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1 value
answer
stringlengths
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4 values
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listlengths
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stringclasses
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reward_model
dict
extra_info
dict
numina_math
4.5e33
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A white dwarf star has an effective temperature, $T_{e}=50,000$ degrees Kelvin, but its radius, $R_{\\mathrm{WD}}$, is comparable to that of the Earth. Take $R_{\\mathrm{WD}}=10^...
math
{ "ground_truth": "4.5e33", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 500, "split": "test" }
numina_math
41.8
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A prism is constructed from glass and has sides that form a right triangle with the other two angles equal to $45^{\\circ}$. The sides are $L, L$, and $H$, where $L$ is...
math
{ "ground_truth": "41.8", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 501, "split": "test" }
numina_math
20.39
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A particular star has an absolute magnitude $M=-7$. If this star is observed in a galaxy that is at a distance of $3 \\mathrm{Mpc}$, what will its apparent magnitude be? Let's th...
math
{ "ground_truth": "20.39", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 502, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.006
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the gravitational acceleration due to the Sun at the location of the Earth's orbit (i.e., at a distance of $1 \\mathrm{AU}$ ). Give your answer in meters per second squared...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.006", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 503, "split": "test" }
numina_math
np.arcsin(10/13)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A collimated light beam propagating in water is incident on the surface (air/water interface) at an angle $\\theta_w$ with respect to the surface normal.\n\nSubproblem ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "np.arcsin(10/13)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 504, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.49
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the theoretical limiting angular resolution (in arcsec) of a commercial 8-inch (diameter) optical telescope being used in the visible spectrum (at $\\lambda=5000 \\AA=500 \\...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.49", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 505, "split": "test" }
numina_math
100
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A star has a measured parallax of $0.01^{\\prime \\prime}$, that is, $0.01$ arcseconds. How far away is it, in parsecs? Let's think step by step and output the final answer withi...
math
{ "ground_truth": "100", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 506, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.022
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "An extrasolar planet has been observed which passes in front of (i.e., transits) its parent star. If the planet is dark (i.e., contributes essentially no light of its own) and ha...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.022", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 507, "split": "test" }
numina_math
9.6
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "If the Bohr energy levels scale as $Z^{2}$, where $Z$ is the atomic number of the atom (i.e., the charge on the nucleus), estimate the wavelength of a photon that results from a ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "9.6", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 508, "split": "test" }
numina_math
3.83e35
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "If the Sun's absolute magnitude is $+5$, find the luminosity of a star of magnitude $0$ in ergs/s. A useful constant: the luminosity of the sun is $3.83 \\times 10^{33}$ ergs/s. ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "3.83e35", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 509, "split": "test" }
numina_math
300
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A spectrum is taken of a single star (i.e., one not in a binary). Among the observed spectral lines is one from oxygen whose rest wavelength is $5007 \\AA$. The Doppler...
math
{ "ground_truth": "300", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 510, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{2\pic^{2}R^{2}}{\lambda^{5}[e^{hc/(\lambdakT)}-1]d^{2}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "The differential luminosity from a star, $\\Delta L$, with an approximate blackbody spectrum, is given by:\n\\[\n\\Delta L=\\frac{8 \\pi^{2} c^{2} R^{2}}{\\lambda^{5}\\left[e^{h ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{2\\pic^{2}R^{2}}{\\lambda^{5}[e^{hc/(\\lambdakT)}-1]d^{2}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 511, "split": "test" }
numina_math
8.7e8
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A very hot star is detected in the galaxy M31 located at a distance of $800 \\mathrm{kpc}$. The star has a temperature $T = 6 \\times 10^{5} K$ and produces a flux of $...
math
{ "ground_truth": "8.7e8", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 512, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.003
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A star is at a distance from the Earth of $300 \\mathrm{pc}$. Find its parallax angle, $\\pi$, in arcseconds to one significant figure. Let's think step by step and output the fi...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.003", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 513, "split": "test" }
numina_math
4e33
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "The Sun's effective temperature, $T_{e}$, is 5800 Kelvin, and its radius is $7 \\times 10^{10} \\mathrm{~cm}\\left(7 \\times 10^{8}\\right.$ m). Compute the luminosity (power out...
math
{ "ground_truth": "4e33", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 514, "split": "test" }
numina_math
4.49
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Use the Bohr model of the atom to compute the wavelength of the transition from the $n=100$ to $n=99$ levels, in centimeters. [Uscful relation: the wavelength of $L \\alpha$ ( $\...
math
{ "ground_truth": "4.49", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 515, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.01
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A radio interferometer, operating at a wavelength of $1 \\mathrm{~cm}$, consists of 100 small dishes, each $1 \\mathrm{~m}$ in diameter, distributed randomly within a $...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.01", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 516, "split": "test" }
numina_math
3.3e12
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Orbital Dynamics: A binary system consists of two stars in circular orbit about a common center of mass, with an orbital period, $P_{\\text {orb }}=10$ days. Star 1 is ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "3.3e12", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 517, "split": "test" }
numina_math
10
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "If a star cluster is made up of $10^{4}$ stars, each of whose absolute magnitude is $-5$, compute the combined apparent magnitude of the cluster if it is located at a distance of...
math
{ "ground_truth": "10", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 518, "split": "test" }
numina_math
6630
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A galaxy moves directly away from us with a speed of $3000 \\mathrm{~km} \\mathrm{~s}^{-1}$. Find the wavelength of the $\\mathrm{H} \\alpha$ line observed at the Earth, in Angst...
math
{ "ground_truth": "6630", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 519, "split": "test" }
numina_math
1.2
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "The Spitzer Space Telescope has an effective diameter of $85 \\mathrm{cm}$, and a typical wavelength used for observation of $5 \\mu \\mathrm{m}$, or 5 microns. Based on this inf...
math
{ "ground_truth": "1.2", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 520, "split": "test" }
numina_math
3e6
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "It has long been suspected that there is a massive black hole near the center of our Galaxy. Recently, a group of astronmers determined the parameters of a star that is orbiting ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "3e6", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 521, "split": "test" }
numina_math
7e37
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A very hot star is detected in the galaxy M31 located at a distance of $800 \\mathrm{kpc}$. The star has a temperature $T = 6 \\times 10^{5} K$ and produces a flux of $...
math
{ "ground_truth": "7e37", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 522, "split": "test" }
numina_math
50
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A large ground-based telescope has an effective focal length of 10 meters. Two astronomical objects are separated by 1 arc second in the sky. How far apart will the two correspon...
math
{ "ground_truth": "50", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 523, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{aM^{1/3}}{GM^{2/3}+b}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "The equation of state for cold (non-relativistic) matter may be approximated as:\n\\[\nP=a \\rho^{5 / 3}-b \\rho^{4 / 3}\n\\]\nwhere $P$ is the pressure, $\\rho$ the density, and...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{aM^{1/3}}{GM^{2/3}+b}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 524, "split": "test" }
numina_math
7.5e7
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Take the total energy (potential plus thermal) of the Sun to be given by the simple expression:\n\\[\nE \\simeq-\\frac{G M^{2}}{R}\n\\]\nwhere $M$ and $R$ are the mass and radius...
math
{ "ground_truth": "7.5e7", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 525, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{dM}{dt}=\frac{10^{5}L_{\odot}}{0.007c^{2}M_{\odot}^{6}}M^{6}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Once a star like the Sun starts to ascend the giant branch its luminosity, to a good approximation, is given by:\n\\[\nL=\\frac{10^{5} L_{\\odot}}{M_{\\odot}^{6}} M_{\\...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{dM}{dt}=\\frac{10^{5}L_{\\odot}}{0.007c^{2}M_{\\odot}^{6}}M^{6}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 526, "split": "test" }
numina_math
[P_{0}^{2/5}-\frac{2}{5}gK^{-3/5}z]^{5/2}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A star of radius, $R$, and mass, $M$, has an atmosphere that obeys a polytropic equation of state:\n\\[\nP=K \\rho^{5 / 3} \\text {, }\n\\]\nwhere $P$ is the gas pressure, $\\rho...
math
{ "ground_truth": "[P_{0}^{2/5}-\\frac{2}{5}gK^{-3/5}z]^{5/2}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 527, "split": "test" }
numina_math
1.75
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "An eclipsing binary consists of two stars of different radii and effective temperatures. Star 1 has radius $R_{1}$ and $T_{1}$, and Star 2 has $R_{2}=0.5 R_{1}$ and $T_{2}=2 T_{1...
math
{ "ground_truth": "1.75", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 528, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\sqrt{4\piG\rho_{0}r_{0}^{2}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: It has been suggested that our Galaxy has a spherically symmetric dark-matter halo with a density distribution, $\\rho_{\\text {dark }}(r)$, given by:\n\\[\n\\rho_{\\te...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\sqrt{4\\piG\\rho_{0}r_{0}^{2}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 529, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.33
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "The Very Large Array (VLA) telescope has an effective diameter of $36 \\mathrm{~km}$, and a typical wavelength used for observation at this facility might be $6 \\mathrm{~cm}$. ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.33", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 530, "split": "test" }
numina_math
27.39
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: A particular star has an absolute magnitude $M=-7$. If this star is observed in a galaxy that is at a distance of $3 \\mathrm{Mpc}$, what will its apparent magnitud...
math
{ "ground_truth": "27.39", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 531, "split": "test" }
numina_math
24.4
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the distance modulus to the Andromeda galaxy (M31). Take the distance to Andromeda to be $750 \\mathrm{kpc}$, and answer to three significant figures. Let's think step by st...
math
{ "ground_truth": "24.4", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 532, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.05
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "The Hubble Space telescope has an effective diameter of $2.5 \\mathrm{~m}$, and a typical wavelength used for observation by the Hubble might be $0.6 \\mu \\mathrm{m}$, or 600 na...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.05", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 533, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\arcsin{1.3\sin{\theta_w}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A collimated light beam propagating in water is incident on the surface (air/water interface) at an angle $\\theta_w$ with respect to the surface normal.\n\nIf the inde...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\arcsin{1.3\\sin{\\theta_w}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 534, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.15
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "What fraction of the rest mass energy is released (in the form of radiation) when a mass $\\Delta M$ is dropped from infinity onto the surface of a neutron star with $M=1 M_{\\od...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.15", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 535, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2e27
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The density of stars in a particular globular star cluster is $10^{6} \\mathrm{pc}^{-3}$. Take the stars to have the same radius as the Sun, and to have an average spee...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2e27", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 536, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-1./3
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "For a gas supported by degenerate electron pressure, the pressure is given by:\n\\[\nP=K \\rho^{5 / 3}\n\\]\nwhere $K$ is a constant and $\\rho$ is the mass density. If a star is...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-1./3", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 537, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.033
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A galaxy moves directly away from us with speed $v$, and the wavelength of its $\\mathrm{H} \\alpha$ line is observed to be $6784 \\AA$. The rest wavelength of $\\mathrm{H} \\alp...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.033", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 538, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.5613
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A candle has a power in the visual band of roughly $3$ Watts. When this candle is placed at a distance of $3 \\mathrm{~km}$ it has the same apparent brightness as a certain star....
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.5613", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 539, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{v_{0}}{r_{0}}\frac{1}{(1+r/r_{0})^{3/2}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A galaxy is found to have a rotation curve, $v(r)$, given by\n\\[\nv(r)=\\frac{\\left(\\frac{r}{r_{0}}\\right)}{\\left(1+\\frac{r}{r_{0}}\\right)^{3 / 2}} v_{0}\n\\]\nw...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{v_{0}}{r_{0}}\\frac{1}{(1+r/r_{0})^{3/2}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 540, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2.75e11
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Orbital Dynamics: A binary system consists of two stars in circular orbit about a common center of mass, with an orbital period, $P_{\\text {orb }}=10$ days. Star 1 is ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2.75e11", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 541, "split": "test" }
numina_math
6e13
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The density of stars in a particular globular star cluster is $10^{6} \\mathrm{pc}^{-3}$. Take the stars to have the same radius as the Sun, and to have an average spee...
math
{ "ground_truth": "6e13", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 542, "split": "test" }
numina_math
1e-5
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A radio interferometer, operating at a wavelength of $1 \\mathrm{~cm}$, consists of 100 small dishes, each $1 \\mathrm{~m}$ in diameter, distributed randomly within a $...
math
{ "ground_truth": "1e-5", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 543, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-10
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "If a star cluster is made up of $10^{6}$ stars whose absolute magnitude is the same as that of the Sun (+5), compute the combined magnitude of the cluster if it is located at a d...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-10", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 544, "split": "test" }
numina_math
15625
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A certain red giant has a radius that is 500 times that of the Sun, and a temperature that is $1 / 2$ that of the Sun's temperature. Find its bolometric (total) luminosity in uni...
math
{ "ground_truth": "15625", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 545, "split": "test" }
numina_math
1e-3
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Suppose air molecules have a collision cross section of $10^{-16} \\mathrm{~cm}^{2}$. If the (number) density of air molecules is $10^{19} \\mathrm{~cm}^{-3}$, what is the collis...
math
{ "ground_truth": "1e-3", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 546, "split": "test" }
numina_math
3
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Two stars have the same surface temperature. Star 1 has a radius that is $2.5$ times larger than the radius of star 2. Star 1 is ten times farther away than star 2. What is the a...
math
{ "ground_truth": "3", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 547, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-3./2
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "What is the slope of a $\\log N(>F)$ vs. $\\log F$ curve for a homogeneous distribution of objects, each of luminosity, $L$, where $F$ is the flux at the observer, and $N$ is the...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-3./2", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 548, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2.7778e-6
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Comparison of Radio and Optical Telescopes.\n\nThe Very Large Array (VLA) is used to make an interferometric map of the Orion Nebula at a wavelength of $10 \\mathrm{~cm...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2.7778e-6", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 549, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-7
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A globular cluster has $10^{6}$ stars each of apparent magnitude $+8$. What is the combined apparent magnitude of the entire cluster? Let's think step by step and output the fina...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-7", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 550, "split": "test" }
numina_math
48
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A very hot star is detected in the galaxy M31 located at a distance of $800 \\mathrm{kpc}$. The star has a temperature $T = 6 \\times 10^{5} K$ and produces a flux of $...
math
{ "ground_truth": "48", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 551, "split": "test" }
numina_math
16
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "A Boolean function $F(A, B)$ is said to be universal if any arbitrary boolean function can be constructed by using nested $F(A, B)$ functions. A universal function is useful, sin...
math
{ "ground_truth": "16", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 552, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.192
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Unfortunately, a mutant gene can turn box people into triangles late in life. A laboratory test has been developed which can spot the gene early so that the dreaded triangle tran...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.192", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 553, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.5978
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Buzz, the hot new dining spot on campus, emphasizes simplicity. It only has two items on the menu, burgers and zucchini. Customers make a choice as they enter (they are not allow...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.5978", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 554, "split": "test" }
numina_math
11000
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Given the following data from an Experimental Forest, answer the following questions. Show your work and units.\n$\\begin{array}{ll}\\text { Total vegetative biomass } ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "11000", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 555, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0.53
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A population of 100 ferrets is introduced to a large island in the beginning of 1990 . Ferrets have an intrinsic growth rate, $r_{\\max }$ of $1.3 \\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$.\n...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0.53", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 556, "split": "test" }
numina_math
15000
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Given the following data from an Experimental Forest, answer the following questions. Show your work and units.\n$\\begin{array}{ll}\\text { Total vegetative biomass } ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "15000", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 557, "split": "test" }
numina_math
1538
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The Peak District Moorlands in the United Kingdom store 20 million tonnes of carbon, almost half of the carbon stored in the soils of the entire United Kingdom (the Moo...
math
{ "ground_truth": "1538", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 558, "split": "test" }
numina_math
4.4e7
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: A population of 100 ferrets is introduced to a large island in the beginning of 1990 . Ferrets have an intrinsic growth rate, $r_{\\max }$ of $1.3 \\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$.\n...
math
{ "ground_truth": "4.4e7", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 559, "split": "test" }
numina_math
I(0)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to a circuit with the following parameters. Denote by $I(t)$ the current (where the positive direction is, say, clockwise) in the circui...
math
{ "ground_truth": "I(0)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 560, "split": "test" }
numina_math
y^{\prime}+ry-rx(t)=0
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Consider the following \"mixing problem.\" A tank holds $V$ liters of salt water. Suppose that a saline solution with concentration of $c \\mathrm{gm} /$ liter is added at the ra...
math
{ "ground_truth": "y^{\\prime}+ry-rx(t)=0", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 561, "split": "test" }
numina_math
cx^{-2}-\frac{\cos(2x)}{2x^{2}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the general solution of $x^{2} y^{\\prime}+2 x y=\\sin (2 x)$, solving for $y$. Note that a general solution to a differential equation has the form $x=x_{p}+c x_{h}$ where ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "cx^{-2}-\\frac{\\cos(2x)}{2x^{2}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 562, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{dx}{dt}=kx-a
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "An African government is trying to come up with good policy regarding the hunting of oryx. They are using the following model: the oryx population has a natural growth rate of $k...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{dx}{dt}=kx-a", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 563, "split": "test" }
numina_math
4
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "If the complex number $z$ is given by $z = 1+\\sqrt{3} i$, what is the magnitude of $z^2$? Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "u...
math
{ "ground_truth": "4", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 564, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "In the polar representation $(r, \\theta)$ of the complex number $z=1+\\sqrt{3} i$, what is $r$? Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}.", "rol...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 565, "split": "test" }
numina_math
1+\sqrt{3}i
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: In the following problems, take $a = \\ln 2$ and $b = \\pi / 3$. \n\nGiven $a = \\ln 2$ and $b = \\pi / 3$, rewrite $e^{a+b i}$ in the form $x + yi$, where $x, y$ are r...
math
{ "ground_truth": "1+\\sqrt{3}i", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 566, "split": "test" }
numina_math
0
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: Find the general solution of the differential equation $y^{\\prime}=x-2 y$ analytically using integrating factors, solving for $y$. Note that a function $u(t)$ such...
math
{ "ground_truth": "0", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 567, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-0.875
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems relate to applying Euler's Method (a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations with a given initial value) o...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-0.875", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 568, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\sqrt{2}\cos(2t-\pi/4)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Rewrite the function $f(t) = \\cos (2 t)+\\sin (2 t)$ in the form $A \\cos (\\omega t-\\phi)$. It may help to begin by drawing a right triangle with sides $a$ and $b$. Let's thin...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\sqrt{2}\\cos(2t-\\pi/4)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 569, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{1}{2a}(\exp{a*t}-\exp{-a*t})
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Given the ordinary differential equation $\\ddot{x}-a^{2} x=0$, where $a$ is a nonzero real-valued constant, find a solution $x(t)$ to this equation such that $x(0) = 0$ and $\\d...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{1}{2a}(\\exp{a*t}-\\exp{-a*t})", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 570, "split": "test" }
numina_math
x_{0}\cos(\omegat)+\dot{x}_{0}\sin(\omegat)/\omega
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find a solution to the differential equation $\\ddot{x}+\\omega^{2} x=0$ satisfying the initial conditions $x(0)=x_{0}$ and $\\dot{x}(0)=\\dot{x}_{0}$. Let's think step by step a...
math
{ "ground_truth": "x_{0}\\cos(\\omegat)+\\dot{x}_{0}\\sin(\\omegat)/\\omega", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 571, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\ln2+i\pi/3
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the complex number $a+b i$ with the smallest possible positive $b$ such that $e^{a+b i}=1+\\sqrt{3} i$. Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\ln2+i\\pi/3", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 572, "split": "test" }
numina_math
e^{t}/3
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: Find the general solution of the differential equation $\\dot{x}+2 x=e^{t}$, using $c$ for the arbitrary constant of integration which will occur.\n\n\nSolution: We...
math
{ "ground_truth": "e^{t}/3", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 573, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: For $\\omega \\geq 0$, find $A$ such that $A \\cos (\\omega t)$ is a solution of $\\ddot{x}+4 x=\\cos (\\omega t)$.\n\n\nSolution: If $x=A \\cos (\\omega t)$, then ...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 574, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{\cos(2t)}{15}+C_{1}e^{t}+C_{2}e^{-t}+C_{3}\cos(t)+C_{4}\sin(t)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: Find a purely sinusoidal solution of $\\frac{d^{4} x}{d t^{4}}-x=\\cos (2 t)$.\n\n\nSolution: We choose an exponential input function whose real part is $\\cos (2 t...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{\\cos(2t)}{15}+C_{1}e^{t}+C_{2}e^{-t}+C_{3}\\cos(t)+C_{4}\\sin(t)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 575, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{1}{4-\omega^{2}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "For $\\omega \\geq 0$, find $A$ such that $A \\cos (\\omega t)$ is a solution of $\\ddot{x}+4 x=\\cos (\\omega t)$. Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{1}{4-\\omega^{2}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 576, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{\cos(2t)+\sin(2t)}{4}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find a solution to $\\dot{x}+2 x=\\cos (2 t)$ in the form $k_0\\left[f(k_1t) + g(k_2t)\\right]$, where $f, g$ are trigonometric functions. Do not include homogeneous solutions t...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{\\cos(2t)+\\sin(2t)}{4}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 577, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-0.2
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to the differential equation. $\\ddot{x}+4 x=\\sin (3 t)$\n\nFind $A$ so that $A \\sin (3 t)$ is a solution of $\\ddot{x}+4 x=\\sin (3 t...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-0.2", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 578, "split": "test" }
numina_math
x/2-1/4+ce^{-2x}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the general solution of the differential equation $y^{\\prime}=x-2 y$ analytically using integrating factors, solving for $y$. Note that a function $u(t)$ such that $u \\dot...
math
{ "ground_truth": "x/2-1/4+ce^{-2x}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 579, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{e^{-2t}}{15}+C_{1}e^{t}+C_{2}e^{-t}+C_{3}\cos(t)+C_{4}\sin(t)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: Find a purely exponential solution of $\\frac{d^{4} x}{d t^{4}}-x=e^{-2 t}$.\n\n\nSolution: The characteristic polynomial of the homogeneous equation is given by $p...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{e^{-2t}}{15}+C_{1}e^{t}+C_{2}e^{-t}+C_{3}\\cos(t)+C_{4}\\sin(t)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 580, "split": "test" }
numina_math
s^{2}+\omega^{2}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: Consider the differential equation $\\ddot{x}+\\omega^{2} x=0$. \\\\\n\nA differential equation $m \\ddot{x}+b \\dot{x}+k x=0$ (where $m, b$, and $k$ are real constants...
math
{ "ground_truth": "s^{2}+\\omega^{2}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 581, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2\cos(\pit+\pi/3)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Rewrite the function $\\cos (\\pi t)-\\sqrt{3} \\sin (\\pi t)$ in the form $A \\cos (\\omega t-\\phi)$. It may help to begin by drawing a right triangle with sides $a$ and $b$. L...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2\\cos(\\pit+\\pi/3)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 582, "split": "test" }
numina_math
2\pi/\omega
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to the damped sinusoid $x(t)=A e^{-a t} \\cos (\\omega t)$.\n\nWhat is the spacing between successive maxima of $x(t)$? Assume that $\\o...
math
{ "ground_truth": "2\\pi/\\omega", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 583, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{4A}{3+3i}e^{it}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to a spring/mass/dashpot system driven through the spring modeled by the equation $m \\ddot{x}+b \\dot{x}+k x=k y$. Here $x$ measures th...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{4A}{3+3i}e^{it}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 584, "split": "test" }
numina_math
I(0)e^{-\frac{t}{RC}}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to a circuit with the following parameters. Denote by $I(t)$ the current (where the positive direction is, say, clockwise) in the circui...
math
{ "ground_truth": "I(0)e^{-\\frac{t}{RC}}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 585, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{e^{2it}}{(2+2i)}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Subproblem 0: Find the general (complex-valued) solution of the differential equation $\\dot{z}+2 z=e^{2 i t}$, using $C$ to stand for any complex-valued integration constants wh...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{e^{2it}}{(2+2i)}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 586, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{2-\omega^{2}-\omegai/4}{\omega^{4}-\frac{63}{16}\omega^{2}+4}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems consider a second order mass/spring/dashpot system driven by a force $F_{\\text {ext }}$ acting directly on the mass: $m \\ddot{x}+b \\dot{x}+...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{2-\\omega^{2}-\\omegai/4}{\\omega^{4}-\\frac{63}{16}\\omega^{2}+4}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 587, "split": "test" }
numina_math
x^{\prime}+\frac{r}{V}x-rc=0
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to the following \"mixing problem\": A tank holds $V$ liters of salt water. Suppose that a saline solution with concentration of $c \\ma...
math
{ "ground_truth": "x^{\\prime}+\\frac{r}{V}x-rc=0", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 588, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-t^2-t-3
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the polynomial solution of $\\ddot{x}-x=t^{2}+t+1$, solving for $x(t)$. Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "user" } ]
math
{ "ground_truth": "-t^2-t-3", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 589, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-8
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: In the following problems, take $a = \\ln 2$ and $b = \\pi / 3$. \n\nSubproblem 0: Given $a = \\ln 2$ and $b = \\pi / 3$, rewrite $e^{a+b i}$ in the form $x + yi$, wher...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-8", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 590, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{\cos(2t)}{15}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find a purely sinusoidal solution of $\\frac{d^{4} x}{d t^{4}}-x=\\cos (2 t)$. Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "user" } ]
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{\\cos(2t)}{15}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 591, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-2+2\sqrt{3}i
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: In the following problems, take $a = \\ln 2$ and $b = \\pi / 3$. \n\nSubproblem 0: Given $a = \\ln 2$ and $b = \\pi / 3$, rewrite $e^{a+b i}$ in the form $x + yi$, wher...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-2+2\\sqrt{3}i", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 592, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{t}{4}\sin(2t)
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find a solution of $\\ddot{x}+4 x=\\cos (2 t)$, solving for $x(t)$, by using the ERF on a complex replacement. The ERF (Exponential Response Formula) states that a solution to $p...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{t}{4}\\sin(2t)", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 593, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{1}{2}(\exp{a*t}+\exp{-a*t})
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Given the ordinary differential equation $\\ddot{x}-a^{2} x=0$, where $a$ is a nonzero real-valued constant, find a solution $x(t)$ to this equation such that $x(0) = 1$ and $\\d...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{1}{2}(\\exp{a*t}+\\exp{-a*t})", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 594, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{e^{t}}{3}+ce^{-2t}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find the general solution of the differential equation $\\dot{x}+2 x=e^{t}$, using $c$ for the arbitrary constant of integration which will occur. Let's think step by step and ou...
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{e^{t}}{3}+ce^{-2t}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 595, "split": "test" }
numina_math
(\frac{t^{2}}{2}-t+C)e^{-t}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find a solution of $\\ddot{x}+3 \\dot{x}+2 x=t e^{-t}$ in the form $x(t)=u(t) e^{-t}$ for some function $u(t)$. Use $C$ for an arbitrary constant, should it arise. Let's think s...
math
{ "ground_truth": "(\\frac{t^{2}}{2}-t+C)e^{-t}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 596, "split": "test" }
numina_math
-2
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "If the complex number $z$ is given by $z = 1+\\sqrt{3} i$, what is the real part of $z^2$? Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "u...
math
{ "ground_truth": "-2", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 597, "split": "test" }
numina_math
\frac{e^{-2t}}{15}
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Find a purely exponential solution of $\\frac{d^{4} x}{d t^{4}}-x=e^{-2 t}$. Let's think step by step and output the final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "user" } ]
math
{ "ground_truth": "\\frac{e^{-2t}}{15}", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 598, "split": "test" }
numina_math
m
weqweasdas/minerva_math
[ { "content": "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}.", "role": "system" }, { "content": "Preamble: The following subproblems refer to the exponential function $e^{-t / 2} \\cos (3 t)$, which we will assume is a solution of the differential equation $m \\ddot{x}+b \\d...
math
{ "ground_truth": "m", "style": "rule" }
{ "index": 599, "split": "test" }