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Hypomagnesemia refers to low levels of magnesium in the blood (less than 1.46 mEq/L). It can be caused by a variety of factors including malnutrition, alcoholism, gastrointestinal disorders, and drugs such as diuretics. Manifestations include generalized weakness, tremors, cramps, arrhythmias, and seizures (Gragossian ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**Hypomagnesemia**",
"token_count": 211,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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**Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy** is a medical treatment that involves the administration of fluids directly into a person's veins through an intravenous catheter. The fluids are typically a combination of water, electrolytes, and other nutrients, depending on the specific needs of the client.
IV fluid therapy is us... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Intravenous Fluid Therapy**",
"token_count": 304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Blood and blood products must be compatible with the recipient's blood type to minimize the risk of transfusion reactions. Blood typing involves determining the blood group and Rh factor of the donor and the recipient. There are four main blood groups: A, B, AB, and O. Each group can be either Rh positive or Rh negativ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Blood Typing, Cross-Matching, and Transfusion**",
"token_count": 583,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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**Fat-soluble vitamins** dissolve in fat and are stored in the body's fat tissues and liver. They are absorbed along with dietary fat and can be stored in the body for extended periods. Excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins can lead to toxicity because they are not readily excreted. Fat-soluble vitamins are essentia... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Vitamins**",
"Header 3": "**Fat-Soluble**",
"token_count": 1270,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Minerals are inorganic substances that are essential for certain physiological functions. Minerals are necessary for the formation of strong bones and teeth, regulation of fluid balance, muscle function, and the production of hormones and enzymes. They aid in the transport of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body an... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Minerals**",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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There are numerous herbal remedies that are used by the general public. [Table 5.5](#page-162-0) presents common herbal
remedies, their use, and special considerations.
| Herbal Remedy | U... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Good Manufacturing Practices**",
"Header 3": "**Commonly Used Herbal Remedies**",
"token_count": 1146,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Cannabis has been used for centuries as a natural remedy to alleviate symptoms of various health conditions, such as chronic pain, anxiety, and insomnia. Medical cannabis is a new trend that is legal in many states and countries, allowing clients access to cannabis-based treatments under the supervision of licensed hea... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "Cannabis and Health Care",
"Header 3": "[complementary-and-alternative-therapies\\)](https://openstax.org/books/pharmacology/pages/5-4-vitamins-minerals-and-complementary-and-alternative-therapies)",
"... |
**agglutination** the clumping of particles
- **blood fractionation** the process of separating blood into its component parts
- **blood products** substances derived from human blood
- **colloid solutions** a solute in a solution of molecules or ions
- **colloidal oncotic pressure** osmotic pressure that causes flui... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Therapies",
"Header 2": "**Key Terms**",
"token_count": 1673,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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6.1 [Introduction to Immunity](#page-168-2)
- 6.2 [Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Vaccines, and Immunizations](#page-171-0)
- 6.3 [Immunosuppressants, Biologics, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Biosimilar Drugs](#page-179-0)
- 6.4 [Introduction to the Inflammatory Response and Anti-inflammatory Drugs](#page-187-0)
**INTR... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 204,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The immune system is a complex and sophisticated defense mechanism that protects the human body from harmful pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances (Justiz-Vaillant et al., 2022). It is composed of
various cells, tissues, and organs. These components work in harmony to identify, neutralize... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**The Immune System**",
"token_count": 489,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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**Cell-mediated immunity** is an immune response that involves T cells, specifically helper T cells (CD4 cells) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells). This clusters of differentiation (CD) system is a way to classify and characterize different immune cell types based on the presence of specific surface markers, and this sy... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Cell-Mediated Immunity**",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Antigen-antibody interactions are essential for the functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses. They help in the identification and elimination of harmful invaders as well as in the establishment of immune memory, allowing the body to mount a more rapid and efficient response upon subsequent exposure to t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Antigen-Antibody Interactions**",
"token_count": 601,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 6.2.1 Define immunity.
- 6.2.2 Differentiate between natural and active acquired immunity.
- 6.2.3 Describe the difference between active and passive immunity.
- 6.2.4 Explain the importance of vaccination in the immunity process.
- 6.2.5 Identify common diseases t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 283,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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An acquired immunity is the immunity that develops after exposure to a foreign antigen. The immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign, and a specific response is generated to target and eliminate it. This type of immunity is long lasting and involves the production of memory B cells, which "remember" the encounte... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Immunity**",
"Header 3": "**Acquired Immunity**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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**Passive immunity** is the temporary protection against a specific pathogen that is conferred to a client by receiving pre-formed antibodies rather than producing them internally (Slifka & Amanna, 2018). Unlike active immunity, passive immunity does not involve the production of memory B cells, and the protection is s... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Immunity**",
"Header 3": "**Passive Immunity**",
"token_count": 212,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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**Vaccines** and **immunizations** are related concepts, but they differ in their scope and application. Vaccines are biological substances designed to stimulate the immune system and generate a protective response against specific pathogens (CDC, 2023a). They can be composed of weakened or inactivated forms of the dis... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Vaccines and Immunizations**",
"token_count": 868,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Vaccines are an important tool to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2021; CDC, 2021) recommends routine vaccination for children against several diseases such as measles, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), and hepatitis B. Vacci... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "Vaccines and Immunizations",
"Header 3": "**Vaccine Recommendations**",
"token_count": 1865,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "Vaccines and Immunizations",
"Header 3": "**Vaccine Recommendations**",
"token_count": 1711,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 6.3.1 Identify the characteristics of immunosuppressants, biologics, monoclonal antibodies, and biosimilar drugs.
- 6.3.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions for immunosuppressant, biologics, monoclonal antibodies, and biosimilar d... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 277,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Immunosuppressant is a class of medicines that inhibit or decrease the intensity of the immune response in the body. They are commonly prescribed to clients who have received an organ transplant and those with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. While these medications ca... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Immunosuppressant Drugs**",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Mycophenolate (also referred to as mycophenolic acid) is an immunosuppressive drug used to prevent organ
rejection in clients who have undergone organ transplantation, such as kidney, heart, or liver transplants. It works by inhibiting the proliferation of T and B immune cells, thus suppressing the immune system's re... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Immunosuppressant Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Mycophenolate**",
"token_count": 628,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Biologic drugs, also known as biologics, are a class of medications derived from living sources such as cells, proteins, or tissues. They are used to treat various medical conditions, particularly autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and certain types of cancer (American Cancer Society, 2018; Drosos et al., 2021). Biologics ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Biologic Drugs and Monoclonal Antibodies**",
"token_count": 297,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is used to treat various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, and glioblastoma multiforme (a type of brain tumor). By inhibiting VEGF, bevacizumab disrupts the formation of new ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Biologic Drugs and Monoclonal Antibodies**",
"Header 3": "**Bevacizumab**",
"token_count": 681,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Common adverse effects of biologic drugs and monoclonal antibodies include increased risk of infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, and opportunistic infections), injection site reactions (erythema, itching, pain, and swelling), diarrhea, rash, pruritis, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, congestive heart failure, ly... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Biologic Drugs and Monoclonal Antibodies**",
"Header 3": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 754,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Biosimilar drugs are a type of biologic medication that is highly similar to an already approved reference biologic, also known as the original biologic or reference product. Biosimilars are designed to have similar efficacy, safety, and quality as the reference product (American Cancer Society, 2018; U.S. Food and Dru... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Biosimilar Drugs**",
"token_count": 296,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking immunosuppressants, biologics, monoclonal antibodies, and biosimilar drugs:
- Review the client's medical history to assess allergies and contraindications or potential drug interactions with current medications.
- Monitor complete blood counts for leukopen... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 273,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Inflammation** is a fundamental biological response that the body activates in response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, tissue injury, or irritants. It is a crucial part of the immune system's defense mechanism, designed to protect the body and initiate the healing process. Inflammation involves a series of in... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Inflammation**",
"token_count": 609,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The body's **inflammatory response** is a complex and coordinated reaction aimed at defending against harmful stimuli and promoting tissue repair (Hannoodee & Nasuruddin, 2022). When tissues are damaged, injured, or infected, various immune cells and chemical mediators work together to initiate and regulate the inflamm... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Inflammation**",
"Header 3": "**Pathophysiology**",
"token_count": 663,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Factors that trigger the inflammatory response in the body can arise from various sources, including infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic), physical injury to tissue (trauma, burns), autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), allergic reactions, irritants, and chronic cond... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Etiology and Diagnostic Testing**",
"token_count": 393,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Inflammation and infection are related but distinct concepts in the context of the body's response to harmful stimuli. Inflammation is a general physiological response of the body to tissue injury, irritation, or foreign substances. It is a part of the body's immune defense mechanism and plays a vital role in protectin... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Inflammation versus Infection**",
"token_count": 343,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Salicylates are a group of chemical compounds that contain a salicylate acid backbone. The most common and wellknown salicylate is acetylsalicylic acid, also known as aspirin. Salicylates can be found in various plants, including fruits (such as berries), vegetables (such as spinach), and herbs (such as peppermint). Sa... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Anti-inflammatory Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Salicylates**",
"token_count": 273,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are a class of medications used primarily to treat autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (Benjamin et al., 2022; Mysler et al., 2021). These drugs work by targeting specific components of the immune system to suppress the abnormal immune react... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)**",
"token_count": 344,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Non-biologic DMARDs, also known as conventional or synthetic DMARDs, are small-molecule drugs synthesized chemically. They are not derived from living sources and typically have a more general or broader mode of action. They may act on multiple targets within the immune system or inhibit enzymes that play a role in the... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Non-biologic DMARDs**",
"token_count": 397,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Antimalarial drugs are a group of medications primarily used to treat and prevent malaria, a parasitic infection transmitted by mosquito bites. However, some antimalarial drugs have been found to have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases due to their immunomodulatory properties.
The exac... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Antimalarial Drugs**",
"token_count": 264,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Allopurinol is a medication used primarily to manage gout and certain other conditions associated with elevated levels of uric acid in the body. It is classified as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and primarily works to lower uric acid levels in the body by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
When uric acid crystals... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Antigout Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Allopurinol**",
"token_count": 207,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Probenecid is classified as a uricosuric agent, which means it works by increasing the excretion of uric acid in the urine. It does this by inhibiting the reabsorption of uric acid in the kidneys, which leads to more uric acid being eliminated from the body through urine. By increasing the excretion of uric acid, probe... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Antigout Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Probenecid**",
"token_count": 338,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking antigout drugs:
- Before administering antigout drugs, conduct a thorough assessment of the client's medical history, current medications, allergies, and kidney and liver function.
- Monitor the following laboratory studies: serum uric acid levels to assess... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 6 Introduction to the Immune System and the Inflammatory Response",
"Header 2": "**Antigout Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 235,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The body's immune system has several different means of preventing infection from various microorganisms. These different barriers to infection can be broken down into two distinct types: innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
**Innate immunity** is the body's first line of defense against many types of organisms. It... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Infection and the Body's Defense System**",
"token_count": 706,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Antibiotic drug resistance is the process by which bacteria become less responsive to antibiotics over time. As bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, evolutionary changes occur, leading to the development of resistant strains that can withstand the antibiotic exposure and continue to thrive. These changes can include mo... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antibiotic Drug Resistance**",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Penicillin, which was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, was the first antibiotic (American Chemical Society, n.d.). Since then, different drugs within the penicillin family have been developed, including nafcillin, piperacillin, and the aminopenicillins amoxicillin and ampicillin. These agents are used for a var... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antibiotic Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Penicillins**",
"token_count": 241,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Cephalosporins are another group of beta-lactam antibiotics and share the same mechanism of action as penicillin. The major differences between cephalosporins and penicillins are the various bacteria they have activity against and, thus, the types of infections they are best suited to treat.
Cephalosporins are divide... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antibiotic Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Cephalosporins**",
"token_count": 330,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Macrolide antibiotics include the agents azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin. These agents work by inhibiting protein production by the bacterial ribosomes. Macrolides and other protein synthesis inhibitors do not directly kill bacterial cells, but they sufficiently suppress their reproduction enough to allo... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antibiotic Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Macrolides**",
"token_count": 310,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The nitroimidazoles include the drugs metronidazole and tinidazole. These agents are unique in the antibacterial category because they have good activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, making this class useful for treating a number of STIs and vaginal infections. Nitroimidazoles work by entering the bacterial... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antibiotic Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Nitroimidazoles**",
"token_count": 1732,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Most oral antibiotics can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A contraindication to any antibacterial is known hypersensitivity.
Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, are possible with penicillins. If a client has a severe allergy to any penicillin, then they should not r... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 1146,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking antibiotics:
• Monitor for signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis (e.g., shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing).
- Advise the client to take the entire prescribed course of the medication to ensure adequate treatment and to reduce th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 365,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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**All antibacterials:** Clostridioides difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including clindamycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon, leading to overgrowth... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "FDA BLACK BOX WARNING",
"Header 3": "**Antibacterials**",
"token_count": 472,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Compared to bacteria, viruses are simple microorganisms made up of single or double strands of DNA or RNA inside a cellular coating known as a capsid. Viruses are unique in that they are unable to replicate on their own. Instead, a virus will harness the host's cellular mechanisms to make new copies of itself to then i... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Viruses and Antiviral Drugs**",
"token_count": 219,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Hepatitis viruses are clinically important because they can cause inflammation and damage to the liver. The three main types are hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). HAV infection is usually self-limited, with many individuals being able to rid themselves of it without any inte... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Viruses and Antiviral Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Hepatitis Antivirals**",
"token_count": 500,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Two main types of herpes viruses are responsible for causing clinically significant disease. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 is usually responsible for causing lesions (e.g., cold sores) on the mouth, face, and skin. HSV-2 is usually responsible for infections in the genitals and rectum. No curative therapy for HSV-1 or H... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Viruses and Antiviral Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Herpes Antivirals**",
"token_count": 304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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Influenza refers to a diverse set of viruses known to cause upper respiratory tract illnesses, most commonly in the winter months. Annual vaccination will not prevent all infections but may help reduce the symptoms that individuals experience, and it is critical for protecting people most at risk for complications, suc... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Viruses and Antiviral Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Influenza Antivirals**",
"token_count": 670,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
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The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking antivirals:
- Monitor for signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis (e.g., shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing).
- Advise the client to take the entire prescribed course of the medication to ensure adequate treatment and to reduce the d... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "renal injury.",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 231,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Ganciclovir:** Granulocytopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia have been reported with ganciclovir.
**Ganciclovir:** Based on animal data and limited human data, ganciclovir may cause temporary or permanent inhibition of spermatogenesis in males and suppression of fertility in females, may cause birth ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "FDA BLACK BOX WARNING",
"Header 3": "**Antivirals**",
"token_count": 244,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
In 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to a global pandemic that resulted in millions of deaths (World Health Organization, n.d.). Given the severity of illness and the propensity of the virus to kill individuals with poor im... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**COVID-19 and Anti–COVID-19 Drugs**",
"token_count": 306,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Molnupiravir is an oral product that works by being incorporated into the SARS-CoV-2 RNA; it then induces errors that lead to inhibited viral reproduction. There are some questions about the efficacy of molnupiravir in the treatment of COVID-19, so it is recommended as an alternative if clients cannot receive nirmatrel... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**COVID-19 and Anti–COVID-19 Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Molnupiravir**",
"token_count": 283,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Fungi make up a diverse group of microorganisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Some of the key differences between human and fungal cell structures are that fungi introduce sterols into the cell membrane, and they have a cell wall that includes products such as chitin and glucans. These differences form th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Fungi and Antifungal Drugs**",
"token_count": 234,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking antifungal drugs:
- Monitor for signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis (e.g., shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing).
- Advise the client to take the entire prescribed course of the drug to ensure adequate treatment and to reduce the d... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "Oral/Intravenous Azole Antifungals",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The **human immunodeficiency virus** (HIV) is responsible for causing deterioration in the infected individual's immune system, leaving them vulnerable to a variety of opportunistic infections and cancers. This state of immunodeficiency is known as **acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)**. Since HIV was first iden... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Pathophysiology**",
"token_count": 655,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Upon initial infection, many individuals may have few to no symptoms. Early symptoms may mimic the symptoms of mononucleosis, including fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and fatigue. After several weeks, the virus enters a latent period, and the person becomes asymptomatic. This provides a false sense of security because th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Clinical Manifestations**",
"token_count": 210,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
HIV transmission can occur in different ways. Many bodily fluids from an infected individual, including blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal fluids, contain the virus. These fluids can then be transmitted to an uninfected person via unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles during injection drug... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**HIV Transmission**",
"token_count": 226,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Testing for and diagnosing HIV infection can be done with several types of tests, including antibody tests, antigen/ antibody tests, and nucleic acid tests. The first two tests look for the presence of antibodies against the virus that the body has produced; therefore, the test may be negative if the client was recentl... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Laboratory Testing**",
"token_count": 373,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking antiretroviral drugs:
- Monitor for signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis (e.g., shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing).
- Advise the client to take the entire prescribed course of the drug to ensure adequate treatment and to reduce t... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "Protease Inhibitors",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 245,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It can be transmitted perinatally and through sexual contact. Syphilis can present in a variety of ways depending on the stage to which it has advanced. Primary syphilis is associated with a painless chancre on tissue that was exposed to the... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Chlamydia**",
"Header 3": "**Syphilis**",
"token_count": 213,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The CDC tracks STI rates year to year and documented over 2.5 million cases in 2021, which is a marked increase from 2020 (CDC, 2023b). Although rates rose in all parts of the United States, certain populations were disproportionately affected, including gay and bisexual males; and females who belong to racial and ethn... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "Increasing Rates of STIs",
"token_count": 202,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Preventing STI transmission is the single best step individuals can take to protect their sexual health. Several strategies are available and should be discussed with clients to help prevent future infections from occurring. The most important way to prevent the spread of STIs is through education. Nurses should teach ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Preventing Transmission of STIs**",
"token_count": 329,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Health equity refers to the equal chance of every person to be healthy regardless of race, ethnicity, income, gender, religion, sexual identity, or disability. Unfortunately, data have shown that certain groups are more prone to STIs and encounter various structural and cultural barriers that prevent them from accessin... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Communicating with Partners**",
"Header 3": "Sexually Transmitted Infections",
"token_count": 227,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The ideal antimicrobial to treat an STI is one that is effective, has few adverse effects, is inexpensive, and can be given as a single dose or short course to ensure adherence. However, drug resistance continues to be problematic for drugs used to treat STIs. Therefore, nurses should make sure to regularly review curr... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Drugs to Treat STIs**",
"Header 3": "**Antimicrobials**",
"token_count": 604,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Although not curative for any viral STIs, the antivirals acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are used to help manage the symptoms of HSV and prevent spread to sexual partners. Nurses should inform clients taking antivirals for STIs that even if they do not have active lesions, viral shedding can still occur and th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "Doxycycline",
"Header 3": "**Antivirals**",
"token_count": 478,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- Alert their health care provider about any signs of allergic reactions, including throat swelling, severe itching, rash, or chest tightness.
- Alert their health care provider that they are taking these medications, including the dose and frequency.
- Take the drug with food if it causes an upset stomach.
- Take a mi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**The client taking a medication for an STI should:**",
"token_count": 210,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Tuberculosis (TB)** is a deadly respiratory infection primarily caused by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Worldwide, TB is the second leading cause of infectious deaths after COVID-19 (World Health Organization, 2023a). Although TB is less of a concern in high-income nations, it is still a major cause for co... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Tubercular Infections**",
"token_count": 491,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Adherence to antitubercular drug regimens is critical to ensure eradication of the infection and prevention of drug-resistant strains of TB. One way to help ensure adherence is by using directly observed therapy, in which a trained observer watches the client take every dose of their TB medication. This can take place ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "Antitubercular Drug Compliance",
"token_count": 336,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Nurses must inform clients that they should have their liver function assessed regularly while on isoniazid to monitor for liver toxicity. The client should also abstain from excessive alcohol use, which may increase the risk for hepatotoxicity. Excessive drinking includes binge drinking (4 or more drinks during a sing... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "Isoniazid",
"token_count": 312,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- Alert their health care provider about any signs of allergic reactions, including throat swelling, severe itching, rash, or chest tightness.
- Alert their health care provider that they are taking these medications, including the dose and frequency.
- Take the drug with food if it causes an upset stomach.
- Take a mi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 7 Anti-infective Drugs",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**The client taking an antitubercular drug should:**",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
In the United States, **parasitic infections** can affect anyone, but they disproportionately affect immunocompromised individuals, members of racial and ethnic minority groups, and those with low income. Parasitic infections are defined by the relationship been the host (human) and the parasite. Common types of parasi... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Parasitic Infections**",
"token_count": 294,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
This section covers the most frequently used antiparasitic drugs, including their mechanisms, adverse effects, indications, and contraindications. It is important to ensure that an accurate diagnosis has been made regarding the causative organism because this will dictate which medication is most appropriate for the cl... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Antiparasitic Drugs**",
"token_count": 676,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The available anthelminthic agents are broad spectrum and can treat a variety of worms, including roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and whipworms. Because worm infections occur in the gastrointestinal tract, these agents are taken orally.
- Mebendazole: Mebendazole works by inhibiting microtubule formation in suscepti... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Anthelminthic Drugs**",
"token_count": 591,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
8.1 [Introduction to Cancer and Phases of Cancer Therapy](#page-245-0)
8.2 [Chemotherapeutic Drugs](#page-247-0)
8.3 [Hormonal Therapy](#page-267-0)
8.4 [Biologic Response Modifiers](#page-270-0)
**INTRODUCTION** Cancer is a broad term used to describe the development of cell mutations that cause unrestricted c... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 283,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Because genetic mutations that cause specific cancers to develop are present at birth, [screening for the](https://openstax.org/r/cdcgovgenomics) presence of some of these oncogenes [\(https://openstax.org/r/cdcgovgenomics\)](https://openstax.org/r/cdcgovgenomics) is now possible. When these oncogenes are identified be... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "Oncogenes and Breast Cancer",
"token_count": 282,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Once a cancer-causing mutation occurs, if it is unable to be repaired, the mutated cells continue to divide, resulting in the development of a tumor or malignancy (see [Figure 8.2](#page-246-0)). These cells lose many of the regulatory characteristics of normal cells, including contact inhibition and a regulated rate o... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Cellular Changes**",
"token_count": 287,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Hematologic cancers** are cancers that arise in the bone marrow and involve blood cells, especially white blood cells and their precursors, and lymphocytes. These cancers are often called liquid tumors because they originate in the bone marrow and flow in the bloodstream. In the United States, **non-Hodgkin lymphoma*... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Cancer Types**",
"Header 3": "**Hematologic (Liquid) Tumors**",
"token_count": 242,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Chemotherapy may be administered by different routes depending on the purpose and toxicities of each individual drug. These different routes include oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracavitary, topically, and intrathecally. Intracavitary administration involves the infusion of a chemotherapeutic agent... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Routes of Chemotherapy Administration**",
"token_count": 316,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
When administering a vesicant drug, the nurse should use extreme caution. If, for any reason, the nurse feels that an intravenous site could be compromised, the infusion should be immediately stopped and a new access obtained. Should an actual extravasation occur, the health care provider should be notified and any app... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "Administering Vesicant Drugs",
"token_count": 334,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
There are many different classifications of chemotherapy drugs, many of which fall into one of two broad categories—cell-cycle specific and cell-cycle nonspecific therapies. Each cell goes through five phases of mitosis before producing daughter cells (see [Figure 8.4](#page-250-0)). Chemotherapy agents that cause canc... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Types of Chemotherapy**",
"token_count": 238,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Most chemotherapy agents have major side effects in common. These include myelosuppression, alopecia, nausea and vomiting, skin or nail changes, and late-term effect, including **secondary cancers**. **Myelosuppression** is one of the most common effects of chemotherapy. This occurs as chemotherapy affects the stem cel... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Side Effects of Chemotherapy**",
"Header 3": "**Major Side Effects**",
"token_count": 297,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- Eat raw fruits and vegetables to decrease the risk of developing a foodborne illness.
- Eat wild game such as deer, rabbits, and pheasants to decrease the risk of ingesting contaminated meat.
- Clean cat litter boxes to decrease the risk of contact with bacteria or parasites.
**Neutropenia**, **leukopenia**, and **... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**To prevent infection, the client receiving chemotherapy should not:**",
"token_count": 371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Febrile neutropenia** occurs when a client has an absolute neutrophil count that is less than 1.5 per microliter, accompanied by a body temperature above 100.4ºF. When it occurs, febrile neutropenia should become first priority for assessment and intervention. The health care provider should be called immediately. Ty... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "CLINICAL TIP",
"Header 3": "Febrile Neutropenia",
"token_count": 233,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
• Participate in contact sports or other activities that could cause bleeding.
**Erythrocytopenia** (anemia), a decrease in the production of red blood cells (**erythrocytes**), is another result of myelosuppression. Red blood cells function to carry oxygen to tissues, remove carbon dioxide from tissues, and provide ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**To prevent bleeding, the client being treated for thrombocytopenia should not:**",
"token_count": 221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf... |
• Perform tasks or engage in activities that cause shortness of breath.
Alopecia, or hair loss, is a side effect of some chemotherapies. Drugs such as doxorubicin damage hair follicles, which results in partial or complete hair loss. While this is not usually permanent, it will last throughout the duration of the tre... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**To promote oxygenation, the client with anemia (erythrocytopenia) should not:**",
"token_count": 694,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"... |
Alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan are administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion rather than IV push. These are very potent drugs, used to treat chronic leukemia, and they have severe adverse effects. These include myelosuppression, stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalances including hypomagn... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Alkylating Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Subclass 3: Alkyl Sulfonates**",
"token_count": 816,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking alkylating agents:
- Assess client overall well-being prior to chemotherapy administration, including vital signs, hydration status, and weight.
- Review laboratory values thoroughly, including complete blood counts, electrolyte profiles, serum creatinine, ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Alkylating Drugs**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 205,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Various Alkylating Agents**
**Busulfan** injection causes severe and prolonged myelosuppression at the recommended dosage.
**Carboplatin** causes severe bone marrow suppression, resulting in bleeding, infection, and anemia. Anaphylactic-like reactions to carboplatin may occur within minutes of administration.
*... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "FDA BLACK BOX WARNING",
"token_count": 270,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Antimetabolite chemotherapies are a group of drugs that prevent cancer cell growth by imitating metabolites, which are substances necessary for tumor cell growth. Cancer cells use these substances, which, once inside the cell, prevent DNA replication. This results in cell death. Within this class, there are three types... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antimetabolites**",
"token_count": 754,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Antimetabolites are associated with many adverse effects. Folate antimetabolites are associated with myelosuppression, mucositis, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cutaneous reactions. Pyrimidine antimetabolites cause mucositis and myelosuppression as well but are also associated with dose-limiting hand-foot syndrome... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antimetabolites**",
"Header 3": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 748,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking antimetabolite agents:
- Assess client overall well-being prior to chemotherapy administration, including vital signs, hydration status, oral mucosa, skin, eyes (cytarabine), and weight.
- Review laboratory values thoroughly, including complete blood counts... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Antimetabolites**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Anthracyclines are some of the most potent chemotherapies on the market today. These drugs are very strong vesicants that cause severe necrosis when extravasated. Three major drugs in this class are daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and epirubicin. These drugs cause cell death by preventing DNA replication. They do this by in... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Anthracyclines/Antitumor Antibiotics**",
"token_count": 732,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Anthracyclines and antitumor antibiotics are associated with very serious adverse effects. In general, the drugs cause significant myelosuppression, alopecia, and nausea and vomiting. Doxorubicin and daunorubicin are associated with both short- and long-term cardiotoxicity. These drugs are contraindicated in clients wi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 608,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking anthracyclines/antitumor antibiotic agents:
- Assess client overall well-being prior to chemotherapy administration including vital signs, hydration status, oral mucosa, skin, and weight.
- Review laboratory values thoroughly, including complete blood count... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 245,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Several chemotherapies are derived from plants and are considered **plant alkaloids**. Vinca alkaloids are the most common plant alkaloids. Vincristine, vinblastine, and etoposide (VP-16) are all plant alkaloids that cause misalignment of chromosomes in cancer cells, resulting in apoptosis, or cell death. These are use... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Plant Alkaloids**",
"token_count": 456,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking plant alkaloid agents:
- Assess client overall well-being prior to chemotherapy administration including vital signs, hydration status, oral mucosa, skin, weight, bowel function, and signs of neuropathy.
- Review laboratory values thoroughly, including comp... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Plant Alkaloids**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 274,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Taxanes are a group of chemotherapeutic agents that were developed from the bark of a yew tree. These are effective in the treatment of breast, ovarian, prostate, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, and non-small cell lung cancers as well as Kaposi sarcoma. These agents are typically used in combination with other agents ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Taxanes**",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Taxanes are most known for the adverse effect of hypersensitivity reactions. A test dose and premedication with antihistamines and acetaminophen may be used prior administration. Myelosuppression may result in lowered levels of platelets and white blood cells. Taxanes are contraindicated in solid tumors with myelosuppr... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Cancer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Taxanes**",
"Header 3": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 596,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
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