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#### **Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes**
A number of viruses can cause infections via direct contact with skin and eyes, causing signs and symptoms ranging from rashes and lesions to warts and conjunctivitis. All of these viral diseases are contagious, and while some are more common in children (fifth disease a... | {
"Header 1": "**21.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes**",
"Header 2": "**Disease Profile**",
"token_count": 766,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common fungal pathogens associated with cutaneous and subcutaneous mycoses
- Compare the major characteristics of specific fungal diseases affecting the skin
Many fungal infections of the skin involve fungi that are found in the normal skin microbiota. Some of these ... | {
"Header 1": "**21.4 Mycoses of the Skin**",
"token_count": 1380,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Another cause of cutaneous mycoses is *Aspergillus*, a genus consisting of molds of many different species, some of which cause a condition called aspergillosis. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis, in which the infection begins in the skin, is rare but does occur. More common is secondary cutaneous aspergillosis, in which... | {
"Header 1": "**21.4 Mycoses of the Skin**",
"Header 2": "**Cutaneous Aspergillosis**",
"token_count": 563,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Candida albicans* and other yeasts in the genus *Candida* can cause skin infections referred to as cutaneous candidiasis. *Candida* spp. are sometimes responsible for **intertrigo**, a general term for a rash that occurs in a skin fold, or other localized rashes on the skin. *Candida* can also infect the nails, causin... | {
"Header 1": "**21.4 Mycoses of the Skin**",
"Header 2": "**Candidiasis of the Skin and Nails**",
"token_count": 1555,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify two parasites that commonly cause infections of the skin and eyes
- Identify the major characteristics of specific parasitic diseases affecting the skin and eyes
Many parasitic protozoans and helminths use the skin or eyes as a portal of entry. Some may physically burrow into... | {
"Header 1": "**Eyes**",
"token_count": 1055,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The helminth *Loa loa*, also known as the African eye worm, is a nematode that can cause **loiasis**, a disease endemic to West and Central Africa (**[Figure 21.36](#page-957-0)**). The disease does not occur outside that region except when carried by travelers. There is evidence that individual genetic differences aff... | {
"Header 1": "**Eyes**",
"Header 2": "**Loiasis**",
"token_count": 1937,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
More serious forms of conjunctivitis include gonococcal **ophthalmia neonatorum**, **inclusion conjunctivitis** (chlamydial), and **trachoma**, all of which can lead to blindness if untreated.
- **Keratitis** is frequently caused by *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and/or *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, especially among contact ... | {
"Header 1": "**Eyes**",
"Header 2": "**Loiasis**",
"token_count": 1894,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The respiratory tract is one of the main portals of entry into the human body for microbial pathogens. On average, a human takes about 20,000 breaths each day. This roughly corresponds to 10,000 liters, or 10 cubic meters, of air. Suspended within this volume of air are millions of microbes of terrestrial, animal, and ... | {
"Header 1": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 261,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Describe the major anatomical features of the upper and lower respiratory tract
- Describe the normal microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
- Explain how microorganisms overcome defenses of upper and lower respiratory-tract membranes to cause infection
- Explain how micro... | {
"Header 1": "**Tract**",
"token_count": 1681,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The upper respiratory tract contains an abundant and diverse microbiota. The nasal passages and sinuses are primarily colonized by members of the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The most common bacteria identified include *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, viridans group streptococci (VGS), *Corynebacterium*... | {
"Header 1": "**Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System**",
"token_count": 1756,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common bacteria that can cause infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract
The respiratory tract can be infected by a variety of bacteria, both gram positive and gram ... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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This is referred to as **otitis media with effusion (OME)**. The accumulated fluid offers an excellent reservoir for microbial growth and, consequently, secondary bacterial infections often ensue. This can lead to recurring and chronic earaches, which are especially common in young children. The higher incidence in chi... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"token_count": 767,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The causative agent of **diphtheria**, *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*, is a club-shaped, gram-positive rod that belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria. Diphtheroids are common members of the normal nasopharyngeal microbiota. However, some strains of *C. diphtheriae* become pathogenic because of the presence of a temperate... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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This small, gram-negative coccobacillus is found in the pharynx of the majority of healthy children; however, *Haemophilus* pneumonia is primarily seen in the elderly. Like other pathogens that cause pneumonia, *H. influenzae* is spread by droplets and aerosols produced by coughing. A fastidious organism, *H. influenza... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"token_count": 2014,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Go back to the [previous](#page-965-0) Clinical Focus box*.
#### **Tuberculosis**
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in human history. Although **tuberculosis** infection rates in the United States are extremely low, the CDC estimates that about one-third of the world's population is infe... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Diphtheria**",
"token_count": 1604,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The causative agent of **pertussis**, commonly called **whooping cough**, is *Bordetella pertussis*, a gram-negative coccobacillus. The disease is characterized by mucus accumulation in the lungs that leads to a long period of severe coughing. Sometimes, following a bout of coughing, a sound resembling a "whoop" is pro... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Pertussis (Whooping Cough)**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Symptoms associated with acute Q fever include high fever, headache, coughing, pneumonia, and general malaise. In a small number of patients (less than 5%[16]), the condition may become chronic, often leading to endocarditis, which may be fatal.
Diagnosing rickettsial infection by cultivation in the laboratory is bot... | {
"Header 1": "**22.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Pertussis (Whooping Cough)**",
"token_count": 1339,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common viruses that can cause infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific viral diseases of the respiratory tract
Viruses are the most frequent cause of respiratory tract infections. Unlike the bacterial pathoge... | {
"Header 1": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The most virulent group is the influenza A viruses, which cause seasonal pandemics of influenza each year. Influenza A virus can infect a variety of animals, including pigs, horses, pigs, and even whales and dolphins. Influenza B virus is less virulent and is sometimes associated with epidemic outbreaks. Influenza C vi... | {
"Header 1": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
http://www.who.int/ csr/resources/publications/surveillance/Influenza.pdf. Accessed July 6, 2016.
<sup>24.</sup> Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. "Vaccine Effectiveness - How Well Does the Flu Vaccine Work?" 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/ flu/about/qa/vaccineeffect.htm. Accessed July 6, 2016.
symptoms to sever... | {
"Header 1": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"token_count": 331,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Measles, rubella (German measles), and chickenpox are three important viral diseases often associated with skin rashes. However, their symptoms are systemic, and because their portal of entry is the respiratory tract, they can be considered respiratory infections.
<sup>25.</sup> Y. Huang. "The SARS Epidemic and Its A... | {
"Header 1": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Respiratory Diseases Causing Skin Rashes**",
"token_count": 2003,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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(credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
#### **Chickenpox and Shingles**
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, was once a common viral childhood disease. The causative agent of **chickenpox**, the varicella-zoster virus, is a member of the herpesvirus family. In children, th... | {
"Header 1": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Respiratory Diseases Causing Skin Rashes**",
"token_count": 1768,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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| | Vì | ral Infections of the Resp ... | {
"Header 1": "**22.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Viral Respiratory Diseases Causing Skin Rashes**",
"token_count": 1055,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common fungi that can cause infections of the respiratory tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific fungal diseases of the respiratory tract
Fungal pathogens are ubiquitous in the environment. Serological studies have demonstrated that most people have be... | {
"Header 1": "**22.4 Respiratory Mycoses**",
"token_count": 1771,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Blastomycosis is a rare disease caused by another dimorphic fungus, *Blastomyces dermatitidis*. Like *Histoplasma* and *Coccidioides*, *Blastomyces* uses the soil as a reservoir, and fungal spores can be inhaled from disturbed soil. The pulmonary form of **blastomycosis** generally causes mild flu-like symptoms and is ... | {
"Header 1": "**22.4 Respiratory Mycoses**",
"Header 2": "**Blastomycosis**",
"token_count": 995,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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*Aspergillus* is a common filamentous fungus found in soils and organic debris. Nearly everyone has been exposed to this mold, yet very few people become sick. In immunocompromised patients, however, *Aspergillus* may become established and cause **aspergillosis**. Inhalation of spores can lead to asthma-like allergic ... | {
"Header 1": "**22.4 Respiratory Mycoses**",
"Header 2": "**Aspergillosis**",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The bacteria produce exotoxins that kill cells in the pharynx, leading to the formation of a **pseudomembrane**; and damage other parts of the body.
- **Bacterial pneumonia** results from infections that cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. It is most commonly caused by *S. pneumoniae* or *H. influ... | {
"Header 1": "**22.4 Respiratory Mycoses**",
"Header 2": "**Aspergillosis**",
"token_count": 2015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The urogenital system is a combination of the urinary tract and reproductive system. Because both systems are open to the external environment, they are prone to infections. Some infections are introduced from outside, whereas others result from imbalances in the microbiota of the urogenital tract.
Urinary tract infe... | {
"Header 1": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 271,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
- Compare the anatomy, function, and normal microbiota associated with the male and female urogenital systems
- Explain how microorganisms, in general, overcome the defenses of the urogenital system to cause infection
- Name, describe, and differentiate between general signs and symptoms ... | {
"Header 1": "**23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract**",
"token_count": 2024,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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**Pyelonephritis** and **glomerulonephritis** are infections of the kidney that are potentially serious. Pyelonephritis is an infection of one or both of the kidneys and may develop from a lower urinary tract infection; the upper urinary tract, including the ureters, is often affected. Signs and symptoms of pyeloneph... | {
"Header 1": "**23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract**",
"token_count": 727,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Hormonal changes, particularly shifts in estrogen in women due to pregnancy or menopause, can increase susceptibility to urogenital infections. As discussed earlier, estrogen plays an important role in regulating the availability of glycogen and subsequent production of lactic acid by *Lactobacillus* species. Low level... | {
"Header 1": "**23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract**",
"Header 2": "**General Causes and Modes of Transmission of Urogenital Infections**",
"token_count": 499,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Cystitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder, but it can also occur as a reaction to certain treatments or irritants such as radiation treatment, hygiene sprays, or spermicides. Common symptoms of cystitis include **dysuria** (urination accompanied by burning, discomfort, or pain), **pyuria** (... | {
"Header 1": "**23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System**",
"Header 2": "**Cystitis**",
"token_count": 1986,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
There are two main categories of bacterial urethritis: gonorrheal and nongonococcal. Gonorrheal urethritis is caused by *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* and is associated with gonorrhea, a common STI. This cause of urethritis will be discussed in **[Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System](#page-1028-0)**. The term **no... | {
"Header 1": "**23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System**",
"Header 2": "**Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)**",
"token_count": 1728,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Inflammation of the vagina is called vaginitis, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is also possible to have an imbalance in the normal vaginal microbiota without inflammation called **bacterial vaginosis (BV)**. Vaginosis may be asymptomatic or may cause mild symptoms such as a thin, white-to-yellow, homogeneous... | {
"Header 1": "**23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 2": "**Bacterial Vaginitis and Vaginosis**",
"token_count": 1972,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Treatment of sexual partners is also recommended to avoid reinfection and spread of infection to others.[5]
- What are some of the serious consequences of a gonorrhea infection?
- What organism commonly coinfects with *N. gonorrhoeae*?
#### **Micro Connections**
#### **Antibiotic ... | {
"Header 1": "**23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 2": "**Bacterial Vaginitis and Vaginosis**",
"token_count": 1051,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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**Syphilis** is spread through direct physical (generally sexual) contact, and is caused by the gram-negative spirochete *Treponema pallidum*. *T. pallidum* has a relatively simple genome and lacks lipopolysaccharide endotoxin characteristic of gram-negative bacteria. However, it does contain lipoproteins that trigger ... | {
"Header 1": "**23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 2": "**Syphilis**",
"token_count": 1520,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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The sexually transmitted infection **chancroid** is caused by the gram-negative rod *Haemophilus ducreyi*. It is characterized by **soft chancres ([Figure 23.14](#page-1035-0)**) on the genitals or other areas associated with sexual contact, such as the mouth and anus. Unlike the hard chancres associated with syphilis,... | {
"Header 1": "**23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"Header 2": "**Chancroid**",
"token_count": 852,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common viruses that cause infections of the reproductive system
- Compare the major characteristics of specific viral diseases affecting the reproductive system
Several viruses can cause serious problems for the human reproductive system. Most of these viral infectio... | {
"Header 1": "**23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
HPV cannot be cultured, so molecular tests are the primary method used to detect HPV. While routine HPV screening is not recommended for men, it is included in guidelines for women. An initial screening for HPV at age 30, conducted at the same time as a Pap test, is recommended. If the tests are negative, then furthe... | {
"Header 1": "**23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 1675,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
• Summarize the important characteristics of vaginal candidiasis
Only one major fungal pathogen affects the urogenital system. *Candida* is a genus of fungi capable of existing in a yeast form or as a multicellular fungus. *Candida* spp. are commonly found in the normal, healthy microbi... | {
"Header 1": "**23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 1290,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common protozoan pathogen that causes infections of the reproductive system
- Summarize the important characteristics of trichomoniasis
Only one major protozoan species causes infections in the urogenital system. **Trichomoniasis**, or "trich," is the most common non... | {
"Header 1": "**23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System**",
"token_count": 1929,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **[23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract](#page-1017-0)**
- The urinary system is responsible for filtering the blood, excreting wastes, and helping to regulate electrolyte and water balance.
- The urinary system includes the **kidneys, ureters**, **urinary bladder**, and **urethra**; the bl... | {
"Header 1": "**23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System**",
"Header 2": "**Summary**",
"token_count": 1988,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are so common that, unfortunately, most people have had first-hand experience with the unpleasant symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. The causes of gastrointestinal illness can vary widely, but such diseases can be grouped into two categories: those caused by i... | {
"Header 1": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 249,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth, where mechanical digestion (by chewing) and chemical digestion (by enzymes in saliva) begin. Within the mouth are the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, including the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands (**[Figure 24.3](#page-1057-0)**). The salivary glands ... | {
"Header 1": "**24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Oral Cavity**",
"token_count": 701,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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As food leaves the oral cavity, it travels through the pharynx, or the back of the throat, and moves into the esophagus, which carries the food from the pharynx to the stomach without adding any additional digestive enzymes. The stomach produces mucus to protect its lining, as well as digestive enzymes and acid to brea... | {
"Header 1": "**24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System**",
"Header 2": "**Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the GI Tract**",
"token_count": 1297,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Despite numerous defense mechanisms that protect against infection, all parts of the digestive tract can become sites of infection or intoxication. The term food poisoning is sometimes used as a catch-all for GI infections and intoxications, but not all forms of GI disease originate with foodborne pathogens or toxins. ... | {
"Header 1": "**24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System**",
"Header 2": "**General Signs and Symptoms of Oral and GI Disease**",
"token_count": 383,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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#### **Learning Objectives**
- Explain the role of microbial activity in diseases of the mouth and oral cavity
- Compare the major characteristics of specific oral diseases and infections
Despite the presence of saliva and the mechanical forces of chewing and eating, some microbes thrive in the mouth. These microbe... | {
"Header 1": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Because periodontitis can be caused by a mix of microbes, a combination of antibiotics may be given.
**Figure 24.10** (a) Healthy gums hold the teeth firmly and do not bleed. (b) Gingivitis is the first stage of periodontal disease. Microbial infection causes gums to become inflamed an... | {
"Header 1": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"token_count": 800,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
As noted earlier, normal oral microbiota can cause dental and periodontal infections. However, there are number of other infections that can manifest in the oral cavity when other microbes are present.
#### **Herpetic Gingivostomatitis**
As described in **[Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes](#page-943-0)**, infe... | {
"Header 1": "**24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity**",
"Header 2": "**Oral Infections**",
"token_count": 1952,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common bacteria that can cause infections of the GI tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the GI tract
A wide range of gastrointestinal diseases are caused by bacterial contamination of food. Recall that **foodborne diseas... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 928,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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When gastrointestinal illness is associated with the rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium *Shigella*, it is called **bacillary dysentery**, or **shigellosis**. Infections can be caused by *S. dysenteriae*, *S. flexneri*, *S. boydii*, and/or *S. sonnei* that colonize the GI tract. Shigellosis can be spread from hand to m... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)**",
"token_count": 638,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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*Salmonella* gastroenteritis, also called **salmonellosis**, is caused by the rod-shaped, gram-negative bacterium *Salmonella*. Two species, *S. enterica* and *S. bongori*, cause disease in humans, but *S. enterica* is the most common. The most common serotypes of *S. enterica* are Enteritidis and Typhi. We will discus... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Salmonellosis**",
"token_count": 713,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
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Certain serotypes of *S. enterica*, primarily serotype Typhi (*S. typhi*) but also Paratyphi, cause a more severe type of salmonellosis called **typhoid fever**. This serious illness, which has an untreated mortality rate of 10%, causes high fever, body aches, headache, nausea, lethargy, and a possible rash.
Some ind... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Typhoid Fever**",
"token_count": 1075,
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The gram-negative rod *Escherichia coli* is a common member of the normal microbiota of the colon. Although the vast majority of *E. coli* strains are helpful commensal bacteria, some can be pathogenic and may cause dangerous diarrheal disease. The pathogenic strains have additional virulence factors such as type 1 fim... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "*E. coli* **Infections**",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The toxin is an A-B toxin with activity through adenylate cyclase (see **[Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens](#page-686-0)**). Within the intestinal cell, cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels increase, which activates a chloride channel and results in the release of ions into the intestinal lumen. This increase in ... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "*E. coli* **Infections**",
"token_count": 1299,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Campylobacter* is a genus of gram-negative, spiral or curved bacteria. They may have one or two flagella. *Campylobacter jejuni* **gastroenteritis**, a form of campylobacteriosis, is a widespread illness that is caused by *Campylobacter jejuni*. The primary route of transmission is through poultry that becomes contami... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "*Campylobacter jejuni* **Gastroenteritis**",
"token_count": 371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The gram-negative bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* is able to tolerate the acidic environment of the human stomach and has been shown to be a major cause of **peptic ulcers**, which are ulcers of the stomach or duodenum. The bacterium is also associated with increased risk of stomach cancer (**[Figure 24.20](#page-1080-... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Peptic Ulcers**",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The toxins TcdA and TcdB trigger an immune response, with neutrophils and monocytes migrating from the bloodstream to the site of infection. Over time, inflammation and dead cells contribute to the development of a pseudomembrane. (credit micrograph: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and ... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Peptic Ulcers**",
"token_count": 1985,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
coli<br>infection | ETEC, EPEC,<br>EIEC, EHEC | Watery diarrhea,<br>dysentery, cramps,<br>malaise, fever,<br>chills, dehydration;<br>in EHEC, possible<br>severe compli-<br>cations such as<br>hematolytic<br>uremic syndrome | Ingestion of<br>co... | {
"Header 1": "**24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Peptic Ulcers**",
"token_count": 1492,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common viruses that can cause infections of the GI tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific viral diseases affecting the GI tract and liver
In the developing world, acute viral gastroenteritis is devastating and a leading cause of death for children.[13]... | {
"Header 1": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 1059,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Noroviruses, commonly identified as Norwalk viruses, are caliciviruses. Several strains can cause gastroenteritis. There are millions of cases a year, predominately in infants, young children, and the elderly. These viruses are easily transmitted and highly contagious. They are known for causing widespread infections i... | {
"Header 1": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Gastroenteritis Caused by Noroviruses**",
"token_count": 551,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Hepatitis is a general term meaning inflammation of the liver, which can have a variety of causes. In some cases, the cause is viral infection. There are five main hepatitis viruses that are clinically significant: hepatitisviruses A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), D, (HDV) and E (HEV) (**[Figure 24.26](#page-1090-0)**). Note... | {
"Header 1": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Hepatitis**",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Learn more information about **[heptatitisvirus \(https://openstax.org/](https://openstax.org/22Hepvirus) [22Hepvirus\)](https://openstax.org/22Hepvirus)** infections.
• Why do the five different hepatitis viruses all cause similar signs and symptoms?
#### **Micro Connections**
#### **Preventing HBV Transmission ... | {
"Header 1": "**24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Link to Learning**",
"token_count": 1470,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common protozoans that can cause infections of the GI tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific protozoan diseases affecting the GI tract
Like other microbes, protozoa are abundant in natural microbiota but can also be associated with significant illness.... | {
"Header 1": "**24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 1022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The protozoan parasite *Entamoeba histolytica* causes **amoebiasis**, which is known as **amoebic dysentery** in severe cases. *E. histolytica* is generally transmitted through water or food that has fecal contamination. The disease is most widespread in the developing world and is one of the leading causes of mortalit... | {
"Header 1": "**24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Amoebiasis (Amebiasis)**",
"token_count": 383,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The intestinal disease **cyclosporiasis** is caused by the protozoan *Cyclospora cayetanensis*. It is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions and therefore uncommon in the United States, although there have been outbreaks associated with contaminated produce imported from regions where the protozoan is more common.... | {
"Header 1": "**24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Cyclosporiasis**",
"token_count": 475,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify the most common helminths that cause infections of the GI tract
- Compare the major characteristics of specific helminthic diseases affecting GI tract
Helminths are widespread intestinal parasites. These parasites can be divided into three common groups: roundbodied worms als... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
stercoralis* become chronic?
#### **Pinworms (Enterobiasis)**
*Enterobius vermicularis*, commonly called pinworms, are tiny (2–13 mm) nematodes that cause **enterobiasis**. Of all helminthic infections, enterobiasis is the most common in the United States, affecting as many as one-third of American children.[21] Al... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 1513,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Taeniasis** is a tapeworm infection, generally caused by pork (*Taenia solium*), beef (*Taenia saginata*), and Asian
(*Taenia asiatica*) tapeworms found in undercooked meat. Consumption of raw or undercooked fish, including contaminated sushi, can also result in infection from the fish tapeworm (*Diphyllobothrium l... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Tapeworms (Taeniasis)**",
"token_count": 890,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Another cestode, *Echinococcus granulosus*, causes a serious infection known as **hydatid disease** (**cystic echinococcosis**). *E. granulosus* is found in dogs (the definitive host), as well as several intermediate hosts (sheep, pigs, goats, cattle). The cestodes are transmitted through eggs in the feces from infecte... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Hydatid Disease**",
"token_count": 388,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Flukes are flatworms that have a leaflike appearance. They are a type of trematode worm, and multiple species are associated with disease in humans. The most common are liver flukes and intestinal flukes (**[Figure 24.38](#page-1106-0)**).
<sup>22.</sup> Nancy Craig. "Fish Tapeworm and Sushi." *Canadian Family Physic... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Flukes**",
"token_count": 1930,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
asiatica,<br>Diphyllobo-<br>thrium latum | Eating raw or<br>undercooked beef<br>or pork from<br>infected animal | Observation of<br>worm segments or<br>microscopic eggs<br>in stool samples ... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Flukes**",
"token_count": 1977,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **[24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity](#page-1061-0)**
- **Dental caries**, **tartar**, and **gingivitis** are caused by overgrowth of oral bacteria, usually *Streptococcus* and *Actinomyces* species, as a result of insufficient dental hygiene.
- Gingivitis can worsen, allowing *Porphyromonas... | {
"Header 1": "**24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "**Flukes**",
"token_count": 1304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Yellow fever was once common in the southeastern US, with annual outbreaks of more than 25,000 infections in New Orleans in the mid-1800s.[1] In the early 20th century, efforts to eradicate the virus that causes yellow fever were successful thanks to vaccination programs and effective control (mainly through the insect... | {
"Header 1": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 363,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Describe the major anatomical features of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Explain why the circulatory and lymphatic systems lack normal microbiota
- Explain how microorganisms overcome defenses of the circulatory and lymphatic systems to cause infection
- Describe general signs ... | {
"Header 1": "**25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
If bacteria are reproducing in the blood as they spread, this condition is called **septicemia**. The presence of viruses in the blood is called **viremia**. Microbial toxins can also be spread through the circulatory system, causing a condition termed **toxemia**.
Microbes and microbial toxins in the blood can trigg... | {
"Header 1": "**25.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"token_count": 528,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify and compare bacteria that most commonly cause infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Bacteria can enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems throug... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"token_count": 2014,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
*Streptococcus* spp., *Staphylococcus* spp., and *Enterococcus* spp.), gram-negative bacteria (e.g. *Chlamydia* spp., *Escherichia coli*, *Klebsiella* spp., and *Proteus* spp.), as well as anaerobes such as *Peptostreptococcus* spp., *Bacteroides* spp., and *Clostridium* spp. In cases caused by *S. pyogenes*, the bacte... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"token_count": 1595,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Infections with *S. pyogenes* have a variety of manifestations and complications generally called sequelae. As mentioned, the bacterium can cause suppurative infections like puerperal fever. However, this microbe can also cause nonsuppurative sequelae in the form of acute **rheumatic fever** (ARF), which can lead to rh... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Rheumatic Fever**",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Surgeons may also use vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), a surgical technique in which vacuum-assisted drainage is used to remove blood or serous fluid from a wound or surgical site to speed recovery. The most common antibiotic treatments include penicillin G and clindamycin. Some cases are also treated with hyperbaric oxy... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Rheumatic Fever**",
"token_count": 224,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Infection with the gram-negative bacterium *Francisella tularensis* causes **tularemia** (or rabbit fever), a zoonotic infection in humans. *F. tularensis* is a facultative intracellular parasite that primarily causes illness in rabbits, although a wide variety of domesticated animals are also susceptible to infection.... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Tularemia**",
"token_count": 1605,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The zoonosis **cat-scratch disease (CSD)** (or cat-scratch fever) is a bacterial infection that can be introduced to the lymph nodes when a human is bitten or scratched by a cat. It is caused by the facultative intracellular gram-negative bacterium *Bartonella henselae*. Cats can become infected from flea feces contain... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Cat-Scratch Disease**",
"token_count": 2018,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
F1 is produced in large quantities during mammalian infection and is the most immunogenic component.[13] Successful use of virulence factors allows the bacilli to disseminate from the area of the bite to regional lymph nodes and eventually the entire blood and lymphatic systems.
Culturing and direct microscopic exami... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Cat-Scratch Disease**",
"token_count": 1060,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
A wide variety of zoonotic febrile diseases (diseases that cause fever) are caused by pathogenic bacteria that require arthropod vectors. These pathogens are either obligate intracellular species of *Anaplasma, Bartonella*, *Ehrlichia, Orientia,* and *Rickettsia*, or spirochetes in the genus *Borrelia*. Isolation and i... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
<sup>23.</sup> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Statistics and Epidemiology."
**Figure 25.12** In the US, Rocky Mountain spotted fever is most prevalent in the southeastern states. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease C... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
**Figure 25.16** A peripheral blood smear from a patient with tickborne relapsing fever. *Borrelia* appears as thin spirochetes among the larger red blood cells. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
#### **Trench Fever**
The louseborne disea... | {
"Header 1": "**25.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Zoonotic Febrile Diseases**",
"token_count": 1751,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify common viral pathogens that cause infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Compare the major characteristics of specific viral diseases affecting the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Viral pathogens of the circulatory system vary tremendously both in their virul... | {
"Header 1": "**Systems**",
"token_count": 922,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Also known as cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) is a virus with high infection rates in the human population. It is currently estimated that 50% of people in the US have been infected by the time they reach adulthood.[27] CMV is the major cause of non-Epstein-Barr infectious mononucleosis in the genera... | {
"Header 1": "**Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Cytomegalovirus Infections**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
This disease is thought to have been translocated to the Americas by the slave trade in the 16th century.[34] Since that time, yellow fever has been associated with many severe outbreaks, some of which had important impacts upon historic events.
Yellow fever virus was once an important cause of disease in the US. In ... | {
"Header 1": "**Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Cytomegalovirus Infections**",
"token_count": 1999,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
(credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• How is Ebola transmitted?
#### **Hantavirus**
The genus *Hantavirus* consists of at least four serogroups with nine viruses causing two major clinical (sometimes overlapping) syndromes: **hantavirus pul... | {
"Header 1": "**Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Cytomegalovirus Infections**",
"token_count": 558,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV), also called human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are retroviruses that are the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are two main variants of **human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)**. HIV-1 (**[Figure 25.23](#page-1152-0)**) occurs in human populations w... | {
"Header 1": "**Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Human Immunodeficiency Virus**",
"token_count": 1796,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| | Viral Dis | seases of the Circulat ... | {
"Header 1": "**Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Human Immunodeficiency Virus**",
"token_count": 1365,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Identify common parasites that cause infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Compare the major characteristics of specific parasitic diseases affecting the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Some protozoa and parasitic flukes are also capable of causing infections of the ... | {
"Header 1": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"token_count": 1372,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The disease **toxoplasmosis** is caused by the protozoan *Toxoplasma gondii*. *T. gondii* is found in a wide variety of birds and mammals,[44] and human infections are common. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 22.5% of the population 12 years and older has been infected with *T. gondii... | {
"Header 1": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Toxoplasmosis**",
"token_count": 2034,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Also called American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease is a zoonosis classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). It is caused by the flagellated protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi* and is most commonly transmitted to animals and people through the feces of triatomine bugs. The triatomine bug is nicknamed the kissing bug ... | {
"Header 1": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Chagas Disease**",
"token_count": 1119,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Although it is classified as an NTD, **leishmaniasis** is relatively widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting people in more than 90 countries. It is caused by approximately 20 different species of *Leishmania*, protozoan parasites that are transmitted by sand fly vectors such as *Phlebotomus* spp. and... | {
"Header 1": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Leishmaniasis**",
"token_count": 1917,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
| Malaise, chills,<br>fever, head-<br>ache, myalgia,<br>arthralgia | From animals to<br>humans via<br><i>lxodes</i> tick<br>vectors | Bl... | {
"Header 1": "**25.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems**",
"Header 2": "**Leishmaniasis**",
"token_count": 2015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
Few diseases inspire the kind of fear that rabies does. The name is derived from the Latin word for "madness" or "fury," most likely because animals infected with rabies may behave with uncharacteristic rage and aggression. And while the thought of being attacked by a rabid animal is terrifying enough, the disease itse... | {
"Header 1": "**Introduction**",
"token_count": 259,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
#### **Learning Objectives**
- Describe the major anatomical features of the nervous system
- Explain why there is no normal microbiota of the nervous system
- Explain how microorganisms overcome defenses of the nervous system to cause infection
- Identify and describe general symptoms associated with various infecti... | {
"Header 1": "**26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System**",
"token_count": 1599,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
The PNS is formed of the nerves that connect organs, limbs, and other anatomic structures of the body to the brain and spinal cord. Unlike the brain and spinal cord, the PNS is not protected by bone, meninges, or a blood barrier, and, as a consequence, the nerves of the PNS are much more susceptible to injury and infec... | {
"Header 1": "**26.1 Anatomy of the Nervous System**",
"Header 2": "**The Peripheral Nervous System**",
"token_count": 1472,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Microbiology-LR.pdf"
} |
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