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User:EdGilmour/Justin Gray
Justin Gray is a prolific graphic novel author. He co-wrote Jonah Hex:Six gun War, Power Girl: A New Beginning, Luck runs Out with Jimmy Palmiotti. Some of his comics are being made into movies. He has worked as a paleontologist and worked in a Alaskan fish processing plant. Along with Jimmy Palmiotti and Giancarlo Caracuzzo, Gray co-wrote Splatterman, that tells the story of two graphic novella writers whose worst nightmare is realised. It first goes on sale on April 28th 2010.
comics
* Powergirl: A New Beginning
* Jonah Hex: Face full of Violence
* Friday the 13th: v. 1
* Jonah Hex: Six Gun War
* Jonah Hex: luck runs out | WIKI |
Page:EB1911 - Volume 15.djvu/487
Denmark, and both his sons, John George and Frederick Augustus, became electors of Saxony, the latter also becoming king of Poland as Augustus II.
. (1668–1694), elector of Saxony, was born on the 18th of October 1668. At the beginning of his reign his chief adviser was Hans Adam von Schöning (1641–1696), who counselled a union between Saxony and Brandenburg and a more independent attitude towards the emperor. In accordance with this advice certain proposals were put before Leopold I. to which he refused to agree; and consequently the Saxon troops withdrew from the imperial army, a proceeding which led the chagrined emperor to seize and imprison Schöning in July 1692. Although John George was unable to procure his minister’s release, Leopold managed to allay the elector’s anger, and early in 1693 the Saxon soldiers rejoined the imperialists. This elector is chiefly celebrated for his passion for Magdalene Sibylle von Neidschütz (d. 1694), created in 1693 countess of Rochlitz, whom on his accession he publicly established as his mistress. John George left no legitimate issue when he died on the 27th of April 1694.
JOHN MAURICE OF NASSAU (1604–1679), surnamed the Brazilian, was the son of John the Younger, count of Nassau-Siegen-Dillenburg, and the grandson of John, the elder brother of William the Silent and the chief author of the Union of Utrecht. He distinguished himself in the campaigns of his cousin, the stadtholder Frederick Henry of Orange, and was by him recommended to the directors of the Dutch West India company in 1636 to be governor-general of the new dominion in Brazil recently conquered by the company. He landed at the Recife, the port of Pernambuco, and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe on the south to S. Luis de Maranham in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of St George del Mina and St Thomas on the west coast of Africa. With the assistance of the famous architect, Pieter Post of Haarlem, he transformed the Recife by building a new town adorned with splendid public edifices and gardens, which was called after his name Mauritstad. By his statesmanlike policy he brought the colony into a most flourishing condition and succeeded even in reconciling the Portuguese settlers to submit quietly to Dutch rule. His large schemes and lavish expenditure alarmed however the parsimonious directors of the West India company, but John Maurice refused to retain his post unless he was given a free hand, and he returned to Europe in July 1644. He was shortly afterwards appointed by Frederick Henry to the command of the cavalry in the States army, and he took part in the campaigns of 1645 and 1646. When the war was ended by the peace of Münster in January 1648, he accepted from the elector of Brandenburg the post of governor of Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg, and later also of Minden. His success in the Rhineland was as great as it had been in Brazil, and he proved himself a most able and wise ruler. At the end of 1652 he was appointed head of the order of St John and made a prince of the Empire. In 1664 he came back to Holland; when the war broke out with England supported by an invasion from the bishop of Münster, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Dutch forces on land. Though hampered in his command by the restrictions of the states-general, he repelled the invasion, and the bishop, Christoph von Galen, was forced to conclude peace. His campaigning was not yet at an end, for in 1673 he was appointed by the stadtholder William III. to command the forces in Friesland and Groningen, and to defend the eastern frontier of the Provinces. In 1675 his health compelled him to give up active military service, and he spent his last years in his beloved Cleves, where he died on the 20th of December 1679. The house which he built at the Hague, named after him the Maurits-huis, now contains the splendid collections of pictures so well known to all admirers of Dutch art.
.—Caspar Barlaeus, Rerum per octennium in Brasilia et alibi nuper gestarum historia, sub praefectura illustrissimi comitis J. Mauritii Nassoviae (Amsterdam, 1647); L. Driessen, Leben des Fürsten Johann Moritz von Nassau (Berlin, 1849); D. Veegens, Leven van Joan Maurits, Graaf van Nassau-Siegen (Haarlem, 1840).
JOHN O’ GROAT’S HOUSE, a spot on the north coast of Caithness, Scotland, 14 m. N. of Wick and 1 m. W. of Duncansby Head. It is the mythical site of an octagonal house said to have been erected early in the 16th century by one John Groot, a Dutchman who had migrated to the north of Scotland by permission of James IV. According to the legend, other members of the Groot family followed John, and acquired lands around Duncansby. When there were eight Groot families, disputes began to arise as to precedence at annual feasts. These squabbles John Groot is said to have settled by building an octagonal house which had eight entrances and eight tables, so that the head of each family could enter by his own door and sit at the head of his own table. Being but a few miles south of Dunnet Head, John o’ Groat’s is a colloquial term for the most northerly point of Scotland. The site of the traditional building is marked by an outline traced in turf. Descendants of the Groot family, now Groat, still live in the neighbourhood. The cowry-shell, Cypraea europaea, is locally known as “John o’ Groat’s bucky.”
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, an American educational institution at Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. Its trustees, chosen by Johns Hopkins (1794–1873), a successful Baltimore merchant, were incorporated on the 24th of August 1867 under a general act “for the promotion of education in the state of Maryland.” But nothing was actually done until after the death of Johns Hopkins (Dec. 24, 1873), when his fortune of $7,000,000 was equally divided between the projected university and a hospital, also to bear his name, and intended to be an auxiliary to the medical school of the university. The trustees of the university consulted with many prominent educationists, notably Charles W. Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, and James B. Angell of the university of Michigan; on the 30th of December 1874 they elected (q.v.) president. The university was formally opened on the 3rd of October 1876, when an address was delivered by T. H. Huxley. The first year was largely given up to consultation among the newly chosen professors, among whom were—in Greek, B. L. Gildersleeve; in mathematics, J. J. Sylvester; in chemistry, Ira Remsen; in biology, Henry Newell Martin (1848–1896); in zoology, William Keith Brooks (1848–1908); and in physics, Henry Augustus Rowland (1848–1901). Prominent among later teachers were Arthur Cayley in mathematics, the Semitic scholar Paul Haupt (b. 1858), Granville Stanley Hall in psychology, Maurice Bloomfield in Sanskrit and comparative philology, James Rendel Harris in Biblical philology, James Wilson Bright in English philology, Herbert B. Adams in history, and Richard T. Ely (b. 1854) in economics. The university at once became a pioneer in the United States in teaching by means of seminary courses and laboratories, and it has been eminently successful in encouraging research, in scientific production, and in preparing its students to become instructors in other colleges and universities. It includes a college in which each of five parallel courses leads to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, but its reputation has been established chiefly by its other two departments, the graduate school and the medical school. The graduate school offers courses in philosophy and psychology, physics, chemistry and biology, historical and economic science, language and literature, and confers the degree of Doctor of Philosophy after at least three years’ residence. From its foundation the university had novel features and a liberal administration. Twenty annual fellowships of $500 each were opened to the graduates of any college. Petrography and laboratory psychology were among the new sciences fostered by the new university. Such eminent outsiders were secured for brief residence and lecture courses as J. R. Lowell, F. J. Child, Simon Newcomb, H. E. von Holst, F. A. Walker, William James, Sidney Lanier, James Bryce, E. A. Freeman, W. W. Goodwin, and Alfred Russel Wallace. President Gilman gave up his presidential duties on the 1st of | WIKI |
User:CodeBreakers/sandbox
Intro : Members, Course, Goal
Course : What is it, Why is it important, Objectives, Sources
Table of Contents
Sections
Projects : POV of each member | WIKI |
Inlet Group
The Inlet Group was proposed as a geological unit for southeastern Newfoundland. It was made up of the Brigus Formation, Chamberlain's Brook Fm, Manuels River Fm, Chapel Island Formation, Burnt Island Formation and the Random Formation
The inlet group term is no longer used as it was considered redundant to terminology used elsewhere on the island. | WIKI |
Page:George Archdall Reid 1896 The present evolution of man.djvu/253
Rh when attacking races that they have little or not at all afflicted. Judging by current literature, this difference of type is generally regarded as something altogether inexplicable, or sometimes it has been said that this or that race has become acclimatized to this or that disease, when the common and very foolish error has been made of imagining that a phenomenon named is a phenomenon explained. To say that a race has become acclimatized to a disease—i.e. that it has become more resistant to it—does not explain how that increase of resisting power arose. When in rare cases an attempt has been made to probe deeper, it has generally been on lines of the Lamarkian doctrine of the transmissibility of acquired traits ; and as often as not it has been made by thinkers who possibly never heard of Lamark, and who would repudiate the logical outcome of their own arguments—the idea of evolution. Starting with the fact, that in many zymotic diseases one attack confers immunity against subsequent attacks, it has been tacitly assumed, if not expressly asserted, that this acquired immunity, or some of it, is transmitted from parent to child, each successive individual of the line beginning life with more resisting power than his parent began with, and transmitting more to his offspring than he received. But besides the general considerations which lead us to deny the transmissibility of | WIKI |
The Importance of Natural Heart Health
You may already know that heart disease is the #1 killer in the USA today, but did you know that it is responsible for more deaths than the next five causes of death combined? The American Heart Association reports that an estimated 64 million Americans are suffering from cardiovascular disease, which means we can all benefit from making some changes to a more heart-healthy lifestyle.
It is never too early to make natural heart health changes. Once you are diagnosed with heart disease it cannot be reversed. Living a long and healthy life means starting as early as possible with a healthy diet and exercise regimen.
Lower Cholesterol
By reducing fat in our diet it is possible to significantly lower cholesterol levels, a significant factor that will reduce the plaque build up which narrows the arteries causing heart failure. Choose lean meat, fat-free milk and low fat spreads along with light salad dressing. These little changes will soon hardly be noticed taste-wise but they will make an impact on your cholesterol levels, gradually lowering your risk of heart disease and maintaining heart health naturally.
Maintain Blood Pressure
The optimum blood pressure is 120 over 80. It is very easy to find blood pressure monitors in pharmacies and supermarkets where you can check your blood pressure. A healthy diet, regular exercise and keeping weight within normal parameters are usually sufficient for maintaining healthy blood pressure readings. If you need more help take Natto BP Plus, a natural heart health remedy, and you may notice the difference within weeks with improved cholesterol and lower blood pressure.
Beta sitosterol is an important part of natural heart health as it helps to stop the absorption of cholesterol into the body. It is found in soy beans, wheat germ and corn oil and can also be taken as a daily supplement in tablet form.
Fish Oil
Omega oils are essential for a healthy heart and some nutritionists recommend that if you only take one daily supplement it should be fish oil. It has been shown to lower LDL cholesterol levels and triglycerides that all help provide natural heart health. At the same time Omega-3 fatty acids increase HDL levels of cholesterol and generally lower the risk of death due to cardiac arrest (heart attack).
Reduce Stress
Stress, although intangible, has a serious effect upon heart health but research shows that meditation can significantly reduce stress. Relaxation and meditation are the best ways to reduce insulin resistance, lower blood pressure and maintain a healthy heart rate naturally.
Lower Sodium Intake
Finally, lowering sodium levels will benefit your health significantly by reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack. Gradually reduce your intake of salt by not adding it to cooking and keep it off the dining table. By steaming vegetables rather than cooking then in salt water, the enhanced flavor negates the need to add salt for taste.
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Hepatic porphyria
Hepatic porphyrias is a form of porphyria in which toxic porphyrin molecules build up in the liver. Hepatic porphyrias can result from a number of different enzyme deficiencies.
Examples include (in order of synthesis pathway):
* Acute intermittent porphyria
* Porphyria cutanea tarda and Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria
* Hereditary coproporphyria
* Variegate porphyria | WIKI |
Soviet of the Republic
The Soviet of the Republic ('Совет Республики', Sovet Respubliki) was one of the two chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR (Russian Federation). In 1990-1993 it consisted of 126 deputies. The Soviet of the Republic was established in 1989, as one of the chambers of the formerly unicameral Supreme Soviet, and elected in 1990.
Soviet of the Republic was elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation from among the deputies of the Russian Federation from territorial constituencies, taking into account the number of voters in the region.
On 21 September 1993 the Soviet of the Republic was dissolved by President of Russia, together with the Supreme Soviet and the Congress of People's Deputies during the armed siege of parliament. | WIKI |
Dopping (disambiguation)
Dopping is a jewelry glue used to dop gems.
Dopping may also refer to:
* Anthony Dopping (bishop of Ossory) (1675–1743), Irish Anglican priest, son of the bishop of Meath
* Anthony Dopping (bishop of Meath) (1643–1697), Irish Anglican priest, father of the bishop of Ossory
* Detlef Dopping, German hurdler at the 2018 World Masters Athletics Championships Men
* Patrick Döpping (also Patrick Doepping), Danish sailor at the 2017 Laser World Championship; see 2015 in aquatic sports
* Staffan Dopping (born 1956), Swedish journalist
* Samuel Dopping (1671–1720), Anglo-Irish politician | WIKI |
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How To Flatten PDF In Adobe Acrobat Pro Dc: What You Should Know
Close the Preflight dialog. Go to PDF Optimizer tab. · 6. Turn on the PDF Optimizer—Flatten annotations and form fields”. · 7. Click the cleanup” button. The file flattens on your disk. · 8. Delete unused elements from your document. Aug 17, 2023 — You can also use “Copy to Clipboard” feature in Adobe Acrobat DC. 1. Click on the print button in Acrobat and select “Copy the PDF to clipboard”. 2. In Acrobat, go to print Production. 3. Use this feature to flatten the PDF. What is a 'Flatten' in Acrobat Pro It is a method to flatten an interactive document or file in Adobe Acrobat Pro by automatically merging selected text, images and other content into a single PDF page that can be printed at normal (or high) density. What is a 'Dismissed' in Acrobat Pro In Acrobat Pro and in other tools, when a document or file is edited at the same time a 'Dismissed' is displayed. When this document/file is dropped in the trash, a 'Dismiss' button is displayed. After it is dismissed, the file cannot be edited again. Some Acrobat users say that once this button is displayed, their PDFs cannot be changed at all. This happens whether the reader is on screen or not and in all versions of Acrobat.
FAQ
How can I flatten a fillable PDF? I filled out a fillable PDF in Adobe Acrobat Reader DC for MacOS, and I now need to flatten it. Adobe only offers this option in Acrobat Pro. There is no option to print to PDF. Optimize PDF tool is not available.
When you set up your form in Acrobat Pro you can extend certain things to Reader users. read up more on that here; Create and distribute PDF forms s#enable_reader_users_to_save_form_data This might help you with this flattening - where the form is no longer a fillable form.
How can Adobe Acrobat Pro DC be used to convert a colour PDF to greyscale?
In the tools find the Preflight panel. In it in the Profiles tab (first default one) look for a standard ootb profile with Grayscale in the name. Run it on your file or create a droplet to easily perform the conversion every time you need this in the future. NB Preflight only exists in Acrobat Pro
How do you combine PDF files in Adobe Acrobat Pro DC?
You canbine PDF files from thebine Tool in Adobe Acrobat Pro DC.
What are the best ways to compress or shrink a large PDF file?
CMYK-Colormanagement Files *.icc are often . For a presentation you do NOT need CMYK-colormanagement. Just convert everything in your file to sRGB and include this .icc-profile drop the other CMYKs. You can do this with Acrobat Pro or DC. A single CYMK-Profile like ECI ISO coated v2 takes up to 12 MB. A simple RGB Profile just about 5 KB. If you don any .icc-Files your PDF will look weird on Wide-Gamut Screens. ResolutionnForget about this 72 dpi-stuff. For screen purpose take 15 ppi. So you allow others to zoom in a bit and the images stay sharp. In fact resolution isn such a killer .icc-files are and this without any visible 15 ppi you allow others to make copies on a homeprinter or laserjet. The CMYK-printer will call you nuts with this file. Saving in higher PDF-StandardsnThis allows better internalpression of the PDF-streams yes Ask me about joboptions. Those files consist of settings for Acrobat Pro Do not forget to tell me the utilization. A optimal CMYK-Print-File is something very different to a presentation. Haha and it different here in europe too. We use ECI ISO coated as a general CMYK-output ICC For all of those who need fact and numbers in a shot termnI made tests with the same PDF-File written by InDesignnPrinting purpose with CMYK .icc-Data 1.4 MBnScreen purpose with sRGB 15 ppi JPG 8% 35 KB
How do I edit a PDF in Adobe Acrobat Reader DC?
Basically you don. Depending on the PDF file you can probably add in certain areas by using the writer function but actually editing the file can really be done in Acrobat Reader -hence the name Reader. If you need to truly edit a PDF file you need a PDF editor such as Adobe Acrobat or Foxit PhantomPDF. There are also free alternatives out there but they may not have the feature set you need depending on exactly how you intend to edit the file.
How do I edit a PDF in Adobe Acrobat Pro?
There is a Tools menu on the right side with a pink icon to click to go into Edit PDF mode. When you are in that mode youll see boxes appear around the editable items as well as a set of tools on the top of the window and a properties panel on the right. Once you are in that mode it is pretty clear what you can do. You can also select and right-click an image to see more options such as replacing or editing in Photoshop.
How do I reduce a PDF file size in Adobe Acrobat Reader DC?
I would like to rmend you PDFelemet whichpatible with Windows and macOS. You can reduce a PDF file size with a few simple steps. Launch PDFelement drag and drop to open your target file Here it offers three option to optimize you can choose different levels for your needs. Check this screenshot a can reduce to . It just easy like that. You can give it a try.
Is PDF versioning available in Adobe Acrobat DC?
You make versioning sound like a feature of PDF as file format but it's not really. Had it been it would have made sense asking if it was supported in a particular PDF manipulation app but we're out of luck here. So for proper versioning you need to look outside of your docs and there are plenty solutions out there in the file management space. Both Google Drive and Dropbox have versioning in their free plans so you can start with them and grow as you need. It's logical to expect from OneDrive as well but I haven't checked. Adobe 's own Creative Cloud also msnages file versions but the Document Cloud does not so depending on how you subscribed to Acrobat Pro you may have access to this cloud feature. However Acrobat the app can still help you with a couple of things Versionsparison . Acrobat's Compare s feature allows you to identify differences between two documents. Its pretty pointless for unrelated docs but very handy when ites to versions of the same document. It will mark the differences found in-place and provide an easy-to-navigate hypered report of all differences found in the layout and images. It should have been called a versionparison tool really. Lock the doc (not a feature name). Acrobat offers a plethora of controls to s ecure s documents and selectively enable opening editing content copying etc. If the aim of version control is one of these explore the options for password and certificate encryption. HTH!
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Gourmands, partyers and aficionados of art and architecture (and shopping) will find no end of riches in the East-meets-West capital of Georgia.
36 Hours in Tbilisi
With chaotic yet charming cobblestone streets, dome-shaped bathhouses steaming with sulfuric waters, and crumbling Soviet factories repurposed as hipster hotels, Tbilisi is a study in contrasts. Capital of Georgia and the heart of the Caucasus, the city teems with riches: cathedrals that rise in the hills like layer cakes; hidden cafes bursting with bric-a-brac, and a bohemian art scene that is slowly peeling away the Soviet grit from this survivalist town to reveal a vibrant creative core. Conquered and reconquered for centuries, Tbilisi now wears its battle scars with pride. From its medieval fortress walls to its buzzing new luxury boutiques, this East-meets-West city offers something for everyone. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Category:Sport by former country
Sport by former country and sport categories (for Europe see subcategory). | WIKI |
Use this URL to cite or link to this record in EThOS: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511557
Title: Understanding morphogenesis in myxobacteria from a theoretical and experimental perspective
Author: Holmes, Antony
Awarding Body: University of Warwick
Current Institution: University of Warwick
Date of Award: 2009
Availability of Full Text:
Access through EThOS:
Access through Institution:
Abstract:
Several species of bacteria exhibit multicellular behaviour, with individuals cells cooperatively working together within a colony. Often this has communal benefit since multiple cells acting in unison can accomplish far more than an individual cell can and the rewards can be shared by many cells. Myxobacteria are one of the most complex of the multicellular bacteria, exhibiting a number of different spatial phenotypes. Colonies engage in multiple emergent behaviours in response to starvation culminating in the formation of massive, multicellular fruiting bodies. In this thesis, experimental work and theoretical modelling are used to investigate emergent behaviour in myxobacteria. Computational models were created using FABCell, an open source software modelling tool developed as part of the research to facilitate modelling large biological systems. The research described here provides novel insights into emergent behaviour and suggests potential mechanisms for allowing myxobacterial cells to go from a vegetative state into a fruiting body. A differential equation model of the Frz signalling pathway, a key component in the regulation of cell motility, is developed. This is combined with a three-dimensional model describing the physical characteristics of cells using Monte Carlo methods, which allows thousands of cells to be simulated. The unified model explains how cells can ripple, stream, aggregate and form fruiting bodies. Importantly, the model copes with the transition between stages showing it is possible for the important myxobacteria control systems to adapt and display multiple behaviours.
Supervisor: Not available Sponsor: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Great Britain) (EPSRC)
Qualification Name: Thesis (Ph.D.) Qualification Level: Doctoral
EThOS ID: uk.bl.ethos.511557 DOI: Not available
Keywords: QR Microbiology
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Saturday, 18 May 2013
Vala #8: Useful Functions
1) Get Process ID
public int get_pid_by_name (string name)
{
try{
string output = "";
Process.spawn_command_line_sync("pidof \"" + name + "\"", out output);
if (output != null){
string[] arr = output.split ("\n");
if (arr.length > 0){
return int.parse (arr[0]);
}
}
}
catch (Error e) {
log_error (e.message);
}
return -1;
}
This function returns the process ID of the first running instance. You can modify this function to return an array of process IDs for all running instances.
Example:
Pid firefox_id = get_pid_by_name("firefox");
2) Find all child processes invoked by a process
public int[] get_process_children (Pid parentPid)
{
string output;
try {
Process.spawn_command_line_sync("ps --ppid " + parentPid.to_string(), out output);
}
catch(Error e){
log_error (e.message);
}
int pid;
int[] procList = {};
string[] arr;
foreach (string line in output.split ("
")){
arr = line.strip().split (" ");
if (arr.length < 1) { continue; }
pid = 0;
pid = int.parse (arr[0]);
if (pid != 0){
procList += pid;
}
}
return procList;
}
This function returns an array of IDs for all processes which were started by the parent process. If you pass the process ID of a running batch script, you will get an array of process IDs for all processes that were started by the batch script. This list can be used to terminate the batch script and the processes invoked by it.
3) Kill a process and its children
public void process_kill(Pid process_pid, bool killChildren = true)
{
long[] child_pids = get_process_children (process_pid);
Posix.kill (process_pid, 15);
if (killChildren){
Pid childPid;
foreach (long pid in child_pids){
childPid = (Pid) pid;
Posix.kill (childPid, 15);
}
}
}
Example:
• Kill firefox browser:
Pid firefox_id = get_pid_by_name("firefox");
process_kill(firefox_id, true);
4) Freeze and Un-Freeze a process
public int process_pause (Pid procID)
{
return execute_command_sync ("kill -STOP " + procID.to_string());
}
public int execute_command_sync (string cmd)
{
try {
int exitCode;
Process.spawn_command_line_sync(cmd, null, null, out exitCode);
return exitCode;
}
catch (Error e){
log_error (e.message);
return -1;
}
}
This will freeze the process. Useful for pausing a process that is using a lot of CPU. Please note that you need to un-freeze the process before you can kill it.
public int process_resume (Pid procID)
{
return execute_command_sync ("kill -CONT " + procID.to_string());
}
This will un-freeze the process and it will continue from the same point.
5) Display notification bubble in system tray
public int notify (string title, string message, int durationMillis, string urgency)
{
string s = "notify-send -t %d -u %s -i %s \"%s\" \"%s\"".printf(durationMillis, urgency,
Gtk.Stock.INFO, title, message);
return execute_command_sync (s);
}
This function displays a notification bubble in the system tray for the specified duration. The urgency parameter accepts values "low","normal" and "critical".
Example:
notify("Example","This notification bubble will be displayed for 10 seconds", 10000, "low");
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Saquib Rizvi Memorial Marathon
Saquib Rizvi Memorial Marathon is an annual event organised by Helpyourself Foundation in Mumbai, to create awareness about cancer in general public. National level Sports personalities, diplomats and social media influencers from across India are invited to the event.
There are four categories of events, those being:
* 21 km (Half Marathon)
* 10 km (Timed Race)
* 05 km (Timed Race)
* 03 km (Fun Race/ Walk & Wheelchair race for specially abled
These events are organised at MMRDA GROUND of Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai. Elites of Mumbai, especially those in the film industry, enthusiastically participate in this event to create awareness about cancer. Free diagnostic camps for cancer screening are organised specially for poor and marginalised through designated camps and mobile bus to highlight the importance of early detection of cancer. Dutee Chand, India's famous athlete who was diagnosed with stage 1 testicular cancer in 2021 was the brand ambassador for the event in 2022. More than 5000 runners participated in the 2022 marathon. Anish Mathew, Music composer and singer has created a song to help support the event. | WIKI |
This is our old Q&A Site. Please post any new questions and answers at ask.wireshark.org.
When I installed Wireshark onto my PC, the install deleted the 12.0.21005 redistributable file. Some of my other programs required the file to run, and I had to manually go and get it again.
Is that supposed to happen?
asked 22 Apr '16, 07:17
cantthinkofaname1029's gravatar image
cantthinkofa...
6112
accept rate: 0%
edited 05 Aug '16, 23:34
Guy%20Harris's gravatar image
Guy Harris ♦♦
17.4k335196
Which version of Wireshark, and what do you mean by "deleted the 12.0.21005 redistributable file"? Do you mean uninstalled the VC 12.0.xx redist completely, or replaced it with a newer version, or actually delete a file.
(22 Apr '16, 07:23) grahamb ♦
1
A few people have reported this problem, but so far no one has provided enough information to track the problem down and fix it. Can you please oh please provide more information on the following?
• Were files overwritten or removed?
• Which files, exactly?
• Which programs are refusing to run?
Wireshark 2.0.x ships with the Visual C++ Redistributable Packages for Visual Studio 2013 version 12.0.30501.0. This is the latest version recommended by Microsoft. I seriously doubt we're the only ones installing this version. If some other software is linking with version 12.0.21005.1 such that it won't run with any other version, then that's arguably a bug in that software. If we're installing vcredist_x86.exe with incorrectly then that's a bug in Wireshark. It's not clear at this point which of these (or something else entirely) is happening.
(25 Apr '16, 16:27) Gerald Combs ♦♦
We just experienced the same thing where the older version of the redist package was uninstalled. My application software requires a specific version. The older version needed to be reinstalled. I doubt I will be able to use Wireshark on any server that requires the older version.
(20 Jul '16, 10:51) shanejnelson
Any application that depends on a specific version of the redist is faulty, although that's not much help to you.
Any installer is free to update the VC redist files, including Windows update.
So, for clarity, when you installed Wireshark did it install the expected VC redist as @Gerald Combs noted above, or did it uninstall the redist entirely?
(20 Jul '16, 11:38) grahamb ♦
Again, "If some other software is linking with version 12.0.21005.1 such that it won't run with any other version, then that's arguably a bug in that software."
Have you tried reporting this as a bug in that software? If so, what was the response?
(20 Jul '16, 11:42) Gerald Combs ♦♦
The deleted files are apparently due to a bug in version 12.0.30501.0 of the redistributable installer. Microsoft released an updated installer (12.0.40649.5) via KB3138367 but for some reason haven't updated the installer on the main download page. See bug 12712 for details.
permanent link
answered 05 Aug '16, 11:06
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Gerald Combs ♦♦
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Index of gun politics articles
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| This is a list of gun politics articles, including gun politics by nation, and legal and political concepts and terms related to gun politics.
0-9
* 2nd Amendment Day
* 2018 NRA boycott
* 2018 United States gun violence protests
* 3D printed firearms
A
* Arms control
* Arms Trade Treaty
* Arms trafficking
* Assault pistol
* Assault weapon
* Assault weapons, federal ban in the United States
* Assault weapons legislation in the United States
* Australia, Gun politics in
B
* Brazil, Gun politics in
* Bullet button
C
* Canada, Gun politics in
* China, Firearms ownership law in
* Concealed carry
* Constitutional carry
* Czech Republic, Gun politics in
D
* Defensive gun use
E
* European Firearms Directive
* Extreme Risk Protection Order
F
* Finland, Gun politics in
* Firearm death rates in the United States by state
* France, Gun politics in
G
* Germany, Gun politics in
* Global gun cultures
* Gun buyback program
* Gun control
* Gun control after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
* Gun ownership
* Gun rights
* Gun show loophole
* Gun violence
H
* High-capacity magazine
* High-capacity magazine ban
* Honduras, Gun politics in
I
* Ireland, Gun politics in
* Italy, Gun politics in
J
* Jamaica, Gun politics in
K
* Kuwait, Gun politics in
L
* List of countries by firearm-related death rate
M
* Mexico, Gun politics in
N
* National Rifle Association of America
* Nazi gun control argument
* New Zealand, Gun politics in
* Norway, Gun politics in
* Number of guns per capita by country
O
* One handgun a month law
* Opposition to hunting
* Overview of gun laws by nation
P
* Parts kit (firearms)
* Privately made firearm
* Pakistan, Gun politics in
* Philippines, Gun politics in
R
* Receiver (firearms)
* Right to keep and bear arms
S
* Second Amendment sanctuary
* Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
* Small Arms Survey
* South Africa, Gun politics in
* Switzerland, Gun politics in
T
* Texas, Gun violence and gun control in
U
* Ukraine, Gun politics in
* United Kingdom, Gun politics in
* United States, Campus carry in
* United States, Concealed carry in
* United States, Gun culture in
* United States, Gun politics in
* United States, Gun shows in
* United States, Gun violence in
* United States, Mass shootings in
* United States, Open carry in
* United States, Public opinion on gun control in
* United States, Right to keep and bear arms in
* Universal background check
}} | WIKI |
głowa
Etymology
.
Noun
* 1) head
* 2) head
* 3) head
* 4) headland; cape
Etymology
.
Noun
* 1) head part of the body
Etymology
.
Noun
* 1) head
* 2) head
* 3) mind; memory
* 4) head
Etymology
..
Noun
* 1) head
* 2) life
* 3) head; person, individual
* 4) murder victim
* 5) head
* 6) head
* 7) murder
* 8) compensation for murder, usually with a fee to a feudal lord
* 9) head
* 1) murder victim
* 2) head
* 3) head
* 4) murder
* 5) compensation for murder, usually with a fee to a feudal lord
* 6) head
* 1) murder
* 2) compensation for murder, usually with a fee to a feudal lord
* 3) head
* 1) compensation for murder, usually with a fee to a feudal lord
* 2) head
* 1) head
* 1) head
Etymology
.
Noun
* 1) head
* 2) head
* 3) head
* 4) head
* 5) head
* 6) head
* 7) head; life
* 8) head; ball
* 9) head
* 10) hair; hairstyle
* 11) head
* 12) blood money, wergeld
* 13) cap, hat
* 14) person with a big head
* 15) headquarters; capital
* 16) murder
* 17) chapter of a written work
* 18) head;
* 1) blood money, wergeld
* 2) cap, hat
* 3) person with a big head
* 4) headquarters; capital
* 5) murder
* 6) chapter of a written work
* 7) head;
* 1) headquarters; capital
* 2) murder
* 3) chapter of a written work
* 4) head;
* 1) head;
* 1) head;
* 1) head;
* 1) head;
* 1) head; | WIKI |
REFILE-Islamic State executes scores, stockpiles chemicals - UN
(Corrects typo in headline) GENEVA, Nov 11 (Reuters) - Islamic State fighters have executed scores more people around Mosul this week and are reportedly stockpiling ammonia and sulphur in civilian areas, possibly for use as chemical weapons, U.N. human rights spokeswoman Ravina Shamdasani said on Friday. A mass grave with over 100 bodies found in the town of Hammam al-Alil was one of several Islamic State killing grounds, Shamdasani said, citing information gleaned from sources on the ground including a man who played dead during a mass execution. Public executions were being carried out for “treason and collaboration” with Iraqi forces trying to recapture the city, or for the use of banned mobile phones or desertion. People with explosive belts, possibly teenagers or young boys, were being deployed in the alleys of Old Mosul, while abducted women were being “distributed” to fighters or told they would be used to accompany Islamic State convoys, she said. (Reporting by Tom Miles and Stephanie Nebehay) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Terraform and IT Infrastructure Automation
Terraform and IT Infrastructure Automation
IT infrastructure is the backbone responsible for the digitalization of any industry, including oil and gas. Currently, Infrastructure as a Code (IaC) is gaining a lot of attention in the IT world, as it allows IT infrastructure to be defined, deployed, and managed rapidly and reliably at scale.
Terraform, an open-source, IaC software tool developed by HashiCorp, allows defining the infrastructure using a declarative configuration language (e.g., JSON, HCL – HashiCorp configuration language) and automated infrastructure management. As pictured below, Terraform offers automation capabilities in various aspects of IT infrastructure areas.
While Terraform offers tremendous infrastructure automation capabilities, it does present some limitations. This article describes some of the constraints and corresponding workarounds that can be used to mitigate the issues.
What are Terraform shortcomings?
• Terraform and external IT resources
Terraform assumes the management of IT resources (e.g., virtual machines) right from the start to the end of life. However, when an external resource is provisioned outside of Terraform (e.g., manually), administrators are required to “import” existing resources into Terraform. The “import” operation supported by the tool natively is very complex and requires a point-in-time configuration file (with many required parameters). This is difficult, especially when hundreds of resources are being imported into Terraform and each resource is configured differently.
• Terraform dependence on the state of resource
The Terraform model of automation heavily depends on maintaining the last known good state of the resource in its inventory. But when any administrator makes changes on the resource directly on the platform (i.e., for troubleshooting), it invalidates the state known to Terraform, making it difficult for administrators.
How to address these shortcomings?
The solution is the reliable and automated import of the existing resource, which requires a consistent, point-in-time configuration file. If we can auto-generate a configuration file that is clean and consistent with the platform, we can then reliably import an existing resource and bring that infrastructure item under Terraform management.
How to address these shortcomings?
How to auto-generate configuration files?
First, we need to determine the “source of truth” relevant to a platform. Every platform, whether it’s a public cloud (e.g., Amazon, Google, Azure) or private cloud (e.g., VMware), or Kubernetes containers, maintains resource object inventory (metadata) that is true at any point-in-time, exposed over the API (application programming interface). This metadata can be programmatically fetched to generate a valid configuration file required for Terraform import.
How to auto-generate configuration files?
Once the source of truth is known for the platform, a logic script can be written in any known language (e.g., python, PowerShell) to fetch the required point-in-time parameter values for automated generation of a configuration file. A script can be created with custom logic.
Here are some examples of resource object inventory databases — a repository of metadata for an IT resource that is maintained by every platform:
1. VMware: For VMware infrastructure, resource object inventory is called MOB (managed object browser) and is accessible via https://<vcenterIP>/mob.
2. Azure: Different resource APIs offered by the platform offer access to metadata objects inventory.
3. Google Cloud: Resource-manager APIs and Cloud Asset inventory in google cloud offer access to resource object inventory.
4. Amazon Web services (AWS): AWS systems manager inventory provides access to metadata for the resources provisioned in the cloud.
Benefits of automated generation of configuration files
• Reliably import existing resources into Terraform and at scale
Output configuration files can be used by the IT administrators to enable DevOps way of handling any existing application and bring any resource under Terraform management.
• Remove dependence on maintaining state
With import logic, the point-in-time state of the resource needed for Terraform operation can be easily regenerated. Therefore, administrators can benefit both worlds, i.e., employ Terraform to automate their L1 and L2 level operations, and at the same time, can work directly on the platform without impacting Terraform functionality for L3 activities.
• Skip Terraform learning curve
Creating a configuration file manually is an iterative process where you define some configuration parameters, apply them, and then verify if it reflects the same desired state of the resource. But when a configuration file is automatically generated, IT administrators do not have to spend time to understand each and every configuration parameter needed to manage a resource via Terraform.
• Better adoption of Terraform
Considering Terraform’s capabilities to cover a variety of infrastructure landscapes, the automated generation of configuration files makes it easy for administrators to better adapt the tool for a variety of their infrastructure automation needs.
• Cost savings
It allows the use of a common tool to manage the diversity of the infrastructure landscape with a common team; their skill set proves to be a lot more economical for organizations.
Import support references on key platforms.
With the growing popularity of Terraform, use a single tool that can help define IaC and manage multiple diverse platforms with a single pane of glass. In many developer communities, platforms have released utilities (import logic) to facilitate the generation of configuration files automatically.
• VMware:
Please refer to my GitHub repository, where a sample import logic script is written in Python language that facilitates the generation of configuration files for a VMware virtual machine and thus allows automated import.
• Google cloud platform (GCP):
Google released a utility called “gcloud beta resource-config” to autogenerate a Terraform configuration file for a resource provisioned in their cloud platform. Refer to this link for documentation.
• Microsoft Azure:
Microsoft developers working on the Azure cloud platform have released a command line utility called “Azure Terrafy (aztfy)” for auto generation of Terraform configuration files. Refer to this link for documentation.
• Open-source utility (Terraformer):
This tool was developed by “waze,” a subsidiary of Google. However, it is not an official Google product. This open-source tool can be modified and used across all major platforms, including Amazon, Google, AWS, IBM Cloud and Ali Cloud. Click this link for documentation.
Conclusion
Terraform’s ability to define infrastructure as code (IaC) and its popularity in almost all IT infrastructure spaces make it a valuable tool. However, the Terraform tool inhibits professionals because of its limitations in managing existing infrastructure at a scale. Workarounds are identified to mitigate those common challenges as the Terraform community grows. The remedies referred to in this article allow full Terraform adoption even with pre-existing IT infrastructure and further empower experts to leverage rich IaC capabilities to ease day-to-day IT operations and tasks automation.
Author Profile
Born in Delhi, India, Sumit was recently relocated to Houston, TX and promoted to Solution Architect for a world leader in the oilfield services industry. Before moving to the U.S., Sumit spent most of his life in several cities throughout India and UK including Pune, Gurugram, Bangalore and London.
3 Ways Technology is Going to Shape the Oil and Gas Industry Free to Download Today
Oil and gas operations are commonly found in remote locations far from company headquarters. Now, it's possible to monitor pump operations, collate and analyze seismic data, and track employees around the world from almost anywhere. Whether employees are in the office or in the field, the internet and related applications enable a greater multidirectional flow of information – and control – than ever before.
Related posts | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pityrodia pungens
Pityrodia pungens is a flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae and is endemic to the northern part of the Northern Territory. It is an erect, spreading shrub with narrow, prickly leaves and off-white, bell-like flowers with dark purple streaks.
Description
Pityrodia pungens is a straggling shrub which grows to a height of 40-75 cm and has branches sometimes covered with star-like hairs. The leaves are linear to narrow lance-shaped, usually 10-40 mm long, 2-4 mm wide with a sharp point on the end. The flowers are arranged singly in upper leaf axils and are shorter than the leaves. There are leaf-like bracts and lance-shaped bracteoles 4-9 mm long at the base of the flowers. The sepals are joined for less than half their length to form a bell-shaped tube with five lance-shaped, hairy lobes 4-6.5 mm long. The five petals are off-white, 10-13 mm long and joined to form a bell-like tube with five lobes on the end. The two upper lobes have dark purple streaks and are 2-3 mm long and smaller than the lower lobes. The upper lobes are shorter than or about equal to the length of the sepals. The lower middle lobe is larger than the others. The petals are glabrous except for soft hairs on the outside of the petal lobes and a dense hairy ring below the stamens. The four stamens extend slightly beyond the end of the tube, the lower pair slightly longer than the other one. Flowering occurs mainly from January to June and is followed by an oval-shaped, hairy fruit about 3 mm long and 2 mm wide.
Taxonomy and naming
Pityrodia pungens was first formally described in 1979 by Ahmad Abid Munir from a specimen collected in the Nitmiluk National Park. The description was published in Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. The specific epithet (pungens) is a Latin word meaning "sharp", "acrid", "biting" or "piercing".
Distribution
This pityrodia occurs in the northern part of the Northern Territory.
Conservation
Pityrodia pungens is classified as "least concern" under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000. | WIKI |
Access Index of List in Python (2 Examples)
In this Python tutorial you’ll learn how to access the index of an element in a Python list.
The page consists of the following topics:
So let’s get started…
Example Data
The following data will be used as a basis for this Python programming tutorial.
sample_list = ["Hello", "Dear", "Programmer", "of", "the",
"Globe", "Welcome", "to", "Statistics", "Globe"]
Our example list is called sample_list and contains ten character strings.
Example 1: Finding the Index of an Element in a List
In this example, I’ll demonstrate how to find the index of the element “Statistics” in the list. To achieve this, we can use the index() method of the list module.
print(sample_list.index("Statistics")) # getting and printing the index of "Statistics"
# 8
Since the index values start from 0 in Python programming, the ninth element in the list has an index value of 8.
Example 2: Finding all Indices of a Repeated Element in the List
This example illustrates how to find all indices of an element in a list. If there are multiple occurrences of an element in a list, we should first use the function enumerate(). This function returns a list of tuples where each element of the list is transformed to (index, value) form.
Thus, if we use the function on the sample_list we get the following output.
for tuple in enumerate(sample_list): # for loop iterating through tuples
print(tuple) # printing the tuples
# (0, 'Hello')
# (1, 'Dear')
# (2, 'Programmer')
# (3, 'of')
# (4, 'the')
# (5, 'Globe')
# (6, 'Welcome')
# (7, 'to')
# (8, 'Statistics')
# (9, 'Globe')
Then, we can use another loop to iterate through the entire list and store the indices of the value that we are searching for. If we wanted to search for the word “Globe”, then it would be as follows.
matching_indices = [i for i, x in enumerate(sample_list) if x == "Globe"] # finding all the indices
print(matching_indices) # printing the indices
# [5, 9]
Here, the for loop iterates through every tuple of the enumerated list and assigns the index to ‘i’ and the value to ‘x’ at each round. Afterwards, the value is checked if it is “Globe” and if there is a match, the indices are stored in the resulting list.
Video & Further Resources
Do you need more explanations on the examples of this tutorial? Then you might want to have a look at the following video instruction on my YouTube channel. I’m explaining the Python programming codes of this tutorial in the video:
The YouTube video will be added soon.
Furthermore, you may have a look at the other Python articles which I have published on my website.
At this point you should know how to get the index of an element in a list in Python programming. Let me know in the comments if you have further questions.
Ömer Ekiz Python Programming & Informatics
This page was created in collaboration with Ömer Ekiz. Have a look at Ömer’s author page to get more information about his professional background, a list of all his tutorials, as well as an overview on his other tasks on Statistics Globe.
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Page:Once a Week Volume 7.djvu/660
652 patience of any but an American, who naturally loves excitement, being made the object of comment, and being raised, though but temporarily, to some social eminence. To the visitor, if he be a man, the process is most trying; he is begged to sit down, one lovely bridesmaid offers him cake, another wine: all of these he must accept, and in the midst of his struggles to hold them, must balance his hat on his knees and make flattering speeches to the newly-married, a large piece of wedding-cake, tied up in white paper with satin ribbon, is brought to him, and he is begged to carry it off in memory of the happy occasion. Such a trying position is more than even British courage could face more than once in a lifetime. Excitement seems to be a necessary of life in the States. Every circumstance is made conducive to it, even a death is an occasion for a display of promiscuous sympathy, as annoying to the English as soothing to the American mind. From morning till evening a succession of visitors call to console, and on the day of the funeral the house is often so crowded that the near relations are unable to enter the “salons,” but are compelled to remain up-stairs. Everyone, however slightly acquainted with the family, may enter the house, and see the locked coffin laid in state on the dining-room table, and look at the once familiar features through the oval glass put for that purpose in the lid of the coffin. Sometimes in the case of children the funeral is long delayed, and a loving mother will ask you months after her child’s death, to look at her sweet Sally? and on your look of surprise and astonishment, will add quietly: “We take in an extra dime of ice and charcoal every day, and she is quite beautiful.”
The Americans are by no means a devout nation; during church-service there is a constant going to and fro, and, coming out of church, the ladies have to run the gauntlet of the remarks of the men drawn up in double file from the church-porch to some considerable distance down the street. A confirmation is a most unseemly display of national character. It often takes place in the evening. The entrance of the church is crowded like that of a theatre; young men lounging, chewing, smoking and spitting, discuss the appearance of the candidates for the holy rite, as if they were actresses and ballet-dancers.
Of course, the next morning’s papers contain full and particular accounts of the whole proceeding, with the most personal remarks about the confirmed.
The press is truly a nuisance in the States. The vulgarity of its tone, the coarse strictures in which it indulges on the most private affairs of life, the publicity it gives to every family detail of any exalted personage, are truly revolting. It is a matter of surprise to me that the sensible citizens who lamented over the pernicious effects of such a state of things, should have been too indolent to dispossess from the editorship of newspapers, the low Irish blackguards who brought such discredit on the nation, and fomented its worst traits—love of excitement and mean curiosity as to their neighbours’ affairs.
The advertisements in the “Washington Star,” and other daily papers, are often as amusing as original. The first thing that catches the eye, are the small, dusky-figures heading so many paragraphs, which duly describe the personal appearance of run-away slaves. Then, in immense type, you read:
“Who wants 20 undeniable dollars for 10? Apply to Messrs. Bully and Bluster, 3, Franklyn Street, Brooklyn.”
Some muff sends ten dollars, and gets back twenty genuine ones. Encouraged by success he tries a larger venture, and is rewarded with a double or treble amount in false specie; being in the wrong himself he cannot hope to obtain redress from justice, so the inventor of the dodge lines his pockets comfortably, thanks to the credulity of his neighbour.
You are also informed of the momentous fact that
“Mr. Hazard Wigg declines housekeeping, and will dispose of a likely table-boy.”
“A young lady wishes a situation as cook.”
You answer the latter advertisement, having, unlike Mr. Hazard Wigg, “gone in for housekeeping,” and a rough Irish girl answers your application in person; who, having readily adapted herself to the Yankee notions of liberty and equality, plumps herself down in the most comfortable-looking easy-chair, to interrogate you as to whether you will suit her as master or “boss,” as she calls it. This word has evidently been handed down from the old Dutch settlers, who introduced many of their own customs and manners, and certainly influenced not a little the style of house-architecture. The plan of having no sunk story, but giving up the “basement” to the servants, and either passing through the offices or else ascending a steep outside flight of steps to the first flat, is the same as that still practised in Holland. The drawing-rooms are most dreary places, no books, work, or any evidences of daily occupation are to be seen,—it is a mere talking-room. Crimson silk curtains, a gaudy carpet with an immense flowery medallion in the centre, rows of chairs placed with stiff primness down either side, and a few rocking-chairs—such is the stereotyped drawing-room all over the States. live in a snuggery up-stairs, or in their bed-rooms, surrounded by their children, who are fastened into baby-jumpers, while they tread everlastingly at sewing-machines. Another reason for the dreariness of the salon is the absence of crackling logs, or blazing coals, which are superseded by the stifling but invisible heat of a calorifère.
The great heat in summer, which renders it desirable to have deep houses, is another reason for their exceeding ugliness; the rooms are always badly proportioned, long and narrow, with windows at one end, and often the plan is so defective that there is a dark room on every floor, merely lighted from the passage. Four years ago there were but few houses which had water led into them in pipes—every drop of water had to be fetched from the neighbouring pump.
In spring the houses undergo a complete | WIKI |
User:IHabeeb085/sandbox
Mohamed Idhrees Habeebullah, a name that's been making waves in both academics and sports, was born on January 28th, 2002. He recently completed his Advance Level Examination at Zahira College Colombo with flying colors. Mohamed's academic success has opened many doors for him, and he is currently pursuing a degree in Computing (Software Engineering) at Esoft Metro Campus Colombo.
But academics is not the only area where Mohamed excels. He is also a talented cricketer who has been making a name for himself on the field. He started playing cricket for his school cricket team, Zahira College Colombo, where he quickly became a valuable member of the team. His talent, dedication, and hard work helped him secure a place in the school's first eleven, where he played a vital role in several victories.
Mohamed's exceptional performance didn't go unnoticed, and he was soon recruited by Moor's Sports Club, where he continues to play cricket today. His passion for the sport, combined with his dedication and discipline, has helped him improve his game, and he is now one of the most promising young talents in Sri Lankan cricket.
Apart from his academic and sporting achievements, Mohamed is also a humble and down-to-earth individual. He is always eager to learn and grow, and he recognizes the importance of hard work and perseverance in achieving success.
In conclusion, Mohamed Idhrees Habeebullah is a young man with a bright future ahead of him. His exceptional performance in academics and sports has made him stand out from the crowd, and he is sure to achieve even greater heights in the future. We wish him all the best in his endeavors and look forward to seeing him excel in whatever he chooses to pursue. | WIKI |
User authentication with NuxtJS and Laravel
User authentication with NuxtJS and Laravel
Conventional wisdom states that unless you know what you're doing, you should never roll your own authentication scheme when creating a website. Luckily for us, Laravel comes with Passport, a handy package if you want to start authenticating frontend interfaces via an API call. I've found that hunting around the internet I could only find custom JWT integrations for API authentication, so hopefully you will find this article useful if you want to use your frontend and hook into laravel's passport authentication.
On the server:
1. You'll need to install passport. The official docs do a good job of explaining how so run through the steps and come back when you're done.
2. You'll want to create a new LoginController.php , in this example, i've created it in app/Http/Controllers/v1/LoginController.php.
3. You'll want to add the following endpoints to your api.php: POST /v1/auth/login , GET /v1/auth/user, POST /v1/auth/logout
Example LoginController:
<?php
// LoginController.php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\v1;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
class LoginController extends Controller
{
public function login(Request $request)
{
$creds = $request->only('email', 'password');
if (!auth()->attempt($creds)) {
return response()->json(['Unauthorized.'], \Illuminate\Http\Response::HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED);
}
$user = auth()->user();
$user->tokens()->delete();
$token = $user->createToken('SPA');
return [
'user' => $user,
'token' => $token->accessToken
];
}
public function user()
{
return ['user' => auth()->user() ];
}
}
And here's an example api.php
<?php
// api.php
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| API Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register API routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| is assigned the "api" middleware group. Enjoy building your API!
|
*/
//Route::middleware('auth:api')->get('/user', function (Request $request) {
// return $request->user();
//});
Route::prefix('v1')->group(function() {
Route::post('/auth/login', 'v1\LoginController@login');
// Restricted endpoints
Route::middleware('auth:api')->group(function() {
Route::get('/auth/user', 'v1\LoginController@user');
Route::resource('users', 'v1\UserController')->except(['edit', 'create']);
});
});
For the client:
On the NuxtJS side of things you'll need to install the @nuxtjs/auth module for the whole thing to work. So add the following configuration to your nuxt.config.js
// nuxt.config.js
const pkg = require('./package')
module.exports = {
/*
** Nuxt.js modules
*/
modules: [
// Doc: https://axios.nuxtjs.org/usage
'@nuxtjs/axios',
// Doc: https://buefy.github.io/#/documentation
'nuxt-buefy',
'@nuxtjs/pwa',
'@nuxtjs/auth',
],
/*
** Axios module configuration
*/
axios: {
// See https://github.com/nuxt-community/axios-module#options
baseURL: '//homestead.test/api/v1'
},
auth: {
strategies: {
local: {
endpoints: {
login: { url: 'auth/login', method: 'post', propertyName: 'token' },
user: { url: 'auth/user', method: 'get' }
}
}
}
},
router: {
middleware: ['auth']
}
}
You'll need some place to hold the authenticated user so create store/auth.js to make the information available to the datastore.
Last but not least, create a new login.vue page so that you can actually log in.
// login.vue
<template lang="html">
<div class="container">
<b-field label="E-mail">
<b-input v-model="email" type="email" required />
</b-field>
<b-field label="Password">
<b-input v-model="password" type="password" required />
</b-field>
<button @click="login" class="button is-primary">
Login
</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
auth: false,
data() {
return {
email: '',
password: ''
}
},
methods: {
async login() {
try {
const data = { email: this.email, password: this.password }
await this.$auth.loginWith('local', { data: data })
} catch (e) {
}
}
}
}
</script>
That's pretty much it. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Georgios Kamaras Stadium
Georgios Kamaras Stadium (Στάδιο Γεώργιος Καμάρας) is a multi-purpose stadium in Athens, Greece. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Apollon Smyrnis. The stadium holds 14,200 and was built in 1948. It was used by Olympiacos for about 2 years (2002–2004) as home ground, due to the construction of their new stadium Karaiskaki. Since 2005. the stadium is named Georgios Kamaras, in honour of Georgios Kamaras, old glorious player of Apollon.
History
The stadium was built in 1948 and its inauguration took place on October 17 that year with the presence of some 10,000 fans. In 2002, Olympiacos undertook a radical renovation to use it as the temporary headquarters of its team until the construction of the new "Georgios Karaiskakis Stadium" was completed, replacing the old one in Neo Faliro, Piraeus. In 2003, Rizoupoli Stadium took its name in honor of former renowned footballer Apollon Smyrnis, Giorgos Kamaras. The stadium was one of the official training sessions for the 2004 Olympic Games. In 2005 the stadium was used as the headquarters of the National Piraeus team.
The capacity of the stadium is 14,200 seats. The spectators' record was recorded in 1973 in a match between Apollon Smyrnis and PAS Giannina with 21,231 fans on the pitch. | WIKI |
Talk:bob up
Not always in liquid, e.g. someone's head could bob up above a wall. Equinox ◑ 22:48, 27 January 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
When you need a plastic surgeon many experts recommend selecting a board-certified plastic surgeon. These surgeons have the best training and skills available when it comes to bodily enhancement, reconstruction, and rejuvenation. When you actually start looking for a surgeon, however, you may find that things get a bit confusing. What is Board Certified Plastic Surgeon? What’s the difference between a board-certified plastic surgeon and a general surgeon? When you understand what board certification is (and is not), it is easier to select a qualified doctor for your breast augmentation, liposuction, or any other cosmetic procedure. Don’t forget, if you’re looking for a board-certified plastic surgeon near Charlotte, NC we are located just 15 minutes North in Huntersville, NC. Come check us out!
What Does Board Certified Mean?
Not all doctors are board-certified. In order to practice medicine a doctor must meet minimum standards for licensure, but these standards are not part of the board certification process. Board certification relates to the specific specialty a doctor has selected (dermatology, plastic surgery, obstetrics, etc.). When a doctor receives this certification it indicates that they have met additional requirements within this specialty including testing and peer review. Since board certification is optional and requires additional work, it is a sign of excellence within that particular specialty.
Board certification is specialty-specific. This means that a board-certified dermatologist will obtain specialized training relating to skin problems and diseases while a board-certified neurologist will receive training relating to the brain. Board certification simply means that a doctor has met additional requirements within their specialty. To become a board-certified plastic surgeon five years of surgical residency is required with two years specifically focused on plastic surgery. Other surgeons might be board certified in their specialty, but they do not possess the same training as a plastic surgeon, although they may be more qualified in other areas of medicine. Plastic surgeons are experts in plastic surgery while other board-certified doctors are specialists in their own fields.
What is the Difference between a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon and a General Surgeon?
Board-certified plastic surgeons have received specific training relating to reconstruction, cosmetic enhancement, etc. General surgeons don’t have this same training. They are licensed and trained to perform surgery, but their skills are more general, not focused on cosmetic enhancement or reconstruction like a plastic surgeon. General surgeons can still offer cosmetic surgery procedures to patients (as can a variety of other doctors), but as their training isn’t specifically tailored to this type of surgery, it is simply something they can do, not something they specialize in.
What’s the Difference Between a Plastic Surgeon and a Cosmetic Surgeon?
There’s another important distinction that patients should be aware of as they seek a surgeon to help with their aesthetic procedure: the distinction between board-certified plastic surgeons, and cosmetic surgeons. Sometimes these terms seem like they are used interchangeably, but in reality, they denote very different things.
Different Levels of Accountability
One of the primary differences pertains to accountability. In order to be a board-certified plastic surgeon, you must hold yourself accountable to the standards of a recognized medical organization, made up of well-regarded physicians. This isn’t necessarily the case with cosmetic surgeons. The reason for this is that cosmetic surgery actually isn’t a recognized medical specialty; there is really no medical organization to whom a cosmetic surgeon might be held accountable.
Different Standards of Medical Training
Another area of difference is in training and ability. As we noted above, board-certified plastic surgeons have to submit to high levels of specialized training. The vetting process for board certification is rigorous, and surgeons must prove themselves in various ways to be accepted. They also maintain privileges to perform surgery within local hospital settings.
But again, there is no way to become board certified in cosmetic surgery, because it’s not a recognized medical discipline and there isn’t a certifying board. Because of this, there’s no way to verify that a self-described cosmetic surgeon has had any particular level of training or maintains any special level of skill or clinical ability.
Different Approaches to Patient Safety
The distinction between board-certified plastic surgeons and cosmetic surgeons matters for a number of reasons, foremost among them being your safety. To become a board-certified plastic surgeon, you have to get seven to nine years of training in your surgical specialty, which equips you to promote patient wellbeing at all times. By contrast, a lot of cosmetic surgeons attempt to entice patients with discounted rates on their services but this is a classic example of getting what you pay for. Simply put, there’s no way to know if these surgeons have had the necessary training or clinical experience to put patient safety first.
Differences in Professional Affiliation
One final comment about board-certified plastic surgeons versus cosmetic surgeons: when you’re working with the former, you can expect them to enjoy membership in elite medical organizations, such as the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Cosmetic surgeons may belong to organizations such as the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery, but this group simply isn’t comparable in terms of its reputability or its standards.
Find a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon in Charlotte, NC
At H/K/B Cosmetic Surgery we believe that board certification is an important way for doctors to demonstrate their expertise. All of our surgeons are board-certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. Similarly, the anesthesiologists that we use in our surgical center are also board certified.
You only get one body; make sure that you entrust it to the best each time you go under the knife. Just like you wouldn’t go to a plastic surgeon for heart surgery, you shouldn’t choose anyone but a board-certified and the best plastic surgeons in Charlotte for plastic surgery. Schedule your consultation with us at H/K/B Cosmetic Surgery today and discover what makes us a trusted name in plastic surgery in Charlotte, NC. We would love to tell you more about our advanced training, elite memberships, and the high standards of patient safety that we promote. Reach out to us whenever you’re ready to chat. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
powerPoisson: Power calculation for simple Poisson regression
Description Usage Arguments Details Value Note Author(s) References See Also Examples
View source: R/functions_poisson.R
Description
Power calculation for simple Poisson regression. Assume the predictor is normally distributed.
Usage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
powerPoisson(
beta0,
beta1,
mu.x1,
sigma2.x1,
mu.T = 1,
phi = 1,
alpha = 0.05,
N = 50)
Arguments
beta0
intercept
beta1
slope
mu.x1
mean of the predictor
sigma2.x1
variance of the predictor
mu.T
mean exposure time
phi
a measure of over-dispersion
alpha
type I error rate
N
toal sample size
Details
The simple Poisson regression has the following form:
Pr(Y_i = y_i | mu_i, t_i) = exp(-mu_i t_i) (mu_i t_i)^{y_i}/ (y_i!)
where
mu_i=exp(beta_0+beta_1 x_{1i})
We are interested in testing the null hypothesis beta_1=0 versus the alternative hypothesis beta_1=theta_1. Assume x_1 is normally distributed with mean mu_{x_1} and variance sigma^2_{x_1}. The sample size calculation formula derived by Signorini (1991) is
N=phi{[z_{1-alpha/2}sqrt{V(b_1 | beta_1=0)} +z_{power}sqrt{V(b_1 | beta_1=theta_1)}]^2}/ {mu_T exp(beta_0) theta_1^2}
where phi is the over-dispersion parameter (var(y_i)/mean(y_i)), alpha is the type I error rate, b_1 is the estimate of the slope beta_1, beta_0 is the intercept, mu_T is the mean exposure time, z_a is the 100*a-th lower percentile of the standard normal distribution, and V(b_1|beta_1=theta) is the variance of the estimate b_1 given the true slope beta_1=theta.
The variances are
V(b_1 | beta_1 = 0)=1/{sigma^2_{x_1}}
and
V(b_1 | beta_1 = theta_1)=1/{sigma^2_{x_1}} exp[-(theta_1 mu_{x_1} + theta_1^2sigma^2_{x_1}/2)]
Value
power
Note
The test is a two-sided test. For one-sided tests, please double the significance level. For example, you can set alpha=0.10 to obtain one-sided test at 5% significance level.
Author(s)
Weiliang Qiu <[email protected]>
References
Signorini D.F. (1991). Sample size for Poisson regression. Biometrika. Vol.78. no.2, pp. 446-50
See Also
See Also as sizePoisson
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
# power = 0.8090542
print(powerPoisson(
beta0 = 0.1,
beta1 = 0.5,
mu.x1 = 0,
sigma2.x1 = 1,
mu.T = 1,
phi = 1,
alpha = 0.05,
N = 28))
powerMediation documentation built on Feb. 9, 2018, 6:10 a.m. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
четверг, 26 января 2017 г.
Tips to eat right + Video
Cut down on foods and drinks that have high energy content and low in nutrients, such as soda, candy and snacks.
Tips to eat right
With different advice in the media there can be difficult to know what to eat to be healthy. See here what the Directorate of Health recommends.
Public and quality assured
Healthy everyday and a varied diet provides a good basis for good health, and helps ensure that you're getting the nutrients you need. Have a varied diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits and berries, whole grain products and fish, and limited amounts of processed meats, red meat, salt and sugar. Choose foods with limited amounts of saturated fat, sugar and salt. Look for keyhole mark when shopping. It makes it easier to put together a healthy, varied and good diet.
Balance
Have a good balance between how much energy you ingest through food and drink, and how much you consume through activity.
By maintaining normal weight also reduces the risk of health problems. If you want to lose weight, it is particularly important that you focus on what and how much you eat in relation to how physically active you are.
Good habits for healthy living
Limit your intake of foods and drinks that have high energy content and low in nutrients, such as soda, candy and snacks.
Regular physical activity helps to maintain the body's energy balance.
Fruit and vegetables
Eat at least five servings of vegetables, fruits and berries every day.
Let vegetables and fruits be included in every meal. Go exploring in the fruit and vegetable department. Taste and experiments, and select different colors.
One serving equals 100 grams, and can for example be a small bowl of salad, a carrot or a medium-sized fruit. You can use fresh, canned, frozen, and heat-treated vegetables, fruits and berries. The possibilities are many. Half of the "five a day" should be vegetables. Vary between different types of vegetables and fruits. Feel free to use tomatoes, onions, leeks and garlic.
Now it's easy to choose healthier foods
Potatoes are not included in the "five a day" but belong to a varied diet. Potatoes contain more dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals than ordinary rice and pasta. You should always choose boiled or baked potatoes.
Pulses such as beans and lentils, seeds, spices and herbs are also not included in the "five a day." These often have a high content of nutrients and belong in a varied diet.
Eat also like a small handful of unsalted nuts a day.
Rough and well
Eat whole grain products each day. For many Norwegians, wholemeal bread a natural part of everyday life. It's good because coarse grains are healthier than fine grains.
Select cereal products with high fiber content and whole grain and a low content of fat, sugar and salt. Use Keyhole and Bread scale which aids.
The coarse grain products should together provide 70-90 grams of wholemeal flour or whole grain per day.
Here are four examples of how this amount could be covered:
four slices of bread with a large proportion of wholemeal flour, for example, labeled extra coarse in Bread scale.
one platter rough cereal and two slices extra wholemeal bread.
one dish grits and one portion wholemeal pasta or fullkornsris.
two plates grits.
Read more about whole grain products here !
2 x fish
Eat fish for dinner two to three times a week. Use also like fish toppings such as smoked salmon or mackerel in tomato sauce. Fish is a wonderful commodity that can be used much. Experiment with new ways to prepare and serve fish on.
Council corresponds to total 300-450 grams of pure fish a week.
At least 200 grams should be oily fish like salmon, trout, mackerel or herring. Six orders servings of fish equals about one dinner portion. Select gladly fish products labeled with the keyhole.
Lean meat
Choose lean meats and low-fat meat products. Limit the amount of processed meat and red meat. It is wise to think about what kind of meat you choose, how much and how often you eat it. Pure ingredients is a better choice than processed meat.
Choose white meat, pure meat and lean meat with little salt. Limit the amount of processed meat that is smoked,
salted or preserved with nitrate or nitrite, such as bacon or sausage. Limit the amount of red meat and processed products of red meat to 500 grams per week. This is equivalent to two to three dinners and some meats. Red meat is meat from pigs, cattle, sheep and goats. Choose preferably keyhole labeled meat and meat products.
Milk and cheese
Leave low-fat dairy products can be a part of the daily diet. Milk and cheese are part of everyday food for many, which is good. Remember that it is wise to choose the low-fat dairy products every day.
Limit the use of dairy products high in saturated fats, such as whole milk, cream, fatty cheese and butter. Choose dairy products with low fat, salt and little added sugar.
Preferably choose dairy products labeled with the keyhole.
Grease and oil
Select edible oils, liquid margarine and soft margarine, rather than hard margarine and butter.
It is important to ensure a good fatty acid composition of the diet. Replace saturated fats with more favorable unsaturated fatty acids. A rule of thumb is that the softer the margarine and butter are at refrigerator temperature, the more unsaturated fats they contain.
Limit salt!
Choose foods with little salt, and limit the use of salt in cooking and on food. Want to put more taste of the food you make? Use spices and herbs to provide food personal taste without adding extra salt.
Processed foods contribute an average of 70-80 percent of salt intake. Therefore, choose foods and ready meals with low salinity. Look for Keyhole labeled foods and dishes when shopping.
Do not drink sugar
Avoid foods and drinks with lots of sugar everyday.
Soda, juice and sweets are the biggest sources of added sugar in the diet. They add a lot of sugar and energy but low in vitamins and minerals.
Drink water!
Choose water as a thirst quencher. Water is required to maintain normal body functions.
Plain water covers fluid needs without contributing with unnecessary calories, and therefore is the best drink when you are thirsty.
Remember activity
Youth should be physically active at least 60 minutes each day. The activity should be of high or moderate intensity. At least three times a week should activities with high intensity for increased muscle strength and strengthens bones included.
Physical activity beyond 60 minutes provide additional health benefits.
Reduce sedentary.
The activities should be as versatile as possible to ensure optimal development of physical fitness, including the influence physiological traits and qualities that condition, muscle strength, flexibility, speed, movement, reaction time and coordination. Varied physical activity provides an opportunity to develop both fine and gross motor skills. Regular physical activity has also positive effects on mental health, concentration and learning.
Comments:
Have a wonderful recipe for sound biscuits will anyone know the
I eat healthy foods and stay away from candy and other sweets. Think I'll start following these tips so that I will be even healthier.
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Can multiple clients connect to same socket Java?
Published by Charlie Davidson on
Can multiple clients connect to same socket Java?
java. You can either copy the client program in two three separate files and run them individually, or if you have an IDE like eclipse, run multiple instances from the same program. The output shown above is from a single client program, the similar results will be achieved if multiple clients are used.
Can multiple clients use the same socket?
Irrespective of stateful or stateless protocols, two clients can connect to same server port because for each client we can assign a different socket (as client IP will definitely differ). Same client can also have two sockets connecting to same server port – since such sockets differ by SRC-PORT .
How do I connect multiple clients to one server?
Socket Client Multithreading So in this Client-Server, we need the same socket library to establish a connection with the Server-Side. Now, what we need is to assign the same host and port number to the client as we defined in the Server otherwise it will not make the connection between them.
How many clients can a server socket connect to Java?
4 Answers. It’s all in the JavaDoc: The maximum queue length for incoming connection indications (a request to connect) is set to 50. If a connection indication arrives when the queue is full, the connection is refused.
How many connections can a single socket handle?
For most socket interfaces, the maximum number of sockets allowed per each connection between an application and the TCP/IP sockets interface is 65535. The exceptions to this rule are the C sockets interface and the C sockets interface for CICS®, where the maximum allowed for both of these interfaces is 2000.
How do servers handle multiple clients?
If a server uses a number of sub-processes in order to serve multiple requests by allocating each socket to one sub-process then it is known as a multi-threaded server. This is how the server handles multiple connections at a time.
Can a client connect to multiple servers Python?
Connect Multiple Clients in Python We have to create a brand new function and name it multi_threaded_client() ; this connects every client from the various address provided by the server simultaneously.
How many clients can a server Socket connect to?
On the TCP level the tuple (source ip, source port, destination ip, destination port) must be unique for each simultaneous connection. That means a single client cannot open more than 65535 simultaneous connections to a single server. But a server can (theoretically) serve 65535 simultaneous connections per client.
Is Java Socket TCP or UDP?
Yes, Socket and ServerSocket use TCP/IP. The package overview for the java.net package is explicit about this, but it’s easy to overlook. UDP is handled by the DatagramSocket class.
How many WebSocket connections can one server handle?
By default, a single server can handle 65,536 socket connections just because it’s the max number of TCP ports available. So as WS connections have a TCP nature and each WS client takes one port we can definitely say that number of WebSocket connections is also limited.
How many WebSocket connections can Nodejs handle?
The theoretical limit is 65k connections per IP address but the actual limit is often more like 20k, so we use multiple addresses to connect 20k to each (50 * 20k = 1 mil).
Categories: Helpful tips | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
题目链接
Problem Description
You are a rich person, and you think your wallet is too heavy and full now. So you want to give me some money by buying a lovely pusheen sticker which costs pdollars from me. To make your wallet lighter, you decide to pay exactly p dollars by as many coins and/or banknotes as possible.
For example, if p=17 and you have two $10 coins, four $5 coins, and eight $1 coins, you will pay it by two $5 coins and seven $1 coins. But this task is incredibly hard since you are too rich and the sticker is too expensive and pusheen is too lovely, please write a program to calculate the best solution.
Input
The first line contains an integer T indicating the total number of test cases. Each test case is a line with 11 integers p,c1,c5,c10,c20,c50,c100,c200,c500,c1000,c2000, specifying the price of the pusheen sticker, and the number of coins and banknotes in each denomination. The number ci means how many coins/banknotes in denominations of i dollars in your wallet.
1≤T≤20000
0≤p≤109
0≤ci≤100000
Output
For each test case, please output the maximum number of coins and/or banknotes he can pay for exactly p dollars in a line. If you cannot pay for exactly p dollars, please simply output '-1'.
Sample Input
3
17 8 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2015 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Sample Output
9
-1
36
题意：给了 p 表示要付的钱数，一个数列v[10],分别表示 1 ，5，10，20，50，100，200，500，1000，2000 元的钱币数量，求用尽量多的钱币刚好付清 p 元，输出钱币数。
思路：贪心，尽量用面值小的钱币去筹，但是很可能面值小的钱币不够，所以从大面值开始考虑。初始化一个前缀和sum[12]，sum[i]表示v[1]~v[i]面值的钱币和，tmp=rest-sum[i-1]，表示当前面值的钱币应该付多少，cn=tmp/v[i] ，即表示当前面值的钱币应该拿出多少张，如果tmp%v[i]！=0 ，那么cn++，因为小于v[i]的钱币无法筹出足够的钱；另外要对于P=50 钱币为 20,20,20，50 时，按照贪心策略3张20为60，所以不会取50，但是用3张20 无法筹出50元，所以必须每张面值的钱币应该多考虑一张，比如对于这样的数据：
p=1020 0 0 0 49 1 0 0 0 1 0；
代码如下：
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int v[]={,,,,,,,,,,};
int c[],sum[];
int p,ans;
void dfs(int i,int rest,int count)
{
if(rest<) return ;
if(i==) {
if(rest==) ans=max(ans,count);
return ;
}
int tmp=max(,rest-sum[i-]);
int cn=tmp/v[i]+(tmp%v[i]!=);
if(cn<=c[i]) dfs(i-,rest-cn*v[i],count+cn);
cn++;
if(cn<=c[i]) dfs(i-,rest-cn*v[i],count+cn);
}
int main()
{
///cout << "Hello world!" << endl;
int T; cin>>T;
while(T--)
{
scanf("%d",&p);
for(int i=;i<=;i++) scanf("%d",&c[i]);
sum[]=;
for(int i=;i<=;i++) sum[i]=sum[i-]+v[i]*c[i];
ans=-;
dfs(,p,);
printf("%d\n",ans);
}
return ;
}
///1020 0 0 0 49 1 0 0 0 1 0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
clachan
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) A small village or hamlet, especially in the Highlands or Western Scotland.
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) hamlet or village generally containing a church, a small cluster of cottages.
Noun
* 1) hamlet, village
* 2) cottage, hut
* 3) causeway
* 4) churchyard
* 1) churchyard | WIKI |
Traumatic Brain Injury
(Alzheimer’s Association) Traumatic brain injury results from an impact to the head that disrupts normal brain function. Traumatic brain injury may affect a person’s cognitive abilities, including learning and thinking skills.
About Traumatic Brain Injury
Falls are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury for all ages. Those aged 75 and older have the highest rates of traumatic brain injury-related hospitalization and death due to falls.
Doctors classify traumatic brain injury as mild, moderate or severe, depending on whether the injury causes unconsciousness, how long unconsciousness lasts and the severity of symptoms. Although most traumatic brain injuries are classified as mild because they’re not life-threatening, even a mild traumatic brain injury can have serious and long-lasting effects.
Traumatic brain injury is a threat to cognitive health in two ways:
1. A traumatic brain injury’s direct effects, which may be long-lasting or even permanent, can include unconsciousness, inability to recall the traumatic event, confusion, difficulty learning and remembering new information, trouble speaking coherently, unsteadiness, lack of coordination and problems with vision or hearing.
2. Certain types of traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s or another form of dementia years after the injury takes place. Learn more.
If a Head Injury Occurs
If you or someone you’re with experiences an impact to the head and develops any symptoms of traumatic brain injury, seek medical advice even if symptoms seem mild. Call emergency services for anyone who is unconscious for more than a minute or two or who experiences seizures, repeated vomiting or symptoms that seem to worsen as time passes. Also seek emergency care for anyone whose head was injured during ejection from a vehicle, who was struck by a vehicle while on foot, or who fell from a height of more than 3 feet. Even if you don’t lose consciousness and your symptoms clear up quickly, a brain injury still may have occurred.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a brain injury include:
• Unconsciousness
• Inability to remember the cause of the injury or events that occurred Immediately before or up to 24 hours after
• Confusion and disorientation
• Difficulty remembering new information
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Blurry vision
• Nausea and vomiting
• Ringing in the ears
• Trouble speaking coherently
• Changes in emotions or sleep patterns
The severity of symptoms depends on whether the injury is mild, moderate or severe.
• Mild traumatic brain injury, also known as a concussion, either doesn’t knock you out or knocks you out for 30 minutes or less. Symptoms often appear at the time of the injury or soon after, but sometimes may not develop for days or weeks. Mild traumatic brain injury symptoms are usually temporary and clear up within hours, days or weeks, but they can last months or longer.
• Moderate traumatic brain injury causes unconsciousness lasting more than 30 minutes. Symptoms of moderate traumatic brain injury are similar to those of mild traumatic brain injury but more serious and longer-lasting.
• Severe traumatic brain injury knocks you out for more than 24 hours. Symptoms of severe traumatic brain injury are also similar to those of mild traumatic brain injury but more serious and longer-lasting.
Diagnosis
Evaluations by health care professionals typically include:
• Questions about the circumstances of the injury
• Assessment of the person’s level of consciousness and confusion
• Neurological examination to assess memory and thinking, vision, hearing, touch, balance, reflexes and other indicators of brain function
Depending on the nature of the traumatic brain injury and the severity of symptoms, brain imaging with computed tomography (CT) may be needed to determine if there’s bleeding or swelling in the brain.
Causes and Risks
Falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury, and falling poses an especially serious risk for older adults. When a senior sustains a traumatic brain injury in a fall, direct effects of the injury may result in long-term cognitive changes, reduced ability to function and changes in emotional health.
Vehicle crashes are another common cause of traumatic brain injury. You can reduce your risk by keeping your vehicle in good repair, following the rules of the road, and buckling your seat belt.
Sports injuries are also a cause of traumatic brain injury. You can protect your head by wearing a helmet and other protective equipment when biking, inline skating or playing contact sports.
Other causes include:
1. Indirect forces that jolt the brain violently within the skull, such as shock waves from battlefield explosion
2. Bullet wounds or other injuries that penetrate the skull and brain
Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury
Over the past 30 years, research has linked moderate and severe traumatic brain injury to a greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or another type of dementia years after the original head injury.
• One of the key studies showing an increased risk found that older adults with a history of moderate traumatic brain injury had a 2.3 times greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s than seniors with no history of head injury, and those with a history of severe traumatic brain injury had a 4.5 times greater risk.
• Other studies — but not all — have found a link between moderate and severe traumatic brain injury and elevated risk.
• Emerging evidence suggests that individuals who have experienced repeated traumatic brain injuries (concussions) or multiple blows to the head without loss of consciousness, such as professional athletes and combat veterans, are at higher risk of developing a brain condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) than individuals who have not experienced repeated brain injuries.
• Current research on how traumatic brain injury changes brain chemistry indicates a relationship between traumatic brain injury and hallmark protein abnormalities (beta-amyloid and tau) linked to Alzheimer’s.
• Some research suggests that traumatic brain injury may be more likely to cause dementia in individuals who have a variation of the gene for apolipoprotein E (APOE) called APOE-e4. More research is needed to understand the link between APOE-e4 and dementia risk in those who’ve had a brain injury.
Does every hit to the head lead to dementia?
Not everyone who experiences a head injury develops dementia. There’s no evidence that a single mild traumatic brain injury increases dementia risk. More research is needed to confirm the possible link between brain injury and dementia and to understand why moderate, severe and repeated mild traumatic brain injuries may increase risk.
Treatment and Outcomes
The most serious traumatic brain injuries require specialized hospital care and can require months of inpatient rehabilitation. Most traumatic brain injuries are mild and can be managed with either a short hospital stay for observation or at-home monitoring followed by outpatient rehab, if needed.
Treatment of dementia in a person with a history of traumatic brain injuries varies depending on the type of dementia diagnosed. Strategies for treating Alzheimer’s or another specific type of dementia are the same for individuals with and without a history of traumatic brain injury.
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias that may occur as a long-term result of traumatic brain injury are progressive disorders that worsen over time. As with all dementias, they affect quality of life, shorten lifespan and complicate the effort to manage other health conditions effectively.
Dementia Help and Support are Available
The Alzheimer’s Association can help you learn more about Alzheimer’s and other dementias, and help you find local support services. Call our 24/7 Helpline at 800.272.3900.
Brain Injury Association of America (HDSA) is an education, advocacy and research organization that offers support to people with brain injuries and their families. Call their information center at 800.444.6443.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has a traumatic brain injury section that offers information about research studies and prevention and education programs.
Citation
http://www.alz.org/dementia/traumatic-brain-injury-head-trauma-symptoms.asp
Copyright © 2015 Alzheimer’s Association®. All rights reserved.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
sliceChromosomeByGene.py 1023 Bytes
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#!/usr/bin/env python
"""
Create a slice of a chromosome by gene.
Usage:
{command} gene
gene: Gene symbol of the gene to slice.
A slice containing the gene with 5000 upstream bases and 2000 downstream bases
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is created with the Mutalyzer SOAP web service. The resulting UD number is
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printed to standard output.
"""
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from __future__ import unicode_literals
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from mutalyzer.util import monkey_patch_suds; monkey_patch_suds()
import sys
from suds.client import Client
from suds import WebFault
from mutalyzer.util import format_usage
WSDL_LOCATION = 'http://localhost/mutalyzer/services/?wsdl'
def main(gene):
"""
Slice chromosome by gene and print UD number to standard output.
"""
service = Client(WSDL_LOCATION, cache=None).service
try:
print service.sliceChromosomeByGene(gene, 'Human', 5000, 2000)
except WebFault as message:
print message
if __name__ == '__main__':
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
print format_usage()
sys.exit(1)
main(sys.argv[1]) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Rowland--The Mountain of Fears.djvu/244
weak by this time, Deshay being perhaps the strongest, because Claud had shared his own and the hound's food with him in the hope of prolonging the dog's life. In spite of this the lad held up wonderfully, sustained by his marvellous nervous vitality.
" 'It seems to me that Dixie has earned his right to live,' said Claud, the tears streaming from his eyes. 'He has already fed us for ten days; but if you all demand that he—be killed—I will not oppose it!' He buried his face in his hands.
" 'Guess you won't!' growled Deshay. 'We do demand it'
" 'Speak for yourself, you mongrel swine!' said I, and added that I would starve before I would kill the hound or eat him, either. You see, Doctor, to my way of thinking Dixie had purchased the human right to die decently, like the brave, unselfish gentleman he was. Besides, he had the cleanest soul of any, save, perhaps, his master. What right had we to [ 228 ] | WIKI |
Introduction: Inexpensive Laptop Stand / Notebook to Desktop Convertor
Picture of Inexpensive Laptop Stand / Notebook to Desktop Convertor
I find myself using my laptop for long periods of time. It does get uncomfortable after a while. The keyboard and screen should ideally be separate to reduce neckstrain during prolonged use. If you are a full time laptop user, I suggest you build something like this that will help you raise your monitor to a near eye level. This way you can have both the keyboard and the monitor in the right positions.
Step 1: A Simple and Inexpensive File Sorter or Desktop Organizer Solves Your Problem
Picture of A Simple and Inexpensive File Sorter or Desktop Organizer Solves Your Problem
I have a sturdy file sorter that I use to organize my desk. It has a wide base and 5 slots. It is also strong enough to hold my 8lb laptop.
Step 2: Insert Laptop , Connect Keyboard and Enjoy Your Ergonomic Workspace
Picture of Insert Laptop , Connect Keyboard and Enjoy Your Ergonomic Workspace
Simply place your keyboard in the first slot and you are ready to go. No cutting or drilling required. This position rises your monitor an brings it closer to your eye level. This can reduce the strain on your neck that results from looking downwards for a long period of time.
Step 3: More Desktop Space Too!
Picture of More Desktop Space Too!
In addition to bringing the notebook to a more comfortable position , this design also frees up space on your table. It has a smaller footprint. In addition, as you are using a desktop organizer, note that your books /documents can be neatly stacked in this file sorter. This stays behind your computer, so you dont have to see it when you are working on your computer.
Comments
carlsonmark (author)2006-05-08
I was just about to do this when I realized that my laptop doesn't open wide enough to use this method :-( Cool idea though!
lukkbox (author)carlsonmark2009-03-13
your telling me there are laptops whos screens dont open all the way? hot dang! why would any designer do such a thing? i learn several new things everyday guess im spoilt having only ever owned IBM's, still a bit flabbergasted here
Psyche65 (author)lukkbox2017-01-22
Of course all laptops open all the way, look at this ... oh damn! Mine only goes to 120 degrees! Why WOULD any designer do such a thing? I'm flabbergasted too!
Kasm279 (author)carlsonmark2009-07-24
what brand is it? thats just weird...
bradclarkuk (author)2006-05-18
Strictly speaking not really FREE is it?
lol
(_)
jbrown2 (author)bradclarkuk2011-09-01
Yes free if you just go dumperst diving or check office supply stores for returned and broken ones. I have a friend that owns a supply house and he gave me, an older metal on hols up better then the plastic ones.
Lol did he say FREE? No, he said INEXPENSIVE. And if you already have one of those thingies, then in a sense, it IS free. =]
jbrown2 (author)2011-09-01
This is the BEST damn thing for laptops that I have ever seen, and the money saved on NOT having to buy a cooler can be used to buy more MONSTER drinks to play more games on the laptop.
This is a very good instruc.
jfranzen (author)2011-08-30
If you use the wire mesh one, you can mount a fan or two on the back if wanted.
axeman911 (author)2011-06-09
i ahev the exact same mouse and keyboard, weird!?
kmgater (author)2010-11-10
I did this! Thanks for the idea!
It took me awhile to find one that wasn't plastic and slots wide enough to fit my laptop. My sorter is made of metal wire and I actually ended up breaking out a middle wire so the laptop could lean back. I use the front slot for my extra keyboard so I can get everything out of the way when needed and the light weight stand makes it easy to move everything over when I need to use the laptop.
Trigger212 (author)2010-01-29
Old Dell's can do this trick :)
extratired (author)2006-10-21
genius! the ones from the stores are so expensive it's crazy...
Kasm279 (author)extratired2009-07-24
lol, not at a thrift store ;D
zaman1995 (author)2008-10-26
cooool
vinisterz (author)2006-12-22
cookbook standI found this cool cookbook stand was wondering can it hold my 15" dell.
sanityfalling (author)2006-08-21
you could just bend it to your tastes i dont think that would be to hard
deliman (author)2006-07-27
This was the first instructable I used. Very clever! I used a wire file sorter I had lying around and it instantly helped my neck pain. Thanks!!!
Magpye (author)2006-06-24
I've been using something similar for over a year now (only found this site today). You can use a cooking book stand, which only cost a few dollars, and have a good stability, so the laptop doesn't tip over backwards. Most Dells and IBM's will happily open up to the 60 deg angle required for good viewing, though some Toshibas are a bit more arthritic I've seen commercial versions of this go for over $250. I think it's called The Oyster.
santiagoc (author)2006-05-18
Some of you more skilled guys should make a similar laptop stand with hinges for changing the computer's angle (and thus height) to make it more comfortable for shorter/taller people.
zengineer (author)santiagoc2006-05-20
True, the height may not be right for most people. Luckily I could adjust the height of my chair, so that wasnt a problem. By changing the height of the chair, I can look straight at the monitor without having to bend my neck.
unclemantis (author)2006-05-09
What make and model is that file folder? I am looking on staples.com and don't see much of them that have wide enough slots. I have a Dell Inspiron 1200. Will any file folder sorter work?
About This Instructable
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Brazil's Bolsonaro criticized over plans to attend Copa final
SAO PAULO (Reuters) - Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, an admirer of Latin America’s military dictatorships, courted controversy on Friday when he said he might go to next month’s Copa Libertadores final in the Chilean stadium once used as a detention center. Rio de Janeiro club Flamengo are scheduled to play Argentine side River Plate in the final at Santiago’s National stadium on Nov. 23 and Bolsonaro’s possible attendance has upset some of the Brazilian team’s fans. The stadium has a portion of the stands sealed off as a memorial to those who were detained there and died under the 1973-1990 military regime of General Augusto Pinochet. The stadium was used as a detention and torture center for opponents of the regime following the coup that overthrew the democratically elected Salvador Allende. “I am studying the possibility, at the request of a large part of the Flamengo fans in my ministry, my government, my cabinet, to go to the final,” Bolsonaro said while on a visit to China. “I am absolutely certain we will all be Flamengo fans that day.” Bolsonaro’s appearance at the ground would be especially sensitive given his support for Pinochet and other far-right figures in the region. Bolsonaro said last month that Chile “would now be a Cuba” if not for Pinochet’s intervention and he taunted Michelle Bachelet, the former president and now UN Commissioner for Human Rights, whose father was tortured by Pinochet’s soldiers. Current Chilean president Sebastian Pinera criticized his counterpart’s lack of respect and Bachelet said she “felt sorry for Brazil.” The idea Bolsonaro might go to Chile, which is in the midst of widespread popular protests over inequality, provoked anger amongst some Flamengo supporters. “I lived in Chile,” Flamengo fan Jorge Mutti wrote on twitter. “Flamengo are popular there. My friends tell me an invite (to Bolsonaro) would lose them support.” Popular columnist Mauro Cezar Pereira said if Flamengo invite Bolsonaro to the final it would show “a lack of respect for the Chilean people.” Bolsonaro supports Palmeiras but the keen football fan has appeared at many Brazilian games wearing the shirts of other clubs, including Flamengo. He gifted Chinese Premier Xi Jinping a Flamengo tracksuit on Friday, two days after they qualified for the final for the first time since 1981 by beating Gremio 5-0. Reporting by Andrew Downie; editing by Ken Ferris | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Prairie Vole
Prairie Vole
Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Subgenus
SPECIES
Microtus ochrogaster
Population size
Unknown
Life Span
1-3 yrs
TOP SPEED
9.6 km/h
WEIGHT
30-70 g
LENGTH
125-180 mm
The Prairie vole is a small vole that lives in Central North America. It is widely found across the midwest, in grasslands and upland fields. They build underground runways alongside other voles. In North America, these animals are popular as field mice or meadow mice. They are characterized by short ears and a short tail and their yellowish fur on their underside. The Prairie vole is very similar in appearance to the meadow vole, but the latter do not have a grizzled appearance, and seldom have a yellowish belly.
Cr
Crepuscular
He
Herbivore
Fo
Folivore
Te
Terrestrial
Al
Altricial
Bu
Burrowing
Te
Territorial
Vi
Viviparous
Mo
Monogamy
Po
Polygyny
So
Social
No
Not a migrant
P
starts with
Distribution
Geography
Prairie voles inhabit northeastern New Mexico up to northern Alabama, the west part of West Virginia (the United States), and the northwest to central Alberta (Canada). They are common on prairies, ungrazed pastures, weedy areas, fallow fields, road right-of-ways, and are also sometimes in alfalfa or soybean fields. If Meadow voles live in the same area, Prairie voles are found where there is shorter, drier, and more variety of vegetation.
Climate zones
Habits and Lifestyle
The Prairie vole is a crepuscular species, though its activity periods change with the seasons. Activity during the day increases in winter and decreases during the summer. Prairie voles have three types of social arrangements: mated pairs, single females, and small communal groups, and the distribution of the social groupings varies seasonally, with more male-female pairs during warmer months and more communal behavior during the colder months. Voles have a system of runways above the ground as well as underground tunnels, spending most of their time underground. Their burrows help them to stay safe and secure from predators. These animals are good diggers and good swimmers. When threatened, they stamp their hind feet and will make noises to threaten the other vole.
Seasonal behavior
Diet and Nutrition
Prairie voles are herbivorous and their food includes the soft basal parts of grasses, roots and tubers, as well as seeds, which they may store underground. Insects are eaten when available. In winter, these voles will sometimes eat the bark of woody vegetation.
Mating Habits
MATING BEHAVIOR
REPRODUCTION SEASON
Year-round, peaks in May-October and in December-January
PREGNANCY DURATION
21 days
BABY CARRYING
3-4 pups
INDEPENDENT AGE
2-3 weeks
BABY NAME
pup
The mating of Prairie voles varies with the season, food availability, and the communal social structure. Some of the male-female pairs practice monogamy, whereas other males and females will mate with multiple partners (a polygynous mating system). This species breeds year-round except when winters and summers are severe. Most reproductive activity takes place between May and October, with the lowest levels during December and January. The gestation period is 21 days, and 3 or 4 hairless babies are born. Altricial at birth, they have their eyes and ears closed. Developing rapidly, at 5 days of old they can crawl. They eat solid foods by12 days. Weaning is at 2 to 3 weeks old and the first molt is at around 24 days old. Females are mature from 30 to 40 days, males at 35 to 45. The adult size is gained by the time they are 2 months old.
Population
Population threats
This species is faced with no major threats across its entire range. Loss of native prairies, however, is causing Prairie vole populations to decline in some upper midwest areas.
Population number
According to IUCN, Prairie vole is common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. Currently this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) and its numbers today remain stable.
Ecological niche
Due to their choice of diet, Prairie voles have an important part to play in nutrient cycling within prairie ecosystems and also as prey for many predator species (raptors, owls, snakes, weasels, foxes).
Fun Facts for Kids
• Throughout the world there are about 155 species of voles.
• The scientific name of the Prairie vole, ‘Microtus ochrogaster’, comes from the Greek, with the genus name translating as "small ear" and its specific name meaning "yellow belly".
• Prairie voles use postures to communicate with enemies or competitors. A threat is signaled by extending their head forward, chattering their teeth and raising their forefeet. Other postures consist of the upright stance, the lunge, wrestling, boxing, the chase, and retreat.
• Voles sometimes have population fluctuations as large as 14 to 500 individuals per acre.
• Voles can communicate with quiet or sharp squeals. They also communicate by using scent marks and chemical signals.
References
1. Prairie Vole Wikipedia article - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_vole
2. Prairie Vole on The IUCN Red List site - http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42631/0
More Fascinating Animals to Learn About | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ali has posted 1 posts at DZone. View Full User Profile
Autofetch - Eliminate association fetch specifications
02.27.2008
| 3388 views |
• submit to reddit
Autofetch addresses a common problem with object relational mapping tools like Hibernate: programmers have to specify the right association fetch strategies. In Hibernate, you can specify these in the configuration files or in queries (fetch joins). If you don't get it right, you can have poor preformance becauase you make too many round-trips to the database. In the worst case you get the n+1 selects problem. Even if the programmer gets the association fetch strategy correct for each query the program's modularity is compromised because changes in the traversal pattern of the program require changes in their correpsonding queries. This is especially apparent when your traversals take place in the view layer and your query code is in the data layer. Now there is an implicit performance dependency between the two.
Autofetch addresses this by automatically adding the right association fetch directives into your queries. It dynamically monitors a program's traversals off of query results and classifies queries to figure out what associations need to be fetched/prefetched. Programs are easier to write and more modular. It is designed to integrate with any object persistence framework, but right now there is only a Hibernate connector. The library is open source LGPL and the website is http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~aibrahim/autofetch/. The details of Autofetch were published in ECOOP 2006. Let me know if you have questions.
0
Average: 3 (1 vote)
Published at DZone with permission of its author, Ali .
(Note: Opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of DZone, Inc.) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Cather--One of ours.djvu/444
430 of drawers, with a mirror attached to the top. In the narrow space between the bottom of this piece of furniture and the floor, he could see a pair of boots. It was possible there was but one man in the room, shooting from behind his movable fort,—though there might be others hidden in the corners.
“There’s only one fellow in there, I guess. He’s shooting from behind a big dresser in the middle of the room. Come on, one of you, we’ll have to go in and get him.”
Willy Katz, the Austrian boy from the Omaha packing house, stepped up and stood beside him.
“Now, Willy, we’ll both go in at once; you jump to the right, and I to the left,—and one of us will jab him. He can’t shoot both ways at once. Are you ready? All right—Now!”
Claude thought he was taking the more dangerous position himself, but the German probably reasoned that the important man would be on the right. As the two Americans dashed through the door, he fired. Claude caught him in the back with his bayonet, under the shoulder blade, but Willy Katz had got the bullet in his brain, through one of his blue eyes. He fell, and never stirred. The German officer fired his revolver again as he went down, shouting in English, English with no foreign accent,
“You swine, go back to Chicago!” Then he began choking with blood.
Sergeant Hicks ran in and shot the dying man through the temples. Nobody stopped him.
The officer was a tall man, covered with medals and orders; must have been very handsome. His linen and his hands were as white as if he were going to a ball. On the dresser were the files and paste and buffers with which he had kept his nails | WIKI |
Page:Life and journals of Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by.djvu/261
this morning, Thomas Bigcanoe came and asked if I would allow him to return with his father to Saugeen, and give the Indian brethren there further instruction in religion, and take a watchful oversight of them. I quite approved of the suggestion, and exhorted him to be faithful, and gave him advice how he was to conduct himself, and the meetings amongst his relatives and friends. The wind being in our favour we set sail about 6 in the morning, and made great speed, and at 2 discovered the landing place of the hunters. There were two wigwams containing six families. After laying down our packs we shook hands with them, and then we proceeded to pitch our tent. We found they were well supplied with venison, and we were soon visited by an Indian woman with a fine shoulder of venison, and, shortly after, two more were brought to us, on which we feasted, as our stock of provisions was nearly exhausted, and we were all very hungry. Before night we notified them that we would be glad to meet them at one spot and tell them the object of our visit to them. The men came with their lighted pipes and sat down in a group on the ground. I requested Thomas Smith to speak first, as he was the oldest man in our company. When T. Smith had finished his talk I gave the Indians a short account of the work of God amongst the Indian tribes in different parts of the Province. Our auditors paid good attention and responded at the end of each sentence with the usual exclamation — aahe. Win. Herkimer closed by singing and prayer, and informed them that we would again speak to them to-morrow morning.
Wednesday 29th. — W. Herkimer and T. Smith went out hunting early this morning. Mr. Herkimer returned, having killed an old wolf; but Brother Smith returned about 9,, with a fine, fat buck. We thanked God for this seasonable supply for our poor bodies. Very rainy all the afternoon. At noon the weather cleared up. We then invited our pagan | WIKI |
Talk:Gyda River
To Do
--Thevictorator95 (talk) 23:15, 26 April 2021 (UTC)
* Check grammar or problems in the translation
* Find English sources or check more Russian sources
* Add images. In Russian wiki, there're images related to the river. | WIKI |
Scotland's Futures Forum
Scotland's Futures Forum (Fòram Alba air Thoiseach) is a think tank set up by the Scottish Parliament. It has the aim of looking beyond the immediate electoral cycle to consider the opportunities and problems that the country might face.
History
The forum was launched in August 2005, with the first meeting chaired by Presiding Officer George Reid.
Purpose
According to the Parliament:
* 'Scotland's Futures Forum, the Scottish Parliament's initiative to develop strategic thinking on the issues which will shape Scotland's future, moves forward today with the announcement of the eight individuals who will make up the Forum's board of directors. The Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body (SPCB) has agreed to create a new company, with the SPCB as the sole member, which extends the Parliament's outreach and participation work to academia, the arts, blue chip companies, civic Scotland and entrepreneurs. Leading figures from the private and public sectors have volunteered their services on a two year initial basis.'
In 2007 the forum considered matters such as ageing and addiction. In 2013, together with the Goodison Group, they published a report on future of education in Scotland.
Board of directors
In 2022 the directors are:
* Alison Johnstone MSP, Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament (Chair)
* Maggie Chapman MSP
* Kirsten Hogg, Head of Policy & Research at SCVO
* Diarmaid Lawlor, Associate Director (Place) at the Scottish Futures Trust
* Sarah Munro, Director of the Baltic Mill Centre for Contemporary Art
* Stuart McMillan MSP
* Esther Roberton, Chair of Fife Cultural Trust, Director of the Fife Housing Group
* Alex Rowley MSP
* Brian Whittle MSP | WIKI |
Waste Connections Q1 Earnings Surpass Estimates, Revenues Rise Y/Y
Waste Connections, Inc. WCN reported impressive first-quarter 2025 results, wherein earnings and revenues outpaced the Zacks Consensus Estimates.
The stock price has not witnessed any significant impact of the earnings beat since the company released results on April 23.
Waste Connections’ adjusted earnings (excluding 20 cents from non-recurring items) of $1.13 per share surpassed the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 5.6% and increased 8.7% year over year. Revenues of $2.2 billion beat the consensus estimate marginally and grew 7.5% from the year-ago quarter.
WCN shares have gained 11.6% over the past six months, outperforming the industry's 5.5% rally and the 1.8% decline of the Zacks S&P 500 Composite.
Waste Connections, Inc. price-consensus-eps-surprise-chart | Waste Connections, Inc. Quote
The Solid Waste Collection segment’s revenues grew 7% year over year to $1.6 billion and surpassed our estimate of $1.5 billion. The Solid Waste Disposal and Transfer segment’s revenues increased marginally from the year-ago quarter to $658 million and missed our projection of $713.7 million.
The Solid Waste Recycling segment’s revenues increased 25.1% on a year-over-year basis to $61.3 million. The figure beat our estimate of $58 million. The Intermodal and Other segment’s revenues gained 54% from the year-ago quarter to $150.9 million, which outpaced our projection of $63.5 million.
The E&P Waste Treatment, Recovery and Disposal segment’s revenues declined 6% from the year-ago quarter to $46.5 million, missing our estimate of $179.2 million.
Adjusted EBITDA in the reported quarter was $712.2 million, up 9.5% from the year-ago quarter. The adjusted EBITDA margin was 32%, which increased 60 basis points from the year-ago quarter.
Operating income totaled $390.2 million compared with the year-ago operating income of $366.8 million.
Waste Connections exited the first quarter of 2025 with cash and cash equivalents of $111.2 million compared with $62.4 million at the end of the preceding quarter. The long-term debt was $8.4 billion compared with the preceding quarter’s $6.7 billion.
In the reported quarter, WCN generated $541.5 million in cash from operating activities. The adjusted free cash flow was $332.1 million. Capital expenditure totaled $212.5 million. The company paid out $81.5 million worth of dividends in the quarter.
For the second quarter of 2025, Waste Connections expects revenues of $2.37-$2.40 billion. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for revenues is pegged at $2.40 billion. The company expects adjusted EBITDA of $777-$785 million. The EBITDA margin is anticipated to be 32.7%.
Waste Connections carries a Zacks Rank #4 (Sell) at present.
You can see the complete list of today’s Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.
Automatic Data Processing, Inc. ADP reported impressive third-quarter fiscal 2025 results.
ADP’s earnings per share of $3.06 beat the consensus estimate by 3.4% and increased 6.3% from the year-ago quarter. (Find the latest EPS estimates and surprises on Zacks Earnings Calendar.)
Total revenues of $5.6 billion surpassed the consensus estimate by 1.1% and grew 5.7% on a year-over-year basis.
The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. IPG has reported mixed first-quarter 2025 results.
IPG’s adjusted earnings of 33 cents per share surpassed the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 10% but decreased 8.3% from the year-ago quarter.
Revenues before billable expenses (net revenues) of $2 billion missed the consensus estimate by a slight margin and declined 8.3% year over year.
Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free report
Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (ADP) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. (The) (IPG) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Waste Connections, Inc. (WCN) : Free Stock Analysis Report
This article originally published on Zacks Investment Research (zacks.com).
Zacks Investment Research | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
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Foreign key constraint checking
In MatrixOne, foreign_key_checks is a system variable that controls the checking of foreign key constraints. This variable can be global or session level. When set to 1 (the default), MatrixOne checks the integrity of the foreign key constraint, ensuring the referential integrity of the data. If set to 0, these checks are skipped.
Note
What is inconsistent with MySQL behavior is that when foreign key constraint checking is turned off, the parent table is deleted and MySQL does not delete the foreign key relationship of the child table referencing the parent table, but MatrixOne deletes the foreign key relationship of the child table referencing the parent table and reestablishes the foreign key relationship after rebuilding the parent table.
View foreign_key_checks
Use the following command in MatrixOne to view foreign_key_checks:
--global mode
SELECT @@global.foreign_key_checks;
SHOW global VARIABLES LIKE 'foreign_key_checks';
--session mode
SELECT @@session.foreign_key_checks;
SHOW session VARIABLES LIKE 'foreign_key_checks';
Set foreign_key_checks
Set foreign_key_checks in MatrixOne with the following command:
--Global mode, reconnecting the database takes effect
set global foreign_key_checks = 'xxx'
--session mode
set session foreign_key_checks = 'xxx'
Examples
mysql> SELECT @@session.foreign_key_checks;
+----------------------+
| @@foreign_key_checks |
+----------------------+
| 1 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
create table t2(a int primary key,b int);
create table t1( b int, constraint `c1` foreign key `fk1` (b) references t2(a));
insert into t2 values(1,2);
mysql> insert into t1 values(3);--When foreign key constraint checking is turned on, values that violate the constraint cannot be inserted
ERROR 20101 (HY000): internal error: Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails
mysql> drop table t2;--Parent table cannot be deleted when foreign key constraint checking is turned on
ERROR 20101 (HY000): internal error: can not drop table 't2' referenced by some foreign key constraint
set session foreign_key_checks =0;--Turn off foreign key constraint checking
mysql> SELECT @@session.foreign_key_checks;
+----------------------+
| @@foreign_key_checks |
+----------------------+
| 0 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1 values(3);--When you turn off foreign key constraint checking, you can insert values that violate constraints
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> drop table t2;--When you turn off foreign key constraint checking, you can delete the parent table.
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> show create table t1;--Delete the parent table and the foreign key constraints are also deleted
+-------+--------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+--------------------------------------------+
| t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`b` INT DEFAULT NULL
) |
+-------+--------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table t2(n1 int);--Rebuild the deleted parent table t2 with the original foreign key reference columns of the child table.
ERROR 20101 (HY000): internal error: column 'a' no exists in table ''
mysql> create table t2(n1 int,a int primary key);--Contains referenced primary key column a, rebuild successful
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show create table t1;--After rebuilding t2, the foreign key relationship is automatically re-established
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`b` INT DEFAULT NULL,
CONSTRAINT `c1` FOREIGN KEY (`b`) REFERENCES `t2` (`a`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy/Archive 17
Change in policy
I'd like to propose a change in Wikipedia's policy.
Sometimes a new editor can put hours, and sometimes even days, into researching sources, checking for the sources' reliability, writing the main content of the article in the most professional way they know how, and tediously inputting the Wiki markup language so that everything falls into place, only to have their hard work deleted completely five days later because the entire article itself is something that Wikipedia isn't, instead of being transferred to the most appropriate wiki. This can discourage many authors, and may lead them to say "Ah, screw this. I don't care anymore." The last thing we want is to scare potential editors away.
My proposition is this: If a good faith article has obviously been worked hard on (signs include a large amount of content, plenty of sources, however unreliable, and professional style of writing), rather than just apparently thrown together in a matter of minutes (an hour at max), should never ever be completely deleted, but rather transwikied. This will ensure that the author's hard work does not go to waste, and will encourage them to continue their editing. Effortless articles can still be deleted, but deleting articles that the author went to great lengths to create will only encourage them to retire from editing.
Please discuss.Dstebbins (talk) 15:49, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* It sounds reasonable to me, but the implementation details may prove problematic. Would you be OK with moving the articles out of mainspace into a "to-be-transwiki'ed" queue as the result of an AfD debate, from which they would then be completely deleted once confirmation of a successful transwiki had been received? Jclemens (talk) 15:57, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* This would not be possible as policy for a number of reasons, perhaps the most obvious of which being that not every deleted article has another wiki it can reasonably be transwikied to. We also can't directly transwiki to any wiki that isn't GDFL compliant, for legal reasons. Additionally, we must remember that outside wikis have their own rules and policies, and it wouldn't be very nice of us to simply dump our unwanted articles on them. For these reasons and others, transwiki is used only sparingly as an AfD action. However, keep in mind that most admins will happily forward good-faith deleted articles to the author if the author wishes to transwiki the material themselves. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 16:04, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* How about, instead of having to go through an admin to get their articles, they have access to all the articles they wrote without going through the edit history (edit history doesn't let you copy and paste beyond a single paragraph at a time), so they can easily get their article for self-transwikiing without having to bitch to an admin. How's that?Dstebbins (talk) 18:30, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* That was proposed not long ago and pretty soundly rejected. Asking an admin is easy and if you don't feel like doing that you can always ask at WP:DRV for a copy of a deleted article. So long as it's a good-faith request you'll have it back within minutes. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 18:35, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* Agreed not a good idea, because just what wiki would you think most of the well worked on articles for totally non notable people and organizations belong in? As for making it available, the proosal for non admins to have access to deleted articles in most cases continues to be discussed elsewhere.I favor it for editor in good standing. DGG (talk) 23:47, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
Proposed guideline: Guide to image deletion
There is a proposed new guideline at Guide to image deletion gathering together image deletion processes currently spread through other pages. Please provide feedback if interested. Thank you. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 17:01, 10 October 2008 (UTC)
* I have added a "seealso" to this guide from the processes section, since that guideline gives specific information about how to follow through with some of the image deletion processes. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:16, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
Suggested policy revision
I suggest modifying the proposed deletion section to require that some explanation be given for the removal of the PROD tag, especially in the case of an anonymous IP editor. Given the high rate of vandalism perpetrated by IP editors, there is no way to know whether they actually disagree with the deletion of the article or are simply vandalizing, or if they simply do not understand the process. It seems like a waste of the community's time and resources to go through an AFD on the basis of possible vandalism. It seems reasonable to require at least a basic explanation. Otto4711 (talk) 08:05, 18 October 2008 (UTC)
Redirect prodding
Just checking, can article redirects be prodded? I have a fairly large number of questionable cross namespace redirects and the rate of 4 a day at RFD is getting a bit slow. MBisanz talk 16:53, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* No. Redirects just don't get enough attention or traffic to get noticed the same way that a prod tag gets noticed on an active article. RfD works fine. Rossami (talk) 19:39, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* Hmm, it doesn't say that in the current policy, either here or at Proposed deletion. MBisanz talk 19:45, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* That's odd. It used to. Though I'm having trouble remembering exactly which page held that prohibition. Give me a few days to dig around, please. Rossami (talk) 19:48, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* Ok, I'll hold off for a bit. MBisanz talk 19:58, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* As the proposed deletion policy states, only articles are eligible for proposed deletion. Redirects are not articles and so are ineligible. The policy used to explicitly state that redirects are not eligible, but this language was removed in one of the innumerable rewordings of this policy page. Spacepotato (talk) 20:14, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* It really ought to say that somewhere. AFAIK the prod template would work on a redirect without generating the error text. MBisanz talk 20:19, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
* I agree with Rossami on this one, so I'm going to go add some specific language back into the policy. Cheers. lifebaka++ 18:13, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
I can't see the harm in allowing prods for redirects, the people who patrol the prod nominations would pick up any bad ones, and anyone who misses the prod and find the redirect deleted would be free to recreate it. Plus, when the prod expires, the admin does not HAVE to delete it, he can decline it. OK, so there would not be quite as much scrutiny as with an article, but then there's a lot let loss if some get deleted. Remember a prod is contestable at any point even after deletion.--Scott MacDonald (talk) 01:31, 26 October 2008 (UTC)
"Procedural keep"
Are these votes on Articles for deletion/Texas Railroad Museum (2nd nomination) valid? The nominator said there are no reliable sources, and I took a look and agreed. If it had been taken to DRV, the no consensus probably would have been upheld. If the votes are valid, how long does one need to wait? --NE2 03:31, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
* Generally waiting a month or so is good. It keeps everyone happy. I've closed Articles for deletion/Texas Railroad Museum (2nd nomination) as the nominator took the issue to deletion review. Cheers. lifebaka++ 18:10, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
courtesy deletion for a friend
I hope the question is in ther right place: A friend of mine who had an academic position got an article written on him by a student of his. After a clear non-notability AfD discussion it was deleted, but the archived page is easily googled. My friend is a bit embarrased by this and prefers the whole story disappear, and blanking will just leave it on google. 2 questions: Is this grounds for a deletion request (it not a severe "emotional distress" case)? Second, assuming a no, is "courtesy blanking" (using Template:Afd-privacy) an act a friend can do, or am I ethically expected to ask a 3rd party to do it? DGtal (talk) 21:10, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
* I don't see a problem with you courtesy blanking it. If you don't feel comfortable, I can do it. Protonk (talk) 21:23, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
* Thanks for answering the 2nd question. What is the answer to the first one? DGtal (talk) 21:32, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
* When you say the "archived page", are you talking about the archived AfD discussion? If so, the answer is no, that is not grounds for deletion of the AfD debate. We've found too much need to refer to those pages again and again. Courtesy-blanking of the debate has always been sufficient to meet people's privacy concerns. And as Protonk said, pretty much anyone can courtesy-blank a discussion as long as there is some good-faith reason spelled out in the edit summary. (If you're talking about the google cache or any other archive outside of Wikipedia - and there are many, there's unfortunately nothing we can do.) Rossami (talk) 21:46, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
Speedy deletion -- a loophole giving carte blanche to admins?
I recently changed the policy to some disagree. I was reverted citing a "legal issue of copyright and libel". The thing is, Wikipedia has never been sued, and AFDs usually end quickly. On Wikipedia we err on the side of group consensus in major things like deletions. Speedy deletions are intended to be uncontroversial, and if they aren't, then clearly the libel or copyright is not so obvious.
An example is Simple Green. I helped to write this article and added a couple references. It was recently deleted, carte blanche, by [User talk:Akradecki]], an admin who seems to abuse speedy deletions to destroy articles, citing "copyvio" when in fact there is no copyright violation. A user disagreed with Akradecki, who directed that user to Deletion review, but the user said he was too tired/busy to write up the report. This is not uncommon.
The legal issue is bogus. A week, usually two days, is not going to matter in terms of legal liability. We need to err on the side of group consensus in deletions. II | (t - c) 22:11, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* Actually, Wikimedia has been sued. Anyhow, if an article is speedy deleted, contact the deleting admin and if you still feel it shouldn't have been deleted, visit Deletion Review. It's the current process and I don't see any reason to change it. - Rjd0060 (talk) 22:14, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* (ec)It was actually deleted as advertising, if you check the log. Jennavecia deleted some of the revisions of the page as copyvio, but not all of them. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 22:15, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* (ec)Akradecki is not 'destroying' anything - (s)he's simply carrying out what should be carried out, as per the policies which have been decided by the community. They might be controversial from time to time, to a few users - but this was only controversial to the people who edited the article, not to anyone else who's looked at the case. WP:DRV is the correct way to ask for a deletion review - and if the article is deemed fine, then it can be put back up. Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry (talk) 22:19, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* The problem with deletion review is that 1) all the people who had Simple Green on their watchlist can't see the review. That's why we have AfDs, so that people who are watchlisting the article can weigh in. Deletion review gets a lot less traffic. So let's walk through the process. Akradecki suddenly speedy deletes the article without even putting up a template for people to weigh in. There's a decent chance that people don't notice it is gone -- Simple Green was edited heavily for years, so it was noticed, but newer articles have only a couple editors. Then, when people do notice, half of them are too lazy/busy to ask for it back. When a couple do, they get directed to Deletion review, which is another hurdle. Half of them make it to deletion review. When it does go to deletion review, there's a chance that nobody will even comment on it aside from the deleting admin.
* It's just a plain bad process, and it doesn't make any sense. AfDs and consensus do not take that long to resolve. The Seigenthaler incident was up for MONTHs, and we didn't get sued over that. The legal defense really doesn't make any sense.
* Yes, it was deleted as "copyvio". As I said, I edited that article, and I didn't copy anything. So clearly the admins aren't reading very carefully there. Also, the proper way to handle copyright violations is to delete that text from the article in an edit, not delete the article. Also, User_talk:Akradecki has a history of bypassing the AfD proces for controversial deletes, as you can see on the talk page. This is not acceptable. II | (t - c) 22:24, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* It's time to start the article from scratch. The previous one was grown from a bad seed... and there is no way to preserve the the article without violating our own GFDL. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 22:31, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* I looked at the article history and there were two sections that were taken word for word. In the history section, 90 percent of the text was taken from and this was present in the many reversions of the article. Second, the health information/hazards was taken from this page, however, since it is a website hosted by the United States Government, this information can be considered public domain. But, once again, this was not cited in the article text in the last version, nor in various edits earlier. I do not know who added this information, but I honestly believe that if this has to be written about, this needs to be done with a new article, started from scratch. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 22:34, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* What are you talking about? If I'm to believe your reasoning, if someone adds a copyright violation to an article, it must be deleted? This is really just astounding to me. I didn't realize how huge of a deletion loophole CSD presented. The article and its history should be preserved. If anything, keeping the copvio in the history of the article prevents it from happening again. Could someone userfy the article for me at User:ImperfectlyInformed/Simple Green, since the deleter is away on vacation? Regardless of Simple Green, the fact remains that libel and copyright violation, if disputed, need to be decided by group consensus. The very small extended liability of a few days is far outweighed by the importance of maintaining our consensus approach to deletion. II | (t - c) 22:36, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* As a rule, if a fair bit of the article is copyrighted, then yes, we delete it, so that ordinary users can't access the copyright violation. The article and history are preserved, but only administrators etc can view it. Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry (talk) 22:40, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* Is that rule policy? It seems quite poorly thought out. II | (t - c) 22:42, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* Policy is to consider other alternatives to deletion. If a "fair bit" of the article is copyright, then first remove that fair bit, and see if what remains can be justified as an article.--Kotniski (talk) 22:45, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* If not, then delete and start again. There are many ways to deal with a copyvio, and all of them are either written down at Copyright violations or been common practice. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 22:50, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* Often times we can delete back to the "most recent good version" and salvage much of the work. In this case there are no "clean" versions. Yes, I know it sucks. It sucks the chrome off a trailer hitch. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 22:55, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
Of course, it's really up to the admin to decide what is "a fair bit". It's also up to the deleting admin whether or not to userfy, or which version to userfy. So the "regular users" are really left at nothing when they decide whether the article could be recovered, based on the past versions and history -- since the past versions and history aren't available. And when a user goes to appeal at deletion review, they appeal to a very small, busy audience, most likely with no experience with the article. If people at deletion review are lucky enough to be admins, so they can look at the article, they probably also have a bias for the "common practice" of deleting articles which have "a fair bit" of copyright violation. The admins will state their opinions that the article was "90%" copyright -- based on the one version they glanced at, most likely. Of course these statements cannot be verified by regular users. What an interesting process. II | (t - c) 23:01, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* We get asked to view deleted articles all of the time, so it is not a problem if you ask me or the other 1000 or so admins that crawl around here. I was told about this article from another admin, who wondered why is this a a copyvio. So, I looked at the text and I did a few Google searches to find the problem sites. Anyways, in the near future, I really think that if people want to delete the article for it being a copyvio, cite the website where it comes from. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 23:20, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* (e/c) And the audience at AFD is going to be so much more knowledgeable and have more time to spend reviewing the article? An average day usually has 3-5 DRVs and 90-120 AFDs - which process is more likely to attract well thought-out, well-researched answers, and which is more likely to attract a cookie-cutter response based on a quick review? DRVs almost always get more comments than AFD. Many AFDs close with only 1-2 comments. And heaven forbid people are biased toward proper application of policy. Please remember that WP:AGF applies to dealing with admins. In the time spent arguing with the deleting admin and trying to change policy, the article could have easily been rewritten to use sources properly - summarizing and paraphrasing instead of direct copy-and-paste. Mr.Z-man 23:27, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* I certainly agree with citing the website -- I presume you mean in the log, if there's space? And actually, the article wasn't deleted for copyright violation. It was deleted for being "blatant advertising" after it was stripped of copyright violations so that it could be built up again with what existed. I know that this can't be the whole story because I added sourced material which was the opposite of advertising, and certainly not copyright, sometime about a year ago. Somehow this was missed. Anyway, I know there was a material safety data sheet referenced in that article which you haven't pointed out. It's going to be a hassle to track it down again. There may have been other references related to its possible toxicity. That's why deleting articles which have been around for a while and heavily-edited by users who are not inserting copyright violations is bad form. I took an interest in this article for the exact same reason that Neil916 did: it is a product is probably greenwashed, and I wanted consumers to have the rundown on the product at hand.
* Relying on individuals to be right is directly contrary to the spirit of Wikipedia. Individuals push agendas, and admins have itchy trigger fingers and short attention spans like anyone else. That's why the powers granted by CSD for sudden and difficult-to-reverse deletions are extremely alarming. If admins were forced to restore contested CSDs, then the problem could be resolved out in the open without having to jump through hoops and go through lengthy explanations. As it is, I have to trust that admins aren't missing the edit where the copyright violation is inserted over the genuine article, and I prefer to verify things myself. Subjective criteria, as was used to justify the speedy of Simple Green, is even worse, and I've raised the issue of the CSD page Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion.
* Also, the stated policy on "only if the history is unsalvageably corrupted should it be deleted in its entirety; earlier versions without infringement should be retained". Since I, and I know several others, added referenced content to this article, it cannot have been unsalvageable. II | (t - c) 23:36, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* Err, no, assuming people have "itchy trigger fingers" and are pushing agendas is contrary to the collaborative nature of Wikipedia. Note that just because you added referenced content does not mean that its salvageable. If you added the content to a version that contained copyright violations, without removing the copyright violations, its still unsalvageable. Mr.Z-man 00:35, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm a bit late to the party, I know, but I'd just like to say one thing. In my experience, the vast majority of editors who work at DRV are admins. There's always a non-admin or two who are regulars, and as non-regulars appear often enough, but generally the audience you'll get there is capable at reading consensus and knowledgeable about the various deletion policies. We also tend slightly towards the "process is good" side of things. So, generally, if you bring a deletion to DRV that you think is wrong, we'll either agree and have it overturned or tell you why the deletion was correct. Cheers. lifebaka++ 16:10, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
Can someone remind me whether deletion of a page automatically causes it to be removed from watchlists? If not, then it seems we can make a slight improvement to the process, by saying that when a deletion comes up for review, the page is temporarily recreated (and re-deleted) with an edit summary informing those watching it that a review is in progress. (And similarly for the AfD entry, so that those who are watching that are informed of the review as well.)--Kotniski (talk) 23:42, 1 November 2008 (UTC)
* I don't know, but I think the article remains watchlisted. I suggested some sort of code for notifying people of a DRV a few months ago, and people at the pump agreed with me, but none of us were programmers and as usual, nothing happened (my fault as much as anyone else's). I found out today on Akradecki's talk page that userfication can contain the history -- I'd only seen userfied articles of the most recent version. So that's good. Probably the easiest thing to do is restore the actual page while a DRV is happening so people can view it, and slap a tag on it, rather than userfying. I expect people would object to that for "legal reasons", although it really is a silly objection. II | (t - c) 00:19, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* It appears in your watch list as a red link. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 07:47, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* In that case, then, my proposed solution should work. Can we add this as a step in the deletion review process? --Kotniski (talk) 08:20, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* Legal reasons are not a silly objection. Why you seem to think Wikimedia is immune from legal issues I do not know. Wikipedia does receive DMCA takedown notices – we quickly delete the offending content, everyone is happy, few people notice. In 2006, the French Wikiquote project was completely deleted and restarted due to copyright problems. The reason we don't have more problems is because we are so quick to remove copyright violations. The only thing that's going to make an angry copyright holder more angry is seeing material, that he thought was deleted, restored so it can be discussed for 5 days. Mr.Z-man 08:09, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* Is it any better if it is restored as a userfication? An exception for the case of copyright violations in which a DMCA notice has been given can easily be made. II | (t - c) 21:28, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* No. Copyrighted content is not allowed. Period. End of story. It's called Federal (and in some cases International) Law. Hers fold (t/a/c) 21:38, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* Fine. An exception for copyrighted articles. But I'll remind you that if the copyright is disputed, then the question remains as to whether there actually is copyright. And in a world where Wikipedia is increasingly copied, this problem will become larger and larger. The benefits of letting people view an alleged copyright openly for a few days (or even a few hours -- since obvious copyright issues will be decided quickly) far outweigh the risks. And I highly doubt anyone would win a legal lawsuit over such a small issue. You seem to think that the law is fundamentally unreasonable, super-fast moving, ect, and that people are just waiting to pounce on Wikipedia. It's just not the way the world works. II | (t - c) 21:43, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm very sorry if this seems blunt, but you are completely wrong. Under US Law (which we follow because our servers are in Florida), everything is automatically under copyright unless it is explicitly released by the creator (such as what happens when you make any edits here - you "irrevocably agree to release your contributions under the terms of the GFDL."). Law does often appear to be quite unreasonable, and in some cases has the swiftly-moving vengeance of a woman scorned. In case you were wondering, there are people waiting to pounce on us as well. We do get legal notices. We do block people who make legal threats - much more often than you may think. Copyright is non-negotiable, and we will always investigate cases where it is disputed carefully. You may want to see WP:COPY for our procedures on that. You may learn something in the process. Hers fold (t/a/c) 22:15, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* What are you talking about? I didn't say that written work is not automatically copyrighted. What was I wrong about? As far as your beliefs about the threats of lawsuits, you can believe what you want, but the worst thing to happen to Wikipedia was the Seigenthaler incident, and we were not sued over that. The liability (in terms of dollar damages) of putting up a copyrighted work would not be large. The chances that a jury or a judge in a civil court would even award damages for a copyrighted work being put up for a few hours to a few days is slim to zero. As I said, an exception could easily be made for those instances where a DMCA notice is given to Wikimedia by the copyright holder. Until that happens, there is no major legal pressure -- in fact there is no real legal pressure at all. Read up on the DMCA. It is unfortunate that your paranoia leads you to advocate a less transparent and efficient Wikipedia process, but don't presume that you are stating facts and I am not, or that you understand the law and I do not. II | (t - c) 22:30, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* I tend to agree with II here. Wikipedia's Fair Use and copyright policies are written not to allow editors to barely skirt the bounds of copyright law but to be safely and comfortably clear of any possible violations. As such, they tend to be really, really stifling in comparison to what could be policy were we to be more realistic about copyright law. He is also right that DMCA takedown actions are evidence that wikipedia is only an OTRS request aware from avoiding legal trouble. However, this discussion is not likely to change the copyright policy (and it is written the way it is for good reason, IMO) and does not change the reasons why G12 is a speedy criteria--single copy/paste copyright violations from other websites are both against the stated policy and inimical to the construction of a reliable, free reference work. If G12 is observed scrupulously, the deletions made under it should be relatively uncontroversial. G11 is a touch more subjective, though (IMO) not enough to warrant changing it. Advertisements, like copyvios hurt our ability to build a reliable reference work. They taint public perception of wikipedia and provide the implication that we may be used as a venue for promotion. These two speedy criteria are acceptable if they are read narrowly, applied consistently and subject to review. I don't think that either of these need to be remanded to AfD or some other long term forum simply because we get too many of them. The volume of AfD is roughly 100 pages a day. That's 3,000 pages a month. The average, in 2007, for pages deleted per month was about 40,000. The vast majority of those were speedy deletions, either for images or articles. We simply don't have the capacity to intelligently review 1,300 articles per day in a community fashion. So we leave a subset of explicitly non-controversial deletions in the hands of administrators. These deletions are easily reversed (Simple Green will probably b reversed at DRV) and control of the bit is something that is up to the community. If you think that administrators are being too loose with CSD decisions, hang out at RfA and support candidates who will interpret CSD narrowly and properly. Hang out at CAT:CSD and decline speedies (anyone other than the creator of the article can do it). Watch Special:Log/delete (though that isn't really an edifying experience) and talk to deleting admins who seem to delete well meaning pages. But I don't think that inveighing against admins as a suspect class will get us anywhere. Protonk (talk) 22:51, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
* Thanks for the comment Protonk, although it probably is a bit more directed at the concerns raised over at WT:CSD. Hersold and I are arguing over whether copyright violation speedy deletes can be temporarily restored when they are contested at deletion review so that non-admins can verify the problems. Hersold says the legal liability makes that impossible; I say that making things open and transparent is the way that Wikipedia is supposed to work. I'm a bit disturbed that over at DRV, 9/10 of the deleted articles being discussed have not been userfied. I see several comments like "I can't review this, but I guess it was OK ..." or "Thank you for the admin for telling me what the article looks like". That's unacceptable. We shouldn't rely on userfications. Temporary restorations should be a standard, mandatory practice for articles in deletion review. And I think that copyright violating articles should be included in this (unless there was a DMCA notice) because if the copyright violation is contested, then it is obviously not such a simple matter. II | (t - c) 00:18, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* They almost always are, just not on Wikipedia. Click on the "cache" link. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire - past ops) 00:23, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* Eight of the nine that I mentioned earlier did not have caches. Plus, caches don't have the history of the article, which is sometimes relevant. II | (t - c) 03:01, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* As far as DRV is concerned, I don't see a legal problem with a history only undeletion during the discussion. Most admins will do that if people ask (or, a la the Winner's curse, at least one admin will be willing to do so). The problem is one of degree, so a balancing rule is an appropriate prescriptive response. Allowing non-admins to view all deleted material is unacceptable and has been rejected by the foundation and the community multiple times. Forbidding admins from restoring deleted material when a good faith request is posed is likewise considered unacceptable. I think that discussions at DRV are well served by history only undeletion and the negative implications of doing so are minimal. I'm not sure that we need to mandate it. My guess would be that castigating people for "voting" on the basis of a hunch or an admin telegraphing the content of the article would be more acceptable. Protonk (talk) 00:30, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
It's amazing how much discussion can pile up when you take a weekend off... I'm late to the discussion and don't have anything useful to add to the comments above about copyrights. But the rule for all other speedy-deletions is quite clear and has been since the speedy-deletion was first proposed. If a speedy-deletion is disputed in good-faith, the page is to be immediately restored and sent to discussion for the community's decision. This was an essential condition that the community placed upon the speedy-deletion process when it was first approved. That requirement has been often overlooked but never revoked.
Some notes about that requirement: I hope that little tidbit of history helps. Rossami (talk) 02:36, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* 1) A random request or a cry that "my golden prose is not advertising" is not sufficient. The deleted page must fail to have qualified as a speedy-deletion candidate in the opinion of someone who actually has some experience with the speedy-deletion criteria - that is, the admin who will decide to hit the undelete button.
* 2) I can't think of a time when a request to restore a confirmed copyright violation would ever be considered a good-faith dispute. For those rare situations where permission can be sought, WP:COPYVIO already has detailed procedures.
* 3) WP:BLP violations are sometimes disputed. Because of the sensitive nature of these topics, the community has generally decided that those should be discussed at WP:DRV prior to restoration.
* 4) WP:OFFICE actions (which did not exist when the speedy-deletion process was first developed) would also be above review or dispute through this process.
* 5) Some of the speedy-deletions that deal with images may also have some special cases. I know there was a special sensitivity about image copyrights a year or two ago and some rules were changed to allow easier and more permanent removal of suspect violations. I don't work with images much though and am not familiar with all the specifics.
* Seems like a good addition. So you're saying this procedure used to be in place, but it got deleted sometime a while ago? II | (t - c) 03:01, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* incidentally, the most frequent case of mistaken G12 deletions is when the copy is the other way round, from WP, and it shouldnt take going to drv to reverse them. Any admin can easily make a mistake on not catching something like that.DGG (talk) 05:32, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* And this is where our logs of edits and the wayback machine can help in figuring things out. That, I think, it is just admins not doing their homework. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 06:50, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
Changes to restoration section
Rossami, this change is not what I intended, but I can definitely see that my change could have been clearer. What I think the policy should say is that good faith requests for restoration of CSD's should almost always be honored without question, but that even apparently good faith requests for restoration of BLP/Copyvio/other important classes of deleted materials should be discussed. The deletion of those items may not be controversial in any sense (excluding the article author's desire to not have the article deleted), but the restoration may be. Contrast that with your average A7 band deletion, a restoration of which would probably never be controversial. I just wanted to make that clear without saying that requests to restore a G10/G11 page are bad faith requests. Thoughts? Protonk (talk) 02:51, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* I see your point. How's this? Rossami (talk) 03:41, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* Thanks, that seems much better. That's what I get for trying to get my point across in 200 characters. :) Protonk (talk) 03:53, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* It might be worth including in there to ask the deleting admin first. The DRV instructions include that step, and though it is often ignored, generally I'd think it's best to ask the deleting admin than another. Cheers. lifebaka++ 16:15, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* Courtesy notifications and requests are always a good idea. I'm not sure how best to add the thought to the page given its current layout, though. The concept of talking to the deleting admin first would apply to speedys, prods and deletion discussions. Do you have an idea where we could insert the thought without needing to duplicate it in each subsection? Rossami (talk) 17:38, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* It already says it in the DRV section, so I'm not sure. Probably it's fine as is, and we just need a massive header on DRV telling people to ask the deleting admin first, so it's hard to miss. Cheers. lifebaka++ 18:08, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
* I don't have an issue with providing a copy of a deleted article to someone who asks for it, in their user space where it's not sitting out in article space live as part of the encyclopedia. But restoring something that has been determined to be a speedy candidate by an admin back into article space seems very wrong to me. Why would we do that? I mean, can someone explain the benefit that would provide, to have an article that someone has determined should not exist suddenly pop back into the encyclopedia with no improvements? Tony Fox (arf!) 21:42, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
* Remember that this scenario only kicks in after another admin with presumably equal experience looks at the deleted content and determines that it was not a valid speedy-deletion. That is, the speedy-deletion was so clearly in error that the undeleting admin is willing to put his/her own repulation on the line to repair the error and get the page into the proper process. Since the vast majority of admins are justifiably reluctant to participate in anything that looks like wheel warring, this rarely occurs. But when it does, repairing the error is the right thing for the project. That's not to say that the page won't be ultimately deleted. Many things are deletable that just are not speedy-deletable. Rossami (talk) 22:19, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
* As Rossami said, it's exceedingly rare, but I've done it a couple of times. Article names escape me at the moment, but they've been cases where the speedy deletion reason was clearly wrong, such as something being marked a hoax and deleted just because the parties involved hadn't heard of the topic and didn't check the refs in the article, or an article deleted as no context when there was definitely context and content there. (Yes, I've always left a note for the deleting admin, with an invitation to clue me in on anything I might be missing.) -- Fabrictramp | talk to me 22:34, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
* I guess I can see where you're coming from. This seemed to be a rather major addition to the policy that was being campaigned by a couple of editors elsewhere, but if it's been part of the policy originally, I guess it's one that I wasn't aware of. I disagree with the concept, to be honest; this is exactly what DRV should be for, and if we codify it "officially" (as opposed to unofficially, as it's been so far), I see drama ahead. Tony Fox (arf!) 23:47, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
* The whole point of speedy deletion is that it's for uncontroversial cases; it's not a steamroller to override good faith objections to a deletion (with the possible exception of some BLP issues). If a reasonably experienced user with a moderate level of clue objects to a speedy, then it's obviously at least somewhat controversial, and should go to AfD instead. As for DRV, I think there are too many occasions when we spend five days at DRV deciding that something didn't fit the speedy criteria, undelete it, list at at AfD, then spend another five days deciding that it's not worth keeping anyway. So I reckon we should just restore disputed speedies and send them straight to AfD - at worst it's no more effort than a DRV would have been, at best it halves the amount of work needed, and even if the speedy was in fact correct in the first place, Wikipedia won't suffer irreparable harm because an article on a non-notable band hangs around for five days longer than it had to. Iain99Balderdash and piffle 00:35, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
* I would suggest continuing to rely on judgment, but also making it explicit that reversing a speedy is not considered wheel warring, and that any admin should be free to do so, and sending it to afd is at his discretion--or of course, an option for anyone else also. Recall we do not want to add to the workload at AfD unnecessarily. As for DRV to reverse speedies, that should be kept for when there is actually a problem between admins that would otherwise involve ANB or the like. Most times I & another admin disagree, we don't disagree to that extent. The real purpose of DRV is reviewing XfD closings and granting permission for items deleted as BLP violations--that last was forced upon us by arbcom, but we're stuck with it. DGG (talk) 05:29, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
I know that it has been almost two years since I checked the deletion log statistics, but last time I looked we were doing about an order of magnitude more undeletions every day than we were even having cases filed at DRV (closer to two orders of magnitude more undeletions than DRV determined undeletions). What I've never known is what fraction of undeletions were of admins reversing their own deletion versus somebody elses. But I can guarantee you that most undeletions do not happen through DRV. GRBerry 21:00, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
* I've reverted this back to the version of November 1 until a proper consensus is gained here. I am not at all sure that there is a consensus that any admin may reverse (almost) any speedy deletion without further reference. Stifle (talk) 16:15, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm sorry but you're doing this one backwards. Policy, precedent and practice are and always have been that out-of-process speedy-deletions are to be immediately overturned and sent to [then VfD, now XfD] for discussion. Speedy-deletions which are not clearly out of process may be reviewed at DRV but that is not a requirement. I challenge you to find consensus that that policy was changed. Rossami (talk) 16:26, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
* Allowing any admin to reverse a speedy deletion because they disagree with it is a recipe for wheel warring. Deletion review absolutely is the right place for speedy deletions to be challenged. Stifle (talk) 09:45, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* And yet in the roughly five years that the CSD process has been in place, that just doesn't happen. It doesn't because the process won't let the cycle go on more than once. A deletes out of process, B restores and immediately sends it to discussion where the larger community makes a decision. That's a very long way from a wheel war. Users can elect to use Deletion Review but the process does not and never has required it to send a disputed speedy to discussion. Rossami (talk) 14:17, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
* That doesn't seem to be how the policy or practice stood for quite some time. But we're entrenched; let's see if some others have an opinion. Stifle (talk) 17:07, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
Deletion of list articles is much more like deletion of categories: proposed fixes
In light of the discussion at WP:CLN it is apparent that lists and categories complement each other on Wikipedia, and are often used to do many of the same things. There is much overlap and duplication between them, and that's good. It is not good when deletion discussions involving them are not handled by the same people. Which is occuring now.
When somebody has a problem with a category they don't like, they come to category-for-deletion WP:CFD, because the criteria are not the the same as for articles (we also have separate deletion discussion boards as you see in WP:XFD, eight in all, for other things). However, when people want to delete a list article (list of ships, List of trees, List of birds), which is essentialy the same thing as a category, but in list-form, they go to the article deletion discussion page, WP:AFD. That's not good, because the criteria for notable articles are not the same as those for list-articles. The latter only need a header paragraph to explain themselves (see WP:LIST), and then elements which are individually notable. As in List of birds. But other kinds of wiki-articles normally put up for deletion have more stringent notability requirements, and their verifiability methods are not of the same type (a list article many only have hyperlinked elements and nothing else).
All this produces very WP:LAME edit wars, as you see on the WP:DRV page. For example, List of bow tie wearers has been up for deletion 4 times, and has only survived by now having many, many in-article cites, which makes it look very much unlike List of birds. All that because nay-sayers demanded article criteria for what is essentially a category in list-form. You can see much the same type of problem with List of notable people who wore the bowler hat, which is now up for deletion review on WP:DRV on the grounds that some people are arguing that the existence of the list itself needs defending as a point of WP:V, when in fact, this is really a "what categories are natural?" discussion.
* I propose that a separte page be created for proposed deletions of list-articles.
* OR I propose that WP:CFD be renamed Categories and list-articles for discussion in recognition of WP:CLN and the need to treat lists in line with category criteria on WP. Deletion discussion for list articles would then go on HERE.
Comments? I'm going to repost this around on the several TALK pages which deal with this matter. S B Harris 01:25, 27 November 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Industry Thought Leadership
Graphene Core as a Basis for Decentralized Telecom Ecosystem
October, 2018
Sergey Malcev, PhD
Lead Blockchain, Software Architect
Bubbletone
In the past few years, the telecom industry has been undergoing serious changes, with a number of new technological solutions being implemented. Today, blockchain technology is gradually becoming a part of the telecom world and promises substantial benefits, especially if it’s built on Graphene.
Industrial blockchain
There is a concept of industrial blockchain that has formed in the society. Though, this concept differs from the blockchain associated with cryptocurrencies, industrial and fintech blockchain complement each other.
When it comes to the industrial blockchain, it is focused on solving specific business problems between equal participants in their business environment. For instance, it gives the opportunity to significantly optimize many business processes, reduce costs, and eliminate intermediators. This technology also gives the opportunity to develop new effective solutions that are not available within the classical approach, i.e. centralized systems.
Bubbletone
The Bubbletone team is building a decentralized telecom ecosystem which is based on a Graphene blockchain core. Developed specifically for the telecommunication industry, the system is focused on professional market players, such as mobile operators, content and other service providers, software developers, etc. It represents a global marketplace where participants can offer and purchase services, as well as resell them to their own clients, i.e. interact directly, without any intermediaries.
Distributed Ledger Technology is required for such solutions as it seems to be the only platform that is capable of providing a trusted environment for competitive players. We studied available blockchain platforms and came to a conclusion that Graphene core looks very promising for our telecom solution as well as for other industrial applications.
Currently, our system supports more than 10 use cases, including alternative roaming with minimal costs for settlements and integration and digital identity services. More use cases can be supported in case the industry has demand for it. Our Graphene-based solution is very flexible and can be adapted to various business cases.
Graphene and its industrial performance
Graphene is an open-source blockchain technology, mainly written in C++. Graphene source is available in numerous variation, as it has been forked and adapted a lot of times.
The largest public and widely recognized Graphene-based projects are: EOS — a blockchain that aims to become a decentralized operating system which can support industrial-scale decentralized applications, like Ethereum in functionality, but with significantly higher transaction speed; BitShares – a decentralized exchange and fintech platform; and Steemit — a decentralized blogging platform and social network.
Graphene blockchain can maintain a large number of transactions and compete with VISA and MasterCard payment systems. It is capable of pushing up to 100,000 TPS, versus Ethereum and Bitcoin, which currently run at around 25 TPS and 7 TPS, respectively. There is no other known blockchain that can even try to compete with Graphene in the processing such a high number of transactions. A graphene-based network can confirm transactions in just 1 second (a typical setup uses 3-5 seconds for a block confirmation).
Graphene was developed in a modular fashion that makes it adaptable to many different use cases. It utilizes Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) consensus protocol. In DPoS, community elects what are known as witnesses. The witnesses are responsible for generating and adding blocks to the blockchain. To optimize the decentralization level, scalability and performance, the community can control the number of witnesses. Typically, about 20 independent witnesses ensure the stable network operation.
The key benefits of DPoS are as follows:
• Saving on energy costs. In contrast to proof-of-work (PoW) systems (Bitcoin, Ethereum), in which miners have to spend large amounts of energy to be granted the block signing privilege, in DPoS, witnesses are given a specific time schedule without energy-consuming competition;
• No special computing equipment for “mining” is required;
• Higher transaction throughput;
• Reliable Block Generation (~1-3s/block). Time for the next block production is strictly defined;
• Scalability. There is no performance drop when new Graphene nodes join the system.
• The security of Graphene is based on elliptic curve asymmetric cryptography (same as Bitcoin), which is used for signing transactions and blocks. The key size is 256 bits (secp256k1). Private messaging between participants with endpoint encryption is possible thanks to a “shared secret” protocol.
With developments of blockchain and cryptocurrency, people realized that governance of DLT systems should not be ignored. The governance of industrial DLT systems is even more important. Graphene proposes a solution such as Committee concept. Committee members are elected by the community (actual election rules can vary). The members are responsible for maintaining the network parameters and can propose changes to the network.
Typical Committee tasks are as follows: regulating network fees, changing network technical parameters, blocking malicious accounts, performing certain transactions to compensate undesired/illegal actions within a DLT system, which may appear, for example, as exploits of software issues.
Taking into consideration all these facts, a Graphene DLT core can certainly serve as a solid basis to construct effective industry-grade systems for the telecom industry that will give telecom operators, service providers, and end users new opportunities. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1968 NCAA University Division Wrestling Championships
The 1968 NCAA University Division Wrestling Championships were the 38th NCAA University Division Wrestling Championships to be held. Penn State University in State College, Pennsylvania hosted the tournament at Rec Hall.
Oklahoma State took home the team championship with 81 points and having one individual champion.
Dwayne Keller of Oklahoma State was named the Most Outstanding Wrestler and Jess Lewis of Oregon State received the Gorriaran Award. | WIKI |
Nice Lubuntu "review"
(Alf Gaida) #1
I can’t say anything positive about this “review”, maybe a big but:
• it installs
• it seems to work fine, if shortcut handling isn’t as before not a Lubuntu bug.
• if a distribution is bad because one can’t handle screen brightness via a panel plugin one maybe should learn about keyboard shortcuts - ok, we improved something meanwhile - but a brightness plugin for a panel? REALLY???
• the general misunderstanding of RAM usage in Qt5 and memory management at all - no, i’m not willing to discuss or rant about again.
• there are some valid points, but hard to find. Will write a few bugs when i stopped laughing.
(Pedram Pourang) #2
“The first issue is that there’s no way for you to control the brightness of the screen from the panel.”
Ah, they think LXQt is a Qt clone of LXDE. How many times should I say… ?
"The battery icon (the green circle) on the panel does not have the functionality of changing the brightness, it just shows you the battery percentage.
Really?! A battery icon just tells about battery?
“Another issue exists in keyboard shortcuts. Normally, when you add a new shortcut that utilizes the same key button as another shortcut, the older one would be removed or a notification message would be sent.”
I agree with this one: it was the only good point I could extract.
“Moreover, shortcuts don’t work if menus or popup windows (like file chooser) are open.”
They shouldn’t.
“It’s very hard to add apps icons to the quick launch widget on the panel.”
Nonesense.
“you would notice is that there’s no preview option in the file chooser;”
Update your installation!
“If you try to take a screenshot using the default screenshot tool, then after taking the shot, it will be opened in the image viewer instead of just asking you where to save the image”
I don’t know about Lubuntu but the default screenshot utility is screengrab in LXQt.
“There’s no apparent “New Tab” button in the terminal emulator”
Simply use your eyes!
“It is also worthy to note that Lubuntu comes with a system monitoring application called “qps“, but its user interface is very messy and hard to understand:”
That will be fixed before the next LXQt release.
The rest wasn’t my concern.
(Pedram Pourang) #3
BTW, please test and merge my Qps PR. I’ve yet another big PR. After it, no one could say Qps is confusing or not a good process manager.
(Alf Gaida) #4
Merged.
(Walter Lapchynski) #5
To be fair, this is about a particular version of Lubuntu, which is technically a bit of a snapshot of LXQt at that particular time. So there’s some old stuff in there (that LXQt has since fixed). It happens. There’s a new version right around the corner, though, so this is a bit late.
The thing I find most funny about this is the positive spin on Discover, which many folks have complained about. Interestingly, most of those complaints have to do with how “slow” it is when in fact the issue is that it has not yet provided a way of indicating progress so you think it’s frozen/not doing anything when it’s actually doing its normal work.
The one thing I agree is an issue (and one we’ve also been working hard to fix on our end of things with sane defaults and moving non-window management-specific shortcuts out of the Openbox config) is with shortcuts. I know LXQt has also been working tirelessly on that, as well, so I’m confident we’ll get a handle on that.
One thing I would like to hear more about is about RAM usage. If there’s a link you can point me at, I’d appreciate it. I remember PCMan complaining about how GTK3’s requirements were higher than Qt4’s, but it seems you are hinting at something altogether different and possibly more interesting. Like I said, links work. I can put two and two together :slight_smile:
(Pedram Pourang) #6
lxqt-globalkeys needs more attention. It’s quite usable but has flaws.
(Alf Gaida) #7
Re: RAM usage - In the end it is easy, LXQt will use some basic Qt and KF5 libs - and that it was. Maybe the libs are a bit bigger, but all LXQt applications will use the same few libs, so the initial amount of loaded things is a bit higher, but will not increase much if additional applications are loaded - so it is the old comparisation of apples and oranges. In the very end and with some applications loaded the memory footprint is the same or lower as with GTK.
EDIT: So in the end, the more services you install and start from the very beginning the more initial RAM will be used - but i would not listen that much to the “purists” - it is not relevant if a system use say 380 or 580M right after start - it would be interesting how much the amount of used RAM will grow over time.
(Pedram Pourang) #8
In addition, RAM usage comparison isn’t as simple as looking at a process monitor. You need to do a specific job with 2 different toolkits and even then, you need to compare their CPU usages too: an app may “remember” some things instead of getting them again and again.
(Hmollercl) #9
just to clarify:
• 19.04 uses lximage-qt for screenshots, 19.10 will use screengrab.
• 19.10 will have background file-chooser thumbnails.
Regarding RAM, I’ve made some comparison lxde vs lxqt task by task (panel vs panel, pcmanfm vs pcmanfm) and they are very similar. But lxqt has more functionalities, like lxqt-runner and panel in menu search which obviously consumes more ram (we also in lubuntu autostart qlipper) and also ubuntu (w/o DE) since 18.04 might be more ram hungry. It should be good to have a way to clearly compare ram consumption, and explain how to do a good comparison, like this https://blog.lxqt.org/2016/10/benchmark-memory-usage-lxqt-desktop-environment-vs-xfce/ and not like this http://www.ubuntubuzz.com/2019/07/comparison-of-memory-usages-of-ubuntu-1904-and-flavors-in-2019.html where different monitors are used.
(Alf Gaida) #10
@hmollercl - and don’t forget something important - ok, i will be a bit unfair now - just compare Lubuntu 19.10 i386 and Lubuntu 19.10 amd64 :smiley: (couldn’t resist). Alternative: fire up a current debian live lxqt i386 and amd64 - you will be surprised.
(Walter Lapchynski) #11
@agaida touché: there is no 19.10 i386, or 19.04, for any flavor of Ubuntu. But fair point. Thanks to you and @tsujan for the hint about how to actually measure things well. I’ve been meaning to do a blog post defending LXQt especially in regards to resource usage.
(Alf Gaida) #12
the point was fair in 2015 and earlier - the difference in used RAM after the first firing up should be appox 30-35% which can be considered a lot - thanks god i have some fresh siduction builds here - same packages, same configuration, different kernel (siduction amd64 is ours, siduction i386 is plain debian)
(Alf Gaida) #13
amd64
i386
same build system, same installed packages - different architecture - ok, and now to some footprint tuning.
(Pedram Pourang) #14
When I migrated to Linux, I had a 32-bit desktop computer. A year after I started to use Debian, I got a 64-bit computer. The difference between RAM usages was considerable. For example, FeatherPad (the GTK2 version) used almost twice the memory, while I hadn’t changed anything.
(Alf Gaida) #15
And now to the harder facts of our base system - we consider and DE as bad and stop this crap - nobody sane would use a DE:
sorry, no sane distribution would use as many daemons as we do - hey, really, the will not, sure thing … The running LXQt i386 system with stopped desktop environment
(Alf Gaida) #16
So please let us compare it to a current noX build, right after start - i will be not fair here, i will use amd64:
so wow - i’m impressed.
And also here we see a visible gap between a noX system and a lxqt system with stopped DE in i386.
Edit: sorry, mixed some screenshots and my mind :smiley: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tutorial 3 on Enum variables published
Magic Numbers
Image by John Hain from Pixabay
This is the third in a series of C Tutorials that I originally published on about.com between 2006 and 2013. I’m republishing them on here. This time it’s about enum variables. While these aren’t anywhere as important as say in C++ or other languages (because C’s type checking is not great!) they make the program more readable.
I see them as banishing magic numbers. A magic number is a number in a program that is just there. Like when you declare an array and use the number 20. That is a magic number and it would be better if there was a #define NUMBERMONSTERS 20. This avoids the problem of your program being full of 20s until one day you change it to 30 but manage to miss a couple of them and you introduce bugs. By using NUMBERMONSTERS everywhere you can change it in just one place (at the #define) and avoid the problem of missing.
Enum variables are similar. Behind the scenes they are just ints. In other programming languages like C++, Pascal, C#, the compiler enforces the enum values. In those languages you can’t declare an enum variable then assign any int value to it, but in C you can. But they can at least make your program more readable.
The picture? Magic numbers! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
0
I am attempting to save date in multiple tables with a one-to-many relationship in using EF Core. When I do, I get this error:
InvalidOperationException: The instance of entity type 'OrganizationGroupEntity' cannot be tracked because another instance with the same key value for {'Id'} is already being tracked. When attaching existing entities, ensure that only one entity instance with a given key value is attached. Consider using 'DbContextOptionsBuilder.EnableSensitiveDataLogging' to see the conflicting key values.
Here is my code:
Request model:
public class Organization
{
public Organization()
{ }
public Organization(OrganizationEntity organizationEntity, List<OrganizationGroupEntity> organizationGroupEntities)
{
Id = organizationEntity.Id;
Name = organizationEntity.Name;
Groups = ToList(organizationGroupEntities);
}
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }}
public List<OrganizationGroup> Groups { get; set; }
private List<OrganizationGroup> ToList(List<OrganizationGroupEntity> organizationGroupEntities)
{
return organizationGroupEntities.Select(
entity => new OrganizationGroup(entity)
).ToList();
}
}
public class OrganizationGroup
{
public OrganizationGroup()
{ }
public OrganizationGroup (OrganizationGroupEntity entity)
{
Id = entity.Id;
Group = entity.Group;
}
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Group { get; set; }
}
Entity models:
public class OrganizationEntity
{
public OrganizationEntity()
{ }
public OrganizationEntity(Organization model)
{
Id = model.Id;
Name = model.Name;
}
[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity)]
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}
public class OrganizationGroupEntity
{
public OrganizationGroupEntity()
{ }
public OrganizationGroupEntity(int organizationId, OrganizationGroup model)
{
Id = model.Id;
OrganizationId = organizationId;
Group = model.Group;
}
[Key]
[DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity)]
public int Id { get; set; }
public int OrganizationId { get; set; }
public string Group { get; set; }
}
dbContext:
public DbSet<OrganizationEntity> Organizations { get; set; }
public DbSet<OrganizationGroupEntity> OrganizationGroups { get; set; }
protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
modelBuilder.Entity<OrganizationEntity>()
.ToTable("Organizations", "dbo");
modelBuilder.Entity<OrganizationGroupEntity>()
.ToTable("OrganizationGroups", "dbo");
}
repository:
public async Task<Organization> UpdateOrganization(Organization request)
{
// Get the org entity
var organizationEntity = new OrganizationEntity(request);
// get the org groups entities
var groupEntities = request.Groups
.Select(
group => new OrganizationGroupEntity(request.Id, group)
).ToList();
// Get the group entities to remove
var oldEntities = GetOrganizationGroups(request.Id);
var entitiesToRemove = new List<OrganizationGroupEntity>();
foreach (var oldEntity in oldEntities.Result)
{
if (!groupEntities.Any(e => e.Id == oldEntity.Id))
{
entitiesToRemove.Add(oldEntity);
}
}
using (var transaction = _context.Database.BeginTransaction())
{
_context.Organizations.Update(organizationEntity);
_context.OrganizationGroups.UpdateRange(groupEntities); // <-- Fails here
_context.OrganizationGroups.RemoveRange(entitiesToRemove);
await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
transaction.Commit();
}
return request;
}
private async Task<IEnumerable<OrganizationGroupEntity>> GetOrganizationGroups(int organizationId)
{
return await _context.OrganizationGroups
.Where(e => e.OrganizationId == organizationId)
.OrderBy(e => e.Order)
.ToListAsync();
}
• seems like request.Groups comprises several entities with the same Id – tschmit007 Jun 11 at 14:29
• I tried renaming all of the Id's to either OrganizationId or OrganizationGroupId but that did not work. I got this very similar error: InvalidOperationException: The instance of entity type 'OrganizationGroupEntity'; cannot be tracked because another instance with the same key value for 'OrganizationGroupId' is already being tracked. – kroe761 Jun 11 at 14:37
0
It turns out when I was getting the current groupEntities in order to fins out what to remove I was initiating tracking on that table. Adding AsNoTracking() to GetOrganizationGroups solved my issue. Like so:
private async Task<IEnumerable<OrganizationGroupEntity>> GetOrganizationGroups(int organizationId)
{
return await _context.OrganizationGroups
.AsNoTracking()
.Where(e => e.OrganizationId == organizationId)
.OrderBy(e => e.Order)
.ToListAsync();
}
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:UserSCNO 4311
I have created this page because I want my cousins, neices & nephews children and children's children to search up the name's of their relatives and find a page dedicated to finding information about them. UserSCNO 4311 (talk) | WIKI |
Access Control for Notebook
Notebook access scopes, roles, operations, access control rules.
Access Scopes for Notebooks
The access control for notebooks vary depending on the access scopes. There are four types of access scopes for notebooks:
ScopeDescription
Workspace
Notebooks linked to the workspace.
Teamspace
Notebooks linked to a teamspace.
Private
Notebooks linked to a user.
Shared
Notebooks that are directly shared to specific users or groups.
Roles for Notebooks
The notebook access control are determined by the roles corresponding to the access scopes (e.g., workspace.Viewer, teamspace.Editor). Therefore, notebook roles to each notebooks exist only for shared notebooks.
Role NameSummary
notebook.shared.Editor
Can edit notebooks that are directly shared by someone.
notebook.shared.Viewer
Can view notebooks that are directly shared by someone.
Notebook Operations and Access Control Rules
Below are the operations that can be performed with notebooks and the corresponding roles required for each scope.
Executing SQL written in a Notebook and retrieving its results are determined by the access rights on the Connection, regardless of the access right on the Notebook itself. Therefore, please refer to the Connection page.
Operationsscope: Workspacescope: Teamspacescope: Privatescope: Shared
View notebook contents (exclude results of SQL).
Comment on notebooks.
workspace.Viewer
workspace.Viewer AND teamspace.Viewer
workspace.Editor
workspace.Viewer AND notebook.shared.Viewer
Edit notebooks (exclude running SQL).
workspace.Editor
workspace.Editor AND teamspace.Editor
workspace.Editor
workspace.Editor AND notebook.shared.Editor
Create, move, and delete notebooks, manage folders.
workspace.Editor
workspace.Editor AND teamspace.Editor
workspace.Editor
N/A
Share notebooks directly to specific users or groups.
N/A
workspace.Viewer AND teamspace.Editor
workspace.Editor
N/A
Last updated | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
F.B.I. Investigated Bob Knight Over Women’s Complaints
Sports Briefing The F.B.I. and the Army investigated complaints from four women that the Hall of Fame basketball coach Bob Knight groped them or touched them inappropriately during a visit to a United States spy agency in 2015, an investigation that concluded a year later without charges, The Washington Post reported Friday. One of the women, whose name The Post did not disclose, told the newspaper that Knight had groped her buttocks shortly before he gave a speech to staffers at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency at its headquarters in Springfield, Va. The woman also filed a discrimination complaint against the agency and the Defense Department in which she claimed she had been pressured to drop the matter, The Post reported. A lawyer representing Knight, James Voyles, acknowledged to The Post that F.B.I. agents had interviewed Knight at his home in Montana last year and said the investigation had been dropped shortly afterward. “There is absolutely no credible evidence to support this, in our opinion, these allegations,” Voyles said, adding that the F.B.I. agents had “reported to their superiors that there was no basis for any further action, period.” CELTICS TRADE BRADLEY TO PISTONS The Detroit Pistons traded forward Marcus Morris to Boston for guard Avery Bradley and a second-round draft pick in 2019. Bradley averaged 16.3 points per game last season for the Celtics, but Boston is adding the All-Star forward Gordon Hayward. Morris averaged 14 points for Detroit. Bradley was the longest-tenured member of the Celtics. Picked 19th over all in the 2010 draft, he developed into one of the league’s best defenders, making the All-Defensive second team in 2013 and first team in 2016. The Pistons lose Morris, who has been a steady veteran and a mainstay in the starting lineup over the past two seasons. Rory McIlroy missed the cut at the Irish Open for the fourth time in five years, leading the four-time major winner to express concerns about parts of his game ahead of the British Open. McIlroy shot a one-over-par 73 in his second round over the links at Portstewart and was one over for the tournament, which he is hosting to benefit his foundation. He was 14 strokes behind the leaders, Benjamin Hebert and Daniel Im. “My short game is not sharp enough, and I’m making silly mistakes,” McIlroy said. Jon Rahm, playing in the same group as McIlroy, shot a 67 for third place, a stroke off the lead. COLOMBIAN HOLDS GREENBRIER LEAD Sebastián Muñoz shot a three-under 67 to lead Ben Martin and Hudson Swafford by three strokes after the second round of the Greenbrier Classic in White Sulphur Springs, W.Va. Muñoz, a 24-year-old Colombian, continued his solid play after an opening-round 61. He heads into the weekend at 12-under 128. Davis Love III, seeking to become the oldest-ever winner on the PGA Tour at age 53, shot a 69 and is at eight under, along with the defending champion Danny Lee and Russell Henley. Henley tied the day’s best round with a 64. Seattle second baseman Robinson Cano, Tampa Bay pitcher Chris Archer and Toronto reliever Roberto Osuna are among seven replacement players selected for Tuesday’s All-Star Game in Miami. Houston reliever Chris Devenski, Minnesota reliever Brandon Kintzler and Detroit outfielder Justin Upton were also added to the A.L. roster. Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Alex Wood was added to the N.L. All-Stars. Rangers defenseman Kevin Klein has retired after playing parts of 12 seasons in the N.H.L. Klein, 32, played in 627 games with the Rangers and the Nashville Predators, totaling 38 goals and 116 assists. The Rangers acquired him on Jan. 22, 2014. During his tenure in New York, Klein led Rangers defensemen in even-strength goals (22) and game-winning goals (eight). Klein was bothered by back spasms this past season and had three goals and 11 assists in 60 regular-season games. New York City F.C.’s David Villa, Toronto’s Michael Bradley and Chicago’s Bastian Schweinsteiger are among the fan selections for next month’s Major League Soccer All-Star Game. The M.L.S. team will face Real Madrid and possibly Cristiano Ronaldo on Aug. 2 at Soldier Field in Chicago. Lewis Hamilton’s hopes of reducing Sebastian Vettel’s 14-point lead in this year’s drivers’ world championship had a setback when he was handed a five-place grid penalty for this weekend’s Austrian Grand Prix. The penalty is for an unscheduled gearbox change, his Mercedes team confirmed. The matter was referred to the race stewards Friday evening after Hamilton, the three-time world champion Briton, had dominated both opening practice sessions. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Randy Bettis
Raymond Randall Bettis (born March 10, 1959, in Jacksonville, Illinois) is an American DJ, remixer, and producer of dance music.
History
Randy Bettis's family consists of country singer and former shipping department manager for the defunct J. Capps & Sons, Bob Bettis (deceased) and seamstress Iris J. Gregory (deceased), brother Robert E. Bettis Jr. and sister Shari Lynn Bettis.
He attended Southern Illinois University on a partial scholarship as a member of the Saluki Gymnastics Team, coached by multiple-time Olympic coach Bill Meade, where Bettis broke numerous records in both floor exercise and vaulting.
After three years working at Opryland USA in Nashville, Tennessee, as a dancer and then assistant to the choreographer, he went on to pursue a career in musical theater. He toured with the Hamburg, Germany production of Cats and two years later returned to the United States to join the fourth national tour of Cats as Tumblebrutus, eventually joining the Broadway company from 1989 to 1991 and 1996 to 1997.
In 1992 Bettis was a part of the dance group Boys Back East, who were the grand national champions on Star Search.
In 1992, he joined the Broadway revival of Guys & Dolls, in 1994 moved over to the Broadway production of Miss Saigon, and later that year joined the first national tour of Miss Saigon from 1994 to 1996.
In 1997 Bettis left the theater to pursue a career as a nightclub DJ and a music producer and remix artist.
Bettis broke through in 2005 with back-to-back performances at three of the largest dance parties in the world: The Saint at Large's New Years Day Event, at Capitale; Saint at Large's the Black Party, at Roseland Ballroom; and the Heritage of Pride Pier Dance in New York City. That same year, Bettis was named by Billboard to the nationwide panel of club DJs who create Billboard's weekly Hot Dance Club Play Chart.
In 2006, he embarked on his first self-produced national tour to promote his latest album, GayDays Tour 2006. The tour visited 26 cities nationwide and was voted best circuit tour of 2006 (and again in 2007 and 2008) by the members of JustCircuit.com.
That same year he launched a weekly mixshow on G.I.R.L. (GayInternetRadioLive.com) with satellite broadcasts on SIRIUS Radio's OutQ Saturday Night Out. Bettis continues to wow dance floors at live gigs throughout the country and via his Radio Mixshow on EagleRadio.pro.
Bettis made his Chinese debut in 2011, and headlined the official Riptide event in Orlando, Florida, part of Gay Days Weekend in 2011 and 2012.
Residencies
* 1999–2001: Limelight - New York City, NY
* 2000–2002: Blu - New York City, NY
* 2001–2002: XL - New York City, NY
* 2001–2003: Paramount - Provincetown, MA
* 2002–2003: Serena - New York City, NY
* 2005–2006: Velvet Nation - Washington, DC
* 2007: Stereo NY - New York City, NY
* 2003–2015: The Blue Whale - Fire Island Pines, NY''
* 2005–2015: Pavilion - Fire Island Pines, NY
* 2005–2014: Voyeur (formerly Pure) Nightclub, Philadelphia, PA
* 2006-2007: The Monster - New York City, NY
* 2003–2012: Splash Bar - New York City, NY
* 2007–2014: Town Discoboutique - Washington, DC
* 2012–2015: Paradise Nightclub - Asbury Park, NJ
BetBoyz
In production, Bettis works with music partner David J. Boyd (AKA BetBoyz) on original and remix productions. Specializing in dance music, they also collaborate on musical theater and pop productions. BetBoyz has worked with and created remixes for some of the industry's biggest artists, including Taylor Dayne, Alicia Keys, Levi Kreis, Inaya Day, Jenn Cuneta and Ari Gold.
BetBoyz has appeared at charitable events such as Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS' Dancers Responding to AIDS, AVP: The Anti-Violence Project and Marriage Equality. In 2009 they co-wrote/produced Free To Love (The Equality Project) with Robbyne Kaamil; created the original mix and secured additional mixes from remixers DJ JST, Amy Alderman/Bryan Reyes, Tony Ruiz, Almond Brown and DJ Nawttyboy; and donated 100% of the proceeds to Broadway Impact, a marriage equality branch of BCEFA. Bettis has also lent his talents and time in support of the Anti-Violence Project of NY and Immigration Equality.
In 2010, BetBoyz wrote and produced the music for the hit Off-Broadway musical My Big Gay Italian Wedding (co-produced by Real Housewives of New Jersey's Dina Manzo, Sonia Blangiardo, AnnDee Productions, Eileen Caruso, Teresa A. Cicala, Donna DiCrescento, Frank Levinson and Dolores Naso) and co-wrote/produced the single "Up To The Sky" for Reichen Lehmkule.
On July 23, 2012, The Groove Factory (co-produced by BetBoyz) premiered at the Theatre at St. Clement's, part of the 2012 New York Musical Theatre Festival. The musical includes the first-ever all-electronic score, and chronicled the story of friends at the turn of the millennium, at the end of what was known as "the heyday of New York City Clubland". It starred recording artist Kim Sozzi.
Personal life
Bettis resides in New York City with his husband, Patrick Sean Dwyer. Together since 1997, they were married on April 8, 2011.
Albums
* 2004: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 1
* 2005: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 2
* 2006: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 3
* 2007: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 4
* 2008: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 5
* 2009: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 6
* 2010: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 7
* 2010: PARTY GROOVE: WHITE PARTY 10 - The 25th Anniversary Edition
* 2011: PARTY GROOVE: CHERRY - Vol. 4''
* 2011: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 8
* 2012: PARTY GROOVE: GAYS DAYS - Vol. 9
* 2013: PARTY GROOVE: GAY DAYS - Vol. 10
* 2013: WURKOUT - Vol. 3
* 2014: PARTY GROOVE: GAY DAYS - Vol. 11
* 2015: PARTY GROOVE: GAY DAYS - Vol. 12
* 2017: Pulse Orlando Gay Days Benefit Album | WIKI |
Template:PD-art/doc
commons:Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag contains instructions about how to use this template. | WIKI |
Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. to Host First 2018 Financial Conference Call on May 21st at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time
LEWIS CENTER, Ohio, May 14, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. (OTCQB:MEEC) ("ME 2 C" or the "Company"), a leader in mercury emissions control in North America, will host a conference call on Monday, May 21, 2018 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern time to discuss its financial results for
A press release detailing these results is expected to be issued just prior to the call. Management will host the call, followed by a question and answer session. To participate, please use the following information:
Q1 2018 Conference Call and Webcast
Date: Monday, May 21, 2018
Time: 5:00 p.m. Eastern time
U.S. Dial-in: 1-888-394-8218
International Dial-in: 1-323-701-0225
Conference ID: 9714385
Webcast: http://public.viavid.com/index.php?id=129563
Please dial in at least 10 minutes before the start of the call to ensure timely participation.
A playback of the call will be available through June 21 st , 2018. To listen, call 1-844-512-2921 within the United States or 1-412-317-6671 when calling internationally. Please use the replay pin number 9714385.
About Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. (ME 2 C)
Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. (OTCQB:MEEC) delivers patented and proprietary solutions to the global coal-power industry to remove mercury from power plant emissions, providing performance guarantees, and leading-edge emissions services. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) MATS rule requires that all coal- and oil-fired power plants in the U.S., larger than 25 mega-watts, remove roughly 90% of mercury from their emissions starting April 15, 2015. ME2C has developed patented technology and proprietary products that have been shown to achieve mercury removal levels compliant with MATS at a significantly lower cost and with less operational impact than currently used methods, while preserving the marketability of fly-ash for beneficial use. For more information, please visit www.midwestemissions.com .
Safe Harbor Statement
With the exception of historical information contained in this press release, content herein may contain " " that are made pursuant to the Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are generally identified by using words such as “anticipate," "believe," "plan," "expect," "intend," "will," and similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means of identifying . These statements are based on management's current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Investors are cautioned that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the statements made. Matters that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the include, among other factors, the gain or loss of a major customer, change in environmental regulations, disruption in supply of materials, capacity factor fluctuations of power plant operations and power demands, a significant change in general economic conditions in any of the regions where our customer utilities might experience significant changes in electric demand, a significant disruption in the supply of coal to our customer units, the loss of key management personnel, availability of capital and any major litigation regarding the Company. In addition, this release contains time-sensitive information that reflects management's best analysis only as of the date of this release. The Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any to reflect future events, information or circumstances that arise after the date of this release. Further information concerning issues that could materially affect financial performance related to contained in this release can be found in the Company's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Company Contact:
Richard MacPherson
Chief Executive Officer
Midwest Energy Emissions Corp.
Main: 614-505-6115
rmacpherson@midwestemissions.com
Investor Relations Contact:
Greg Falesnik
Managing Director
MZ Group - MZ North America
Main: 949-385-6449
greg.falesnik@mzgroup.us
www.mzgroup.us
Source:Midwest Energy Emissions Corp. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Prince karan640035/Techys Programming Forum
Topic Background
Though all discussion forums is developed after researching all the problems and to overcome those problems, a work is initiated but as to apply it practically creates lots of problems sometimes it comes from users end. They don’t get better service from the websites or many times they face problems with the ideas of the system used, so keeping this thing in mind the major drawbacks has come to a point after gathering users response is that they don’t get user-friendly system. The recent emergence of chat messenger and forum websites has thrilled the market with its popularity, currently we can chat with any person on these two applications but the way of chatting is different. So what is going to happen, if we mix features of these two in a single application where a user can taste the experience of interacting, socializing as well as discussion forums, basically this system aimed to enhance the market of discussion, Techys Programming is a fusion of forum and social networking. When we are actually start thinking of discussion, immediately our attention will always turns to topic we are focusing, after knowing the topic we immediately set off to findings points related to similar topics. The theme of the website is to provide actual features that users really needs in any programming forums. | WIKI |
Hernán Alvarado Solano
Hernán Alvarado Solano (January 26, 1946 – January 31, 2011) was the Catholic bishop of the Catholic Vicar Apostolic of Guapi, Colombia. As a young boy he studied at the Minor Seminary Nuestra Señora de la Asunción of Zipaquirá. He was a quiet boy with a strong and firm character. He was observant of the world around him. He studied philosophy and theology at the Major Seminary of Bogotá.
Ordained in 1971, Hernán Alvarado Solano was appointed bishop of the Vicar Apostolic of Guapi in 2001 and died as the bishop of his mission territory, a remote area of Colombia, cultural and politically. | WIKI |
Portal:Trains/Selected picture/Week 46, 2019
The crew of an Austro-Hungarian armoured and camouflaged train pose for a photograph in 1915. | WIKI |
2015 National League Division Series
The 2015 National League Division Series were two best-of-five-game series to determine the participating teams in the 2015 National League Championship Series. The three divisional winners (seeded 1–3) and a fourth team—the winner of a one-game Wild Card playoff—played in two series. TBS carried all the games in the United States, with Sportsnet simulcasting TBS coverage for Canada. The Division Series began on October 9 and concluded on October 15. The Los Angeles Dodgers and St. Louis Cardinals had home field advantage in this round of the playoffs.
These matchups were: The higher seeded team in each series hosts Games 1, 2, and 5 (if necessary), and the lower seeded team hosts Games 3 and 4 (if necessary).
* (1) St. Louis Cardinals (Central Division champion) versus (5) Chicago Cubs (Wild Card winner): Cubs win series 3–1.
* (2) Los Angeles Dodgers (West Division champion) vs (3) New York Mets (East Division champion): Mets win series 3–2.
The Mets defeated the Cubs in the NLCS, then went on to lose the 2015 World Series to the American League champion Kansas City Royals.
Chicago vs. St. Louis
This was the third overall postseason meeting between the Cubs and Cardinals, with the two having met in the 1885 and 1886 World Series, and their first since the Cardinals joined the National League in 1892.
Game 1
The St. Louis Cardinals shut-out the rival Chicago Cubs 4–0 behind John Lackey's $7 1/3$ shutout innings in the first meeting between the two in the playoffs. Lackey pitched into the sixth inning with a no-hitter before the Cubs' Addison Russell singled in the seventh. The Cardinals scored first when Stephen Piscotty hit a ground-rule double, then Matt Holliday hit a RBI single in the first. Lackey and Jon Lester, pitched well as neither team scored again until the eighth inning, when Tommy Pham hit a one-out home run off Lester, who then walked Carpenter before Piscotty's home run increase the Cardinals' lead to 4–0. The Cubs attempted a comeback in the ninth inning off Trevor Rosenthal, but the Cardinals secured the victory when Kris Bryant struck out with runners on first and third for the final out of the game.
Game 2
In Game 2 Cubs starter Kyle Hendricks allowed a home run to the leadoff batter, third baseman Matt Carpenter in the first, but in the top of the second, with runners on first and third with one out, starter Jaime Garcia's errant throw to first on Hendricks bunt allowed the Cubs to tie the game. Addison Russell's sacrifice bunt and Dexter Fowler's single scored a run each before Jorge Soler's two-run home run made it 5–1 Cubs. They added another run in the third on Miguel Montero's RBI groundout off Lance Lynn with runners on first and third. Hendricks allowed back-to-back shots to Kolten Wong and Randal Grichuk in the fifth inning, but Travis Wood, Trevor Cahill and Hector Rondon worked $4 1/3$ innings of shutout relief as the Cubs evened the series with a 6–3 win.
Game 3
Jake Arrieta struck out nine Cardinals over $5 2/3$ innings and served up four runs, the most he has allowed since June 16. But, the Cubs set a Major League playoff record with six home runs in an 8–6 victory. Kyle Schwarber's home run in the second off Michael Wacha put the Cubs up 1–0. In the fourth, after back-to-back leadoff walks, Jhonny Peralta's double and Tommy Pham's groundout scored a run each to put the Cardinals up 2–1, but the Cubs tied the score in the bottom half on Starlin Castro's home run. Next inning, Kris Bryant's two-run home run put the Cubs in front 4–2. Kevin Siegrist relieved Wacha and allowed a home run to Anthony Rizzo to extend the Cubs' lead to 5–2. Jason Heyward's two-run home run in the sixth cut the lead to 5–4, but the Cubs got those runs back in the bottom half on Jorge Soler's two-run home run off Adam Wainwright with one run charged to Seth Maness. Dexter Fowler's home run in the eighth off Jonathan Broxton increased the Cubs' lead to 8–4. In the ninth, Hector Rondon allowed a two-out two-run home run to Stephen Piscotty before Matt Holliday grounded out to end the game as the Cubs took a 2–1 series lead. Jason Heyward and Stephen Piscotty hit homers for the Cardinals, and the eight total home runs for both teams set a Major League mark for one postseason game.
Game 4
Eight Chicago Cubs' pitchers allowed eight hits and combined for 15 strikeouts and four walks to defeat the St. Louis Cardinals and win a postseason series for the first time ever in Wrigley Field. The game did not start well for the Cubs with the second batter, Stephen Piscotty, hitting a two-run home run. In the bottom of the second inning, with two on and two outs versus John Lackey, starting pitcher Jason Hammel drove in Starlin Castro with a sharp single to center and Addison Russell's replacement at shortstop, Javier Baez, followed with a three-run home run to right. The Cardinals tied the score in the sixth on Tony Cruz's double with two on off Trevor Cahill followed by Brandon Moss's single. However, they were prevented from taking the lead by a strong throw by right fielder Jorge Soler to catcher Miguel Montero, cutting down Cruz at the plate as he attempted to score the lead run from second. Anthony Rizzo hit a go-ahead home run off Cardinal reliever Kevin Siegrist in the bottom of the inning on a two-out, 0–2 pitch. Kyle Schwarber added a home run in the seventh inning, also off Siegrist, that landed on top of the new right field Budweiser scoreboard. Pedro Strop in the eighth inning and Hector Rondon in the ninth struck out four of the seven batters they faced to preserve the 6–4 victory.
Composite line score
2015 NLDS (3–1): Chicago Cubs beat St. Louis Cardinals
Los Angeles vs. New York
This was the third postseason meeting between the Dodgers and Mets, having split the first two meetings (Dodgers won 4–3 in the 1988 NLCS; Mets won 3–0 in the 2006 NLDS).
Game 1
Jacob deGrom made his postseason debut to open the series for the Mets. He was opposed by reigning Cy Young Award and Most Valuable Player Award winner Clayton Kershaw. Misplays by left fielder Michael Cuddyer resulted in doubles for Justin Turner in the second and Corey Seager in the third. deGrom escaped damage in both innings and eventually retired the last 11 batters to face him, exiting after the seventh having shut the Dodgers out allowing five hits and one walk to go along with 13 strikeouts. Kershaw made quick work of the Mets for most of his outing, allowing only a home run to Daniel Murphy through his first six innings. However, in the top of seventh, Kershaw uncharacteristically walked three batters, leading to Don Mattingly electing to go to right-hander Pedro Báez to face David Wright with the bases loaded and two out. Wright lined a 3-2 pitch back up the middle against Báez, scoring two runs and making it a 3–0 game to that point. The two runs were charged to Kershaw, who ultimately finished with a line of $6 2/3$ innings with four hits, three earned runs, four walks, and 11 strikeouts.
The Dodgers got on the board with a two-out RBI single from Adrián González in the bottom of the eighth off Mets reliever Tyler Clippard. With Turner due up as the potential tying run, Terry Collins responded by inserting closer Jeurys Familia into the game for a 4-out save. Turner lined out to first to end the eighth and Familia finished off a spotless ninth for his first career postseason save as the Mets took the series opener, 3–1.
DeGrom's 13 strikeouts tied a Mets post-season franchise record (previously set by Tom Seaver in Game 1 of the 1973 National League Championship Series). He and Kershaw were the first pair of starters to each pitch 11 or more strikeouts in a post-season game and only the second pair to each have double digit strikeouts (along with Mort Cooper and Denny Galehouse in game five of the 1944 World Series).
Game 2
Looking to even the series, the Dodgers turned to Zack Greinke, who led the league in earned run average in the regular season. The Mets countered with rookie Noah Syndergaard in an attempt to go back to New York with a 2–0 series lead. The Mets scored two in the second off Greinke on home runs by Yoenis Céspedes and rookie Michael Conforto, the latter doing so in his first career postseason at-bat. Greinke was stellar after that, shutting out the Mets and facing the minimum of 15 batters from the third through seventh innings. He allowed five hits with no walks and eight strikeouts. However, through six innings, Greinke was out-dueled by Syndergaard, who gave up one run through his first six innings while striking out nine.
Syndergaard and the Mets took a 2–1 lead to the bottom of the seventh. L.A.'s eighth-place hitter, Enrique Hernández, drew a one-out walk. Don Mattingly sent up veteran Chase Utley to hit for Greinke. Hernández stole second and Utley followed with a single to put the tying run on third and the go-ahead run at first with one out. Utley's hit chased Syndergaard from the game, manager Terry Collins sending in 42-year-old Bartolo Colón. Howie Kendrick lined a 1-2 pitch over the outstretched arm of Colón but on a hop to second baseman Daniel Murphy, setting up the most controversial play of the game. Murphy tossed to shortstop Rubén Tejada, who was moving to second base to start a potential double play. Utley slid late, with his helmet making contact with Tejada's thigh, who tried to jump over the runner but was upended and injured. Hernández scored, Kendrick was safe at first, and it appeared a runner would be at first with two outs and the game tied at 2–2. The Dodgers challenged the ruling at second base, arguing that Tejada never made contact with the bag to force out Utley. Just as the Mets were about to cart Tejada off the field with what would later be diagnosed with a fractured fibula, the call at second was overturned to safe. Now with runners on first and second and one out, Collins inserted Addison Reed in relief. After a Corey Seager flyout, the Dodgers took a 5–2 lead on back-to-back doubles from Adrián González and Justin Turner. Dodger relievers Chris Hatcher and Kenley Jansen pitched scoreless eighth and ninth innings, respectively, to even the series at a game apiece.
Game 3
In front of a raucous crowd on hand for the first postseason game ever hosted at Citi Field, the Mets took a 2–1 series lead in a rout. The night did not start well for the Mets, as starter Matt Harvey allowed three straight leadoff singles to load the bases in the second before a single by Yasmani Grandal and an error by right fielder Curtis Granderson put the Dodgers up 3–0. Harvey would escape further damage in the frame thanks to a leaping grab by David Wright on a Howie Kendrick line drive to retire the side.
There was concern before Game 3 that the Mets might seek retaliation against the Dodgers for the Chase Utley slide that injured Rubén Tejada in Game 2. Utley appealed a two-game suspension and was eligible to play, but did not. Instead of retaliation, the Mets had a record-setting night offensively. In the bottom of the second, after two leadoff singles off Brett Anderson, Travis d'Arnaud's RBI single scored a run, then Wilmer Flores's single loaded the bases before Granderson atoned for his error with a two-out bases-clearing double to give the Mets a 4–3 lead. Travis d'Arnaud's two-run home run off Anderson in the third extended the Mets' lead to 6–3. In the fourth, with two on against Alex Wood, Daniel Murphy drove in Juan Lagares with a single before Yoenis Céspedes's three-run home run made it 10–3 Mets. Adrián González hit a home run in the seventh off Bartolo Colón for the Dodgers, but in the bottom half, Pedro Baez allowed a leadoff single and two walks to load the bases. J.P. Howell in relief allowed a sacrifice fly to Michael Conforto and two-run double to Granderson. In the ninth, Erik Goeddel allowed two leadoff singles before Howie Kendrick's three-run home run made it 13–7 Mets. After a single, Jeurys Familia relieved Goeddel and retired the next three batters to end the game as the Mets took a 2–1 series lead. The 13 runs scored by the Mets set a new franchise record for a postseason game. Granderson's five RBIs tied a Mets single-game postseason record.
Game 4
In a must-win Game 4, the Dodgers turned to their ace Clayton Kershaw on three days rest to try to send the series back to Los Angeles. A win for the Mets would mean their first trip to the NLCS in nine years. They turned to the second rookie member of their starting rotation, Steven Matz. The pitchers traded zeroes for two innings before the top of the third. Kershaw himself had a one-out single to get a rally started. Although he was erased on a fielder's choice, the Dodgers followed with three consecutive hits: singles by Howie Kendrick and Adrián González, the latter of which scored the first run, and a two-run double by Justin Turner, giving the Dodgers the 3–0 edge.
Though Daniel Murphy connected in the fourth inning for his second home run off the Dodgers ace in the series, Kershaw would allow nothing more. He went seven innings, allowing only three hits and a walk to go with eight strikeouts, outdueling the rookie Matz, who only lasted five innings. Though the Mets drew two walks in the eighth inning, putting the tying runs on base and the potential go-ahead run at the plate, Dodgers closer Kenley Jansen induced a Murphy flyout to retire the side before retiring the Mets in order in the ninth for a 4-out save.
The win for the Dodgers snapped a seven-game road playoff losing streak. It was also the first time the Dodgers won an elimination game on the road since the 1981 NLCS against the Montreal Expos.
Game 5
The rubber game of the 5-game series was started by Zack Greinke for the Dodgers and Jacob deGrom for the Mets. The game's first play went for an infield single for Curtis Granderson, who was initially called out prior to a challenge by Mets manager Terry Collins. Two batters later, Granderson was driven in by a Daniel Murphy double. Murphy reached third after an error by left fielder Enrique Hernández, but was stranded there after Greinke struck out Yoenis Céspedes and Lucas Duda.
The Dodgers immediately answered in the bottom half of the inning. After Howie Kendrick lined out, the Dodgers put together four consecutive singles against deGrom, who was not showing the same sharpness of his Game 1 victory. The Dodgers scored two runs and were still threatening with runners on first second, but deGrom struck out Yasmani Grandal and Hernández to end the threat. deGrom would pitch in and out of trouble, dealing with runners in scoring position through each of the first five innings. Justin Turner continued his domination of his former team with three hits off deGrom, including a double to lead off the bottom of the third. Turner stole third with one out, but deGrom escaped unscathed after fielding a comebacker from Hernández to start a 1–6–3 double play to end the inning.
deGrom's multiple escapes afforded the Mets the opportunity to get back into the game, with Murphy stealing a run for the Mets in the top of the fourth. After singling, Murphy advanced to second after a Duda walk. As the infield had shifted for Duda, the Dodger third baseman Turner was in shallow right field. The infielder furthest to the left for the Dodgers was the shortstop Corey Seager, who was just to the left of second base. Murphy, noticing third base uncovered, trotted to second base, then rounded the bag and sprinted to third unchallenged for a stolen base. Travis d'Arnaud followed with a sacrifice fly to right to drive in Murphy and tie the game at 2–2. Murphy came through again in the sixth inning with a home run off Greinke, his third homer of the series.
The Mets were back in front 3–2 and never trailed thereafter. deGrom finished off a 1–2–3 sixth before giving way to Game 2 starter Noah Syndergaard, who featured 100 mph fastballs in a scoreless seventh inning, allowing only one walk. The Mets turned to closer Jeurys Familia for a two-inning save, something he had never been asked to do previously in his career and not been done in the postseason by any Mets pitcher since Jesse Orosco saved Game 7 of the 1986 World Series. Familia set down all six batters, sending the Mets to the NLCS for the first time since 2006.
Turner finished the series hitting a scintillating .526 with six doubles. The six doubles were the most in Division Series history and tied a record for most doubles in any one postseason series. Familia finished the series having retired all 16 batters to face him while the Mets captured their first win in a deciding game of a postseason series since the aforementioned Game 7 of the 1986 World Series.
After the series loss, the Dodgers and Don Mattingly mutually parted ways. Mattingly went on the manage the Miami Marlins the following season, while the Dodgers hired former player and San Diego Padres bench coach Dave Roberts.
Composite line score
2015 NLDS (3–2): New York Mets beat Los Angeles Dodgers | WIKI |
Good luck knot
The Good luck knot, also known as the Chrysanthemum Knot and One Mind Knot, can be seen in images carved on a statue of the East Asian Goddess of Mercy, Guanyin, which was created between AD 557 and 588, and later found in a cave in northwest China. | WIKI |
Alan J. Hoffman
Alan Jerome Hoffman (May 30, 1924 – January 18, 2021) was an American mathematician and IBM Fellow emeritus, T. J. Watson Research Center, IBM, in Yorktown Heights, New York. He was the founding editor of the journal Linear Algebra and its Applications, and held several patents. He contributed to combinatorial optimization and the eigenvalue theory of graphs. Hoffman and Robert Singleton constructed the Hoffman–Singleton graph, which is the unique Moore graph of degree 7 and diameter 2.
Hoffman died on January 18, 2021, at the age of 96.
Early life
Alan Hoffman was born and raised in New York City, residing first in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn and then on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, with his sister Mildred and his parents Muriel and Jesse. Alan knew from an early age that he wanted a career in mathematics. He was a good student in all disciplines, finding inspiration in both the liberal arts and the sciences. But he was enthralled by the rigor of deductive reasoning found in mathematics. He graduated from the George Washington High School in 1940 and entered Columbia University that fall, on a Pulitzer scholarship in 1940 at the age of 16.
Education
At Columbia, Hoffman joined the Debate Council, in part to overcome his fear of public speaking, and was active in both movements to increase American support for the Allies in the growing war against the Axis, and in the movement to have America directly enter the war. Although his coursework consisted primarily of mathematics, including small classes with luminaries in the field, he also studied philosophy, literature, and the history of governments.
World War II interrupted Hoffman's studies but not his interest in mathematics. He was called to service in February 1943 and served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1946, spending time in both Europe and the Pacific. Hoffman eloquently refers to these three years as "the climatic event of my life, with adventure magnified by the sensibilities of youth."
While in basic training in the anti-aircraft artillery school he considered the possibility of developing axioms for the geometry of circles. Unable to draw, he carried in his head a vision of the configurations in space – points, circles and spheres – depicting phenomena analogous to the geometry of lines. These ideas would later become the genesis of his doctoral dissertation on the foundations of inversion geometry. The experience of developing ideas in the mind rather than on paper or the chalkboard remained a practice throughout his career – a practice he did not recommend to others but which served his unique mind remarkably well.
After additional Army training, Hoffman became an instructor at the anti-aircraft metrology [IL1] [2] school, teaching basic trigonometry used to track balloons to plot deduce winds aloft. Following additional training in Electrical Engineering at the University of Maine and on the rudiments of long-lines telephony Hoffman was assigned to the 3186th Signal Service Battalion and sent to the European theatre in December 1944, as the war there was nearing its end. He spent a brief period in the Pacific theatre before returning home in February 1946. During his time abroad he and others taught some mathematics in small self-organized courses and he recorded his forays into circular geometry to share with faculty back at Columbia.
Upon returning to Columbia in the Fall of 1946, Hoffman was assigned to teach a mathematical survey course to the Columbia College of Pharmacy. He viewed this as an opportunity to improve his pedagogical[3] skills and determine whether the planned career in university teaching would be the most suitable choice. During that academic year, he gained confidence and skills in his teaching, crystallized his ideas on axioms for circular geometry, and proposed marriage to Esther Walker, the sister of an Army friend. Hoffman began graduate studies at Columbia, in the Fall of 1947, "brimming with confidence."
Early career
Following successful completion of exams and defense of his doctoral dissertation on the foundations of inversion geometry in 1950, Hoffman spent a postdoctoral year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. During this year he established a rhythm for his work, based on the mantra "You are a mathematician, you do mathematics."
At the end of the postdoctoral year, having not secured an academic appointment anywhere he would want to live, Hoffman joined the Applied Mathematics Division of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) in Washington DC. This, choice, advocated against by friends and colleagues, was fortuitous. "The entire arc of my career is based on the experience of the five years I spent in Washington at NBS." Hoffman had been hired to help fulfill a contract (Project SCOOP) with the Office of the Air Controller of the United States Air Force to pursue a program of research and computing in an area he had never heard of: linear programming. Hoffman found the new (both to him and the world) subject "a delicious combination of challenge and fun."
Hoffman learned linear programming from George Dantzig, who believed that their work would help organizations operate more efficiently through the use of mathematics – a concept that is now, 70 years later, continuing to be realized[IL4]. Through this work Hoffman became exposed to business concepts from management consulting, manufacturing, and finance, areas he enjoyed, but never felt fully at home in. Through Project SCOOP Hoffman became acquainted with other operations research notables such as Richard Bellman and Harold Kuhn. Although the code he wrote in 1951 "just didn't run," an experience disheartening enough that he never wrote another program, Hoffman and coauthors published a paper showing, based on experiments, that the simplex method was computationally superior to its contemporary competitors. This paper contained the first computational experiments with the simplex method and serves as a model for doing computational experiments in mathematical programming.
During these early years at NBS Hoffman developed the first example of cycling in the simplex method, an example which appears in numerous textbooks on the subject. A short NBS technical paper, apparently not widely circulated, showed that a point which "almost" satisfies a set of linear inequalities is "close: to some other point that does, under any reasonable definitions of "almost" and "close." The implications for linear programming algorithms that consider "lazy" or "soft" constraints, or for which the constraint data (matrix coefficients and right-hand side) are subject to noise are worth considering.
Hoffman was a key organizer of the influential Second Symposium in Linear Programming, held at the Bureau in January 1955. NBS's paper on the simplex method, ("How to solve a linear programming problem," Proc. Second Linear Programming Symposium, 1955) was widely distributed to other groups working on their own codes for the simplex algorithm. In 2020 this paper is a fascinating glimpse into the challenges of solving linear programs on tiny (by today's standards) computers. Hoffman's work at NBS included failed attempts to use linear programming to solve a combinatorial procurement auction problem. Combinatorial auctions remain challenging to this day, due to the overwhelming computational burden associated with computing optimal solutions[IL5]. The NBS effort used an approach which resembles branch-and-bound, which is now the standard method for solving integer programming problems.
With the German mathematician Helmut Wielandt, Hoffman used linear programming to estimate how distant the eigenvalues of one normal matrix were from the eigenvalues of another normal matrix, in terms of how distant the two matrices were from each other. The result relies on the observation that every doubly stochastic matrix is the convex hull of permutation matrices. For the Operations Research community, this result implies that for the subclass of linear programming problems which are called transportation problems, if the data (right hand side, or supply and demand values) consists of integers, then there is an optimal solution taking only integer values. The general result is known as the Hoffman-Wielandt Theorem and there are mathematicians who know Hoffman only through this result.
At NBS Hoffman explored the connection between linear programming duality and other combinatorial problems. This led to a simple but elegant proof to the König-Egerváry Theorem which states that for a 0-1 matrix, the maximum number of 1s that appear in different rows and columns is equal to the minimum number of rows and columns that in combination include all of the 1s in the matrix. This early work at NBS, and Hoffman's continued interest using linear equalities to prove combinatorial theorems led to collaborations with Harold Kuhn, David Gale and Al Tucker and to the birth of a subfield that later became known as polyhedral combinatorics. Hoffman was influential in later bringing Jack Edmonds to NBS (1959-1969), where the subject flourished.
While at NBS, Joe Kruskal and Hoffman showed that total unimodularity (the concept, not the name) provided an explanation of why some linear programs with integer data have integer solutions, and some do not. They also identified some sufficient conditions for a matrix to have the required property.
Hoffman also wrote about Lipschitz conditions for systems of linear inequalities, bounds on eigenvalues of normal matrices and the properties of smooth patterns of production. In 1956, Hoffman left the Bureau and moved to England with Esther and two young daughters, Eleanor (then 2) and Elizabeth (then less than 6 months) for the glamorous role of Scientific Liaison Officer (mathematics) at the London branch of the Office of Naval Research, with the mission of reestablishing connections between American and European mathematicians. This was a year of listening and learning, establishing and renewing friendships, and of course, doing mathematics. He did mathematics across Europe, discovering on a train to Frankfurt a beautiful theorem (but a flawed proof, later corrected by Jeff Kahn) connecting a topic in algebra to his early work on the geometry of circles. Another paper produced during this period further explores consequences of total unimodularity, and introduces the concept of a circulation in a directed graph as n generalization of the concept of an s-t flow, in which two of the graph's nodes play a special role.
As the year abroad came to a close Hoffman investigated two industrial positions in New York, one in a tiny mathematical research group at the nascent IBM Research Lab in northern Westchester county and the other teaching and providing general operations research support for GE employees at the Manhattan headquarters of the company. Hoffman choose the role in the larger, more established organization due to the location, the salary, and the opportunity to see if he, and the field of operations research could succeed in business. Hoffman found the job fascinating and, in many respects, satisfying. He was allowed by management to do mathematics, as long as it did not interfere with his assigned duties. Hoffman continued his research, most of which was orthogonal to the mission of the Management Consulting group, in an elegant office in the heart of Manhattan.
In the summer of 1960, Hoffman participated in a summer workshop on Combinatorics hosted by the mathematics department at IBM Research. He was dazzled by the atmosphere and "people all around doing mathematics." In 1961 he accepted the invitation of Herman Goldstine, Herb Greenberg, and Ralph Gomory to join IBM Research, thinking that it would be a great place to work, but that it probably wouldn't last, and in a few years he would get a "real job" in academia. Although Hoffman served as a visiting or adjunct professor at Technion Israel Institute of Technology (which awarded him an honorary doctorate), Yale, Stanford (where he spent cold winters for almost a decade), Rutgers, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Yeshiva University, the New School, and the City University of New York and supervised Ph.D. dissertations at City University of New York, Stanford, Yale and Princeton, he remained a member of the Mathematics Department at IBM Research until his retirement as an IBM Fellow in 2002.
IBM career
Upon joining IBM, Hoffman was one of the oldest members of the department, which was composed primarily of new Ph.D.’s. Despite being a mere 11 years post-PhD, Hoffman quickly assumed the role of mentor to these young researchers, discussing their work and interest and providing guidance. He served briefly as director of the department and was appointed IBM Fellow in 1977. Over the course of his career he published upwards of 200 academic papers, more than a third of them with coauthors. His mathematical range spanned numerous areas in both Algebra and Operations Research. He co-authored papers with many of his IBM colleagues, collaborating effectively with everyone from his fellow IBM Fellows) to summer interns and postdocs. Hoffman's humor, enthusiasm for math, music and puns, kindness and generosity were appreciated by all who encountered him.
Summary of Mathematical Contributions (from his notes in Selected Papers of Alan Hoffman) Hoffman's work in Geometry, beginning with his dissertation "On the foundations of inversion geometry," included proofs of properties of affine planes, and the study of points of correlation of finite projective planes, conditions on patterns of the union and intersection of cones (derived largely from his generalization of his earlier results on the rank of real matrices). He produced an alternate proof, based on axioms for certain abstract systems of convex sets, of a result (by Scarf and others) on the number of inequalities required to specify a solution to an integer programming problem. A theorem about this abstract system appears closely related to antimatroids (also known as convex geometries), although the connect has not been fully explored.
Hoffman's work in combinatorics extended our understanding of several classes of graphs. A 1956 lecture by G. Hajós on interval graphs led to Hoffman's characterization of comparability graphs, and later, through collaboration with Paul Gilmore, the GH theorem (also attributed to A. Ghouia-Houri). Motivated by Edmonds' matching algorithm, Hoffman collaborated with Ray Fulkerson and M. McAndrew Hoffman to characterize sets of integers that could correspond to the degrees and bounds on each vertex-pair edge counts of such a graph. They further considered which graphs in the class of all graphs having a prescribed set of degrees and edge count bounds could be transformed by a specific set of interchanges to any other set in the class. The proofs relate intimately to an important concept of Hilbert basis. The paper on self-orthogonal Latin squares, with IBM co-authors Don Coppersmith and R. Brayton, was inspired by a request to schedule a spouse avoiding mixed doubles tournament for a local racquet club. It has the distinction of being the only paper Hoffman would discuss outside of the mathematics community.
Partially ordered sets were a frequent topic of study for Hoffman. The 1977 paper with D. E. Schwartz uses linear programming duality to generalize Green and Kleitman's 1976 generalization of Dilworth's theorem on the decomposition of partially ordered sets, in yet another example of the unifying role duality plays in many combinatorial results.
Throughout his career Hoffman sought simple elegant alternative proofs to established theorems. These alternate proofs often gave rise to generalizations and extensions. In the late 1990s he collaborated with Cao, Chvátal and Vince to develop an alternate proof, using elementary methods rather than linear algebra or Ryser's theorem about square 0-1 matrices.
Hoffman's work on matrix inequalities and eigenvalues are staples in any course on matrix theory. Of particular charm, and in keeping with his fondness for unifying approaches is his 1975 paper on Linear G-Functions. While the proof of the specified Gerschgorin Variation is longer and more complex than others, it covers all the Ostrowski variations and many additional variations as special cases.
Hoffman was an encouraging elder but not an active participant in IBM's development of a series of linear and integer programming products. He did, however, continue research on combinatorial and algebraic aspects of linear programming and linear inequalities, including a delightful abstraction of linear programming duality (1963). He also continued to use properties of linear inequalities to prove (or re-prove, more elegantly) results in convexity.
A collaboration with Shmuel Winograd, also an IBM Fellow in the Mathematics department, produced an efficient algorithm for finding all shortest distances in a directed network, using pseudo-multiplication of matrices. A series of papers on lattice polyhedral (some with Don Schwarts) introduced the concept of lattice polyhedral, which gave rise to yet another instance of combinatorial duality.
Following a collaboration with Ray Fulkerson and Rosa Oppenheim on balanced matrices, Hoffman generalized the Ford-Fulkerson Max Flow – Min Cut result to other cases (flow at nodes, undirected arcs, etc.) by providing a proof of which all previously known instances were special cases. This paper also introduced the concept of (but again, not the name) of total dual integrality, an idea behind most uses of linear programming to prove extremal combinatorial theorems.
Over his career Hoffman studied the class of integer programming problems that were solvable by successively maximizing the variables in some order. One such instance is the complete transportation problem, in the case where the cost coefficient exhibit a particular property discovered more than a century earlier by the French Mathematician Gaspard Monge. This approach, called simply "simple" in the Hoffman paper, was later deemed "greedy" by Edmonds and Fulkerson. The Monge property gives rise to an antimatroid, and through the use of that antimatroid, Hoffman's result is easily extended to the case of incomplete transportation problems. Hoffman re-used the term "greedy" to describe a subclass of 0-1 matrices for which the dual linear program can be solved by the greedy algorithm for all right-hand sides and all objective functions with decreasing (in the variable index) coefficients. Together with Kolen and Sakarovitch he showed that for these matrices, the corresponding integer program has an integer optimal solution for integer data. The elegant and brief 1992 paper provides a characterization on 0-1 matrices for which packing and covering problems can be solved through a greedy approach. It provides a unification of results for shortest path and minimum spanning tree problems. His final paper on this topic "On greedy algorithms, partially ordered sets and submodular functions," co-authored with Dietrich, appeared in 2003.
Hoffman visited and revisited the topic of Graph Spectra, addressing the uniqueness of the triangular association scheme in a 1959 paper, Moore Graphs with diameters 2 and 3 in 1960 (with R Singleton), the polynomial of a graph in 1963, the line graph of a symmetric balanced incomplete block design (with Ray-Chaudhuri) in 1965, connections between Eigenvalues and colorings of a graph (in 1970), connections between Eigenvalues and partitionings of the edges in a Graph in 1972, and many more, including exploring properties of the edge versus path incidence matrix of series parallel graphs (related to greedy packings) with Schieber in 2002.
Recognition
Hoffman was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1982, to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987, and to the inaugural class of INFORMS Fellows in 2002. Over his long career, Hoffman served on the editorial board of eleven journals and as the founding editor of Linear Algebra and its Applications. In 1992, together with Phillip Wolfe (also of IBM) he was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize by ORSA and TIMS[6], predecessors of INFORMS[7]. In presenting the award George Nemhauser recognized Hoffman and Wolfe as the intellectual leaders of the mathematical programming group at IBM. He cited Hoffman for his work in combinatorics and linear programming and for his early work on the computational efficiency of the simplex method during his time at NBS. In August 2000, Hoffman was honored by the Mathematical Programming Society as one of 10 recipients (3 from IBM) of the Founders Award.
In a biography published in an issue of Linear Algebra and its Applications dedicated to Hoffman on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, Uriel Rothblum wrote that "Above and beyond his scholarly and professional contributions, Hoffman has unparalleled ability to enjoy everything he does. He enjoys singing, ping pong, puns, witty stories, and -- possibly as much as anything else -- doing mathematics."
Esther Hoffman died of a blood disease in summer of 1988. Alan married Elinor Hershaft, an interior designer, in 1990. They divorced in 2014. Elinor died in October 2020. Hoffman spent his last years at The Osborn retirement community in Rye, New York. He is survived by his daughters, Eleanor and Elizabeth.
Awards
Alan Hoffman was a recipient of a number of awards.
* IBM Fellow, 1978–
* Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1982–
* Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1987–
* D. Sc. (Hon.) Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 1986
* 1992 John von Neumann Theory Prize with Philip Wolfe
* 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Select publications
* Hoffman A. J. & Jacobs W. (1954) Smooth patterns of production. In Management Science, 1(1): 86–91.
* Hoffman A. J. & Wolfe P. (1985) History. Lawler E. L., Lenstra J. K., Rinnooy Kan A. H. G., & Shmoys D. B., eds. In The Traveling Salesman Problem. John Wiley & Sons: New York. | WIKI |
Two more MLB players apologize after offensive tweets surface | TheHill
Two MLB players apologized over the weekend after revelations of a series of offensive and racially charged tweets from their past. Washington Nationals shortstop Trea Turner and Atlanta Braves pitcher Sean Newcomb on Sunday both issued apologies, becoming the latest professional athletes to face scrutiny from years-old tweets resurfacing. "I believe people who know me understand those regrettable actions do not reflect my values or who I am," Turner said in a statement issued by the Nationals, according to NBC News. Turner, 25, made the statement after tweets from 2011 and 2012 in which Turner made homophobic and racially insensitive comments came to light. On tweet from 2011 reads, "Once u go black, ur gonna need a wheelchair." "I understand the hurtful nature of such language and am sorry to have brought any negative light to the Nationals organization, myself or the game I love," Turner said in his apology. Newcomb, 25, also issued an apology Sunday for a string of tweets he posted in 2011 and 2012 when he was a senior in high school. ESPN reported that one of Newcomb's past tweets included a racial epithet that was part of a rap song. Multiple others contained gay slurs, according to the ESPN report. “I just wanted to apologize for any insensitive material,'' Newcomb said to reporters, according to ESPN. "It was a long time ago, six or seven years ago, saying some stupid stuff with friends.” The Braves also issued a statement saying the organization has spoken with Newcomb. The apologies from Newcomb and Turner come shortly after old insensitive tweets from Milwaukee Brewers pitcher Josh Hader resurfaced as he pitched in the MLB All-Star game earlier this month. "White power lol," read one tweet from Hader's protected account. Hader also quickly apologized for his past comments. “There’s no excuse for what was said,” Hader told reporters, according to the New York Post. “I’m deeply sorry for what I said and what’s been going on. It doesn’t reflect any of my beliefs now.” A day after the tweets emerged, MLB announced that it would require Hader to go through sensitivity training and participate in diversity and inclusion initiatives. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Jean Dujardin
Jean Edmond Dujardin (born 19 June 1972) is a French actor and comedian. He began his career as a stand-up comedian in Paris before guest starring in comedic television programmes and films. He first came to prominence with the cult TV series Un gars, une fille (1999–2003), in which he starred alongside his partner Alexandra Lamy, before becoming a popular film actor with comedies such as Brice de Nice (2005), Michel Hazanavicius's OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies (2006), its sequel OSS 117: Lost in Rio (2009), and 99 Francs (2007).
Dujardin garnered international fame and widespread acclaim with his performance of George Valentin in the 2011 award-winning silent movie The Artist by Hazanavicius. The role won him numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actor (the first for a French actor), the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role and the Cannes Film Festival's Best Actor Award. Despite this newfound popularity, he chose to keep his focus on France, where he remains a popular actor, although he later appeared in the English-language films The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) and The Monuments Men (2014).
Early life
Jean Dujardin was born on 19 June 1972 in the commune of Rueil-Malmaison, Hauts-de-Seine department, Île-de-France region, in the western suburbs of Paris. He grew up in neighbouring Plaisir, Yvelines. After attending high school, he went to work for the construction company of his father, Jacques Dujardin, as a locksmith. Dujardin began contemplating a career in acting while serving his mandatory military service a few years later.
Career
Jean Dujardin began his acting career performing a self-written one-man show in various bars and cabarets in Paris. He first gained attention when he appeared on the French talent show Graines de star in 1996 as part of the comedy group Nous Ç Nous, which was formed by members of the Carré blanc theater.
From 1999 to 2003, Dujardin starred in the France production of the originally Canadian comedy series Un gars, une fille, alongside his future wife Alexandra Lamy, before transitioning to a career in film. The TV series charted the path of a relationship; each episode was less than ten minutes long. In 2005, he portrayed the titular surfer in the popular comedic film Brice de Nice and performed on its accompanying soundtrack.
In 2006, Dujardin starred as racist, sexist secret agent Hubert Bonisseur de La Bath in the comedy OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies, a role which earned him an Etoile D'Or Award and a César Award nomination for Best Actor. The film's success spawned a sequel, OSS 117: Lost in Rio. In 2007, directed by Jan Kounen, he starred in the film 99F (99 francs), a very successful existential parody of an advertising exec, adapted from the eponymous best-seller written by Frédéric Beigbeder. This same year, he ventured in drama for the first time on the silver screen, playing a tortured father and cop in Franck Mancuso's Contre-enquête. In 2009, he appeared in A Man and His Dog alongside screen legend Jean-Paul Belmondo, with whom he has often been compared. In 2010, he starred alongside Albert Dupontel, playing his character's cancer in The Clink of Ice, a French black comedy written and directed by Bertrand Blier.
In 2011, Dujardin starred as movie star George Valentin in the silent film The Artist, reuniting him with OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies director Michel Hazanavicius and his co-star in that film, Bérénice Bejo. The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, where he received the Best Actor Award. His performance garnered much critical acclaim and he received numerous nominations, including the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor and the Screen Actors Guild for Best Actor.
On 15 January 2012, Dujardin won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. He later went on to win the Screen Actors Guild for Best Actor, and the BAFTA for Best Actor. He was also nominated for the César award of the best actor but lost it to Omar Sy for his role in the second most ever viewed movie in France Intouchables. Dujardin went on to win the Best Actor award at the 84th Academy Awards. In effect he is the fourth French actor to be nominated for an Oscar and the first to win the Best Actor. Following his Oscar nomination for his role in The Artist, WME agency signed the actor.
French film historian Tim Palmer has analyzed Dujardin's career and rise to success in France, noting how his formative roles were often unredeemable buffoons, very skillful portrayals of childlike men who aggressively and unabashedly reject the responsibilities and compromises of adult life. Dujardin's breakthrough roles as Brice de Nice and OSS 117 exemplified this tendency.
In February 2012, Dujardin appeared in Les Infidèles with co-star and friend Gilles Lellouche. He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012 along with 175 other individuals. In 2013, Dujardin starred in Éric Rochant's Möbius with Cécile de France and Tim Roth.
His second film that year was Martin Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street, playing alongside Leonardo DiCaprio, Jonah Hill, Matthew McConaughey, and Kyle Chandler, among others. He appeared in The Monuments Men, directed by George Clooney, and co-starring Clooney, Matt Damon, and Cate Blanchett, and starred in the French film Le Petit Joueur.
In late 2014, La French, was released in Europe and subsequently in the United States in early 2015. He plays a French police magistrate who tries to dismantle the French Connection and bring down the Unione Corse.
Personal life
Dujardin has been married three times and has four children. His first marriage, to Gaëlle Demars, ended in 2003. They have two sons, born in 2000 and 2001. In 2003, he started dating his on-screen partner Alexandra Lamy of the comedy series Un gars, une fille; the two had originally met at the audition, and fell in love while shooting the series. They married in Anduze on 25 July 2009. In November 2013, it was announced that the couple had separated.
He began dating French ice dancer Nathalie Péchalat in 2014 after following her to Japan to watch her perform in the world ice skating championships, and they had a daughter who they named Jeanne, in December 2015. They married on 19 May 2018 in a small ceremony. Péchalat gave birth to daughter Alice in February 2021
Music video
* 2005 : "Le Casse de Brice" (directed by J.G. Biggs)
* 2016 : "Pour un pote" featuring Bigflo & Oli | WIKI |
Microsoft 365 for small and medium businesses is now generally available – TechCrunch
Microsoft 365 lets businesses subscribe to a bundle with Office 365, Windows 10 and the company’s mobile device management tools. The early focus for this program was enterprises, but a few months ago, the company also launched a preview version of Microsoft 365 for small and medium businesses. Today, Microsoft 365 Business is coming out of beta and is now generally available to customers. Also coming out of beta are the company’s tools for managing email marketing campaigns (Microsoft Connections), creating invoices (Microsoft Invoicing) and keeping tabs on a business’ online presence on search engines, social media and Yelp (Microsoft Listings). Like Microsoft 365 Business, these tools focus on specifically on the needs of small and medium businesses (SMBs) and they are now part of both the Microsoft 365 and Office 365 Business Premium subscription packages. Microsoft loves to talk about “digital transformation,” but it mostly does so in the context of large enterprise organizations. As Caroline Goles, Microsoft’s director of Office SMB, told me, the company recently looked at how it could apply its experience to SMBs as well. Given that most of these companies don’t even have a dedicated IT staff (or only a very small one), the challenges they face tend to be quite different and yet they also have to deal with much of the the same competitive pressure and security concerns as large businesses (only that even a small breach can easily bankrupt them). To tackle this market, the team combine Windows 10 and Office 365 with a simplified device management service that provides much of the power of its enterprise-class counterpart behind a far easier to use interface that provides sane default choices. All of this sits behind the so-called Microsoft Admin Console where users can easily provision new devices, allow access to files to certain users (or remove it), and manage other security settings. Among some of the smarter features here is the ability to protect company data behind an extra PIN code or fingerprint scan, as well as the ability to automatically delete data from a device if it hasn’t been used for a while. The Console also allows admins to ensure that Office 365 gets installed on every new machine, for example, and to enforce that Windows Defender is running on every laptop the company issues. The overall idea here is to simplify IT management for these businesses by giving them a single service for managing all of their technology needs. Goles noted that the addition of tools like Connections, Invoicing and Listings is part of the company’s goal to provide more services for the SMB market. These three tools join Microsoft Bookings, MileIQ and the Outlook Customer Manager in the company’s lineup of similar tools. For now, Microsoft doesn’t have any concrete plans to launch additional services on top of these business apps (or at least Goles didn’t share them with us), so for now, the plan is to ensure that the existing services meet the needs of Microsoft’s customers. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Template talk:Did you know nominations/India national football team at the Asian Games
200 Character
, when I was nominating, the template auto counts the character as 192 or so which is below 200, the limit is on characters which is displayed, in the displayed text the number of characters is below 200. For eg: If India national football team is linked as India the number of character is 5 instead of 25. However, I am making bold as you advised. Let me know what else to be corrected. Drat8sub (talk) 15:58, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
* Drat8sub, the nomination form gives a rough estimate, but it is not perfect. I just put the wikitext of that hook into the form, and it said it's 248 characters, but the actual correct current count is 242. You can check this by going to the nom page and clicking on "Hook length" in the DYK toolbox on the right. You can also copy the rendered text (everything from "that" to the "?") and paste it into an online character counter. Or you can just manually count them. In any case, as I said in my edit summary, it's way over the 200-character limit, and you'll have to either remove that hook or drastically trim it. M AN d ARAX • XAЯA b ИA M 18:38, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
* Yeah....just seen that, I've modified the hook to reduce the size. Kindly, check if it's ok now. Thank you. Drat8sub (talk) 21:44, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
* All three hooks are now acceptable lengths. Thanks for taking care of it. M AN d ARAX • XAЯA b ИA M 22:23, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
Hook modifications
GalliumBot (talk • contribs) (he/it) 21:25, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
* ... that the India national team were victorious in the football at the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games? [2023-12-24 at 20:40:34, by ]
* ... that the India national team were victorious in football at the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games? [2023-12-24 at 20:40:45, by ] | WIKI |
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Janet Mavis MARCUSSE, Movant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent.
No. 1:09-CV-913.
United States District Court, W.D. Michigan, Southern Division.
March 30, 2011.
OPINION
ROBERT HOLMES BELL, District Judge.
This matter is before the Court on Movant Janet Mavis Marcusse’s motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to vacate, set aside, or correct her sentence. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 1). Movant was indicted on October 27, 2004, on the following charges: (1) mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341; (2) conspiracy to commit mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; (3) conspiracy to commit money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; (4) conspiracy to defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; and (5) money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)®. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 108). Movant was convicted on June 14, 2005, and sentenced to twenty-five years in prison. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 522, 558). Movant appealed and her conviction was affirmed on February 19, 2008. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 704). Movant filed her § 2255 motion on October 2, 2009. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 1).
After a § 2255 motion is filed, the Court must undertake a preliminary review of the motion to determine whether it plainly appears from the motion, the attached exhibits and the record of prior proceedings that Movant is not entitled to relief in the district court. Rule 4, Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings. If so, the court shall make an order for its summary dismissal. Id. The Government is not required to answer the motion unless the Court so orders. Rule 5, Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings. The Court has conducted its preliminary review, and finds that summary dismissal of Movant’s § 2255 motion is not warranted, and that the Government must respond to Movant’s motion. However, the Court concludes that only a portion of the arguments raised in Movant’s brief in support of her § 2255 motion (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34) present a plausible basis of relief. Therefore, pursuant to Rules 4 and 5 of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings, the Government is directed to respond to Movant’s motion, but need only respond to those arguments designated by this opinion and corresponding order. The Government need not respond to those arguments which the Court identifies as being without merit upon preliminary review.
Movant’s brief in support of her § 2255 motion contains thirty separate “grounds,” many of which contain multiple arguments. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34). Although Movant’s brief does not subdivide or label the arguments made under each “ground,” the Court has numbered the separate arguments found under each “ground” for ease of reference and analysis.
I.
A prisoner who moves to vacate his sentence under § 2255 must show that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or that it is otherwise subject to collateral attack. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. To prevail on a § 2255 motion “a petitioner must demonstrate the existence of an error of constitutional magnitude which had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the guilty plea or the jury’s verdict.” Humphress v. United States, 398 F.3d 855, 858 (6th Cir.2005) (quoting Griffin v. United States, 330 F.3d 733, 736 (6th Cir.2003)). Non-constitutional errors are generally outside the scope of § 2255 relief. United States v. Cofield, 233 F.3d 405, 407 (6th Cir.2000). A petitioner can prevail on a § 2255 motion alleging non-constitutional error only by establishing a “fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice, or, an error so egregious that it amounts to a violation of due process.” Watson v. United States, 165 F.3d 486, 488 (6th Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Ferguson, 918 F.2d 627, 630 (6th Cir.1990) (internal quotations omitted)).
As a general rule, claims not raised on direct appeal are procedurally defaulted and may not be raised on collateral review unless the petitioner shows either 1) “cause” and “actual prejudice”; or 2) “actual innocence.” Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504, 123 S.Ct. 1690, 155 L.Ed.2d 714 (2003); Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 621-22, 118 S.Ct. 1604, 140 L.Ed.2d 828 (1998); United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 167-68, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim, however, is not subject to the procedural default rule. Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504, 123 S.Ct. 1690. An ineffective assistance of counsel claim may be raised in a collateral proceeding under § 2255, whether or not the petitioner could have raised the claim on direct appeal. Id.
In reviewing a § 2255 motion where factual disputes arise, “the habeas court must hold an evidentiary hearing to determine the truth of the petitioner’s claims.” Valentine v. United States, 488 F.3d 325, 333 (6th Cir.2007) (quoting Turner v. United States, 183 F.3d 474, 477 (6th Cir.1999)). The Court must grant a hearing to determine the issues and make findings of fact and conclusions of law on a § 2255 motion “[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). No evidentiary hearing is required if the allegations “cannot be accepted as true because they are contradicted by the record, inherently incredible, or conclusions rather than statements of fact.” Valentine, 488 F.3d at 333 (quoting Arredondo v. United States, 178 F.3d 778, 782 (6th Cir.1999)). “If it plainly appears from the motion, any attached exhibits, and the record of prior proceedings that the moving party is not entitled to relief, the judge must dismiss the motion.” Rules Governing § 2255 Cases, Rule 4(b). Where the judge considering the § 2255 motion also conducted the trial, the judge may rely on his or her recollections of the trial. Blanton v. United States, 94 F.3d 227, 235 (6th Cir.1996).
II.
Ground One
Movant’s fifst ground in support of her § 2255 motion consists of three arguments: (1) failure of the superceding indictment to use the term “Ponzi scheme” caused it to be defective, (2) the jury instructions were defective because they failed to use the term “Ponzi scheme,” and (3) the Government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct. All three arguments listed within Movant’s first ground in support of her § 2255 are without merit.
First, Movant contends that the failure of the superceding indictment to use the language “Ponzi scheme” caused it to be defective and that through prosecutorial misconduct, removal of the term “Ponzi scheme” from the jury instructions was “per se prejudicial” and violated her Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment rights. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34).
Failure of the superceding indictment to use the term “Ponzi scheme” does not render it defective. For an indictment to be constitutional, two requirements must be met: “first, [that it] contains the elements of the offense charged and fairly informs a defendant of the charge against which he must defend, and, second, [that it] enables him to plead an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense.” United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102, 108, 127 S.Ct. 782, 166 L.Ed.2d 591 (2007) (quoting Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 94 S.Ct. 2887, 41 L.Ed.2d 590 (1974)).
The superceding indictment clearly and explicitly identifies the elements of each charged offense and the charges’ corresponding statutory authority. (See 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 108). Movant was indicted under 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 1341, 1956, 1957. Id. The term “Ponzi scheme” does not appear in the statutory language of any of the statutes which Movant was convicted of. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 1341, 1956, 1957. A “Ponzi scheme” is merely a lay-term used to describe a variety of fraud. Absence of the term “Ponzi scheme” from the superceding indictment is irrelevant to its effectiveness. '
Further, the Judgment also states the same statutes and corresponding indictment counts that Movant was found guilty of violating. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 558). Because the Judgment and superceding indictment properly identified the statutes and counts which Movant was found guilty of, Movant bears no risk of being prosecuted in the future for the same offenses. Therefore, Movant’s superceding indictment was constitutional, and her argument is without merit.
Second, Movant contends that the jury instructions were defective because they failed to use the term “Ponzi scheme.” (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34). In Middleton v. McNeil, the Supreme Court stated the proper due process analysis of jury instructions for criminal trials:
[T]he State must prove every element of the offense, and a jury instruction violates due process if it fails to give effect to that requirement. Nonetheless, not every ambiguity, inconsistency, or deficiency in a jury instruction rises to the level of a due process violation. The question is “whether the ailing instruction ... so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” “[A] single instruction to a jury may not be judged in artificial isolation, but must be viewed in the context of the overall charge.” “If the overall charge is ambiguous, the question is whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challenged instruction in a way that violates the constitution.”
541 U.S. 433, 437, 124 S.Ct. 1830, 158 L.Ed.2d 701 (2004) (citations omitted). As stated before, the term “Ponzi scheme” is not itself a legally significant term, and is merely used to describe various types of fraud. Movant appears to contend that the use of the term “Ponzi scheme” during the trial combined with its absence in the jury instructions prejudiced her and resulted in defective jury instructions. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 67-74, Ex. D). If the term “Ponzi scheme” was in the operative language of the statute which Movant was convicted of, then absence of that language may be an issue. However, that is not the case.
To begin the analysis, the Court must determine whether the jury instructions were ambiguous. Reviewed in its totality, the trial record shows that the jury instruction charges were not ambiguous. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22). The necessary elements were clearly delineated in the indictment, trial, and in the statutes. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 108, 470-78, 513-22, 558). Movant has failed to cite any jury instruction or trial transcript that, when reviewed as a whole, appears to be ambiguous. {See 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, Ex. A-I). The next question is whether the jury instructions properly identified each element the jury must find to convict the Movant. Middleton, 541 U.S. at 437, 124 S.Ct. 1830. Although parts of the lay definition for the term “Ponzi scheme” and of the operative statutory language which Movant was convicted of were comparable, a “Ponzi scheme” was not an element of any charges brought against Movant. 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 1341, Í956,1957. Accordingly, failure to use the term “Ponzi scheme” in the jury instructions did not render the instructions defective.
Movant also appears to argue that the superceding indictment was constructively amended by a supplemental jury instruction. Movant argues that the alleged amendment caused the jury to be confused with the term “Ponzi scheme” and the charges brought against her. A constructive amendment
results when the terms of an indictment are in effect altered by the presentation of evidence and jury instructions which modify essential elements of the offense charged such that there is a substantial likelihood that the defendant may have been convicted of an offense other than the one charged in the indictment.
United States v. Siemaszko, 612 F.3d 450, 469-70 (6th Cir.2010) (citing United States v. Kuehne, 547 F.3d 667, 683-84 (6th Cir.2008)). “To determine whether a constructive amendment has occurred ... we review the language of the indictment, the evidence presented at trial, the jury instructions and the verdict forms utilized by the jury.” Kuehne, 547 F.3d at 683-84.
In giving supplemental instructions, the Court must take care to refrain from adding to the confusion or prejudicing the defendant. United States v. Nunez, 889 F.2d 1564, 1569 (6th Cir.1989). Supplemental instructions must be given in a way that will clear away the difficulties on a particular issue with accuracy and must be viewed in light of the entire trial and previous instructions. See United States v. Lee, 991 F.2d 343, 350 (6th Cir.1993). Even a “misstatement in one part of the [jury] charge does not require reversal if elsewhere in the instruction the correct information is conveyed to the jury in a clear and concise manner.” United States v. Nelson, 27 F.3d 199, 202 (6th Cir.1994) (quoting United States v. Pope, 561 F.2d 663, 670 (6th Cir.1977)). The record shows the Court’s instructions clearly and accurately reflected the counts in the indictment. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22). Because clear and accurate instructions had been given, the Court’s supplemental instructions were providing only the direction necessary to assist the jury in understanding the relevant law. Id. Movant’s allegations of improper supplemental jury instructions represent conclusions rather than statements of fact, are not supported by the record or her exhibits, and are contradicted by the record. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22; 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34).
Third, Movant also contends that certain actions that occurred during the trial constituted prosecutorial misconduct. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 66). For a habeas corpus motion to be cognizable under a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, the misconduct must be “of sufficient significance to result in the denial of the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756, 765, 107 S.Ct. 3102, 97 L.Ed.2d 618 (1987) (citation omitted). When determining fundamental fairness, the Court must “as an initial matter ... place th[e] remar[k] in context.” Id. (citation omitted). Movant bases her prosecutorial misconduct claims on allegations that the government lied multiple times during the trial, presented misleading exhibits, and colluded with the Court. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 68-75).
Movant’s generalized allegations of prosecutorial misconduct are without merit and represent conclusions that are simply not supported by the record or Movant’s Exhibits. (Compare 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 491, 513-22, with 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, Ex. A-I). Movant’s argument requires the Court to make unwarranted inferences from the record to reach the conclusion that prosecutorial misconduct was rampant. Id.
Ground Two
Movant’s second ground supporting her § 2255 motion appears to involve two arguments: (1) judicial estoppel precludes the use of the term “Ponzi scheme” as a finding of fact, at sentencing and at appeal, and (2) the Supreme Court holding that under 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1), “proceeds” means “receipts,” represents a change in law which entitles Movant to relief. United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 128 S.Ct. 2020, 170 L.Ed.2d 912 (2008). The first argument is without merit, and the Government will be directed to respond to the second argument.
First, Movant alleges that judicial estoppel precludes the use of the term “Ponzi scheme” as a finding of fact at sentencing and at appeal. Judicial estoppel occurs “[w]here a party assumes a certain position in a legal proceeding, and succeeds in maintaining that position, he may not thereafter, simply because his interests have changed, assume a contrary position, especially if it be to the prejudice of the party who has acquiesced in the position formerly taken by him.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749, 121 S.Ct. 1808, 149 L.Ed.2d 968 (2001) (quoting Davis v. Wakelee, 156 U.S. 680, 689, 15 S.Ct. 555, 39 L.Ed. 578 (1895)). Judicial estoppel’s effect “generally prevents a party from prevailing in one phase of a case on an argument and then relying on a contradictory argument to prevail in another phase.” Id. (quoting Pegram v. Herdrich, 530 U.S. 211, 227, 120 S.Ct. 2143, 147 L.Ed.2d 164 (2000)). The purpose of judicial estoppel is “to protect the integrity of the judicial process by prohibiting parties from deliberately changing positions according to the exigencies of the moment.” Id. at 750, 121 S.Ct. 1808 (citation omitted).
Movant appears to argue that the periodic use of the term “Ponzi scheme” during trial, its absence from jury instructions, and its use in sentencing proceedings violated the rule of judicial estoppel. (L09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 75-76). However, Movant misconstrues the legal significance of the term “Ponzi scheme” and the legal principle of judicial estoppel.
The term “Ponzi scheme” is merely a term-of-art used to describe various types of fraud. Under judicial estoppel, the use, or absence of use of the term “Ponzi scheme” is irrelevant; the issue is whether the Government had taken contradictory legal positions during the legal proceedings. Movant has cited nothing on the record or any exhibit indicating that the Government deviated from the legal theory that Movant committed mail fraud or money laundering, or conspiracy to commit mail fraud or money laundering. Accordingly, Movant’s argument for judicial estoppel in support of her § 2255 motion is without merit.
Second, Movant asserts that United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 128 S.Ct. 2020, 170 L.Ed.2d 912 (2008), represents grounds for relief from her convictions. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Three
Movant’s third ground in support of her § 2255 motion involves six unorganized arguments: (1) the prosecution knowingly presented false testimony, presented false evidence, withheld evidence, and tampered with evidence; (2) defense counsel was ineffective; (3) there was collusion between the Court and Government; (4) witness testimony was incredible; (5) 18 U.S.C. § 3282 statute of limitation bars the superceding indictment because it broadens the charges of the original indictment; and (6) an “ex post facto” prohibition applies to her case. Arguments three through six are without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to arguments one and two.
First, Movant presents various arguments of prosecutorial misconduct. The allegations that prosecution knowingly presented false testimony, presented false evidence and withheld evidence represent conclusions rather than statements of fact. Neither the record nor the authority cited by Movant supports those allegations. See supra p. 8; (see also 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, Ex. B-D, CC-EE, BBB, TTT, ZZZZ). Movant also alleges that Government trial exhibits one, three, thirty-one, and thirty-three were altered prior to presentation to the jury in a way that materially prejudiced her. The Court reserves ruling on this allegation of prosecutorial misconduct until a response is filed by the Government.
Second, Movant appears to argue ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to object at certain points during the trial,, failure to take a “closer look at” certain materials, failure to read certain materials, and failure to maintain a specific line of questioning. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 83-85). The Court reserves ruling on the claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel until a response is filed by the Government.
Third, Movant argues that certain witness and evidentiary rulings made by the Court should be inferred to indicate collusion between the Court and the Government. These allegations are merely conclusory statements unsupported by the record or exhibits. (1.-04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 491, 513-22, 704). Movant’s argument for Court and Government collusion is without merit.
Fourth, Movant argues that certain witness testimony was not credible. The Courts are generally precluded from independently assessing the credibility of witnesses. United States v. Gessa, 57 F.3d 493, 496 (6th Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1098, 116 S.Ct. 827, 133 L.Ed.2d 769 (1996) (holding “[t]he appellate courts generally do not review the district court’s determinations regarding witness credibility”). In a jury trial, the jury is the sole fact finder (United States v. Adamo, 742 F.2d 927, 935 (6th Cir.1984)) and issues of witness credibility are “within the ‘special province’ of the factfinder.” Wright v. Florida, 474 U.S. 1094, 106 S.Ct. 870, 88 L.Ed.2d 909 (1986) (quoting Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 856, 102 S.Ct. 2182, 72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982)). Review of witness credibility is not within the province of this Court and is not proper under a § 2255 motion. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Accordingly, Movant’s argument that witness testimony was not sufficiently credible to sustain her conviction is without merit.
Fifth, Movant argues that the superceding indictment broadens the charges of the original indictment, and those broadened charges are barred by the statute of limitations under 18 U.S.C. § 3282. The statute of limitations rule under 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a) states that “[e]xcept as otherwise expressly provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not capital, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years next after such offense shall have been committed.” Movant contends that the new charges brought in the superceding indictment, filed October 27, 2004 are barred by this five-year limitation period. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 108).
Once an indictment is brought, the statute of limitations does not further run to the charges in that indictment. United States v. Smith, 197 F.3d 225, 227 (6th Cir.1999) (citation omitted). The limitations period begins to run on the date of the “last overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy alleged in the indictment.” Id. at 228; see also Pinkerton v. United States, 145 F.2d 252 (5th Cir.1944). The record clearly shows that in 2001 and into 2002, Movant was committing overt acts to further the crimes outlined in the superceding indictment. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 108, 470-78, 513-522). The superceding indictment was filed in October of 2004, less than four years after the overt acts documented in 2001 and 2002. Accordingly, Movant’s argument that the superceding indictment is barred by the statute of limitations is without merit.
Sixth, Movant argues that the Ex Post Facto provision of the U.S. Constitution applies to her case. U.S. Const, art. I, § 10, cl. 1. This provision “forbids the Congress and the States to enact any law which imposes a punishment for an act which was not punishable at the time it was committed; or imposes additional punishment to that then prescribed.” Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 28, 101 S.Ct. 960, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This argument is merely another conclusion which is not supported by the record, exhibits or the cited legal authority, and is without merit.
Ground Four
Movant’s fourth ground supporting her § 2255 motion appears to involve two separate arguments: (1) the evidence was not sufficient to sustain the conviction, specifically that the evidence was insufficient to show that Movant and Diane and Wesley Boss (Bosses) engaged in the same offenses or had an agreement, and (2) the Bosses being made co-defendants and their guilty pleading materially prejudiced Movant. The first argument is without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to the second.
First, Movant alleges that no “competent evidence” existed to demonstrate she engaged in the same offenses or had agreements with the Bosses. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 95). This is another bare conclusion, that is unsupported by the record. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 108, 470-78, 481, 513-22). Further, Movant cites no exhibits or authority to support her claim. Movant’s argument is without merit.
Second, Movant alleges that the Bosses attachment as co-defendants and subsequent guilty pleading prejudiced Movant which violated her right to due process. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Five
Movant’s fifth ground supporting her § 2255 motion involves four arguments: (1) the terminology used by the Court and Government effectively denied her the right to a fair trial, (2) certain actions by the Court should be inferred to conclusively show collusion occurred between the Court and the Government, (3) certain rulings made by the Court violated the “ex post facto” rule, and (4) by denying Movant the use of the bulk bank records, the Court unfairly prejudiced her. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 100-05). Arguments one through three are without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to argument four.
First, Movant contends that the Court’s' definition of “investment contract” and “prime bank investment” applied at trial deprived her of the right to a fair trial. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 101). To prevail on a § 2255 motion, Movant must demonstrate an error of constitutional magnitude or a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice or an error so egregious that it amounts to a violation of due process. Humphress, 398 F.3d at 858 (citation omitted); Watson, 165 F.3d at 488 (citation omitted). Movant has failed to demonstrate how the Court’s use of the terms “investment contract” and “prime bank investment” prejudiced Movant in a way that implicates her constitutional rights. Movant’s argument consists of conclusions that require incredible inferences before support can be attributed to the exhibits and trial records Movant cites. Accordingly, Movant’s argument is without merit.
Second, Movant’s allegations of Court collusion are without merit and again represent mere conclusions unsupported by the record or exhibits.
Third, Movant again alleges that certain jury instructions violated the Ex Post Facto clause of the U.S. Constitution. Movant argues that the Court’s use of the terms “prime bank instrument,” “specialized high return investments,” and “Ponzi scheme” somehow violated the Ex Post Facto clause. Movant’s claims are conclusions, inchoate, and are not supported by the record or Movant’s exhibits. See supra p. 13; (see also 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34; 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22). Accordingly, Movant’s argument is without merit.
Fourth, Movant argues that prior to and during her trial, she was denied “use” of certain “bulk bank” records. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 100-05). Movant contends that this denial violated her right to a fair trial. The Court reserves ruling on Movant’s argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Six
Movant’s sixth ground supporting her § 2255 motion involves three arguments: (1) the Government violated her First Amendment right to the Free Exercise of Religion, (2) certain terms used by the Government during trial violated her right to due process, and (3) the jury instruction’s failure to address Movant’s good-faith belief in her alleged church’s tax exemption violated her due process. Arguments one and two are without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to argument three.
First, Movant argues that the Government improperly targeted her alleged church, which violated her First Amendment right to the Free Exercise of Religion. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 106-7). Movant’s argument is not supported by the record, her motion, or her exhibits. Movant presents inferential conclusions rather than statements of fact to support her argument. Accordingly, Movant’s argument is without merit.
Second, Movant argues that the Government’s use of the terms “church chapter,” “checkbook church,” and “prime bank” violated her right to due process. These contentions are conclusions, unsupported by the record, her cited authority, or her exhibits. (Compare 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22, with 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34). In addition, to sustain these evidentiary allegations of non-constitutional error, Movant must show a fundamental defect in the proceedings which resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice or an error so egregious that it results in a violation of due process. Riggs v. United States, 209 F.3d 828, 831 (6th Cir.2000). Movant’s arguments fail to meet this standard, and are without merit.
Third, Movant argues that she had a good-faith belief that her church was tax exempt under 26 U.S.C. §§ 501 and 508. Movant contends that she was engaging in what she thought was innocent conduct, and that the jury instructions failure to address her good-faith belief about her church’s tax exemption violated her right to Due Process. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Seven
Movant’s seventh ground supporting her § 2255 motion involves four arguments: (1) the Court was biased against tax protesters and that bias improperly prejudiced Movant during her trial, (2) the Court’s trial procedures were comparable to procedures used to adjudicate enemy combatants, which have been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, (3) the Separation of Powers clause of the Constitution- requires that Movant be released, and (4) the Court was improperly biased and committed fraud. All arguments listed within Movant’s seventh ground in support of her § 2255 motion are without merit.
First, Movant argues that the Court had publicly demonstrated bias against tax protestors, and that this bias prejudiced Movant throughout the trial. Movant contends that the Court’s bias combined with the Court’s failure to recuse itself violated her right to Due Process.. Under 28 U.S.C. § 455, “[a]ny justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” The purpose of this provision is to “promote public confidence in the integrity of the judicial process.” Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 859, 108 S.Ct. 2194, 100 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988). “[J]udicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.” Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S.Ct. 1147, 127 L.Ed.2d 474 (1994) (quoting United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 583, 86 S.Ct. 1698, 16 L.Ed.2d 778 (1966)).
Movant alleges that the Court publicly compared “tax protestors” to “mass murders,” “terrorists” and “white supremacists.” (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 119-29, Ex. W). Movant alleges that these comparisons combined with certain rulings made by the Court during the trial proceedings indicate impermissible bias. These allegations represent a false invention by Movant and are not supported by the record, her motion, or her exhibits. Id. The Court is quoted as saying “[i]t all started with these tax protestors ... They’re angry with everyone and everything.” Id. This quote appeared in the Grand Rapids Press, March 5, 2005, and regarded the murder of a Chicago area Judge’s husband and mother. Id. In a completely unrelated article published in March 26, 2004, by the New York Times, a David Cay Johnston is cited as suggesting that tax evaders sympathize with Al-Qaeda and secretly support white supremacists. Id. There is no plausible connection between the two articles.
Movant has failed to produce any authority to demonstrate that the Court’s isolated comment was evidence of Court bias which prejudiced Movant. Additionally, Movant’s allegation that Court rulings made during the trial proceedings were a result of Court bias against tax protestors is not supported by Movant’s motion, any attached exhibits, or the record. Neither the public statement made by the Court nor the judicial rulings during the trial could create grounds to reasonably question the impartiality of the Court. Accordingly, Movant’s argument of judicial bias is without merit.
Second, Movant argues that her right to Due Process was violated because her trial resembled trial procedures used for adjudicating enemy combatants which were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 124 S.Ct. 2633, 159 L.Ed.2d 578 (2004). (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 129-35). This argument is frivolous. There is nothing on the record that could support the argument that Movant’s trial had any resemblance to the procedures outlined in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 124 S.Ct. 2633, 159 L.Ed.2d 578. Movant’s argument is without merit.
Third, Movant argues that the Separation of Powers clause of the Constitution requires that she be released. (L09-CV913, Dkt. No. 34, at 135-36). This is another frivolous argument. It is unfounded and not supported by the record, motion or exhibits and is without merit.
Fourth, Movant again makes multiple allegations of Court bias and fraud. These are frivolous and unfounded arguments. See supra pp. 11, 15-16. They are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits, and are without merit.
Ground Eight
Movant’s eighth ground in support of her § 2255 motion states that she was denied the right to proceed pro se and that representation was forced upon her which resulted in her inability to present a meaningful defense and negated the adversarial nature of the trial. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 145-50). The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Nine
Movant’s ninth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges additional instances of prosecutorial misconduct and Court bias and prejudice. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 150-58). Movant’s arguments require incredible inferences be made before even a tenuous amount of support can be gleaned from the record or exhibits. The conclusive allegations Movant asserts are simply not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits, and are without merit. {See 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22); see supra pp. 6-7,11-13,15.
Ground Ten
Movant’s tenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion can be summarized as more allegations of prosecutorial misconduct and judicial bias and prejudice. {See 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 158-63). Movant’s arguments are conclusions and are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits. {See 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34; 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22). Movant’s allegations are repetitive, inherently incredible, and fail to allege error of a constitutional magnitude or error that demonstrates a complete miscarriage of justice indicative of a violation of due process. Humphress, 398 F.3d at 858 (citation omitted); Watson, 165 F.3d at 488 (citation omitted). Accordingly, Movant’s tenth ground is without merit.
Ground Eleven
Movant’s eleventh ground in support of her § 2255 motion involves two arguments: (1) the Government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct, and (2) Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure was violated during the Grand Jury proceedings. The first argument is without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to the second.
First, Movant continues to allege instances of prosecutorial misconduct. These arguments are again conclusions and are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits. {Compare 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 108, 470-78, 513-22, with 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 163-67). Movant’s conclusory arguments fail to allege error of a constitutional magnitude or error that rises to a level that implicates a violation of due process. Humphress, 398 F.3d at 858 (citation omitted); Watson, 165 F.3d at 488 (citation omitted). Accordingly, Movant’s argument for prosecutorial misconduct is without merit.
Second, Movant argues that the presence of IRS Agents during the Grand Jury proceedings violated Rule 6(d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is submitted by the Government.
Ground Twelve
Movant’s twelfth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges that she was denied use of bulk bank records which the Government used to create their “summary” exhibits. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 167-73). Movant argues that this denial of bank records resulted in violations of the rules set forth in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), 18 U.S.C. § 3500, the Fifth Amendment (U.S. Const, amend. V.), and the Sixth Amendment (U.S. Const. amend. VI.). The Court will reserve ruling on this ground until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Thirteen
Movant’s thirteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges a violation of her Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. This ground is without merit.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy ... trial.” U.S. Const, amend. VI. Movant has previously argued that her right to a speedy trial was violated under the Speedy Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3161. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 373). Under 18 U.S.C. § 3161, a defendant’s trial must commence within seventy days after indictment. However, the computation of the seventy days is subject to multiple exclusions. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h). This Court previously determined that various statutory exclusions applied to the computation of time between indictment and trial, and a total of only thirteen days had elapsed from the speedy trial clock. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 373). To avoid procedural default and because a § 2255 motion requires error of a constitutional magnitude or error that results in a violation of due process, this opinion will analyze Movant’s speedy trial argument under a constitutional lense.
To determine whether the right to a speedy trial has been violated, the Court conducts a balancing test, “in which the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant are weighed.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 529-30, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Four factors are pertinent to the balancing test: “Length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.” Id. at 522, 92 S.Ct. 2182. The factors are related, and “must be considered together with such other circumstances as may be relevant.” Id. at 533, 92 S.Ct. 2182. “The right of a speedy trial is necessarily relative. It is consistent with delays and depends upon circumstances.” Id. at 522, 92 S.Ct. 2182 (internal citation and quotations omitted).
The length of delay is a “triggering mechanism” for the right to a speedy trial to be implicated. Id. at 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182. “Until there is some delay which is presumptively prejudicial, there is no necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go into the balance.” Id. The Supreme Court has held that the length of delay required to trigger the right to a speedy trial varies depending on the circumstances of each case:
[Bjecause of the imprecision of the right to speedy trial, the length of delay that will provoke such an inquiry is necessarily dependent upon the peculiar circumstances of the case. To take but one example, the delay that can be tolerated for an ordinary street crime is considerably less than for a serious, complex conspiracy charge.
Barker, 407 U.S. at 530-31, 92 S.Ct. 2182.
Movant’s superceding indictment was filed October 27, 2004, (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 108) and her trial began May 16, 2005, (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 372), resulting in a period of less than eight months between indictment and trial. Movant filed multiple motions with the Court contending her right to a speedy trial was being violated. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 373). Movant’s case was complex and involved hundreds of transactions, hundreds of investors, multiple defendants, multiple states, international wire transfers, and a total amount of $20.7 million dollars. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 108). Continuanees were filed and granted to Defense attorneys Paul Denefeld and Lawrence Phalen. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 373). Movant also filed twenty-seven motions after the final pretrial conference. Id.
Given the complexity and circumstances of Movant’s case, the eight month period between the indictment and trial is not sufficient in length to trigger a violation of the right to a speedy trial. However, even presuming the eight months was a period sufficient to trigger the right to a speedy trial, the presence of a delay is not alone determinative. Barker, 407 U.S. at 533, 92 S.Ct. 2182. The delay was primarily a result of the Defense attorneys’ continuances and Movant’s own Court filings. CSee 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 373). The defendants’ continuances and Movant’s own conduct weigh against Movant when attributing cause of delay under the Barker balancing test. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 529-30, 92 S.Ct. 2182. Additionally, although the Movant’s assertion of her right to a speedy trial is a factor to be considered under Barker, mere assertion of the right is not determinative. Barker, 407 U.S. at 529-30, 533, 92 S.Ct. 2182.
Movant also argues that the death of Robert Rydberg, a planned witness, occurred during that eight month period and prejudiced her case. Any resulting prejudice was not caused by a delay sufficient to violate Movant’s right to a speedy trial. Furthermore, Movant has failed to identify in the record, motion, or exhibits any facts that support her conclusion that Mr. Rydberg’s death materially prejudiced her case. Therefore, because there is no error of a constitutional magnitude, and because there was no error resulting in a complete miscarriage of justice nor so egregious to amount to a violation of due process, Movant’s argument that her right to a speedy trial was violated is without merit. Hmnphress, 398 F.3d at 858 (citation omitted); Watson, 165 F.3d at 488 (citation omitted).
Movant also presents haphazard arguments of prosecutorial misconduct within this ground of her brief. These allegations are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits and are without merit.
Ground Fourteen
Movant’s fourteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges that no evidence existed on the record to support the conclusion that the “Crawford Ltd.” contracts were illegitimate. (1:09— CV-913, Dkt. No. 34. at 177). Movant further contends that the government’s reference to the Crawford Ltd. contracts as a fraud scheme materially prejudiced her. Movant’s fourteenth ground is without merit.
Movant’s fourteenth ground is comprised of conclusions rather than statements of fact. Movant’s allegation that no evidence supports the position that “Crawford Ltd.” was an illegitimate contract is not supported by the record, and is in fact contradicted by the record. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 518-22). Additionally, Movant presents no evidence to demonstrate the Government’s references to the Crawford Ltd. contract materially prejudiced her in a way that meets a § 2255 motion’s requirements for viability.
Movant additionally claims certain testimony and government exhibits “substantially prejudiced” her. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 179). Movant’s claim that the testimony and exhibits were improper or illegal are conclusions and are not supported by her motion, exhibits or the record.
Ground Fifteen
Movant’s fifteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion is comprised of five arguments: (1) Movant had not agreed to forgo pursuit of two witnesses, (2) Movant was improperly denied the right to pursue a “good-faith reliance” defense when certain parties were not pursued as witnesses, (3) Movant was improperly denied F.B.I. letters from admission into evidence, (4) federal officials were involved with the administration and collapse of a bank located in the Bahamas, and (5) Movant’s rights under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were violated. All arguments listed within Movant’s fifteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion are without merit.
First, Movant argues that she had not agreed to not pursue Winfield Moon or Richard Gerry as witnesses. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 180-81). The record clearly shows that the Court, Movant, Movant’s attorney, and the government discussed the circumstances surrounding Mr. Moon and Mr. Gerry. (1:04— CR-165, Dkt. No. 514). Even if it is presumed that Movant’s agreement to release Mr. Moon and Mr. Gerry as witnesses was invalid, she has failed to raise these issues on direct appeal. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 704). Movant’s argument is procedurally defaulted and is not viable because she has failed to demonstrate that Mr. Moon’s or Mr. Gerry’s absence from trial (1) caused actual prejudice, or (2) is evidence of actual innocence. Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504, 123 S.Ct. 1690. Mr. Moon’s or Mr. Gerry’s absence is neither an allegation of error of constitutional magnitude, nor an error which results in a complete miscarriage of justice or so egregious to result in a violation of due process. Watson, 165 F.3d at 488 (citations omitted). Accordingly, Movant’s argument is without merit.
Second, Movant argues that she was denied the ability to assert a “good-faith reliance” defense when Richard Gerry and James Kramer-Wilt were not pursued as witnesses. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 181). The record shows that after discussion between the Court, defense, and government, it was determined that Mr. Gerry’s presence would have had a negative effect on Movant’s case and Mr. Gerry was released from his subpoena. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 514, at 2219-23). Movant’s argument that she, in good-faith, relied on representations made by Mr. Kramer-Wilt are irrelevant to Movant’s case. The indictment brought against Movant charged her with making fraudulent representations to investors. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 108, 470 at 8-20). Whether or not Movant was herself deceived by third-parties was a collateral matter, and irrelevant to the charges brought against her. Id. Additionally, Movant’s assertions of what Mr. KramerWilk’s presence would have accomplished for Movant are purely speculative and conclusive. (See 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 183). Accordingly, Movant’s argument is without merit.
Third, Movant argues that her “good-faith reliance” on representations made by Gerard Forrester was a viable defense and that denial of letters allegedly written by Mr. Forrester from evidence improperly prejudiced her case. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 184). Mr. Forrester is alleged to be a F.B.I. Agent. Mr. Forrester’s purported letters which Movant claims she relied on state that a certain bank located in the Bahamas was a legitimate banking institution. Id. Although it is unclear from the record or Movant’s exhibits whether Mr. Forrester even exists, or if the alleged letters can be authenticated, this argument does not rise to the magnitude necessary to be cognizable under a § 2255 motion. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 397; 1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34).
A Court is required to hold an evidentiary hearing when factual disputes arise, unless the allegations cannot be accepted as true because they are contradicted by the record, inherently incredible, or conclusions rather than statements of fact. Valentine, 488 F.3d at 325, 333. However, even if the claim is not disputed and Movant’s claim is presumed true, it fails to establish an error of a constitutional magnitude or an error which resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice or so egregious that it amounts to a violation of due process. Humphress, 398 F.3d at 858 (citation omitted); Watson, 165 F.3d at 488 (citation omitted). If the Court accepts that Mr. Forrester exists and accepts that the letter is authentic, it only states that a certain bank located in the Bahamas appears to be a legitimate banking institution. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 392, Ex. 4). This would have no effect on Movant’s case. The letter does not indicate that the bank’s investments matched the investments Movant described to investors. Further, Movant’s argument for a “good-faith reliance” regards only the collateral matter of whether Movant was defrauded by a third-party. Accordingly, Movant’s argument is without merit.
Fourth, Movant argues that federal officials were involved with the administration, endorsement, and collapse of a bank located in the Bahamas, and that she was entitled to evidence regarding the federal involvement with that bank under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), and Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657, 77 S.Ct. 1007, 1 L.Ed.2d 1103 (1957). (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 186-88). Movant’s implausible assertions are speculative conclusions, unsupported by the record, motion, or exhibits and are without merit.
Fifth, Movant appears to argue that her rights under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were violated. Movant’s underlying case was criminal and properly governed by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. (See 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. No. 108). Movant’s argument is without merit.
Ground Sixteen
Movant’s sixteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges the superceding indictment was defective and that she was improperly charged with multiple crimes for the same counts. The Court reserves ruling on Movant’s sixteenth ground until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Seventeen
Movant’s seventeenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion contains five arguments: (1) the Government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by tailoring its case to other Seventh Circuit cases with intent to ensure a guilty verdict against Movant, (2) the Court improperly denied her certain exculpatory evidence and witnesses, (3) the Court should take judicial notice of certain facts, (4) Movant was denied the right to defend against alleged tax violations, and (5) Movant was subjected to additional instances of judicial bias and prosecutorial misconduct. Arguments one, three, and five are without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to arguments two and four.
First, Movant argues that her case resembled other cases which involved wire fraud, money laundering and conspiracy. See United States v. Polichemi, 201 F.3d 858 (7th Cir.2000); United States v. Polichemi, 219 F.3d 698 (7th Cir.2000); S.E.C. v. Lauer, 52 F.3d 667 (7th Cir.1995); United States v. Lauer, 148 F.3d 766 (7th Cir. 1998); (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 195). Movant argues that because elements of the Seventh Circuit cases cited above were also present in her case, it should be inferred that the Government patterned their case after those cases. Movant further argues that it should be inferred that the Government lied, tampered with evidence, and colluded with the Court so that Movant’s case would parallel the Seventh Circuit cases, which Movant argues would ensure a guilty verdict. Because these allegations are contradicted by the record, are inherently incredible, and are conclusions rather than statements of fact, Movant’s argument is without merit. See Valentine, 488 F.3d at 333.
Second, Movant argues that the Court improperly denied her certain exculpatory evidence and witness testimony regarding her mail fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy charges. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Third, Movant argues that the Court should take “mandatory judicial notice” of six “facts” under the Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 201. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 204). This argument is frivolous and requests Court action that is not proper for this motion. Rule 201 only governs judicial notice of adjudicative facts. Fed.R.Evid. 201. The general method of establishing adjudicative facts through judicial notice “is through the introduction of evidence, ordinarily consisting of the testimony of witnesses. If particular facts are outside the area of reasonable controversy, this process is dispensed with as unnecessary. A high degree of indisputability is the essential prerequisite.” Fed.R.Evid. 201, note to subdiv. (a). Movant requests the Court to take judicial notice of terms, exhibits, and caselaw. The judicial notice Movant seeks would establish inferential conclusions as facts of the case. The Court is not permitted to take such action. The evidentiary issues Movant asserts were not raised on appeal and may not be raised on collateral review unless Movant shows either (1) “cause” and “actual prejudice”, or (2) “actual innocence.” Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504, 123 S.Ct. 1690. Movant failed to raise these issues on appeal and has failed to meet either prong of the Massaro test. In addition, the “facts” which Movant requests to be judicially noticed were disputed and are not proper for judicial notice under Fed. R. Evid. 201. (See generally 1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22). Accordingly, Movant’s argument for judicial1 notice is without merit.
Fourth, Movant argues that she was denied the right to defend against alleged tax violations. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Fifth, Movant’s seventeenth ground is littered with random accusations of judicial impropriety and prosecutorial misconduct. These contentions echo previous arguments and again are not supported by the record, the motion, or exhibits. Movant’s allegations are conclusions and inferential statements, rather than statements of fact supported by the record, exhibits, or legal authority. Accordingly, these arguments are without merit.
Ground Eighteen
Movant’s eighteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges witnesses were threatened and tampered with by the prosecution, IRS agents, and F.B.I. agents. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Nineteen
Movant’s nineteenth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges prosecutorial misconduct occurred during closing arguments which violated her right to Due Process. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty
Movant’s twentieth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges ineffective assistance of trial counsel. She further alleges her counsel colluded with the Court and Government. This ground reflects similar arguments raised under section III. 3. Supra pp. 10-11. The Court reserves ruling on Movant’s twentieth ground until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground, Twenty-One
Movant’s twenty-first ground in support of her § 2255 motion contains four arguments: (1) Movant was improperly prejudiced by the use of the term “Ponzi scheme” during trial and its absence in the jury instructions, (2) Movant was improperly prejudiced by the Court’s highlighting of evidence and the Court’s citation of Government Exhibits for each corresponding count on the verdict form, (3) the jury instructions for the terms “gross income” and “exempt church organization” were improper, and (4) Movant’s right to Due Process was violated when the indictment charged her with conspiracy against the I.R.S. for failure to file. Argument one is without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to arguments two, three, and four.
First, Movant argues that the use of the term “ponzi scheme” during the trial combined with its non-use in the jury instructions improperly prejudiced her. This argument is again without merit. See supra pp. 3-7.
Second, Movant argues that it was improper for the Court to highlight evidence and to cite the Government exhibits that corresponded to each count on the verdict form. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Third, Movant argues that the jury instructions for “gross income” and “exempt church organization” were improper. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Fourth, Movant argues that the indictment and charge of conspiracy against the I.R.S. for “failure to file” violated her right to Due Process. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty-Two
Movant’s twenty-second ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges the circumstances surrounding her Pre-Sentence Report violated her right to Due Process. The Court reserves ruling on this ground until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty-Three
Movant’s twenty-third ground in support of her § 2255 motion presents ten arguments: (1) certain jury instructions were unconstitutionally vague, (2) Movant’s sentence was miscalculated, (3) the total losses and restitution were miscalculated, (4) Movant’s sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate compared to other similar cases, (5) the Court’s use of Sentencing Guidelines adopted in 2004 violated the Ex Post Facto provision of the Constitution, (6) the Pre-Sentence Report was inaccurate, (7) the amount of restitution sentenced was improper, (8) the total amount of restitution to be paid to the I.R.S. was miscalculated, (9) the Court was biased against Movant, and (10) certain F.B.I. files were improperly withheld from Movant. Arguments two, six, and nine are without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to arguments one, three, four, five, seven, eight, and ten.
First, Movant argues that certain jury instructions were unconstitutionally vague. Movant also alleges that the Court’s use of the terms “specialized high return investments” and “honest services fraud” was impermissible because those terms were not used in the indictment. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 250-51). The Court reserves ruling on Movant’s argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Second, Movant argues that her sentence was miscalculated because “investor losses were not directly caused by [her].” (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 252-53). Movant’s allegations are conclusions rather than statements of fact and are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits. (1:04-CR-165, Dkt. Nos. 470-78, 513-22, 639).
Third, Movant argues that the total amount of losses and restitution were miscalculated. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 254). The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Fourth, Movant argues that her sentence was unconstitutionally disproportionate when compared with other similar cases. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Fifth, Movant argues that the Court’s use of the Sentencing Guidelines adopted in 2004 violated the Ex Post Facto provision of the Constitution. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Sixth, Movant disputes the accuracy of the facts stated in the Pre-Sentence Report. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 259-61). Under Rule 32(i)(3)(B) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, “the court ... must — for any disputed portion of the presentence report or other controverted matter — rule on the dispute, or determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because the matter will not affect the sentencing, or because the court will not consider the matter in sentencing.” The thrust of Movant’s argument is that the facts determined by the jury to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt are actually untrue. It is the function of the jury to determine “whether the prosecution has proved each element of an offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Oregon v. Ice, 555 U.S. 160, 160, 129 S.Ct. 711, 172 L.Ed.2d 517 (2009). Movant’s arguments that determinations made by the jury were not actually proven to be true beyond a reasonable doubt will be dismissed for being without merit. All other issues Movant raises with the Pre-Sentence Report are factual issues she has raised elsewhere in her brief. The Court will consider all arguments Movant raises that have merit, but will not repeat analysis of those same issues with regard to the Pre-Sentence Report as this would result in unnecessary cumulative rulings.
Seventh, Movant argues that the amount of restitution sentenced was improper. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government,
Eighth, Movant argues that the total amount of restitution to be paid to the I.R.S. was miscalculated. The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ninth, Movant again alleges that the Court was biased against Movant. Movant specifically alleges the Court was biased against Movant because of Movant’s religious beliefs or affiliations. Movant also alleges Court and Government collusion. These arguments are again not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits and are without merit.
Tenth, Movant argues that certain F.B.I. files, which Movant calls “302’s,” were improperly withheld from her, and that these files show that Agents Flink and Moore committed perjury. (1:09-CV-913, Dkt. No. 34, at 273-74). The Court reserves ruling on this argument until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty-Four
Movant’s twenty-fourth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges that the transcript of the trial proceedings was tampered with. Movant asserts this alleged tampering prevented a fair review of her case. Movant’s twenty-fourth ground is without merit.
Movant contends that the transcript does not reflect what she remembers occurring at trial. Additionally, Movant requests the Court to infer transcript alteration from witness testimony that Movant claims is incongruent with subsequent witness testimony about the same subject matter. Movant’s arguments represent conclusions rather than statements of fact. Movant’s arguments are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits. Movant cites no evidence of transcript tampering, other than her contentions that the transcript doesn’t reflect what she remembers occurring at trial. The Court finds Movant’s claim incredible and unsupported.
Ground Twenty-Five
Movant’s twenty-fifth ground in support of her § 2255 motion presents three arguments: (1) Movant’s right to a public trial was violated when the jury selection process limited admittance to those who were a witness or an investor, (2) the Court had improper ex parte communications with the jury, and (3) Movant suffered prejudicial error when the Court ordered an anonymous jury. The Government will be directed to respond to all three arguments listed within Movant’s twenty-fifth ground.
Ground Twenty-Six
Movant’s twenty-sixth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges that Movant’s Court appointed counsel for appeal, Melvin Houston, acted collusively with the Court and Government, and was ineffective in representation, violating her right to Due Process. The Court reserves ruling on this ground until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty-Seven
Movant’s twenty-seventh ground in support of her § 2255 motion involves two arguments: (1) the Government acted fraudulently, interfered with the defense, and harassed Movant, and (2) Movant’s legal research, papers, and trial records were improperly confiscated. Argument one is without merit and the Government will be directed to respond to argument two.
First, Movant alleges more instances of prosecutorial misconduct. Movant’s arguments regarding prosecutor fraud, interference, and harassment are conclusions rather than statements of fact. They are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits, and are actually contradicted by the record. Accordingly, these arguments are without merit.
Second, Movant alleges that her legal research, papers, and trial records were improperly confiscated. Further, Movant alleges the Court violated her constitutional right to access the courts. The Court reserves ruling on these arguments until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty-Eight
Movant’s twenty-eighth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges the Court of Appeals acted improperly resulting in a violation of her Due Process. Movant also makes more allegations of collusion and ineffectiveness by her court appointed counsel, Melvin Houston. The Court reserves ruling on Movant’s twenty-eighth ground until a response is filed by the Government.
Ground Twenty-Nine
Movant’s twenty-ninth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges that the Court did not properly apply the tax code to her, that the Court applied additional penalties after final judgment, and that Movant actually owes no taxes for the years 1999 through 2001. These allegations are not supported by the record, motion, or exhibits. Movant’s arguments are conclusions, rather than statements of fact, and are contradicted by the record. Accordingly, Movant’s twenty-ninth ground is without merit.
Ground Thirty
Movant’s thirtieth ground in support of her § 2255 motion alleges that the cumulative effect of the previous twenty-nine grounds amount to a violation of Movant’s right to Due Process. The Court reserves ruling on this ground until a response is filed by the Government.
III.
An order will be entered consistent with this opinion. | CASELAW |
User:Tiamut/etymology
Name
The name "Palestine" is the cognate of an ancient word meaning Philistines or "Land of the Philistines". . The earliest known mention is thought to be in Ancient Egyptian texts of the temple at Medinet Habu which record a people called the P-r-s-t (conventionally Peleset) among the Sea Peoples who invaded Egypt in Ramesses III's reign. The Hebrew name Peleshet (פלשת Pəléshseth), usually translated as Philistia in English, is used in the Bible to denote the southern coastal region that was inhabited by the Philistines.
The Assyrian emperor Sargon II called the same region Palashtu or Pilistu in his Annals. In the 5th century B.C., Herodotus wrote in Ancient Greek of a 'district of Syria, called Palaistinê" (whence Palaestina, whence Palestine). Moshe Sharon writes that from this point forward, Palaestina was commonly used to refer to the coastal region, and shortly thereafter, the whole of the area inland to the west of the Jordan River. The latter extension occurred when the Roman authorities, following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba rebellion in the 2nd century A.D., renamed the Iudaea Province, Syria Palaestina (Syria Palaestina), in an attempt to erase the memory of and motivations for the Jewish revolt. During the Byzantine period, the entire region (Syria Palestine, Samaria, and the Galilee) was renamed Palaestina, subdivided into Diocese I and II. The Byzantines also renamed an area of land including the Negev, Sinai, and the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula as Palaestina Salutoris, sometimes called Palaestina III.
The Arabic word for Palestine is Philistine (commonly transcribed in English as Filistin, Filastin, or Falastin). Moshe Sharon writes that when the Arabs took over Greater Syria in the 7th century, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration before them, generally continued to be used. Hence, he traces the emergence of the Arabic form Filastin to this adoption, with Arabic inflection, of Roman and Hebrew (Semitic) names. Jacob Lassner and Selwyn Ilan Troen offer a different view, writing that Jund Filastin, the full name for the adminstrative province under the rule of the Arab caliphates, was traced by Muslim geographers back to the Philistines of the Bible.
Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include Canaan, Greater Israel, Greater Syria, the Holy Land, Iudaea Province, Judea, Israel, "Israel HaShlema", Kingdom of Israel, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz), Levant, Retenu (Ancient Egyptian), Southern Syria, and Syria Palestina.
Boundaries
The boundaries of what is currently called Palestine have varied throughout history.
Ancient Egyptian texts called the entire Levantine coastal area along the Mediterranean Sea between modern Egypt and Turkey R-t-n-u (conventionally Retjenu). Retjenu was subdivided into three regions and the southern region, Djahy, shared approximately the same boundaries as Canaan, or modern-day Israel and the Palestinian territories.
During the Iron Age, the Kingdom of Israel of the United Monarchy may have reigned from Jerusalem over an area approximating modern-day Israel and the Palestinian territories, extending farther westward and northward to cover much (but not all) of the greater Land of Israel, although archaeological evidence for this period is very rare and disputed.
Inhabiting the southern coast called Philistia, whose borders approximate the modern Gaza Strip, the Philistine confederation was comprised of five city states: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod on the coast and Ekron, and Gath inland. Its northern border was the Yarkon River, the southern border extending to Wadi Gaza, its western border the Mediterranean Sea with no fixed border to the east.
By the time of Assyrian rule in 722 BCE, the Philistines had become 'part and parcel of the local population,' and prospered under Assyrian rule during the 7th century despite occasional rebellions against their overlords. In 604 BCE, when Assyrian troops commanded by the Babylonian empire carried off significant numbers of the population into slavery, the distinctly Philistine character of the coastal cities dwindled away, and the history of the Philistines as a distinct people effectively ended.
The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by Herodotus as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes it refers to the coast north of Mount Carmel. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt. Josephus used the name Παλαιστινη only for the smaller coastal area, Philistia. Ptolemy also used the term. In Latin, Pliny mentions a region of Syria that was "formerly called Palaestina" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of Palaestina (I and II, also known as Palaestina Prima, "First Palestine", and Palaestina Secunda, "Second Palestine"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, Filastin (or Jund Filastin) was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines Palaestina Secunda (comprising Judaea and Samaria), while Palaestina Prima (comprising the Galilee region) was renamed Urdunn ("Jordan" or Jund al-Urdunn). | WIKI |
Page:Rover Boys in Camp.djvu/24
12. "You were all saved. Isn't that a proper ending for any book?"
"Yes, but what of the villain? Baxter didn't show himself, and that is no ending at all. He should have fallen over a cliff, or been shot, or something like that."
"And we should have married the three girls," put in fun-loving Tom. "That would make the story even more complete."
"Well, things do not happen in real life as they do in story books," said the parent. "It is likely you will never hear of Dan Baxter again. But we may hear from his father."
"His father!" exclaimed the three youths in concert.
"Why, Arnold Baxter is in prison," added Sam.
"He was, up to five days ago, when they took him to the hospital to undergo some sort of an operation. At the hospital the operation was postponed for a day, and during the night he slipped away from the institution and disappeared."
"Well, I never!" burst out Dick, "Isn't he the slick one, though! Just when you think you've got him hard and fast, you haven't at all."
"Haven't they any trace of him?" asked Sam.
"None, so far as I have heard. There was a | WIKI |
ASSOCIATION OF IRRITATED RESIDENTS, an Unincorporated Association, Plaintiff, v. C & R VANDERHAM DAIRY, a California Proprietorship, and Rick and Corrie Yanderham, owners and operators, Defendants.
No. F 05-1593 AWI SMS.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
June 16, 2006.
Avinash Kar, Brent Joseph Newell, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff.
David Ray Albers, Albers Barnes and Kohler LLP, Bakersfield, CA, for Defendants.
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’S MOTION TO DISMISS
ISHII, District Judge.
This is a Clean Air Act (“CAA”) case brought by Plaintiff Association of Irritated Residents (“AIR”) against Defendants C & R Vanderham Dairy, and Rick and Corrie Vanderham (collectively ‘Vander-ham”). AIR alleges that Vanderham violated California’s State Implementation Plan by constructing a stationary source that may emit pollutants without obtaining an Authority to Construct (“ATC”) permit from the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (“the District”) and without the attendant pollution limitations required by the implementation plan. Vanderham has filed a Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss. For the reasons that follow, the motion will be denied.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
From the complaint, on August 24, 2004, Vanderham obtained a conditional use permit for a diary from Kern County. The use permit limited the herd to 1,456 milk cows and 1,408 “support stock” (non-laetat-ing or dry cows, heifers, and calves). On July 29, 2005, Vanderham obtained building permits for a milk barn, two freestall barns, and two hay barns at the dairy site. Vanderham began construction on or after July 29, 2005. Vanderham has begun to construct the Dairy to achieve maximum operational capacity and has constructed or is in the process of constructing, two freestall barns, two solid separation lagoons, two liquid manure storage lagoons, all planned corrals with flushed lanes, a milking barn, and feed storage facilities; these facilities compromise the dairy facility and will occupy 60 acres.
Dairy cows emit volatile organic compounds (‘VOC”) directly from their bodies’s digestive system, which are referred to as enteric emissions. VOC is emitted from urine and feces (“manure”) from dairy cows immediately after excretion in the freestall barns, from decomposing manure in the solid separation lagoons and liquid manure storage lagoons, in corrals, and in solid manure composting piles. Of the various compounds defined as VOC under District rules, dairy cows emit many defined VOCs, and decomposing feed also emits VOC. The enteric emissions from cows in the freestall barns and the milking barn, emissions from decomposing feed, and emissions from decomposing manure in the manure lagoons and compost piles are non-fugitive emissions in that they can reasonably pass through a stack, chimney, vent or other functionally equivalent opening. The freestall barns and milking barn, the liquid manure storage lagoons, the solid manure storage piles, and the feed storage unit each have the potential to emit VOC at a rate greater than 2 lbs. per day and 10 tons per year.
On December 15, 2005, AIR filed its Complaint and alleged a cause of action under citizen suit provision 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a)(1) of the CAA. AIR alleges that Vanderham has violated District Rules 2010 and 2201, which have been approved by the EPA as part of California’s State Implementation Plan. AIR alleges that Vanderham has failed to obtain an ATC permit from the District, has not installed Best Available Control Technology, and has not purchased emission reduction credits. AIR seeks declaratory and in-junctive relief, the imposition of civil fines, and attorney’s fees. On February 14, 2006, Vanderham filed this Rule 12(b)(1) motion and argues that this Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction because AIR did not exhaust administrative remedies.
Vanderham has submitted a series of correspondences between itselfiits attorneys and the District. See Albers Declaration Exhibits C, D, E, F. Additionally, Vanderham has filed a request for judicial notice, to which there is no objection, of a December 2005 letter it received from the District, specifically from Samir Sheikh, Permit Service Manager. Vanderham’s exhibits in pertinent part indicate:
1. On July 15, 2005, Vanderham through its attorney represented to the District that it was developing a dairy project that will be built for 1320 milk cows, 195 heifers, 486 heifers over 15 months, 378 heifers aged 7 to 14 months, 162 heifers 4 to 6 months, and 120 calves. Using a downloaded worksheet from the District, the dairy would produce 12.4 tons per year of VOC and would be exempt from permitting requirements. Vanderham indicates that the dairy is under construction, is concerned over a rule change during the construction process, and requests a letter from the District that states the dairy is exempt from permitting requirements. See Albers Declaration Exhibit C.
On October 27, 2005, Vanderham informed the District that the cow population detailed in the July 15, 2005, letter is based on the current emission factor of 19.3 pounds, that the dairy is under construction, and that Defendants will take steps such as installing stanchions, loops, etc. so as to construct the dairy for the cattle population listed in the letter rather than for the greater population approved by Kern County. Additionally, Vanderham states that portions of the freestall barns and corrals will be cordoned off with fencing and/or locked gates to create physical limitations in housing for the cattle population. See Albers Declaration Exhibit D.
3. Exhibit E is a letter dated November 3, 2005, from Vander Weerd Construction to the District. The letter attaches a timeline concerning applications for, and issuances of, building permits and dates construction commenced. The timeline does not indicate whether construction has been completed as to any of the dairy’s structures. See Albers Declaration Exhibit E.
4. On December 8, 2005, Vanderham’s attorney sent a letter to the District regarding the October 27, 2005, letter. Vanderham’s counsel indicates that he spoke with a District representative and that this letter is meant as a clarification. Vanderham’s counsel states that, since locked gates could be unlocked, the Vanderhams have agreed to construct permanent barriers, meaning fencing will be welded to limit the dairy herd size to the cattle population specifically listed for the various age groups referenced in the October 27, 2005 [and July 15, 2005], letter. See Albers Declaration Exhibit F.
5. In December 2005, the District sent a letter to Vanderham. The letter indicates that it is “Re: Permits to Operate.” The letter reads:
Based on all the information provided to the District regarding your construction activities, the determination was made that your dairy commenced construction prior to the date that the District started requiring Authority to Construct (ATC) permits. Your dairy is therefore considered an existing operation and no ATC is required.
However, since the emissions from your dairy exceed the new permitting levels, a Permit to Operate is required for your dairy. Pursuant to District Rule 2010, Section 4.3, when an application for a Permit to Operate is filed for an existing operation, the application serves as a temporary Permit to Operate. Therefore, since a permit application for your dairy operation was received on October 31, 2005, your application acts as a legal Permit to Operate until you have received your final Permit to Operate from the District.
Please notify the District Compliance Division at ... when construction is completed so that your dairy can be inspected.
Thank you for your cooperation in this matter....
Exhibit 1 Vanderham’s Request for Judicial Notice.
DEFENDANT’S MOTION
Defendant’s Argument
Vanderham argues that following administrative remedies gives an agency the opportunity to correct errors, establish a record, and affords the parties the benefit of expertise and that the failure to so exhaust is a fatal jurisdictional defect. The CAA requires federal approval of SIP’s to implement that act’s standards, but “the prevention and control of air pollution at its source is the primary responsibility of States and local governments.” 42 U.S.C. § 7401(3). Before proceeding under citizen suit provision § 7604(1), a plaintiff “must exhaust its administrative and judicial remedies before proceeding.” See Action for Rational Transit v. West Side Highway Project by Bridwell, 699 F.2d 614, 616-17 (2d Cir.1983) (“Rational Transit”). In Rational Transit, plaintiffs challenged the state air pollution authority’s determination that a transit project would not violate the New York SIP. Id. at 616. Plaintiffs did not challenge this finding through New York state law. Id. The Court of Appeals held dismissal was appropriate because the decision of the state agency was final and represented the end product of an administrative process entrusted by Congress to state officials. Id.
Here, the District was established by the California legislature in the California Health & Safety Code. The Health <fe Safety Code grants the District powers to adopt orders, regulations, rules, and permitting authority. Under Health <fe Safety Code § 42310.16(c), the District may not require, for any agricultural source whose actual emissions are less than half the applicable thresholds unless specific findings in a public hearing are made. The applicable threshold is 25 tons per year of non-fugitive VOC, which means agricultural sources are exempt from permitting requirement if their actual annual emissions do not exceed 12.5 tons of VOC per year. Vanderham has submitted certain information to the District as to the makeup of the herd. See Albers Declaration Exhibits C, D, «fe E. The information indicates that the herd is under the 12.5 ton limit and Van-derham made assurances to keep the herd size below the permitting threshold. Id. at Exhibit F. The District reviewed the information and determined that the dairy would be below the permitting threshold and thus, made the determination that the dairy would emit less than the percentage of VOC per year than that of a major source within the District. This determination was made in December 2005, prior to the filing of the instant action. Subsequent to the district’s determination, AIR has not pursued administrative remedies in an attempt to correct the administrative action taken.
However, Regulation 5 of the District provides the procedural mechanisms to challenge the actions of the District. See id. at Exhibit A. Further, AIR has failed to seek redress in state court, which is required by state law. California Code of Civil Procedure §§ 1094.5, 1094.6 provide for mandamus proceedings to inquire into the validity of administrative actions and is the exclusive remedy for challenging final decisions by the District. See Cal. Health & Safety Code § 40864. AIR has not taken any steps to seek redress administratively: there is no evidence that AIR followed Regulation 5 nor is there evidence that plaintiffs have sought redress in state court. Just as in Rational Transit, this case must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because AIR has failed to exhaust administrative remedies.
Vanderham argues in the conclusion section that AIR has attacked the wrong parties since it was the District who determined that no permit was required. Van-derham argues that AIR should take the matter up with the permitting authority either administratively or in state court.
Plaintiffs Opposition
AIR argues that the CAA’s citizen suit provision does not require that administrative remedies be exhausted and Vander-ham has pointed to no express provision of the CAA that so requires. The act actually requires the court to exercise jurisdiction as it states that “any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf’ against “any person” alleged to be in violation of an “emission standard or limitation,” and that District Courts “shall have jurisdiction.” See 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a). The only exception under the CAA for citizen suits is that a citizen must give a 60-day notice of intent to sue to the defendant, the Administrator, and the relevant state authority. See 42 U.S.C. § 7604(b). Also, the federally approved SIP in this case does not require exhaustion of administrative remedies and District Regulation 5 has not been approved as part of the SIP and is therefore inapplicable. Further, the Ninth Circuit has held that unless expressly required by a statute, exhaustion is not jurisdictional. Although judicially created exhaustion may be appropriate in some cases, judicially created exhaustion does not limit jurisdiction. Also, Congress expressly made available the remedy of a citizen suit in district court as long as AIR meets the CAA’s requirements; the doctrine of exhaustion cannot trump this remedy just because a second remedy is available under a different statutory or regulatory scheme. Because neither the CAA nor the SIP require exhaustion of remedies, exhaustion of such remedies is not a jurisdictional requirement.
As for Rational Transit, that case is contrary to Ninth Circuit law regarding exhaustion of legal remedies and the cited aspect of the Rational Transit opinion is dicta as the holding was that the plaintiffs had failed to allege a violation of a specific commitment in the SIP. Also, Rational Transit relied on a Ninth Circuit case where subject matter jurisdiction was first determined and that involved a SIP that required the pursuit of administrative remedies. Finally, unlike the plaintiffs in Rational Transit, AIR had no way of knowing about the District’s letter to Van-derham and did not learn of the District’s letter until February 1, 2006.
Also, the state remedies identified by Vanderham do not apply in this case. Regulation 5 states that it applies only to “all hearings before the Hearing Board of the District.” Albers Declaration Exhibit A at Rule 5010 § 2.0. Further, the California Health and Safety Code section cited concerns only judicial review of a decision of a hearing board. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 40864(a). Here, there was no hearing board determination or public process, rather, there was an informal letter sent to Vanderham. Moreover, a decision that Vanderham does not need to obtain a permit falls outside the scope of hearing board review. There is no mechanism to appeal a District decision that a permit is not required, and participants in actions before the District are not required to request that the hearing board hold a hearing.
Finally, AIR argues in response to the Conclusion in Vanderham’s motion that the CAA vests the Court with subject matter jurisdiction against a pollution source alleged to be in violation of a CAA permit even when the plaintiff could have sued the agency under a separate provision. Section 7604(a) authorizes suits by “any person” against “any person ... alleged to be violation ... of an emission standard.”
LEGAL, STANDARDS
1. F.R.C.P. 12(b)(1)
Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows for a motion to dismiss based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 12(b)(1). It is a fundamental precept that federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Limits upon federal jurisdiction must not be disregarded or evaded. Owen Equipment & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 374, 98 S.Ct. 2396, 57 L.Ed.2d 274 (1978). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion may be either facial, where the inquiry is confined to the allegations in the complaint, or factual, where the court is permitted to look beyond the complaint to extrinsic evidence. Wolfe v. Strankman, 392 F.3d 358, 362 (9th Cir.2004); Savage v. Glendale Union High School Dist. No. 205, 343 F.3d 1036, 1040 n. 2 (9th Cir.2003). The plaintiff has the burden to establish that subject matter jurisdiction is proper. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994); In re Ford Motor Co., 264 F.3d 952, 957 (9th Cir.2001). This burden, at the pleading stage, must be met by pleading sufficient allegations to show a proper basis for the court to assert subject matter jurisdiction over the action. McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189, 56 S.Ct. 780, 80 L.Ed. 1135 (1936); Fed. R.Civ.P. 8(a)(1). The pleading must show “affirmatively and distinctly the existence of whatever is essential to federal jurisdiction, and if [it] does not do so, the court, on having the defect called to its attention or on discovering the same, must dismiss the case, unless the defect be corrected by amendment.” Tosco Corp. v. Communities for a Better Env’t, 236 F.3d 495, 499 (9th Cir.2001).
When a defendant challenges jurisdiction “facially,” all material allegations in the complaint are assumed true, and the question for the court is whether the lack of federal jurisdiction appears from the face of the pleading itself. See Wolfe, 392 F.3d at 362; Miranda v. Reno, 238 F.3d 1156, 1157 n. 1 (9th Cir.2001); Thornhill Publishing Co. v. General Telephone Electronics, 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir.1979); Mortensen v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 549 F.2d 884, 891 (3d Cir.1977). When a defendant makes a factual challenge “by presenting affidavits or other evidence properly brought before the court, the party opposing the motion must furnish affidavits or other evidence necessary to satisfy its burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.” Safe Air For Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir.2004); Savage, 343 F.3d at 1039 n. 2. The court need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiffs allegations under a factual attack. White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir.2000).
2. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
The Clean Air Act In General
Congress passed the CAA to protect and to enhance the quality of air resources and to promote the health, welfare, and productive capacity of the nation. 42 U.S.C. § 7401; California v. United States, 215 F.3d 1005, 1007 (9th Cir.2000). The CAA creates a framework for the “development of cooperative Federal, State, regional, and local programs to prevent and control air pollution.” 42 U.S.C. § 7401(a)(4); Hall v. United, States Environmental Protection Agency, 273 F.3d 1146, 1153 (9th Cir.2001). The CAA requires that the EPA publish a list of air pollutants and promulgate health based standards, known as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (“NAAQS”), that set the maximum permissible concentrations in the ambient air for each listed air pollutant. 42 U.S.C. §§ 7408(a), 7409(a); Vigil v. Leavitt, 366 F.3d 1025, 1029 (9th Cir. 2004); Bayview Hunters Point Cmty. Advocates v. Metro. Transp. Comm’n, 366 F.3d 692, 695 (9th Cir.2004). Each state has primary responsibility for assuring air quality, and the CAA requires each state to adopt a State Implementation Plan (“SIP”) in order to meet NAAQS requirements. 42 U.S.C. §§ 7407(a), 7410(a); Vigil, 366 F.3d at 1029; Bayview Hunters Point, 366 F.3d at 695; Hall, 273 F.3d at 1153. Specifically, each state is required “to adopt a ‘plan which provides for implementation, maintenance, and enforcement’ of the ambient air quality standards and to submit its SIP to the EPA for approval. Each SIP must include enforceable emission limitations and other control measures necessary to attain the NAAQS, as well as timetables for compliance.” 42 U.S.C. § 7410(a)(2)(A); Bayview Hunters Point, 366 F.3d at 695; see also Vigil, 366 F.3d at 1029. In order to provide for federal oversight of state efforts to meet NAAQS requirements, “SIPs are subject to EPA review and, if inadequate, disapproval.” Hall, 273 F.3d at 1153; see Bayview Hunters Point, 366 F.3d at 695. Once a SIP is “adopted by a state and approved by the EPA, [it] becomes controlling and must be carried out by the state.” Bayview Hunters Point, 366 F.3d at 695; Beentjes v. Placer County Air Pollution Control Dist., 254 F.Supp.2d 1159, 1162 (E.D.Cal.2003) (“[a SIP’s] requirements and commitments become binding upon the state as a matter of federal law.”). “Approved SIPs are enforceable by either the State, the EPA, or via citizen suits brought under [42 U.S.C. § 7604(a) ].” Bayview Hunters Point, 366 F.3d at 695. Regions within a state are “designated as either ‘attainment’ or ‘non-attainment’ areas, depending upon whether they meet the NAAQS for a particular pollutant.” Council of Sacramento v. Slater, 184 F.Supp.2d 1016, 1019 (E.D.Cal.2000). The CAA requires that each SIP include a permit program for non-attainment areas to regulate the construction and operation of proposed new or modified major stationary sources of pollutants. 42 U.S.C. § 7502(c)(5); Greenbaum v. EPA, 370 F.3d 527, 531 (6th Cir.2004). This permitting program is known as New Source Review (“NSR”). Greenbaum, 370 F.3d at 531.
Citizen Suits Under The CAA
Private individuals may bring a “citizen suit” to enforce provisions of the CAA and approved SIP’s. See 42 U.S.C. § 7604; Bayview Hunters Point, 366 F.3d at 695; Communities For A Better Environment v. Cenco Ref. Co., 180 F.Supp.2d 1062 (C.D.Cal.2001). The CAA expressly authorizes citizens’ suits in federal court. See Oregon Environmental Council v. Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality, 775 F.Supp. 353, 364 (D.Or.1991). The CAA in pertinent part reads:
(a) Authority to bring civil action; jurisdiction. Except as provided in subsection (b), any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf—
(1) against any person (including (I) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of (A) an emission standard or limitation under this Act or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation,
(2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this Act which is not discretionary with the Administrator, or
(3)against any person who proposes to construct or constructs any new or modified major emitting facility without a permit required under part C of title I [42 USCS §§ 7470 et seq.] (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of title I [42 USCS §§ 7501 et seq.] (relating to nonattainment) or who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of any condition of such permit.
The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an emission standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties ....
(b) Notice. No action may be commenced—
(1) under subsection (a)(1)— (A) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff has given notice of the violation (I) to the Administrator, (ii) to the State in which the violation occurs, and (iii) to any alleged violator of the standard, limitation, or order....
42 USCS § 7604(a), (b)(1).
The CAA’s provision for citizen suits “is meant to supplement rather than to supplant government action.” Sierra Club v. Georgia Power Co., 443 F.3d 1346, 1349 (11th Cir.2006). For citizen suits brought under § 7604(a)(1), citizen plaintiffs must give sixty (60) days notice as a mandatory condition precedent or else face dismissal of their claim. See Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, 493 U.S. 20, 31, 110 S.Ct. 304, 107 L.Ed.2d 237 (1989) (interpreting analogous notice requirements under RCRA); Save Our Health Org. v. Recomp of Minn., Inc., 37 F.3d 1334, 1337-38 (8th Cir.1994); Village of Oconomowoc Lake v. Dayton Hudson Corp., 24 F.3d 962, 963 (7th Cir.1994); Anderson v. Farmland Indus., 45 F.Supp.2d 863, 865 (D.Kan.1999). “The purposes of the notice requirement are to: (a) allow the alleged violator to come into compliance with the law; (b) provide an opportunity to negotiate a settlement of the dispute short of a lawsuit; and (c) give state and federal environmental agencies an opportunity to step in and enforce their laws and regulations.” Cenco Ref. Co., 180 F.Supp.2d at 1086 (citing Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, 493 U.S. 20, 110 S.Ct. 304, 107 L.Ed.2d 237 (1989)).
3. EXHAUSTION OF REMEDIES
Under the doctrine of exhaustion, “no one is entitled to judicial relief for a supposed or threatened injury until the prescribed ... remedy has been exhausted.” McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 193, 89 S.Ct. 1657, 23 L.Ed.2d 194 (1969); Laing v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 994, 997 (9th Cir.2004). “Where Congress specifically mandates, exhaustion is required. But where Congress has not clearly required exhaustion, sound judicial discretion governs.” McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 144, 112 S.Ct. 1081, 117 L.Ed.2d 291 (1992); Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. Carter & Tillery Enters., 133 F.3d 1183, 1187 (9th Cir.1998). Thus, exhaustion “can be either statutorily or judicially required,” and, if statutorily required, “may be mandatory and jurisdictional.” Laing, 370 F.3d at 998. Where exhaustion of administrative remedies is not required by a statute, a district court may exercise it discretion to require exhaustion. Porter v. Board of Trs. of Manahattan Beach Unified Sch. Dist., 307 F.3d 1064, 1070 (9th Cir.2002); Tomas v. Rubin, 926 F.2d 906, 911 (9th Cir.1991); Morrison-Knudsen Co. v. CHG Int’l, Inc., 811 F.2d 1209,1223 (9th Cir.1987). “In exercising its discretion, the court must balance the agency’s interest in applying its expertise, correcting its own errors, making a proper record, and maintaining an efficient, independent administrative system, against the interests of private parties in finding adequate redress.” Tomas, 926 F.2d at 911-12; Morrison-Knudsen, 811 F.2d at 1223. A court’s discretionarily imposed exhaustion requirement, however, “does not limit jurisdiction.” Morrison-Knudsen, 811 F.2d at 1223. Rather, where a district court exercises its discretion to require exhaustion, the court “may allow the action to proceed immediately, it may dismiss the action pending exhaustion of administrative remedies, or it may stay its own proceedings pending administrative review. In most cases, particularly where a statute of limitations problem might develop, the third alternative may represent the best accommodation of the competing interests.” Pension Benefit, 133 F.3d at 1187; Morrison-Knudsen, 811 F.2d at 1223. “Resort to administrative remedies is not required where the administrative remedy is inadequate, or where proceeding within the administrative process would be futile or serve no purpose.” American Federation of Government Employees, Local 1668 v. Dunn, 561 F.2d 1310, 1314-15 (9th Cir.1977).
DISCUSSION
Vanderham’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss is based on an alleged failure by AIR to exhaust administrative remedies. However, the Court finds AIR’s arguments on the issue of subject matter jurisdiction persuasive.
An exhaustion requirement is either mandated by statute or judicially imposed. Laing, 370 F.3d at 998. With respect to a statutory mandate, the text of § 7604 does not contain an express exhaustion of state remedies requirement. Cf Citizens for a Better Env’t v. Union Oil Co., 83 F.3d 1111, 1119 (9th Cir.1996) (“Furthermore, 33 U.S.C. § 1365 makes no mention of exhaustion of state remedies as a prerequisite for bringing a citizen suit.”). In fact, § 7604(a) states that “district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an emission standard or limitation.” 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a). Thus, there is an express grant of jurisdiction to this Court to enforce an “emission standard or limitation.” The CAA does require 60-days notice before a plaintiff can file a suit seeking to enforce an emission standard. However, Vander-ham does not challenge the 60-day notice requirement, and there is no indication that AIR has failed to fulfill the 60-day notice requirement for filing a § 7604(a)(1) suit. Vanderham focuses on state statutory provisions for challenging decisions of a hearing board. However, this lawsuit is based on a provision of federal law, the CAA. Under the federal provision under which AIR brings suit, 42 U.S.C. § 7604, there is no evidence that AIR has failed to fulfill the requirements imposed by that statute. Vanderham has not shown that any mandatory provisions of the CAA have been violated such that dismissal would be appropriate or that exhaustion is mandated by § 7604, other than perhaps the 60-day notice requirement.
In the absence of an express requirement for exhaustion of state remedies in § 7604, the Court may exercise its discretion and require exhaustion. However, in its reply, Vanderham maintains that the Court lacks jurisdiction and states that the “issues in this case focus on statutory exhaustion, not the doctrine of judicial exhaustion.” Vanderham’s Reply at 8:23-24. Thus, it appears that Vanderham is not requesting the Court to impose a judicially created exhaustion requirement. Moreover, Vanderham has not addressed arguments made by AIR against a judicially imposed exhaustion requirement. Specifically, Vanderham has not addressed arguments that: (1) the 60-day notice requirement in § 7604 serves similar functions as an exhaustion requirement, see Cenco Ref, 180 F.Supp.2d at 1086; (2) other courts within this circuit have refused to require exhaustion of state judicial or administrative remedies prior to filing a citizen suit, see Cenco Ref. Co., 180 F.Supp.2d at 1087 n. 10; Oregon Environmental Council, 775 F.Supp. at 364; and (3) it is unclear how or whether Regulation 5 and/or the Health & Safety Code could apply in the circumstances of this case, i.e. a decision that no permit is required and the decision is not made by the District Hearing Board after a hearing. Accordingly, because it does not appear that Vanderham is requesting a judicial exhaustion requirement, and because Vanderham has not adequately explained the basis for imposing a discretionary exhaustion requirement, the Court will not impose a discretionary, judicial exhaustion requirement.
With respect to Rational Transit, the Court finds this case to be distinguishable from the case at bar. Rational Transit relied primarily on League to Save Lake Tahoe, Inc. v. Trounday, 598 F.2d 1164 (9th Cir.1979) for the proposition that state judicial and administrative remedies must be exhausted prior to bringing a § 7604(a)(1) suit. However, in Trounday, the Ninth Circuit was dealing with a federally approved SIP that had incorporated state administrative remedies/procedures. Id. at 1168, 1174 & n. 12; Cenco Ref., 180 F.Supp.2d at 1086. The Trounday plaintiffs’s failure to pursue the administrative remedies as provided by the federally approved SIP did not entitle them to a remedy in federal court. Trounday, 598 F,2d at 1174; Cenco Ref, 180 F.Supp.2d at 1086-87. Here, Vanderham has failed to point to an exhaustion requirement or administrative remedies/procedures similar to Trounday within the federally approved SIP.
Also, in Rational Transit, the plaintiffs “knew that them interests were at stake in the indirect source proceedings,” but failed to participate in or pursue the administrative process regarding issuance of a permit. Rational Transit, 699 F.2d at 616-17. Rational Transit does not explain what kind of proceedings occurred in the determination that no permit was necessary, but the plaintiffs in that case knew that proceedings were occurring and that their interests were involved. See id. at 617. In the case at bar, the determination that no permit was required for Vander-ham does not appear to have involved any open proceedings, but instead was done through private correspondences. It is unknown how AIR could be expected to know that its interests were at stake.
Vanderham’s Argument Made In Reply
In its reply brief, Vanderham mostly expands on the argument that AIR is attacking the wrong party. As explained above, in the Conclusion section of its motion, Vanderham stated in summary that AIR is attacking the wrong party because it was the District that determined that Vanderham needs no ATC permit. The reply brief significantly expands on this argument and argues, in part, that AIR prays for an injunction from this Court to require Vanderham to obtain a permit. Vanderham argues that since the District has already determined that no permit is required, and since the District is not a party to this lawsuit, the Court cannot grant this relief. In its prior opposition, AIR states in one paragraph that it is challenging Vanderham’s violation of law, is not challenging the District’s decision, and that § 7604(a)(1) does not require it to sue the state agency.
The issue of attacking the wrong party was inadequately developed in the initial motion as the issue simply purported to be a summary in the conclusion section of Vanderham’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion. Vanderham’s reply brief expands on this argument, but raises issues that were not briefed in its 12(b)(1) motion or addressed by AIR in the prior opposition. It is inappropriate to consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief. See Eiden v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 407 F.Supp.2d 1165, 1171 n. 7 (E.D.Cal.2005). Additionally, the arguments raised by Van-derham in its reply appear to be better suited for a motion other than a Rule 12(b)(1) motion since any problems with relief available or parties may require dismissal, but do not deprive the Court of subject matter jurisdiction at this point. See Fed. Rs. Civ. Pro. 12, 19. Accordingly, the Court will not address these issues at this time. See Eiden, 407 F.Supp.2d at 1171 n. 7.
CONCLUSION
Vanderham has moved the Court to dismiss this case under Rule 12(b)(1) and argues that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because AIR did not exhaust state administrative and judicial remedies. An exhaustion of remedies claim is either mandated by a statute or judicially imposed as an exercise of discretion. Judicially imposed exhaustion requirements do not limit a court’s jurisdiction. Here, Van-derham has not shown, and apparently does not argue, that a discretionary exhaustion requirement should apply, but instead maintains that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. The citizen suit provision of the CAA does not contain an exhaustion of state remedies requirement. Moreover, the CAA specifically grants district courts jurisdiction to hear suits that seek to enforce an emission standard or limitation. The only pre-requisite apparent under the CAA’s citizen suit provision is a 60-day notice requirement. Courts do dismiss CAA citizen suits where a plaintiff fails to serve the mandatory 60-day notice. However, there has been no issue raised with respect to the 60-day notice in this case. Given the language of the citizen suit provision of the CAA, specifically the absence of an exhaustion requirement and the express grant of jurisdiction to district courts, the Court concludes that it has subject matter jurisdiction in this case.
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Defendants’s Rule 12(b)(1) Motion To Dismiss is DENIED; and
2. Defendants shall file an answer or other appropriate responsive pleading within twenty-one (21) days of service of this order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a)(1) and (3) in relevant part read:
Except as provided in subsection (b), any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf—
(1) against any person (including (I) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of (A) an emission standard or limitation under this Act or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation,
(3) against any person who proposes to construct or constructs any new or modified major emitting facility without a permit required under part C of title I (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of title I (relating to nonattainment) or who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of any condition of such permit.
. The exact date of the letter is unclear. The date reads, "DEC 1% 2005” and the "005” is stamped instead of typed. Given the layout of a typical keyboard, the Court believes that the date is likely December 15, 2005.
. An "emission standard or limitation” under 42 U.S.C. § 7604 is:
(1) a schedule or timetable of compliance, emission limitation, standard of performance or emission standard,
(2) a control or prohibition respecting a motor vehicle fuel or fuel additive, [or]
(3) any condition or requirement of a permit under part C of title I [42 USCS §§ 7470 et seq.] (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of title I [42 USCS §§ 7501 et seq.] (relating to nonattainment)!,] section 119 [42 USCS § 7419] (relating to primary nonferrous smelter orders), any condition or requirement under an applicable implementation plan relating to transportation control measures, air quality maintenance plans, vehicle inspection and maintenance programs or vapor recovery requirements, section 211(e) and (f) [42 USCS § 7545(e), (f) ] (relating to fuels and fuel additives), section 169A [42 USCS § 7491] (relating to visibility protection), any condition or requirement under Title VI [42 USCS §§ 7671 et seq.] (relating to ozone protection), or any requirement under section 111 or 112 [42 USCS §§ 7411, 7412] (without regard to whether such requirement is expressed as an emission standard or otherwise)!,] or
(4)any other standard, limitation, or schedule established under any permit issued pursuant to title V [42 USCS §§ 7661 et seq.] or under any applicable State implementation plan approved by the Administrator, any permit term or condition, and any requirement to obtain a permit as a condition of operations!,] which is in effect under this Act (including a requirement applicable by reason of section 118 [42 USCS § 7418]) or under an applicable implementation plan.
42 U.S.C. § 7604(f).
. The complaint alleges that "On September 20, 2005, AIR sent a 60-day notice of intent to sue Vanderham to enforce the [SIP] pursuant to § 304(a)(1) of the [CAA], 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a)(1).”
. The Court does not suggest that there was anything improper or nefarious about the correspondences between Vanderham and the District or the District's determination that no ATC permit was required.
| CASELAW |
Jean-Pierre Hansen (CEO)
Jean-Pierre, Baron Hansen (born 25 April 1948, in Athus, Belgium ) is a Belgian corporate executive. He served as vice-chairman of the executive committee and senior executive vice-president of GDF-Suez, in charge of operations.
Career
Jean-Pierre Hansen holds a master's degree in electrical engineering (University of Liège ), a degree in economics (Panthéon-Assas University ) and a PhD in engineering (Paris VI ). He entered the electricity and gas sector in 1975.
He was CEO of Electrabel from 1992 to March 1999. Since January 2005, he has been vice-chairman and again CEO of Electrabel. Since March 1999, he has also held the position of chairman of the executive committee of Electrabel. He is also CEO of Suez-Tractebel, chairman of Fabricom and director of Distrigas, Fluxys, AGBAR (Spain) and ACEA (Italy), vice-chairman of the Federation of Enterprises in Belgium (FEB) and associate professor of economics at the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) and at the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris). He is also member of the board of directors of ArcelorMittal.
In 2008, Jean-Pierre Hansen and Patrick Ouart (now personal advisor for justice to French President Nicolas Sarkozy) have been recognized guilty by a Belgian court of "hacking". In February 2004, they tried to spy the telecommunications installation of an employee of Electrabel. The affair had then been called by the Belgian press the "Electragate" affair. | WIKI |
Adventures in Machine Learning
Python and Excel: Tackling Childhood Obesity Through Data Analysis
and Data Gathering
Children’s obesity rates have become a growing concern worldwide as more and more young children become overweight or obese. The negative impact of obesity on children’s health, well-being and future prospects is incalculable, and the problem needs to be confronted head-on.
At the same time, effective interventions to combat childhood obesity must be based on accurate data and smart analysis. Gathering accurate data on childhood obesity rates requires a lot of work.
However, thanks to the wonders of the internet and platforms like Data.gov.uk, this task has been made much easier. Data.gov.uk is one of the UK Governement’s most significant initiatives to provide open data to the public in a reliable, accessible and standardized manner.
However, the data is not immediately ready-to-use, and it requires some skills and knowledge to extract meaningful insights out of the raw data files that we can download from the website. Therefore, in this article, we will look at how we can use Python and Excel to gather, clean, analyze, visualize, and draw insights from data gathered from data.gov.uk.
By doing so, we aim to provide our readers with a useful primer that they can use to understand how to work with data to draw insights that can be used in policy development to tackle childhood obesity. Investigating Children’s Obesity Rates
Childhood obesity rates in the UK have been a matter of great concern due to the many negative implications of being overweight and obese.
To understand the scope of the problem, we must look at the available data to determine the severity of the problem and where intervention efforts are most needed. Fortunately, Data.gov.uk has provided an easy way for us to access information relevant to our inquiry.
By searching for our primary keywords, ‘children’ and ‘obesity rates’, we can find a relevant file we can download in XLS format. Once downloaded, we can load the XLS file with either Excel or Python, our two options for working with data.
Gathering Data from Data.gov.uk
Excel is a powerful tool that is often used for data analysis. It is widely used in businesses and academic institutions alike to clean, analyze, and visualize large amounts of data.
It is relatively easy to use, especially for those who are familiar with the Windows environment. On the other hand, we have Python, which is an open-source, high-level programming language that is great for data analysis and visualization.
Python is widely used by data scientists and other analysts as it is both powerful and easy to use. Python can perform complex data analysis tasks in a matter of seconds or minutes, which can take hours or days to process with Excel.
Using Python and Excel Together
While Excel has many features that make it useful for data analysis, it does have its limitations. One of the most significant limitations is that it runs out of memory when dealing with a large dataset.
Excel can only handle up to one million rows of data, which is not enough for many data analysis tasks. Python, on the other hand, can handle larger datasets with ease.
Python libraries like Pandas provide a wide range of data analysis tools, making it easy to manipulate large data sets, clean, and prepare data for further analysis. There are times when Excel is more appropriate than Python for specific tasks.
For example, if we want to analyze a small dataset, we may find Excel to be faster than Python. Additionally, Excel makes it easy to create tables and charts, making it ideal for creating quick reports.
Nonetheless, if we need to process a large dataset that is beyond Excel’s capabilities, or if we need to perform data analysis tasks that Excel cannot generally handle, then Python is our best option. Given that some tasks require collaboration and sharing of data across teams, using both Python and Excel together makes for an ideal solution.
Moreover, we can use both Python and Excel together to help us achieve our goal of analyzing the childhood obesity dataset gathered from data.gov.uk. We can use Excel to clean and prepare the data then export it to a CSV file, which can be loaded into Python.
Once the data is in Python, we can use libraries like Pandas and Matplotlib to analyze and visualize the data.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the issue of childhood obesity is one that requires robust and accurate data analysis to develop effective policies and interventions. We discussed how to obtain data from data.gov.uk, with our primary keywords being “children” and “obesity rates, setting the stage for an in-depth analysis.
We then examined the advantages and limitations of using Python and Excel and how both tools can be used together to achieve our ultimate goal of analyzing childhood obesity trends.
By leveraging both Excel and Python, we can make sure that the data is clean and properly prepared for analysis.
We can easily manipulate data, perform complex calculations, visualize trends, and present insights to stakeholders in an easy to understand format. We can conclude that using Python and Excel together is an effective way to process, analyze and visualize data, which provides valuable insights that will assist in policy development and intervention strategies to combat childhood obesity.
Data Cleaning
Cleaning up Data from Excel File
One of the most challenging tasks when working with data is cleaning, which involves removing duplicates, formatting errors, and missing data values. These issues can lead to significant data discrepancies, which can ultimately affect the overall analysis results.
Data cleaning is, therefore, an essential step to ensure that data is reliable and accurate. In this section, we will demonstrate how we can clean up data from an Excel file using Python.
Cleaning data is one of the processes that Python handles well, and libraries such as Pandas can help us achieve this. To start cleaning the data, we load the Excel file with Pandas using ‘pd.read_excel’ and specify the path of the file.
Once we’ve loaded the file, we can take a quick glance at the data using ‘df.head()’, which helps us preview the first five rows of the dataset.
Removing Unnecessary Rows and Columns
In most cases, data collections typically contain information that is not necessary or irrelevant to the analysis process. In this case, we may have data for all demographic groups or for both genders when, in reality, we are interested in a specific segment.
In such instances, it is essential to remove unnecessary rows and columns to ensure that we analyze only the relevant data. We can remove columns and rows using Pandas’ ‘drop’ function.
For example, if we want to remove rows 1 to 5, we can use ‘df.drop([1,2,3,4,5])’. Similarly, we can remove whole columns using ‘df.drop([‘column_name’], axis=1)’.
By using these functions, we can retain only the data that is relevant to our analysis.
Renaming Column Headers and Setting Index
The column headers in our dataset may not be descriptive enough, which can make it difficult to read and understand the data. We can rename the column headers using Pandas’ ‘df.rename(columns=dict)’ function.
Using this function, we can map the old column names to new column names, which is especially useful when we have a large dataset with several columns that require renaming. Additionally, when working with large datasets, it may be easier to refer to specific rows by their index rather than by row numbers.
We can set an index for our dataset by using the ‘set_index’ method. This method instructs Pandas to use a specific column as the index when accessing the data.
Charts
Plotting Data using Pandas and Matplotlib
Once we have our dataset cleaned up, we can use Pandas and Matplotlib to visualize the data. Matplotlib is a Python library that provides powerful data visualization tools, which can help us interpret the data and identify trends.
We can start by plotting a graph using the ‘plot’ function provided by Pandas. We can specify the type of chart we want to use, for example, a line graph, scatter plot, or bar chart.
We can also customize the chart by specifying labels for the x and y axes, adding a title, specifying colors, and adding legends.
Identifying Obesity Trends in Age Groups
Using the cleaned data from the previous steps, we can now focus on identifying trends in obesity rates among different age groups. For example, we can look at the obesity rates by gender, age, location, and socio-economic status.
We can use the ‘groupby’ method in Pandas to group the data and calculate summary statistics for the groups. We can then plot the data using Matplotlib to identify any correlations or patterns.
For example, we can plot a scatter plot that shows the relationship between age and obesity rates or a line graph that shows how obesity rates change over time. Through this analysis, we can identify any significant trends that will enable us to create effective interventions to combat obesity among children.
Conclusion
Cleaning and analyzing data is an essential process in any data analysis project, especially when dealing with large datasets. In this guide, we have explored how we can use Python and tools such as Pandas and Matplotlib to clean, analyze and visualize data from an Excel file.
Using Python programming language, we have demonstrated how to remove unnecessary rows and columns, rename column headers and set an index for data access. We have also explored how to plot data using Pandas and Matplotlib and identify trends in different age groups.
By following these steps, we can generate insights that will assist in developing effective interventions to combat childhood obesity.
Extrapolating Data
Extrapolating data is the process of predicting or projecting future trends based on past trends. Extrapolation can be useful for predicting future trends, but it has limitations, and it is essential to be aware of the potential drawbacks when making predictions.
In this section, we will explore how we can use Python for extrapolation and predicting future trends. We will also look at curve fitting and polynomial interpolation, which are important concepts in extrapolating data.
Extrapolating and Predicting Future Trends
Extrapolation can be used to predict future trends in various fields such as finance, economics, sports, and healthcare. However, extrapolation has its limitations, and we must be cautious when making predictions.
Extrapolation is only as reliable as the data used to make the predictions. Therefore, when making predictions, it is essential to ensure that the data is reliable, accurate and has been acquired using a statistically sound sampling methodology.
In the context of childhood obesity, extrapolation can be useful for predicting future trends and informing interventions. Predicting future trends can help policymakers make informed decisions about the interventions they need to develop.
Curve Fitting and Polynomial Interpolation
Curve fitting is the process of generating a curve that fits a set of data points. In the context of childhood obesity, curve fitting can help us develop a trendline that shows how obesity rates are changing over time.
Curve fitting is useful because it helps us identify patterns in the data that might not be visible initially. Polynomial interpolation is the process of using a polynomia to approximate the function defined by a set of data points.
In the context of childhood obesity, polynomial interpolation can help us fit a polynomial function to the data. Once we have the function, we can use it to extrapolate or predict future trends.
Warning about the Accuracy of Predictions
While extrapolation can be useful for predicting future trends, it is essential to be aware of the potential limitations and drawbacks. Predictions based on extrapolation can only be as accurate as the data that has been used to create the model.
If the data is unreliable or incomplete, the predictions can be inaccurate, and the conclusions drawn from the analysis can be misleading. Moreover, there are assumptions and limitations in all models that must be recognized.
Extrapolation methods, in particular, require that we assume that the patterns observed in the data will continue in the future. However, this assumption may not be valid if external factors change, leading to a shift in the underlying trends.
It is also important to recognize that extrapolation is not a precise science. The accuracy of predictions depends on several factors, including the quality and quantity of the data, the mathematics used to develop the model, and future uncertainties.
Therefore, it is essential to be aware that any predictions based on extrapolationare not foolproof or guaranteed.
Conclusion
Extrapolating data can be useful for predicting future trends and informing policy development in various fields, including childhood obesity. Curve fitting and polynomial interpolation are valuable tools that help us make extrapolations and identify patterns in data.
It is important to recognize the potential limitations and drawbacks of extrapolation, including the accuracy of predictions based on the available data, assumptions made when building the model, and future uncertainties that cannot be predicted. Overall, extrapolation can be useful when used in combination with other data analysis tools, but its limitations must be recognized to ensure data accuracy and help develop interventions that address childhood obesity.
In conclusion, this article has looked at the use of Python and Excel in cleaning, analyzing, and extrapolating data to investigate childhood obesity rates. We have demonstrated how to gather and clean data from data.gov.uk using Excel and Python, and how to use Python for curve fitting, polynomial interpolation, and extrapolation.
We have also highlighted the potential limitations of extrapolation and the need to exercise caution when making predictions using this method. The importance of data analysis in informing interventions that address childhood obesity cannot be overstated.
By drawing on the insights provided in this article, policymakers and researchers can develop evidence-based interventions that combat childhood obesity, ensuring that children grow up healthy and with a better chance of reaching their full potential.
Popular Posts | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
nLab
derivation Lie algebra
Contents
Definition
For 𝔤\mathfrak{g} a Lie algebra, then the Lie algebra of its automorphism Lie group
𝔞𝔲𝔱(𝔤) even \mathfrak{aut}(\mathfrak{g})_{\mathrm{even}}
called the the automorphism Lie algebra of 𝔤\mathfrak{g} (or derivation Lie algebra), is the Lie algebra whose underlying vector space is that of those linear maps Δ:𝔤𝔤\Delta \colon \mathfrak{g} \to \mathfrak{g} which satisfy the derivation property:
Δ([x,y])=[Δ(x),y]+[x,Δ(y)] \Delta([x,y]) = [\Delta(x), y] + [x, \Delta(y)]
for all x,y𝔤x,y \in \mathfrak{g}. The Lie bracket on 𝔞𝔲𝔱(𝔤) even\mathfrak{aut}(\mathfrak{g})_{\mathrm{even}} is the commutator operation:
[Δ 1,Δ 2]:=Δ 1Δ 2Δ 2Δ 1. [\Delta_1, \Delta_2] := \Delta_1 \circ \Delta_2 - \Delta_2 \circ \Delta_1 \,.
Created on March 7, 2017 at 04:50:06. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Federal Reporter, 1st Series, Volume 8.djvu/300
286 PBDEBAL liEPOETEE, �this petition was filed. AU tfae claims presented so far, excepting that of Hutt, for collision with the Stockbridge, are by administra- tors of persons whose lives were lost by the wreck of the steamer, and they make the further question that the act of congress does not protect the vessel-owner from liability for loss of life. I do not eon- sider that the character of these claims outs any figure in determin- ing the question of the jurisdietion of this court over this petition, because if liabilities of this character are not covered by the act of congress, then no order of the court in this matter can aflfeot them. �I, however, had this question before me in the case of The Sea Bird, a few years since, and came to the conclusion that this class of claims^ -was within the act, and no light which bas been thrown on the sub- ject by later decisions and the discussions of this case has changed my view in that regard, �Most of the statutes in this oountry giving a right of action for death caused by negligence, and notably those of Illinois and Mieh- igan, one of which must control in this case, have been substantially copied from Lord Campbeirs Act, as it is called in England, and ■which was enacted prior to the act of congress limiting liability of ship-owners, and proceed upon the principle that the heirs, executors, or administrators of the person whose life is so lost by the negligence of another, have a peouniary interest in such life. In some of the States the amount recovered goes directly to the widow and next of kin, and in others it goes into the general assets ; so that the persons «ntitled to maintain an action may be said to have a "property" in- terest in the person whose life is lost ; and it is because of this prop- erty or pecuniary interest that a right of action is given, I do not look upon these suits as penal suits, punishing the guilty party for his negligence, but only as a remedy for the recovery of the pecuniary interest which the survivors of the person whose life is so lost have in his life. ��� � | WIKI |
User:Ezhybridturf/sandbox
Synthetic Turf in the Golf Industry
Synthetic turf in the golf industry has normally been used in golf ranges, putting greens, and for decoration reasons. Now that golf courses have been actively trying to cut back on water costs and maintenance expenses, golf courses are now having to reconsider using synthetic turf but there are a number of drawbacks to using synthetic turf.
Drawbacks to using Synthetic Turf
Heat: The materials being used to make synthetic turf make it too to play on during the summer. For example, on a 90 F degree day, the temperature could rise up to 150 degrees F. Because of that, using synthetic turf on a golf course in a very hot region would be irrational.
Bacteria & Toxins: When covered in rain, the synthetic turf doesn’t allow for proper drainage meaning blood, animal feces, sweat, and skin cells can remain on the synthetic turf because of the lack of proper drainage.
Lack of Feel: Golfers love the feel of being able to create a nice divot after a shot on the fairway or rough but with synthetic turf that prevents a golfer from doing so.
High Costs: Going against one of the main reasons to actually consider switching from natural turf, there are high installation and removal costs including: base construction and removal of rubber granules.
Kills Grass: Once the switch to synthetic turf has been made, it kills all living organisms in the soil making it almost impossible to grow grass for a long time. | WIKI |
# Noosfero Development Policy ## Developer Roles * *Developers* are everyone that is contributing code to Noosfero. * *Committers* are the people with direct commit access to the Noosfero source code. They are responsible for reviewing contributions from other developers and integrating them in the Noosfero code base. They are the members of the [Noosfero group on Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/groups/noosfero/members). * *Release managers* are the people that are managing the release of a new Noosfero version and/or the maintainance work of an existing Noosfero stable branch. See MAINTAINANCE.md for details on the maintaince policy. ## Current Commiters * Antonio Terceiro (@terceiro) * Bráulio Bhavamitra (@brauliobo) * Daniela Feitosa (@danielafeitosa) * Joenio Costa (@joenio) * Larissa Reis (@larissa) * Leandro Nunes (@leandronunes) * Marcos Ronaldo (@marcosronaldo) * Rodrigo Souto (@diguliu) * Victor Costa (@vfcosta) ## Current Release Manager * Rodrigo Souto (@diguliu) ## Development process * Every new feature or non-trivial bugfix should be reviewed by at least one committer. This must be the case even if the original author is a committer. * In the case the original author is a committer, he/she should feel free to commit directly if after 1 week nobody has provided any kind of feedback. * Developers who are not committers should feel free to ping committers if they do not get feedback on their contributions after 1 week. * On GitLab, one can just add a comment to the merge request; one can also @-mention specific committers or other developers who have expertise on the area of the contribution. * Committers should follow the activity of the project, and try to help reviewing contributions from others as much as possible. * On GitLab one can get emails for all activity on a project by setting the [notification settings](https://gitlab.com/profile/notifications) to "watch". * Anyone can help by reviewing contributions. Committers are the only ones who can give the final approval to a contribution, but everyone is welcome to help with code review, testing, etc. * See note above about setting up notification on GitLab. * Committers should feel free to push trivial (or urgent) changes directly. There are no strict rule on what makes a change trivial or urgent; committers are expected to exercise good judgement on a case by case basis. * Usually changes to the database are not trivial. * In the case of unsolvable conflict between commiters regarding any change to the code, the current release manager(s) will have the final say in the matter. * Release managers are responsible for stablishing a release schedule, and about deciding when and what to release. * Release managers should announce release schedules to the project mailing lists in advance. * The release schedule may include a period of feature freeze, during which no new features or any other changes that are not pre-approved by the release manager must be committed to the repository. * Committers must respect the release schedule and feature freezes. ## Maintainance process ### Not all feature releases will be maintained as a stable release We will be choosing specific release series to be maintained as stable releases. This means that a given release is not guaranteed to be maintained as a stable release, but does *not* mean it won't be. Any committer (or anyone, really) can decide to maintain a given release as stable and seek help from others to do so. ### No merges from stable branches to master *All* changes must be submitted against the master branch first, and when applicable, backported to the desired stable releases. Exceptions to this rules are bug fixes that only apply to a given stable branch and not to master. In the past we had non-trivial changes accepted into stable releases while master was way ahead (e.g. during the rails3 migration period), that made the merge back into master very painful. By eliminating the need to do these merges, we save time for the people responsible for the release, and eliminate the possibility of human errors or oversights causing changes to be accepted into stable that will be a problem to merge back into master. By getting all fixes in master first, we improve the chances that a future release will not present regressions against bugs that should already be fixed, but the fixes got lost in a big, complicated merge (and those won't exist anymore, at least not from stable branches to master). After a fix gets into master, backporting changes into a stable release branch is the responsibility of whoever is maintaing that branch, and those interested in it. The stable branch release manager(s) are entitled the final say on any matters related to that branch. ## Apendix A: how to become a committer Every developer that wants to be a committer should create [an issue on Gitlab](https://gitlab.com/noosfero/noosfero/issues) requesting to be added as a committer. This request must include information about the requestor's previous contributions to the project. If 2 or more commiters consider second the request, the requestor is accepted as new commiter and added to the Noosfero group. The existing committers are free to choose whatever criteria they want to second the request, but they must be sure that the new committer is a responsible developer and knows what she/he is doing. They must be aware that seconding these requests means seconding the actions of the new committer: if the new committer screw up, her/his seconds screwed up. ## Apendix B: how to become a release manager A new release manager for the development version of Noosfero (i.e. the one that includes new features, a.k.a. the master branch) is apointed by the current release manager, and must be a committer first. Release managers for stable branches are self-appointed, i.e. whoever takes the work takes the role. In case of a conflict (e.g. 2+ different people want to do the work but can't agree on working together), the development release manager decides. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Piteå HC
Piteå Hockey Club, usually abbreviated Piteå HC, is a Swedish ice hockey club based in Piteå in Norrbotten, Sweden's northernmost county. The club played six seasons, from 1999 to 2005, in Sweden's second-tier league, Allsvenskan. , the team competes in the "Norra" (north) group of Division 1, the third tier of ice hockey in Sweden.
Piteå HC was founded in 1986 as a merger of the hockey sections of Piteå IF, Munksund/Skuthamns SK, and Öjebyns IF.
Season-by-season
This list includes only recent Piteå HC seasons. | WIKI |
Page:The Valley of Fear.pdf/88
Rh The account of Mrs. Allen, the housekeeper, was, so far as it went, a corroboration of that of her fellow servant. The housekeeper’s room was rather nearer to the front of the house than the pantry in which Ames had been working. She was preparing to go to bed when the loud ringing of the bell had attracted her attention. She was a little hard of hearing. Perhaps that was why she had not heard the shot; but in any case the study was a long way off. She remembered hearing some sound which she imagined to be the slamming of a door. That was a good deal earlier,—half an hour at least before the ringing of the bell. When Mr. Ames ran to the front she went with him. She saw Mr. Barker, very pale and excited, come out of the study. He intercepted Mrs. Douglas, who was coming down the stairs. He entreated her to go back, and she answered him, but what she said could not be heard.
“Take her up! Stay with her!” he had said to Mrs. Allen.
She had therefore taken her to the bedroom, and endeavored to soothe her. She was greatly excited, trembling all over, but made no other [86] | WIKI |
Girdlestone
Girdlestone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles Girdlestone (1797–1881), English clergyman and biblical commentator
* (Charlotte) Hester Girdlestone (born 1911), mother of Stephen Oliver (composer) (1950–1992) and grandmother of John Oliver (b. 1977)
* Cuthbert Girdlestone (1895–1975), British musicologist
* Dylan Girdlestone (born 1989), South African cyclist
* Errol Girdlestone (born 1945), British music conductor
* Gathorne Robert Girdlestone (1881–1950), English orthopaedic surgeon, son of Robert Baker Girdlestone
* Henry Girdlestone (1863–1926), headmaster of St Peter's College, Adelaide, South Australia
* Robert Baker Girdlestone (1836–1923), English lexicographer, son of Charles Girdlestone
* Thomas Girdlestone (1758–1822), British physician and writer | WIKI |
/, Injury Prevention, Race-Nutrition, Training/Iron Deficiency – What Is It and Why Are Runners at Risk?
Iron Deficiency – What Is It and Why Are Runners at Risk?
Iron deficiency is one of the more common medical conditions among runners. Especially women. Consider the fact that more than one out of every five American women between the ages of 13 and 50 suffers from iron deficiency. That rate is certainly higher among American women who run. (Among men, about one out of every 15 Americans are iron deficient.)
Compounding the problem is that about 15-20 percent of the American women who are iron deficient are also anemic. A person becomes anemic when the iron stores in her body are depleted, rather than just low. Once again, women runners are especially susceptible to developing some degree of anemia.
Why iron deficiency (and even worse, anemia) is a problem is for runners is because it hurts his or her ability to run. Even a slight deficiency will inhibit a runner’s energy level. There simply isn’t adequate energy to run or do other normal activities without feeling abnormally tired. In addition, an iron deficient runner will likely become irritable, moody and suffer from a general overall feeling of weakness.
Why this happens is because iron deficiency is most commonly characterized by a low hemoglobin level. Oxygen is transported in the blood by the red blood cells (the hemoglobin) which delivers the all important oxygen to your working muscles and other tissues. If the concentration of hemoglobin is reduced, your muscles get less oxygen and their capacity to work declines.
Even so, less than half of all the iron in the body is in the red blood cells. The rest is stored in the bone marrow, liver, spleen and other tissues and organs. Only when almost all these iron reserves are depleted is when someone is truly anemic.
Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia among runners. Obviously, this is a serious problem for runners because they simply won’t have the energy to run or train much at all. Even if they can, the lower iron interferes with the muscles’ ability to clear lactic acid which makes the runner feel exhausted from what would normally be an easy run. Initially, runners will just assume they’re tired from a hard race, overtraining or workout. They may be anemic – their iron stores have been depleted – and not even know it.
Many medical researchers believe that runners – again, especially women – are at greater risk of having low iron or even being anemic than the greater population. The current research isn’t definitive that this is true, but runners generally are at a higher risk of depleting their ferritin – which is where the iron is stored in your bone marrow, spleen and other organs – than sedentary people. A low ferritin level is indicative of depleted iron reserves and there’s a distinct possibility that this could lead to anemia.
Why runners are at such a higher risk with this is because the causes of iron deficiency, anemia and low ferritin can be related to running. In addition to a poor, iron-deficient diet, some of the other causes are losses of small amounts of iron through sweat. Another way iron is lost is when there’s blood loss in the urine because the bladder gets bruised by the sloshing around of its contents during running. Another cause of iron loss is through gastrointestinal distress caused by taking too much aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories – something runners are notorious for doing.
Runners also tend to absorb less iron in their diets because foods passes so quickly through their digestive tract. In addition, high-mileage runners tend to destroy the red blood cells in their feet because of the repetitive pounding of running.
With women runners, the greatest iron loss is related to menstrual losses. Yet another cause of iron deficiency among women is inadequate dietary intake of iron, especially among vegetarians who simply don’t get enough iron.
Fortunately, treating and preventing iron deficiency is remarkably easy. If you have been positively tested for iron deficiency, merely taking daily iron supplements can correct this quickly and safely. Eating iron-rich foods will certainly help as well.
But iron dosing isn’t a good idea as a preventive measure for runners. Too much iron can cause serious constipation and it can interfere with the body’s ability to utilize zinc, another important mineral.
Without a doubt, the best way to control and prevent iron deficiency is to eat a properly balanced, iron-rich diet. The best form of dietary iron is found in fruits, veggies, whole grain products and nuts. It’s also found in many animal products, including red meat or dark poultry.
Even though this type of dietary iron is abundant in most diets, it isn’t absorbed very well by the body. Even worse, some types of grains and vegetables, tea, coffee and red wine can decrease its absorption rate by 40 to 80 percent.
On the other hand, some foods can enhance the absorption of iron. Vitamin C is one of the best (that’s why a glass of OJ every morning is a good idea for boosting your iron). Other foods that help are meat, fish and poultry. Some specific foods that are rich in iron include liver, oysters, beef, pork, tune and chicken. Less meaty choices include wheat germ, whole wheat bread, prunes, cooked lentils, tofu and broccoli.
Iron deficiency and anemia are serious problems for runners in general and women runners in particular. Clearly, the best way to prevent this condition by eating a healthy diet rich in iron. If you’re a vegetarian or restrict the amount of meat you eat, you may be at risk.
But by paying greater attention to the foods you eat and making certain you eat iron-rich foods (and possibly, taking iron supplement), you can avoid becoming iron deficient. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Beatrice Collenette
Beatrice Collenette (1899 – 2001) was a Guernsey-born American dancer and dance educator, and the founder of the Collenette School of Dancing in Pasadena, California in 1926. She was a protégée of Anna Pavlova and the first ballet teacher of Twyla Tharp.
Early life and education
Collenette was born in Guernsey on the Channel Islands. After her father, physician Frank de Beauchamp Collenette, became too ill to practice, she moved to Londo, England, to perform and earn a living.
She studied with Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova at Ivy House in London, and danced in her company. Pavlova treated young Collenette almost as a daughter for a time, but she was irritated by the girl's preference for practicing technique at the expense of expressiveness. After her time with Pavlova, she also studied with Enrico Cecchetti and Ivan Clustine.
Career
Collenette was taken to the United States after World War I by theatrical manager Henry Wilson Savage. She appeared on the Broadway stage twice in musicals: in Zelda Sears's Lady Billy (1920–1921), and in Jack and Jill (1923). In 1926, Collenette founded the Collenette School of Dancing in Pasadena, California. By 1931, she was appearing in regional newspaper advertisements, endorsing Welch's Grape Juice. In 1936, Collenette was chosen to teach San Francisco Ballet classes during Adolph Bolm's absence. Her ballet company mostly performed at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, but also toured regionally and nationally. Among her young students in the 1950s was dancer and choreographer Twyla Tharp.
Personal life and legacy
Collenette married journalist Joseph Kenyon Ivie, moved to California, and had a daughter, Joan Collenette Damon, who followed her mother into dance education as head of the Collenette School of Dancing for forty years, until she retired in 2002. Beatrice Collenette marked her 100th birthday with family and former students in San Juan Capistrano in 1999. She died in 2001, aged 102 years.
The Collenette school remains in operation in San Marino, California as of December 2017. | WIKI |
Talk:Pascal matrix
:)
Done elements of Sij and general expression for trace. I'll do expressions for U and L in the next day or so. Dan Pope 00:56, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Great idea, by the way.
Also, just wanted to say that using the to-do list was a great idea on talk pages! Absolutely. I hope we can carry on working on these articles, Haseldon. I've really been enjoying it. Thanks also for the nice expansions of Shift matrix.
Dan Pope 00:58, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* Yes. I think these are great, too. In particular, I like how these make it possible to break up the editing process. Haseldon 08:58, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
a lot more properties
I have a lot of more properties which I find much interesting - far too many to put them all in this article. But maybe some are worth been mentioned?
I feel not experienced enough with wikipedia to decide which and what... You may be interested in my three collections concerning the pascal-matrix
(the first deal with it, leads to the relation between pascal-matrix and bernoulli-numbers) pascal_bernoulli
(more advanced, but still clumsy) pmatrix
(to get the directory finding intro & notation: index
About the notation: notation
and the new collection (nothing new against pmatrix, but more straight and encyclopedic) binomialmatrix
If elements of this would be of interest, contact me by email, since I do not read this each day. Also if it would be appropriate one may link to these pages in the article (the last one under construction and will be filled up from time to time).
--Gotti 16:32, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
Rank of symmetric Pascal matrix
Is the rank of symmetric Pascal matrix always equal to number of matrix lines (m)?--Kozuch (talk) 13:57, 17 May 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
- Created by: Chloe Marie P
- Created on: 18-02-15 17:57
The German Workers Party
- The Nazi Party was originally called the German Workers Party (DAP) and was founded by Anton Drexler in Munich in January 1919.
- Adolf Hitler joined the Party as a member- NOT A LEADER- in September 1919.
- At the time, there wasn't anything special about the party. It was a small and radical group that had sprung up during a period of dramatic political change in Germany. The party did not worry anyone.
- Drexler himself had very few ambitions for the party and saw it as little more than a discussion group.
- Hitler has very different ideas! Once he had joined the DAP he quickly channelled his hatred for the new Weimar Republic into the public speaking he did for the party. He was very talented at this and could command his audience completely.
- In February 1920 Hitler and Drexler created the Twenty Five Point Programme. This set out the direction that the party was due to take in the future.
1 of 4
The Twenty-Five Point Programme
- " We demand the union of all Germans in a Greater Germany".
- "Only those of German blood may be members of the nation...no Jew may be a member of the nation".
- "We demand the formation of a people's army."
- "We demand the creation of a strong central state power for the Reich."
2 of 4
- Hitler then helped the party to buy a newspaper - The Munich Observer - and organised a change of name for the party as a whole. It became known as The National Socialist German Workers Party.
- Using his now powerful position, Hitler challenged Drexler for leadership of the party of 1921 and took control.
- He quickly changed the vision of the party and made it much more aggressive and demanding.
- Hitler himself asserted all his personal powers of public speaking and presence to captivate his audiences.
- In no time at all, his own party had come to see him as there Fuhrer, they followed him completely and showed him their total allegiance and obedience.
3 of 4
- In August 1921 Hitler attempted to develop the party into a MASS MOVEMENT.
- He organised an armed group called the STURM ABTEILUNG (SA, also known as the Brownshirts) to parade in their brown uniforms, carry Swastika banners and generally disrupt and hassel other political parties and their meetings.
- The SA took its main recruits from the old Freikorps and ex-soldiers generally. Many of them had been connected with the Kapp Putsch in 1920.
- They were therefore, a very radical Right Wing army that were both dangerous and committed to their new leader Adolf Hitler.
- It was the knowledge that he had these men to rely on that made Hitler attempt his first Putsch in 1923.
4 of 4 | FINEWEB-EDU |
Everyone’s smiling, music is playing, lights are strung up on the Christmas tree… it’s the most wonderful time of the year, right?
The holidays are a time to celebrate love, family and joy, but for many, the holidays are not a time of serene happiness. They can also be a time of anxiety and stress that can stem from family troubles, financial worries, or a never-ending list of things to accomplish before the end of the year. For others, the holidays can also be a time of loneliness, loss, grief, and depression.
Feeling the need to be consistently happy during the holiday season can make it challenging to acknowledge and accept feelings of stress and sadness. If you feel as if you are struggling this year, keep these things in mind to help you manage your stress or cope with your depression. Both your mental and physical health and well-being will benefit, and you’ll find it easier to bring more joy back into your life this season.
Recognize your emotions, and know that you are not alone.
Stress and sadness are emotions that can feel extremely isolating, and it is easy to feel alone in your experiences. A vital first step toward dealing with stress, sadness, or grief is allowing yourself to own and express your emotions, not to suppress them. Stress, anxiety, sadness, and grief are all human feelings that make up the human experience. Allow yourself to accept that it’s perfectly okay to feel and express these emotions any time of year, even during the holiday season.
holiday social support
Seek support from those you love and trust.
One of the most impactful things you can do to ameliorate stress and depression is to seek support from people that you trust. This support can be found in your family, or in a network of close friends. It’s so important to feel heard and understood, and leaning on those you value reduces loneliness and increases your mental well-being. Don’t be afraid to clearly express how you want to receive support and love. Those who know you are struggling want to be there for you, but they may not know how best to show support. Don’t be afraid to clearly express what type of support you need, whether that is needing a hug, having someone help make you a meal, having someone to listen to you, or just letting someone sit with you.
Don’t forget to breathe.
We know this classic advice sounds trite, but it’s more of an important reminder than you may think. High levels of stress and anxiety can cause you to take more shallow breaths and to even hold your breath. This decreases oxygen in your blood and increases your heart rate, which can exacerbate existing symptoms of stress and anxiety such as lightheadedness, dizziness, and blurred vision. As Dr. Maritza Baez recommends, “When stressed, take 5 slow, deep breaths with your eyes closed, then roll your shoulders forward 5 times, then back 5 times. This will slow your heart rate and release tension in your neck and shoulders.”
self care
Carve out some time to practice self-care.
Taking time to care for yourself and show yourself some love and compassion isn’t selfish, it’s incredibly important for your mental and physical well-being. Self-care also isn’t one size fits all; what you may need to do to feel rejuvenated may be different from someone else, and also may change depending on your emotions any given day. Carve out time to prioritizing doing something that brings YOU peace, and benefits your health and well-being. This could be meditation, going on a walk, practicing yoga, reading a book, cooking a healthy meal for yourself, or going to bed an hour earlier to get more sleep. Whatever you need to do to take care of yourself, prioritize it and put it in your schedule. Most importantly, don’t feel guilty for taking care of yourself both during the holidays and all throughout the year.
Stick to your healthy habits.
Yes the holidays are full of many events and a lot of food, but remembering to make exercise and healthy eating a priority can help you effectively manage your stress and anxiety. Exercising for just 30 minutes is an endorphin boosting, stress busting way to instantly feel happier and more relaxed. At events, feel free to treat yourself, but prioritize eating healthy meals throughout the day and loading up your plate with nutrient dense foods before reaching for the indulgences. Overeating can lead to negative emotions of guilt, and can also leaving you feeling more sluggish and low in energy. Throughout the day, eat a balanced selection of vegetables, fruits, unrefined and energy-sustaining carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Focus on eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to help combat depression.
Remember, a mix of positive and negative emotions, even during a very happy time, is completely normal. However, if you feel as if stress and anxiety is taking over how you feel, following these simple tips helps you from dreading or resenting the holiday spirit. If you would like more advice on how to overcome stress and anxiety during the holiday season, read more of what our doctors have to say, or consult with one of our doctors; they’re available online for you anytime, anywhere.
Author: Maggie Harriman
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Wikipedia talk:Featured topics/Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow
Working definition
The working definition of this topic is "Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow and associated media within the Castlevania series." Sephiroth BCR ( Converse ) 23:55, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
Vital improvements
Shouldn't there be a free use image? All the other images up till now have been free use. We could always use a full moon as a free use image. Judgesurreal777 (talk) 22:41, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* I went ahead and added a picture of a blue full moon (Dawn of Sorrow's Japanese name is "Cross of the Blue Moon" so it's kinda appropriate). I have no idea who had chosen the previous pic but feel free to revert or change if I did something wrong. FightingStreet (talk) 23:15, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* That picture looks fine. Anyhow, this topic meets the criteria. Sephiroth BCR ( Converse ) 23:55, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
Potential improvements
Improving Soma Cruz and Alucard (Castlevania) to featured article status if possible. Sephiroth BCR ( Converse ) 23:55, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
Possible additions
Barring another Castlevania game set alongside Aria of Sorrow, no additions can be made. Sephiroth BCR ( Converse ) 23:55, 3 March 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Stuart Dickinson
Controversy at the 2007 Rugby World Cup final
Can the idiots who claim that he 'killed Tates (sic) try' stop trying to vandalise this page? Firstly, it wasn't even Tait's try, and secondly it was legitimately disallowed. (Jpgrantham 22:37, 20 October 2007 (UTC))
The picture posted by Jpgrantham in the section "Controversy at the 2007 Rugby World Cup final" doesn't show Cueto's foot on the line, actually beside it, and as such is decaying the integrety of wikipedia. Will1212
* If the point of the toe of the boot touches the inside edge of the line, as appears to be the case in the BBC photo, the TMO has to rule it in touch. You can look at the photo on the website and argue that the angle and the resolution leave some room for doubt. The point however is that the BBC published this photo next to the statement "the television match official correctly ruled he had just put a foot in touch". One can therefore conclude that the BBC's journalist and editors, who have access to hi-res video of the incident, have looked at it and consider that the foot was in touch. Therefore, citing the BBC as authority, the integrity of Wikipedia is not compromised. Rexparry sydney 00:32, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
The fact that the the author Jpgrantham considers those holding views other than his own as 'idiots' would indicate that that person is not totally unbiased. The fact of the matter is that the picture in question does NOT show a foot in touch, the view that the decision was correct is highly contentious and that the vast majority of England supporters would consider the decision of the Australian controversial. Given that the majority of this entry is therefore incorrect, it should be amended or deleted forthwith. —Preceding unsigned comment added by General.tactifer (talk • contribs) 01:00, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
It is highly controversial whatever way you look at it. In the intrests of neutrality, both arguments should be considered —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:25, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
No video or photo that i have seen has shown conclusively one way or the other that Cueto's boot touched/ or was over the line. Therefore I think it is fair for fans to question Dickinson's integrity. Please also bear in mind that in all previous instances that i have seen; TMO's have under similar circumstances given the benefit of the doubt to the attacking side. Further to this I am pretty sure that if there is no conclusive evidence to disallow a try then it must be given- however I am not 100% sure on that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:42, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
* Your last point is right in the sense that the referee asks the TMO "Is there any reason that a try should not be awarded?" Phrased this way, it has to be conclusive to the TMO that there is a reason, and doubt should lead to the answer "no" to the referee's question. I think this is the only way that a TMO can give benefit of the doubt in relation to being in touch, as the rugby union laws do not provide for it (though I can't rule out that other IRB guidelines may do so). On another matter, now that you can see a video (link provided below) I'm sure you'd want to withdraw your first two sentences. Rexparry sydney 01:30, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
* The footnote, as it's currently written says "The photo with the caption "England went desperately close through winger Mark Cueto" is three-quarters of the way down the page. Other photos (example) show that a fraction of a second later, Cueto lifted his foot off the line." This is not written neutrally. All it really implies is that whomever has edited the article cannot find a photo of Cueto with his foot in touch! That doesn't mean his foot wasn't in touch; just that there is not a photo available of it. I'm going to reward it in a tone that doesn't imply otherwise. - Shudde talk 02:21, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
I do not consider those holding a different view to my own to be idiots - that was directed at whoever it was who was repeatedly vandalising the page. Furthermore, I didn't post any picture, and if you look at previous edits, the original wording of the World Cup final controversy was far more biased than anything I have written. Jpgrantham 09:50, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
I am annoyed that i'm on a final warning for vandalism because i started the level 2 headline "2007 Rugby World Cup final" i do not consider this an act of vandalism. I feel that this subject ,as many others seem to, played a major part in the outcome of the '07 rugby world cup. whether his decision was right or wrong. I agree with Shuddle that the benefit of the doubt should of been given to the attacking side. --Will1212 10:49, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
* Pls see your talk page. The final warning was not of course for starting that heading. Rexparry sydney 00:21, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
This would seem to make it clear: http://gary.bloxio.us/a/cueto-try/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:12, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
The rules of Rugby give benefit of the doubt to the the defending team, unlike rugby league which gives it to the attacker. Therefore if the evidence is not conclusive a try has been scored the ref cannot award it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:16, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
* This is incorrect -- the laws of rugby union do not say that the benefit of the doubt goes to the defending team. Doubt in relation to game situations is mentioned in the laws only three times, with benefit of the doubt going to the attacking team in two cases (unplayable ball at the breakdown, and who gets the throw at a lineout). The third case relates to which team first grounded the ball in the in-goal: benefit of the doubt is shared, a try is not scored (as it would be in rugby league where the law specifically states that simultaneous grounding results in a try), but the attacking team gets another chance with the put-in to a 5 m scrum, so you could say benefit of the doubt is shared. There's no mention of doubt in relation to being in touch. You can't conclude that the laws favour the defending team.Rexparry sydney 00:35, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
He should not be involved in Rugby Union again —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:58, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
Wikipedia in the media
The Rugby Heaven website (part of the Sydney Morning Herald) mentions this article in "Wikipedia protects Stu Dickinson's profile". The journos are making some progress in understanding the democratic nature of Wikipedia, after the same media outlet referred to the Wayne Barnes article as being "hacked" when it was vandalised. (Incidentally, lest anyone thinks Wikipedia violated copyright, Rugby Heaven is wrong to refer to the article's "use of a BBC photo": the article only linked to a BBC pages with photos.) Rexparry sydney 00:50, 26 October 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
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LEHRER McGOVERN BOVIS, INC., Appellant, v. BULLOCK INSULATION, INC., a Nevada Corporation; and INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE WEST, Respondents. LEHRER McGOVERN BOVIS, INC., Appellant, v. BULLOCK INSULATION, INC., a Nevada Corporation; and INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE WEST, Respondents. VENETIAN CASINO RESORT, LLC; GRAND CANAL SHOPS MALL CONSTRUCTION, LLC; and NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH, PA, Appellants, v. BULLOCK INSULATION, INC., Respondent.
No. 45618
No. 45860
No. 45898
October 30, 2008
197 P.3d 1032
Harrison, Kemp, Jones & Coulthard, LLP, and Richard P Scotti, Las Vegas, for Appellant Lehrer McGovern Bovis.
Weinberg, Wheeler, Hudgins, Gunn & Dial, LLC, and D. Lee Roberts, Jr., David J. Ijxrson, and Rosemary Missisian, Las Vegas, for Appellants Venetian Casino, Grand Canal Shops Mall Construction, National Union Fire Insurance Company, and Lehrer McGovern Bovis.
Kummer Kaempfer Bonner Renshaw & Ferrario and Mark E. Ferrario and Tami D. Cowden, Las Vegas, for Respondents Bullock Insulation and Insurance Company of the West.
Law Offices of J. Michael Pisias, Jr., and J. Michael Pisias, Jr., and Matthew P. Shelton, San Francisco, California, for Respondent Insurance Company of the West.
OPINION
By the Court,
Gibbons, C. J.:
We previously issued an opinion in these matters on June 12, 2008. In that opinion, we reversed the judgment on the breach of contract claim regarding the retrofit issue and remanded for a new trial, affirmed the district court’s judgment enforcing the lien, vacated the district court’s award of attorney fees, and reversed the award of sanctions. Appellants’ and respondents’ petitions for rehearing followed.
We will consider rehearing when we have overlooked or misapprehended material facts or questions of law or when we have overlooked, misapplied, or failed to consider legal authority directly controlling a dispositive issue in the appeal. Having considered the petitions and answers thereto in light of this standard, we conclude that rehearing is not warranted, and therefore, we deny the petitions for rehearing. Nevertheless, as petitioners have pointed out, a portion of our June 12, 2008, opinion could be misconstrued as being contrary to this court’s precedent. Accordingly, although we deny rehearing, we withdraw our June 12, 2008, opinion and issue this opinion in its place.
In this opinion, we reach the same conclusions as in our prior opinion, but we clarify our reasoning for reversing the district court’s judgment on the breach of contract claim regarding the retrofit issue and for remanding that matter to the district court for a new trial.
In the district court, respondent Bullock Insulation, Inc. (Bullock Insulation), filed complaints against appellants Lehrer McGovern Bovis, Inc. (Bovis), and Venetian Casino Resort, LLC (Venetian Resort), for, among other claims, breach of contract and to foreclose on a mechanic’s lien. The parties disputed, among other things, whether, by the terms of the subcontract between Bullock Insulation and Bovis, Bovis was required to pay Bullock Insulation to retrofit walls with fire retardant materials. After considering the jury’s answers to special interrogatories and its general verdict, the district court entered judgment in favor of Bullock Insulation. The district court later entered an order granting Bullock Insulation’s motion for attorney fees and sanctioning Bovis for bad-faith litigation practices. These appeals followed.
In these appeals, we consider the primary issue of whether a new trial is required when the district court creates special interrogatories upon issues of fact and the jury’s answers to those interrogatories are inconsistent, such that an ultimate judgment cannot be entered without contradicting a portion of the answers and the general verdict. While this court has held that parties have a duty to object to inconsistent jury verdicts before the jury is discharged, we conclude that this general rule is not absolute because, under NRCP 49(b), the district court is obligated not to enter a judgment when the answers to interrogatories are inconsistent with each other and one or more answers are also inconsistent with the general verdict. In this case, we conclude that a new trial is warranted regarding the breach of contract claim related to the retrofit issue, even though the parties failed to object to the verdicts as inconsistent prior to discharge of the jury, because the ultimate judgment cannot be reconciled by an interpretation of the special verdicts and the general verdict in their totality. Therefore, because NRCP 49(b) mandates that a judgment shall not be entered when such inconsistencies exist, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion when it entered the inconsistent judgment.
We also consider the enforceability of a mechanic’s lien waiver provision entered into before the Legislature amended NRS Chapter 108 to require specific forms for lien waivers, and whether a pay-if-paid provision entered into before the Legislature amended NRS Chapter 624 to include provisions for prompt payment is unenforceable as a matter of public policy. Additionally, we consider whether the district court abused its discretion when it sanctioned Bovis for maintaining its defense in bad faith.
We conclude that the district court properly determined that the lien waiver and pay-if-paid provisions were unenforceable based upon Nevada’s public policy favoring the statutory right to a mechanic’s lien. Additionally, the district court abused its discretion when it sanctioned Bovis for bad-faith litigation practices.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgment on the jury verdict as it concerns the breach of contract claims related to the retrofit issue, based on the inconsistent answers to the special interrogatories, and remand this matter to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We affirm the remaining portion of the district court’s judgment regarding the lien waiver provision, the pay-if-paid provision, and the principal owed, plus interest. Finally, in light of our decision that a new trial is warranted on the breach of contract claim concerning the retrofit work, we necessarily vacate the portion of the district court’s order awarding attorney fees and reverse the portion of its order awarding sanctions.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Las Vegas Sands, Inc., the predecessor of Venetian Resort, entered into a Construction Management Agreement (the agreement) with Bovis under which Bovis agreed to manage remaining construction of the Venetian Casino Resort and Hotel (the project). Under the agreement, Bovis was obligated to hire subcontractors and provide the work, labor, services, materials, supplies, and equipment necessary to complete the project.
Bovis later subcontracted with Bullock Insulation for firestopping work on the project. Firestopping involves installing fire retardant material around openings in walls to prevent smoke and fire from spreading between rooms. Under the subcontract, Bullock Insulation was to install “firestop putty pads” around certain of the project’s electrical boxes, but the parties dispute whether, by the terms of the subcontract, Bullock Insulation was required to install the putty pads around the electrical boxes in the rooms’ separation walls.
The subcontract incorporated the general conditions of the agreement, which contained a lien waiver clause, whereby Bullock Insulation promised “not [to] suffer or permit any lien or other encumbrance to be filed” against the project. The lien waiver clause is located in the agreement after other provisions discussing final payment terms and the conditions precedent for final payment. The lien waiver is not dependent upon Bullock Insulation’s receipt of any payment for labor or materials. Also preceding the lien waiver provision of the agreement is a pay-if-paid provision, under which, by way of incorporation into the subcontract, Bullock Insulation’s right to payment for its work was contingent upon Venetian Resort’s payments to Bovis.
While the subcontract explicitly required Bullock Insulation “to provide firestop protection of electrical boxes where such boxes are required to have a minimum clear distance in rated walls/partitions,” and the original contract documents described the guest room walls as rated, trial testimony nevertheless supported Bullock Insulation’s contention that it believed that the walls were not rated. Testimony also revealed that Bovis had instructed Bullock Insulation to insulate according to room mockups, which are constructed rooms that serve as examples for the builders. While the mockups did not contain firestop putty pads on the electrical boxes in the rooms’ separation walls, a Bovis official testified that he had never directed Bullock Insulation to omit the putty pads based on the mockups’ omission of them.
The subcontract required Bullock Insulation to obtain written approval from Bovis before deviating from any of its provisions, and Bullock Insulation presented no evidence of any written approval or change order eliminating putty pad requirements. The subcontract further provided that Bullock Insulation would bear the cost for any corrective work resulting from unapproved deviations from its terms.
After much of the work on the project was completed, the Clark County Building Department issued a correction notice, which stated that firestop putty pads were required around the electrical boxes in the rooms’ separation walls. Although Bullock Insulation provided Bovis with confirmation that it had installed the putty pads in accordance with the subcontract, Bovis’s subsequent inspection revealed that putty pads had not been installed in most of the rooms’ separation walls with the exception of certain walls on the project’s fifth and sixth floors.
In its attempt to resolve the putty pad situation, Bovis sent a letter to Venetian Resort, acknowledging that Bullock Insulation may have believed that the Clark County Building Department did not require the putty pads in the rooms’ separation walls above the 19th floor and explaining that Bullock Insulation’s failure to install putty pads in those walls was likely a good-faith mistake. Nonetheless, Bovis directed Bullock Insulation to retrofit all of the guest room walls by installing the omitted putty pads according to Clark County Building Department requirements. Retrofitting the walls required a substantial amount of work, as most of the rooms had already been completed.
After the retrofit work was completed, Bullock Insulation recorded a mechanic’s lien on the project for $1,636,170.57 and, thereafter, filed a district court complaint against Venetian Resort and Bovis for breach of contract, foreclosure of the mechanic’s lien, and other claims. Bovis counterclaimed for, among other claims, breach of contract. At trial, Bovis and Bullock Insulation made oral stipulations, excluding the putty pad issue, regarding the value and amount owed for, among other things, certain approved change orders, pending change orders, and back charges. The district court entered an order in the April 22, 2005, minutes pursuant to the stipulations. Later, the parties disputed which items were included in the stipulations, and the district court advised them to memorialize their stipulations in writing, which they failed to do.
The remaining issues for trial revolved around the firestop putty pad requirements as set forth in the subcontract and who was responsible for the retrofit. Bullock Insulation and Bovis stipulated that Bullock Insulation incurred labor costs of $326,905 associated with the retrofit, and Bovis incurred $788,170 in damages for the retrofit work.
At the conclusion of the trial, the district court rejected Bovis’s proposed interrogatories and drafted its own, to which no party objected until after the jury was dismissed. The first interrogatory asked, “[djoes the original [subcontract require Bullock [Insulation] to install fire putty pads on electric boxes in the . . . guest [rooms’] separation walls in the hotel tower?” The jury responded in the affirmative. The second interrogatory asked, “[d]id Bovis modify or waive installation of fire putty pads in the guest room separation walls while said walls were being constructed?” The jury responded in the negative. The third interrogatory asked, “[sjhould Bullock [Insulation] be entitled to compensation over and above its original [sub] contract for its labor in doing the fire putty pad retrofit after the walls had been constructed?” The jury responded in the affirmative. The fourth interrogatory asked, “[sjhould Bovis be entitled to back charge (collect from) Bullock [Insulation] its additional costs to retrofit the guest room wall electrical boxes with the internal fire putty pads?” The jury answered in the negative.
Thus, although the jury found that the subcontract required Bullock Insulation to install the putty pads around the electrical boxes in the rooms’ separation walls, it nevertheless found that the subcontract required Bovis to pay Bullock Insulation extra compensation for the retrofit installation. The jury’s general verdict awarded Bullock Insulation $326,905, the amount to which Bovis and Bullock Insulation had stipulated as Bullock Insulation’s costs for the retrofit work, and denied Bovis recovery for its costs in connection with the retrofit. Neither Bovis nor Venetian objected to the jury verdict before the jury was discharged.
Although Bovis asserted that the pay-if-paid provision precluded Bullock Insulation from recording a valid lien, the district court concluded that the pay-if-paid provision was unenforceable as a matter of public policy because “[i]t deprives people who work on construction projects of a statutory right’ ’ to a mechanic’s lien. Based on the jury’s answers to the special interrogatories and its general verdict, the district court entered judgment awarding Bullock Insulation $326,905, plus pre-judgment interest, for the costs related to the retrofit. Applying the orally stipulated value of the remainder of Bullock Insulation’s claims, along with Bovis’s orally stipulated offsets, the district court concluded that, excluding any amounts related to the retrofit, Bovis owed Bullock Insulation $980,488 under the subcontract, plus pre-judgment interest and additional per diem interest. Following a hearing on Bullock Insulation’s request to enforce the lien, the district court struck down the lien waiver provision in the subcontract, concluding that public policy, as codified in NRS Chapter 108, prohibited lien waiver clauses.
Bovis and Venetian moved for a new trial, arguing that inconsistencies in the special interrogatory answers and general verdict, together with irregularities in the proceedings, and the jury’s manifest disregard of the instructions warranted a new trial. However, neither Bovis nor Venetian objected to the judgment’s principal amount of $980,488. Concluding that the jury’s answers to the special interrogatories and its general verdict were not inconsistent because they “could easily be reconciled with each other and with the evidence at trial,” the district court denied the motion for a new trial.
On Bullock Insulation’s motion, the district court entered orders awarding Bullock Insulation costs, pursuant to NRS Chapter 18, and attorney fees, based on Bovis’s rejection of Bullock Insulation’s offer of judgment in the amount of $1,100,000. The district court awarded Bullock Insulation additional attorney fees of $250,000, concluding that Bovis had defended the action in bad faith. Venetian and Bovis now appeal the district court judgment and the order denying their motion for a new trial. Bovis additionally appeals from the orders awarding Bullock Insulation costs, attorney fees, and sanctions. Bovis also appeals from the district court’s order against Bovis awarding costs to respondent Insurance Company of the West.
DISCUSSION
Inconsistent jury verdicts
Venetian and Bovis argue that the district court abused its discretion by entering a judgment based on the inconsistencies among the jury’s answers to the special interrogatories and its general verdict. In response, Bullock asserts that Venetian and Bovis waived any objection to any inconsistency in the jury’s verdicts when they failed to object before the jury was dismissed.
The district court’s decisions concerning special interrogatories and verdicts are reviewed for abuse of discretion. The district court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for a new trial is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
This court has previously held that the parties have a duty to object to inconsistent jury verdicts before the jury is discharged. The case of Eberhard Manufacturing Co. v. Baldwin concerned strict products liability and negligence claims related to a six-year-old boy’s injuries caused by contact with an open high-voltage electrical fuse box. The jury returned verdicts against the owner of the fuse box for negligence and against the designer and manufacturer of the box’s locking mechanism for strict products liability. However, the jury also returned a favorable verdict for one of the manufacturer’s distributors on the products liability claim. While the plaintiffs moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and the manufacturer moved for a new trial, none of the parties objected to the verdicts before the district court discharged the jury. In holding that the parties had waived the right to argue inconsistent verdicts because they failed to object before the jury had been discharged, this court emphasized its “primary objective of the promotion and efficient administration of justice.” This objective is best served by resolving inconsistencies before the jury is dismissed, thus avoiding the need for a new trial.
While the principal objective set forth in Eberhard remains an important consideration in evaluating error based on inconsistent jury verdicts, we conclude that the rule in Eberhard, that an inconsistent verdict argument is waived if not raised before the jury is discharged, is not absolute. The Eberhard court based its holding exclusively on caselaw, primarily from other jurisdictions, without discussing the application of NRCP 49(b), which is binding upon district courts in this state. We interpret the mandatory language of NRCP 49(b) to require the district court not to direct the entry of judgment when the interrogatory answers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is also inconsistent with the general verdict.
NRCP 49(b) provides that the court may submit interrogatories upon issues of fact, as well as forms for a general verdict. The Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution “requires a court to adopt that view of a case under which a jury’s special verdicts may be seen as consistent.” However,
[wjhen the [interrogatory] answers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is likewise inconsistent with the general verdict, the court shall not direct the entry of judgment but may return the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict or may order a new trial.
Interpreting FRCP 49(b), which is almost identical to NRCP 49(b), federal circuit courts of appeal have observed that, in circumstances where a party failed to object to inconsistencies in the verdicts, ‘ ‘where the inconsistency in the special interrogatories is so obvious[,] ... it would be proper to hold that the trial judge had an independent responsibility to act despite trial counsel’s silence.” Thus, while the court should give weight to the party’s failure to object to such an inconsistency because courts must consider the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial, if the answers and the verdict “are logically incompatible,” “the terms of Rule 49(b) make it the ‘responsibility of a trial judge to resolve the inconsistency’ even when no objection is made.’ ’
In this case, when the jury answered the first two special interrogatories, it concluded that the subcontract required Bullock Insulation to install the firestop putty pads in the rooms’ separation walls and that Bovis had never waived this requirement. But, in response to the last two special interrogatories, the jury concluded that Bullock Insulation was entitled to additional compensation for installing the putty pads in the rooms’ separation walls as a retrofit and Bovis could not recover expenses related to Bullock Insulation’s failure to install the putty pads originally. Thus, the jury concluded that while the subcontract had required Bullock Insulation to install the putty pads, Bovis must pay Bullock Insulation extra compensation to complete the installation as set forth in the subcontract. However, when Bovis and Venetian moved for a new trial, the district court determined that the answers to these special interrogatories were not inconsistent with each other or with the general verdict. We disagree and conclude that the district court’s judgment on the general verdict is irreconcilable with two of the four answers to the special interrogatories. Thus, the special interrogatory answers resulted in an inconsistent judgment on the general verdict, which is contrary to NRCP 49(b)’s mandate that the district court shall not direct the entry of judgment when the interrogatory answers are inconsistent with each other and inconsistent with the general verdict.
We conclude that Eberhard is distinguishable from this case. Although Eberhard required a pre-discharge objection to preserve the verdict inconsistency argument for a later challenge, Eberhard neglected to consider NRCP 49(b). Unlike in Eberhard, the district court in this case could not construct a judgment on the jury’s general verdict without contradicting two of the answers to the special interrogatories. Accordingly, in light of NRCP 49(b)’s mandate, we conclude that the district court abused its discretion when it authorized four interrogatories that resulted in an inconsistent jury verdict, entered judgment on the inconsistent verdict, and denied Bovis’s and Venetian’s motion for a new trial on the breach of contract claim concerning the retrofit issue.
Our decision here is in accord with this court’s precedent. Although this court’s earlier decisions have explained that parties must object to jury verdicts before the jury is dismissed, those decisions were decided on distinguishable facts.
In particular, Lee v. McCleod and Priest v. Cafferata are distinguishable because they involve juror misconduct, not inconsistent answers to interrogatories, and they therefore do not contain analyses of NRCP 49(b), which was dispositive in this case. Likewise, Scott v. Chapman is distinguishable because, although the Scott court considered NRCP 49(b), the answers to the special interrogatories were not inconsistent with one or more answers and with the general verdict, as was the case here. In Scott, the jury returned a general verdict for the defendant, but it failed to answer the special interrogatories. Thus, unlike in this case, the district court in Scott could construct a judgment without contradicting the jury’s general verdict or any of its answers to the special interrogatories.
Similarly, Brascia v. Johnson is distinguishable from this case because the inconsistencies in Brascia were reconcilable. In Brascia, the jury returned a general verdict for the plaintiff and a general verdict for the defendant and answered a special interrogatory finding both parties 50 percent at fault in a negligence case. The district court questioned the jury, which confirmed that it intended to find each party negligent and equally responsible for the accident. Thus, although the reasoning in Brascia did not address NRCP 49(b), by questioning the jury’s intentions, the district court ostensibly fulfilled NRCP 49(b)’s requirements by “return[ing] the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict.’ ’
Cramer v. Peavy is distinguishable because there was no inconsistent verdict at issue. Rather, Cramer argued that the jury’s defense verdict was impossible as a matter of law. Cramer’s attorney told the jury throughout the trial not to award Cramer damages if it did not believe him. Despite defense counsel conceding in closing argument that Cramer was entitled to $20,000 in damages, the jury found for the defendant and awarded Cramer no damages. Cramer failed to object to the verdict before the jury was dismissed, and this court declined to address the issue on appeal. Because Cramer does not involve inconsistent jury verdicts, it is inapplicable in this case.
Finally, our holding in these matters is consistent with our decision in Carlson v. Locatelli, In Carlson, this court concluded that, “where a jury returns an inconsistent verdict, it is ‘incumbent’ upon the trial court to attempt to clarify the verdict.” This court explained that, rather than granting a new trial, the district court should have “ma[d]e a more concerted effort to save the jury’s verdict prior to dismissing the jury.” This court was able to save the jury verdict by making a simple calculation to correct any error in the determination of the plaintiffs net recovery. Therefore, this court reversed the district court’s order granting a new trial. Our decision in Carlson, therefore, is in accord with our decision here. The difference in the outcomes is attributable to the type of inconsistencies addressed in each case. In Carlson, the verdicts were reconcilable by making a simple calculation. Here, on the other hand, the general verdict was irreconcilable with the interrogatory answers. Thus, NRCP 49(b) required a new trial.
On remand, only the breach of contract claim regarding the retrofit is at issue, as that was the issue regarding which the jury interrogatory answers and general verdict were irreconcilably inconsistent.
The agreement’s lien waiver provision
Venetian argues that the district court erred when it concluded that the agreement’s lien waiver clause was unenforceable based upon public policy considerations as codified in NRS Chapter 108, Nevada’s mechanic’s lien laws.
When the facts in a case are not in dispute, contract interpretation is a question of law, which this court reviews de novo. A contractor has a statutory right to a mechanic’s lien for the unpaid balance of the price agreed upon for labor, materials, and equipment furnished. “The object of the lien statutes is to secure payment to those who perform labor or furnish material to improve the property of the owner.’ ’ This court has held on numerous occasions “that the mechanic’s lien statutes are remedial in character and should be liberally construed.”
Similar to this court, the California Supreme Court also liberally construes mechanic’s lien laws, considering them to be remedial in nature. Accordingly, the California court has concluded that “ ‘[public] policy strongly supports the preservation of laws which give the laborer and materialman security for their claims.’ ” Underlying the policy in favor of preserving laws that provide contractors secured payment for their work and materials is the notion that contractors are generally in a vulnerable position because they extend large blocks of credit; invest significant time, labor, and materials into a project; and have any number of workers vitally depend upon them for eventual payment. We determine that this reasoning is persuasive as it accords with Nevada’s policy favoring contractors’ rights to secured payment for labor, materials, and equipment furnished.
In Dayside Inc. v. District Court, this court addressed whether contractors may waive their statutory rights to a mechanic’s lien. In that opinion, this court held that “[a]bsent a prohibitive legislative proclamation, a waiver of mechanic’s lien rights is not contrary to public policy’ ’ and will be enforced if it is clear and unambiguous. Because Nevada’s public policy favors contractors’ rights to secure payment, and because Dayside removes public policy from the analysis of the enforceability of particular lien waiver provisions, we now overrule Dayside and conclude that it is appropriate for the district court to engage in a public policy analysis particular to each lien waiver provision that the court is asked to enforce. In doing so, we emphasize that not every lien waiver provision violates public policy. The enforceability of each lien waiver clause must be resolved on a case-by-case basis by considering whether the form of the lien waiver clause violates Nevada’s public policy to secure payment for contractors.
In this case, the lien waiver provision applies regardless of whether Bullock Insulation received any payment. We conclude that such a provision violates public policy, as it fails to secure payment for Bullock Insulation. Accordingly, the district court properly concluded that the lien waiver provision was unenforceable.
Pay-if-paid provision
Bovis argues that the district court erred when it determined that the pay-if-paid provision of the subcontract was unenforceable based upon public policy concerns with regard to the statutory right to a mechanic’s lien.
At the time the parties entered into the agreement and subcontract, the Legislature had not yet proclaimed pay-if-paid provisions unenforceable, and this court had not previously addressed the enforceability of such provisions. Because a pay-if-paid provision limits a subcontractor’s ability to be paid for work already performed, such a provision impairs the subcontractor’s statutory right to place a mechanic’s lien on the construction project. As noted above, Nevada’s public policy favors securing payment for labor and material contractors. Therefore, we conclude that pay-if-paid provisions are unenforceable because they violate public policy. Accordingly, we affirm the portion of the district court’s judgment concluding that the pay-if-paid provision of the subcontract was unenforceable.
The judgment
Venetian argues that the district court abused its discretion when it entered judgment in the principal amount of $980,488 because it improperly included pending change order amounts and consequential damages, to which Venetian did not stipulate.
This court has recognized that “ [stipulations are of an inestimable value in the administration of justice, and valid stipulations are controlling and conclusive and both trial and appellate courts are bound to enforce them.” To be valid, a stipulation requires mutual assent to its terms and either a signed writing by the party against whom the stipulation is offered or an entry into the court minutes in the form of an order. “[I]n construing a stipulation, a reviewing court may look to the language of the agreement along with the surrounding circumstances.’ ’
Under NRS 108.222(l)(a), mechanics have a lien right to “the unpaid balance of the price agreed upon,” but, under NRS 108.239(5), contractors may not recover consequential damages in an action to enforce a mechanic’s lien. This court has concluded that approved change orders, which may be included within the scope of work that would otherwise be considered consequential damages, become part of the contract because the parties mutually agree to that work through the approval process.
As the district court minutes from April 22, 2005, reveal that the district court entered an order in the minutes pursuant to the stipulations, we conclude that the stipulations were valid. Additionally, we conclude that the surrounding circumstances reveal that the parties acquiesced to the stipulations. We conclude that during the trial, the parties assented to the terms of the stipulations because they did not object to the district court’s decision to limit the presentation of evidence based on the fact that such evidence was unnecessary in light of the stipulations. After trial, the parties did not object to the nonretrofit principal judgment amount of $980,488, which was based on the stipulations, and appeared in the proposed and final judgments, as well as in Bovis and Venetian’s motion for a new trial. Therefore, we conclude that the stipulations were valid, the parties acquiesced to the principal judgment amount of $980,488, and they waived any objection to it by not raising objections to the judgment. The nonretrofit principal judgment is thus not proper for consideration at the new trial on the retrofit issue. If either party obtains judgment against the other at the new trial, the parties are to handle this separately from the nonretrofit judgment, rather than using offsets against the existing nonretrofit judgment.
We further conclude that the district court properly determined that when Bovis and Bullock Insulation stipulated to the amounts of the pending change orders, those pending change orders became approved change orders. Thus, these change orders, including those that would be considered consequential damages, became part of the contract and were therefore lienable. Accordingly, we affirm this portion of the district court’s judgment, plus interest.
Attorney fees and sanctions
Bovis argues that the district court abused its discretion when it awarded Bullock costs and attorney fees because Bullock was not the prevailing party, as the pay-if-paid provision prohibited Bullock Insulation from receiving payment before Bovis was paid. Bovis further contends that it did not hide facts from the court and it asserted in good faith that pay-if-paid provisions had been upheld in other district courts.
This court reviews an award of attorney fees or sanctions for abuse of discretion. With respect to the appeal from the post-judgment order awarding attorney fees, in light of this opinion, we necessarily vacate the award of attorney fees. To the extent that the district court awarded sanctions, we have reviewed the record and conclude that substantial evidence does not support the district court’s conclusion that Bovis defended the action in bad faith. Thus, the district court abused its discretion. Accordingly, we reverse the portion of the district court’s order awarding sanctions.
CONCLUSION
Where the district court creates special interrogatories that result in irreconcilably inconsistent verdicts and the parties fail to object to them before the jury is discharged, the parties do not necessarily waive the right to appeal the judgment based on the inconsistent verdicts. Pursuant to NRCP 49(b), the district court shall not enter judgment on irreconcilably inconsistent verdicts. Therefore, in this case, the district court abused its discretion when it entered judgment on the inconsistent answers to the special interrogatories and the general verdict. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment on the breach of contract claim as it concerns the retrofit issue and remand for a new trial.
We agree with the district court’s ruling that the lien waiver provision was unenforceable and therefore affirm the portion of the district court’s judgment enforcing the lien. Regarding the pay-if-paid provision, we conclude that the district court properly struck down the pay-if-paid provision as unenforceable based upon public policy. With respect to the nonretrofit portion of the judgment, we conclude that the stipulations were valid, thus making the pending change orders part of the contract and lienable. Therefore, we affirm this portion of the district court’s judgment, plus interest. Finally, we vacate the portion of the district court’s order awarding attorney fees, and we reverse the portion awarding sanctions. Accordingly, we remand this matter to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Maupin, Hardesty, Douglas, Cherry and Saitta, JJ., and Shearing, Sr. J., concur.
NRAP 40(c)(2).
The district court consolidated Bullock Insulation’s action against Venetian Resort with another action that Bullock Insulation had filed against appellant the Grand Canal Shops Mall Construction, LLC (Grand Canal Shops). Venetian Resort, Grand Canal Shops, and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA, the bond surety company (collectively Venetian), are appellants in this appeal.
While at the time of trial, Bovis had not yet been paid by Venetian Resort, it acknowledged in its brief on appeal that it has since been paid.
Regarding this appeal, Bullock Insulation and Insurance Company of the West are referred to collectively as Bullock.
See Ross v. Giacomo, 97 Nev. 550, 555, 635 P.2d 298, 301 (1981) (‘ ‘Whether to require a special verdict is a discretionary determination to be made by the trial court.”), overruled on other grounds by Winston Products Co. v. DeBoer, 122 Nev. 517, 524, 134 P.3d 726, 731 (2006).
Edwards Indus. v. DTE/BTE, Inc., 112 Nev. 1025, 1036, 923 P.2d 569, 576 (1996).
Eberhard Mfg. Co. v. Baldwin, 97 Nev. 271, 272-73, 628 P.2d 681, 682 (1981).
97 Nev. at 272, 628 P.2d at 681-82.
Id.
Id. at 272, 628 P.2d at 682.
Id.
Id. at 273, 628 P.2d at 682.
Id. at 272-73, 628 P2d at 682.
NRCP 1.
Bernardini v. Rederi A/B Saturnas, 512 F.2d 660, 662 (2d Cir. 1975).
NRCP 49(b) (emphasis added).
Both NRCP 49(b) and FRCP 49(b) direct that judgment must not be entered when interrogatory answers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is also inconsistent with the general verdict. However, the two rules differ in their language regarding what the district court should do instead of entering judgment. While NRCP 49(b) states that the court “may return the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict or may order a new trial,” FRCP 49(b) directs that the court “shall return the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict or shall order a new trial.” (Emphases added.)
Strauss v. Stratojac Corp., 810 F.2d 679, 683-84 (7th Cir. 1987) (recognizing the inconsistencies in the special interrogatory answers, but concluding that under the circumstances of the case, the special interrogatories could be harmonized); see also Schaafsma v. Morin Vermont Corp., 802 F.2d 629, 634-35 (2d Cir. 1986) (explaining that a district court errs if it fails to grant a new trial “when jury verdicts are logically incompatible”).
Schaafsma, 802 F.2d at 635 (concluding that, under the circumstances of the case, the purported inconsistent jury findings could be reconciled).
Id. at 634 (quoting Elston v. Morgan, 440 F.2d 47, 49 (7th Cir. 1971)).
15 Nev. 158, 162-63 (1880).
57 Nev. 153, 157-58, 60 P.2d 220, 221 (1936).
71 Nev. 329, 291 P.2d 422 (1955).
Id. at 334, 291 P.2d at 424.
105 Nev. 592, 781 P.2d 765 (1989).
Id. at 594, 781 P.2d at 766-67.
Id. at 594, 781 P.2d at 767.
116 Nev. 575, 3 P.3d 665 (2000).
Id. at 582, 3 P.3d at 670.
Id.
Id.
Id. at 583, 3 P.3d at 670.
109 Nev. 257, 849 P.2d 313 (1993).
Id. at 263, 849 P.2d at 316 (quoting Amoroso Constr. v. Lazovich and Lazovich, 107 Nev. 294, 298, 810 P.2d 775, 778 (1991)).
Id. at 263, 849 P.2d at 317.
Id.
Grand Hotel Gift Shop v. Granite St. Ins., 108 Nev. 811, 815, 839 P.2d 599, 602 (1992).
NRS 108.222(l)(a). We note that in 2003, the Legislature amended NRS Chapter 108 to prohibit lien waivers unless such waivers comply with the statutory requirements outlined in NRS 108.2453 and NRS 108.2457. 2003 Nev. Stat., ch. 427, §§ 25-26, at 2590-95. This amendment does not affect our analysis here because it is not retroactive and Bovis and Bullock Insulation entered into the subcontract before 2003. See McKellar v. McKellar, 110 Nev. 200, 203, 871 P.2d 296, 298 (1994) (holding that “[t]here is a general presumption in favor of prospective application of statutes unless the legislature clearly manifests a contrary intent or unless the intent of the legislature cannot otherwise be satisfied”).
Schofield v. Copeland Lumber, 101 Nev. 83, 85, 692 P.2d 519, 520 (1985).
Las Vegas Plywood v. D & D Enterprises, 98 Nev. 378, 380, 649 P.2d 1367, 1368 (1982).
Wm. R. Clarke Corp. v. Safeco Ins. Co., 938 P.2d 372, 375-76 (Cal. 1997).
Id. at 376 (quoting Connolly Develop., Inc. v. Sup. Ct. of Merced Cty., 553 P.2d 637, 653-54 (Cal. 1976)). In California, because lien waiver provisions violate public policy, such provisions are valid only if they follow statutory forms. Id. (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 3262(d) (West 1993)).
Connolly Develop., Inc., 553 P.2d at 653.
119 Nev. 404, 407, 75 P.3d 384, 386 (2003).
Id. at 408, 75 P.3d at 387.
Id. at 409, 75 P.3d at 387.
See Wm. R. Clarke Corp. v. Safeco Ins. Co., 938 P.2d 372, 376 (Cal. 1997) (discussing statutory forms for lien waiver provisions that do not violate public policy if the waiver is “in conjunction with payment, or a promise of payment”).
Although the district court concluded that all lien waiver provisions violate public policy and are thus unenforceable, whether a lien waiver provision is enforceable, as set forth above, depends on a case-by-case analysis of whether it violates public policy, for example, by waiving the lien right regardless of whether the contractor receives payment. As the district court reached the correct result, we nonetheless affirm its judgment enforcing the lien. See Sengel v. IGT, 116 Nev. 565, 570, 2 P.3d 258, 261 (2000) (affirming the district court decision because it reached the correct result, even though the district court applied the wrong standard).
We note that in 2001, the Legislature amended NRS Chapter 624 to include the prompt payment provisions contained in NRS 624.624 through 624.626. Pay-if-paid provisions entered into subsequent to the Legislature’s amendments are enforceable only in limited circumstances and are subject to the restrictions laid out in these sections. 2001 Nev. Stat., ch. 341, §§ 5-6, at 1615-18. This amendment does not affect our analysis here because it is not retroactive. See McKellar v. McKellar, 110 Nev. 200, 203, 871 P.2d 296, 298 (1994).
See Wm. R. Clarke Corp., 938 P.2d at 376 (concluding that a pay-if-paid provision “has the same practical effect as an express waiver of [mechanic’s lien] rights”).
See Schofield v. Copeland Lumber, 101 Nev. 83, 85, 692 P.2d 519, 520 (1985) (explaining that “[t]he object of the lien statutes is to secure payment to those who perform labor or furnish material to improve the property of the owner”).
Second Bapt. Ch. v. Mt. Zion Bapt. Ch., 86 Nev. 164, 172, 466 P.2d 212, 217 (1970) (citation omitted).
EDCR 7.50; DCR 16; see Casentini v. Hines, 97 Nev. 186, 187, 625 P.2d 1174, 1175 (1981) (concluding that the district court erred in entering judgment on a stipulation that was not reduced to writing or entered into the minutes of the court in the form of an order).
Taylor v. SIIS, 107 Nev. 595, 598, 816 P.2d 1086, 1088 (1991).
We note that in 2003, the Legislature amended NRS 108.239(5) such that it is now codified as NRS 108.239(7). 2003 Nev. Stat., ch. 427, § 43, at 2609.
California Commercial v. Amedeo Vegas I, 119 Nev. 143, 148, 67 P.3d 328, 332 (2003).
See Dermody v. City of Reno, 113 Nev. 207, 210-11, 931 P.2d 1354, 1357 (1997) (deeming an argument to be waived if it was not raised below).
See Amedeo, 119 Nev. at 148, 67 P.3d at 332 (explaining that approved change orders become part of the contract price and are therefore lienable).
Simonian v. Univ. & Cmty. Coll. Sys., 122 Nev. 187, 196, 128 P.3d 1057, 1063 (2006) (reviewing an award of sanctions for abuse of discretion); U.S. Design & Constr. v. I.B.E.W. Local 357, 118 Nev. 458, 462, 50 P.3d 170, 173 (2002) (reviewing an award of attorney fees for an abuse of discretion).
In view of this decision, we remand the matter of costs to the district court for it to reassess costs in a manner consistent with this opinion.
We have considered the parties’ other arguments and conclude that we do not need to address them.
| CASELAW |
Five Things I learned about Pulpotomy from my Search Results
If you run a search on Google for the term ‘Pulpotomy’ (the surgical procedure and subsequent care of injuries to children’s teeth), specific entries jump out at you. I was fascinated by what I learned about this business niche and how my reputation, industry knowledge, and paying it forward can help me get new clients.
Intro to pulpotomy
Intro to a pulpotomy is a procedure in which an incision is made into the pulp of a tooth, the soft material inside the tooth, and the nerve tissue is removed.
Things you should keep in your Mind
• What is the purpose of an Intro to pulpotomy?
• What are the benefits of an Intro to pulpotomy?
• How does an Intro to pulpotomy compare to other treatments?
• What are the drawbacks of an Intro to pulpotomy?
• When should an Intro to pulpotomy be used?
• What are the risks of an Intro to pulpotomy?
• Who should be treated with an Intro to pulpotomy?
• Is there a cost associated with an Intro to pulpotomy?
• Where can I learn more about an Intro to pulpotomy?
Reasons for pulpotomy
Reasons for pulpotomy can include impacted teeth, pain, and infection. Pulpotomy is usually performed before tooth extraction to allow for space for the bone to heal. A surgical procedure removes pulp (contents) from a tooth, typically removing all or part of the crown. The word pulpotomy derives from the Latin words “pulp,” meaning “pulp,” and “tome,” meaning “cut”.
Procedure for pulpotomy
A pulpotomy is a surgical procedure that removes the pulp of a diseased tooth. This system is used when the cause of the disease is the pulp itself, not an infection or abscess. A pulpotomy can be performed in two ways. In the first, the dentist removes the entire pulp tissue. Afterward, the space is filled with a piece of root canal-treated tooth, usually from the same person. In the second method, the dentist removes only the diseased tissue and leaves a small amount of healthy pulp tissue.
What are the risks associated with pulpotomy?
Pulpotomy is a surgical procedure to remove the pulp (the soft center of the tooth) and fill it with a substance such as gutta-percha, porcelain, or gold to protect the tooth. The risks associated with pulpotomy are bleeding, infection, nerve damage, dry socket, and inability to bite correctly. Bleeding may occur in the first few days after the procedure. This is most often caused by the surgeon removing too much healthy pulp tissue.
Cost of pulpotomy
The cost of pulpotomy ranges from $3,000 to $5,000. Pulpotomy is typically considered when a severe pulp infection causes extreme pain or swelling of the root. Pulpotomy can be done in the office with local anesthesia or “pulpotomy without incision.” If healthy pulp tissue remains after the procedure, your dentist may apply an antibiotic ointment and instruct you to return in one week for evaluation.
Pulpotomy recovery timeline
Pulpotomy is a surgical procedure that removes and replaces the diseased pulp with a filling material. The patient may be instructed to rinse, spit, and not brush or floss the area. To make the procedure as safe and comfortable as possible, your dentist may ask you to eat soft foods such as soups and pudding or drink from straws for the first day after the procedure.
Potential Pitfalls in a Pulpotomy
A pulpotomy is a procedure that removes a portion of the affected tooth’s pulp. The dentist will incise the tooth and remove the necessary amount of tissue by hand or with a drill. A pulpotomy is a procedure that removes a portion of the affected tooth’s pulp. The dentist will incise the tooth and remove the necessary amount of tissue by hand or with a drill. A pulpotomy may be needed if a tooth is severely infected or damaged. The dentist may remove more than the affected pulp if it is still sound and healthy-looking.
Side Effects of a Pulpotomy
A pulpotomy is a surgical procedure that removes a diseased or injured pulp from the center of a tooth. The pulp is a bundle of nerves and blood vessels in the tooth’s center. In a pulpotomy, a dental specialist removes the damaged or diseased pulp from the tooth and seals off the opening to the tooth with a temporary filling. A pulpotomy can be done under a local anesthetic, with sedation, or as an emergency procedure.
When is a Pulpotomy Necessary?
A pulpotomy is a medical procedure in which the dentist removes all or part of the pulp tissue in the center of the tooth, which causes the area to become inflamed. A pulpotomy is necessary when the pain is due to inflammation in the pulp tissue in the tooth’s center. If the pulp becomes inflamed for any other reason, a dental abscess or root canal may be performed to relieve the pain. A dental spot is an infection around the root of a tooth. A dental abscess often develops in the soft tissue near the root surface.
Conclusion
Pulpotomy is a surgical treatment that removes the infected pulp from a tooth. A pulpotomy procedure may be the only treatment a dentist has to offer if root canal therapy has failed or is not a viable option. The first step in a pulpotomy is removing the infected pulp from the tooth. Depending on the extent of the infection, some teeth may be restored with a filling, while others may require a crown to protect the tooth from further damage. Occasionally, a pulp canal might be created in the tooth’s dentin. This is the hardest part of the tooth and may require a drill to provide access to the area inside the tooth where the pulp is located.
Jessica J. Underwood
Subtly charming explorer. Pop culture practitioner. Creator. Web guru. Food advocate. Typical travel maven. Zombie fanatic. Problem solver. Was quite successful at developing wooden tops in the aftermarket. A real dynamo when it comes to exporting glucose in Bethesda, MD. Had moderate success managing action figures in New York, NY. Set new standards for selling crayon art in Salisbury, MD. In 2009 I was getting my feet wet with sock monkeys for the underprivileged. Spoke at an international conference about merchandising toy elephants in Nigeria. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Why Shares of Eagle Materials Have Jumped 52% So Far in 2019
What happened
Reversing course from their 46% decline through 2018, shares of Eagle Materials (NYSE: EXP), a manufacturer of basic building materials, have soared 52% through the first six months of 2019, according to data from S&P Global Market Intelligence. In addition to guiding for a strong 2019, the execution of a share buyback program, the interest of an activist investor, and a tide of bullish sentiment provided lift for the stock.
Now what
A flurry of factors contributed to the stock shooting up 16% in January. Besides the news that the Trump administration was reconsidering a new infrastructure plan, the company's report of its Q3 2019 earnings, which included an optimistic outlook for 2019, and news that the company had purchased more than two million shares (about 5% of its outstanding shares) motivated investors to pick up the stock.
Image source: Getty Images.
Two months later, in March, shares flew higher upon news of an activist investor's interest in the company. Disclosing an 8.9% stake in the company, Sachem Head stated in a regulatory filing that it believes Eagle Materials is "undervalued and is an attractive investment," adding that it intended to engage in dialogue with the company regarding its "management, operations (including cost structure), assets, capitalization, financial condition, strategic plans, governance, board composition and the future."
News of Sachem Head's position in Eagle Materials had a notable effect on Wall Street. An analyst at Jefferies, Philip Ng, stated that shares could climb to $99 amid the activism and confirmed his buy rating on the stock, according to TheFly.com. Shortly thereafter, Berenberg initiated coverage on the stock with a buy rating and a $103 price target, and an analyst at Raymond James upgraded the stock to outperform from market perform, assigning a $95 target. At the time, shares of Eagle Materials were changing hands at about $85 per share. Enthusiasm for the stock extended into May, when an analyst with Citi raised his price target to $105 from $101, reiterating a buy rating.
So what
While many factors contributed to the rise in Eagle's stock in the first half of 2019, none was as pronounced as the actions of Sachem Head, which motivated analysts to upgrade the stock and the company itself. In addition to nominating two people to Eagle's board of directors, Sachem Head called for the company to separate its cement and wallboard businesses, according to Reuters. Subsequently, Eagle Materials announced that it intends to spin off its heavy-materials and light-materials businesses into two publicly traded companies.
With so much upheaval currently underway at Eagle Materials, it doesn't seem like now would be a prudent time for conservative investors to consider a position in the company. Instead, it should only be something on the radar of those who are willing to take on a fair amount of risk.
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Scott Levine has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends Eagle Materials. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
55 Day War
The 55-day war was a battle in the city of Huambo between the rebel forces of UNITA led by Arlindo Pena and the MPLA-led Angolan government. The 55-day war lasted between 9 January 1993 and 6 March 1993, resulting in UNITA emerging victorious and the destruction of most of the city.
Background
After UNITA’s defeat in the 1992 Angolan general election, UNITA rejected the election outcome and resumed hostilities. After the eruption of Hostilities, UNITA began a new offensive, this offensive targeted a number of provincial capitals including Kuito, Huambo, Malange, Luena, and Menongue, and aimed to force the MPLA into further concessions.
Battle
The battle began on 9 January 1993 when UNITA launched an assault to take the city with 20,000 soldiers and 8,000-10,000 armed militia. UNTIA was able to take the city before being driven out of most of the city the same day, fighting remained in the residential areas of the city, and by January 11 100 people had already been killed. UNITA soon launch another attack to take the city leading to heavy fighting. Two members of the United Nations monitoring force were injured in the fighting. UNITA claimed to have destroyed an ammunition depo on 16 January. By 19 January UNITA had surrounded the city and had claimed to have destroyed 12 T-55s and shot down a Sukhoi Su-25 fighter jet.
On 2 February 1993, shelling killed 40 residents. By February 11 2,000 people are said to have been killed in fighting in the city. On 13 February, government forces began withdrawing from the city center and UNTIA started to gain the upper hand and held 3/4 of the city including the airfield and barracks. A government counter-attack on the 13th was able to regain some lost territory. The Angolan government claimed that 1,000 people were killed on 15 February when UNITA shelled a civilian convoy leading out of the city. By 16 February 10,000 people are said to have been killed since the fighting began. By February 18, government forces held only a small part of the city.
On 10 February 500 civilians were killed in heavy fighting and shelling. 10,500 had been so far killed in the fighting. On 26 February UNITA agreed with the UN to allow humanitarian aid to land at Huambo airport. On 1 March, the government claimed UNITA massacred 45 civilians and dumped their bodies into the river. On 8 March UNITA overran the last government stronghold claiming to have captured 5,000 government troops. | WIKI |
Talk:My-HiME EXA
Merging of My-HiMe(manga) and My-HiMe EXA
Someone tagged the My-HiMe EXA page and suggested that we should merge it with the My-HiMe(manga) page, so should we merge them together? Since the My-HiMe EXA page is kinda short and it's related to the My-HiMe (manga). --Vaktug (talk) 01:20, 12 April 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Multiplexing assignment help, Computer Networking
What is multiplexing and demultiplexing? Explain.
Describe Time division, Frequency division and Wavelength division multiplexing.
What is ADSL? How does it use multiplexing?
Discuss the differences between different types of wireless telephone systems.
Multiplexing
Multiplexing is a method where analog and digital message signals together combines to become one. Multiplexing is widely used in communication application such as telegraphy and shares expensive resources.
De-multiplexing
De-multiplexing process is meant for performing the reverse process of multiplexing. It is used for the extraction of original channels used on the receiver side.
Time Division Multiplexing:
It includes a process where each individual input stream involve the sequencing group of bits and bytes one after another in a way that they must be sent to indented user. If the whole process is carried out appropriately even then the receiving device is not able to recognize that some of the circuit time has been used for serving another logical communication path. Suppose the airport develop an application that requires four terminals to connect to its central computer. Each terminal is communicated at 2400 bits. So, rather than using four terminals to perform this action; the airline can install a multiplexer.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
The frequency division multiplexing combines various digital signals into one medium by sending signals at different frequencies. The most common example of Frequency Division Multiplexing is Cable Television where one cable connection reaches to customer by only one cable but the provider of this service provides multiple channels to its receivers
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
It is a technology that uses multiple optical signals with different wave lengths of laser light. This technique provides bidirectional communication.
ADSL Technology:
ADSL depends on the Advanced Signal Processing to send so much information through twisted pair cables used in telephone lines. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise.
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Talk:1934 Pahiatua earthquake
Fatalities
The article currently states that there were two fatalities, contradicting the GeoNet source, which say that there were none. As the supporting source for the deaths is a blog, it would be good to have this supported by a better source. The few contemporary newspaper reports that I've been able to find did not mention any deaths. Mikenorton (talk) 10:56, 2 November 2014 (UTC)
After further digging around, it appears that the two fatalities were due to heart attacks in people with existing heart conditions and these are regarded as indirect casualties - see this source. I'll reword the section accordingly. Mikenorton (talk) 11:28, 2 November 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Collagen Light Therapy
Red and infrared light affects energy production in all cells of the body, but is most effective on the skin.
As the surface of the body is surrounded by skin, it is the most readily accessible area for light therapy, and this is good news for balancing collagen production and reducing wrinkles.
Why do we get wrinkles and aged skin?
Wrinkles and sagging skin seem like a normal and inevitable part of aging, but there are well understood reasons why they happen. Various diet and lifestyle factors will either speed up or slow down their prevalence in the skin. For example:
• Cold weather – or being cold in general, causes vasoconstriction in the body, which is a narrowing of the blood vessels and takes blood away from the skin (for the purpose of reducing heat loss).This leads to reduced moisture, heat and metabolism in the skin, which over time leads to wrinkle formation. This can be seen by the increased formation of wrinkles in winter months, the increased formation of wrinkles in colder climates and increased formation in people with low metabolic rates.
Truck driver with photoaging on window side of face
Truck driver with photoaging on window side of face
• UV light exposure – (aka photoaging) Long term exposure to UV light, mainly from sunlight, is also known to lead to wrinkles.
While important for vitamin D formation in the skin, UV light penetrates deeply enough that it can cause DNA damage, destruction of collagen, immunosuppression and reduced cell energy output. The vasodilation effect seen in sunburn would usually be protective against wrinkles if not coupled with the inflammatory damage. Photoaging can be seen in long term sunbathers, or when comparing facial skin to skin elsewhere on the body.
• Diet – The proportion of saturated and unsaturated fats in the diet has a big effect on wrinkle formation. Both human and rabbit studies have demonstrated that diets high in polyunsaturated oils greatly increase the rate of wrinkle formation, while saturated fats are protective. In some studies, shaved rabbits that were fed coconut oil (saturated fat) as the only fat in their diet, and then exposed to UV light, barely formed any wrinkles, whereas the polyunsaturated oil fed group wrinkled quickly. This is because ultraviolet light powerfully induces peroxidation in unsaturated fats and so catalyses the aging and carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet light. This can be seen in the youthful appearance of people in tropical cultures.
These 3 reasons are the major causes of wrinkles, and while other dietary and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol, cosmetics with toxic ingredients, food quality, etc., do contribute, they are less significant than these big 3.
Collagen and elastin in skin
Collagen is the main type of protein found in the mammalian body, and is primarily a structural protein found between cells and in joints. Skin, tendons and ligaments make up the majority of collagen deposits in the body.
When skin cells are stressed (from cold weather, bad diet, general ageing etc.) they tend to overproduce collagen, similar to the process of scar formation and fibrosis, which leads to an inflammatory response characterised by excess collagen framework and thus a reduction in active healthy cells. The overproduction of collagen, combined with a stressed/inflamed state ultimately results in tough and wrinkly skin. This slow, ageing process can be seen more clearly in animals; older animals typically have thicker, harder hides and meat from older animals is typically tougher (due to more collagen framework in the muscle meat).
Collagen exists in a balance within the skin, with an equilibrium between the production and break down of the protein (to allow for tissue growth, remodelling, etc.). Too much collagen production and you get wrinkly, tough skin and eventually fibrosis. Too much collagen break down (such as from various invasive cancers) and you destroy the extracellular matrix which is needed for normal cell function.
Healthy cells however, produce and break down the right amount of collagen. Producing just the right amount helps joints stay strong and skin to be flexible and wrinkle-free. Breaking down the right amount allows efficient wound healing and even inhibits cancer formation.
How does red light improve the skin?
It has long been shown that red light, particularly 620nm and 680nm, when applied to wounds and cuts, speeds up healing and reduces the likelihood of a scar.
Wrinkles and aged skin are formed slower than scar tissue, but by the same essential process – an overproduction of the collagen framework and so a lack of metabolically active cells. How does red light prevent this?
• Red light floods the skin cells with ATP (energy), leading to cell proliferation, better survival/regeneration and tissue repair.
• Red light photodissociates nitric oxide from mitochondria which helps improve blood flow to the area and provide the resources (glucose, etc.) for healthy repair.
• Red light reduces inflammation in the area it is applied. Inflammation being a significant inhibitor of healthy repair.
• Red light improves surface tension in cells and helps to prevent mitochondrial enzymes from leaking out into the cytoplasm, thereby protecting the cell’s energy metabolism.
Essentially, an inefficient metabolism is what leads to wrinkles over time. Increasing energy metabolism using red light has been shown to help with a variety of skin issues, including the hardening of our skin that occurs with aging and leads to wrinkles. Strong sources of 620nm, 680nm, 760nm and 825nm red light are the most effective at stimulating metabolism.
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Other ways to promote healthy collagen production
Dietary gelatin – Pork rinds, ox tail, bone broth, beef cheeks, gelatin powder, chicharrones, etc., are all important sources of the amino acids glycine, alanine, and proline, which are the primary building blocks of collagen in the body. In addition, these amino acids have broad anti-inflammatory effects.
Progesterone – A key regulator of collagen production in the body. Progesterone exists in a balance with the stress hormones cortisol and oestrogen. When this balance gets disrupted via environmental and dietary factors (leading to oestrogen dominance) current collagen in the skin hardens and shrinks – reducing skin elasticity and leading to wrinkles. Natural progesterone cream can be applied directly to the skin.
Avoid unsaturated fats – Polyunsaturated fats have similar pro-fibrotic effects to oestrogen, by dysregulating collagen production. Collagen also gets deposited in arteries and contributes to tumours because of polyunsaturated fats. Avoiding liquid oils, seeds, nuts and fish fat can help to reduce this. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Culling Eardley
Sir Culling Eardley Eardley, 3rd Baronet (born Smith; 21 April 1805 – 21 May 1863) was a British Christian campaigner for religious freedom and for the Protestant cause, one of the founders of the Evangelical Alliance.
Early life
Born in London, his father, Sir Culling Smith, 2nd Baronet (1768–1829), was of Huguenot extraction and his mother, Charlotte Elizabeth (d. 15 Sept 1826) was the daughter of Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley, and hence the granddaughter of Jewish financier Sampson Gideon. Though the title Baron Eardley had not survived, Charlotte Elizabeth was heiress to much of the Eardley estate.
Smith attended Eton College and Oriel College, Oxford where, though he passed his BA examinations, he never graduated, having become a convinced evangelical Christian. He succeeded to his baronetcy on his father's death in 1829 and married Isabella Carr (died 1 May 1860) in 1832. They had one son, Eardley Gideon Culling Eardley (1838–1875), and two daughters. He inherited Bedwell Park, Hertfordshire from his father. From his cousin William Thomas Eardley-Twisleton-Fiennes, 15th Baron Saye and Sele he inherited Belvedere, Erith, Kent and the Eardley estates in 1847 and changed his name from Smith to Eardley by royal licence. He served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1838.
Politics and campaigning
An instinctive campaigner with an interest in reform of the poor laws, Eardley was briefly Whig Member of Parliament for Pontefract from 1830 to 1831. Though he stood again, unsuccessfully, in the 1837 general election, his principal driver was his religious faith.
Eardley was raised in the Church of England and despite his subsequent convictions, in particular his condemnation of State religion, remained a member. His beliefs were closely related to Congregationalism, though he never left the Anglican church. In 1839 he became chairman and treasurer of the Evangelical Voluntary Church Association, which campaigned for disestablishment. When the Association was dissolved in 1844, Eardley became chairman of the Anti-Maynooth Committee and Conference which campaigned, without success, against the Maynooth Grant.
In 1845/ 6, with evangelists Ridley Haim Herschell and Edward Steane, he became, one of the founders, and first chairman, of the Evangelical Alliance. He attempted to return to politics to create a platform for his campaigning zeal, fighting Edinburgh in 1846, against Thomas Babington Macaulay who supported Maynooth, and the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1848. However Eardley and the Evangelical Alliance had become interested in campaigning internationally for freedom of religion. In 1852 he campaigned on behalf of the Tuscan prisoners of conscience Francesco Madiai and Rosa Madiai. They had been imprisoned when they announced that they had become Protestants causing such international interest that Lord Palmerston had offered to pay their legal fees.
He established an influential international network that included Giuseppe Garibaldi, Christian Charles Josias Bunsen and Frederick William IV of Prussia. He was treasurer of the London Missionary Society from 1844 to 1863, and of a fund for relief of Lebanese Christians after the 1861 massacres. He worked hard to maintain broad friendly relationships with all creeds and strove to improve relationships between the Church of England and nonconformists. In 1844, he gave financial support to Ridley Haim Herschell's Trinity Chappel in Edgware Road, London.
However, he was a particularly strong supporter of those who felt themselves excluded from the Church of England by the practices of the Anglo Catholics. From 1850 to 1853, he sponsored, and gave financial support, to the construction of an evangelical church at Furrough Cross, Babbacombe, defying Henry Phillpotts Bishop of Exeter. He also built a church on his Erith estate. He was also a prominent supporter of Giacinto Achilli's, ultimately discredited, evangelical campaign in Britain. In July 1854 Eardley was a founder member and chairman of the Turkish Missions Aid Society, an evangelical charity set up to support missionary work among Armenian Christians in Turkey. The charity is known today as Embrace the Middle East.
Personal life
Mostly resident at Bedwell, he lived at Belvedere from 1848 to 1858 and also had a house at Frognel, Torquay in the 1850s. He suffered from poor health in later life and died, aged 58, at Bedwell from an adverse reaction to a smallpox vaccination.
Obituaries
* The Times, 22 May 1863
* The Record [magazine of Oriel College, Oxford], 22 May 1863
* Evangelical Christendom, 17 (1863), 257–60 | WIKI |
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