page_content stringlengths 12 2.63M | metadata unknown |
|---|---|
Meglitinides lower blood glucose levels by stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin. This class of drug has the potential to produce rapid, short-lived insulin output in those with type 2 diabetes. Because of the rapid onset and short duration of action with these drugs, they should be administered 1–30 minutes prio... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Thiazolidinediones**",
"Header 3": "**Meglitinides**",
"token_count": 212,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Glyburide-metformin is a combination of a second-generation sulfonylurea and a non-sulfonylurea biguanide. It is used in conjunction with diet and exercise for clients with type 2 diabetes that was not controlled with a monotherapy diabetes drug. Dosing is a combined tablet of 1.25 mg glyburide and 250 mg metformin one... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "New in Oral Diabetes Medicines: Non-Insulin Injectables",
"Header 3": "**Glyburide-Metformin**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Sitagliptin-metformin is a fixed-dose combination diabetes drug that combines a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor and a non-sulfonylurea biguanide. Sitagliptin-metformin is used to treat type 2 diabetes when the diet, exercise, and monotherapy diabetes drugs were ineffective. The recommended starting dose in clients not... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "New in Oral Diabetes Medicines: Non-Insulin Injectables",
"Header 3": "**Sitagliptin-Metformin**",
"token_count": 331,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Liraglutide-insulin degludec is a fixed-dose combination of liraglutide and insulin degludec. It is used to treat type 2 diabetes when diet, exercise, and drug monotherapy were ineffective. It comes in a subcutaneous pen similar to an insulin pen. The pen is a combined dose of insulin degludec 50 units and liraglutide ... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Liraglutide-Insulin Degludec**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Common adverse effects of oral diabetes drugs include gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort), hypoglycemia (symptoms include dizziness, shakiness, sweating/chills, clammy skin, feeling faint, agitation, confusion, blurred or impaired vision), fluid retention, weight gain, and heada... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 928,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs. The GI tract is also known as the **alimentary canal**. Together with the accessory organs, the GI tract provides nutrition and hydration to the body through the processes of **ingestion**, **digestion**, **absorption**, and **metabo... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Gastrointestinal System**",
"token_count": 726,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
| Major Organs of the GI System | Function ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Gastrointestinal System**",
"Header 3": "**TABLE 29.1 Gastrointestinal System Organs**",
"token_count": 982,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive tract [\(Figure 29.3](#page-802-1)). The oral cavity refers to the structures of the mouth: the upper and lower lips, teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, uvula, retromolar trigone, tonsils, floor of the mouth, tongue, salivary glands, and buccal mucosa. The tee... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Oral Cavity**",
"token_count": 672,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The esophagus is a muscular tube at the base of the pharynx behind the trachea [\(Figure 29.4](#page-803-0)). The esophagus is approximately 10 inches long and extends to the stomach. Its primary function is to move food and fluids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. The **upper esophageal sphincter** and the ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Esophagus**",
"token_count": 585,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The stomach plays an essential role in mechanical and chemical digestion yet is dependent on many different body structures, functions, and processes [\(Figure 29.5](#page-803-1)). Located in the upper part of the abdomen, the stomach has four parts: the cardia (the opening from the esophagus into the stomach), the fun... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Esophagus**",
"Header 3": "**Stomach**",
"token_count": 1281,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The largest GI organ is the small intestine [\(Figure 29.6](#page-805-0)). The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ileocecal valve comprise the almost 20 feet of the small intestine. The primary functions of the small intestine are absorption and digestion; the small intestine is responsible for 90%–95% of nutrient absorptio... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Small and Large Intestines**",
"token_count": 782,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- **absorption** the passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals
- **alimentary canal** the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus
- **amylase** an enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice that catalyzes the breaking down of starch, glycogen, an... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 29 Introduction to the Digestive System",
"Header 2": "**Key Terms**",
"token_count": 840,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 30.1.1 Identify the characteristics of antiemetic drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
- 30.1.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions of antiemetic drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
- 30.1.3 Describe nursing ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Scopolamine is a transdermal application with a controlled release system to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness and anesthesia. Scopolamine inhibits the action of acetylcholine on nerves that connect the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear to the VC smooth muscle. Scopolamine transdermal patc... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Anticholinergics**",
"Header 3": "**Scopolamine**",
"token_count": 312,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that manages chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) by activating cannabinoid receptors in the brain. This activation helps regulate the body's response to nausea and vomiting, reducing their intensity. Additionally, dronabinol is used to sti... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "Medical Marijuana [\\(https://openstax.org/r/mayoclinicorgh\\)](https://openstax.org/r/mayoclinicorgh)",
"Header 3": "**Dronabinol**",
"token_count": 977,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 30.2.1 Identify the characteristics of antidiarrheal drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
- 30.2.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions of antidiarrheal drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
- 30.2.3 Describe nu... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**30.2 Antidiarrheals**",
"Header 3": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 282,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Diphenoxylate is a synthetic narcotic that reduces intestinal movement by targeting opioid receptors, effectively stopping diarrhea. It also slightly reduces fluid and electrolyte secretion in the intestines, promoting drug absorption. However, unlike typical opioids, it lacks analgesic effects and does not affect the ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Diphenoxylate with Atropine Sulfate**",
"token_count": 288,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) is an insoluble salt of salicylic acid and trivalent bismuth antidiarrheal that inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase that are responsible for inflammation and gastrointestinal motility. Bismuth subsalicylate works directly on the intestinal mucosa as a protective agent... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adjuvant Antidiarrheals**",
"Header 3": "**Bismuth Subsalicylate**",
"token_count": 202,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Octreotide is a somatostatin analog primarily used for hyperpituitarism disorders, such as acromegaly. However, octreotide is an adjuvant antidiarrheal to treat several severe diarrheal conditions associated with carcinoid tumors, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) tumors, gastrin-secreting tumors, and short bowel... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adjuvant Antidiarrheals**",
"Header 3": "**Octreotide**",
"token_count": 292,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Pancreatin, a medication containing porcine digestive enzymes, is used when the pancreas cannot produce essential enzymes (lipase, amylase, and protease) that are required for proper digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Incomplete digestion occurs with deficient pancreatic enzyme levels and may cause excessi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adjuvant Antidiarrheals**",
"Header 3": "**Pancreatin**",
"token_count": 679,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 30.3.1 Identify the characteristics of laxative and stool-softener drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.
- 30.3.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions of laxative and stool-softener drugs used to treat gastrointestinal dis... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 280,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Docusate sodium and docusate calcium are stool softeners often called surfactant laxatives. Docusate sodium and docusate calcium act like a detergent in the intestine, with anionic emulsifying and wetting properties to lower the surface tension of stool to allow penetration by water for easier defecation. Docusate sodi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 30 Gastrointestinal Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Saline Laxatives**",
"Header 3": "**Docusate Sodium and Docusate Calcium**",
"token_count": 1042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
31.1 [Antacids](#page-832-2)
31.2 [Histamine Blockers and Proton-Pump Inhibitors](#page-836-0)
31.3 [Pepsin Inhibitors and Prostaglandin Analogues](#page-842-0)
**INTRODUCTION Hyperacidity** is a condition in which the stomach produces an excessive amount of stomach acid, primarily **hydrochloric (HCl) acid**. Th... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 214,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 31.1.1 Identify the characteristics of antacid drugs used to treat GI disorders.
- 31.1.2 Explain the indications, action, adverse reactions, and interactions of antacid drugs used to treat GI disorders.
- 31.1.3 Describe nursing implications of antacid drugs used ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 285,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Calcium carbonate is a fast-acting oral antacid that efficiently neutralizes gastric acids, offering relief from heartburn and associated symptoms. It also serves as a calcium supplement, beneficial for conditions such as osteoporosis and hypocalcemia. Calcium carbonate also aids peristalsis in the esophagus, reducing ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Calcium Carbonate**",
"token_count": 271,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Typical adverse effects of antacids include constipation (particularly those containing aluminum or calcium when used in large amounts or for extended periods of time), diarrhea (specifically antacids containing magnesium, which have a laxative effect), **rebound hyperacidity** (when the antacid wears off and the stoma... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 505,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 31.2.1 Identify the characteristics of histamine-blocker and proton-pump inhibitor drugs used to treat GI disorders.
- 31.2.2 Explain the indications, action, adverse reactions, and interactions of histamine-blocker and proton-pump inhibitor drugs used to treat GI ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 212,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Nizatidine blocks histamine at the H2 receptors of the parietal cells, significantly reducing the secretion of nocturnal gastric acid for up to 12 hours. It is an effective drug for GERD, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers. Nizatidine may also be used for prevention of stress ulcers or the abolition of H. pylori. The ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Cimetidine**",
"Header 3": "**Nizatidine**",
"token_count": 487,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Typical adverse effects of histamine blockers include diarrhea, headaches, mental confusion, agitation, depression, **gynecomastia**, **neutropenia**, **agranulocytosis**, increases in serum **transaminase**, **arthralgia**, rash, and **alopecia**. In rare cases, bradycardia, tachycardia, and AV heart block have been r... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 31 Hyperacidity and Antiulcer Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 640,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Omeprazole is the prototype antisecretory PPI that suppresses the secretion of gastric acid by inhibiting the gastric proton pump found within the parietal cells. Various chemicals such as acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin bind to receptors on parietal cells, prompting activation of hydrogen (H<sup>+</sup> ), potas... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Proton Pump Inhibitors**",
"Header 3": "**Omeprazole**",
"token_count": 384,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Pantoprazole is a PPI used short-term for GERD and to manage or prevent erosive esophagitis. It is also useful in managing hypersecretory diseases, peptic ulcer disease, duodenal ulcers, dyspepsia, heartburn, and for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Pantoprazole suppresses gastric acid production by inhibiting the proton pump... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Proton Pump Inhibitors**",
"Header 3": "**Pantoprazole**",
"token_count": 264,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Esomeprazole is a weak base isomer of omeprazole that is converted to its active form in a highly acidic gastric environment. It inhibits the proton pump in parietal cells, significantly decreasing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretions.
Esomeprazole is an effective PPI that supports healing of erosive esophagi... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Proton Pump Inhibitors**",
"Header 3": "**Esomeprazole**",
"token_count": 280,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Typical adverse effects include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and cough. Contraindications of PPIs include hypersensitivity to PPIs and the drug rilpivirine, an HIV medication.
[Table 31.7](#page-841-0) is a drug prototype table for PPIs featuring omeprazole. It lists drug class, me... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 518,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 32.1 [Introduction to Weight Management](#page-849-0)
- 32.2 [Anorexiants](#page-855-0)
- 32.3 [Lipase Inhibitors](#page-859-0)
- 32.4 [Other Drugs, Supplements, and Herbal Remedies](#page-862-0)
**INTRODUCTION** In the United States, almost 75% of adults age 20 or older are classified as having overweight or obesi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 480,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 32.1.1 Describe the pathophysiology of overweight and obesity.
- 32.1.2 Identify clinical manifestations related to obesity.
- 32.1.3 Identify the etiology and diagnostic studies related to obesity.
- 32.1.4 Describe nonpharmacologic measures to reduce weight.
**... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 520,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Society typically values a person who is "thin and fit," despite the fact that almost 75% of Americans live with overweight or obesity. Obesity stigma is characterized by prejudice, stereotyping, and discriminating bias and actions toward people with obesity, often fueled by inaccurate ideas about the causes of obesity... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Weight Stigma**",
"token_count": 658,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Overweight and obesity both are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. However, overweight and obesity are not the same thing.
**Body mass index** (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. For adults, the World H... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Overweight Versus Obesity**",
"token_count": 267,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The BMI is calculated for adults by first determining a person's height and weight. The weight in pounds is divided by the height in inches and then multiplied by a conversion factor of 703 to obtain the BMI. To determine the BMI using the metric system, divide the weight in kilograms by the height in square meters and... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Body Mass Index**",
"token_count": 655,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Obesity at a minimum alters the body's metabolism. Metabolism is the body's process of converting calories into energy for optimal functioning. When the body takes in too many calories, it stores the excess as adipose tissue. Excess adipose tissue secretes hormones that start an inflammatory process in the body that ma... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Factors Associated with Obesity**",
"token_count": 876,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Physiological factors are related to the chemical and physical processes that occur within the body. Various physiological factors affect weight management including basal metabolic rate (BMR), circadian rhythm and sleep cycles, hormones, thermogenesis, physical fitness and strength, digestive health and gut flora, pre... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Factors Associated with Obesity**",
"Header 3": "**Physiological Factors**",
"token_count": 790,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
In terms of factors affecting obesity, heredity and genetic factors have been considered part of a multifactorial cause. Genome studies demonstrate genetic biological reinforcement and the role of the brain in weight management (Loos & Yeo, 2021). Genes affect the amount of fat stored in an individual's body and fat di... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Factors Associated with Obesity**",
"Header 3": "**Genetic Factors**",
"token_count": 263,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
In most discussions about the genetic influences of obesity, the role of family environment is also stressed as a major factor of obesity. Family environment may lead to sedentary and poor lifestyle behaviors. There may also be socioeconomic factors related to the family environment. In the United States over the last ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Factors Associated with Obesity**",
"Header 3": "**Environmental Factors**",
"token_count": 251,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
According to the National Council on Aging (Vafiadis, 2021), research demonstrates that there are barriers to treatments based on the complex interrelatedness between obesity and mental health. Most discussions on obesity focus on the physical consequences such as cardiovascular challenges, type 2 diabetes, and musculo... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Factors Associated with Obesity**",
"Header 3": "**Psychological Factors**",
"token_count": 508,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Obesity is an epidemic worldwide caused by biological, genetic, social, environmental, and behavioral factors. There is no single treatment or easy solution to reducing overweight and obesity; it is a multifaceted dilemma requiring comprehensive multidimensional approaches that are individualized to the client. Weight ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Nonpharmacologic Weight Management**",
"token_count": 968,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The drugs phentermine (an anorexiant and stimulant) and extended-release topiramate (an anticonvulsant and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) are combined in a capsule for weight management. It is utilized in addition to daily caloric restriction and increased physical activity in clients with an initial BMI of 30 kg/m<su... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Phentermine and Topiramate ER**",
"token_count": 258,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Phendimetrazine is an appetite suppressant used short-term to promote weight loss in conjunction with a lowcalorie diet and exercise in clients who did not lose weight with diet and exercise alone. The drug is available in immediate-release (IR) tablets, extended-release (ER) capsules, and sustained-release (SR) capsul... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Phendimetrazine**",
"token_count": 206,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The drug benzphetamine is another CNS stimulant used as an anorexiant for weight loss in clients with obesity. Benzphetamine is an indirect sympathomimetic amine that acts like amphetamine, yet with fewer side effects. Its effectiveness as an appetite suppressant is thought to be due to the stimulating effects on the h... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Benzphetamine**",
"token_count": 455,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
All four drugs discussed in this section should not be administered within 14 days of taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as phenelzine, selegiline, isocarboxazid, or tranylcypromine. Using these medicines together may cause serious unwanted effects (Mayo Clinic, 2023b).
Use of phentermine hydrochloride... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 1548,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 32.3.1 Identify the characteristics of lipase inhibitor drugs used for weight management.
- 32.3.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions of lipase inhibitor drugs used for weight management.
- 32.3.3 Describe nursing implications of ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 206,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Orlistat is not systemically absorbed, so the most common side effects are gastrointestinal: flatus, abdominal pain/ discomfort, nausea, oily rectal discharge, fecal urgency, diarrhea, and fatty/oily stool. The adverse GI effects often subside within 4 weeks.
Orlistat is contraindicated in clients with hypersensitivi... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 548,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Semaglutide, which mimics the GLP-1 hormone that is released in the gut in response to eating, is the newest medication for weight management. Semaglutide is approved for weight loss only under the brand name Wegovy. Semaglutide is also the active ingredient in several medications used to treat diabetes (Ozempic, Rybel... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Semaglutide**",
"token_count": 268,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Liraglutide has been shown to be an effective treatment to reduce weight in clients with obesity. Liraglutide is an injectable medication classified as a glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist and incretin mimetic that triggers increased insulin release and decreased glucagon release, lowering post-prandial blood gluco... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Liraglutide**",
"token_count": 548,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Both semaglutide and liraglutide are contraindicated in clients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2), serious hypersensitivity to liraglutide, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), pancreatitis, suicidal attempts/ideation, pregnancy, and lac... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Liraglutide**",
"Header 3": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 755,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Bupropion naltrexone (Contrave) is a combination of an antidepressant (bupropion) and an opioid antagonist (naltrexone). Bupropion is commonly used for adult depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and smoking cessation. Naltrexone is commonly used for substance use disorders because it blocks opioid receptors a... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Bupropion Naltrexone**",
"token_count": 232,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Adverse effects of bupropion naltrexone include life-threatening anaphylactic reactions (pruritis, urticaria, hives, dyspnea, angioedema), homicidal/suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and seizures. Common adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and headache. Clients should be instructed to contact their p... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 919,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking bupropion naltrexone:
- Consistently monitor the client's weight, blood pressure, and serum lab values associated with obesity (e.g., lipids, glucose, and hepatic function tests).
- Monitor clients with hypertension closely. With weight loss, a client's nee... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 223,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Processed foods have removed much of the natural fiber in the American diet. Fiber supplements are often used for overall health and wellness. Glucomannan is a dietary fiber extracted from the konjac (elephant yam), a Japanese root vegetable. Glucomannan passes unchanged into the colon, where it works as a dietary fibe... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Supplements and Herbal Remedies for Weight Management**",
"Header 3": "**Glucomannan**",
"token_count": 307,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking supplements and herbal remedies for weight management:
- Teach clients to monitor for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia that may occur from weight loss and/or the supplement. Signs of hypoglycemia include headache, nervousness, irritability, sweating, clam... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 32 Weight Management Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Supplements and Herbal Remedies for Weight Management**",
"Header 3": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 255,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- **adipose** pertaining to fat; fatty
- **body mass index (BMI)** an index for estimating obesity obtained by dividing the weight in pounds/ kilograms by height in inches/meters squared, following a formula
- **cholelithiasis** the presence or formation of gallstones
- **circadian rhythm** diverse yet predictable chan... | {
"Header 1": "CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Key Terms**",
"token_count": 986,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- 33.1 [Introduction to the Renal System](#page-874-2)
- 33.2 [Renal-Associated Fluid Volume Excess](#page-881-0)
- 33.3 [Introduction to the Urinary System](#page-883-0)
**INTRODUCTION** The renal system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, and urethra, has several essential functions (Ogobuiro & Tuma, 2022). In add... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 261,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned in the retroperitoneum slightly above the waist, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left to accommodate the liver. Each kidney weighs approximately 135–150 g and is approximately 10–12 cm long. The adrenal glands are located ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Kidneys**",
"Header 3": "**Kidneys' Anatomical Structure**",
"token_count": 477,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and contains these structures (see [Figure 33.3](#page-876-0)):
- Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which together comprise the renal corpuscle
- Proximal convoluted tubule, located in the renal cortex
- Descending loop of Henle
- Ascending limb in the renal medulla
- T... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Nephrons**",
"token_count": 891,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Three additional functions of the nephron are important to discuss:
- Erythropoietin production: When the partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in the blood (pO2) is decreased, erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone produced by the peritubular cells in the renal cortex, is released. The EPO stimulates the production of red b... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Nephrons**",
"Header 3": "**Additional Regulatory Functions of the Nephron**",
"token_count": 257,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Glomerular filtration** is the initial step in removing waste and concentrating the urine. The filtration membrane consists of three layers: the fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, the basal lumina, and the podocytes in the visceral layer of the glomerular or Bowman's capsule. The first layer, the ope... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Glomerular Filtration**",
"token_count": 243,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The kidneys filter approximately 200 liters of fluid every day (Ogobuiro & Tuma, 2022). The normal glomerular filtration rate is 120–125 mL per minute (Ogobuiro & Tuma, 2022). This value is influenced by the client's age, weight, and muscle mass. Filtration is increased by the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)**",
"token_count": 364,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The myogenic response maintains the renal blood flow at homeostatic levels in response to the stretch of the vascular smooth muscles of the afferent arterioles. When the systemic BP is elevated, the afferent arterioles are stretched and the GFR is increased. The kidney responds by constricting the afferent arterioles, ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)**",
"Header 3": "**Myogenic Response**",
"token_count": 225,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The macula densa cells located around the distal tubule react to the changes in the glomerular filtration rate. When the filtration rate increases the amount of sodium and chloride, the ultrafiltrate also increases, which results in additional absorption of these ions by the macula densa cells. The cells respond to the... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)**",
"Header 3": "**Tubuloglomerular Feedback**",
"token_count": 234,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The primary function of the RAAS is to control systemic blood pressure and fluid balance; however, the system also contributes to homeostasis of the glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption of electrolytes. Three conditions can trigger the system: sympathetic nerve stimulation, decreased glomerular hydrostat... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)**",
"Header 3": "**Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)**",
"token_count": 233,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The tubules are responsible for selective reabsorption of electrolytes, nutrients, and water from the filtrate and the return of these substances to the circulating blood volume. These mechanisms are responsible for moving water and substances from one area to another:
- Active transport: Active transport uses energy... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Tubular Reabsorption**",
"token_count": 217,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Approximately 65% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The active transport of elements by the sodium/potassium pumps consumes 6%–8% of the daily ATP expenditure. The microvilli lining the tubule facilitate rapid reabsorption of the following elements to support homeostasis (Zhang & Mahler, 2021):
- ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Tubular Reabsorption**",
"Header 3": "**The Proximal Tubule**",
"token_count": 299,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Kidney function is affected by systemic disease, as discussed in the following section; however, several intrinsic/ intrarenal conditions can affect renal homeostasis:
• Congenital abnormalities: These are alterations in anatomy or physiology that are present at birth. With renal agenesis and renal hypoplasia, the ki... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Common Conditions Affecting Kidney Function**",
"token_count": 692,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Laboratory tests can indicate how much kidney function has been altered by the underlying cause of the FVE. Fluid volume excess decreases sodium, hematocrit, **blood urea nitrogen (BUN)**, and serum osmolarity values. Common laboratory studies include (American Board of Internal Medicine, 2023; Padilla & Abadie, 2022):... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Diagnostic Studies**",
"token_count": 848,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The urinary bladder is a hollow organ suspended from the parietal peritoneum and positioned posterior to the symphysis pubis in the pelvic cavity. The bladder collapses when empty and can expand to accommodate 500–600 mL of urine. The wall of the bladder is composed of three layers. The outer layer, the adventitia, is ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Bladder**",
"token_count": 270,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Micturition**, commonly called urination, is the process by which urine is discharged from the bladder. The process is coordinated by the action of the central and peripheral nervous systems on the stretch receptors in the bladder wall, the detrusor muscle fibers, and the internal and external urinary sphincters. Deg... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Bladder**",
"Header 3": "**Micturition Mechanism**",
"token_count": 206,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The brain and spinal cord must direct the bladder and lower part of the urinary tract to release stored urine. [Table](#page-885-0) [33.1](#page-885-0) identifies the three different sets of nerves involved in the micturition process.
| Nervous<br>System | Fibers | Function ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Bladder**",
"Header 3": "**Innervation of the Urinary System**",
"token_count": 334,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
As noted in the previous section, micturition is a complex process that requires coordination between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, adequate structure and function of the bladder and urethra, and cognitive control of the process. Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as the involuntary lo... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 33 Introduction to the Renal and Urinary Systems",
"Header 2": "**Bladder**",
"Header 3": "**Incontinence**",
"token_count": 529,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
34.1 [Introduction to Diuretics](#page-890-2) 34.2 [Loop Diuretics](#page-895-0) 34.3 [Osmotic Diuretics](#page-900-0) 34.4 [Potassium-Sparing Diuretics](#page-903-0) 34.5 [Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics](#page-906-0)
**INTRODUCTION** Diuretic therapy is used to increase urinary output for the treatment of edem... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "**CHAPTER OUTLINE**",
"token_count": 207,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Outside of the kidneys when there is excess fluid volume, the circulating blood volume increases, stretching the walls of the right atrium and thereby triggering atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion and reducing secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The ANP activation dilates afferent arterioles and constricts... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Fluid Volume Excess and the Renal System**",
"Header 3": "**Extrinsic Renal Response to Fluid Volume Excess**",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Diuretic therapy decreases circulating blood volume to reduce blood pressure and resolve interstitial edema. Diuretic drugs inhibit either the specific sodium reentry mechanism for the nephron segments that regulate sodium, potassium, and chloride or water reabsorption in the proximal and distal tubules. As noted in [F... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Diuretic Use and the Renal System**",
"token_count": 225,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The effectiveness of a specific diuretic is related to its active site in the nephron, its bioavailability, the dosing schedule, and the client's daily salt intake. Under normal circumstances, the kidney quickly reestablishes a balance between sodium intake and sodium and water excretion, so effective diuretic therapy ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Diuretic Use and the Renal System**",
"Header 3": "**Barriers to Effective Treatment**",
"token_count": 225,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**Nephrotic syndrome** is a disorder associated with proteinuria, edema, and hypertension. There is not a consensus regarding the use of diuretic therapy to treat edema secondary to sodium retention and hypoalbuminemia associated with nephrotic syndrome. Loop diuretics are largely protein bound, which means that delive... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Diuretic Use and the Renal System**",
"Header 3": "**Diuretic Therapy for Nephrotic Syndrome**",
"token_count": 280,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The therapeutic serum sodium level is 136–145 mEq/L (Padilla & Abadie, 2022). Higher or lower levels can have serious adverse effects. Lower levels, referred to as **hyponatremia**, can cause a range of symptoms. Mild hyponatremia can cause nausea and malaise. Moderate to severe hyponatremia can cause progressive neuro... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "Nephron Structure",
"Header 3": "**Sodium**",
"token_count": 223,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The therapeutic serum potassium level is 3.5–5.0 mEq/L (Padill & Abadie, 2022). Higher or lower levels can have serious negative effects. **Hypokalemia**, or serum potassium levels that are lower than therapeutic, causes muscle weakness. The severity of manifestation depends on the potassium value and the cause and dur... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "Nephron Structure",
"Header 3": "**Potassium**",
"token_count": 285,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Serum creatinine is the waste product of muscle tissue metabolism. It is completely cleared by the kidneys, which means that creatinine levels can be used to assess kidney function. Significant renal impairment may occur before the creatinine level increases. The serum creatinine value is used to calculate eGFR. Therap... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "Nephron Structure",
"Header 3": "**Creatinine**",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The GFR provides the most accurate laboratory assessment of renal function but is not easily measured. The eGFR is calculated based on the client's serum creatinine level, age, sex, and weight. The value is expressed as the filtration rate in milliliters per minute per average body surface area. The therapeutic range i... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "Nephron Structure",
"Header 3": "**Glomerular Filtration Rate**",
"token_count": 263,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
- Take all diuretics as prescribed by their health care provider.
- Take a baseline pulse and blood pressure measurement before starting the diuretic.
- Monitor and record their pulse and blood pressure regularly to share with their health care provider, reporting any significant changes as defined and directed by the ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 34 Diuretic Drugs",
"Header 2": "CLIENT TEACHING GUIDELINES",
"Header 3": "**The client taking a diuretic should:**",
"token_count": 272,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Loop diuretics increase urinary output by blocking the reabsorption of sodium in the (thick) ascending loop of Henle.
The drugs work by inhibiting the action of the **sodium–potassium–chloride (Na-K-2Cl or NKCC2) cotransporters** in the luminal membrane and increasing water excretion. Blocking the NKCC2 cotransporter... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Introduction and Use**",
"token_count": 1311,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Loop diuretics primarily cause diuresis-induced electrolyte imbalances (Huxel et al., 2023). These alterations are more common in older adults and clients with inadequate fluid intake. Other common adverse effects include headache, dizziness, and postural hypotension. Metabolic effects may include hyperlipidemia, metab... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 889,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking loop diuretics:
- Monitor the client for adverse effects related to diuresis.
- Assess the client's blood pressure and heart rate before the initial dose and then intermittently during drug therapy on an ongoing basis to monitor for orthostatic hypotension.... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 222,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 34.3.1 Identify the characteristics of osmotic diuretic drugs used for fluid volume excess and renal system disorders.
- 34.3.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions of osmotic diuretic drugs used for fluid volume excess and renal sy... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 200,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Mannitol is a large sugar molecule that is readily filtered by the glomeruli and is not reabsorbed by the tubules. The resulting osmotic force increases the loss of sodium and water. Although mannitol is also approved to promote diuresis for acute renal failure and for excretion of toxic substances, it is used most com... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Introduction and Use**",
"token_count": 329,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Mannitol, like other diuretics, can cause electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration. It can cause heart failure secondary to the rapid fluid shift of water into the intravascular space. Administration of the drug has also been associated with the development of AKI in clients with normal renal function. If warm tempera... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 222,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The nurse should do the following for clients who are taking mannitol:
- Administer the medication through a dedicated IV line in a large central vein (DailyMed, Mannitol, 2023).
- Use only filtered tubing to administer the medication (DailyMed, Mannitol, 2023).
- Avoid administering mannitol simultaneously with bloo... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Nursing Implications**",
"token_count": 214,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- 34.4.1 Identify the characteristics of potassium-sparing diuretic drugs used for fluid volume excess and renal system disorders.
- 34.4.2 Explain the indications, actions, adverse reactions, and interactions of potassium-sparing diuretic drugs used for fluid volume... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"token_count": 200,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Potassium-sparing diuretics affect the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the connecting and collecting tubules by inhibiting the sodium transporters and blocking the mineral corticoid receptors. In contrast to the actions of other diuretics, when the potassium-sparing drugs inhibit sodium reabsor... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Introduction and Use**",
"token_count": 1015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The **thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics** treat hypertension and edema. They are considered first-line therapies for hypertension, although their antihypertensive effects are not well understood. They treat edema related to congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and acute and chronic renal diseases, including nephroti... | {
"Header 1": "UNFOLDING CASE STUDY",
"Header 2": "**Introduction and Use**",
"token_count": 932,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
**FIGURE 35.2** These structures of the human urinary system are present in both males and females. (credit: modification of work from Microbiology. attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license)
In this section of the chapter, common urinary anti-infectives ... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 35 Urinary and Bladder Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**LEARNING OUTCOMES**",
"Header 3": "microorganisms causing urinary infection.",
"token_count": 207,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Nitrofurantoin is specifically indicated for treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and certain susceptible strains of Klebsiella and Enterobacter species (Squadrito & del Portal, 2023).
Adverse reactions can include chronic, subacu... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 35 Urinary and Bladder Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Nitrofurantoin**",
"token_count": 394,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is indicated to treat UTIs due to susceptible
strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris (Kemnic & Coleman, 2022). However, it is recommended that initial episodes of... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 35 Urinary and Bladder Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole**",
"token_count": 314,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Common adverse effects of urinary anti-infectives include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, rash, headache, photosensitivity, and dizziness. Serious adverse effects can occur with certain urinary anti-infectives, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and fulminant hepatic necrosis.
Con... | {
"Header 1": "CHAPTER 35 Urinary and Bladder Disorder Drugs",
"Header 2": "**Adverse Effects and Contraindications**",
"token_count": 692,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/Med_v1/med_textbook/Pharmacology-WEB.pdf"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.