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Human blood contains normally about 5,000,000 red corpuscles (erythrocytes) per cubic millimeter of volume in the male and about 4,500,000 in the female. The average person, weighing 150 pounds, then, would possess ap proximately 20,000,000,000,000 (20 trillion) of them. Each erythrocyte is essentially a little capsule... | {
"Header 1": "VI. Vitamin K (C3,H4e02) —antihemorrhagic.",
"token_count": 1991,
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However, most of the ammonia which results from protein metabolism is con verted into urea in the liver and is carried in that form to the kidneys where it is removed from the set of capillaries ramifying over the convoluted tubules by <sup>a</sup> process of true secretion. According to this idea, the urine which cons... | {
"Header 1": "VI. Vitamin K (C3,H4e02) —antihemorrhagic.",
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A few of the pressure sense organs are found in certain of the internal structures of the body. The lateral line system in fishes is sensory to vibrations carried in the water and is quite important to aquatic animals of this type.
Nervous Function—Reception and Conduction.—Irritability and conductivity are fundament... | {
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For the most part, reproduction among protozoans is taken to be asexual, but according to a recently published work by Sonneborn, a distinct sexuality exists in Paramecium. Examples of asexual reproduction by budding and fission have al ready been pointed out in the studies of reproduction of sponges, hydra, planaria, ... | {
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"token_count": 2000,
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These each have specific characteristics, but they all agree in having a terminal nostril, four tentacles on each side of the mouth, ability to produce enormous quantities of mucus, and the lack of the oral funnel or sucker. They all possess twelve or more pairs of gills, only one semicircular canal in the inner ear, a... | {
"Header 1": "VI. Vitamin K (C3,H4e02) —antihemorrhagic.",
"token_count": 610,
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In most respects the Atlantic lamprey, Petromyzo7i marinus, and the Pacific form, Entosphenus tridentaUis, correspond quite closely in structure and make excellent representatives for study of the group. The following account will fit them generally. They may reach a length of three feet and three inches. The color is ... | {
"Header 1": "VI. Vitamin K (C3,H4e02) —antihemorrhagic.",
"Header 2": "External Structure",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The sexes are presumably separate, but hermaphroditic conditions are occasionally found. Germ cells when mature are discharged from the gonad into the body cavity and go by way of two
genital pores into the iirinogenital sinus, then out through the papilla to the environmental water where fertilization occurs.
The ... | {
"Header 1": "VI. Vitamin K (C3,H4e02) —antihemorrhagic.",
"Header 2": "External Structure",
"token_count": 351,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Unlike the cyclostomes, the Elasmobranchs are covered with scales and have two sets of paired fins on the ventrolateral surfaces of the body. In addition to these, there are unpaired or median fins. The gill apertures, except for the first, or spiracle, are slitlike instead of circular, as seen in the lamprey. The gill... | {
"Header 1": "ELASMOBRANCHII\\*",
"token_count": 1699,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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This shark is the most commonly studied representative of the Elasmobranch group. Squalus acanthias is the scientific name applied to the common form taken along the Atlantic coast and Squalus suckleyi is the name given the similar one of the Pacific coastal waters. The average length of Squalus is between two and one-... | {
"Header 1": "ELASMOBRANCHII\\*",
"Header 2": "THE SPINY DOGFISH",
"token_count": 518,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The segmental arrangement of myotomes, separated by myoeommas, is fairly complete along both sides of the body. The principal specializations of independent muscles are found in the form of myotome modification in the region of the mouth gills and paired appendages. The trapezius found above the branchial area; the sup... | {
"Header 1": "ELASMOBRANCHII\\*",
"Header 2": "Muscular System",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The subclavian artery leaves the aorta more anteriorly, coming off ahead of the posterior efferent branchial ; the coeliac is farther back and sends a pancreaticomesenteric artery above the duodenum, through the ventral pancreas, and along the valvular intestine a gastric to the stomach and the hepatic artery to the li... | {
"Header 1": "ELASMOBRANCHII\\*",
"Header 2": "Muscular System",
"token_count": 266,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The gills in the wall of the pharynx are constantly bathed in water forced through from the mouth. An exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen is made by the blood as it passes through the capillaries of the gills. This is made possible by diffusion of these gases through the membranes of the gill lamellae. The gills are ... | {
"Header 1": "ELASMOBRANCHII\\*",
"Header 2": "Respiratory System",
"token_count": 1369,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The bonnethead (or shovel-nosed) shark is common in the Atlantic along the coast of the Southern States and in the Gulf of Mexico. It occurs abundantly along the Louisiana and Texas Gulf coast during May and June. It averages about the same size as Squalus. In many respects it is similar to the smooth dogfish, Mustelus... | {
"Header 1": "THE BONNETHEAD SHARK, RENICEPS (SPHYRNA) TIBURO COMPARED TO SQUALUS",
"token_count": 852,
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This important class includes quite an extensive variety of dif ferent forms. They are aquatic and possess the usual adaptation of gills for respiration, and paired fins as well as median fins to assist in locomotion. Most forms within the class have scales as an exoskeletal covering of the skin. The endoskeleton is pr... | {
"Header 1": "PISCES, TRUE FISH",
"token_count": 2019,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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In most of the representatives of the order, the scales are of the enamellike ganoid variety, but in a few they are cycloid and imbricated.
Family Amiidae.—Bowfin or Fresh-water Dogfish. In Amia calva, the only species in existence, we find the cycloid scales and another form capable of accessory respiration by means... | {
"Header 1": "PISCES, TRUE FISH",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Suborder Synentognathi.—Garfishes and Flying Fishes.
Family Belonidae.—Sea Garfishes. These are long-bodied, voracious fish of the warm seas. They range from Maine to the Texas Coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
Family Exocoetidae.—Flying Fishes. Some of these peculiar fishes are able to leave the water and glide throu... | {
"Header 1": "PISCES, TRUE FISH",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The annual catch of salmon alone is estimated at \$17,000,000. Besides salmon, codfish, halibut, herring, shad, mackerel, mullet, red snapper, buffalo fish, carp, catfish, trout, ciscoes, and pike perch are all important food and commercial fish. In addition to the food value of the flesh, the eggs of several species, ... | {
"Header 1": "PISCES, TRUE FISH",
"token_count": 580,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The yellow bullhead catfish, Ameiuriis natalis, is widely distrib uted through the fresh waters of the United States. Its distribution did not originally reach the Pacific coast, but during recent years it has been successfully introduced. The natural range extends throughout the Middle West, South, and well into the S... | {
"Header 1": "TYPICAL BONY FISH—YELLOW BULLHEAD AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH YELLOW PERCH\\*",
"token_count": 1068,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The heart lies almost free in the pericardial space at the extreme anterior end of the body cavity. It is composed of two principal chambers and two accessor}^ ones. There is a single auricle with the accessory sinus venosus leading into it, and the single ventricle which leads into the accessory conus arteriosus. The ... | {
"Header 1": "TYPICAL BONY FISH—YELLOW BULLHEAD AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH YELLOW PERCH\\*",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System and Circulation",
"token_count": 2051,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Locomotion is not the only function of the voluntary muscular system, but it is an important one. In addition to this function,
certain muscles are specialized for feeding and others to assist in respiration. The segmental myotomes divided dorsally and ventrally by the lateral line are the chief muscles of locomotion... | {
"Header 1": "TYPICAL BONY FISH—YELLOW BULLHEAD AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH YELLOW PERCH\\*",
"Header 2": "Muscular System and Locomotion",
"token_count": 1362,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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(By Ottys Sanders, Southwestern Biological Supply Company)
As there are many vertebrate animals which lead an amphibious life, it was natural for Linnaeus to group these together under the class Amphibia. This, of course, was classification based on habits rather than on structure, and as soon as such animals as the ... | {
"Header 1": "CLASS AMPHIBIA",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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During the hibernation season and breeding season most salamanders and frogs do not feed.
Enemies of Amphibia.—The enemies of amphibians are many. In their larval or tadpole stages they are a delicate food for giant water bugs, dragonfly nymphs, larvae of water beetles, and other aquatic insects. Small crustaceans de... | {
"Header 1": "CLASS AMPHIBIA",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
#### Classification
There are estimated to be about 1,900 known species of living frogs, toads, and salamanders in the world, and about 60 species
Fig. 267.—Typhlomolge rathbuni, the blind cave salamander of Texas. (Photograph by Sanders.)
Fig. 268... | {
"Header 1": "CLASS AMPHIBIA",
"token_count": 546,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Suborder Crypto'branchoidea
Family Cryptobranchidae
Cryptohranchus alleganiensis (1 species). This so-called "hellbender" ranges from the eastern states west to Iowa, south to Louisiana.
Suborder Ambystomoidea
Family Ambystomidae
Ambystoma (13 species). Common species in the Southwest are: the Tiger salamande... | {
"Header 1": "A List of Families of the Amphibia in the United States",
"Header 2": "Order Caudata (Urodela) (Tailed Amphibians)",
"token_count": 820,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Suborder Amphicoela
Family Liopelmidae
Ascaphus truei (1 species). Washington and a few other points on the Pacific Coast.
Suborder Anomocoela
Family Pelobatidae (Spadefoots)
Scaphiopus (5 species). One species in the East, one each in Florida and California; four species in the Southwest. These are the spade... | {
"Header 1": "A List of Families of the Amphibia in the United States",
"Header 2": "Order Salientia (Anura) (Tailless Amphibians)",
"token_count": 947,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Necturus maculosus, the mud puppy or water dog, is a very com mon example of the salamander division of Amphibia found from the Mississippi basin eastward, and is the one most commonly used for laboratory study. It lives in ponds and streams, spending most of the time in the mud at the bottom, but swimming and crawling... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The respiration may be divided into cutaneous, performed through the wet skin ; branchial through the gills ; and pidmonary through the lungs. There are several parts to the latter arrangement. The small external nares lead by way of passages to the slitlike internal nares which open into the mouth between the posterio... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Respiratory System and Breathing",
"token_count": 1467,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The skeleton of these animals is classified as a bony skeleton but is not completely ossified and a considerable part of it is cartilage. The axial portion consisting of skull, vertebral column and ribs; and the appendicular portion, consisting of the two girdles with limbs constitute the essential parts of this system... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Skeletal System",
"token_count": 1383,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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#### Habitat
The bullfrog is a solitary animal except during the breeding sea son. It is strictly aquatic and does not leave the pools as does the leopard frog. It prefers bodies of quiet water where there are both shallows and deeper water, such as lagoons, small lakes, and the cypress ponds of swampy regions. In su... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "THE BULLFROG",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Digestion.—Since frogs live primarily on insects, crayfish, and other small invertebrate animals, their food is very rich in proteins. Their vomerine and maxillary teeth are too feeble to do more than slightly crush their prey, so digestion begins in the stomach. Here the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid and ... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "THE BULLFROG",
"token_count": 623,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The circulatory^ system comprises the Mood vascular system and the lymphatic system. The two systems are closely interrelated in that they both carry to the tissues of the body nutritive material necessary for metabolism aud remove from them to the excretory organs, waste products of body activity. They differ in sever... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Each of the two anterior precavals receives blood from three branches: (1) the external jugular bringing blood from the tongue, hyoid, thyroid, pseudothyroid, and floor of the mouth; (2) the in nominate vein, made up of a fusion of the internal jugular returning blood from the brain and other parts of the head, and t... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The rate of pulsation is influenced greatly by temperature up to <sup>a</sup> certain maximum rate, for the activity and metabolism of the bullfrog are considerably affected by temperature. Blood
pressure is increased by a constriction of the smaller arteries or arterioles. Their muscular walls may contract from stim... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Bones are joined to one another by structures made up of connective tissue which allow varying degrees of movement between them. These structures are called joints or articulations. In some cases, as in the skull, the joints are immovable and the bones are separated only by a thin sutural ligament of connective tissu... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Each hand, or manus, contains four metacarpals following the carpals, and distal to these are four complete digits and an exceedingly small rudimentary fifth near the thumb, the prepollex, consisting of only
Fig. 283.—Pelvic girdle of Uie bullfrog, dorsal view.
a single bone. Each of... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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These roots pass out of the vertebral column between vertebrae through an opening or intervertebral foramen and unite into a nerve trunk, branches of which extend to the muscles and skin of the body and limbs. The dorsal root is known as the sensory or afferent root and has a ganglion; the ventral root is known as the ... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Circulatory System",
"token_count": 1441,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The ovoid testes (Fig. 278) of the male bullfrog are attached to each kidney by <sup>a</sup> fold of peritoneum. In this fold of peritoneum, running between the testes and kidneys, are several small ducts, the vasa efferentia. These ducts connect with the mesonephric duct through the collecting tubules of the kidney. S... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Reproductive Organs",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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As a final result, the gastrula forms a two-layered embryo of ectoderm and endoderm cells, each layer of which may be several cells thick.
Mesoderm Formation.—Before the process of gastrulation is completed, a sheet of cells forms between the ectoderm and endoderm cells. This sheet of cells is known as mesoderm. As t... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Reproductive Organs",
"token_count": 1197,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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One of the common toads is the American toad, Bufo americamis. It resembles closely its relatives, the Woodhouse's toad {Bufo woodhousii Girard) and Fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri), and only by close scrutiny can they be distinguished. Bufo woodJiousii ranges, in general, from Texas to Kansas and Nebraska and westward to ... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "THE TOAD",
"token_count": 1022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Since the toad is terrestrial and has a thicker epidermis than the frog, it needs to depend to a larger extent on its lungs; these are large and well vascularized, being more spongy than those of the bullfrog or leopard frog.
The motith is large and toothless, lacking the maxillary and vo merine teeth of the frog. Tw... | {
"Header 1": "NECTURUS MACULOSUS, THE MUD PUPPY",
"Header 2": "Respiratory and Digestive Organs",
"token_count": 1448,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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(By Leo T. Murray and James E. Blaylock)
Class Beptilia includes among living- forms, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, and similar animals. These are the only living vertebrates which are cold blooded, breathe by lungs, and have a single median occipital condyle. A more complete list of distinguishing characteri... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXIX",
"Header 2": "REPTILIA",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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In California, where no kinosternid turtle is found, a member of the family Emydidae is called the "mud turtle." All kinosternids possess musk glands that open through pores on
REPTILIA 549
the margins of the carapace just anterior and just posterior to the bridge. If a dry musk turtle be disturbed, a drop of yello... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXIX",
"Header 2": "REPTILIA",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Other common characteristics are a fold in the skin where the ventral plates join the body wall ; a long, brittle tail ; eye with a lid ; emarginate, protractile tongue; and solid teeth. Many of our species have large auditory openings connected by an unobstructed passage. Our largest species reaches <sup>a</sup> maxim... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXIX",
"Header 2": "REPTILIA",
"token_count": 2032,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
One of these, a Syrian species, is the smallest of all adult snakes. Those found in our own country are small, seldom attaining a length of more than a few inches. They are all plain flesh, or various shades of pale pinkish lavender in color. An iridescent, silvery sheen extends over all. The head is blunt and of the s... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXIX",
"Header 2": "REPTILIA",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The horned lizard is a convenient reptile to study since one or more species is found locally throughout southwestern United States. It is usually found in abundance and is relatively easy to capture. The ''horns" on the head are unique among living reptiles. The general plan of structure is sufficiently generalized to... | {
"Header 1": "THE HORNED LIZARD",
"token_count": 214,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The horned lizards are typical iguanid lizards, with broad, flat bodies covered with horny, strongly keeled scales and spines. There is at least one row of spines in a marginal fringe at the lateral edges of the belly. Erect, scattered spines of various shapes and sizes are apparent on the animal's back. The body is de... | {
"Header 1": "THE HORNED LIZARD",
"Header 2": "External Structure",
"token_count": 2024,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The circulatory system of reptiles shows distinct advances over the circulatory system of amphibians. Since respiration is carried on exclusively by the lungs, changes which are in keeping with this
REPTILIA 567
modification are apparent in the pulmonary circulation. The system consists of a heart, arteries, capill... | {
"Header 1": "THE HORNED LIZARD",
"Header 2": "The Circulatory System",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Fertilization must occur internally before the shell is put on; hence, the males have intromittent copulatory or gans for introducing spermatic fluid into the females. Such eggs will develop on land and often in rather dry places. The oviducts
are much shorter in animals producing only a few ova than in animals produ... | {
"Header 1": "THE HORNED LIZARD",
"Header 2": "The Circulatory System",
"token_count": 722,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The reptilian nervous system shows certain advances over the nervous system of amphibians. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are present, as in birds and mammals. The various regions of the brain are better developed than in lower vertebrates ; however, the reptilian brain is still a comparatively simple structure.
The ... | {
"Header 1": "THE HORNED LIZARD",
"Header 2": "The Nervous System",
"token_count": 1042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The pond turtles of various genera belonging to Family Emydidae have long been used as convenient and useful examples for studies of reptilian characteristics. While there are many variations in details, the main features of Troost's turtle, Pseudemys troostii elegans (Wied), are foundj very little modified, in other m... | {
"Header 1": "THE HORNED LIZARD",
"Header 2": "THE TURTLE",
"token_count": 835,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The organs of the digestive tract are mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, cloaca, and anus. Various accessory structures and glands are the cutting edges of the beaklike jaws, the liver and the pancreas. The size and relative length of the various parts of the alimentary canal ... | {
"Header 1": "Digestive System",
"token_count": 497,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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This system is typically reptilian (see page 573). In some turtles adaptations in structure of nervous tracts to the eye are known to have occurred, probably in response to feeding habits. That part of the peripheral nervous system which normally innervates the musculature of the costal region is absent.
#### The Ske... | {
"Header 1": "Digestive System",
"Header 2": "The Nervous System",
"token_count": 269,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Class Aves (A' vez), which includes all birds, has several distinctive characteristics. The fundamental structural features of this class are quite closely related to those of reptiles. The outstanding characteristics of birds are as summarized in the following state ments. (1) The skin is covered with feathers which a... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "AVES",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The birds of the first
Fig. 310. —Turkey vulture (buzzard), Cathartes aura septentrionales. (From Metcalf. Textbook of Economic Zoology, published by Lea and Febiger, after Snyder.)
family, particularly bitterns, herons, and egrets, are structurally similar but their habits are quite... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "AVES",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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Their wings beat the most rapidly of
any birds. They feed on nectar from flowers. The chimney swifts are universally distributed. They have a short bill, broad mouth, short tail with terminal stiff quills, and long', pointed wings. They nest in chimneys, caves, hollow trees and on cliffs, in nests made of twigs and l... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "AVES",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
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The flocking habit is fairly well developed, and usually one cock establishes himself as master of a certain flock and all other cocks are more or less subservient to him. They are entirely polygamous and the mating is promiscuous.
AVES 599
#### External Structure
The body of the gamecock, the Leghorn, and the Ba... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "AVES",
"token_count": 1641,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The chicken and other birds breathe through the nostrils, nasal chambers, pharynx, superior larynx, trachea, inferior larynx (syrinx), bronchi, bronchial tubes, lungs, and air sacs.
Air is brought into the nasal chambers through the slitlike nostrils in the upper jaw. Within the nasal chamber the air is warmed by pas... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "Respiratory System",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
#### Skeletal System
The skeleton of the bird is remarkable for its rigidity with light weight. Even in the heavy, nonflying chicken, this is noticeable. The strongly keeled sternum serves as the attachment for the strong pectoral muscles which are so important in the flight of most birds. There are short bracing b... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "Respiratory System",
"token_count": 974,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
In the chicken there are 162 voluntary, striated muscles, single or in pairs. These muscles are named in some cases from their location, others from their attachments, some for their shape and form, others from their use or function, and still others from their direction in the body. They are covered and bound together... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER XXX",
"Header 2": "Muscular System",
"token_count": 1006,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The class Mammalia (mam'ma'li a, milk-forming) includes many of the animals most familiar to man. Nearly one-third of the total number of them occur in America. Besides our common domestic animals, such familiar forms as rats, mice, ground hogs, bats, foxes, bears, deers, seals, whales, man and many others belong in th... | {
"Header 1": "MAMMALIA",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The animal is ventral side up. They can even sleep in this position. Their food is principally leaves and buds. They are very slow moving animals and inhabit South and Central America.
Fig. 333.—Nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctum.
The nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinc... | {
"Header 1": "MAMMALIA",
"token_count": 2047,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The fishers, martens, minks, weasels, ferrets, otters, skunks, and badgers constitute a group of very blood-thirsty killers. The skunks of genus Mephitis are quite common and are well known because of their conspicuous white stripes on black fur background and powerful scent glands. Besides the striped forms there are ... | {
"Header 1": "MAMMALIA",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
633
They swallow their food partially chewed and, because of the structure of the stomach, they are able to regurgitate it later for further chewing. For this reason such animals can consume large quantities of bulky food in a short time, then retire to the shade and chew while reclining. The stomach of such an ani... | {
"Header 1": "MAMMALIA",
"token_count": 2019,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
#### Economic Relations
Nearly all of the important beasts of burden, such as horses, asses, mules, elephants, camels, llamas, reindeer, oxen, and dogs, are mammals. The history of the origin of the domestication of most of these has been lost to antiquity. Cattle, sheep, hogs, goats, reindeer, alpaca, and rabbits ... | {
"Header 1": "MAMMALIA",
"token_count": 919,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The common house cat, Felis domestica, is a carnivore which is familiar to everyone. It is so common that it is always available for study. The cat is <sup>a</sup> quadruped which is well adapted for walking and climbing, at which activities it is very adept. The eyes of the cat are well adapted to sight at night when ... | {
"Header 1": "THE CAT, A REPRESENTATIVE MAM3VLAL",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
In the first set, the dental formula for one-half of the mouth is incisors 3/3, canines 1/1, and premolars 3/2. These teeth begin to appear when the kitten is two weeks old and are complete at eight weeks. At the end of the fourth month the milk incisors are being replaced by permanent teeth. The formula for one-half o... | {
"Header 1": "THE CAT, A REPRESENTATIVE MAM3VLAL",
"token_count": 1362,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The most anterior portion of this system is the buccal cavity or mouth. It contains the teeth, which are set in alveoli or sockets in the jaws, and the tongue on which are located taste buds. The roof
Fig. 350.—Heart and arteries of cat (ventral view). (Drawn by Titus Evans.)
of the ... | {
"Header 1": "THE CAT, A REPRESENTATIVE MAM3VLAL",
"Header 2": "The Digestive System",
"token_count": 955,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
In mammals, the special organs of respiration are the lungs, wherein the carbon dioxide is taken from the blood and the oxygen from the air is supplied to it. The nasal passages lead through the nasopharynx to the pharynx and from here through the glottis to the laiynx, thence by trachea to the lungs. The air is warmed... | {
"Header 1": "THE CAT, A REPRESENTATIVE MAM3VLAL",
"Header 2": "Respiratory System",
"token_count": 717,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The kidneys, two ureters leading from the kidneys, the bladder, and the urethra constitute the principal organs of this system. Each kidney is composed of an outer cortical layer about one-half centi meter thick and an inner medidlary substance. In the cortical sub stance are hundreds of renal corpuscles, each composed... | {
"Header 1": "THE CAT, A REPRESENTATIVE MAM3VLAL",
"Header 2": "Excretory System",
"token_count": 858,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
It is rather generally understood among students of biology that no two animals, even of the same species, are exactly counterparts of each other. There is a certain normal range of variation in size and structure as well as in functional efficiency. Any variations beyond these rather fixed limits are classified as mal... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL ANOMALIES",
"token_count": 1100,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
An extreme case of this was found in <sup>a</sup> cat which was being used for dissection purposes. The animal had lived an apparently normal life and had been killed for laboratory study without showing evi dence of its abnormality until dissected. From all appearances the diaphragm had not completed its development, ... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL ANOMALIES",
"Header 2": "Diaphragmatic Hernia (Open Diaphragm)",
"token_count": 386,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
There are numerous abnormal variations in the number and ar rangement of digits, ranging from a stumplike structure of no digits through the ''lobster claw" condition of two or three, to as many as two more than normal. The polydactylous condition is rather frequently found in cats. In fact, Wilder once reported that p... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL ANOMALIES",
"Header 2": "Polydactylism (Extra Digits)",
"token_count": 1479,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Transposition of the heart to the right side of the midline of the body is known as dextrocardia and occurs rarely. It is usually associated with displacement of other visceral organs.
There has been a case reported recently in which the autopsy of a 73-year-old farmer disclosed that he had died because of a ruptured... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL ANOMALIES",
"Header 2": "Cardiac Anomalies",
"token_count": 555,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The great complexity of the structure of organisms, particularly of those animals in the higher ranks of the animal kingdom, makes necessary a means of regulation and coordination of the functions of the organ systems individually and a means of intercommunication between them. This work is cared for in part by the ner... | {
"Header 1": "THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS",
"token_count": 1982,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Connected with the thyroid body are four little glands about the size of small peas, so insignificant in appearance that they were overlooked for many years. The removal of these small bodies along with the thyroid gland in certain operations provoked such startling results, however, as to attract attention to their pr... | {
"Header 1": "THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS",
"Header 2": "The Parathyroid Glands",
"token_count": 1071,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The pituitary gland is the human being is <sup>a</sup> body weighing about 0.5 Gm., lodged in a depression at the base of the brain. It consists of two principal parts : the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. These two portions have distinct functions. The vital importance of this body was not realized for many year... | {
"Header 1": "THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS",
"Header 2": "The Pituitary Gland",
"token_count": 1217,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The thymus, a small glandular structure located in the chest be tween the upper part of the sternum and the pericardium, is a tem porary organ, which normally atrophies in human beings by the time of the onset of puberty. When the gland is too active, <sup>a</sup> condition is found in children in which an enlargement ... | {
"Header 1": "THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS",
"Header 2": "The Thymus Gland",
"token_count": 1803,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
or prolan or gonadotropic) | Interstitial cell stimulating hormone of male | Thyrotropic | Adrenotropic | Mammogenic | Lactogenic | Pitocin ... | {
"Header 1": "THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS",
"Header 2": "The Thymus Gland",
"token_count": 690,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
#### Protozoa
Regenerative capacity varies inversely with complexity of the or ganism but also varies a great deal among animals belonging to the same phylum. Among the protozoa, nucleated fragments are generally capable of regeneration while nonnucleated fragments are not. Thus, if Stentor is cut into three transver... | {
"Header 1": "REGENERATION",
"Header 2": "REGENERATIVE CAPACITY",
"token_count": 1489,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Capacity for regeneration is extensive in this phylum. Foot or head, mantle or shell, may be replaced under favorable environmental conditions.
#### Arthropoda
Regenerative capacity of organisms in the phylum Arthropoda is more limited than in the preceding groups. Regeneration takes place in the walking legs of de... | {
"Header 1": "REGENERATION",
"Header 2": "Mollusca",
"token_count": 628,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Among the Amphibia, the Caudata are able to regenerate appendages. Adult Salientia are unable to do so, though they are more primitive in many skeletal characters than the Caudata. A great deal of research pertinent to an understanding of regeneration has been done with amphibian material.
Salamander larvae frequentl... | {
"Header 1": "REGENERATION",
"Header 2": "Amphibia",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The first two cells formed by division of the zygote are thus physiologically different though genetically identical so long as they remain in their normal relationship to each other. As development and dif ferentiation proceed, potencies of the cells tend to be limited more and more, the final limitation of potencies ... | {
"Header 1": "REGENERATION",
"Header 2": "Amphibia",
"token_count": 1374,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The atom is thought to consist of (1) a central nucleus bearing a positive charge and possessing nearly all of the mass of the atom, and (2) one or more electrons (negatively charged particles of small mass) revolving around the nucleus in definite orbits. The nucleus contains protons (positively charged particles) and... | {
"Header 1": "BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS",
"Header 2": "The Structure of the Atom",
"token_count": 1505,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Organisms living on the surface of the earth are dependent on solar radiation either directly or indirectly. It would be difficult to imagine human life, for example, without the benefits of food, heat, fresh water, and light. Most biochemical processes are ex othermic (give off heat) and lose energy. Photosynthesis co... | {
"Header 1": "BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS",
"Header 2": "Biological Effects of Sunlig-ht",
"token_count": 571,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Hertzian (radio) waves are longer in wave length than the infrared radiation. They apparently are not biologically effective under usual conditions of radio transmission, but high frequency oscilla tions of shorter wave lengths applied across two terminals at a high intensity will subject the intervening material to an... | {
"Header 1": "BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS",
"Header 2": "High Frequency Oscillations",
"token_count": 1996,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
There are several physical factors which affect the amount of radiation produced; these are the voltage, the current, the type of target, the distance from the target to the irra-
Fig. 372.—Effect of temperature during the irradiation upon the amount of injury produced. These rats are ... | {
"Header 1": "BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS",
"Header 2": "High Frequency Oscillations",
"token_count": 643,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The photon of roentgen radiation is capable of removing an extra nuclear electron from an atom leaving it temporarily charged as an ion. The electron removed by the photon is called a pJiotoelectron and is capable of removing other electrons from lower energy levels. Thus the path of the photon (until all of the energy... | {
"Header 1": "The Fundamental Action of Roentgen Radiation",
"token_count": 1354,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
(By Willis Hewatt, Texas Christian University)
#### Life Regions and Zones of the Earth
Every area of the earth has its animal and plant life. The ap parently barren sun-baked desert, the ice-capped polar regions, the highest mountain tops, and the tropical rain forests are all inhabited by their faunas and floras.... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
#### Migration of Animals
The migrations of many animals are not well understood but in most cases they involve breeding habits, food, or shelter. Most of these migrations are seasonal, but many permanent changes of loca tion have been made by groups of animals as a result of permanent changes of climate on the ear... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION",
"token_count": 282,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The wide distribution of species of animals on the earth depends largely upon their means of dispersal or means of being carried from one place to another and upon the barriers which they encounter. Among the members of <sup>a</sup> species as well as among the related and nonrelated species of animals there is a conti... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION",
"Header 2": "Means of Dispersal and Barriers",
"token_count": 948,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
(By a. 0. Weese, University of Oklahoma)
Ecology is that division of biology which has to do with the rela tions between organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism, for convenience, may be divided into two parts, the nonliving, including physical, chemical, and climatic factors, and the living, i... | {
"Header 1": "THE ANIMAL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Typical animals of the Arctic tundra are the musk ox and the arctic caribou which feed on the low vegetation. Here, also, are found great hosts of rodents, including lemmings, whose enormous increases in numbers and periodic migrations in Europe have been known for many hundreds of years. Arctic hares and arctic ptarmi... | {
"Header 1": "THE ANIMAL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT",
"token_count": 1881,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
(Data From Hefley.)
| DEVELOPMENT<br>STAGE<br>IN ... | {
"Header 1": "THE ANIMAL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT",
"token_count": 1051,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
A great deal can be learned about the relations of organisms by quantitative methods making possible an estimate of the numbers of various species present in a given community at any one time. Comparisons may then be made between the populations of communities differing in some observable respect, or between the popula... | {
"Header 1": "THE ANIMAL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT",
"Header 2": "Animal Populations",
"token_count": 749,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
(By Sewell H. Hopkins, Texas A. and M. College)
#### SOCIAL RELATIONS OF ANIMALS
It has been explained in the previous chapter that no animal is ever entirely independent of others, since all plants and animals are influenced, directly or indirectly, by all the other organisms in the community. Most animals, howeve... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL PARASITISM",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Since most parasites cannot live without their hosts, a parasite which shortens the life of its host destroys its own home and means of livelihood; nonpathogenic parasites are more likely to be successful in the long run, and are there-
fore more abundant. Some parasitologists consider pathogenic parasites to be impe... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL PARASITISM",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm and Diphyllohothrium latum, the broad fish tapeworm, all three common parasites of the human intestine, and EcJmiococcus granidosus, a dog and wolf tapeworm whose larval stage is the cause of a horrible human disease.
Nemathelminthes.—The single class Nematoda includes at least 95 per... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL PARASITISM",
"token_count": 2051,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Stiles in 1901. Hookworms are slender threadlike nematodes about one half inch long; the females are tapered to a point at each end, while the slightly smaller males have on the posterior end a fanlike ex pansion, the copulatory bursa, with curved riblike supports. Both sexes have a large mouth containing hooklike chit... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL PARASITISM",
"token_count": 2049,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
(131° F.). Investigations of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, in which the author assisted, indicate that pre pared sausages seldom contain living worms, most of them being killed by the salts and seasoning or by long-continued cold storage; the greatest danger is from fresh pork. Contrary to popular impres... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL PARASITISM",
"token_count": 1963,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Other important flukes are the human intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buskii, which is common among the Chinese, who become infected by eating the cysts on various aquatic food plants; the human lung fluke, Paragonimus westermanii of eastern Asia, where the natives become infected by eating the encysted larvae in fresh... | {
"Header 1": "ANIMAL PARASITISM",
"token_count": 1773,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
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