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Various schools have been usingradio-frequency identificationtechnology to record and monitor students.
It is thought that the first school in the US to introduceRFIDtechnology wasSpring Independent School Districtnear Houston, Texas. In 2004, it gave 28,000 students RFID badges[1]to record when students got on and of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID_in_schools |
RFID Journalis an independent media company devoted solely to radio frequency identification (RFID) and its business applications. A bi-monthly print publication and online news and information source, the journal offers news, features that address key adoption issues, case studies, and white papers written by academic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID_Journal |
RFID on metal(abbreviated to ROM) areradio-frequency identification(RFID) tags which perform a specific function when attached to metal objects. The ROM tags overcome some of the problems traditional RFID tags suffer when near metal, such as detuning and reflecting of the RFID signal, which can cause poor tag read rang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID_on_metal |
AnRSA blocker tag(orRSA tag) is aRFIDtag that responds positively to all unauthorized requests, thus blocking somescannersfrom reading any RFID tags placed nearby. The tags are designed to protect privacy, and are supposedly unable to be used for theft, denials of service, and other malicious uses.
Other mechanisms d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_blocker_tag |
Asmart label, also called asmart tag, is an extremely flat configuredtransponderunder a conventional print-codedlabel, which includeschip,antennaand bonding wires as a so-called inlay.[1][2][3]The labels, made of paper, fabric or plastics, are prepared as a paper roll with the inlayslaminatedbetween the rolled carrier ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_label |
Speedpasswas akeychainradio-frequency identification(RFID) device introduced in 1997 byMobil(which merged withExxonto becomeExxonMobilin 1999) forelectronic payment. It was originally developed byVerifone. By 2004, more than seven million people possessed Speedpass tags, which could be used at approximately 10,000Exxo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedpass |
TecTilesare anear field communication(NFC) application, developed bySamsung, for use with mobilesmartphonedevices.[1]
Each TecTile is a low-cost[2]self-adhesive sticker with an embeddedNFC Tag.[3]They are programmed before use, which can be done simply by the user, using a downloadableAndroid app.[3]
When an NFC-capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TecTile |
Atracking systemorlocating systemis used fortrackingpersons or objects that do not stay in a fixed location, and supplying a time-ordered sequence of positions (track).
A myriad of tracking systems exist. Some are 'lag time' indicators, that is, the data is collected after an item has passed a point for example, abar ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_system |
Incomputer scienceandcryptography,Whirlpool(sometimes styledWHIRLPOOL) is acryptographic hash function. It was designed byVincent Rijmen(co-creator of theAdvanced Encryption Standard) andPaulo S. L. M. Barreto, who first described it in 2000.
The hash has been recommended by theNESSIEproject. It has also been adopted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function) |
This is alist offree and open-source software(FOSS)packages,computer softwarelicensed underfree software licensesandopen-source licenses. Software that fitsthe Free Software Definitionmay be more appropriately calledfree software; theGNU projectin particular objects to their works being referred to asopen-source.[1]For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages |
Banking secrecy,[1][2]alternatively known asfinancial privacy,banking discretion, orbank safety,[3][4]is aconditional agreementbetween a bank and its clients that all foregoing activities remain secure,confidential, and private.[5]Most often associated withbanking in Switzerland, banking secrecy is prevalent inLuxembou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_secrecy |
Classified informationis confidential material that a government deems to besensitive informationwhich must be protected from unauthorized disclosure that requires special handling and dissemination controls. Access is restricted bylawor regulation to particular groups of individuals with the necessarysecurity clearanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information |
InEnglish legalproceedings, aconfidentiality club(also known asconfidentiality ring)[1]is an agreement occasionally reached by parties to alitigationto reduce the risk ofconfidentialdocuments being used outside the litigation. The agreement typically provides that only specified persons can access some documents. Setti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality_club |
Information securityis the practice of protectinginformationby mitigating information risks. It is part of information risk management.[1]It typically involves preventing or reducing the probability of unauthorized or inappropriate access todataor the unlawful use,disclosure, disruption, deletion, corruption, modificat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality,_integrity,_and_availability |
Aconfidential incident reportingsystem is a mechanism which allows problems in safety-critical fields such asaviationandmedicineto be reportedin confidence. This allows events to be reported which otherwise might not be reported through fear ofblameor reprisals against the reporter. Analysis of the reported incidents c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidential_reporting_system |
TheData Protection Act 1998(c. 29) (DPA) was anact of Parliamentof theUnited Kingdomdesigned to protectpersonal datastored oncomputersor in an organised paper filing system. It enacted provisions from the European Union (EU)Data Protection Directive 1995on the protection, processing, and movement of data.
Under the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998 |
Afiduciaryis a person who holds alegalor ethical relationship oftrustwith one or more otherparties(legal personor group of persons). Typically, a fiduciary prudently takes care of money or otherassetsfor another person. One party, for example, a corporate trust company or the trust department of a bank, acts in a fiduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiduciary |
Integrityis the quality of being honest and having a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethicalprinciplesandvalues.[1][2]Inethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty andtruthfulnessorearnestnessof one's actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy.[3]It regards internal consistency ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrity |
Themature minor doctrineis a rule of law found in theUnited StatesandCanadaaccepting that anunemancipated minorpatientmay possess thematurityto choose or reject a particularhealth caretreatment, sometimes without the knowledge or agreement of parents, and should be permitted to do so.[1]It is now generally considered a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_minor_doctrine |
Media transparency, also referred to astransparent mediaormedia opacity,[1]is a concept that explores how and whyinformation subsidiesare being produced, distributed and handled by media professionals, including journalists, editors, public relations practitioners, government officials, public affairs specialists, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_transparency |
Mental reservation(ormental equivocation) is anethical theoryand a doctrine in moral theology which recognizes the "lie of necessity", and holds that when there is a conflict between justice andtelling the truth, it is justice that should prevail. The doctrine is a special branch ofcasuistry(case-based reasoning) devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_mental_reservation |
Anon-disclosure agreement(NDA), also known as aconfidentiality agreement(CA),confidential disclosure agreement(CDA),proprietary information agreement(PIA), orsecrecy agreement(SA), is alegalcontractor part of a contract between at least twopartiesthat outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement |
Physician–patient privilegeis a legal concept, related tomedical confidentiality, that protects communications between a patient and theirdoctorfrom being used against the patient in court. It is a part of therules of evidencein manycommon lawjurisdictions. Almost every jurisdiction that recognizes physician–patient pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician%E2%80%93patient_privilege |
Privacy lawis a set of regulations that govern the collection, storage, and utilization of personal information from healthcare, governments, companies, public or private entities, or individuals.
Privacy laws are examined in relation to an individual's entitlement to privacy or their reasonable expectations of privac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_law |
In thelaw of evidence, aprivilegeis a rule of evidence that allows the holder of the privilege to refuse to disclose information or provide evidence about a certain subject or to bar such evidence from being disclosed or used in a judicial or other proceeding.
There are many such privileges recognised by the judicial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_(evidence) |
Source protection, sometimes also referred to assource confidentialityor in the U.S. as thereporter's privilege, is a right accorded to journalists under the laws of many countries, as well as underinternational law. It prohibits authorities, including the courts, from compelling a journalist to reveal the identity of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_sources |
TheSeal of the Confessional(alsoSeal of ConfessionorSacramental Seal) is aChristiandoctrine forbidding apriestfrom disclosing any information learned from a penitent duringConfession. This doctrine is recognized by severalChristian denominations: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_(disambiguation) |
Secrecyis the practice of hiding information from certain individuals or groups who do not have the "need to know", perhaps while sharing it with other individuals. That which is kept hidden is known as the secret.
Secrecy is often controversial, depending on the content or nature of the secret, the group or people ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrecy |
Atrade secretis a form ofintellectual property(IP) comprising confidential information that is not generally known or readily ascertainable, derives economic value from its secrecy, and is protected by reasonable efforts to maintain its confidentiality.[1][2][3]Well-known examples include theCoca-Cola formulaand the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret |
Filing under sealis a procedure allowing sensitive or confidential information to be filed with a court without becoming a matter ofpublic record.[1]The court generally must give permission for the material to remain under seal.[2]
Filing confidential documents "under seal" separated from the public records allowsliti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_seal |
Thebitcoin protocolis theset of rulesthat govern the functioning ofbitcoin. Its key components and principles are: apeer-to-peerdecentralized network with no central oversight; theblockchaintechnology, a publicledgerthat records all bitcoin transactions;miningandproof of work, the process to create new bitcoins and ver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin_mining |
Incryptography,key sizeorkey lengthrefers to the number ofbitsin akeyused by acryptographicalgorithm (such as acipher).
Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm'ssecurity(i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), because the security of all algorithms can be violated bybru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_key_length |
Distributed.netis avolunteer computingeffort that is attempting to solve large scale problems using otherwiseidle CPUorGPUtime. It is governed byDistributed Computing Technologies, Incorporated(DCTI), anon-profit organizationunder U.S. tax code501(c)(3).
Distributed.net is working onRC5-72 (breaking RC5 with a 72-bit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed.net |
TheHail Mary Cloudwas, or is, a password guessingbotnet, which used a statistical equivalent tobrute forcepasswordguessing.
The botnet ran from possibly as early as 2005,[1]and certainly from 2007 until 2012 and possibly later. The botnet was named and documented by Peter N. M. Hansteen.[2]
The principle is that a bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_Mary_Cloud |
TheMetasploit Projectis acomputer securityproject that provides information aboutsecurity vulnerabilitiesand aids inpenetration testingandIDS signaturedevelopment. It is owned byBoston, Massachusetts-based security company,Rapid7.
Its best-known sub-project is theopen-source[3]Metasploit Framework, a tool for developi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasploit_Project |
TWINKLE(TheWeizmann InstituteKey Locating Engine) is a hypotheticalinteger factorizationdevice described in 1999 byAdi Shamir[1]and purported to be capable of factoring 512-bit integers.[2]It is also a pun on the twinklingLEDsused in the device. Shamir estimated that the cost of TWINKLE could be as low as $5000 per un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWINKLE |
Incryptographyandnumber theory,TWIRL(TheWeizmann InstituteRelation Locator) is a hypothetical hardware device designed to speed up the sieving step of thegeneral number field sieveinteger factorizationalgorithm.[1]During the sieving step, the algorithm searches for numbers with a certain mathematical relationship. In d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWIRL |
TheRSA Factoring Challengewas a challenge put forward byRSA Laboratorieson March 18, 1991[1]to encourage research intocomputational number theoryand the practical difficulty offactoringlargeintegersand crackingRSAkeys used incryptography. They published a list ofsemiprimes(numbers with exactly twoprime factors) known a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Factoring_Challenge |
Anautokey cipher(also known as theautoclave cipher) is acipherthat incorporates the message (theplaintext) into thekey. The key is generated from the message in some automated fashion, sometimes by selecting certain letters from the text or, more commonly, by adding a shortprimer keyto the front of the message.
There ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokey_cipher |
Cover-codingis a technique for obscuring the data that is transmitted over an insecure link, to reduce the risks of snooping. An example of cover-coding would be for the sender to perform a bitwiseXOR (exclusive OR)of the original data with a password or random number which is known to both sender and receiver. The r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-coding |
Encryption softwareissoftwarethat usescryptographyto prevent unauthorized access to digital information.[1][2]Cryptography is used to protect digital information oncomputersas well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over theInternet.[3]
There are many software products which provide encryption.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption_software |
Some famousciphertexts(orcryptograms), in chronological order by date, are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ciphertexts |
Thepigpen cipher(alternatively referred to as themasonic cipher,Freemason's cipher,Rosicrucian cipher,Napoleon cipher, andtic-tac-toe cipher)[2][3]is a geometricsimple substitutioncipher, which exchanges letters for symbols which are fragments of a grid. The example key shows one way the letters can be assigned to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigpen_Cipher |
Atelegraph codeis one of thecharacter encodingsused to transmitinformationbytelegraphy.Morse codeis the best-known such code.Telegraphyusually refers to theelectrical telegraph, but telegraph systems using theoptical telegraphwere in use before that. A code consists of a number ofcode points, each corresponding to a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_code |
Incryptography, acollision attackon acryptographic hashtries to find two inputs producing the same hash value, i.e. ahash collision. This is in contrast to apreimage attackwhere a specific target hash value is specified.
There are roughly two types of collision attacks:
More generally:
Much likesymmetric-key ciphers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_attack |
The tables below comparecryptographylibrariesthat deal with cryptography algorithms and haveapplication programming interface(API) function calls to each of the supported features.
Micro Edition Suite: 5.0.3 (December 3, 2024; 5 months ago(2024-12-03)[8])[±]Crypto-J: 7.0.1 (March 17, 2025; 60 days ago(2025-03-17)[9])[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cryptography_libraries |
Cryptovirologyrefers to the study ofcryptographyuse inmalware, such asransomwareand asymmetricbackdoors.[citation needed]Traditionally, cryptography and its applications are defensive in nature, and provide privacy,authentication, and security to users. Cryptovirology employs a twist on cryptography, showing that it ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptovirology |
Attempts, unofficially dubbed the "Crypto Wars", have been made by theUnited States(US) and allied governments to limit the public's and foreign nations' access tocryptographystrong enough to thwartdecryptionby national intelligence agencies, especially theNational Security Agency(NSA).[1][2]
In the early days of theC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_Wars |
TheEncyclopedia of Cryptography and Securityis a comprehensive work onCryptographyfor bothinformation securityprofessionals and experts in the fields ofComputer Science,Applied Mathematics,Engineering,Information Theory, Data Encryption, etc.[1]It consists of 460 articles in alphabetical order and is available electro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Cryptography_and_Security |
Global mass surveillancecan be defined as themass surveillanceof entire populations across national borders.[1]
Its existence was not widely acknowledged by governments and the mainstream media until theglobal surveillance disclosuresbyEdward Snowdentriggered a debate about theright to privacyin theDigital Age.[2][3]O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance |
Information theoryis the mathematical study of thequantification,storage, andcommunicationofinformation. The field was established and formalized byClaude Shannonin the 1940s,[1]though early contributions were made in the 1920s through the works ofHarry NyquistandRalph Hartley. It is at the intersection ofelectronic en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography:
Cryptography(orcryptology) – practice and study of hidinginformation. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines ofmathematics,computer science, andengineering. Applications of cryptography includeATM cards,computer passwords, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography |
This is alist of cryptographers.Cryptographyis the practice and study of techniques forsecure communicationin the presence of third parties calledadversaries.
See also:Category:Modern cryptographersfor a more exhaustive list. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographers |
Historians and sociologists have remarked the occurrence, inscience, of "multiple independent discovery".Robert K. Mertondefined such "multiples" as instances in which similardiscoveriesare made by scientists working independently of each other.[1]"Sometimes", writes Merton, "the discoveries are simultaneous or almost ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries#20th_century |
Incryptography, apre-shared key(PSK) is ashared secretwhich was previously shared between the two parties using somesecure channelbefore it needs to be used.[1]
To build a key from shared secret, thekey derivation functionis typically used. Such systems almost always usesymmetric keycryptographic algorithms. The term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-shared_key |
Asecure cryptoprocessoris a dedicatedcomputer-on-a-chipormicroprocessorfor carrying outcryptographicoperations, embedded in a packaging with multiplephysical securitymeasures, which give it a degree oftamper resistance. Unlike cryptographic processors that output decrypted data onto a bus in a secure environment, a se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor |
Strong cryptographyorcryptographically strongare general terms used to designate thecryptographic algorithmsthat, when used correctly, provide a very high (usually insurmountable) level of protection against anyeavesdropper, including the government agencies.[1]There is no precise definition of the boundary line betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_cryptography |
Syllabical and Steganographical Table(French:Tableau syllabique et stéganographique) is an eighteenth-centurycryptographicalwork by P. R. Wouves. Published byBenjamin Franklin Bachein 1797, it provided a method for representing pairs of letters by numbers. It may have been the first chart for cryptographic purposes to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabical_and_Steganographical_Table |
TheWorld Wide Web Consortium(W3C) is the main internationalstandards organizationfor theWorld Wide Web. Founded in 1994 byTim Berners-Lee, theconsortiumis made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. As of May 2025,[update]W3C has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium |
TheWeb Cryptography APIis theWorld Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) recommendation for a low-level interface that would increase the security ofweb applicationsby allowing them to performcryptographic functionswithout having to access raw keying material.[1]This agnosticAPIwould perform basic cryptographic operations, such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Cryptography_API |
AES-GCM-SIVis amode of operationfor theAdvanced Encryption Standardwhich provides similar (but slightly worse[1]) performance toGalois/Counter Modeas well as misuse resistance in the event of the reuse of acryptographic nonce. The construction is defined in RFC 8452.[2]
AES-GCM-SIV is designed to preserve both privacy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES-GCM-SIV |
HMAC-based one-time password(HOTP) is aone-time password(OTP) algorithm based onHMAC. It is a cornerstone of theInitiative for Open Authentication(OATH).
HOTP was published as an informationalIETFRFC4226in December 2005, documenting the algorithm along with a Java implementation. Since then, the algorithm has been ado... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC-based_one-time_password |
Achecksumis a small-sizedblockof data derived from another block ofdigital datafor the purpose ofdetecting errorsthat may have been introduced during itstransmissionorstorage. By themselves, checksums are often used to verifydata integritybut are not relied upon to verifydata authenticity.[1]
Theprocedurewhich genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checksum |
One-key MAC(OMAC) is a family ofmessage authentication codesconstructed from ablock ciphermuch like theCBC-MACalgorithm. It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data. Two versions are defined:
OMAC is free for all uses: it is not covered by any patents.[4]
The core of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMAC |
TheMessage Authenticator Algorithm(MAA) was one of the firstcryptographicfunctions for computing amessage authentication code(MAC).
It was designed in 1983 byDonald Daviesand David Clayden at theNational Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)in response to a request of the UK Bankers Automated Clearing Services. The MAA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Authenticator_Algorithm |
Badgeris amessage authentication code(MAC) based on the idea ofuniversal hashingand was developed[when?]by Boesgaard, Scavenius, Pedersen, Christensen, and Zenner.[1]It is constructed by strengthening the ∆-universal hash family MMH using an ϵ-almost strongly universal (ASU) hash function family after the application o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMH-Badger_MAC |
Poly1305is auniversal hash familydesigned byDaniel J. Bernsteinin 2002 for use incryptography.[1][2]
As with any universal hash family, Poly1305 can be used as a one-timemessage authentication codeto authenticate a single message using a secret key shared between sender and recipient,[3]similar to the way that aone-ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly1305 |
Incryptography, auniversal hashing message authentication code, orUMAC, is amessage authentication code(MAC) calculated usinguniversal hashing, which involves choosing a hash function from a class of hash functions according to some secret (random) process and applying it to the message. The resulting digest or fingerp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMAC_(cryptography) |
VMACis ablock cipher-basedmessage authentication code(MAC) algorithm using auniversal hashproposed by Ted Krovetz andWei Daiin April 2007. The algorithm was designed for high performance backed by a formal analysis.[citation needed]
VMAC is designed to have exceptional performance in software on 64-bit CPU architectur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMAC |
SipHashis anadd–rotate–xor(ARX) based family ofpseudorandom functionscreated by Jean-Philippe Aumasson andDaniel J. Bernsteinin 2012,[1]: 165[2]in response to a spate of"hash flooding"denial-of-service attacks(HashDoS) in late 2011.[3]
SipHash is designed as asecure pseudorandom functionand can also be used as a secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipHash |
SHA-3(Secure Hash Algorithm 3) is the latest[4]member of theSecure Hash Algorithmfamily of standards, released byNISTon August 5, 2015.[5][6][7]Although part of the same series of standards, SHA-3 is internally different from theMD5-likestructureofSHA-1andSHA-2.
SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3#Additional_instances |
Internetworkingis the practice ofinterconnectingmultiplecomputer networks.[1]: 169Typically, this enables any pair ofhostsin the connected networks to exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called aninternetwork, or simply aninter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworking |
Means of communicationare used by people to communicate and exchange information with each other as aninformation senderand areceiver.
Many different materials are used in communication. Maps, for example, save tedious explanations on how to get to a destination. A means of communication is therefore a means to an end... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication) |
Network securityis a umbrella term to describesecurity controls,policies, processes and practices adopted to prevent, detect and monitorunauthorizedaccess,misuse, modification, or denial of acomputer networkand network-accessible resources.[1]Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_security |
Intelecommunications,node-to-node data transfer[1]is the movement of data from onenodeof anetworkto the next. In theOSI modelit is handled by the lowest two layers, thedata link layerand thephysical layer.
In most communication systems, the transmitting point appliessource coding,[2]followed bychannel coding, and last... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node-to-node_data_transfer |
TransmitorTransmissionmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(disambiguation) |
CommanderAlexander"Alastair"Guthrie DennistonCBCMGCBERNVR(1 December 1881 – 1 January 1961) was a Scottish codebreaker, deputy head of theGovernment Code and Cypher School(GC&CS) andhockeyplayer.[1][2]Denniston was appointed operational head of GC&CS in 1919 and remained so until February 1942.[3][4]
Denniston was bor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Denniston |
Arlington Hall(also calledArlington Hall Station) is a historic building inArlington, Virginia. Originally it was a girls' school and later the headquarters of theUnited States Army'sSignal Intelligence Service(SIS)cryptographyoperations duringWorld War II. The site houses theGeorge P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Hall |
Arne Carl-August Beurling(3 February 1905 – 20 November 1986) was aSwedishmathematicianandprofessorofmathematicsatUppsala University(1937–1954) and later at theInstitute for Advanced StudyinPrinceton, New Jersey. Beurling worked extensively inharmonic analysis,complex analysisandpotential theory. The "Beurling factori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Beurling |
Beaumanor Hallis astately homewith a park in the small village ofWoodhouseon the edge of theCharnwood Forest, near the town ofLoughboroughinLeicestershire, England. The present hall was built in 1842–1848 by architectWilliam Railtonfor the Herrick family, with previous halls dating back to the 14th century.[1][2][3]It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumanor_Hall |
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma ciphering systemenabled the westernAlliesinWorld War IIto read substantial amounts ofMorse-codedradio communications of theAxis powersthat had been enciphered usingEnigma machines. This yieldedmilitary intelligencewhich, along with that from other decrypted Axis radio andteleprintertransmiss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma |
Erhard MaertensorEberhard Maertens(26 February 1891 – 5 May 1945)[1][2]was a GermanVizeadmiralof theKriegsmarineduringWorld War II. From 16 June 1941 to 5 May 1943, he was Chief of Office of Naval Intelligence, Naval War Command (German:Marinekommandoamt) in theOberkommando der Marine. Maertens was known for underestim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Maertens |
Fritz Erich Fellgiebel(4 October 1886 – 4 September 1944) was aGerman Armygeneral ofsignalsand a resistance fighter, participating in both the 1938 September Conspiracy to topple dictatorAdolf Hitlerand theNazi Party, and the 194420 July plotto assassinate the Fuhrer. In 1929, Fellgiebel became head of the cipher burea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Fellgiebel |
In thehistory of cryptography, theECM Mark IIwas acipher machineused by the United States for messageencryptionfromWorld War IIuntil the 1950s. The machine was also known as theSIGABAorConverter M-134by the Army, orCSP-888/889by the Navy, and a modified Navy version was termed theCSP-2900.
Like many machines of the er... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA |
Fritz Thiele(14 April 1894 – 4 September 1944) was a member of theGerman resistancewho also served as the communications chief of theGerman ArmyduringWorld War II.[1]
Thiele was born inBerlinand joined the Imperial Army in 1914. Working closely with Chief of Army communicationsGeneral der NachrichtentruppeErich Fellgi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Thiele |
Gisbert F. R. Hasenjaeger(1 June 1919 – 2 September 2006) was a Germanmathematicallogician. Independently and simultaneously withLeon Henkinin 1949, he developed a new proof of thecompletenesstheorem ofKurt Gödelforpredicate logic.[2][3]He worked as an assistant toHeinrich Scholzat Section IVa ofOberkommando der Wehrma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisbert_Hasenjaeger |
TheUnited States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory(NCML) was a highly secret design and manufacturing site forcode-breakingmachinery located in Building 26 of theNational Cash Register(NCR) company inDayton, Ohioand operated by theUnited States NavyduringWorld War II. It is now on theList of IEEE Milestones,[1]and one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Computing_Machine_Laboratory |
In thehistory of cryptography,Typex(alternatively,Type XorTypeX) machines wereBritishcipher machines used from 1937. It was an adaptation of the commercial GermanEnigmawith a number of enhancements that greatly increased its security. The cipher machine (and its many revisions) was used until the mid-1950s when other m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typex |
Incryptography, aSchnorr signatureis adigital signatureproduced by theSchnorr signature algorithmthat was described byClaus Schnorr. It is a digital signature scheme known for its simplicity, among the first whose security is based on theintractabilityof certaindiscrete logarithmproblems. It is efficient and generates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnorr_signature |
Incryptography, thePointcheval–Stern signature algorithmis adigital signaturescheme based on the closely relatedElGamal signature scheme. It changes the ElGamal scheme slightly to produce an algorithm which has been proven secure in a strong sense againstadaptive chosen-message attacks, assuming thediscrete logarithm p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointcheval%E2%80%93Stern_signature_algorithm |
Incryptography,puzzle friendlinessis a property ofcryptographic hash functions. Not all cryptographic hash functions have this property.SHA-256is a cryptographic hash function that has this property. Informally, a hash function is puzzle friendly if no solution exists, which is better than just making random guesses an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_friendliness |
TheNIST hash function competitionwas an open competition held by the USNational Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) to develop a newhash functioncalledSHA-3to complement the olderSHA-1andSHA-2. The competition was formally announced in theFederal Registeron November 2, 2007.[1]"NIST is initiating an effort to d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_hash_function_competition |
Incryptography,cryptographic hash functionscan be divided into two main categories. In the first category are those functions whose designs are based on mathematical problems, and whose security thus follows from rigorous mathematical proofs,complexity theoryandformal reduction. These functions are calledprovably secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provably_secure_cryptographic_hash_function |
Ininformation theoryandcoding theorywith applications incomputer scienceandtelecommunications,error detection and correction(EDAC) orerror controlare techniques that enablereliable deliveryofdigital dataover unreliablecommunication channels. Many communication channels are subject tochannel noise, and thus errors may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction |
ARequest for Comments(RFC) is a publication in a series from the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for theInternet, most prominently theInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF).[1][2]An RFC is authored by individuals or groups of engineers andcomputer scientistsin the form of amemorandumdescribi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier) |
The3-subset meet-in-the-middle(hereafter shortenedMITM)attackis a variant of the genericmeet-in-the-middle attack, which is used incryptologyforhashandblock ciphercryptanalysis. The 3-subset variant opens up the possibility to apply MITM attacks on ciphers, where it is not trivial to divide the keybits into two indepen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-subset_meet-in-the-middle_attack |
Partial-matchingis a technique that can be used with aMITM attack. Partial-matching is where the intermediate values of the MITM attack,i{\displaystyle i}andj{\displaystyle j}, computed from the plaintext and ciphertext, are matched on only a few select bits, instead of on the complete state.
A limitation with MITM at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial-matching_meet-in-the-middle_attack |
Data corruptionrefers to errors incomputer datathat occur during writing, reading, storage, transmission, or processing, which introduce unintended changes to the original data. Computer, transmission, and storage systems use a number of measures to provide end-to-enddata integrity, or lack of errors.
In general, when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_data_integrity |
Ininformation security,message authenticationordata origin authenticationis a property that a message has not been modified while in transit (data integrity) and that the receiving party can verify the source of the message.[1]
Message authentication or data origin authentication is aninformation securityproperty that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication |
Committee on National Security SystemsInstruction No. 4009,National Information Assurance Glossary, published by theUnited Statesfederal government, is an unclassifiedglossaryofInformation securityterms intended to provide a common vocabulary for discussingInformation Assuranceconcepts.
The glossary was previously pub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Assurance_Glossary |
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