page_content stringlengths 12 2.63M | metadata unknown |
|---|---|
The nursing process is a method of critical thinking consisting of five steps that occur continuously while the client is in the nurse's care. (The client may be an individual, a family, a group, or a community.) It is purposeful and systematic in its progression, designed to achieve optimal client outcomes. It is a fr... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Process**",
"token_count": 249,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should assess the client's medication regime. Start by reviewing a list of the client's current drugs. If possible, encourage the client or family member to bring the actual medications. This includes prescription drugs, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, herbal supplements, illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine,... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Process**",
"Header 3": "**Current Medications, Substance Use, and Allergies**",
"token_count": 371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Another important piece of this assessment is evaluating an individual's health literacy and determining a client's understanding of their disease process and the recommended treatment (including medications). **Health literacy** is a general term used to describe an individual's ability to obtain, understand, and make... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Process**",
"Header 3": "**Health Literacy and Education**",
"token_count": 203,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
In the diagnosis phase of the nursing process, the nurse uses the information from the assessment to identify and prioritize problems. Whereas the health care provider's medical diagnosis focuses on disease process or pathophysiology, the nursing diagnosis focuses holistically on any physical, psychosocial, sociocultur... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Diagnosis and Problem List**",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Once the nurse has completed the assessment and has identified the actual or potential nursing diagnoses or problems, they must develop the plan. This is done by formulating client goals that address the client's problems (or nursing diagnoses) that have been identified. When possible, the client, family, and nurse sho... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Diagnosis and Problem List**",
"Header 3": "**Planning**",
"token_count": 476,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The fourth phase of the nursing process is the implementation phase. During this phase, the interventions are performed in order to reach the client's goal(s). At the heart of the implementation phase is the concern for client safety. No goal or intervention should be planned without consideration of the client's safet... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Diagnosis and Problem List**",
"Header 3": "**Implementation of Nursing Interventions**",
"token_count": 337,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
This phase of the nursing process assesses and evaluates the outcomes of the nursing goals and interventions. For example, has the client's pain been controlled during this shift? Did the client rate the pain as 4 or less on the pain scale? Did the client have any adverse reactions to the medication? This ongoing proce... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Diagnosis and Problem List**",
"Header 3": "**Evaluation**",
"token_count": 295,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) has "developed the NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (NCJMM) as a framework for the valid measurement of clinical judgment and decision making within the context of a standardized, high-stakes examination" (NCSBN, 2023, para. 1). Nursing students across th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Clinical Judgment**",
"token_count": 1851,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Safety is a fundamental element in the process of medication administration. It is important to demonstrate good clinical decision-making skills throughout the procedure. The focus of the nurse's clinical judgment during medication administration begins with first knowing the client and assessing the relevant informati... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Principles of Safe Drug Administration**",
"token_count": 1589,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
This video provides more information about the rights of medication administration in nursing. A BSN/RN explains the rights of medication administration and gives examples and anecdotes from their own experiences.
Nurses should encourage clients to participate in their care by questioning the nurse about the medicati... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "Access multimedia content [\\(https://openstax.org/books/pharmacology/pages/2-1-drug-administration-and-the](https://openstax.org/books/pharmacology/pages/2-1-drug-administration-and-the-nursing-process)[nursing-process\\)](https://openstax.org/books/pharm... |
According to Callahan (2023), many factors may facilitate learning in the client. The information needs to have relevance to the client. Someone who is actively involved in the learning process and is motivated to learn will usually master the content more readily. The nurse can approach the client and determine their ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Factors that Influence Learning**",
"token_count": 305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
To develop a teaching plan, the nurse should assess the client's learning needs. (The first part of the nursing process is to assess.) Determine their disease process, discover what the client already knows, and discuss the client's support system. Consider the client's characteristics. Are they motivated to learn? Are... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Factors that Influence Learning**",
"Header 3": "**Developing a Teaching Plan**",
"token_count": 325,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The National Institutes of Health (2022) provide these guidelines for determining the reliability of websites:
- Is there an author listed? If so, what are their qualifications?
- What is the website's address? (Credible websites usually end in either .gov, .org, or .edu.)
- Who pays for the website?
- Is the website... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "Determining a Website's Reliability",
"token_count": 217,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 2.2.1 Define how body cells respond to drugs.
- 2.2.2 Explain the meaning of the half-life of a drug.
- 2.2.3 List the factors that can influence the effectiveness of drugs in the body.
- 2.2.4 Differentiate between side effects and adverse effects of drugs.
- 2.2.... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 364,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Absorption** refers to the process of a drug traveling from the site of administration, through the body's membranes, and into the circulating bloodstream. Drugs may be absorbed through the skin (i.e., topical medications), through the membranes in the respiratory tract (i.e., inhalers), through the membranes of the ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Drug Absorption**",
"token_count": 853,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Drug **distribution** refers to the movement of a drug through the body or the way that a drug is spread throughout the body. There are several factors that may affect distribution:
- Blood flow or tissue perfusion
- Protein binding
- Permeability of the cell membrane
- Volume of distribution (the smaller the volume,... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Drug Distribution**",
"token_count": 642,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Biotransformation or **metabolism** is the process of chemically changing a drug into a form that can be more readily eliminated from the body. This process occurs primarily in the liver by enzymes that change medications into inactive forms of the drug; however, metabolism of drugs may occur at other sites in the body... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Drug Metabolism or Biotransformation**",
"token_count": 491,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Any medication ingested orally is most commonly absorbed in the small intestine and transported through the portal venous system to the liver (see [Figure 2.3](#page-63-0)). As the drug circulates through the liver, it is transformed by the liver enzymes into various metabolites. Some metabolites are active and will ca... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Drug Metabolism or Biotransformation**",
"Header 3": "**First-Pass Effect**",
"token_count": 458,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The **half-life** of a drug is the amount of time it takes for the serum concentration to reduce by 50%. For example, if a client takes a 500 mg tablet with a half-life of 4 hours, then 4 hours after administration, the amount remaining of the drug will be 250 mg. Eight hours following administration, the amount remain... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Half-Life**",
"token_count": 551,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The **therapeutic index** refers to the range of dosing that is both safe and effective—the amount of drug that can produce a therapeutic effect but not so much that it causes a toxic effect (see [Figure 2.4\)](#page-65-0). Sometimes the therapeutic range is very narrow, meaning only a small amount of extra drug causes... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Drug Therapeutic Index**",
"token_count": 264,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Generally, a **receptor** is a molecule composed of a protein, found on the inside of a cell (intracellular receptor) or on the surface of a cell (cell surface receptor), that binds to specific external transmitters or messengers and causes a response in the cell. Each type of cell in the body contains unique receptors... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Receptor Response**",
"token_count": 1031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The interaction between a drug and a receptor is the **mechanism of action**, or "how the drug works." This is the way that a drug produces its pharmacological effect. Sometimes drugs affect target cells through enzymes or by changing cell function or the cellular structure itself. Morphine, an opioid, acts directly up... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Mechanism of Action**",
"token_count": 481,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Therapeutic effects are the intended, beneficial, desired effects of a drug. Sometimes a drug will have more than one therapeutic effect. Aspirin is an example of a drug with multiple therapeutic effects—it can reduce fever, pain, and inflammation. However, a drug may cause other responses that are undesirable, uninten... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Side Effects, Adverse Drug Reactions, Drug Tolerance, and Drug Toxicity**",
"token_count": 733,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
There are many different forms of medication: liquid, suspensions, tablets, capsules, lotions, and ointment, to name a few. There are also many routes through which medications can be given and absorbed into the body. The routes of medication administration are broadly categorized as follows:
- Enteral administration... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Forms and Routes of Drug Administration**",
"token_count": 330,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Oral administration encompasses several different drug forms. Liquids, elixirs, suspensions, tablets, capsules, and caplets may all be given orally. Oral administration is usually quick, easy, and convenient, but the onset of action is longer and unpredictable due to the first-pass effect, and not all drugs can be admi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Product (Drug) Labeling**",
"Header 3": "**Oral Medications**",
"token_count": 312,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Drinking cup
- Straw
- Disposable medication cup (souffle cup or calibrated plastic medication cup for liquids)
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, and expiration date.
- 4. Check NPO status and en... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Product (Drug) Labeling**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering an oral medication:**",
"token_count": 502,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking oral medications:
- If a tablet needs to be split, split only tablets that are scored. If a client has difficulty swallowing a tablet or capsule, consult a pharmacist for advice about the technique of administration because some capsules may be opened and e... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Product (Drug) Labeling**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications for Oral Medications**",
"token_count": 266,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Absorption of sublingual medications occurs in the area under the tongue, whereas buccal medications are absorbed in the oral mucosa, generally between the cheek and gums. These are vascular areas, and medications administered here are absorbed rapidly because they do not undergo the first-pass effect. [Table 2.2](#pag... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Sublingual and Buccal Administration**",
"token_count": 246,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Disposable medication cup (souffle cup)
- Drinking cup
- Straw
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, and expiration date.
- 4. Follow the seven rights of medication administration throughout the proced... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Sublingual and Buccal Administration**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering a sublingual or buccal medication:**",
"token_count": 378,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Clean gloves
- Tissue
- Medication
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check medication, dose, and expiration date.
- 4. Follow the seven rights of medication administration throughout the procedure (at least three times or acc... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Implications for Sublingual or Buccal Medications**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering a nasal spray:**",
"token_count": 478,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves (not sterile).
- 2. Inspect and verify the medication, dose, volume, and expiration date.
- 3. Verify the dosage calculation.
- 4. Remove the plastic cap from the top of the unused vial with a flick of the thumb.
- 5. Wipe the rubber stopper or port with an alcohol swab an... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Steps to withdrawing medication from a vial:**",
"token_count": 703,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Wash hands and don clean gloves.
- 2. Medication may be seen in both the bottom and top portion of the ampule (see [Figure 2.7\)](#page-74-1). Thump or flick the top of the ampule to bring the medication to the bottom portion of the ampule.
**FIGURE 2.7** An example of what an ampu... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Steps to withdrawing medication from a vial:**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to withdrawing medication from an ampule:**",
"token_count": 572,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Subcutaneous injections are administered "under the skin" into the adipose tissue between the dermis and muscular layer (see [Figure 2.8\)](#page-75-0). Clients can be instructed to self-administer injections subcutaneously. Common medications administered within this layer are enoxaparin, heparin, and insulin. Medicat... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "Filter Needles",
"Header 3": "**Subcutaneous Administration**",
"token_count": 379,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
◦ Medication
- Sterile syringe (1–3 mL)
- Small-gauge needles (3/8–5/8 inch) (tuberculin and insulin syringes have preattached needles)
- Alcohol swabs
- Gloves (clean gloves, not sterile)
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, volume, and exp... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:",
"token_count": 878,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Medication
- Syringe (3 mL)
- Needles (unless preattached)
- Alcohol swabs
- Gloves (clean gloves, not sterile)
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, volume, and expiration date.
- 4. Follow the seven ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "ISMP Guidelines for Safe Subcutaneous Insulin Use",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering an intramuscular medication:**",
"token_count": 1113,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
To give a **deltoid** injection, remove clothing to expose the upper arm and shoulder area. Discuss the preferred arm with the client. They may prefer the nondominant arm to be used due to potential soreness; however, many individuals prefer the dominant arm because the increased movement with that arm may work the sor... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "ISMP Guidelines for Safe Subcutaneous Insulin Use",
"Header 3": "**Deltoid Injections**",
"token_count": 236,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Intravenous medications are introduced directly into the vein and, thus, into the circulation during administration. This route is the fastest because no absorption is necessary, and drugs are 100% bioavailable because they bypass the first-pass effects of the liver. [Table 2.6](#page-81-1) lists the advantages and dis... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "LINK TO LEARNING",
"Header 3": "**Intravenous Push (IVP) Administration via Saline Lock**",
"token_count": 365,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Medication
- Syringe with a needleless device
- Needles
- Normal saline flushes
- Diluent, if needed
- Alcohol swabs
- Gloves
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, volume, and expiration date.
- 4. Che... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "LINK TO LEARNING",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering an IVP medication:**",
"token_count": 991,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Transdermal** patches are applied to the skin. Patches usually allow for a slow, very controlled release of medication into the skin over a period of hours to days. Common medications that are delivered via this route are nitroglycerin (for angina), fentanyl (for pain), and clonidine (for hypertension). Each drug del... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Transdermal Patch (or Disk) Application**",
"token_count": 269,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 2. Check the medication, dose, volume, and expiration date.
- 3. Follow the seven rights of medication administration throughout the procedure (at least three times or according to institutional policy).
- During medication reconciliatio... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Transdermal Patch (or Disk) Application**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering a transdermal medication:**",
"token_count": 455,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients receiving a transdermal patch:
- Educate the client to administer the patch at the same time each day.
- Administer after a shower or bath.
- Always remain with the client until all medications are taken; do not leave drugs at the bedside unattended.
- Educate the client ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Transdermal Patch (or Disk) Application**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications for Transdermal Administration**",
"token_count": 220,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Gloves
- Nitroglycerin ointment and application paper
- Paper tape
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, volume, and expiration date.
- 4. Follow the seven rights of medication administration throughou... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Transdermal Patch (or Disk) Application**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering nitroglycerin ointment (nitroglycerin paste):**",
"token_count": 737,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment
- Clean gloves
- Water-soluble lubricant for vaginal suppositories
- Vaginal applicator
- Perineal pad
- Medication
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, and expiration date.
- 4. Follow the seven right... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Transdermal Patch (or Disk) Application**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering vaginal medications:**",
"token_count": 604,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Assemble the appropriate equipment:
- Gloves
- Water-soluble lubricant
- Medication
- Bedpan, if client is on bed rest
- 2. Assess the client to determine if the drug is safe and appropriate to give. Assess for rectal bleeding or diarrhea.
- 3. Check the medication, dose, volume, and expiration date.
- 4. Follow t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Transdermal Patch (or Disk) Application**",
"Header 3": "**Steps to administering rectal suppositories:**",
"token_count": 699,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
One of the older systems of measurement is the apothecary system, and it has been used by apothecaries or pharmacists for the last couple of centuries. This system is very difficult to use, and the Joint Commission, the FDA, and the Institute of Safe Medication Practice (ISMP) have recommended that it be discontinued. ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Systems of Measurement**",
"Header 3": "**Apothecary System**",
"token_count": 219,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Three types of metric measures are commonly used: length, volume, and weight. This section will cover only volume and weight. It is important to understand that the units can be smaller or larger in relation to their metric measure. The basic units are multiplied or divided by multiples of 10, which increases the ease ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Systems of Measurement**",
"Header 3": "**Metric System**",
"token_count": 690,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
To safely administer drugs to clients, one must understand the drug label and precautions listed. Components of a drug label (see [Figure 2.15](#page-92-0) and [Figure 2.16](#page-92-1)) include drug generic and brand names, the strength of the drug, drug form, route of administration (if indicated), dosage and adminis... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Drug Labels and Precautions**",
"token_count": 264,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 1. Write the known dose (dosage strength from drug label). (See K in the above formula.)
- 2. Write the known unit of measurement (also found on the drug label). (See M in the above formula.)
- 3. Write the desired ordered dose (usually found in the physician's orders). (See D in the above formula.)
- 4. Write X in t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "To use this method:",
"token_count": 304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Ordered: Lisinopril 10 mg orally BID Available: Lisinopril 2.5 mg How many tablets should the client receive per dose?
| K: M = D: X | $\frac{K}{M} = \frac{D}{X}$ |
|----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| 2.5 m... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "To use this method:",
"Header 3": "**Example:**",
"token_count": 218,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Dimensional analysis is one of several methods for determining the correct dose of medication. Dimensional analysis uses a series of equivalent measurements to change one unit of measurement to another to solve a problem. This method uses equivalent measurements that are set up as a series of "fractions," called conver... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Dimensional Analysis Method**",
"token_count": 398,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Ordered: Lisinopril 10 mg PO BID Available: Lisinopril 2.5 mg
How many tablets should the client receive per dose?
- 1. First, determine what goes on the right side of the equation. What units of measure are you solving for? In this example, it is tablets.
- 2. Then, identify the information on the top left—in this... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Example 1:**",
"token_count": 284,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Ordered: Give digoxin 0.5 mg IV push × 1 dose now Available: Digoxin 0.25 mg/1 mL
How many mL should be given?
- 1. First, determine what goes on the right side of the equation. What units of measure are you solving for? In this example, it is mL.
- 2. The next step is to identify the information on the top left of... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Example 2:**",
"token_count": 323,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Ordered: Initiate dopamine IV infusion at 5 mcg/kg/minute Available: Dopamine hydrochloride 800 mg in 500 mL normal saline Client's weight: 176 lb
How many mL/hour should the medication infuse?
- 1. First, determine what goes on the right side of the equation. What units of measure are you solving for? In this exam... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "**Example 3:**",
"token_count": 718,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Ordered: Amoxicillin 10 mg per kg orally QID (four times a day) Available: Amoxicillin 125 mg/5 mL Client's weight: 110 lb
How many mL should the client receive per dose?
Use the label shown in [Figure 2.22](#page-98-0) to calculate the number of mL per dose.
**FIGURE 2.22** Use th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "LINK TO LEARNING",
"Header 3": "**Example:**",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Nurses must know when and how to round medication doses. Caplet and tablet doses can be rounded to the nearest half-tablet if they are scored. Some are scored in fourths and can be rounded accordingly. Caplets and tablets that are controlled release, extended release, sustained release, or enteric-coated should not be ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 2 Drug Administration",
"Header 2": "Body Surface Area Calculator",
"Header 3": "**Rounding Rules**",
"token_count": 388,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Prior to 1906, there were no legal controls over the sale or quality of any drugs. Before this time, rattlesnake oil for pain and inflammation and other tonics could be sold out of the back of a covered wagon, a general store, or a doctor's office. There was nothing in place to protect the consumer from fraud or harm. ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Federal Legislative Acts**",
"token_count": 881,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The **Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act** (HIPAA) was enacted by Congress in 1996. It is a federal law that set forth standards to protect sensitive health information from being divulged without the consent or knowledge of the client. Its purpose was to:
- Establish the Privacy Rule
- Establish the... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Federal Legislative Acts**",
"Header 3": "**Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)**",
"token_count": 613,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The **Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act** was enacted in 2009 to improve the efficiency and quality of care for clients through the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) across the United States. Prior to the adoption of the EHR, records were handwritten or typed notes b... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "HIPAA",
"Header 3": "**Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act**",
"token_count": 441,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
President Barack Obama signed the **Affordable Care Act** (ACA) into law in 2010. This law (sometimes called Obamacare) had three primary aims:
- Make health insurance available and affordable to more Americans
- Expand the Medicaid program by expanding the federal poverty level
- Support innovative medical care deli... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**The Affordable Care Act (ACA)**",
"token_count": 288,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
All clients have the right to safe, competent nursing expertise. Each state and territory within the United States has legislated a nurse practice act (NPA) to create a board of nursing (BON). The focus of a BON is to protect and promote the welfare of the public across the state, and it is responsible for implementing... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**State Nurse Practice Acts**",
"token_count": 317,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
As mentioned above, each state and territory within the United States has legislated a nurse practice act to create a board of nursing or like entity. Find the board of nursing [\(https://openstax.org/r/rntravelwebco\)](https://openstax.org/r/rntravelwebco) for the state where you hope to practice after completing nurs... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "State Boards of Nursing",
"token_count": 374,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
According to Gallup's annual poll (Brenan, 2023), the American public ranked nurses number 1 (79%) as the most honest and ethical profession, above physicians (62%), high school teachers (53%), and pharmacists (58%). Ethics refers to the set of moral principles that direct how a person behaves. The foundations for an i... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Core Ethical Principles**",
"token_count": 447,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Autonomy** in medicine essentially means having the right to make one's own health care decisions, being independent, and having control over oneself. In the past, Western medicine operated under a paternalistic style of authority with a "doctor always knows best" philosophy. The physician guided the client's care, s... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Core Ethical Principles**",
"Header 3": "**Autonomy**",
"token_count": 771,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The principle of beneficence extends to **nonmaleficence**, which requires that nurses do no harm to the client and do
all they can to safeguard a client from harm. Obviously, intentional harm goes against the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence; however, many acts performed by the nurse have the potential t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Core Ethical Principles**",
"Header 3": "**Nonmaleficence**",
"token_count": 251,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Obtaining a registered nurse (RN) license and entering the profession of nursing requires that nurse to meet the standards set out by the profession and made explicit by the American Nurses Association (ANA). Ethics are an integral component of the profession of nursing—the very bedrock of the profession. The purpose o... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**ANA Code of Ethics**",
"token_count": 1194,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Each provider prescribing, dispensing, or administering medications carefully assesses the benefits of a drug and its associated risks. Drugs are beneficial in many ways—they prevent, cure, and alleviate symptoms of disease—but drugs also carry risks associated with **adverse drug reactions** (ADRs). These reactions ma... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Benefit–Risk Ratio**",
"token_count": 393,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Medication safety remains one of the most crucial challenges in institutions around the globe. There are many steps and many individuals involved in the process of a drug reaching the client. Most institutions have several processes in place to prevent a drug error from occurring, but not all processes are perfect, and... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Drug Administration and Safety**",
"token_count": 314,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The World Health Organization (n.d., p. 1) defines an adverse drug reaction (ADR) as "harmful, unintended reactions to medicines that occur at doses normally used for treatment." Coleman and Pontefract (2016, p. 481) define an ADR as "unintended, harmful events attributed to the use of medicines." **Side effects**, a t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Drug Administration and Safety**",
"Header 3": "**Adverse Drug Reactions**",
"token_count": 209,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
According to the National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (2023), a **medication**
**error** is defined as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, o... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions",
"Header 3": "**Medication Errors**",
"token_count": 956,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Medication errors most commonly occur when the medication is being ordered or prescribed. It is estimated that as many as 50% of drug errors occur when the medication is ordered, and nurses and pharmacists identify 30%–70% of those errors (Tariq et al., 2023). Almost 75% of drug errors have been attributed to distracti... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions",
"Header 3": "**Causes of Medication Errors**",
"token_count": 277,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
To prevent some of the previously described communication errors, many institutions have order read-back policies for verbal or telephone orders. The nurse or pharmacist first transcribes the order and then reads it back to the physician. Many institutions have policies recommending that if a written order is illegible... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions",
"Header 3": "**Prevention of Medication Errors**",
"token_count": 1299,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
As mentioned earlier, in 1999 the Institute of Medicine published its report, To Err Is Human, regarding the number of errors impacting clients within the health care system. Health care systems are incredibly complex, and that very complexity lends itself to error. In response to these concerns, the American Associati... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) Competencies**",
"token_count": 764,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The client record is one of the primary means of communication between health care providers. Having current, effective communication within the health record (either the EHR or the paper record) is key to the client's safety and quality of care. Communication between disciplines may occur verbally through physician ro... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS",
"Header 3": "**Documentation**",
"token_count": 819,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The Joint Commission (TJC) was founded in 1951, and its aim is to improve health care for the public through evaluating and accrediting health care institutions across the United States. It surveys institutions every three years to ensure they meet standards of compliance. All surveys are unannounced and are conducted ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**The Joint Commission \"Do Not Use\" Abbreviations**",
"token_count": 545,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Understanding the tools and developing the knowledge necessary to function are crucial to success in the current digital age. A growing specialty within nursing that integrates health information technology (HIT) and supports this understanding is nursing informatics. The American Nurses Association (ANA, 2022, p. 3) d... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Informatics**",
"token_count": 408,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Most institutions rely on the electronic health record (EHR) as each client's primary health information source. Technology now allows this record to serve as the vehicle for communication between each health care team member and even across institutions. According to Campanella et al. (2016, p. 1), "an EHR may also in... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Informatics**",
"Header 3": "**Electronic Health Record**",
"token_count": 256,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
An important aspect of the EHR is e-prescribing, also known as **computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE)**. This allows the provider to prescribe medications through electronic means to a nurse and pharmacist on the unit or to a pharmacy miles away from the provider. The advantages of CPOE are the ability to verify ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 3 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Safety",
"Header 2": "Typical Elements of the EHR",
"Header 3": "**Computerized Prescriber Order Entry (CPOE)**",
"token_count": 727,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 4.1.1 Define homeostasis.
- 4.1.2 Compare and contrast intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid and their effects on the body's cells.
- 4.1.3 Discuss the major cations and anions and their essential functions.
**Homeostasis** is the ability of the body to mai... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 253,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Homeostasis is a fundamental process that enables the body to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of constantly changing internal and external conditions. Disruption of homeostatic mechanisms may cause diseases and severe impacts on physiologic well-being. Two key principles govern homeostasis: fluid bal... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Homeostasis**",
"token_count": 261,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Children have unique physiologic characteristics and developmental needs. Children have a relatively higher water requirement compared with adults because of their higher metabolic rate and larger proportion of body water. Children are also more likely than older individuals to become dehydrated because their kidneys a... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "Homeostasis in Children, Pregnant Clients, and Older Adults",
"token_count": 601,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Sixty percent of the total body weight is composed of water. The body separates this water into two main fluid compartments: one that contains **intracellular fluid** and one that contains **extracellular fluid**. The fluid compartments work together to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance within the body. The moveme... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Cellular Compartments**",
"token_count": 353,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The transcellular compartment, also known as the third space, refers to a small volume of fluid that is contained within certain body cavities and structures, such as the pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, and joint spaces. This compartment is separate from the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments and is ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Cellular Compartments**",
"Header 3": "**Transcellular Compartment (Third Space)**",
"token_count": 284,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Osmolality is a measure of the concentration of solutes, such as sodium, glucose, and urea, in a solution; specifically, it refers to the number of particles per kilogram of solvent. It is commonly used to assess the osmotic pressure of body fluids, such as blood or urine, and can provide important information about th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Osmolality**",
"token_count": 290,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Although osmolality and **tonicity** are related, they are not the same. Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water and is relative to the cytoplasm of a cell (Khan & Farhana, 2023; Maldonado & Mohiuddin, 2022). A change in tonicity can have significant effects on cell function a... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Tonicity**",
"token_count": 339,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Osmotic equilibrium** occurs when the concentration of solutes on either side of a **semipermeable membrane** is equalized. It is achieved when the osmotic pressure of a solution is equal to the **hydrostatic pressure** on the solution. The force that causes the reabsorption of fluid from the interstitial fluid into ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Osmotic Equilibrium**",
"token_count": 446,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Negative feedback is critical in regulating the body's homeostasis to promote optimal health and well-being. These inhibitory loops allow the body to self-regulate by counteracting any deviation from normal conditions. The process begins with an increase in output from a body system, leading to higher levels of specifi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Negative Feedback and Homeostasis**",
"token_count": 231,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
In positive feedback, the body responds to a stimulus by amplifying or enhancing it rather than inhibiting it. This mechanism leads to a continuous increase in the stimulus, also known as a runaway effect, creating a selfreinforcing cycle. Positive feedback loops are commonly found in processes that require rapid and d... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Homeostasis",
"Header 2": "**Positive Feedback**",
"token_count": 318,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
5.1 [Fluid Volume](#page-140-2)
5.2 [Electrolytes](#page-144-0)
- 5.3 [Intravenous Fluid Therapy, Total Parenteral Nutrition, and Blood Products](#page-152-0)
- 5.4 [Vitamins, Minerals, and Complementary and Alternative Therapies](#page-157-0)
**INTRODUCTION** Maintaining a healthy balance of fluids, electrolytes... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 3": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 204,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Fluid volume deficit**, also known as **hypovolemia**, is a condition that occurs when there is a decrease in the body's fluid volume. This can be due to a loss of sodium from the body, decreased fluid intake, or a combination of both. Several conditions and diseases can lead to fluid volume deficit, such as dehydrat... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Fluid Imbalances**",
"Header 3": "**Fluid Volume Deficit**",
"token_count": 288,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Fluid volume excess**, also known as **hypervolemia**, is a condition that occurs when there is an abnormal increase in the body's total fluid volume. This can be due to increased fluid intake, decreased fluid output, or a combination of both. Several conditions and diseases can lead to fluid volume excess, including... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Fluid Imbalances**",
"Header 3": "**Fluid Volume Excess**",
"token_count": 322,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Blood is a vital component of fluid balance. Blood circulates through the body and is composed of various cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (see [Figure 5.3](#page-143-0)), as well as a liquid component called plasma. Blood plays an important role in:
- Oxygen transport: Blood transpor... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Blood and Blood Products**",
"token_count": 515,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Potassium (K) is an essential cation primarily found inside cells. The normal intracellular concentration of potassium ions in the body is approximately 140 mEq/L; the normal extracellular concentration is around 4 mEq/L. Therapeutic serum potassium levels are 3.6 to 5.4 mEq/L (Shrimanker & Bhattarai, 2023).
Potassiu... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**5.2 Electrolytes**",
"Header 3": "**Potassium**",
"token_count": 384,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Hyperkalemia is a condition where the level of potassium in the blood is higher than normal (usually above 5.5 mEq/ L) (Shrimanker & Bhattarai, 2023). Common causes include excessive potassium intake, impaired kidney function that decreases its excretion, or a shift from intracellular to extracellular spaces.
Manifes... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**5.2 Electrolytes**",
"Header 3": "**Hyperkalemia**",
"token_count": 452,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Hypokalemia is a condition where the level of potassium in the blood is lower than normal (less than 3.6 mEq/L). Hypokalemia can be caused by excessive loss of potassium through the kidneys, increased loss of potassium in the digestive tract (through vomiting or diarrhea), insufficient potassium intake, redistribution ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Hypokalemia**",
"token_count": 464,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Sodium (Na) is predominantly an extracellular cation, meaning it is found primarily outside of the cells in the extracellular fluid. The normal concentration of sodium in the body is approximately 135–145 mEq/L (which is the same as the therapeutic range for serum sodium levels), whereas the normal intracellular concen... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "Potassium Administration and IV Site Assessment",
"Header 3": "**Sodium**",
"token_count": 305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Hyponatremia is a condition in which sodium levels are lower than normal (less than 135 mEq/L). As sodium levels decrease, hypotonicity occurs, and water shifts from the ECF into the ICF. This can be caused by conditions such as kidney disease, heart failure, or excessive fluid intake (Shrimanker & Bhattarai, 2023). Ma... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**Hyponatremia**",
"token_count": 229,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Calcium (Ca) is the fifth most abundant mineral in the body and is present in both intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. In the ECF, calcium is present in ionized and protein-bound forms; in ICF, calcium is primarily bound to proteins and organelles. The therapeutic range for serum calcium levels is 8.8–1... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**Calcium**",
"token_count": 237,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Hypercalcemia is a condition in which serum calcium levels are higher than normal (greater than 10.4 mg/dL). Hypercalcemia can be a result of hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, hypophosphatasia, and thiazide diuretic use (Drake & Gupta, 2022; Sadiq et al., 2022; Shrimanker & Bhattarai, 2023).
Manifestations of hypercal... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**Hypercalcemia**",
"token_count": 257,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Hypocalcemia is a condition in which serum calcium levels are lower than normal (lower than 8.8 mg/dL) (Drake & Gupta, 2022). Hypocalcemia can result from calcium loss from bone, pathologic fractures due to calcium loss, hypoparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, diarrhea, alcoholism, vitamin D deficiency, and malnutrition... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**Hypocalcemia**",
"token_count": 277,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Hypophosphatemia is a condition where the body's phosphorus level is lower than the therapeutic range (below 2.5 mEq/L). Causes include malnutrition, alcoholism, hyperparathyroidism, and certain drugs, such as diuretics. Manifestations include muscle weakness, altered mental status, bone pain, paresthesia, and dysphagi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**Hypophosphatemia**",
"token_count": 230,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.