PIMs) arebiostatisticalmeasures of risk and benefit used inepidemiologicalandpublic healthresearch. They are used to describe the impact of health risks and benefits in a population, to inform health policy.[1][2][3]
Frequently used measures of risk and benefit identified by Jerkel, Katz and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_impact_measures |
Therisk difference(RD),excess risk, orattributable risk[1]is the difference between theriskof an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed asIe−Iu{\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}}, whereIe{\displaystyle I_{e}}is theincidencein the exposed group, andIu{\displaystyle I_{u}}is the incidence in the une... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk |
Inepidemiology,attributable fraction among the exposed(AFe) is the proportion of incidents in the exposed group that are attributable to the risk factor. The termattributable risk percent among the exposedis used if the fraction is expressed as a percentage.[1]It is calculated asAFe=(Ie−Iu)/Ie=(RR−1)/RR{\displaystyle A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributable_risk_percent |
In statistics,pseudo-R-squaredvalues are used when the outcome variable is nominal or ordinal such that thecoefficient of determinationR2cannot be applied as a measure for goodness of fit and when alikelihood functionis used to fit a model.
Inlinear regression, the squared multiple correlation,R2is used to assess good... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-R-squared |
Inevidence-based medicine,likelihood ratiosare used for assessing the value of performing adiagnostic test. They combinesensitivity and specificityinto a single metric that indicates how much a test result shifts the probability that a condition (such as a disease) is present. The first description of the use of likeli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_ratios_in_diagnostic_testing |
Phrase chunkingis a phase ofnatural language processingthat separates and segments a sentence into its subconstituents, such asnoun,verb, andprepositional phrases, abbreviated as NP, VP, and PP, respectively. Typically, each subconstituent or chunk is denoted by brackets.[1]
Thiscomputational linguistics-related artic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_chunking |
Various methods for theevaluation for machine translationhave been employed. This article focuses on the evaluation of the output ofmachine translation, rather than on performance or usability evaluation.
A typical way for lay people to assess machine translation quality is to translate from a source language to a tar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_of_machine_translation |
Machine translationis use of computational techniques totranslatetext or speech from onelanguageto another, including the contextual, idiomatic and pragmatic nuances of both languages.
Early approaches were mostlyrule-basedorstatistical. These methods have since been superseded byneural machine translation[1]andlarge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation |
Translation studiesis an academicinterdisciplinedealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application oftranslation,interpreting, andlocalization. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These includecomparative literature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_studies |
Natural language processing(NLP) is a subfield ofcomputer scienceand especiallyartificial intelligence. It is primarily concerned with providing computers with the ability to process data encoded innatural languageand is thus closely related toinformation retrieval,knowledge representationandcomputational linguistics, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Processing |
Natural language generation(NLG) is a software process that producesnatural languageoutput. A widely cited survey of NLG methods describes NLG as "the subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics that is concerned with the construction of computer systems that can produce understandable texts in E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_generation |
Fleiss' kappa(named afterJoseph L. Fleiss) is astatistical measurefor assessing thereliability of agreementbetween a fixed number ofraterswhen assigningcategorical ratingsto a number of items or classifying items. This contrasts with other kappas such asCohen's kappa, which only work when assessing the agreement betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleiss%27_kappa |
Scott's pi(named afterWilliam A Scott) is a statistic for measuringinter-rater reliabilityfornominal dataincommunication studies. Textual entities are annotated with categories by different annotators, and various measures are used to assess the extent of agreement between the annotators, one of which is Scott's pi. Si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%27s_Pi |
Instatistics, thecorrelation ratiois a measure of the curvilinear relationship between thestatistical dispersionwithin individual categories and the dispersion across the whole population or sample. The measure is defined as theratioof twostandard deviationsrepresenting these types of variation. The context here is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_ratio |
In survey research, thedesign effectis a number that shows how well a sample of people may represent a larger group of people for a specific measure of interest (such as the mean). This is important when the sample comes from asampling methodthat is different than just picking people using asimple random sample.
The d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_effect |
Instatistics, aneffect sizeis a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample ofdata, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size#Eta-squared_(η2) |
Anadaptive grammaris aformal grammarthat explicitly provides mechanisms within theformalismto allow its ownproduction rulesto be manipulated.
John N. Shutt defines adaptive grammar as a grammatical formalism that allows rule sets (aka sets of production rules) to be explicitly manipulated within a grammar. Types of ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_grammar |
Inlinguistics,metapragmaticsis the study of how the effects and conditions of language use themselves become objects of discourse. The term is commonly associated with thesemiotically-informedlinguistic anthropologyofMichael Silverstein.
Metapragmatic signalling allows participants to construe what is going on in an i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapragmatics |
In thephilosophy of languageandmetaphysics,metasemanticsis the study of the foundations ofnatural languagesemantics(thephilosophicalstudy ofmeaning).[1][2][3]Metasemantics searches for "the proper understanding ofcompositionality, the object oftruth-conditionalanalysis,metaphysics of reference, as well as, and most imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasemantics |
Inlogic, ametavariable(alsometalinguistic variable[1]orsyntactical variable)[2]is asymbolor symbol string which belongs to ametalanguageand stands for elements of some object language. For instance, in the sentence
the symbolsAandBare part of the metalanguage in which the statement about the object language ℒ is formu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metavariable_(logic) |
Ecosemioticsis a branch ofsemioticsin its intersection withhuman ecology,ecological anthropologyandecocriticism. It studies sign processes in culture, which relate to other living beings, communities, and landscapes.[1]Ecosemiotics also deals with sign-mediated aspects of ecosystems.[2]
As stressed in ecosemiotic stud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosemiotics |
Ethnosemioticsis a disciplinary perspective which linkssemioticsconcepts toethnographicmethods.
Algirdas Julien Greimasand Joseph Courtés defined for the first time ethnosemiotics inSemioticsand language: an analytical dictionary.
"Ethno-semiotics is not truly an autonomous semiotics. If it were, it would be in compe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnosemiotics |
Agender symbolis apictogramorglyphused to representsexandgender, for example in biology and medicine, ingenealogy, or in the sociological fields ofgender politics,LGBT subcultureandidentity politics.
In his booksMantissa Plantarum(1767) andMantissa Plantarum Altera(1771),Carl Linnaeusregularly used theplanetary symbol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_symbol |
The following is a list ofsemiotics terms; that is, those words used insemiotics, the discussion, classification, criticism, and analysis of the study of sign processes (semiosis), analogy, metaphor, signification and communication,signsandsymbols. This list also includes terms which are not part of semiotic theory per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_semiotics_articles |
Alanguage-game(German:Sprachspiel) is a philosophical concept developed byLudwig Wittgenstein, referring to simple examples of language use and the actions into which the language is woven. Wittgenstein argued that a word or even a sentence has meaning only as a result of the "rule" of the "game" being played. Dependin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy) |
Neurosemioticsis an area of science which studies the neural aspects of meaning making. It interconnectsneurobiology,biosemioticsandcognitive semiotics.[1]Neurolinguistics,neuropsychologyand neurosemantics can be seen as parts of neurosemiotics.
The pioneers of neurosemiotics includeJakob von Uexküll,Kurt Goldstein,Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosemiotics |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to semiotics:
Semiotics– study ofmeaning-making, signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_semiotics |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.