context stringlengths 158 2.13k | question stringlengths 13 202 | answers.text list | answers.answer_start list | feat_id list | feat_title list | feat_metadata.split list | feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop list | start_logits list | end_logits list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What type of substances can cause immunodeficiency? | [
"immunosuppressive medication"
] | [
399
] | [
"377d89c7199c0cdafbb010b56bedf98b9dfcc5b3"
] | [
"Immune_system"
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"validation"
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"Combined"
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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | What is utilized? | [
"electrons' energy"
] | [
307
] | [
"5a119740cd7e3f2bce5deaf06e6c5c30e3c5168f"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
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"validation"
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"Combined"
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CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halfti... | What is the roman numeral for 47? | [
"XLVII"
] | [
286
] | [
"358a8a280016e322104c9dc62be82e83bb37a2f9"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
] | [
"validation"
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The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life. Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones, whi... | What would Luther prefer that people don't engage in outside of service to the neighbor? | [
"world-flight"
] | [
372
] | [
"d29a9e22121ec7ebf59aed8c132f058e8d912604"
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"Martin_Luther"
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The concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion, even those that are not strictly constant velocity. The rotational inertia of planet Earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year. Albert Eins... | How is the velocity changing for a free-falling object? | [
"constant acceleration"
] | [
418
] | [
"be60947c899057a3148a5729259d7bf0bbebabd7"
] | [
"Force"
] | [
"validation"
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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no... | If a customer in 2012 subscribed to BSkyB and also had an HDTV and wanted Sky+ which box would they use? | [
"Sky+HD"
] | [
570
] | [
"4ac3278ea42ad2c5440452c5494ee9cf1d879a96"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
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On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications. The Sky Q set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot function... | Which feature will be available first, UHD broadcasts or Power-line? | [
"Power-line"
] | [
327
] | [
"a6fa48aef3b8554e7c1443bde0f2f77beee930f4"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
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The "Big Five" game animals of Africa, that is the lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant, can be found in Kenya and in the Masai Mara in particular. A significant population of other wild animals, reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country. The annual animal migrat... | In addition to the "Big Five' game animals of Africa, what other types of creatures would you expect to find if you were a tourist in Kenya? | [
"wild animals, reptiles and birds"
] | [
194
] | [
"1d38d18968a8083e9e25083a7cee89ac5791d3f6"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | The founder of Bainbridges department store died in what year? | [
"1892"
] | [
565
] | [
"266acac18c1864617fd7eddb9cdd3928901a9f88"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of ex... | WHat did the bridge connect besides Gateshead and Tyne? | [
"Newcastle"
] | [
475
] | [
"8d76e81d552d7b6fd7fc28afc342fcebdb0aa5d3"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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"validation"
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The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of ex... | Which came first, the bridge across the Tyne or the first phase of Britain's first urban light rail system? | [
"first urban light rail transit system"
] | [
195
] | [
"43be1fe7ef8978c283f46376b7df408a3a0e790f"
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"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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"Combined"
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BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom. Any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° East is entitled to access to BSkyB's EPG for a fee, ranging from £15–100,000. Third-party channels whi... | What is the highest cost in euros of access to EPG? | [
"100,000"
] | [
287
] | [
"474bdb08b037950af5a1aaa908b74ff7b1ab56a9"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
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"validation"
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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | What is the name of a hydrolase that destroys the cell walls of bacteria, found in tears? | [
"lysozyme"
] | [
153
] | [
"cc358b682ff8c763340e4744d9f40a5f32ea75f7"
] | [
"Immune_system"
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"validation"
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"Combined"
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The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned... | What was the diameter of Saturn V in meters? | [
"10.1"
] | [
101
] | [
"71defa16173576892b48f3b7d745333271833942"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
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"validation"
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"Combined"
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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | what is the last type of headdress mentioned? | [
"Crown"
] | [
697
] | [
"b1274b49ce24cb1d124c1777e4a7bea087798c91"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
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Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. Peri-urban and rural dwellers... | What is both an official language and a Bantu language? | [
"Swahili"
] | [
662
] | [
"11ceb36ab727ca38e723395e96deb9f595f47f3c"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 ... | Which of the two Block I CSMs took flight to start off the experiment? | [
"AS-201"
] | [
103
] | [
"7ef7b0385efadfcd78d004055351411b373ef9e7"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
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Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards a... | Who had fewer touchdowns, Manning or Osweiler? | [
"Manning"
] | [
0
] | [
"f1a84c7a116913bf69c6a924e4257662b90f2d0e"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
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Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.[citation needed] Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachel... | What is the highest a teacher may have earned in this time period? | [
"£41,004"
] | [
83
] | [
"7fcadfb7dfade8f566e5d2cce11b3af0ad96cc3b"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen.... | Which of the following is not a human settlement: Warszowa, Triton or Copenhagen? | [
"Triton"
] | [
119
] | [
"b7db6c25634e557b7532fe2c49fb4e74986c6903"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. ... | What might suggest Kenya's power supply is on a sustainable path? | [
"The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations"
] | [
0
] | [
"fed0eb6598d4a5a3f1726be2ceadf79aba63c7fd"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
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The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for exam... | Why is the repulsive force between two fermionic particles called a normal force? | [
"the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects"
] | [
203
] | [
"29eeb280f918503010792e6be24f2a29e34f518e"
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"Force"
] | [
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He insisted that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances. | Being saved from harm or loss is referred to as which term? | [
"salvation"
] | [
151
] | [
"0cbfd80e5461c7d91de529944a85a0ddf4ef3bc4"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
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The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 154... | What media outlet was instrumental in furthering research about the Amazon? | [
"BBC"
] | [
742
] | [
"387db32defb1223cf7b1a7f66721c6367fa2ea86"
] | [
"Amazon_rainforest"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages. Trade economis... | Why do wealthier countries no longer have large number of low-skilled manufacturing workers? | [
"low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor"
] | [
1259
] | [
"8aaa913dd1be1d4cb7176d14c146ca80829b6235"
] | [
"Economic_inequality"
] | [
"validation"
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The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered "engines" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices... | What recorders from the early Modern period gave us expositions about a steam powered invention of that time? | [
"Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629"
] | [
431
] | [
"77363c98a070ccc180119f6fc321ae981c99d952"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker ... | Which of the following people is an athlete, Ed Mangan or Justin Tucker? | [
"Justin Tucker"
] | [
320
] | [
"bb0d8253597b6456bf75db37b8df5a49c425b757"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
] | [
"validation"
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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines u... | what type of engine is mentioned first? | [
"compound"
] | [
33
] | [
"e33ee9f73352539866114ac7ece735c6530e404d"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages. Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. For example, while diatoms (a heterokontophyte) now have a... | what part of the chlorplast is left in the host | [
"the genes"
] | [
146
] | [
"97276ab7d0bfc72397dfd9e0642fbaf22b832592"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the househ... | Incentives given to taxpayers to reduce the amount of taxes are called? | [
"tax credits"
] | [
540
] | [
"d62b33cffa9d794f6004be9b97778516c40fb70e"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The Lutheran theologian Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard. Lessing (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of Lutheran orthodoxy on this issue. | How did Luther's teaching about the afterlife compare to other theologians? | [
"differed"
] | [
121
] | [
"f5722a9df32cb8eb76c3f5c777d4a5aeab4c71fd"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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... | [
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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel ... | Which people's architectural spaces where destroyed? | [
"the Jews"
] | [
247
] | [
"6fe898bbc4e633e8f1226c0d3b8bb31fb9622c05"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km²). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2... | Was the percentage of non-hispanic whites up or down from 1970? | [
"down"
] | [
771
] | [
"8ef2f43d78611bf6a15b71155f8f1b74bb2754cb"
] | [
"Fresno,_California"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappr... | Why do teachers need to be assertive? | [
"to impose their will upon a class"
] | [
135
] | [
"b4fd2f073572c419adb066aa0a60592781d5abfa"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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-... |
In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct. | what made the additional attention come about | [
"several high-profile cases"
] | [
33
] | [
"daca8b0e0faae86752084fd1f05a8f1fa5dde21c"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric tra... | What are nuclear power plants connected to? | [
"turbine"
] | [
104
] | [
"dc69728beac4d4554af4af14dad48f7f51ca145b"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
-6.09375,
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-6.05078125,
-0.52587890625,
-5.73046875,
-6.828125,
-0.7822... |
Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998. As of 2012, the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… The authority also ha... | What has been added to streets to allow traffic in both directions? | [
"contraflows on one way streets"
] | [
493
] | [
"ba0946490bf8d1228e12756d6ecc7d9895f6a693"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self." This term describes cells with low... | What do NK cells have trouble recognizing? | [
"Normal body cells"
] | [
847
] | [
"5a2f0c822e043d432e00495500a5ab9131cd9470"
] | [
"Immune_system"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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-6.8984... |
The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence... | what span of time is mentioned last? | [
"decade"
] | [
856
] | [
"943dceb3292acc013029f93149bd50c19e1fa326"
] | [
"Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
-1.548828125,
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Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler.... | Why are the modern safety valves safer than the old style? | [
"operators may not tamper"
] | [
700
] | [
"948ea80f20c20949c967a4d3f1e2ad83e3a5c018"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
-3.228515625,
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-5.82421875,
-6.33203125,
-2.85546875,
-8.1171875,
-7.2109375,
-7.... |
As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack rubisco, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. They st... | What gas is required by plants to live? | [
"CO2"
] | [
324
] | [
"c4cde9926eaf9a9facfc15ee712de556189703ad"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
-0.8935546875,
-6.19140625,
-7.75,
-8.9453125,
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-7.87109375,
-5.3125,
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... | [
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... |
Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | Plants that are often grown in the dark will likely have which type of organelle instead of the typical organelle that conducts photosynthesis? | [
"etioplasts"
] | [
506
] | [
"93a57367f637ee9a94d59245a249c7e159b6605b"
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Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | Who was England's main foe? | [
"Scotland"
] | [
298
] | [
"251f170c79872be1dbe83389a79d4b2a9219dfc2"
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"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | What is the outcome of inequality and economic growth? | [
"associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth"
] | [
375
] | [
"e3571d41749931fcd0cad718b0ba57ec91494da6"
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It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | Einstein created a way of thinking called a? | [
"theory"
] | [
435
] | [
"aec061c2a5c59d2c6b2a4ef097f1032a16ae4bb7"
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In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan)... | Who was the father of Chilaun? | [
"a sympathetic guard"
] | [
233
] | [
"bb363a58a98949f49bec1db3e210231c78610eae"
] | [
"Genghis_Khan"
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Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three hours, these services call at Durham, Darlington, York, Doncaster, Newark North Gate and Peterborough and north to Scotland with all trains calling at Edinburgh and a small numbe... | Which of the operator offers services to the largest number of destinations? | [
"Virgin Trains East Coast"
] | [
15
] | [
"866f2c6766623bd9cb9b3e28e209e7be955e1556"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom... | How strict are the teachers when giving consequences? | [
"do not enforce discipline at all"
] | [
499
] | [
"471acc9600bffbc5723639531b25e029136a8e51"
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"Teacher"
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In Germany, teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies). There are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule) and higher ... | what is Lehramtstudien | [
"special university classes"
] | [
60
] | [
"6ca77c5f73277fe52e05e16cc8cb4188eb9dcdbb"
] | [
"Teacher"
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"validation"
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Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United F... | Which actors are honorary freemen? | [
"the Royal Shakespeare Company"
] | [
555
] | [
"b1b8a6f41a3e8bbba5a6cdd50336c659ad3c6ec0"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered or CPA). | What legal-associated people are on par with teachers in some countries? | [
"lawyers"
] | [
253
] | [
"32922b1b85b65baec2892b9cea6ef0f368f50054"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful p... | What events does the city council help organize? | [
"musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks"
] | [
712
] | [
"5eb5c475cea24a33b1a34145daa5025dbee8bb6d"
] | [
"Warsaw"
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The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence... | What is the result of emitting CO2 in the atmosphere? | [
"greenhouse effect"
] | [
378
] | [
"4a762cbb203ad70d067fa7b833f5ac22e2cbe9c9"
] | [
"Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment a... | What kind of new channels are being offered? | [
"sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news"
] | [
247
] | [
"04a6ec3a02826196fb6bb579df91ff336875a9d3"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%... | What was the smallest denomination present in Warsaw? | [
"Mariavites"
] | [
304
] | [
"0ed6578a5b789549ad5544b4ec0efc38e1f867d5"
] | [
"Warsaw"
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"validation"
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Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recog... | What biologic study is interested in antigens and other non-self molecules? | [
"immunology"
] | [
132
] | [
"ceed93dafab19e4c596f47b464f20c1478f93222"
] | [
"Immune_system"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching. If they do not en... | What does the student learn? | [
"the subject matter"
] | [
94
] | [
"4bacb5c64a13dd5e456d1b01e4449d12c00b2f4d"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
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The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening t... | Valve gears are in an? | [
"engine"
] | [
96
] | [
"57e0d3cee7735cd18cc4fb69de82b2d8d7c5c516"
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"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
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The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege ... | Prisoners were often of what culture? | [
"Muslim and Chinese"
] | [
295
] | [
"9b9919345a879426997eeaeaf45ab6cf95d304e6"
] | [
"Genghis_Khan"
] | [
"validation"
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Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common,... | How much influence did compound engines have in the 19th century? | [
"widespread"
] | [
60
] | [
"9fa685d91e63db112d48d090f2a339dfd0b9b993"
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"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
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Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight C... | Who reported to Wernher von Braun first? | [
"team of rocket engineers"
] | [
59
] | [
"8de4ccf6316334a29f95a5ab1467f7bcb863de3a"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
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Kenya’s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”, the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scru... | What agency did information in relation to the purchasing of troop transporters occur against? | [
"armed forces"
] | [
8
] | [
"ad9b14441c1e5a8aa4c053060a69ee147a16b1d6"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
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The United Methodist Church is organized into conferences. The highest level is called the General Conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church. The General Conference meets every four years (quadrennium). Legislative changes are recorded in The Book of Discipline which is revised a... | The next gathering location of the General Conference after 2012? | [
"Portland, Oregon"
] | [
746
] | [
"95118a05fc55dd21eef841bcffa7de6d47ef237c"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
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Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and uni... | What is Chinggis' surname? | [
"Khaan"
] | [
1269
] | [
"8093f2a5a15272820049b3affd13496ab0645e48"
] | [
"Genghis_Khan"
] | [
"validation"
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The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi... | What results in breakdown? | [
"decay"
] | [
100
] | [
"80eac9ac20e006154d2ebca519cc8f0dac0cbe43"
] | [
"Force"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Hormones can act as immunomodulators, altering the sensitivity of the immune system. For example, female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses. Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially, and their onset often coincides with puberty. ... | Which sexual category are most of the victims of lupus? | [
"women"
] | [
252
] | [
"76f375c4444790265c8a08fe34f7abb80b4d9ee3"
] | [
"Immune_system"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my ... | He was steered toward Christ and away from his constant reflection? | [
"Luther"
] | [
139
] | [
"ce08931fd8f59ac88cef0d408e9759016e7d14b6"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
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] | [
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The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12, in... | what was the first group mentioned? | [
"Apollo astronauts"
] | [
4
] | [
"86f3745a8687f08125818c5321b85b147745037b"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. ... | What is needed to fully honor god? | [
"abstinence"
] | [
407
] | [
"d26fc77328f93f8f6d88f2621d513ea7f5365df7"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
] | [
"validation"
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BSkyB's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010, Europe's first pay-TV platform in to achieve that milestone. Confirming it had reached its target, the broadcaster said its reach into 36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m people. The target was first ... | Those who make remarks towards a television program or an event for others to hear or listen to are? | [
"commentators"
] | [
442
] | [
"5983ed6bb38ddebc1755b44d4617d4a067dcde5c"
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"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
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Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | Which, between neutrophils and macrophages, are NOT the most abundant type of phagocyte? | [
"macrophages"
] | [
16
] | [
"bf51c50935d50a679c7f8e39dcf1901044ec99be"
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Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | Where are plastoglubli located more than in chloroplasts before they are geontoplasts? | [
"etioplasts"
] | [
506
] | [
"f73ccf8e24a1b4ebcc854ee9930394acaa61481c"
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"Chloroplast"
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The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching. If they do not en... | The three aspects of teacher enthusiasm are given as illustrations of what? | [
"The way a teacher promotes the course"
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0
] | [
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Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of ... | How does history view Genghis Khan? | [
"fearsome"
] | [
652
] | [
"aeff4c982c83fb6d6a2497b6230d92792714b383"
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"Genghis_Khan"
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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the househ... | How did the UK government decide if a woman had a partner living with her? | [
"subscription to sports channels"
] | [
245
] | [
"f6acd1d1956094b89da5ee8441d0d6c1e28e9797"
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Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer... | Where in Kenya would you find the highest level of manufacturing activities? | [
"Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu"
] | [
221
] | [
"1d9ebd52376f5ebb2338256154da835588924c09"
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Other scholars argue that, even if his views were merely anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism. Ronald Berger writes that Luther is credited with "Germanizing the Christian critiq... | when did german lutheran clergy and theologians use Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews? | [
"Nazi Third Reich"
] | [
788
] | [
"f8ab77313567fe65ba7e8e47925b5c0a26ee4e0a"
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"Martin_Luther"
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Kenya’s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”, the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scru... | What has been considered an issue in relation to the Kenyan government? | [
"corruption"
] | [
93
] | [
"b5b11556a10abe2f3661e9a20f8f07ddb7a925ef"
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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using t... | what organization was mentioned last? | [
"NASA"
] | [
1307
] | [
"e59e0d51215cc6baa0d05a5c7aafe9018effad7d"
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"Apollo_program"
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In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the Old Testament could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity. I... | What was Luther's goal? | [
"large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity"
] | [
272
] | [
"00bbfbe96a3a00dde9594e0c2a9eecf855f88f4a"
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"Martin_Luther"
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The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | The presence of a spine classifies an organism under which category? | [
"vertebrates"
] | [
44
] | [
"4d211d082dc8f11695e80fdaa7515f38d6e5ea63"
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The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out t... | WHo wants to strengthen territorial claims | [
"Trio Tribe"
] | [
249
] | [
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] | [
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In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with ... | Three years prior to Perotti's study, it was demonstrated to have significant negative ramifications on economic development? | [
"inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections"
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37
] | [
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The first direct elections for native Kenyans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. Despite British hopes of handing power to "moderate" local rivals, it was the Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta that formed a government. The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end ... | What led to the Sultan giving up sovereignty over Kenya? | [
"an agreement dated 8 October 1963"
] | [
464
] | [
"f7c6a5077967ecbacebc1e272275a20d641c3bc2"
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"Kenya"
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"validation"
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Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byke... | What is the only continent mentioned in the text? | [
"Europe"
] | [
481
] | [
"8dd15b4e91938a1c3d298efe1d4246c71e17c1f7"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who w... | Which medals did Kenya win the most of in the Beijing Olympics, gold, silver, or bronze? | [
"gold"
] | [
58
] | [
"b316ed209248bad1519c53bbb5d8710102241dbe"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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] | [
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A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delega... | What was the main focus, in relation to the head of cabinet of Kenya of a radical divergence from the previous set of guidelines for a country that was bounced off the legislators in Kenya? | [
"eliminate the position of Prime Minister"
] | [
50
] | [
"fe537804f9b277e98606b0203d0c0f9ddf3e984a"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. C... | what will happen to wages when there are few workers and a lot of jobs? | [
"high wages"
] | [
587
] | [
"f6c7881a0ba173d5dbbcecd171d7f21f5b970af5"
] | [
"Economic_inequality"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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St. George's United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 i... | Which church was founded in the year that immediately comes before 1785? | [
"the Methodist Episcopal Church"
] | [
500
] | [
"85998ca938cb2a20032fd730852d701140188733"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | The founder of Bainbridges department store was born in what year? | [
"1817"
] | [
560
] | [
"bf24b6454a8e5fd5c1c22bd4654a3eb7a24227b4"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-tim... | How do things move within gravity? | [
"freely"
] | [
179
] | [
"a9db576af9be95942ce1e80eccf4f865f1d3fa35"
] | [
"Force"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the im... | Why mission mode did Houbolt recommend? | [
"LOR"
] | [
453
] | [
"a592dd55e20c82f5e581335f6a614db2fb5d123f"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation di... | What is 1900000 kilometers squared in miles squared? | [
"734,000"
] | [
217
] | [
"dc8e96c46efe733307da671f7d275ca371af7634"
] | [
"Amazon_rainforest"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebra... | The Grainger Market did not receive which grade? | [
"II"
] | [
678
] | [
"8dfdc2547c4bdfefef01d3de103d2b3f009b91d7"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become... | Less efficient steam engines were available in what year? | [
"1781"
] | [
3
] | [
"5af1dd24b10439176c219fd3e3ad3460a6385a38"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The Swahili built Mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states, as well as commercial centres in Persia, Arabia, and even India. By the 15th-century, Portuguese voyager Duarte Barbosa claimed that "Mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are ... | Where did boats sail to from Sofala? | [
"Mombasa"
] | [
18
] | [
"acc48ab3852f25734689a08771c88ef53b0d8903"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms pro... | Whose teachings resulted in violence? | [
"Karlstadt"
] | [
142
] | [
"a48632faec60efeb98c4e33725f1ed38d9fbf38f"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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In addition to chlorophylls, another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems. There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids. They help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green, like during the fall, when the ... | What is a common version of carotenoid? | [
"β-carotene"
] | [
361
] | [
"03e759992e6e0f8f01dc47bebe301746e1638a0a"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative pers... | Occupational stress on teachers can affect student productivity in what way? | [
"negatively"
] | [
107
] | [
"c468069538c2eaea012855b7b5e240dd0b4d505b"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even few... | How many designs were made from Watts' time to today? | [
"Many"
] | [
183
] | [
"9d23e128112123900043ceeae508bc50245c8306"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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-8... |
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