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Alien primarily refers to:
* Alien (law), a person in a country who is not a national of that country
** Enemy alien, the above in times of war
* Extraterrestrial life, life which does not originate from Earth
** Specifically, intelligent extraterrestrial beings; see List of alleged extraterrestrial beings
** For ficti... | Alien | [
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the franchise from 2017 by Ridley Scott
* Alien 2: On Earth, a 1980 unofficial sequel of the 1979 Alien film
*Alien Visitor (also titled Epsilon) (1995 film) AustralianItalian science fiction film by Rolf de Heer
* The Alien (2016 film), a 2016 Mexican film
* The Alien (unproduced film), an incomplete 1960s IndianAmeri... | Alien | [
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and Sabrina Carpenter song), 2018
* "Alien", a song by Atlanta Rhythm from the album Quinella, 1981
* "Alien", a song by Bush from the album Sixteen Stone, 1994
* "Alien", a song by Erasure from the album Loveboat, 2000
* "Alien", a song by Japan from the album Quiet Life, 1979
* "Alien", a song by Lamb from the album ... | Alien | [
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Alien (Atari 2600), a 1982 maze game based on the 1979 film
* Alien: Isolation, a 2014 video game based on the Alien science fiction horror film series
* Aliens (1982 video game), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP/M operating system on the Kaypro computer
* Aliens (1990 video game), a game by Konam... | Alien | [
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In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.
In the common law, an answer is the first pleading by a defendant, usually filed and served... | Answer (law) | [
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fines or other punishment, such as imprisonment.
The famous Latin Responsa Prudentium ("answers of the learned ones") were the accumulated views of many successive generations of Roman lawyers, a body of legal opinion which gradually became authoritative.
During debates of a contentious nature, deflection, colloquially... | Answer (law) | [
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This article is about the demographic features of the population of Angola, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
According to 2014 census data, Angola had a population of 25,789,024 inhabitants in 2... | Demographics of Angola | [
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up a population of 330,000 to 350,000 people in an overall population of 6.3 million Angolans at that time. The only reliable source on these numbers is Gerald Bender & Stanley Yoder, Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence: The Politics of Numbers, Africa Today, 21 (4) 1974, pp. 23 – 37. Today, many Angolans who a... | Demographics of Angola | [
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and education brought in numerous civil personnel from Cuba. However, only a very small percentage of all these people has remained in Angola, either for personal reasons (intermarriage) or as professionals (e.g., medical doctors).
The largest religious denomination is Catholicism, to which adheres about half the popul... | Demographics of Angola | [
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by Sex and Age Group (Census 16.V.2014):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 12 499 041
| align="right" | 13 289 983
| align="right" | 25 789 024
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="ri... | Demographics of Angola | [
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... |
40–44
| align="right" | 510 344
| align="right" | 539 742
| align="right" | 1 050 085
| align="right" | 4.07
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 417 953
| align="right" | 446 951
| align="right" | 864 904
| align="right" | 3.35
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 332 638
| align="right" | 376 532
| al... | Demographics of Angola | [
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align="right" | 5 640
| align="right" | 8 498
| align="right" | 14 138
| align="right" | 0.05
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 6 051 650
| align="right" | 6 144 846
| align="right" | 12 196 496
| align=... | Demographics of Angola | [
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10.76
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 1 324 586
| align="right" | 1 389 321
| align="right" | 2 713 907
| align="right" | 8.72
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 1 080 096
| align="right" | 1 160 339
| align="right" | 2 240 435
| align="right" | 7.20
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 8... | Demographics of Angola | [
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| 119 433
| align="right" | 213 316
| align="right" | 0.69
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 53 235
| align="right" | 71 070
| align="right" | 124 305
| align="right" | 0.40
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 38 905
| align="right" | 58 174
| align="right" | 97 079
| align="right" | 0.31
|-
! width="... | Demographics of Angola | [
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125
| 95
|47.2
|26.8
|20.4
|5.95
|180.0
|36.52
|-
|1953
| 4 759
| 227
| 128
| 100
|47.8
|26.8
|21.0
|6.06
|179.1
|36.73
|-
|1954
| 4 850
| 235
| 130
| 105
|48.4
|26.8
|21.5
|6.17
|178.1
|36.89
|-
|1955
| 4 938
| 242
| 133
| 109
|48.9
|26.8
|22.0
|6.27
|177.0
|37.12
|-
|1956
| 5 022
| 249
| 136
| 113
|4... | Demographics of Angola | [
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273
| 363
|50.4
|21.6
|28.7
|7.14
|134.6
|42.21
|-
|1993
| 13 038
| 650
| 279
| 371
|49.9
|21.4
|28.5
|7.07
|131.2
|42.10
|-
|1994
| 13 462
| 666
| 274
| 392
|49.6
|20.4
|29.2
|6.99
|129.0
|43.42
|-
|1995
| 13 912
| 683
| 262
| 422
|49.2
|18.8
|30.4
|6.92
|128.6
|45.85
|-
|1996
| 14 383
| 702
| 268
| 4... | Demographics of Angola | [
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style="text-align:right;"| 5.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 50.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.7
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:right;"| 45.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 36.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.6
| style="te... | Demographics of Angola | [
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(2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 2nd
:43.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 1st
===Death rate===
:8.01 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 88th
:9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 60th
===Median age===
:... | Demographics of Angola | [
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est.)
:note: median age at first birth among women 20-49
===Life expectancy at birth===
:total population: 62.11 years (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th
:male: 60.05 years (2022 est.)
:female: 64.24 years (2022 est.)
:total population: 60.6 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 207th
:male... | Demographics of Angola | [
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Portugal.REPORT ON ROMA PEOPLE - Romaninet
===Religions===
Angola is a majority Christian country. Official statistics do not exist, however it is estimated that over 80% belong to a Christian church or community. More than half are Catholic, the remaining ones comprising members of traditional Protestant churches as w... | Demographics of Angola | [
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Algorithms is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University).. From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-ch... | Algorithms (journal) | [
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The aardvark ( ; Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa."Aardvark, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 26 February 2019. It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, although other prehistoric species and gener... | Aardvark | [
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pig" (aarde: "earth/ground", vark: "pig"), because of its burrowing habits.
"aardvark, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/22. Accessed 24 May 2018."Aardvark, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 25 February 2019. The name Oryc... | Aardvark | [
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===
Based on fossils, Bryan Patterson has concluded that early relatives of the aardvark appeared in Africa around the end of the Paleocene. The ptolemaiidans, a mysterious clade of mammals with uncertain affinities, may actually be stem-aardvarks, either as a sister clade to Tubulidentata or as a grade leading to true... | Aardvark | [
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Haltenorth, 1957
* O. a. erikssoni Lönnberg, 1906
* O. a. faradjius Hatt, 1932
* O. a. haussanus Matschie, 1900
* O. a. kordofanicus Rothschild, 1927
* O. a. lademanni Grote, 1911
* O. a. leptodon Hirst, 1906
* O. a. matschiei Grote, 1921
* O. a. observandus Grote, 1921
* O. a. ruvanensis Grote, 1921
* O. a. sen... | Aardvark | [
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the burrow digging capabilities of aardvarks is an endosteal tissue called compacted coarse cancellous bone (CCCB). The stress and strain resistance provided by CCCB allows aardvarks to create their burrows, ultimately leading to a favorable environment for plants and a variety of animals.
An aardvark's weight is typic... | Aardvark | [
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snout bears a disc, which houses the nostrils. It contains a thin but complete zygomatic arch. The head of the aardvark contains many unique and different features. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the Tubulidentata is their teeth. Instead of having a pulp cavity, each tooth has a cluster of thin, hexagon... | Aardvark | [
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snout is highly mobile and is moved by modified mimetic muscles. The fleshy dividing tissue between its nostrils probably has sensory functions, but it is uncertain whether they are olfactory or vibratory in nature. Its nose is made up of more turbinate bones than any other mammal, with between 9 and 11, compared to do... | Aardvark | [
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-0.0875518843531608... |
pyloric area that acts as a gizzard to grind swallowed food up, thereby rendering chewing unnecessary. Its cecum is large. Both sexes emit a strong smelling secretion from an anal gland. Its salivary glands are highly developed and almost completely ring the neck; their output is what causes the tongue to maintain its ... | Aardvark | [
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Ghana. They are not found in Madagascar.
==Ecology and behaviour==
Aardvarks live for up to 23 years in captivity. Its keen hearing warns it of predators: lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, hyenas, and pythons. Some humans also hunt aardvarks for meat. Aardvarks can dig fast or run in zigzag fashion to elude... | Aardvark | [
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They avoid eating the African driver ant and red ants. Due to their stringent diet requirements, they require a large range to survive. An aardvark emerges from its burrow in the late afternoon or shortly after sunset, and forages over a considerable home range encompassing . While foraging for food, the aardvark will ... | Aardvark | [
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termite or ant mound quickly. It avoids inhaling the dust by sealing the nostrils. When successful, the aardvark's long (up to ) tongue licks up the insects; the termites' biting, or the ants' stinging attacks are rendered futile by the tough skin. After an aardvark visit at a termite mound, other animals will visit to... | Aardvark | [
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in a night.
===Vocalization===
The aardvark is a rather quiet animal. However, it does make soft grunting sounds as it forages and loud grunts as it makes for its tunnel entrance. It makes a bleating sound if frightened. When it is threatened it will make for one of its burrows. If one is not close it will dig a new on... | Aardvark | [
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sites are scattered around the home range and are used as refuges, while the main burrow is also used for breeding. Main burrows can be deep and extensive, have several entrances and can be as long as . These burrows can be large enough for a person to enter. The aardvark changes the layout of its home burrow regularly... | Aardvark | [
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nest, which also serves as protection from its predators.
===Reproduction===
Aardvarks pair only during the breeding season; after a gestation period of seven months, one cub weighing around is born during May–July. When born, the young has flaccid ears and many wrinkles. When nursing, it will nurse off each teat in s... | Aardvark | [
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numbers in eastern, northern, and western Africa. Southern African numbers are not decreasing. It receives an official designation from the IUCN as least concern. However, they are a species in a precarious situation, as they are so dependent on such specific food; therefore if a problem arises with the abundance of te... | Aardvark | [
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bracelets, which are regarded as good luck charms. The meat, which has a resemblance to pork, is eaten in certain cultures.
The ancient Egyptian god Set is usually depicted with the head of an unidentified animal, whose similarity to an aardvark has been noted in scholarship.
The titular character of Arthur, an animate... | Aardvark | [
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the animal in the comic strip B.C., which the F-4 was said to resemble.
Cerebus the Aardvark is a 300-issue comic book series by Dave Sim.
==Footnotes==
==References==
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
==External links==
* IUCN/SSC Afrotheria Specialist Group
* A YouTube video introducing t... | Aardvark | [
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0.10071810334920883,
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-0.5936469435691833,
0.003258349... |
The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid.
From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba. Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with We... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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0.12071716785430908... |
At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties with Portugal (its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular. Angola is a member of the Port Management Associat... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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forced to leave the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capital Kinshasa and succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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putting an end to the political-military unrest in that country, and to reorganize the local military forces. In fact, these troops were perceived as a kind of Pretorian Guard for the ruling party, PAIGC. In the beginning of April 2012, when a new military Coup d'état was under preparation, the Angolan regime decided t... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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-0.06824386864900589,
-0.3156897723674774,
-0.0754622966... |
consulates-general in Menongue and Ondjiva.
|- valign="top"
|||||See Angola–Nigeria relations
Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the African Union and other multilateral organizations.
* Angol... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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-0.05741393193602562... |
the Cold War. While Angola's foreign policy shifted to a pro-U.S. stance based on substantial economic ties, under the rule of President Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe's ties with the West soured in the late 1990s.
* Angola has an embassy in Harare.
* Zimbabwe has an embassy in Luanda.
|}
==Americas==
{| class="wikitable sort... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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-0.06765393912792206,
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-0.10396862030029297,
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0.0092912800610... |
Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability of UNITA to continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agre... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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Angola–United States relations
From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for the UNITA rebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 by Jonas Savimbi. The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period.
Relations ... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002. João Manuel Bernardo, the current ambassador of Angola to China, visited the PRC in November 2007.
* Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in Macau.
* China has an embas... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with off... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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in Hanoi.
* Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda.
|}
==Europe==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|||||
* Angola has an embassy in Brussels.
* Belgium has an embassy in Luanda.
|- valign="top"
|... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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Rome.
* Italy has an embassy in Luanda.
|- valign="top"
|||||
* Angola has an embassy in The Hague and a consulate-general in Rotterdam.
* Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda.
|- valign="top"
|||||
* Angola has an embassy in Warsaw.
* Poland has an embassy in Luanda.
|- valign="top"
|||11 November 1975||See Angola–Por... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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-0.18274956941604614,... |
State Sends Message to Serbian Counterpart, Angola Press Agency, 2008-06-24
* Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
* Serbia has an embassy in Luanda.
|- valign="top"
|||19 October 1977||See Angola–Spain relations
* Angola has an embassy in Madrid.
* Spain has an embassy in Luanda.
|- valign="top"
|||||
* Angola has an em... | Foreign relations of Angola | [
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An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.IUPAC Gold Book - acid
The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aque... | Acid | [
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-0.6063756942749023,
0.295236527... |
thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.
Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride that is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid ... | Acid | [
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0.4527251720428467,
0.12423136830329895,
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-0.5821740031242371,
0.11214832216... |
either directly or by releasing protons (H+) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs. Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Brønsted–Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair, however, and are therefore not Lewis acids. Conversely, many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Brønsted–... | Acid | [
-0.41569411754608154,
0.6496764421463013,
0.1946858912706375,
-0.6138023138046265,
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-0.6235182285308838,
0.3413070440... |
hydrons. An Arrhenius acid is a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H+ ions in the water. Note that chemists often write H+(aq) and refer to the hydrogen ion when describing acid–base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydro... | Acid | [
-0.23604236543178558,
0.5229938626289368,
0.31053921580314636,
-0.40142324566841125,
-0.07182009518146515,
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-0.931667685508728,
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-0.10907255113124847,
-0.04995303973555565,
-0.41165685653686523,
-0.6551740169525146,
0.337056636... |
of the concentration of hydronium ions, acidic solutions thus have a pH of less than 7.
===Brønsted–Lowry acids===
While the Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope. In 1923, chemists Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently recognized tha... | Acid | [
-0.6862640976905823,
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0.3284092843532562,
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-0.46148228645324707,
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-0.11646847426891327,
-0.13712601363658905,
-0.49408331513404846,
0.1949273496... |
chloride (HCl) and ammonia combine under several different conditions to form ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. In aqueous solution HCl behaves as hydrochloric acid and exists as hydronium and chloride ions. The following reactions illustrate the limitations of Arrhenius's definition:
# H3O + Cl + NH3 → Cl + NH(aq) + H2O
# HCl... | Acid | [
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transfers. Many Lewis acids are not Brønsted–Lowry acids. Contrast how the following reactions are described in terms of acid–base chemistry:
:374px
In the first reaction a fluoride ion, F−, gives up an electron pair to boron trifluoride to form the product tetrafluoroborate. Fluoride "loses" a pair of valence electron... | Acid | [
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0.06336614489555359,
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0.157041132450103... |
Depending on the context, a Lewis acid may also be described as an oxidizer or an electrophile. Organic Brønsted acids, such as acetic, citric, or oxalic acid, are not Lewis acids. They dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H+, but at the same time also yield an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or... | Acid | [
-0.4291287064552307,
0.38575637340545654,
0.49758920073509216,
-0.4743945598602295,
-0.35932204127311707,
-0.3128962814807892,
-0.15049375593662262,
-0.7599810361862183,
-0.14787784218788147,
0.1679021120071411,
-0.3180316090583801,
-0.26122382283210754,
-0.5751670598983765,
0.269184172153... |
in solution. Brackets indicate concentration, such that [H2O] means the concentration of H2O. The acid dissociation constant Ka is generally used in the context of acid–base reactions. The numerical value of Ka is equal to the product (multiplication) of the concentrations of the products divided by the concentration o... | Acid | [
-0.703174352645874,
0.4865562915802002,
0.16510094702243805,
-0.3051089346408844,
-0.22736415266990662,
0.10235544294118881,
-0.08106957376003265,
-0.9594299793243408,
0.0017796572064980865,
0.006412039045244455,
-0.07649920135736465,
-0.35812366008758545,
-0.11234431713819504,
0.316899836... |
of just hydrogen and one other element. For example, HCl has chloride as its anion, so the hydro- prefix is used, and the -ide suffix makes the name take the form hydrochloric acid.
Classical naming system:
{| class="wikitable"
!Anion prefix
!Anion suffix
!Acid prefix
!Acid suffix
!Example
|-
|per
|ate
|per
|ic acid
|p... | Acid | [
-0.38947975635528564,
0.36802542209625244,
0.3153338134288788,
-0.19231478869915009,
-0.09120671451091766,
-0.36430004239082336,
-0.35374370217323303,
-0.7601521611213684,
0.2247365564107895,
0.14409008622169495,
-0.3588026165962219,
-0.26444584131240845,
-0.5074324011802673,
0.23635403811... |
stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H+. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the polarity of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base.
Strong... | Acid | [
-0.3085457682609558,
0.1900608390569687,
0.5810249447822571,
-0.12895533442497253,
-0.2294503152370453,
-0.3315703272819519,
-0.2724275588989258,
-0.7407905459403992,
0.038156505674123764,
0.08851321041584015,
-0.3863059878349304,
-0.09609109163284302,
-0.48974671959877014,
0.1178564205765... |
the dilution of the compound and the compound's Ka.
==Lewis acid strength in non-aqueous solutions==
Lewis acids have been classified in the ECW model and it has been shown that there is no one order of acid strengths. The relative acceptor strength of Lewis acids toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, ca... | Acid | [
-0.38831576704978943,
0.43622806668281555,
0.3556731641292572,
-0.18461821973323822,
-0.22526955604553223,
-0.16446539759635925,
-0.2162647396326065,
-0.8368594646453857,
-0.015528171323239803,
0.19383904337882996,
-0.2339811623096466,
-0.17495062947273254,
-0.18914097547531128,
0.05890853... |
term mainly indicates the presence of one carboxylic acid group and sometimes these acids are known as monocarboxylic acid. Examples in organic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).
===Polyprotic acids===
Polyprotic acids, also known as polybasic acids, are able to donate... | Acid | [
-0.28909754753112793,
0.4208293557167053,
0.1894553005695343,
-0.20122464001178741,
-0.25174421072006226,
0.029253995046019554,
-0.22911480069160461,
-0.6913867592811584,
-0.03823861852288246,
-0.0963912159204483,
-0.2265925407409668,
-0.3855902850627899,
-0.6705396175384521,
-0.0162696465... |
first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO). Both Ka values are small, but Ka1 > Ka2 .
A triprotic acid (H3A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has thre... | Acid | [
-0.6115509867668152,
0.48643335700035095,
0.16258764266967773,
-0.07461392879486084,
-0.17277048528194427,
-0.00602519977837801,
-0.337038516998291,
-0.6651028990745544,
-0.03547948598861694,
0.04314803704619408,
-0.12231995165348053,
-0.31243178248405457,
-0.6495804786682129,
-0.036340143... |
can be calculated. For example, a generic diprotic acid will generate 3 species in solution: H2A, HA−, and A2−. The fractional concentrations can be calculated as below when given either the pH (which can be converted to the [H+]) or the concentrations of the acid with all its conjugate bases:
:\begin{align}
\alpha_\ce... | Acid | [
-0.2601720094680786,
0.26288852095603943,
0.24269923567771912,
-0.24985334277153015,
-0.21844524145126343,
0.26821306347846985,
-0.17997699975967407,
-0.697662353515625,
-0.45108795166015625,
-0.111672043800354,
-0.08427339047193527,
-0.3132548928260803,
-0.5241064429283142,
0.049587327986... |
a pH indicator shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid. It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7.0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.
Neutralization with a base weaker than ... | Acid | [
-0.629941999912262,
0.3092251718044281,
0.4227350950241089,
-0.4018380343914032,
-0.1290273815393448,
-0.06394308060407639,
-0.010716567747294903,
-0.8646109700202942,
0.09495120495557785,
-0.17291893064975739,
-0.2607487440109253,
-0.13304854929447174,
-0.6322219371795654,
0.1003200933337... |
acid in an aqueous solution, an acid–base titration is commonly performed. A strong base solution with a known concentration, usually NaOH or KOH, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base added. The titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has ... | Acid | [
-0.5693145394325256,
0.28394532203674316,
0.4022025763988495,
-0.2645825147628784,
-0.10333795845508575,
0.13010211288928986,
-0.2330503761768341,
-0.7005015015602112,
0.09171648323535919,
-0.0861632376909256,
-0.1430150419473648,
-0.03386048600077629,
-0.4838401675224304,
0.05552234500646... |
by a strong base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution. At either equivalence point, adding a drop of base will cause the steepest rise of the pH value in the system.
==== Buffer regions and midpoints ====
A titration curve for a diprotic acid... | Acid | [
-0.49318182468414307,
0.13146549463272095,
0.23145991563796997,
-0.1265002340078354,
-0.08532427251338959,
0.10400613397359848,
-0.2727270722389221,
-0.43845421075820923,
0.25606709718704224,
-0.03804011642932892,
-0.12441843003034592,
-0.19558122754096985,
-0.26895514130592346,
0.28131881... |
200 million tonnes in the world. For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and zinc is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning.
In the chemical industry, acids react in neutrali... | Acid | [
-0.17194707691669464,
0.23543131351470947,
-0.18404343724250793,
-0.03411860764026642,
0.14436835050582886,
0.09828058630228043,
-0.08672011643648148,
0.08899452537298203,
0.2741769254207611,
0.059675462543964386,
0.03115474246442318,
-0.01528296060860157,
-0.39563000202178955,
0.237898409... |
acids can be found in various kinds of food as additives, as they alter their taste and serve as preservatives. Phosphoric acid, for example, is a component of cola drinks. Acetic acid is used in day-to-day life as vinegar. Citric acid is used as a preservative in sauces and pickles.
Carbonic acid is one of the most co... | Acid | [
-0.09667887538671494,
0.4395656883716583,
0.286518931388855,
-0.10682521760463715,
0.20866231620311737,
-0.026048975065350533,
-0.35900962352752686,
0.07216905057430267,
0.06033259257674217,
0.007283960934728384,
0.02194562554359436,
0.13516835868358612,
-0.2898644208908081,
0.050501164048... |
are important for the manufacturing of DNA and RNA and transmitting of traits to offspring through genes. Carbonic acid is important for maintenance of pH equilibrium in the body.
Human bodies contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among those dicarboxylic acids play an essential role in many biological ... | Acid | [
0.19398604333400726,
0.5286561250686646,
0.011707508005201817,
0.033204734325408936,
0.03563658893108368,
-0.206290140748024,
-0.16351133584976196,
-0.5018693208694458,
0.3038322925567627,
-0.06558185815811157,
0.16883864998817444,
-0.047468509525060654,
-0.4623616933822632,
0.197841376066... |
contains the chemical blueprint for the synthesis of proteins, which are made up of amino acid subunits. Cell membranes contain fatty acid esters such as phospholipids.
An α-amino acid has a central carbon (the α or alpha carbon) that is covalently bonded to a carboxyl group (thus they are carboxylic acids), an amino g... | Acid | [
-0.3234627842903137,
0.2936031222343445,
0.33949437737464905,
-0.1519591510295868,
-0.08103129267692566,
0.06840791553258896,
-0.4158862829208374,
-0.6858493685722351,
0.20293118059635162,
-0.19976238906383514,
-0.06745894998311996,
-0.020242324098944664,
-0.6025007963180542,
0.41241705417... |
with the exception of amino acids with basic or acidic side chains. Aspartic acid, for example, possesses one protonated amine and two deprotonated carboxyl groups, for a net charge of −1 at physiological pH.
Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group of carboxylic acids that play a significant role in bi... | Acid | [
-0.21334874629974365,
0.2974308133125305,
0.28335756063461304,
-0.1859300434589386,
0.2695671021938324,
-0.06325667351484299,
-0.24869360029697418,
-0.39230334758758545,
0.15862944722175598,
-0.2380598485469818,
0.23662729561328888,
-0.02619704231619835,
-0.5648478269577026,
0.083125233650... |
responds to changing energy demands by adjusting the rate of ventilation. For example, during periods of exertion the body rapidly breaks down stored carbohydrates and fat, releasing CO2 into the blood stream. In aqueous solutions such as blood CO2 exists in equilibrium with carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion.
:
It is ... | Acid | [
-0.29321131110191345,
0.3602096736431122,
0.5881462693214417,
-0.17400097846984863,
0.28015193343162537,
-0.19617696106433868,
-0.04400838911533356,
-0.5205391645431519,
0.0318601056933403,
-0.5186124444007874,
0.048765458166599274,
-0.0395699217915535,
-0.5806499719619751,
-0.184208184480... |
that lose a proton at the intracellular pH will exist in their soluble, charged form and are thus able to diffuse through the cytosol to their target. Ibuprofen, aspirin and penicillin are examples of drugs that are weak acids.
==Common acids==
===Mineral acids (inorganic acids)===
* Hydrogen halides and their solution... | Acid | [
-0.30170348286628723,
0.3397730588912964,
0.6292999982833862,
-0.2195972204208374,
-0.04961615428328514,
-0.30413389205932617,
-0.4675101637840271,
-0.5554682016372681,
0.2298130989074707,
0.23358872532844543,
-0.3096003532409668,
0.13728171586990356,
-0.35166770219802856,
0.18528537452220... |
(C6H8O7)
* Formic acid (HCOOH)
* Gluconic acid HOCH2-(CHOH)4-COOH
* Lactic acid (CH3-CHOH-COOH)
* Oxalic acid (HOOC-COOH)
* Tartaric acid (HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH)
===Halogenated carboxylic acids===
Halogenation at alpha position increases acid strength, so that the following acids are all stronger than acetic acid.
* Fluo... | Acid | [
-0.2182989865541458,
0.465071439743042,
0.3551029562950134,
-0.19342613220214844,
0.10937145352363586,
-0.15325884521007538,
-0.4705987274646759,
-0.5312832593917847,
-0.097029909491539,
0.2540360391139984,
-0.12629884481430054,
-0.015966860577464104,
-0.43275272846221924,
0.10690739750862... |
The Austroasiatic languages , , also known as Mon–KhmerBradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic. , are a large language family in Mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. These languages are scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Lao... | Austroasiatic languages | [
0.23478703200817108,
0.07708453387022018,
0.09858632832765579,
-0.07216683775186539,
0.32474711537361145,
0.7426457405090332,
0.19769525527954102,
0.23715569078922272,
-0.4372867941856384,
0.42478716373443604,
-0.21522170305252075,
0.04432230442762375,
-0.12471573054790497,
-0.097795531153... |
2005 while another has abandoned Mon–Khmer as a taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family.Sidwell 2009
Austroasiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across Southeast Asia and parts of India, Bangladesh, Nepal and East Asia, separated by regions where other languages are spoken. They appear to... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.3018251061439514,
0.05537702888250351,
0.0794907957315445,
-0.17517656087875366,
0.09250665456056595,
0.3136700987815857,
0.1352422684431076,
0.17049524188041687,
-0.2086670845746994,
0.3673652708530426,
-0.3569999039173126,
-0.4308435320854187,
-0.20972603559494019,
0.05724045634269714... |
Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of register contrast, either between modal (normal) voice and breathy (lax) voice or between modal voice and creaky voice.Diffloth, Gérard (1989). "Proto-Austroasiatic creaky voice." Languages in the Pe... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.25784990191459656,
0.32990533113479614,
0.017464622855186462,
-0.3046058416366577,
-0.062443360686302185,
0.48782023787498474,
-0.03748728707432747,
0.19962504506111145,
-0.44101232290267944,
0.4706956744194031,
-0.4076222777366638,
0.45863795280456543,
0.01773546263575554,
-0.309144496... |
|| || ||
|-
| || || || ||
|-
| || || || ||
|}
This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for . is better preserved in the Katuic languages, which Sidwell has specialized in.
==Internal classification==
Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the Mon–Khmer languages of... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.05366005375981331,
0.13297463953495026,
0.07243284583091736,
-0.2887606620788574,
0.22349780797958374,
0.3934653699398041,
-0.03273194283246994,
0.056822534650564194,
-0.37045684456825256,
0.3296888470649719,
-0.3295940160751343,
-0.12255039811134338,
-0.24747821688652039,
-0.0695700123... |
ICAAL-4, Bangkok, 29–30 October. Summarized in Sidwell and Blench (2011).
===Diffloth (1974)===
Diffloth's widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in Encyclopædia Britannica and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in Ethnologue.
* Munda
** North Munda
*** Korku
*** Kher... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.10385949164628983,
0.21449366211891174,
-0.17016741633415222,
-0.22486640512943268,
-0.06965956091880798,
0.770251452922821,
-0.15013521909713745,
0.045231129974126816,
-0.5751893520355225,
0.3919128477573395,
-0.3898260295391083,
0.04406987503170967,
0.00965258851647377,
-0.15317158401... |
Koraput: 7 languages
:*Core Munda languages
::* Kharian–Juang: 2 languages
::*North Munda languages
::: Korku
::: Kherwarian: 12 languages
* Khasi–Khmuic languages (Northern Mon–Khmer)
:* Khasian: 3 languages of north eastern India and adjacent region of Bangladesh
:*Palaungo-Khmuic languages
::* Khmuic: 13 languages o... | Austroasiatic languages | [
0.02149916999042034,
0.055240973830223083,
-0.16043303906917572,
-0.1031549870967865,
0.26404187083244324,
0.8421455025672913,
-0.11535362154245377,
0.17139039933681488,
-0.6215049028396606,
0.6405556201934814,
-0.408767431974411,
-0.10085159540176392,
-0.3835034966468811,
-0.2760772109031... |
well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant Munda and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic t... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.20743246376514435,
0.1175704300403595,
-0.06337743252515793,
-0.4716752767562866,
0.010606515221297741,
0.1591276079416275,
-0.009475832805037498,
0.08408420532941818,
-0.1924343854188919,
0.32090502977371216,
-0.2578168511390686,
-0.2767462432384491,
-0.3823358118534088,
-0.17762672901... |
are believed by Sidwell to have radiated out from the central Mekong river valley relatively quickly.
Subsequently, Sidwell (2015a: 179)Sidwell, Paul. 2015a. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill. proposed that Nicobarese s... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.24702909588813782,
0.3963170051574707,
0.11052074283361435,
-0.43895620107650757,
0.1594446301460266,
0.28210532665252686,
0.20658931136131287,
0.031221605837345123,
-0.23260778188705444,
0.20548339188098907,
-0.24078482389450073,
-0.29708510637283325,
-0.29032397270202637,
-0.113258913... |
2015, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. further expanded his Mekong riverine hypothesis by proposing that Austroasiatic had ultimately expanded into Indochina from the Lingnan area of southern China, with the subsequent Mekong riverine dispersal taking place after the initial arrival... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.08452191948890686,
0.3574177026748657,
-0.13004978001117706,
-0.3245171308517456,
0.35852569341659546,
0.6129947304725647,
-0.08186499774456024,
0.30256035923957825,
-0.259599894285202,
-0.03489217534661293,
-0.04213215038180351,
-0.4052251875400543,
-0.14536495506763458,
0.009682456962... |
in southern Indochina by 3,800 B.P. However, Sidwell (2015c) found that iron is not reconstructable in Proto-Austroasiatic, since each Austroasiatic branch has different terms for iron that had been borrowed relatively lately from Tai, Chinese, Tibetan, Malay, and other languages.
During the Iron Age about 2,500 B.P., ... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.030643893405795097,
0.5855351686477661,
-0.24338096380233765,
-0.3004632592201233,
0.17252962291240692,
0.45973363518714905,
-0.042690493166446686,
0.13938960433006287,
-0.21269074082374573,
0.15752677619457245,
-0.22408078610897064,
-0.343885213136673,
0.13990084826946259,
-0.060819715... |
natural features, and pronouns, while the names of cultural items (agriculture terms and words for cultural artifacts, which are reconstructible in Proto-Austroasiatic) form part of the later stratum.
Roger Blench (2017)Blench, Roger. 2017. Waterworld: lexical evidence for aquatic subsistence strategies in Austroasiati... | Austroasiatic languages | [
0.014257614500820637,
0.1634538769721985,
0.00413277605548501,
-0.18275274336338043,
0.2956119179725647,
0.4686523675918579,
0.034572236239910126,
0.38101011514663696,
-0.4910202622413635,
-0.1641073375940323,
-0.1499907225370407,
-0.562546968460083,
-0.3921301066875458,
-0.052480276674032... |
Khmuic, Palaungic, and Khasic resulted from a westward dispersal that ultimately came from the Red Valley valley. Based on their current distributions, about half of all Austroasiatic branches (including Nicobaric and Munda) can be traced to coastal maritime dispersals.
Hence, this points to a relatively late riverine ... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.11658382415771484,
0.16366899013519287,
0.2403949350118637,
-0.2935746908187866,
0.3253728747367859,
0.21723441779613495,
0.06552167981863022,
0.1769319325685501,
-0.24815714359283447,
0.07531573623418808,
-0.457980215549469,
-0.503620445728302,
-0.29401057958602905,
-0.0085873771458864... |
that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on substrate evidence in modern-day languages.
* Pre-Chamic languages (the languages of coastal Vietnam before the Chamic migrations). Chamic has various Austroasiatic loanwords that cannot be clearly traced to existing Austr... | Austroasiatic languages | [
0.12170832604169846,
0.32565945386886597,
-0.1657208353281021,
-0.1992192268371582,
0.04617924988269806,
0.007689886726438999,
-0.02358417771756649,
-0.12939618527889252,
-0.25199708342552185,
0.5970153212547302,
-0.2639404535293579,
0.2674473226070404,
-0.02722841687500477,
-0.26625257730... |
from Austroasiatic languages in southern Vietnam – or perhaps a combination of both. Sidwell (2006) argues that Acehnese and Chamic had often borrowed Austroasiatic words independently of each other, while some Austroasiatic words can be traced back to Proto-Aceh-Chamic. Sidwell (2006) accepts that Acehnese and Chamic ... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.0771440789103508,
0.2023853063583374,
0.12110994756221771,
-0.09787410497665405,
-0.20477451384067535,
0.29956743121147156,
-0.13878661394119263,
-0.014536681585013866,
-0.3820083439350128,
0.18784496188163757,
-0.2223915457725525,
-0.07913965731859207,
-0.0717223733663559,
-0.194464936... |
branch of Austroasiatic. m.s. Many words of Austroasiatic origin have been noticed in Lepcha, suggesting a Sino-Tibetan superstrate laid over an Austroasiatic substrate. Blench (2013) calls this branch "Rongic" based on the Lepcha autonym Róng.
Other languages with proposed Austroasiatic substrata are:
* Jiamao, based ... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.10882377624511719,
0.37806764245033264,
0.11053119599819183,
-0.1517234891653061,
-0.0041077048517763615,
0.21433378756046295,
-0.07971469312906265,
-0.0527225099503994,
-0.07737591117620468,
0.22276192903518677,
-0.37420472502708435,
-0.4217413067817688,
-0.02781684696674347,
-0.174646... |
may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east. Peterson notes that eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not.
== Wr... | Austroasiatic languages | [
0.15728306770324707,
0.37479424476623535,
-0.04102754592895508,
-0.13466264307498932,
0.11106318235397339,
0.5640996098518372,
-0.1084592193365097,
0.23093239963054657,
-0.21870122849941254,
0.056178536266088486,
-0.16584433615207672,
-0.21022140979766846,
-0.389676034450531,
-0.3938875496... |
Hmong–Mien languages.
=== Hmong-Mien ===
Several lexical resemblances are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families (Ratliff 2010), some of which had earlier been proposed by Haudricourt (1951). This could imply a relation or early language contact along the Yangtze.Haudricourt, André-Georges. 19... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.07956749945878983,
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0.10999558866024017,
0.035819824784994125,
0.18418894708156586,
0.3259051442146301,
0.10680973529815674,
0.29524606466293335,
-0.16683441400527954,
0.12756898999214172,
-0.3018827438354492,
-0.5834361910820007,
-0.08805110305547714,
-0.042638868... |
rice-agriculturalists from Indochina.崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版 2009年） Another study suggests that the haplogroup O1b1 is the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and O1b2 the "para-Austroasiatic" lineage of the Manchu, Korean and Yayoi people.
A 2021 study by Tagore et al. found that the proto-Austroasiatic s... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.21442998945713043,
0.14682070910930634,
0.037816502153873444,
-0.2970409691333771,
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0.33098775148391724,
-0.07694513350725174,
0.04417024180293083,
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0.01186810526996851,
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-0.4538983702659607,
-0.15051162242889404,
-0.060619097... |
the fragmentation of modern Austroasiatic speakers.
Larena et al. 2021 could reproduce the genetic evidence for the origin of Basal East Asians in Mainland Southeast Asia, which are estimated to have formed about 50kya years ago, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards. Early Austroasiat... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.01838727854192257,
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0.2972204089164734,
-0.09977339953184128,
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0.09515849500894547,
-0.18556970357894897,
-0.264057993888855,
-0.09745754301548004,
-0.08954302221... |
component (AAA), which is more prevalent among modern Southeast Asians, and making up the exclusive ancestry among Austroasiatic-speaking Lua and Mlabri people. The early Austroasiatic speakers are suggested to have been hunter-gatherers but became rice-agriculturalists quite early, spreading from Mainland Southeast As... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.0974651575088501,
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0.33047106862068176,
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-0.26623961329460144,
-0.1509577184... |
Sources ==
* Adams, K. L. (1989). Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
*
* Alves, Mark J. (2015). Morphological functions among Mon-... | Austroasiatic languages | [
-0.2197127342224121,
0.09114610403776169,
-0.14554868638515472,
-0.15391905605793,
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0.19538027048110962,
-0.504253625869751,
-0.2524905204772949,
0.04050827771425247,
-0.3218713402748108... |
Southeast Asia. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 142. Canberra: Australian National University.
* Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics.
* Shorto, H. L. Bibliographies of Mon... | Austroasiatic languages | [
0.0643797367811203,
0.13331280648708344,
-0.3198423385620117,
-0.29257458448410034,
-0.18300533294677734,
0.568854570388794,
0.008793934248387814,
0.06520551443099976,
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0.3073406219482422,
-0.44308704137802124,
-0.1159975677728653,
0.07961999624967575,
-0.35271632671356... |
Press. pp. 55–74.
== External links ==
* Swadesh lists for Austro-Asiatic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
* Austro-Asiatic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Sebeok 1942, Pinnow 1959, Diffloth 2005, and Matisoff 2006
* Mon–Khmer.com: ... | Austroasiatic languages | [
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