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In information geometry, Chentsov's theorem states that the Fisher information metric is, up to rescaling, the unique Riemannian metric on a statistical manifold that is invariant under sufficient statistics. The theorem is named after mathematician Nikolai Chentsov, who proved it in his 1981 paper. See also Fisher inf... | Wikipedia |
A number of standards prevail in Europe for trailer connectors, the electrical connectors between vehicles and the trailers they tow that provide a means of control for the trailers. 7 and 13-pin connectors The 13-pin (ISO 11446) version being phased in is newer, provides more services than the 7-pin (ISO 1724), a more... | Wikipedia |
In survey methodology, Poisson sampling (sometimes denoted as PO sampling: 61 ) is a sampling process where each element of the population is subjected to an independent Bernoulli trial which determines whether the element becomes part of the sample.: 85 Each element of the population may have a different probability o... | Wikipedia |
In nuclear physics, the chiral model, introduced by Feza Gürsey in 1960, is a phenomenological model describing effective interactions of mesons in the chiral limit (where the masses of the quarks go to zero), but without necessarily mentioning quarks at all. It is a nonlinear sigma model with the principal homogeneous... | Wikipedia |
A polyphase system (the term coined by Silvanus Thompson) is a means of distributing alternating-current (AC) electrical power that utilizes more than one AC phase, which refers to the phase offset value (in degrees) between AC in multiple conducting wires; phases may also refer to the corresponding terminals and condu... | Wikipedia |
The Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) is a proposed data standard for exchanging synthetic biology designs between software packages. It has been under development by the SBOL Developers Group since 2008. This group aims to develop the standard in a way that is open and democratic in order to include as many inter... | Wikipedia |
In electronics and semiconductor physics, the law of mass action relates the concentrations of free electrons and electron holes under thermal equilibrium. It states that, under thermal equilibrium, the product of the free electron concentration n {\displaystyle n} and the free hole concentration p {\displaystyle p} is... | Wikipedia |
Because the mathematical expressions for information theory developed by Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley in the 1940s are similar to the mathematics of statistical thermodynamics worked out by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, in which the concept of entropy is central, Shannon was persuaded to emplo... | Wikipedia |
Human-information interaction or HII is the formal term for information behavior research in archival science; the term was invented by Nahum Gershon in 1995. HII is not transferable from analog to digital research because nonprofessional researchers greatly emphasize the need for further elaboration of context and sco... | Wikipedia |
Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest is a book about the differing views of biologists Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould by philosopher of biology Kim Sterelny. When published in 2001 it became an international best-seller. A new edition was published in 2007 to include Gould's The Structure of Evolutionary T... | Wikipedia |
Membrane bioreactors are combinations of membrane processes like microfiltration or ultrafiltration with a biological wastewater treatment process, the activated sludge process. These technologies are now widely used for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The two basic membrane bioreactor configurations are... | Wikipedia |
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) classification system is a library indexing system covering the fields of medicine and preclinical basic sciences. The NLM classification is patterned after the Library of Congress (LC) Classification system: alphabetical letters denote broad subject categories which are subdivide... | Wikipedia |
In coding theory, a parity-check matrix of a linear block code C is a matrix which describes the linear relations that the components of a codeword must satisfy. It can be used to decide whether a particular vector is a codeword and is also used in decoding algorithms. Definition Formally, a parity check matrix H of a ... | Wikipedia |
In telecommunication technology, a Barker code or Barker sequence is a finite sequence of digital values with the ideal autocorrelation property. It is used as a synchronising pattern between the sender and receiver of a stream of bits. Explanation Binary digits have very little meaning unless the significance of the i... | Wikipedia |
The FAO GM Foods Platform is a web platform where participating countries can share information on their assessments of the safety of genetically modified (recombinant-DNA) foods and feeds based on the Codex Alimentarius. It also allows for sharing of assessments of low-level GMO contamination (LLP, low-level presence)... | Wikipedia |
In mechanical engineering, kinematic synthesis (also known as mechanism synthesis) determines the size and configuration of mechanisms that shape the flow of power through a mechanical system, or machine, to achieve a desired performance. The word synthesis refers to combining parts to form a whole. Hartenberg and Dena... | Wikipedia |
CircleChess is an Indian technology company focused on chess education and chess tournament management through the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Founded in 2023, CircleChess provides AI-powered coaching tools, online classes, and digital infrastructure for organizing chess tournaments. Its goal is to make struct... | Wikipedia |
The International Middleware Conference brings together academic and industrial delegates who have an interest in the development, optimisation, evaluation and evolution of middleware. History The first instance of the Middleware conference was held in 1998. Since 2003 the conference has been run annually. Many recent ... | Wikipedia |
Favre averaging is the density-weighted averaging method, used in variable density or compressible turbulent flows, in place of the Reynolds averaging. The method was introduced formally by the French physicist Alexandre Favre in 1965, although Osborne Reynolds had also already introduced the density-weighted averaging... | Wikipedia |
The Volyn biota are fossilized microorganisms found in rock samples from miarolitic cavities of igneous rocks collected in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. It is within the historical region of Volyn, hence the name of the find. Exceptionally well-preserved, they were dated to 1.5 Ga, within the "Boring Billion" period of the... | Wikipedia |
The National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) is a trade association in the United States representing the electrical contracting industry through advocacy, education, research, and standards development. History In 1901, at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, a group of electrical contractors me... | Wikipedia |
An ion drift meter is a device used to measure the velocity of individual ions in the area of a spacecraft. This information can then be used to calculate the ion drift in the space surrounding the instrument as well as the strength of an electric field present, provided that the magnetic field strength has been determ... | Wikipedia |
In statistics, more specifically in biostatistics, line-intercept sampling (LIS) is a method of sampling elements in a region whereby an element is sampled if a chosen line segment, called a “transect”, intersects the element. Line intercept sampling has proven to be a reliable, versatile, and easy to implement method ... | Wikipedia |
In computer programming, a mirror is a reflection mechanism that is completely decoupled from the object whose structure is being introspected. This is as opposed to traditional reflection, for example in Java, where one introspects an object using methods from the object itself (e.g. getClass()). Mirrors adhere to the... | Wikipedia |
In radio, cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (cooperative MIMO, CO-MIMO) is a technology that can effectively exploit the spatial domain of mobile fading channels to bring significant performance improvements to wireless communication systems. It is also called network MIMO, distributed MIMO, virtual MIMO, and ... | Wikipedia |
This article lists notable unsolved problems in biology. General biology Evolution and origins of life Origin of life. Exactly how, where, and when did life on Earth originate? Which, if any, of the many hypotheses is correct? What were the metabolic pathways used by the earliest life forms? How did genetic code origin... | Wikipedia |
List of assets owned by General Electric: Primary business units GE Aerospace GE Power GE Renewable Energy Other business units GE Additive GE Capital GE Energy Financial Services GE Digital GE Research GE Licensing See also Lists of corporate assets References Sources http://www.ge.com | Wikipedia |
Allen's interval algebra is a calculus for temporal reasoning that was introduced by James F. Allen in 1983. The calculus defines possible relations between time intervals and provides a composition table that can be used as a basis for reasoning about temporal descriptions of events. Formal description Relations The f... | Wikipedia |
t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a statistical method for visualizing high-dimensional data by giving each datapoint a location in a two or three-dimensional map. It is based on Stochastic Neighbor Embedding originally developed by Geoffrey Hinton and Sam Roweis, where Laurens van der Maaten and H... | Wikipedia |
The Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life (CeDAMar) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that studies the species diversity of one of the largest and most inaccessible environments on the planet, the abyssal plain. CeDAMar uses data to create an estimation of global species diversity and provide a bette... | Wikipedia |
Infrared open-path gas detectors send out a beam of infrared light, detecting gas anywhere along the path of the beam. This linear 'sensor' is typically a few metres up to a few hundred metres in length. Open-path detectors can be contrasted with infrared point sensors. They are widely used in the petroleum and petroch... | Wikipedia |
Cassini's laws provide a compact description of the motion of the Moon. They were established in 1693 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, a prominent scientist of his time. Refinements of these laws to include physical librations have been made, and they have been generalized to treat other satellites and planets. Cassini's ... | Wikipedia |
In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (Ra, after Lord Rayleigh) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. It characterises the fluid's flow regime: a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow; a value in a higher range, turbulent ... | Wikipedia |
The status of creation and evolution in public education has been the subject of substantial debate and conflict in legal, political, and religious circles. Globally, there are a wide variety of views on the topic. Most western countries have legislation that mandates only evolutionary biology is to be taught in the ap... | Wikipedia |
The Rayleigh–Kuo criterion (sometimes called the Kuo criterion) is a stability condition for a fluid. This criterion determines whether or not a barotropic instability can occur, leading to the presence of vortices (like eddies and storms). The Kuo criterion states that for barotropic instability to occur, the gradient... | Wikipedia |
The history of anatomy spans from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the advanced studies of the human body conducted by modern scientists. Written descriptions of human organs and parts can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Egyptian papyri, where attention to the body was necessitated by th... | Wikipedia |
The Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers was founded in 1991 and is published eight times annually by World Scientific. It covers a wide range of topics regarding circuits, systems and computers, from basic mathematics to engineering and design. The editor-in-chief of the journal is Professor Wai-Kai Chen and the... | Wikipedia |
In combustion, the Karlovitz number is defined as the ratio of chemical time scale t F {\displaystyle t_{F}} to Kolmogorov time scale t η {\displaystyle t_{\eta }} , named after Béla Karlovitz. The number reads as K a = t F t η {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ka} ={\frac {t_{F}}{t_{\eta }}}} . In premixed turbulent combustion,... | Wikipedia |
The passive optical network (PON) uses tree-like network topology. Due to the topology of PON, the transmission modes for downstream (that is, from optical line termination, (OLT) to optical network unit (ONU)) and upstream (that is, from ONU to OLT) are different. For the downstream transmission, the OLT broadcasts op... | Wikipedia |
In plasma physics and magnetic confinement fusion, neoclassical transport or neoclassical diffusion is a theoretical description of collisional transport in toroidal plasmas, usually found in tokamaks or stellarators. It is a modification of classical diffusion adding in effects of non-uniform magnetic fields due to th... | Wikipedia |
Roy David Williams is a physicist and data scientist. He is a professor at Caltech and is most known for his work with the LIGO, and VOTable and VOEvent standards. He is a proponent of open data. Selected research Fox, Geoffrey C., Roy D. Williams, and Paul C. Messina. Parallel computing works!. Elsevier, 2014. Giavali... | Wikipedia |
Kavita Annapoorani Ganesan is a Malaysian-born author, data scientist and AI consultant known for her research in the fields of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing. She wrote the book, The Business Case for AI and founded the company Opinosis Analytics. Her works have been cited o... | Wikipedia |
In statistics, a univariate distribution is a probability distribution of only one random variable. This is in contrast to a multivariate distribution, the probability distribution of a random vector (consisting of multiple random variables). Examples One of the simplest examples of a discrete univariate distribution i... | Wikipedia |
Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed. Colloquially, when a magnet is "magnetized", it has remanence. The remanence of magnetic materials provides the magnetic memory in magnetic s... | Wikipedia |
A vacuum Rabi oscillation is a damped oscillation of an initially excited atom coupled to an electromagnetic resonator or cavity in which the atom alternately emits photon(s) into a single-mode electromagnetic cavity and reabsorbs them. The atom interacts with a single-mode field confined to a limited volume V in an op... | Wikipedia |
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; a hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight... | Wikipedia |
Cormus (PL: cormi) (from ancient Greek: κορμός, kormόs, 'stem') is the appearance of a plant that belong to Cormophyte (Pteridophyte and Spermatophyte). In cormus, the vegetative apparatus is no longer a thallus, such as algae, that cannot be distinctly differentiated. The structure of cormus can be easily differentiat... | Wikipedia |
A settling basin, settling pond or decant pond is an earthen or concrete structure using sedimentation to remove settleable matter and turbidity from wastewater. The basins are used to control water pollution in diverse industries such as agriculture, aquaculture, and mining. Turbidity is an optical property of water c... | Wikipedia |
Statistical relational learning (SRL) is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence and machine learning that is concerned with domain models that exhibit both uncertainty (which can be dealt with using statistical methods) and complex, relational structure. Typically, the knowledge representation formalisms developed ... | Wikipedia |
Vaginal transplantation is procedure whereby donated or laboratory-grown vagina tissue is used to create a 'neovagina'. It is most often used in women who have vaginal aplasia (the congenital absence of a vagina). Background Vaginal aplasia is a rare medical condition in which the vagina does not form properly before b... | Wikipedia |
The Complete class theorems is a class of theorems in decision theory. They establish that all admissible decision rules are equivalent to the Bayesian decision rule for some utility function and some prior distribution (or for the limit of a sequence of prior distributions). Thus, for every decision rule, either the r... | Wikipedia |
A unified model for Diffusion Localization and Dissipation (DLD), optionally termed Diffusion with Local Dissipation, has been introduced for the study of Quantal Brownian Motion (QBM) in dynamical disorder. It can be regarded as a generalization of the familiar Caldeira-Leggett model. H = p 2 2 m + V ( x ) + H i n t +... | Wikipedia |
The European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI), formerly European Co-ordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI), is the representative body for the European artificial intelligence community. Overview EurAI was established in 1982. Founding president of EurAI was Wolfgang Bibel. The aim of E... | Wikipedia |
The interdisciplinary study of biology and political science is the application of theories and methods from the field of biology toward the scientific understanding of political behavior. The field is sometimes called biopolitics, a term that will be used in this article as a synonym although it has other, less relate... | Wikipedia |
Professor Qiang Shen is an academic and engineer. He is an expert in the research and development of data modelling and analysis and currently serves as Pro Vice-Chancellor at Aberystwyth University. As of 2023, he has published 450 peer-reviewed papers in electronic engineering and computing journals. His expertise is... | Wikipedia |
Cartesian Perceptual Compression (abbreviated CPC, with filename extension .cpc) is a proprietary image file format. It was designed for high compression of black-and-white raster Document Imaging for archival scans. CPC is lossy, has no lossless mode, and is restricted to bi-tonal images. The company which controls th... | Wikipedia |
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providin... | Wikipedia |
A tape diagram is a rectangular visual model resembling a piece of tape, that is used to assist with the calculation of ratios and addition, subtraction, and commonly multiplication. It is also known as a divided bar model, fraction strip, length model or strip diagram. In mathematics education, it is used to solve wor... | Wikipedia |
Active Intelligence Pte Ltd (Active.Ai) is a private fintech company focusing on artificial intelligence. Its headquarters are in Singapore while its research and development base in Bengaluru. It claims to use natural language processing and machine intelligence as a platform that allows banks to interact with custome... | Wikipedia |
HDPE pipe (high-density polyethylene pipe) is a type of flexible plastic pipe used to transfer fluids and gases. It is often employed for replacing aging concrete or steel main pipelines. Constructed from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-density polyethylene), it has low permeability and robust molecular bonding, making it... | Wikipedia |
In graph theory, approximate max-flow min-cut theorems concern the relationship between the maximum flow rate (max-flow) and the minimum cut (min-cut) in multi-commodity flow problems. The classic max-flow min-cut theorem states that for networks with a single type of flow (single-commodity flows), the maximum possible... | Wikipedia |
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a major reference work related to industrial chemistry by chemist Fritz Ullmann, first published in 1914, and exclusively in German as "Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie" until 1984. History Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a major reference work rela... | Wikipedia |
In applied mathematics, multimodal optimization deals with optimization tasks that involve finding all or most of the multiple (at least locally optimal) solutions of a problem, as opposed to a single best solution. Evolutionary multimodal optimization is a branch of evolutionary computation, which is closely related t... | Wikipedia |
In statistics, Gaussian process emulator is one name for a general type of statistical model that has been used in contexts where the problem is to make maximum use of the outputs of a complicated (often non-random) computer-based simulation model. Each run of the simulation model is computationally expensive and each ... | Wikipedia |
Zip-cord is a type of electrical cable with two or more conductors held together by an insulating jacket that can be easily separated simply by pulling apart. In Australia it is known as 'figure-8' cable. The zip-cord term is also used with optical fiber cables consisting of two optical fibers joined in a similar manne... | Wikipedia |
Permanent cells are cells that are incapable of regeneration. These cells are considered to be terminally differentiated and non-proliferative in postnatal life. This includes neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle cells. Although these cells are considered permanent in that they neither reproduce nor transform into oth... | Wikipedia |
In physics and engineering, a phasor (a portmanteau of phase vector) is a complex number representing a sinusoidal function whose amplitude A and initial phase θ are time-invariant and whose angular frequency ω is fixed. It is related to a more general concept called analytic representation, which decomposes a sinusoid... | Wikipedia |
IEC 61000-4-5 is an international standard by the International Electrotechnical Commission on surge immunity. In an electrical installation, disruptive surges can appear on power and data lines. Their sources include abrupt load switching and faults in the power system, as well as induced lightning transients from an ... | Wikipedia |
Over a period of 24 years (January 1957 – December 1980), Martin Gardner wrote 288 consecutive monthly "Mathematical Games" columns for Scientific American magazine. During the next 5+1⁄2 years, until June 1986, Gardner wrote 9 more columns, bringing his total to 297. During this period other authors wrote most of the ... | Wikipedia |
Geometry From Africa: Mathematical and Educational Explorations is a book in ethnomathematics by Paulus Gerdes. It analyzes the mathematics behind geometric designs and patterns from multiple African cultures, and suggests ways of connecting this analysis with the mathematics curriculum. It was published in 1999 by the... | Wikipedia |
The history of electromagnetic theory begins with ancient measures to understand atmospheric electricity, in particular lightning. People then had little understanding of electricity, and were unable to explain the phenomena. Scientific understanding and research into the nature of electricity grew throughout the eight... | Wikipedia |
Przybylski's Star (pronounced or ), or HD 101065, is a rapidly oscillating Ap star at roughly 356 light-years (109 parsecs) from the Sun in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It has a unique spectrum showing over-abundances of most rare-earth elements, for example, but under-abundances of more common elements suc... | Wikipedia |
Somatopause is the progressive decline in the levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis (HPS axis), with age. Secretion of GH may only be 60% of that of a young adult by age 70 years. Somatopause results in changes in the body, such ... | Wikipedia |
Kubeflow is an open-source platform for machine learning and MLOps on Kubernetes introduced by Google. The different stages in a typical machine learning lifecycle are represented with different software components in Kubeflow, including model development (Kubeflow Notebooks), model training (Kubeflow Pipelines, Kubefl... | Wikipedia |
First-person view (FPV), also known as remote-person view (RPV), or video piloting, is a method used to control a radio-controlled vehicle from the driver or pilot's viewpoint. Most commonly it is used to pilot a radio-controlled aircraft or other type of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) such as a military drone. The oper... | Wikipedia |
The ELVIS Act or Ensuring Likeness Voice and Image Security Act, signed into law by Tennessee Governor Bill Lee on March 21, 2024, marked a significant milestone in the area of regulation of artificial intelligence and public sector policies for artists in the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and AI alignment. It wa... | Wikipedia |
Massive Online Analysis (MOA) is a free open-source software project specific for data stream mining with concept drift. It is written in Java and developed at the University of Waikato, New Zealand. Description MOA is an open-source framework software that allows to build and run experiments of machine learning or dat... | Wikipedia |
In coding theory, the Forney algorithm (or Forney's algorithm) calculates the error values at known error locations. It is used as one of the steps in decoding BCH codes and Reed–Solomon codes (a subclass of BCH codes). George David Forney Jr. developed the algorithm in 1965. Procedure Need to introduce terminology and... | Wikipedia |
Vojin G. Oklobdzija (Cyrillic: Војин Г. Оклобџија) is a computer and electronics engineer, scientist, author, and academic. He is professor emeritus of the University of California, Life Fellow of IEEE and past President of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society. Education Oklobdzija obtained his Dipl. Ing. in electroni... | Wikipedia |
2 + 2 = 5 or two plus two equals five is a mathematical falsehood which is used as an example of a simple logical error that is obvious to anyone familiar with basic arithmetic. The phrase has been used in various contexts since 1728, and is best known from the 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell... | Wikipedia |
In signal processing, group delay and phase delay are functions that describe in different ways the delay times experienced by a signal’s various sinusoidal frequency components as they pass through a linear time-invariant (LTI) system (such as a microphone, coaxial cable, amplifier, loudspeaker, communications system,... | Wikipedia |
In mathematical logic, an alternative set theory is any of the alternative mathematical approaches to the concept of set and any alternative to the de facto standard set theory described in axiomatic set theory by the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. Alternative set theories Alternative set theories include: Vopě... | Wikipedia |
The Etta Z. Falconer Lecture is an award and lecture series which honors "women who have made distinguished contributions to the mathematical sciences or mathematics education". It is sponsored by the Association for Women in Mathematics and the Mathematical Association of America. The lectures began in 1996 and were n... | Wikipedia |
A molecular demon or biological molecular machine is a biological macromolecule that resembles and seems to have the same properties as Maxwell's demon. These macromolecules gather information in order to recognize their substrate or ligand within a myriad of other molecules floating in the intracellular or extracellul... | Wikipedia |
The AI effect is the discounting of the behavior of an artificial intelligence program as not "real" intelligence. The author Pamela McCorduck writes: "It's part of the history of the field of artificial intelligence that every time somebody figured out how to make a computer do something—play good checkers, solve simp... | Wikipedia |
The J.W. Graham Medal in Computing and Innovation is an award given annually by the University of Waterloo and the University of Waterloo Faculty of Mathematics to "recognize the leadership and many innovative contributions made to the University of Waterloo, and to the Canadian computer industry." Recipients of this a... | Wikipedia |
Editing documents, program code, or any data always risks introducing errors. Displaying the differences between two or more sets of data, file comparison tools can make computing simpler, and more efficient by focusing on new data and ignoring what did not change. Generically known as a diff after the Unix diff utilit... | Wikipedia |
In telecommunication and computer networking, time-driven switching (TDS) is a node by node time variant implementation of circuit switching, where the propagating datagram is shorter in space than the distance between source and destination. With TDS it is no longer necessary to own a complete circuit between source a... | Wikipedia |
Statistica is an advanced analytics software package originally developed by StatSoft and currently maintained by TIBCO Software Inc. Statistica provides data analysis, data management, statistics, data mining, machine learning, text analytics and data visualization procedures. Overview Statistica is a suite of analyti... | Wikipedia |
Tube sound (or valve sound) is the characteristic sound associated with a vacuum tube amplifier (valve amplifier in British English), a vacuum tube-based audio amplifier. At first, the concept of tube sound did not exist, because practically all electronic amplification of audio signals was done with vacuum tubes and o... | Wikipedia |
The Common Business Communication Language (CBCL) is a communications language proposed by John McCarthy that foreshadowed much of XML. The language consists of a basic framework of hierarchical markup derived from S-expressions, coupled with some general principles about use and extensibility. Although written in 1975... | Wikipedia |
The Chézy Formula is a semi-empirical resistance equation which estimates mean flow velocity in open channel conduits. The relationship was conceptualized and developed in 1768 by French physicist and engineer Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798) while designing Paris's water canal system. Chézy discovered a similarity paramet... | Wikipedia |
Organoid intelligence (OI) is an emerging field of study in computer science and biology that develops and studies biological wetware computing using 3D cultures of human brain cells (or brain organoids) and brain-machine interface technologies. Such technologies may be referred to as OIs. Organoid intelligent computer... | Wikipedia |
Electrical network frequency (ENF) analysis is an audio forensics technique for validating audio recordings by comparing frequency changes in background mains hum in the recording with long-term high-precision historical records of mains frequency changes from a database. In effect the mains hum signal is treated as if... | Wikipedia |
An airlift pump is a pump that has low suction and moderate discharge of liquid and entrained solids. The pump injects compressed air at the bottom of the discharge pipe which is immersed in the liquid. The compressed air mixes with the liquid causing the air-water mixture to be less dense than the rest of the liquid a... | Wikipedia |
In fluid dynamics, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) is an average measure of particle size. It was originally developed by German scientist Josef Sauter in the late 1920s. It is defined as the diameter of a sphere that has the same volume/surface area ratio as a particle of interest. Several methods have been devised to obta... | Wikipedia |
In physics, the scallop theorem states that a swimmer that performs a reciprocal motion cannot achieve net displacement in a low-Reynolds number Newtonian fluid environment, i.e. a fluid that is highly viscous. Such a swimmer deforms its body into a particular shape through a sequence of motions and then reverts to the... | Wikipedia |
In statistics, naive (sometimes simple or idiot's) Bayes classifiers are a family of "probabilistic classifiers" which assumes that the features are conditionally independent, given the target class. In other words, a naive Bayes model assumes the information about the class provided by each variable is unrelated to th... | Wikipedia |
In earthmoving, cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill needed to make nearby embankments to minimize the amount of construction labor. Overview Cut sections of roadway or rail are areas where the roadway has a lowe... | Wikipedia |
Cell theory has its origins in seventeenth century microscopy observations, but it was nearly two hundred years before a complete cell membrane theory was developed to explain what separates cells from the outside world. By the 19th century it was accepted that some form of semi-permeable barrier must exist around a ce... | Wikipedia |
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