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Leaf languageis a method incomputational complexity theoryfor characterizing acomplexity classby formalizing what it means for a machine to "accept" an input.[1]
Complexity classes are typically defined in terms of apolynomial-timenondeterministic Turing machine(NTM). These machines possess multiple computational path... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_language |
Thelimits of computationare governed by a number of different factors. In particular, there are several physical and practical limits to the amount ofcomputationordata storagethat can be performed with a given amount ofmass,volume, orenergy.
Several methods have been proposed for producing computing devices or data st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limits_of_computation |
This is alist ofcomplexity classesincomputational complexity theory. For other computational and complexity subjects, seelist of computability and complexity topics.
Many of these classes have a 'co' partner which consists of thecomplementsof all languages in the original class. For example, if a language L is in NP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_complexity_classes |
This is a list ofcomputability and complexity topics, by Wikipedia page.
Computability theoryis the part of the theory ofcomputationthat deals with what can be computed, in principle.Computational complexity theorydeals with how hard computations are, in quantitative terms, both with upper bounds (algorithmswhose comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computability_and_complexity_topics |
This article is alist of notable unsolved problemsincomputer science. A problem in computer science is considered unsolved when no solution is known or when experts in the field disagree about proposed solutions.
The graph isomorphism problem involves determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic, meaning there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_computer_science |
Incomputer science,parameterized complexityis a branch ofcomputational complexity theorythat focuses on classifyingcomputational problemsaccording to their inherent difficulty with respect tomultipleparameters of the input or output. The complexity of a problem is then measured as afunctionof those parameters. This all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameterized_complexity |
Inlogicandtheoretical computer science, and specificallyproof theoryandcomputational complexity theory,proof complexityis the field aiming to understand and analyse the computational resources that are required to prove or refute statements. Research in proof complexity is predominantly concerned with proving proof-len... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_complexity |
Quantum complexity theoryis the subfield ofcomputational complexity theorythat deals withcomplexity classesdefined usingquantum computers, acomputational modelbased onquantum mechanics. It studies the hardness ofcomputational problemsin relation to these complexity classes, as well as the relationship between quantum c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory |
Incomputational complexity theoryofcomputer science, thestructural complexity theoryor simplystructural complexityis the study ofcomplexity classes, rather than computational complexity of individual problems and algorithms. It involves the research of both internal structures of various complexity classes and the rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_complexity_theory |
Incomputational complexity theory, atranscomputational problemis aproblemthat requires processing of more than 1093bits of information.[1]Any number greater than 1093is called atranscomputational number. The number 1093, calledBremermann's limit, is, according toHans-Joachim Bremermann, the total number of bits process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcomputational_problem |
The following tables list thecomputational complexityof variousalgorithmsfor commonmathematical operations.
Here, complexity refers to thetime complexityof performing computations on amultitape Turing machine.[1]Seebig O notationfor an explanation of the notation used.
Note: Due to the variety of multiplication algor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_of_mathematical_operations |
Taher Elgamal[a](Arabic: طاهر الجمل) (born 18 August 1955) is an Egyptian-Americancryptographerand tech executive.[1]Since January 2023, he has been a partner at venture capital firmEvolution Equity Partners.[2]Prior to that, he was the founder and CEO of Securify and the director of engineering at RSA Security. From 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taher_Elgamal |
Homomorphic encryptionis a form ofencryptionthat allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without first having to decrypt it.[1]The resulting computations are left in an encrypted form which, when decrypted, result in an output that is identical to that of the operations performed on the unencrypted data. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption |
This article summarizes publicly knownattacksagainstblock ciphersandstream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known, and not all entries may be up to date.
This column lists the complexity of the attack:
Attacks that lead to disclosure of thekeyor plaintext.
Attacks that allow disting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_security_summary |
eSTREAMis a project to "identify newstream cipherssuitable for widespread adoption",[1][2]organised by theEUECRYPTnetwork. It was set up as a result of the failure of all six stream ciphers submitted to theNESSIEproject. The call for primitives was first issued in November 2004. The project was completed in April 2008... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESTREAM |
Incomputing, alinear-feedback shift register(LFSR) is ashift registerwhose input bit is alinear functionof its previous state.
The most commonly used linear function of single bits isexclusive-or(XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-feedback_shift_register |
Anonlinear-feedback shift register(NLFSR) is ashift registerwhose input bit is a non-linear function of its previous state.
For an n-bit shift registerrits next state is defined as:
ri+1(b0,b1,b2,…,bn−1)=ri(b1,b2,…,f(b0,b1,b2,…,bn−1)){\displaystyle r_{i+1}(b_{0},b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,b_{n-1})=r_{i}(b_{1},b_{2},\ldots ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear-feedback_shift_register |
TheA. W. Faber Model 366was an unusual model ofslide rule, manufactured in Germany by theA. W. Faber Companyaround 1909, with scales that followed a system invented by Johannes Schumacher (1858-1930) that useddiscrete logarithmsto calculate products of integers without approximation.[1][2][3]
The Model 366 is notable ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Faber_Model_366 |
Percy Edwin Ludgate(2 August 1883 – 16 October 1922) was anIrishamateur scientist who designed the secondanalytical engine(general-purposeTuring-completecomputer) in history.[1][2]
Ludgate was born on 2 August 1883 inSkibbereen,County Cork, to Michael Ludgate and Mary McMahon.[3][2]In the 1901 census, he is listed asC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Ludgate |
TheIrish logarithmwas a system of number manipulation invented byPercy Ludgatefor machine multiplication. The system used a combination of mechanical cams aslookup tablesand mechanical addition to sum pseudo-logarithmic indices to produce partial products, which were then added to produce results.[1]
The technique is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_logarithm |
Innumber theory, theDedekind psi functionis themultiplicative functionon the positive integers defined by
where the product is taken over all primesp{\displaystyle p}dividingn.{\displaystyle n.}(By convention,ψ(1){\displaystyle \psi (1)}, which is theempty product, has value 1.) The function was introduced byRichard D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind_psi_function |
Inmathematics, and specifically innumber theory, adivisor functionis anarithmetic functionrelated to thedivisorsof aninteger. When referred to asthedivisor function, it counts thenumber of divisors of an integer(including 1 and the number itself). It appears in a number of remarkable identities, including relationships... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor_function |
Infutures studiesand thehistory of technology,accelerating changeis the observedexponentialnature of the rate oftechnological changein recent history, which may suggest faster and more profound change in the future and may or may not be accompanied by equally profound social and cultural change.
Writing in 1904,Henry ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_change |
Beyond CMOSrefers to the possible futuredigital logictechnologies beyond thescaling limitsofCMOStechnology.[1][2][3][4]which limits device density and speeds due to heating effects.[5]
Beyond CMOSis the name of one of the 7 focus groups inITRS 2.0(2013) and in its successor, theInternational Roadmap for Devices and Sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_CMOS |
Ephemeralization, a term coined byR. Buckminster Fullerin 1938, is the ability of technological advancement to do "more and more with less and less until eventually you can do everything with nothing," that is, an accelerating increase in the efficiency of achieving the same or more output (products, services, informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization |
Eroom's lawis the observation that drug discovery is becoming slower and more expensive over time, despite improvements in technology (such ashigh-throughput screening,biotechnology,combinatorial chemistry, and computationaldrug design), a trend first observed in the 1980s. Theinflation-adjusted cost of developing a ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroom%27s_law |
Huang's lawis the observation in computer science and engineering that advancements ingraphics processing units(GPUs) are growing at a rate much faster than with traditionalcentral processing units(CPUs). The observation is in contrast toMoore's lawthat predicted the number oftransistorsin a denseintegrated circuit(IC)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huang%27s_law |
Koomey's lawdescribes a trend in thehistory of computing hardware: for about a half-century, the number of computations perjouleof energy dissipated doubled about every 1.57 years. ProfessorJonathan Koomeydescribed the trend in a 2010 paper in which he wrote that "at a fixed computing load, the amount of battery you ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koomey%27s_law |
Thislist ofeponymouslawsprovides links to articles onlaws,principles,adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person. In some cases the person named has coined the law – such asParkinson's law. In others, the work or publications of the individual have led to the law being so named – as is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws |
This is alist of "laws"applied to various disciplines. These are oftenadagesor predictions with theappellation'Law', although they do not apply in thelegalsense, cannot be scientifically tested, or are intended only as rough descriptions (rather than applying in each case). These 'laws' are sometimes calledrules of thu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laws#Technology |
The first chips that could be consideredmicroprocessorswere designed and manufactured in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the MP944 used in theGrumman F-14CADC.[1]Intel's 4004 of 1971 is widely regarded as the first commercial microprocessor.[2]
Designers predominantly usedMOSFETtransistors withpMOS logicin t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology |
Inmachine learning, aneural scaling lawis an empiricalscaling lawthat describes howneural networkperformance changes as key factors are scaled up or down. These factors typically include the number of parameters,training datasetsize,[1][2]and training cost.
In general, adeep learningmodel can be characterized by four ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
Wirth's lawis anadageoncomputer performancewhich states thatsoftwareis getting slower more rapidly thanhardwareis becoming faster.
The adage is named afterNiklaus Wirth, a computer scientist who discussed it in his 1995 article "A Plea for Lean Software".[1][2]
Wirth attributed the saying toMartin Reiser, who in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirth%27s_law |
Rent's rulepertains to the organization of computing logic, specifically the relationship between the number of external signal connections to a logic block (i.e., the number of "pins") with the number of logic gates in the logic block, and has been applied to circuits ranging from small digital circuits to mainframe c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent%27s_rule |
TheLenstra elliptic-curve factorizationor theelliptic-curve factorization method(ECM) is a fast, sub-exponential running time, algorithm forinteger factorization, which employselliptic curves. Forgeneral-purposefactoring, ECM is the third-fastest known factoring method. The second-fastest is themultiple polynomial qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenstra_elliptic_curve_factorization |
Inmathematics, acovering system(also called acomplete residue system) is a collection
of finitely manyresidue classes
whose union contains every integer.
The notion of covering system was introduced byPaul Erdősin the early 1930s.
The following are examples of covering systems:
A covering system is calleddisjoint(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_system |
Inmathematics,Helmut Hasse'slocal–global principle, also known as theHasse principle, is the idea that one can find aninteger solution to an equationby using theChinese remainder theoremto piece together solutionsmodulopowers of each differentprime number. This is handled by examining the equation in thecompletionsof t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_principle |
Aresidue number systemorresidue numeral system(RNS) is anumeral systemrepresentingintegersby their valuesmoduloseveralpairwise coprimeintegers called the moduli. This representation is allowed by theChinese remainder theorem, which asserts that, ifMis the product of the moduli, there is, in an interval of lengthM, exac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_number_system |
In cryptanalysis andcomputer security,password crackingis the process of guessing passwords[1]protecting acomputer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an availablecryptographic hashof the password.[2]Another type of approach ispassword s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking |
Incryptography, anonceis an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication.[1]It is often arandomorpseudo-randomnumber issued in anauthentication protocolto ensure that each communication session is unique, and therefore that old communications cannot be reused inreplay attacks. Nonces can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce |
Incryptography, aninitialization vector(IV) orstarting variable[1]is an input to acryptographic primitivebeing used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to berandomorpseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique.Randomizationis crucial for someencryptionschemes to achi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector |
Incryptography,paddingis any of a number of distinct practices which all include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior to encryption. In classical cryptography, padding may include adding nonsense phrases to a message to obscure the fact that many messages end in predictable ways, e.g.sincerel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_(cryptography) |
TheHasty Pudding cipher(HPC) is a variable-block-sizeblock cipherdesigned byRichard Schroeppel, which was an unsuccessful candidate in the competition for selecting theU.S.Advanced Encryption Standard(AES). It has a number of unusual properties for a block cipher: its input block size and key length are variable, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasty_Pudding_cipher#Encryption_and_decryption |
Arainbow tableis aprecomputedtablefor caching the outputs of acryptographic hash function, usually forcrackingpassword hashes. Passwords are typically stored not in plain text form, but as hash values. If such a database of hashed passwords falls into the hands of attackers, they can use a precomputed rainbow table to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table |
Incryptography, apepperis a secret added to an input such as apasswordduringhashingwith acryptographic hash function. This value differs from asaltin that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather the pepper is kept separate in some other medium, such as a Hardware Security Module.[1]Note that theNational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(cryptography) |
This is a list ofhash functions, includingcyclic redundancy checks,checksumfunctions, andcryptographic hash functions.
Adler-32is often mistaken for a CRC, but it is not: it is achecksum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hash_functions |
Adistributed hash table(DHT) is adistributed systemthat provides a lookup service similar to ahash table.Key–value pairsare stored in a DHT, and any participatingnodecan efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. The main advantage of a DHT is that nodes can be added or removed with minimum work around... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_hash_table |
AnIdenticonis a visual representation of ahash value, usually of anIP address, that serves to identify a user of a computer system as a form ofavatarwhile protecting the user's privacy. The original Identicon was a 9-block graphic, and the representation has been extended to other graphic forms by third parties.
Don P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identicon |
Inmathematics, alow-discrepancy sequenceis asequencewith the property that for all values ofN{\displaystyle N}, its subsequencex1,…,xN{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{N}}has a lowdiscrepancy.
Roughly speaking, the discrepancy of a sequence is low if the proportion of points in the sequence falling into an arbitrary set... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-discrepancy_sequence |
Atransposition tableis a cache of previously seen positions, and associated evaluations, in a game tree generated by a computer game playing program. If a position recurs via a different sequence of moves, the value of the position is retrieved from the table, avoiding re-searching the game tree below that position. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_table |
Incryptography,DES-X(orDESX) is a variant on theDES(Data Encryption Standard)symmetric-keyblock cipherintended to increase the complexity of abrute-force attack. The technique used to increase the complexity is calledkey whitening.
The original DES algorithm was specified in 1976 with a 56-bitkey size: 256possibilitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DES-X |
Incryptography, aFeistel cipher(also known asLuby–Rackoff block cipher) is asymmetric structureused in the construction ofblock ciphers, named after theGerman-bornphysicistand cryptographerHorst Feistel, who did pioneering research while working forIBM; it is also commonly known as aFeistel network. A large number ofbl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistel_cipher |
Walter Tuchmanled theData Encryption Standarddevelopment team atIBM.[1][2]He was also responsible for the development ofTriple DES.[citation needed]
This article about amathematicianis astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Tuchman |
This article details the varioustablesreferenced in theData Encryption Standard(DES)block cipher.
All bits and bytes are arranged inbig endianorder in this document. That is, bit number 1 is always the most significant bit.
This table specifies the input permutation on a 64-bit block. The meaning is as follows: the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DES_supplementary_material |
Incryptography,Skipjackis ablock cipher—analgorithmfor encryption—developed by theU.S.National Security Agency(NSA). Initiallyclassified, it was originally intended for use in the controversialClipper chip. Subsequently, the algorithm was declassified.[5]
Skipjack was proposed as the encryption algorithm in a US gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipjack_(cipher) |
Books oncryptographyhave been published sporadically and with variable quality for a long time. This is despite theparadoxthat secrecy is of the essence in sending confidential messages – seeKerckhoffs' principle.
In contrast, the revolutions incryptographyand securecommunicationssince the 1970s are covered in the ava... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_on_cryptography |
GNU Privacy Guard(GnuPGorGPG) is afree-softwarereplacement forSymantec'scryptographicsoftware suitePGP. The software is compliant with the now obsoleted[4]RFC4880, theIETFstandards-track specification ofOpenPGP. Modern versions of PGP areinteroperablewith GnuPG and other OpenPGP v4-compliant systems.[5]
November 2023 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard |
Identity-based encryption(IBE), is an important primitive ofidentity-based cryptography. As such it is a type ofpublic-key encryptionin which thepublic keyof a user is some unique information about the identity of the user (e.g. a user's email address). This means that a sender who has access to the public parameters... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity-based_encryption |
Key escrow(also known as a"fair" cryptosystem)[1]is an arrangement in which thekeysneeded to decryptencrypteddata are held inescrowso that, under certain circumstances, an authorizedthird partymay gain access to those keys. These third parties may include businesses, who may want access to employees' secure business-re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_escrow |
In cryptography, akey-agreement protocolis a protocol whereby two (or more) parties generate a cryptographickeyas a function of information provided by each honest party so that no party can predetermine the resulting value.[1]In particular, all honest participants influence the outcome. A key-agreement protocol is a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key-agreement_protocol |
ThePGP Word List("Pretty Good Privacyword list", also called abiometric word listfor reasons explained below) is a list ofwordsfor conveying databytesin a clear unambiguous way via a voice channel. They are analogous in purpose to theNATO phonetic alphabet, except that a longer list of words is used, each word correspo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGP_word_list |
Post-quantum cryptography(PQC), sometimes referred to asquantum-proof,quantum-safe, orquantum-resistant, is the development ofcryptographicalgorithms (usuallypublic-keyalgorithms) that are currently thought to be secure against acryptanalytic attackby aquantum computer. Most widely-used public-key algorithms rely on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography |
Pretty Good Privacy(PGP) is anencryption programthat providescryptographicprivacyandauthenticationfordata communication. PGP is used forsigning, encrypting, and decrypting texts,e-mails, files, directories, and whole disk partitions and to increase thesecurityof e-mail communications.Phil Zimmermanndeveloped PGP in 199... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy |
Apseudonym(/ˈsjuːdənɪm/; fromAncient Greekψευδώνυμος(pseudṓnumos)'falsely named') oralias(/ˈeɪli.əs/) is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning (orthonym).[1][2]This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym |
Inpublic-key cryptography, apublic key fingerprintis a short sequence ofbytesused to identify a longerpublic key. Fingerprints are created by applying acryptographic hash functionto a public key. Since fingerprints are shorter than the keys they refer to, they can be used to simplify certain key management tasks. InM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key_fingerprint |
TheSecure Shell Protocol(SSH Protocol) is acryptographicnetwork protocolfor operatingnetwork servicessecurely over an unsecured network.[1]Its most notable applications are remoteloginandcommand-lineexecution.
SSH was designed forUnix-likeoperating systems as a replacement forTelnetandunsecuredremoteUnix shellprotocol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell |
Athreshold cryptosystem, the basis for the field ofthreshold cryptography, is acryptosystemthat protects information by encrypting it and distributing it among a cluster of fault-tolerant computers. The message is encrypted using apublic key, and the corresponding private key issharedamong the participating parties. W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshold_cryptosystem |
Incryptography, acryptosystemis a suite ofcryptographic algorithmsneeded to implement a particular security service, such as confidentiality (encryption).[1]
Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms: one forkey generation, one for encryption, and one for decryption. The termcipher(sometimescypher) is oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosystem |
Incomputer security, acold boot attack(or to a lesser extent, aplatform reset attack) is a type ofside channel attackin which an attacker withphysical accessto a computer performs amemory dumpof a computer'srandom-access memory (RAM)by performing a hard reset of the target machine. Typically, cold boot attacks are used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_boot_attack |
Cryptographic primitivesare well-established, low-levelcryptographicalgorithmsthat are frequently used to buildcryptographic protocolsfor computer security systems.[1]These routines include, but are not limited to,one-way hash functionsandencryption functions.
When creatingcryptographic systems,designersuse cryptograp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive |
There are a number ofstandardsrelated tocryptography. Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study; standards for popular applications attract a large amount ofcryptanalysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography_standards |
TheCyberspace Electronic Security Act of 1999(CESA) is a bill proposed by theClinton administrationduring the106th United States Congressthat enables the government to harvest keys used inencryption. The Cyberspace Electronic Security Act giveslaw enforcementthe ability to gain access toencryption keysandcryptographyme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace_Electronic_Security_Act |
Anencrypted functionis an attempt to providemobile codeprivacy without providing anytamper-resistanthardware. It is a method where in mobile code can carry outcryptographicprimitives.
Polynomialandrational functionsareencryptedsuch that their transformation can again be implemented, as programs consisting ofcleartexti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encrypted_function |
Theexport of cryptographyis the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related tocryptography.
In the early days of theCold War, the United States and its allies developed an elaborate series of export control regulations designed to prevent a wide range of Western technology from falling into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_of_cryptography |
Geo-blocking,geoblockingorgeolockingis technology thatrestricts access to Internet contentbased upon the user'sgeographical location. In a geo-blocking scheme, the user's location is determined usingInternet geolocationtechniques, such as checking the user'sIP addressagainst ablacklistorwhitelist,GPSqueries in the case... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-blocking |
Incryptography,indistinguishability obfuscation(abbreviatedIOoriO) is a type ofsoftware obfuscationwith the defining property that obfuscating any two programs that compute the samemathematical functionresults in programs that cannot be distinguished from each other. Informally, such obfuscation hides the implementatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indistinguishability_obfuscation |
Multiple encryptionis the process ofencryptingan already encrypted message one or more times, either using the same or a different algorithm. It is also known ascascade encryption,cascade ciphering,multiple encryption, andsuperencipherment.Superencryptionrefers to the outer-level encryption of a multiple encryption.
S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_encryption |
Acryptosystemis considered to haveinformation-theoretic security(also calledunconditional security[1]) if the system is secure againstadversarieswith unlimited computing resources and time. In contrast, a system which depends on the computational cost ofcryptanalysisto be secure (and thus can be broken by an attack wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-theoretic_security#Physical_layer_encryption |
Incryptography, arotor machineis an electro-mechanicalstream cipherdevice used forencryptingand decrypting messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for much of the 20th century; they were in widespread use from the 1920s to the 1970s. The most famous example is the GermanEnigma machine, the outp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_machine |
Television encryption, often referred to asscrambling, isencryptionused to control access topay televisionservices, usuallycable,satellite, orInternet Protocol television(IPTV) services.
Pay televisionexists to make revenue fromsubscribers, and sometimes those subscribers do not pay. The prevention ofpiracyon cable an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_encryption |
Tokenization, when applied to data security, is the process of substituting a sensitivedata elementwith a non-sensitive equivalent, referred to as atoken, that has no intrinsic or exploitable meaning or value. The token is a reference (i.e. identifier) that maps back to the sensitive data through a tokenization system.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokenization_(data_security) |
Dynamic Secretsis a novelkey managementscheme forsecure communications. It was proposed by Sheng Xiao, Weibo Gong, andDon Towsley. The first academic publication had been nominated for INFOCOM 2010 best paper award.[1][2]In 2012 a monograph was published bySpringerto extend this scheme to a framework.[3]
Dynamic secre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_secrets |
Hardware securityis a discipline originated from the cryptographic engineering and involveshardware design,access control,secure multi-party computation, secure key storage, ensuring code authenticity, measures to ensure that the supply chain that built the product is secure among other things.[1][2][3][4]
Ahardware s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_security |
Incryptography, akey ceremonyis a ceremony held to generate or use acryptographic key.[1]
A public example is the signing of theDNS root zoneforDNSSEC.[2]
Inpublic-key cryptographyandcomputer security, aroot-key ceremonyis a procedure for generating a unique pair of public and private root keys. Depending on thecerti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_ceremony |
Incryptography, akey distribution center(KDC) is part of acryptosystemintended to reduce the risks inherent in exchangingkeys. KDCs often operate in systems within which some users may have permission to use certain services at some times and not at others.
For instance, an administrator may have established a policy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_distribution_center |
Incryptography, akey encapsulation mechanism(KEM) is apublic-key cryptosystemthat allows a sender to generate a short secret key and transmit it to a receiver securely, in spite ofeavesdroppingandinterceptingadversaries.[1][2][3]Modern standards forpublic-key encryptionof arbitrary messages are usually based on KEMs.[4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_encapsulation |
Alockis amechanicalorelectronicfastening device that is released by a physical object (such as a key,keycard,fingerprint,RFIDcard,security tokenor coin), by supplying secret information (such as a number or letter permutation orpassword), by a combination thereof, or it may only be able to be opened from one side, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_management_(access_control) |
AJava KeyStore(JKS) is arepositoryof security certificates – eitherauthorization certificatesorpublic key certificates– plus correspondingprivate keys, used for instance inTLS encryption.
InIBM WebSphere Application ServerandOracle WebLogic Server, a file with extensionjksserves as a keystore.
TheJava Development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystore |
TheKey Management Interoperability Protocol(KMIP) is anextensiblecommunication protocolthat defines message formats for the manipulation ofcryptographic keyson akey managementserver. This facilitates dataencryptionby simplifying encryption key management. Keys may be created on a server and then retrieved, possibly wra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMIP |
TheKSD-64[A] Crypto Ignition Key (CIK)is anNSA-developedEEPROMchip packed in a plastic case that looks like a toykey. The model number is due to its storage capacity — 64 kibibits (65,536bits, or 8KiB), enough to store multipleencryption keys. Most frequently it was used inkey-splittingapplications: either the encryp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSD-64 |
This glossary lists types ofkeysas the term is used incryptography, as opposed todoor locks. Terms that are primarily used by the U.S.National Security Agencyare marked(NSA). For classification of keys according to their usage seecryptographic key types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_key_types |
TheNational Security Agency(NSA) is anintelligence agencyof theUnited States Department of Defense, under the authority of thedirector of national intelligence(DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for global intelligence andcounterintelligencepurposes, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA |
TheElectronic Key Management System(EKMS) is a United StatesNational Security Agencyled program responsible for Communications Security (COMSEC)key management, accounting, and distribution. Specifically, EKMS generates and distributes electronickeymaterial for allNSA encryption systemswhose keys are loaded using standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Key_Management_System |
Over-the-air rekeying(OTAR) refers to transmitting or updating encryption keys (rekeying) in secure information systems by conveying the keys via encrypted electronic communication channels ("over the air").[1]It is also referred to as over-the-air transfer (OTAT), or over-the-air distribution (OTAD),[2]depending on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_rekeying |
Incryptography, apseudorandom function family, abbreviatedPRF, is a collection ofefficiently-computablefunctionswhich emulate arandom oraclein the following way: no efficient algorithm can distinguish (with significantadvantage) between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle (a function whos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_function_family |
Anoblivious pseudorandom function(OPRF) is acryptographicfunction, similar to akeyed-hash function, but with the distinction that in an OPRFtwo partiescooperate tosecurely computeapseudorandom function(PRF).[1]
Specifically, an OPRF is apseudorandom functionwith the following properties:
The function is called anobli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivious_Pseudorandom_Function |
Innumber theory,Euler's criterionis a formula for determining whether anintegeris aquadratic residuemoduloaprime. Precisely,
Letpbe anoddprime andabe an integercoprimetop. Then[1][2][3]
Euler's criterion can be concisely reformulated using theLegendre symbol:[4]
The criterion dates from a 1748 paper byLeonhard Euler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_criterion |
Inalgebraandnumber theory,Wilson's theoremstates that anatural numbern> 1 is aprime numberif and only ifthe product of all thepositive integersless thannis one less than a multiple ofn. That is (using the notations ofmodular arithmetic), thefactorial(n−1)!=1×2×3×⋯×(n−1){\displaystyle (n-1)!=1\times 2\times 3\times \cd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_theorem |
Inmathematics, specifically ingroup theory, anelementary abelian groupis anabelian groupin which all elements other than the identity have the sameorder. This common order must be aprime number, and the elementary abelian groups in which the common order ispare a particular kind ofp-group.[1][2]A group for whichp= 2 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_group |
Inmathematics, thefield with one elementis a suggestive name for an object that should behave similarly to afinite fieldwith a single element, if such a field could exist. This object is denotedF1, or, in a French–English pun,Fun.[1]The name "field with one element" and the notationF1are only suggestive, as there is no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_with_one_element |
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