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Along with giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, "Bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law’s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person becaus... | What should the punishment rely on instead in a just society? | [
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When a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that cause... | What issues can't prevent women from working outside the home or receiving education? | [
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The official record high temperature for Fresno is 115 °F (46.1 °C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 °F (−8 °C), set on January 6, 1913. The average windows for 100 °F (37.8 °C)+, 90 °F (32.2 °C)+, and freezing temperatures are June 1 thru September 13, April 26 thru October 9, and December 10 ... | What is the most rainfall recorded in a 24 hour period in Fresno? | [
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Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, "the compr... | Who did Gegeen appoint as grand chancellor? | [
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Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States... | What ethnic group located in Jacksonville is ranked tenth largest? | [
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The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the "social partners" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the Eu... | What was developed in the 1980's by the social partners representatives? | [
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Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families conti... | What nationality was Lavoisier? | [
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Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers. F... | What procedures can lower the injury rate among construction workers in the EU? | [
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Not a maritime power, and not a nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany’s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria was primarily as a result of Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.[further expl... | What was Germany's central interest? | [
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The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "colonialism", however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert Young writes that while imper... | What does colonialism lack that imperialism has? | [
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This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | What fields have lost influence over pharmacy in the United States? | [
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When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker. Because rock units, other than muds, do not significantly change in volume, this is accomplished in two primary ways: through faulting and folding. In the shallow crust, where brittle deformation can occur, thrust faults form, whi... | What are two ways that mud doesn't change in volume? | [
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In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in bu... | Excessive bureaucratic red tape is one of the reasons for what type of ownership? | [
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The smaller the economic inequality, the more waste and pollution is created, resulting in many cases, in more environmental degradation. This can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy, it increases their yearly carbon emissions. This relation is expressed by the Environmen... | What would be higher if there were fewer people? | [
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-1
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The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. T... | Who developed a successful steam engine indicator for Charles Porter? | [
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Today, Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe. The city is home to the Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland, as well as an active research and education center. While the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology it is ... | What is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in Curie? | [
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] | [
-1
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"5ad4fd0f5b96ef001a10a898"
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Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine ... | What are people from Florida sometimes called? | [
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-1
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"5a1c60f0b4fb5d0018714610"
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The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand... | How much of the population in the Middle East died of the plague? | [
"about a third",
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Hamas has continued to be a major player in Palestine. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or "martyrdom operations". In the January 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats, and in 2007 it drove the PLO out of Gaza. Hamas has been p... | When did Hamas keep the PLO in Gaza? | [
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-1
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"5acfed0b77cf76001a686527"
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The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally westward, as the Hochrhein, passes the Rhine Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at... | When the Rhine emerges from Lake Constance which way does it flow? | [
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Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property, and a certain a... | How were some modern economic inequalities created? | [
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By the 6th century, the Rhine was within the borders of Francia. In the 9th, it formed part of the border between Middle and Western Francia, but in the 10th century, it was fully within the Holy Roman Empire, flowing through Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine. The mouths of the Rhine, in the county of Holland, fell ... | When did the Archduke Sigismund of Austria die? | [
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] | [
-1
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"5ad2b72fd7d075001a42a025"
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Many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake, such as the San Andreas Fault, which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event. Other faults include the San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone. The USGS has released a California Earthquake forecast which models Earthquake occurrence ... | Which fault can produce a magnitude earthquake of 8.0? | [
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Imperialism has played an important role in the histories of Japan, Korea, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Egypt, the British Empire, India, and many other empires. Imperialism was a basic component to the conquests... | During which era did the Aztec and Incan empires not thrive? | [
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] | [
-1
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"5ad02cf577cf76001a686cd9"
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Provided is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription (kn... | What does a receiver have to be equipped with to view encrypted content? | [
"VideoGuard UK",
"VideoGuard UK",
"VideoGuard UK"
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Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century. In 1599 the British East India Company was established and was chartered by Queen Elizabeth in the following year. With the establishment of trading posts in India, the British were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such a... | Which country had trading posts in India before Britain? | [
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In addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity. First, during the early slow-wave-sleep stage, a sudden drop in blood levels of cort... | What hormones are produced mostly when awake? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad4eb355b96ef001a10a64f"
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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed source... | What does the IPCC not do? | [
"does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data",
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Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior pa... | In what sector are jobs beginning to increase? | [
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Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Jus... | Which entities have had to develop principles dedicated to conflict resolution between laws of different systems? | [
"the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts",
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Ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools. However, these vocational schools are no... | What types of schools are most ergänzungsschulen? | [
"vocational",
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With Istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late ninet... | Who did the Ottoman empire ally with in WW I? | [
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358,
358
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For a long time, number theory in general, and the study of prime numbers in particular, was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics, with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly. In particular, number ... | Besides public key cryptography, what is another application for prime numbers? | [
"hash tables and pseudorandom number generators",
"hash tables",
"hash tables and pseudorandom number generators",
"hash tables"
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664,
664,
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British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy by country, educational performance, trust among strangers, wome... | How many undeveloped countries did British researchers use to gather statistics from? | [
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] | [
-1
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In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. "Seven Years" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not co... | How long did the fighting last in Seven Years War? | [
"six years",
"six years",
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"six years",
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At present, the branches Waal and Nederrijn-Lek discharge to the North Sea, through the former Meuse estuary, near Rotterdam. The river IJssel branch flows to the north and enters the IJsselmeer, formerly the Zuider Zee brackish lagoon; however, since 1932, a freshwater lake. The discharge of the Rhine is divided among... | Where does the Ijssel branch flow? | [
"IJsselmeer",
"IJsselmeer",
"IJsselmeer",
"IJsselmeer"
] | [
184,
184,
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184
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Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as KPN). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines (using the X.121 DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049). And because ... | What service used the network and modified KPN devices? | [
""
] | [
-1
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"5a669800f038b7001ab0c03d"
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Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of François Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 165... | What city was Jan van Riebeeck from? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad25b9ed7d075001a428e71"
] | [
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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | In what year did Boleslaw become the official capital of the Masovian Duchy? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad4bea25b96ef001a109ef9"
] | [
"Warsaw"
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Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. ... | What does the mayor's council divide itself into? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad4f4d95b96ef001a10a795"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
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Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who Can in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for... | What was the name of the locomotive that debuted in 1825? | [
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The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York. The British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond, Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things." He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of th... | What was William Johnson's Sioux name? | [
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Forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is. Because of these characteristics, forces are classified as "vector quantities". This means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction (denoted scalar quant... | How do you avoid problems when determining forces involved on an object from two or more sources? | [
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Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles. Their use in agricu... | What is an example of a steam-powered automobile? | [
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Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011[update], it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009. It suffered about 30% loss in 2008-09. In December 2008, Harvard a... | What is Harvard's total financial aid reserves? | [
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Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of François Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 165... | Who was the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope? | [
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Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideolog... | What type of role that Islamism seeks makes it not a controversial concept? | [
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Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues (in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school throug... | What is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist's job? | [
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Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past. The Islamist group... | What do radical Islamist organizations accept entirely? | [
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AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra. Started by Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network, supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications — the Australian Tax Office made use of AUSTPAC — and remote term... | What did AUSTPAC support | [
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Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or a... | Why are debates on proposed motions by an MSP conducted? | [
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The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica, Amazonía or usually Amazonia; French: Forêt amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This ... | How many nations are within the Amazon Basin? | [
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The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence o... | What does the name The Rhine come from? | [
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Sky UK Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster with... | Sky UK Limited is now known by what name? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a2c07d5bfd06b001a5ae97f"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
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Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population. These are the Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,41... | What is the population of the Greater Los Angeles Area? | [
"17,786,419",
"17,786,419",
"17,786,419"
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311,
311,
311
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"5706074552bb8914006897d8",
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Of the 129 MSPs, 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as "Constituency MSPs". Voters choose one member to represent the constituency, and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the UK P... | If a Constituency MSP is forced from Parliament, what does it trigger? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad0431077cf76001a686f31"
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"Scottish_Parliament"
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A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchang... | What is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties? | [
"A contract",
"A contract",
"A contract"
] | [
133,
133,
133
] | [
"572751b4708984140094dc1c",
"572751b4708984140094dc1c",
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"Construction",
"Construction",
"Construction"
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Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest ... | Who discovered this and where did they come from? | [
"Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida",
"Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida",
"Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida"
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577,
577,
577
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The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyo... | What two member nations of the Holy Roman Empire received Huguenot refugees? | [
"the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate",
"the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate",
"Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate"
] | [
154,
154,
158
] | [
"5711119cb654c5140001fae3",
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"Huguenot",
"Huguenot",
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The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman, jaguar, cougar, and anaconda. In the river, electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while piranha are known to bite and injure humans. Various species of poison dart fro... | Vampire bats do not actually spread what? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a0c7fb2f5590b0018dab448"
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The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as we... | When did BSkyB end their analogue service? | [
"27 September 2001",
"27 September 2001",
"September 2001"
] | [
423,
423,
426
] | [
"570961aa200fba1400367f17",
"570961aa200fba1400367f17",
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"Sky_(United_Kingdom)",
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)",
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The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by MCI... | How were high speed connections maintained and who were they monitored by? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5a55319c134fea001a0e19bb"
] | [
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Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsu... | What term best describes southern California's collection of landscapes? | [
"natural ecosystem",
"varied",
"varied"
] | [
97,
48,
48
] | [
"5705fd8475f01819005e7840",
"5705fd8475f01819005e7840",
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"Southern_California",
"Southern_California",
"Southern_California"
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Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler.... | Along with a desire for more steam pressure, what were early drivers looking to generate when they fastened safety valves down? | [
"more power",
"greater steam pressure and more power",
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] | [
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569
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"5711623e50c2381900b54abd",
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"Steam_engine",
"Steam_engine"
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In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub... | What exchange in Warsaw is one of the most important for Central and Eastern Europe? | [
"Warsaw Stock Exchange",
"Warsaw Stock Exchange",
"Stock"
] | [
604,
604,
611
] | [
"573312fcd058e614000b56e9",
"573312fcd058e614000b56e9",
"573312fcd058e614000b56e9"
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"Warsaw",
"Warsaw",
"Warsaw"
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Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal "sea gooseberry," Pleurobrachia, sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end, although some individuals are more uniformly round. From oppos... | Cydippid are typically what shape? | [
"egg-shaped",
"more or less rounded",
"more or less rounded"
] | [
208,
42,
42
] | [
"57265746dd62a815002e821a",
"57265746dd62a815002e821a",
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"Ctenophora",
"Ctenophora",
"Ctenophora"
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In the 1910s, New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. Over the course of the decade, more than 30 silent film studios were established, earning Jacksonville the title of "Winter Film Capital of the World". However, the emergence ... | What former studio in Jacksonville has been converted to a modern film Museum? | [
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The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At th... | How many people were in British North American Colonies? | [
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In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ... | What percentage of Venice residents died of the plague in 1361? | [
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Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury. Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals. Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in ... | How was Kublai's administration running out of money? | [
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Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | How much food can crustacean larvae eat per day? | [
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Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O
2 for every 2 molecules of N
2, compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) dissol... | Upon what chemical characteristic is oxygen's solubility dependent? | [
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For a phylum with relatively few species, ctenophores have a wide range of body plans. Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles, while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study. In addition oceanic species do not pres... | How many types of sediment particles have gained the most attention recently? | [
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In 1564 a group of Norman Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida. The effort was the first at any permanent European settlement in the present-day continental United States, but survived only... | From where had the Norman Huguenots sailed in order to arrive at Fort Caroline? | [
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In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined southern California as including "the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara." In 1999, the Times added a newer county—Imperial—to that list. | In which year did the newspaper define southern California? | [
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Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes (鈔, Chao). Pax Mongolica, Mong... | What does 'Pal Monqolica' mean? | [
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Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hy... | Roughly, how much oxygen makes up the Earth crust? | [
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Immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold, especially from Ireland and China. Many Chinese miners worked in Victoria, and their legacy is particularly strong in Bendigo and its environs. Although there was some racism directed at them, there was not the level of anti-Chinese violence that was seen a... | Where was the 1857 gold rush? | [
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Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha... | What is another general concept that applies to elements of general xy? | [
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For the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $38,000, with a total cost of attendance of $57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $60,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and famil... | How many student dorms were there in use at Harvard in 2012? | [
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The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant European nations such as England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland. They also spread beyo... | What area in modern-day Canada received Huguenot immigrants? | [
"Quebec",
"Quebec",
"Quebec"
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468,
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"5711119cb654c5140001fae6",
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Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient... | What tracts does commensal flora help pathogens thrive in? | [
""
] | [
-1
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"5ad4b0f25b96ef001a109dbc"
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Starting in the late 1950s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of D... | Was this concept originally intended to be an application only meant for use by the military? | [
""
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The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors. However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so... | What is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant compared to that of an internal combustion engine? | [
"lower",
"lower",
"lower",
"lower"
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96,
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An increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales. The Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon from Chrysler, the Ford Fiesta and the Chevrolet Chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by t... | How many passengers could a Chevrolet Bel Air carry in 1970? | [
""
] | [
-1
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By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied, and its components isolated, by compressing and cooling it. Using a cascade method, Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen g... | Who liquified oxygen in a stable state on March 22, 1883? | [
""
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-1
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"5ad23eefd7d075001a4288db"
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A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lo... | Who patented the Woolf cooling cylinder? | [
""
] | [
-1
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The views of Ali Shariati, ideologue of the Iranian Revolution, had resemblance with Mohammad Iqbal, ideological father of the State of Pakistan, but Khomeini's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers like Mawdudi and Qutb. He believed that complete imitation of the Prophet... | hat long term agenda was the acts of plundering Muslim lands by the East? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5acfeae177cf76001a6864a1"
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The best, worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs of the same size. Since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others, we define the following complexities: | What are the three primary expressions used to represent case complexity? | [
"best, worst and average case complexity",
"best, worst and average case",
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4,
4,
4
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Originating as the Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, it pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004, participated in the Iraqi insurgency that followed the March 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces, joined the fight in the Syrian Civil War beginning in March 2011, and was expelled from al-Qaeda in early 2014, (which ... | When did the Syrian Civil War end? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5acfef1b77cf76001a68657c"
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The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were "apostate" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who... | Who wrote a pamphlet outlining the radical ideas of the extremists? | [
"Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag",
"Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag",
"Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag"
] | [
486,
486,
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When suffering from sleep deprivation, active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production, and a lower immune response, than would be noted in a well-rested individual. Additionally, proteins such as NFIL3, which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both T-cell diffe... | What is not effected by natural light and dark cycles? | [
""
] | [
-1
] | [
"5ad4ea425b96ef001a10a62a"
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It is usually recognized that lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality, we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobe... | What is necessary to disobey? | [
"rules that conflict with morality",
"rules that conflict with morality",
"rules that conflict with morality",
"rules that conflict with morality"
] | [
212,
212,
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212
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According to geographic scholars under colonizing empires, the world could be split into climatic zones. These scholars believed that Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working, moral, and upstanding human being. Alternatively, tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes, sexual promisc... | What did the the Europeans think the peoples in the tropics were in need of? | [
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In the laboratory, biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them. These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed. Geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in or... | What do outcrop samples help magnetic stratigraphers to date? | [
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In April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships,... | Who ruled Cyprus in the 11th century? | [
""
] | [
-1
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Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th ce... | What is St. John's Cathedral an example of, stylistically? | [
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The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a social s... | Why could a Dutch lawyer who moved to Belgium give legal advice? | [
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This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | Which provinces in Canada extend the rights of pharmacists in prescribing? | [
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Since September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principa... | Queen Elizabeth I opened the new Scottish Parliament Building on what date? | [
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] | [
-1
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