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1. Morphology.—The flowers of the Gymnosperms are all unisexual and diclinous. The macrosporophylls form the female, the
Fig. 510.—Pinus montana. A, Longitudinal section of a ripe male flower (× 10). B, Longitudinal section of a single stamen (× 20). C, Transverse section of a stamen (... | {
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"Header 2": "Morphology and Ecology of the Flower (8)",
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(After Tschirch-Österle.)
united margins of the carpels, each margin bearing a row of ovules. This is termed the VENTRAL SUTURE, while the midrib of the carpel forms the DORSAL SUTURE. In syncarpous ovaries the ovules are similarly borne on the margins of the coherent carpels (Fig. 516 pl).
The placentation is term... | {
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522.—Diagram of a pentacyclic monocyclic monocyclic dower (Lilium). (After Schenck.)
Fig. 528.—Diagram of a pentacyclic dicotyledonous flower (Viscaria). (After Eighler.)
Fig. 524.—Theoretical diagram of the flower of Iris. The missing whorl of stamens... | {
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The facts regarding the pollination of flowers by insects which Sprengel discovered still hold, although the particular question as to how the apparatus rendering the flowers conspicuous affects the eyes of insects, and how the conspicuousness has come about, is open to reconsideration. It must be borne in mind that ... | {
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The insect visit, which as a rule will bring foreign pollen, prepares the conditions for germination and excludes the action of the flower's own pollen. In the Orchids the flower's own pollen has a directly injurious influence, and when applied to the stigma causes the flower to wither.
Even when there is no self-ste... | {
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A. In the Gymnosperms (7) a prothallium consisting of a few cells is formed on the germination of the MICROSPORE. This lies within the large cell, which will later give rise to the pollen-tube, closely applied to the cell wall; the nucleus of this cell is marked k in Fig. 536 A. The first-formed cell (p) corresponds to... | {
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"Header 2": "Development of the Sexual Generation in the Phanerogams",
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The region of the stem below the cotyledons is termed the HYPOCOTYL; it passes gradually into the main root or RADICLE, which is always directed towards the micropyle.
#### (b) Coniferae
The development of the microspores of the Coniferae when they germinate differs from the process described above. The prothallial... | {
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(a) The MICROSPORES of Angiosperms before they are shed from the pollen-sac form an antheridial mother cell (Fig. 549 m) which is
Fig. 549.—Pollen-grain of Lilium Murtagon and its germination. k, Vegetative nucleus of the pollen-grain; m, antheridial mother cell; g, generative nuclei. ... | {
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b, The generative cell more highly magnified. (After Nawaschin.)
In Juglans the two generative nuclei remain enclosed by a common protoplasmic mass (Fig. 555) which even enters the embryosac; it then gradually disappears and the naked nuclei emerge and fulfil their respective functions. NAWASCHIN points out that thes... | {
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"Header 2": "B. Angiosperms (8)",
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Numerous cases of ovogenic apogamy have been discovered of recent years. In Alchemilla, Thalictrum, Taraxacum, etc., the pollen grains are usually functionless and the reduction of chromosomes in the development of the embryo sac is suppressed, so that the nuclei retain the diploid number of chromosomes; the plants hav... | {
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The effect of fertilisation is not only seen in the macrosporangia but extends to the macrosporophylls or carpels. The structures of
FIG. 569.—Collective fruit of Rosa alba, consisting of the fleshy hollowed axis s', the persistent sepals s, and the carpels fr. The stamens ε have withe... | {
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"Header 2": "The Fruit (11)",
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The most important means by which Spermatophytes compete with others living under the same conditions is to produce as many seeds as possible. With the number of descendants the probability that some at least will succeed is increased. The number of seeds by itself would, however, be of little avail if all the seeds re... | {
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"Header 2": "Distribution of Seeds (12)",
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seed-coat; e, endosperm; w, primary root; x, broken-through embryo-sac; r, red layer of the seed-coat. III. The cotyledons (c) have escaped from the exhausted seed; hc, hypocotyl; w', lateral roots.
is brought about by the growth of their positively geotropic stalks, while negative heliotropism determines the inserti... | {
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#### Order 1. Cycadinae
This includes the single Family Cycadaceae. These are woody plants restricted to tropical and sub-tropical regions. Cycas is a native of Asia; Macrozamia and Bowcnia of Australia. Encephalartos and Stangeria are African, while America has the genera Dioon, Ceratozamia, Zamia, and Microcycas. T... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Gymnospermae (14)",
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The outer wall splits at the base and along the side of each pollen-sac, so that the whole stamen resembles an umbrella turned inside out; the pollen remains for a time in the pocket-like depressions, from which it is removed by the wind. The female flower usually develops singly as a secondary, axillary shoot of the u... | {
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"Header 2": "Gymnospermae (14)",
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The wall of the sporangium opens by an obliquely longitudinal split, which gapes widely and allows the winged microspores to escape. The female flowers arise from the upper side of a branch and are directed vertically upwards. The bract-scales are longer than the broad, ovuliferous scales. The fertilised cones retain t... | {
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"Header 2": "Gymnospermae (14)",
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In contrast to what was seen to be the case for the Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms have not yet been detected in Cambrian and Silurian strata. They appear first in
Fig. 598.—1, Cordaites subglomeratus, longitudinal section of a male flower-bud; b, investing bracts; a, stamens with several a... | {
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"Header 2": "Fossil Gymnosperms (15)",
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The long-disputed question as to whether the Monocotyledons or Dicotyledons are the more primitive is perhaps settled by the derivation of the Monocotyledons from the Polycarpicae among the Dicotyledons; these exhibit features of agreement with Monocotyledons in floral construction, anatomical structure, and in morphol... | {
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"Header 2": "Angiospermae (16)",
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The Dicotyledons with few exceptions possess a pair of seed-leaves. The distinction of hypogeal and epigeal germination has been described on p. 589.
The stem has a circle of open vascular bundles, while the root
on transverse section shows a regularly alternating arrangement of the xylem- and phloem-groups (cf. p.... | {
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"Header 2": "Dicotylae",
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#### A. Monochlamydeae
The following orders 1-4 agree in the unisexuality and anemophily of their flowers with simple uncoloured perianth. They include various transitional forms from chalazogamy to porogamy.
#### Order 1. Juglandiflorae
Family Juglandaceae. —Conspicuous, monoecious trees of the northern hemisphe... | {
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"Header 2": "Series I. Choripetalae",
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Trees or shrubs usually with entire leaves and deciduous stipules. Monoecious. Flowers in catkins. Ovary inferior; ovules pendulous: Fruit, a one-seeded nut. Endosperm wanting. Anemophilous. This order includes most of our important forest-trees.
Family 1. Betulaceae.—Male flowers adherent to the bracts. Ovary bilocu... | {
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sessiliflora sessile. Each flower is invested by a cupule (Fig. 608 C), which is at first inconspicuous, but is fully developed on the ripe fruit.
The Beech yields firewood, tar, and pyroligneous acid; the Oak provides a valuable timber, a bark containing tannin
used in tanning, and cork from the Cork-oak.
Offici... | {
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Cannabis sativa, Indian Hemp, is an annual herb with palmately divided, hairy leaves, which are opposite below and alternate in the upper portion of the shoot. The female inflorescence resembles that of the Hop, but the central shoot, which
in that plant is suppressed, grows out in the Hemp to a leafy shoot. Only a... | {
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Single family. Piperaceae. —The genus Piper is important. Flowers as a rule
Fig. 619.—Piper nigrum. (1 nat. size.) OFFICIAL.
FIG. 620.—Piper cubeba. a, Infructescence; b, a male flower; c, a female flower in longitudinal section; d, fruit in longitudin... | {
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"Header 2": "Order 7. Piperinae",
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Family Euphorbiaceae.—The plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae are of very diverse habit. The order includes herbs, shrubs,
succulent leafless plants, trees with normal foliage, and others with scale leaves and assimilating phylloclades. The plants agree, however, in possessing unisexual, acti-
![](_page_634_Pictu... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Order 9. Tricoccae (20)",
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Chenopodium and Atriplex are common weeds near human dwellings.
Family 2. Caryophyllaceae.—Annual or perennial herbs, with simple, linear, usually opposite leaves; flowers typically pentamerous, with calyx and corolla. Two whorls of stamens, obdiplostemonous. Unilocular or incompletely septate ovary. K 5, C 5, A 5 + ... | {
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Hermaphrodite, usually brightly coloured flowers, with an elongated receptacle on which the free perianth segments, the stamens and the apocarpous carpels are spirally arranged; the carpels are indefinite in number and may be very numerous. The separation of calyx and corolla is frequently indistinct, and in some cases... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
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Poisonous.
subterranean rhizome, which terminates in a flower, the further growth of the plant being carried on by a lateral shoot. Perianth simple. All species of petaloid. Anemone have, at a greater or less distance from the perianth, a whorl of, usually, three leaves forming an involucre (Fig. 641). In A. hepatica... | {
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Chelidonium majus, Celandine, has yellow latex and a bicarpellary ovary. A number of species of Escholtzia, Argemone, and Papaver are cultivated as ornamental plants. Papaver Rhoeas, the Poppy (Fig. 652), is a common weed in corn-fields or dry meadows. The bent position of the flower-bud is characteristic of many Papav... | {
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In this respect and in the presence of a gynophore which raises the pistil above the rest of the flower (Fig. 660), there are differences from the Cruciferae. The fruit is a berry which reaches the size of a plum and contains numerous seeds. Capers are prepared from the young flower buds.
#### Order 13. Cistiflorae ... | {
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The flowers are borne on the main stem or the older branches, and arise from dormant axillary buds (CAULIFLORY). Each petal is bulged out at the base, narrows considerably above this, and ends in an expanded tip. The form of the reddish flowers is thus somewhat urn-shaped with five radiating points. The pentalocular ov... | {
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— Polygala Senega (North America) yields SENEGAE RADIX.
#### Order 16. Sapindinae
This includes the following families:-
Family 1. Sapindaceae.—Tropical. The crushed seeds of Paullinia cupana, a liane of Brazil, yield GUARANA.
Fig. 680.—Floral diagram of Polygala myrtifolia. (Af... | {
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Rosaceae (24).—Characteristic features of this family are the constant presence of stipules, the absence of endosperm from most of the seeds, the apocarpous fruits, and, as a rule, the numerous stamens (Fig. 692). The two latter features are also found in the Ranunculaceae, or generally in the Polycarpicae, but the flo... | {
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Nearly all Leguminosae have
FIG. 699.—Acada nicoyensis. From Costa Rica. I, Leaf and part of stem; S, hollow thorns in which the ants live; F, food bodies at the apices of the lower pinnules; K, nectary on the petiole. (Reduced.) II, Single pinnule with food-body, F. (After F. Noll. So... | {
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Abundantly represented in the temperate zones; fewer in the tropics.
The component parts of a papilionaceous flower are seen separately in Fig. 707. The posterior petal, which overlaps the others in the bud (Fig. 708), is termed the standard (vexillum). The two adjoining lateral petals are the wings (alae), and the... | {
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—Floral diagram of Oenothera (Onagraceae). After Noll.
coasts of the Indian Ocean. Species of Rhizophora are more widely distributed on tropical coasts.
Family 6. Myrtaceae.—Evergreen shrubs or trees; leaves opposite, leathery, often aromatic. Flowers actinomorphic, tetramerous or pentamerous. Androecium of many st... | {
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"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
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The main areas of distribution of the Umbelliferae are the steppe region of Western Asia, Central North America, Chile, and
Australia.
For systematic purposes the fruits are of great importance. Each half of the fruit has five ribs, beneath which the vascular bundles lie. The marginal ribs of each partial fruit f... | {
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"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
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The common character of all Sympetalae is afforded by the perianth which consists of a calyx and a gamopetalous corolla. The flowers are, without exception, cyclic. The number of whorls is either five or four, and on this distinction the two groups *Pentacyclicae* and *Tetracyclicae* are based. The Sympetalae does not ... | {
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"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
"Header 3": "Series II. Sympetalae",
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787.—Olea europaea. A, Corolla spread out. B, Calyx and ovary in longitudinal section. (Enlarged. After Engler-Prantl.)
Fig. 788. - Olea europaea. Drupe. h, Stone.
height of the vegetative period of the alpine meadows coincides with their annual mowing, this expresses itself in the ... | {
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"Header 3": "Series II. Sympetalae",
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The style springs from the midst of the four-lobed ovary.
Family 3. Verbenaceae.—Clearly dorsiventral flowers, with only four stamens; the ovary contains only four ovules (Fig. 751), but the style is terminal. *Tectona grandis*, Teak-tree; Avicennia (83) a viviparous mangrove plant.
Family 4. Labiatae.—Distributed ... | {
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"Header 3": "Series II. Sympetalae",
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Number of stamens nearly always incomplete. Carpels median. Fruit, a bilocular capsule.
Verbascum (Fig. 761), the Mullein; biennial herbs, which in the first season form a large rosette of woolly leaves from which the erect inflorescence arises in the second year. The single flowers have five stamens, and are only sl... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
"Header 3": "Series II. Sympetalae",
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Fruit, a berry,
Fig. 768.—Uragoga Ipecacuanha († nat. size). Infrutescence by the side. Official.
Fig. 769.—Valeriana officinalis. a, Flower ( $\times$ 8); b, fruit (enlarged). OFFICIAL.
Fig. 770.—Valeriana. Floral di... | {
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"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
"Header 3": "Series II. Sympetalae",
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(After Balllon.)
involucral bracts with recurved, hook-like tips (Fig. 781 a). Cynara Scolymus (Artichoke). Cnicus benedictus (Fig. 786), capitula solitary, terminal, surrounded by foliage leaves. Involucral bracts with a large, sometimes pinnate, terminal
Fig. 784.—Fruits of—A, Hel... | {
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"Header 2": "Order 11. Polycarpicae",
"Header 3": "Series II. Sympetalae",
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#### Monocotylae
The Monocotyledons, or Angiosperms which possess a single cotyledon, are in general habit mostly herbaceous, less frequently shrubs or trees.
In germination the radicle and hypocotyl of the small embryo emerge from the seed coat, while the sheath-like cotyledon usually remains with its upper end wi... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "SUB-CLASS II",
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#### Order 1. Helobiae
This order includes only aquatic or marsh plants. The radial or actinomorphic flowers have the gynaeceum frequently apocarpous and composed of two whorls of carpels, which develop into indehiscent fruitlets or follicles. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo large. The order connects by its floral structu... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "(a) Flowers actinomorphic",
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Each of these leaves is provided with an embryonic lamina, while the continuation of the shoot is the embryonic inflorescence. In spring the leaves grow into long linear structures, and, together with the inflorescence, appear above ground. The inflorescence is sparingly branched; the Fig. 801.—Aloë socotrina. white fl... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "(a) Flowers actinomorphic",
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The white colour of the hairs makes
Fig. 803. — Scirpus setuceus. I, plant in flower; 2, upper portion of a flowering shoot; 3, single flower; 4, the same from behind; 5, the same without the bract; 6, fruit. (1, nat. size, the others × 2-6. After Hoffmann.)
![](_page_742_Picture_4.j... | {
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"Header 2": "(a) Flowers actinomorphic",
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(× 14.) (After Strasburger.)
forms the most important cereal for that continent. Panicum miliaceum and P. italicum, of Asiatic origin, are still cultivated, though to a diminished extent, in the Mediterranean region. The Sugar-cane, Saccharum officinarum, is another important food-plant; it is a perennial, growing mo... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "(a) Flowers actinomorphic",
"token_count": 2054,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Monstera) have the large lamina incised or perforated; this comes about by the death of definitely limited areas and is comparable to the method by which the leaves of Palms become compound. The flowers are greatly reduced, usually diclinous, borne on a swollen, fleshy axis; a spathe, often of bright colour and serving... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "(a) Flowers actinomorphic",
"token_count": 481,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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#### Order 6. Scitamineae
Tropical plants, sometimes of large size, in a few cases arborescent. Flowers dorsiventral or asymmetrical. Perianth differentiated into
Fig. 823.—Acorus calamus. Flowering plant. Single flowers seen from above and from the side.
(\frac{1}{2}\text{ nat. si... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "(c) Flowers zygomorphic",
"token_count": 2050,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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B, Flower after removal of all of the perigone leaves with exception of the upper part of the labellum: h, stigma; l, rostellum; k, tooth-like prolongation of the rostellum; m, anther; n, connective; o, pollinium; q, viscid disc; p, staminodium. C, A pollinium: r, caudicle; s, pollen. D, Fruit in transverse section. (A... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "(c) Flowers zygomorphic",
"token_count": 826,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The first undoubted Angiosperms appear in the Upper Cretaceous. They are represented by numerous species which, like the recent forms, can be divided into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. The most ancient forms are known only as leaves, so that their determination is a matter of difficulty. They agree essentially with ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Fossil Angiosperms (13)",
"token_count": 307,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
#### INTRODUCTION AND MORPHOLOGY BY H. FITTING
#### Introduction
(1) CHARLES DARWIN, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859. (2) E. HAECKEL, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, 1866, p. 52. (3) C. v. Nägell, Theorie der Abstammungslehre, 1884, p. 326; F. A. Went, Biologisches Zentralblatt, v... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX OF LITERATURE",
"token_count": 2114,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Tunmann, Pflanzenmikrochemie, Berlin, 1913. (25) J. Dekker, Die Gerbstoffe, Berlin, 1913. (26) R. Willstätter, Sitzungsberpreuss. Akad. d. Wiss. 1914, pp. 402, 769; H. Schrorder, Ztschr. f. Bot. vol. ix. 1917, p. 546; cf. also H. Molisch, Bot. Ztg. 1905, 1. Abt. p. 161; also B. L. Buscalioni and G. Pollacci, Atti istit... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX OF LITERATURE",
"token_count": 2081,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
liii. 1893. (53) H. LEITGEB, Untersuchungen tiber die Lebermoose, vols. i.-vi. 1874-79; K. Goebel, Organographie, 2. Aufl. vol. ii. Jena, 1915; D. H. CAMPBELL, The Structure and Development of Mosses and Ferns, 2nd ed. 1905. (54) Cf. Goebel, cited in (55). (55) F. Herrig, Flora, (56) W. HOFMEISTER, Allgemeine Morpholog... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX OF LITERATURE",
"token_count": 2096,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
ii. 1918, p. 297. (89) H. SCHENCK, Beitr. z. Biologie und Anatomie d. Lianen, Jena, 1892-93. (90) K. Goebel, Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen, vol. i. p. 147; A. F. W. Schimper, Die epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas, Jena. (91) CH. DARWIN, Insectivorous Plants, 1876; K. GOEBEL, Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen, 1893, ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX OF LITERATURE",
"token_count": 1669,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
#### Introduction
(1) The fullest exposition of plant-physiology is to be found in Pfeffer, Physiology of Plants (Eng. trans. 1900-1906). This deals with the literature from 1897 to 1904, and only the fundamental work and the most important recent literature is given below. As an introductory work on the subject may ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2056,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Versuchsstationen, 3; APPEL (1918), Zeitschr. f. Bot. 10. (20) RICHTER (1919), Sitzungsber. Wien. Akad. 118, 2. Abt.; ibid. (1911) Die Ernährung der Algen, Leipzig; Osterhout (1912), Bot. Gaz. 54.—The behaviour of halophytes in relation to sodium chloride is not made perfectly clear by the work of PEKLO (Ost.
botan. ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2053,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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10. (29) Kamienski (1881). Botan. Ztg. 39: Frank (1887, 1888), Berichte bot. Gesellsch. 5, 6; STAHL (1900), Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 34; SHIBATA (1902), Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 37; BERNARD (1909), Annales des sciences nat. (9) 9; BURGEFF (1909), Wurzelpilze der Orchideen, Jena; WRYLAND (1912), Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 51; MIEHE (1918), Fl... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2064,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
(1885) Jahrbücher f. wiss. Bot. 16. (61a) WINKLER (1908), Ber. d. bot. Ges. 26a; id. (1909) Zeitschr. f. Bot. 1; id. (1910), ibid. 2 and Ber. bot. Ges. 28; Noll (1905), Sitzungsber. niederrh. Gesellschaft f. Natur- und Heilkunde; STRASBURGER (1907), Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 44; id. (1909), Ber. bot. Ges. 27; BUDER (1911), Zei... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2056,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
(84) ROSEN (1911), Beitr. z. Biologie, 10; id. (1913), Beitr. z, Pflanzenzucht, Heft 3; LEHMANN (1914), Zeitschr. f. ind. Abst. 13. (85) DARWIN (1868), Animals and Plants under Domestication; DE VRIES (1903), see (82); Johannsen (1909), Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre, Jena; Baur (1914), Einf. in die Abstammungs... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
(I.) 118; BISCHOFF (1911), Beihefte botan, Cbl. 28; HABERLANDT (1914), Sitzungsber. Ak. Berlin; DEWERS (1914), Beih. bot. Cbl. 31; ZOLLIKOFER (1918), Ber. bot. Ges. 86. (104) RUTTEN-PEKELHARING (1910), Trav. botan. néerl. 7; MAILLEFER (1910), Bull. soc. vaudoise des sc. nat. 46; id. (1912), ibid. 48; FRÖSCHEL (1909), N... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
RABENHORSTS Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz; PASCHER, Die Süsswasserflora Deutschl., Österreichs u. d. Schweiz. (2) KLEBS, Die Beding, der Fortpflanzung bei niederen Algen und Pilzen, 1896, and Jahrb. f. wiss. Botanik, vols. xxxii.-xxxiv., also Willkürl. Entwicklungsänd. bei Pflanzen, 1903.... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2073,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
(18) Schütt, Das Pflanzenleben der Hochsee, 1893; Gran, Das Plankton des norwegischen Nordmeeres, 1902; KARSTEN, Wiss. Ergeb. der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, 1898-99, 1905-1907. (19) KLEBS, cf. (17). (20) DIPPEL, Diatomeen der Rhein-Mainebene, 1905; VON SCHÖNFELDT, Diatomaceae Germaniae, 1907; O. MÜLLER, Ber. deutsch... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2115,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
246; KUCKUCK, ibid. 1917, p. 557. (47) YAMANQUCHI, Bot. Gaz. vol. xlvii. 1909, p. 173; NIENBURG, Flora, vol. ci. 1910, p. 167, and Ztschr. f. Bot. vol. v. 1913, p. 1; SAUVAGEAU (Cystoseira), Bull. stat. biol. d'Arcachon, 14. Jahrg. 1912; KYLIN, Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. xxxiv. 1916, p. 194; MEVES, Archiv f. mik. An.... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2134,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
418; HAGEM, Vidensk. Selskab. Skrifter-Christiania, 1907, No. 7; Burgeff, Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. xxx. 1912, p. 679, and Flora, vol. cvii. 1914, p. 259; vol. cviii. 1915, p. 440, (58) BLAKESLEE and GORTNER, Biochem. Bull II. 1913, p. 542. (59) OLIVE, Bot. Gaz. vol. li. 1906, pp. 192 and 229. (60) RACIBORSKI, Flora... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2146,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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1907, p. 517, and Bot. Gazette, vol. xliv. 1907, p. 81; OLIVE, Annals of Bot. vol. xxii. 1908, p. 331; DITTSCHLAG, Ztrbl. f. Bakt. II. vol. xxviii. 1910; Kurssanow, Ztschr. f. Bot. II. 1910, p. 81; Werth and Ludwigs, Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. xxx. 1912, p. 523; Fromme, Bot. Gaz. vol. lviii. 1914, p. 1; Kurssanow, Be... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2120,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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473; GARJEANNE, Flora, vol. cii. 1911, p. 147. (101) LANG, Annals of Bot. vol. xxi. 1907, p. 201; CAMPBELL, Annals of Bot. vol. xxi. 1907, p. 467, and vol. xxii. 1908, p. 91. (101a) PEIRCE, Bot. Gaz. vol. xlii. 1906, p. 55. (102) Goebel, Flora; vol. ci. 1910, p. 43; GEHRMANN, Ber, deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. xxvii. 1909, p... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2154,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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xi. 1919, p. 39; LYON, Bot. Gaz. vol. xl. 1905, p. 285; CAMPBELL, Annals of Bot. vol. xvi. 1902, p. 419; DENKE, Beiheft z. bot. Ztrbl. vol. xii. 1902, p. 182; STEINBRINCK, Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. 1902, p. 117, and Biolog. Ztrbl, 1906, p. 737; MITCHELL, Annals of Bot. vol. xxiv. 1910, p. 19; SYKES and STYLES, ibid. p. 5... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2069,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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On the Microsporangium and Microspores of Gnetum, etc., Ann. of Bot. 1912, vol. xxvi.; LANCELOT BURLINGHAM, Araucaria brasiliensis, Bot. Gaz. vol. lv. 1913; lvii. 1914; lix. 1915. (8) Literature under (1), also S. NAWASCHIN, Lilium Martagon., Bull. acad. imp. Saint-Pétersbourg, 1898; E. STRASBURGER, Doppelte Befruchtun... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2059,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Botanik, x. 1918, 369. (18) BUSGEN, Fagales in KIRCHNER, LORW, SCHROETER, Lebensgesch. d. Blütenpfl. vol. ii. 1, 1913. (19) H. Graf zu Solms-Laubach, Herkunft usw. des gew. Feigenbaums, Abh. d. K. Ges. d. W., Göttingen, 1882; FRITZ MÜLLER, Caprificus u. Feigenbaum, Kosmos, vol. vi. 1882; O. WARBURG, Kautschukpflanzen, ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Bot. vol. xxxiv. 1906; GR. KRAUS, Ann. de Buitenzorg, vol. xxiv. 1911; J. C. Schoute, Dickenwachst. der Palmen, Ann. de Buitenzorg, vol. xxvi. Leiden, 1912. (46) G. TISCHLER, Parthenokarpe Angiosp.-Früchte, Jahrb. f. w. Bot. vol. lii. 1912; A. D'ANGREMOND, Parthenokarpie bei Bananen, Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. xxx. 1... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY BY L. JOST",
"token_count": 380,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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- ★ Claviceps purpurea, \*444
- + Boletus Satanas, \*464
- + Amanita muscaria, \*465 + Amanita phalloides, \*466
- + Amanita mappa, \*466 + Amanita verna, \*466
- + Russula emetica, 467
- + Lactaria torminosa, 467
- + Scleroderma vulgare, \*467, 468
#### Pteridophyta
- Dryopteris (Aspidium) filix mas, \*507, 511
- ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Thallophyta",
"token_count": 1149,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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limonum, 654
- Aegle marmelos, 654
- Barosma betulina, 654
- Pilocarpus jaborandi, 654
- O Picrasma excelsa, 654
- Balsamodendron myrrha, 655
- O Polygala senega, \*655
#### Sapindinae
+ Rhus toxicodendron, 655
#### Frangulinae
Rhamnus purshianus, 658
#### Rogiflores
- Rosa gallica, 664
- Rosa damascena, 66... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "Thallophyta",
"token_count": 2126,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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#### (Asterisks denote Illustrations)
Abies, \*598, 599, 602, 606 Abietineae, 597; generative nuclei, 566 Absciss layer, 119, 163 Absorbent roots, 184 Acacia, \*171, \*664, \*665, 667; seedling of, \*118 Accessory shoots, 121 Acer, \*656; bud, \*106 Aceraceae, 657 Acetabularia, 404, \*406 Achillea, 717'; gynaeceum of... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1830,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
566 Archaeocalamites, \*521, 522 Archangelica, 682 Archegoniatae, 367 Archegonium, \*201, \*511 Archidium, 496 Archimycetes, 429 Arctostaphylos, \*684, 685, 686 Arcyria, \*382 Areca, 740 Arenga, 740 Argemone, 642 Arillus, 582 Aristolochia, \*95; flowers of, \*561; pollination of, 556, 560; vascular bundle, \*145 Aristo... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1935,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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86, \*88, \*89, 176 Bud-scales, 176, 308 Bugloss, Echium Bulbils, 194 Bulbochaete, 403, \*405 Bulbs, 179, 194 Bundle sheath, 102 Burdock, Lappa Burnet-Saxifrage, Pinpinella Burseraceae, 655 Butea, 673 Butomus, 719, 721 Butter-Bur, Petasites officinalis Buttress-roots, 140 Cabomba, \*631, 632 Cactaceae, 628 Caeoma, 460 ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1311,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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\*362
Centaury, Erythraea Central cylinder, 92, 94 Centriole, 12 Centrospermae, 627 Cephalanthera, 746 Cephalotaceae, 639 Cerastium, 627 Ceratiomyxa, 384 Ceratium, \*387 Ceratocorys, \*387 Ceratonia, 670 Ceratozamia, 589, \*591 Cerbera, 689; fruit of, \*586 Cercis, \*666, 670 Cereus, \*174, 629, \*630 Ceriops, 674 Ce... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1412,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Cocos nucifera Cocos, \*739, \*740, \*741 Coenogametes, 429 Coffea, 704, \*707 Coffee plant, Coffea Cohesion, mechanisms, 334; theory, 237 Cola, 651 Colchicum, \*722, 724, 726; seed of, \*580 Coleochaele, 404, \*405 Collective species, 322 Collema, 474; carpogonium, \*473 Collenchyma, 61, \*62 Colleter, \*57, 176 Colle... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 2107,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
391; movements, 328 Diatoms, Diatomeae Dicentra, 643 Dichasium, 127, \*129, \*130 Dichogamy, 559 Dichotomosiphon, 407 Dichotomous branching, 119 Dicksonia, 506 Diclinous flower, 545 Dicotylae, 608 Dicotyledons, secondary thickening of, 143: systematic arrangement of, 607: wood of, 154 Dicranophyllum, 605 Dictamnus, 652... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 2127,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
30, 266 Fruticose lichens, 470 Fegatella, antheridium, \*477 Fucaceae, 410, 416 Fucoxanthin, 19 Fucus, 410, \*411, \*416, \*417 Fennel, Foeniculum Fermentation, 269, 274; bacteria of, \*373; Fuligo, 384 products of, 276 Fumaria, nut, \*583 Ferns, Filicinae Ferns, venation of, \*500 Fumariaceae, 648 Funaria, 494, 496; a... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 643,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Gaultheria, 686 312; morphology and ecology of, Geaster, 468 544; protandrous, 559; protogynous, Geitonogamy, 201 Gelatinous lichens, 470 Foeniculum, \*678, 682, 683 Gelidium, 428 Foliaceous lichens, 470 Gelsemium, 688 Foliage leaf, diagram of, \*109 Gemmae, 193, 194 Follicle, 583 Generative cells, 542, 561 Fomes, \*46... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 2406,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Rex aguifolium Homoiomerous lichens, 470 Homotype division, 205 Homozygotes, 317 Honeysuckle, Lonicera periclymenum Hoodia, 690 Hop, Humulus lupulus Hordeum, 733, 734, \*735; apex of a root, \*133
Hornbeam, Carpinus Betulus Hornea, 501 Horse-chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-tails, Equisetineae Hoya, 690 Humulus, ... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 5844,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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522 Palaguium, \*685, 686 Palisade cells, 112 Palmae, 738 Pandanaceae, 737 Pandanus, 737, \*741 Pandorina, 399 Panicle, 126, \*127 Panicum, 784 Pantostomatineae, 381 Papaver, 95, \*642, 643; seed of, \*581 Papaveraceae, 640 Papilionaceae, 670 Papillae, \*54 Parasites, 188, 255, 256, 259 Parastichies, 90, \*91 Paratonic... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 3629,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
\*560 mulaceae, 687 mulinae, 687 o-embryo, 565, 568, 575 omycelium, 455 ophase, 23 p-roots, 140 osenchyma, 48 otandry, 559 oteid crystals, 30 oteids, hydrolysis of, 267 othallium, 567 otococcales, 400 otogyny, 559 otomastiginae, 381 otonema, 475, \*476, 490 otoplasm, 218; movements of, 13, 326, 328; permeability of, 24... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 2104,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
\*493
Russula, \*461, 467 Rust Fungi, Uredineae Rust of Wheat, Puccinia graminis Ruta, 652, \*653 Rutaceae, 652 Ryo, Secale cereale
Sabadilla, 725 Saccharomyces, \*27, 449, \*450 Saccharomycetes, 449 Saccharum, 734 Saffron, Crocus sativus Sagittaria, 719, \*720, 721 Salicaceae, 614 Saliciflorae, 614 Salicornia, \*1... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1592,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Solerina, 474 32 : reserve, 32 Starch grains, \*33 Starch sheath, 94, 102 Solidago, 716 Sols, 15 Sonneratia, \*167 Statolith-hypothesis, 347 Sorbus, \*660, 661; hybrid, \*318 Statoliths, 346 Soredia, 471 Stelar theory, 106 Sorrel, Rumex acetosa Stele, 106 Spadiciflorae, 737 Stellaria, 627 Spanish Pepper, Capsicum annuu... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 733,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Streptochaeta, 732 Streptococcus, 373, \*374 Spirillum, 370, \*371 Striation, \*371 Strickeria, \*448 Spirodinium, 387 Spirogyra, 395, \*396; cell of, \*25 Strophanthus, 689, \*692 Spirophyllum, 376 Struggle for existence, 212 Spirotaenia, 393 Struthiopteris, 508; spermatozoid, \*510 Splachnum, 494 Strychnos, 688, \*68... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1546,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
230: stomatal, 230 Transpiration stream, 235 Transverse geotropism, 342 Trapa, 674 Tree-ferns, 506 Trees, 141; longevity of, 310 Tremella, basidium, \*452 Tremellineae, 460 Trentepohlia, 402 Tribonema, 397 Trichia, \*383 Trichobacteria, 371, 375 Trichocaulon, 690 Trichogyne, 424 Tricholoma, 466 Trichomanes, \*510 Trico... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 1890,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
Taxus baccata Yucca, 725; pollination of, 556 Zamia, 589; fertilisation, \*565; formation of spermatozoids in, \*562; spermatozoids, \*563 Zanardinia, 414 Zanichellia, 721 Zea, \*92, 734, 735; vascular bundle, \*102, \*103 Zingiber, \*744, 745 Zingiberaceae, 745 Zoosporangia, 196 Zoospores, 196, 369 Zostera, 721 Zygnem... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"Header 2": "INDEX",
"token_count": 305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
A friend and an inspiration to the student
The present edition represents a revision of certain parts of sev eral chapters, such as those dealing with Annelida, Genetics, Eugenics, Internal Regulation and Endocrines, Physiology, and Phylogenetic Relations of... | {
"Header 1": "DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR FRANK A. STROMSTEN",
"token_count": 323,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The important problems of life are common to all animals (including man) as well as to plants. It should be the purpose of a textbook in general zoology to present the animal kingdom in a logical and natural way and at the same time carry the interpretation of the facts in terms of the principles involved. It is exceed... | {
"Header 1": "PKEFACE TO FIRST EDITION",
"token_count": 1396,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
| CHAPTER I ... | {
"Header 1": "CONTENTS",
"token_count": 1860,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
| |
| CHAPTER XXVI ... | {
"Header 1": "CONTENTS",
"token_count": 1993,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
| |
| CHAPTER<br>XXXVII ... | {
"Header 1": "CONTENTS",
"token_count": 418,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
In whichever direction we turn or wherever we go, whether in the air, on land, or in the sea, we are surrounded by living creatures. Their very presence presents problems and fills us with curiosity. We ask questions. From whence do they come? What is the source of their energy? Why are there so many different kinds? W... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER <sup>I</sup>",
"Header 2": "INTRODUCTION",
"token_count": 206,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Nature is ever inviting investigation ; her forces are in constant operation about us, but she hides the truth. The biologist looks upon himself as a seeker after truth, as one striving to get a glimpse into the mysteries of life. As he succeeds in obtaining these glimpses, he soon realizes the existence of certain fun... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER <sup>I</sup>",
"Header 2": "The Biological Point of View",
"token_count": 1014,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Although zoology is only one of the divisions of the general field of biological science, it is such a broad field in itself that it is neces sary to subdivide it into several divisions for convenience in study. It has been <sup>a</sup> relatively short time since all of the known biology, geology, and related subjects... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER <sup>I</sup>",
"Header 2": "The Subdivisions of Zoology",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
The failure of a species to occupy a suitable region usually means that it has been unable to reach that region, perhaps because of the topography of the region, its geological history, or the remoteness of the place of origin of the species. The English sparrow, which originated in Europe, was not found in America unt... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER <sup>I</sup>",
"Header 2": "The Subdivisions of Zoology",
"token_count": 227,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
Very few people realize how many different kinds of animals there are and how greatly they vary in size, structure, ajid habits of life. The estimated number of kinds is all the way from 1,000,000 to 10,000,000. To date, approximately 840,000 species have been
Fig. 2. —Phylum relations i... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER <sup>I</sup>",
"Header 2": "Classification of the Animal Kingdom",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/textbookofzoolog00pott.pdf"
} |
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