Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
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User:Dmanin
So far I have contributed to
* Poincaré recurrence theorem
* Alexander Galich
* Александр Галич
Dmanin | WIKI |
Cervical Herniated Disc Symptoms and Treatment Options
If you suffer from chronic neck pain, the source of your discomfort may be a herniated cervical disc. Here, we'll discuss cervical herniated disc symptoms, the causes and the treatment options available to correct this condition.
What Is a Vertebral Disc?
Vertebral discs are found in between the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. They play a vital role in protecting the bones from injury, providing cushion and support, allowing flexibility, and helping to disperse the load placed on vertebral bodies.
The discs are composed of a tough, fibrous outer ring, called the annulus fibrosus, and a softer inner core, known as the nucleus pulposus. In cervical discs, the collagen fibers of the outer ring help distribute the weight of the head, while the gel-like inner core acts as a shock absorber, protecting against compressive trauma to the vertebrae.
herniated discWhy Do Discs Herniate?
Disc herniation can result from natural, degenerative changes that take place as we age. It can also occur secondary to traumatic injury. The disc can leak fluid, which places pressure on surrounding nerves, causing the symptoms we typically associate with herniation: numbness and tingling down the arms, pain, and loss of function. Taken together, these symptoms constitute a condition called cervical radiculopathy.
How Do Doctors Diagnose a Herniated Disc?
There are several diagnostic imaging tests your doctor can perform to determine if you are suffering from a cervical herniated disc. They include:
• MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred diagnostic test for disc herniation. MRI uses high-powered magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to obtain detailed images of soft tissue, bones, and organs, and can capture potentially damaged nerve ends associated with herniation.
• CT with myelogram: Computerized tomography (CT), combined with a myelogram, is another type of detailed imaging. A dye is injected into the affected area, highlighting the damaged nerve root, and recorded via the CT scan. This test poses an added risk, because the dye must be injected into the spinal canal. It is also more expensive.
Are There Conservative Treatments for Cervical Herniated Disc?
Several conservative treatments for cervical herniation can be undertaken before considering a surgical option. These include:
• Pain management, steroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs, which can alleviate the discomfort while reducing inflammation of the affected nerve
• Traction, in which a cervical device is used to alleviate pressure on the affected nerve by applying upward pressure to the neck
• Physical therapy, during which a licensed therapist instructs the patient in exercises to alleviate arm pain and strengthen muscles; educates the patient in ways to avoid further injury; and sometimes uses hot/cold therapy to help reduce pain, symptoms, and inflammation
• Manual manipulation, which is performed by an osteopathic or chiropractic professional who gently manipulates the cervical spine to reduce joint dysfunction and restore mobility
What Are My Surgical Options?
If conservative treatments fail to alleviate your pain and symptoms, your doctor will probably recommend a surgical alternative to correct the herniated disc. There are generally two procedures used to correct cervical herniation:
• ACDF: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common means of correcting cervical disc herniation. The surgeon makes a small incision in the front (anterior) of the neck, then removes the affected disc. The vertebrae above and below are then fused, using a metal plate and screws. While this procedure effectively stabilizes the joint, mobility is lost once the bones are fused.
• ACDR: Artificial cervical disc replacement (ACDR) uses the same anterior approach to removing the affected disc, but instead of fusing the bones together, the damaged disc is replaced with a graft. The source of the graft may be the patient (an autograft), a donor or tissue bank (an allograft), or a commercial, synthetic replacement. The graft will mimic the original disc, providing cushion and support for the cervical joint while maintaining mobility.
• PDR: Posterior disc replacement (PDR) is similar to ACDR, only the incision is made in the back (posterior) of the neck. The main drawbacks of PDR are the potential for bleeding due to disruption of surrounding vessels and added manipulation of the spinal cord.
What Is Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery?
When deciding on a surgical treatment for your cervical herniated disc, be sure to choose a surgeon who offers a minimally invasive approach. Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) provides a superior technique compared to conventional spinal surgery. Utilizing small incisions and aided by high-powered microscopes, surgeons trained in MISS can offer a range of advantages, including:
• Less trauma to surrounding tissues, which means less blood loss for the patient
• A faster recovery, with less scarring and pain
• A speedy turnaround, because the procedures are performed on an outpatient basis
• Less risk of hospital-based infection when performed at a specialized surgical center
Make sure your surgeon is board certified, which ensures that they have the appropriate education, training, and experience in spinal surgery. And choose a surgeon with a proven track record of successful MISS and who works within an integrated center that can oversee your care from initial diagnosis to recovery. There's no need to go with conventional surgery when MISS offers a far superior approach to cervical herniated disc treatment.
DISC-Neck-Surgery-E-Book
Robert S. Bray, Jr., M.D.
About the author
Robert S. Bray, Jr., M.D. Nicknamed “Dr. Fix-It” by The Red Bulletin, Robert S. Bray, Jr., M.D. makes an art of helping the world’s most elite athletes return to push the boundaries of performance. The neurological spine surgeon, recognized globally for his thorough diagnoses and pioneering minimally invasive approach, is quickly redefining sports medicine, one champion at a time. Dr. Bray founded the state-of-the-art, multi-disciplinary DISC Sports & Spine Center (DISC) in 2006 located in Los Angeles, CA. Read more articles by Robert S. Bray, Jr., M.D..
Request a Consultation
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2
In a QGIS Python script I'm trying to produce raster 0/1 mask with use of procesing package. The pipeline looks like that:
• Create an image of index (NDSI if that matters) with numpy arrays from a satellite image,
• Do thresholding with saga:rastercalculator from processing to obtain 0/1 mask where the index exceeds a value. I can force data type on this stage, so I set it to 1 bit file. Because of some peculiarity of format and QGIS (as I understand it), assigning 0 in a saga formula results with NaNs in the output file,
• Convert nans to 0 with saga:reclassifygridvalues.
Here my problem begins. There's no flag for datatype in reclassification, so it seems, that I get Float32 by default. And the values are 0 and 0.999, which is a problem, as I have to subtract them later on from another mask (raster calculation again) and instead of clean 0/1 cut I get a few shades of gray.
How can I make processing algorithms return 0/1 images consistently?
1
Make a model with your steps and in the end of it insert a GDAl translate. Inside this GDAL translate set "Additional creation parameters" to "-co NBITS=1" (1 bit image) and set "Output raster type" to "Byte". That's it!
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Page:Notes and Queries - Series 9 - Volume 9.djvu/541
Notes and Queries, July 26, 1902.
INDEX.
533
Funk <fe Wagnalls Company on orchestra or orchestra,
Fur trade, Dalrymple on, 87, 278
Furran (C. F. T.) on Greek epigram, 147
Fynmore (R. J.) on Bishop White Kennett's father
365 Sheres : Knyvett : Downes, 394
G. (A.) on William and Robert Bent, 188 Burke's visits to Monmouthshire, 108
G. (F.) on Lodge's ' Earls of Kildare,' 468 Stoning the wren, 234
G. (H. E.) on steer of wood or bark, 509
G.R. in letters of artillery officer, 1793, 248, 298
Gadsden (W. J.) on the West Bourne, 270
Galilee, applied to part of a church, 224
Galley Hall estate, its history, 147
Gait (John), verses by, 483
Gambetta, his last words, 126
'Gambler Detected, 'book illustration, 67, 149
Games: all fours, 32; flower, 116; knurr and spell, its origin, 385, 452, 511
Ganganelli's Bible, 308, 397
Gantillon (P. J. F.) on Barrosa token, 393
Garage, use and origin of the word, 365
Gardiner (S. R.) on Desborough portraits and relics, 30
Garratt (John), Lord Mayor of London, d. 1859, 390
Gas and locomotive, 118, 317, 372
Gates of Caroline Park, Kdinburgh, 110
Gautier, his ' Voyages en Italic,' 507
Gavarni and ballooning, 446
Gazetteer, as applied to a geographical dictionary, its origin, 197
Gazlay family, 108
Gazlay (A.) on Gazlay family, 108
Gee family, 10, 131, 474
Gee (J. H.) on Gee family, 10
Gender of nouns in German and Russian, 445
Genealogicus on Browne family arms, 290
Genesis i., English rendering of the passage, 269, 377, 514
Genius and insanity, kinship of, 269, 430
Geographical puzzle, 245
George on duke, 329
George I., cockade of, 428
Georges I.-IV., lines on, 100, 164, 318
George II., statue at St. Heliers, 45, 138
George III., his household, 167
George IV., coronation of, 145 ; coronation medallion, its history, 289
German and .Russian, gender of nouns in, 445
German letters of noted men, 509
Getting (C. T.) on Talboys pedigree, 427
Ghost, appeasing a, 225
Giglet, use and meaning of the word, 418
Gilbert (G.) on royal household, 487
Gillespie Gruamach, sobriquet of the Covenanting Marquess of Argyll, 486
Gillman (C.) on endorsement : dorso-ventrality, 212 Tedula, a bird, 517
Gilpin (J.) on book-titles changed, 433
Giotto, tracing by Seymour Kirkup of fresco by, 327
Gipsy vocabulary, 268
Giraffine, coinage of the word, 465
Gladiators, English, temp. George I. and II., descrip- tion of, 407, 453
Glass for windows, earliest use of, 87, 150, 213, 271,
374
Glover (H. W. B.) on Steevens's 'Shakespeare,' 188 Gloves, white, at assizes, origin of the custom, 309, 391 Gnomon on Dickensiana: phrase of Mrs. Gamp, 12
Harvest bell, 15
' God save the Queen,' in rare 8vo book, 201 Godfrey (Sir Edmund Berry), reference to, in convey- ance deed of 1657, 332, 472 Golf, origin of the word, 349, 431 Good Friday buns and Mohammedan scruples, 345 Gordon as a Russian surname, 148, 371, 495 Gordon, place-name, its meaning and origin, 29, 133,
256, 371
Gordon riots, accounts of the, 68, 233, 350, 455 Gorham (A.) on shorthand in the fourth century, 498 Gothic period, references to building in the, 387, 475 Gould (I. C.) on Gordon riots, 455 Gourou, or kola nut, 106 Gower family of South Wales and Lord Trentham, 68 r
JLD.1
Gower and Trentham families, 487 Grafton (fourth Duke of), 9. 96 Grammars, pictorial, 49, 292 Gray (G. J.) on Sir Isaac Newton : ' Comraercium
Epistolicum,' 369
Greek pronunciation, 131, 251, 311, 332, 436, 475 Greek trimeter iambics, book attributed to Dr. Burtoo
on, 67
Green an unlucky colour, 234, 490 Green = Cary: Smithies = Gary, 468 Green (C.) on feeding birds, 29
Racing, 32
Snow-feathers, 112
Greene (E.) on verses by Arthur O'Shaughnessy, 448 Grenfell (H. R.) on Gower, 151 Griffin (Gerald), poem by, 508 Griffith (A. T.) on building in Gothic period, 387 Grigor (J.) on Donibristle miners, 64
"From the lone shieling," 483
" Grey city by the Northern Sea," 472
Industrious litterateur, 366
In praise of Burns, 185
In praise of ' N. & Q.,' 425
1 Life,' by Mrs. Barbauld, 134
Ode of welcome to Princess Alexandra, 506
'Old Friends and New Friends,' 390
" Say not that he did well," 332
' The Only Son,' 507
" Verify your quotations," 125 Grivegne'e (Baron de) and Power, 91, 278 Groat, present use of the name, 84 Grosskunz (R.) on Thackeray quotation, 107 Groves (A.) on preceptory of Dinmore, 207 Guardhound, use of the word, 244 Guest family, 508 Guinea, its use, 74
Gun, etymology of the word, 106, 192 Curbs or De Gurbs barony, 167 Gwyn (Nell) and royal tennis court, 69, 136 Gwyneth, Welsh Christian name, its orthography, 109,
319, 372, 479 Gye family, 387,511 H. on arms, 147
Bar sinister, 215 | WIKI |
Page:Arabic Thought and Its Place in History.djvu/132
himself by his researches in chemistry. Many chemical treatises bear the name of Jabir and a great proportion of these are probably quite authentic. M. Berthelot in the 3rd volume of his La chimie au moyen age (Paris, 1893) has made a careful analysis of the Arabic chemists and regards the whole material capable of division into two classes, the one a reproduction of the investigations of the Greek chemists of Alexandria, the other as representing original investigations, though based upon the Alexandrian studies in the first place, and all this original material he regards as due to the initiative of Jabir who thus becomes in chemistry very much what Aristotle was in logic. Berthelot publishes in this book six treatises claiming to be by Jabir, and these he regards as representative of all Arabic chemical material, the later investigators continuing in the lines laid down by this first investigator. For a long time the main object in view was the transmutation of metals, but at a later period chemistry enters into closer connection with medical work though never losing the metallurgical character which we imply when we speak of "alchemy." The object in view of the Arabic students of alchemy does not appeal to the modern scientist, although the possibility of transmuting elements is no longer regarded as the impossible dream which it appeared to the chemists of the nineteenth century: and, at the same time, it is perfectly clear that with admitted limitations, the Arabic chemists were bona fide investigators, though | WIKI |
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 03 Caterpillar
MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 03
`
MID 049 CID 0427 FMI 03
Conditions Which Generate This Code:
Illustration 1g01968634
Schematic of the front axle oil temperature sensor
Sales model 854G/992G
Illustration 2g02118953
Schematic of the front axle oil temperature sensor
Sales model 994F
This diagnostic code is associated with the temperature sensor (front axle oil). The FMI 03 means that the ECM has determined that the voltage of the circuit for the sensor is above normal.
The pressure sensors are PWM sensors. The PWM signal is based on the input pressure and the signal will vary.
The possible causes of this diagnostic code are listed below:
• The signal circuit for the sensor is open.
• The signal circuit for the sensor is shorted to the +battery circuit.
• The sensor has failed.
• The power circuit or the ground circuit has failed.
• The ECM has failed. This is unlikely.
Note: The following test procedure may create other diagnostic codes. Ignore these created diagnostic codes and clear the diagnostic codes when the original diagnostic code has been corrected. Ensure that the diagnostic code of CID 0427 FMI 03 is active before performing this procedure.
Note: Use the 146-4080 Digital Multimeter for the measurements in this procedure.
Test Step 1. CHECK FOR POWER AT THE SENSOR.
1. Do not disconnect the harness connector from the sensor.
2. Turn the key start switch and the disconnect switch to the ON position.
3. At the back of the harness connector for the sensor, insert a 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe along the voltage supply wire (contact 1 for sales model 854G/992G).
4. At the back of the harness connector for the sensor, insert a 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe along the voltage supply wire (contact A for sales model 994F).
5. Measure the voltage from the supply to the frame ground.
Expected Result:
The voltage is 8 DCV.
Results:
• OK - The voltage is 8 DCV. Proceed to Test Step 2.
• NOT OK - The voltage is not 8 DCV. The + battery circuit in the machine harness has failed.
Repair: Replace the machine harness or repair the machine harness.
STOP
Test Step 2. CHECK FOR PROPER GROUND AT THE SENSOR.
1. The machine harness remains connected to the sensor.
2. Turn the key start switch and the disconnect switch to the OFF position.
3. Remove the 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe from the voltage supply wire (contact 1 for sales model 854G/992G).
4. Remove the 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe from the voltage supply wire (contact Afor sales model 994F).
5. At the back of the harness connector for the sensor, insert a 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe along the ground wire (contact 2 for sales model 854G/992G).
6. At the back of the harness connector for the sensor, insert a 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe along the ground wire (contact B for sales model 994F).
7. Measure the resistance from the ground wire to frame ground.
Expected Result:
The resistance is less than 5 ohms.
Results:
• OK - The resistance is less than 5 ohms. The ground circuit is correct. Proceed to Test Step 3.
• NOT OK - The resistance is greater than 5 ohms. The ground circuit in the machine harness has failed.
Repair: Replace the machine harness or repair the machine harness.
STOP
Test Step 3. CHECK THE WIRING HARNESS OF THE SENSOR FOR AN OPEN CIRCUIT.
1. The key start switch and the disconnect switch remain in the OFF position.
2. Disconnect the machine harness from the sensor.
3. At the harness connector for the sensor, connect a jumper wire between contact 2 and contact 3 for the sales model 854G.
4. At the harness connector for the sensor, connect a jumper wire between contact B and contact C for the sales model 992G.
5. Disconnect the machine harness connector(s) from the ECM.
6. At the harness connector for the ECM, measure the resistance between contact J2-36 (wire 429-YL(Yellow)) and contact J2-19 (wire J842-BK(Black)).
Expected Result:
The resistance measurement is less than 5 ohms.
Results:
• OK - The resistance measurement is less than 5 ohms. The circuit is correct. Proceed to Test Step 4.
• NOT OK - The resistance is greater than 5 ohms. The circuit is not correct. There is an open circuit in the wiring harness.
Repair: There is an open circuit in the wiring harness. Repair the wiring harness or replace the wiring harness.
STOP
Test Step 4. CHECK THE WIRING HARNESS OF THE SENSOR FOR A SHORT TO THE +BATTERY CIRCUIT.
1. The key start switch and the disconnect switch remain in the OFF position.
2. The machine harness remains disconnected from the sensor. Remove the jumper wire that was installed in the previous step.
3. The machine harness connector(s) remains disconnected from the ECM.
4. At the machine harness connector for the ECM, measure the resistance from the signal contact J2-36 (wire 429-YL(Yellow)) of the machine harness to all contacts that are used in the machine harness connectors for the ECM.
Expected Result:
Each resistance measurement is greater than 5000 ohms.
Results:
• OK - Each resistance measurement is greater than 5000 ohms. The machine harness is correct. Proceed to Test Step 5.
• NOT OK - One or more resistance measurements is not correct. There is a short in the machine harness.
Repair: The short is between signal contact J2-36 (wire 429-YL(Yellow)) and the circuit with the low resistance measurement. Repair the machine harness or replace the machine harness.
STOP
Test Step 5. CHECK THE OUTPUT OF THE SENSOR.
1. Reconnect the machine harness connectors to the ECM. Reconnect the machine harness connector to the sensor.
2. At the back of the harness connector for the sensor, insert a 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe along the signal wire.
3. At the back of the harness connector for the sensor, insert a 7X-1710 Multimeter Probe along the ground wire.
4. Turn the disconnect switch and the key start switch to the ON position.
5. Measure the signal of the sensor. The proper signal is described at the beginning of this procedure.
Expected Result:
The signal from the sensor is valid.
Results:
• OK - The signal from the sensor is valid. Proceed to Test Step 6.
• NOT OK - The signal from the sensor is not valid.
Repair: The sensor has failed. Replace the sensor.
STOP
Test Step 6. CHECK IF THE DIAGNOSTIC CODE REMAINS.
1. Inspect the contacts of the harness connectors and clean the connectors.
2. Reconnect all harness connectors.
3. Turn the disconnect switch and the key start switch to the ON position.
4. Operate the machine.
5. Check the status of the CID 0427 FMI 03.
Expected Result:
The CID 0427 FMI 03 is active.
Results:
• YES - The CID 0427 FMI 03 is active. The diagnostic code has not been corrected. The ECM may have failed.
Repair: It is unlikely that the ECM has failed. Exit this procedure and perform this procedure again. If the cause of the diagnostic code is not found, replace the ECM. See Testing and Adjusting, "Module - Replace".
STOP
• NO - The CID 0427 FMI 03 is not active. The diagnostic code does not exist at this time.
Repair: The initial diagnostic code was probably caused by a poor electrical connection at one of the harness connectors that was disconnected and reconnected. Resume normal machine operation.
STOP
Information System:
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2408 - FMI 03
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 03
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 08
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 08
Pilot Oil Pressure Reducing Valve Retrofit{5467}
D7E Track-Type Tractor Camera - If Equipped
Tier III Level Emissions Engine Retrofit for a 980C, 980F, and a 980F Series II Wheel Loader {1000, 1000, 7000}
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2409 - FMI 06
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2409 - FMI 05
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 1571 - FMI 13
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2409 - FMI 03
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2415 - FMI 08
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2408 - FMI 05
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2408 - FMI 06
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 04
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 04
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 06
854G and 854K Wheel Dozers and 992G, 992K and 994F Wheel Loaders VIMSTM MID 049 - CID 0427 - FMI 06
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2405 - FMI 03
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2405 - FMI 05
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2405 - FMI 06
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2405 - FMI 13
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2409 - FMI 11
992K Wheel Loader Electrohydraulic System MID 082 - CID 2405 - FMI 11 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tamil folk culture
Tamil folk culture refers to folk arts and crafts of the Tamil people. Folk arts and crafts are an integral part of the Tamil culture. Tamil folk arts include music i.e. Naattupurapaattu, dance styles, songs, games, crafts, herbal medicine, food, sculpture, costumes, stories, proverbs, and mythology.
Tamil folk art is characterized by its local, participatory, and open source character. Tamil folk culture often expresses village sensibilities, where most Tamils historically lived. It is often contrasted with Bharatanatyam, and Carnatic music. | WIKI |
Ricard Casas
Ricard Casas Gurt (born 12 September 1962 in Manresa, Catalonia, Spain) is a Spanish basketball coach for the Spanish team, FC Barcelona | WIKI |
How to distribute python applications
Convert Python applications to an executable program. (Such as exe Windows, dmg Mac, rpm Linux).
This tutorial uses pyinstaller to create an executable for your Python application and allow to distribute your Python application more easily. If you use Pyinstaller then you do not need to have an python installer installed to run the created exe.
Pyinstaller
If you do want an alternative which has also an included Python interpreter, optimized executable file size and more advanced features, then you can also use "Cx_freeze", which is discussed below in an own part of this tutorial.
• Install pyinstaller (creates standalone executables from Python scripts)
python -m pip install pyinstaller
• Move to the root folder of your application, where you have your main python program. And run this application to create an executable runnable on the operating system on which this command was run.
pyinstaller --onefile --windowed --add-data="MyFolder/;." --icon="icon.ico" MyApp.py
This command creates a runnable python application which has a gui (command: windowed). You can add folders or files with the command add-data. E.g.: --data="SourceFolder;DestinationFolder". We use here point "." to tell Pyinstaller to save the folder MyFolder in the root directory of our application.
You have to run pyinstaller on all operating systems where you want to distribute your application.
• The file will be saved in a folder named "Output" which is in the directory where you did run Pyinstaller.
You may have to copy other folders in the folder where you run this new created exe application.
• Create an installer for this application
Now you can create an installer which can install this application. If you want to distribute in Windows it is recommended to use the application "Inno Setup" to create an installer for your new created exe application. Inno Setup has a wizard which allows you to create the installer more easily without writing code or a setup.py file. After you saved your Inno Setup project (iss file) you can edit it through the built in editor.
Official website of Inno Setup:
http://www.jrsoftware.org/isdl.php
More information and documentation about PyInstaller:
https://pyinstaller.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
Alternative Option: cx_freeze
You can also use cx_freeze instead of pyinstaller. For this method: An installed Python environment/interpreter is needed before you can run your created exe file.
• Install cx_freeze (creates standalone executables from Python scripts)
python -m pip install cx_Freeze
• Create the file setup.py (installation file)
The setup.py file looks like this. You have to adjust it to your python application.
import sys
from cx_Freeze import *
# Dependencies are automatically detected, but it might need fine tuning.
#build_exe_options = {"packages": ["os"], "excludes": ["tkinter"]}
#Include Folders
buildoptions = dict(include_files = ['MyApp/'])
#buildOptions = dict(include_files = [(absolute_path_to_your_file,'final_filename')]) #single file, absolute path.
# GUI applications require a different base on Windows (the default is for a
# console application).
base = None
if sys.platform == "win32":
base = "Win32GUI"
setup( name = "MyApp",
version='1.0',
description='My App description',
author='Author',
author_email='[email protected]',
url='https://URL',
long_description='This is a application description.',
options=dict(build_exe = buildoptions),
executables = [Executable("MyApp\myapp.py",
shortcutName="My App",
shortcutDir="MyApp",
icon="icon.ico",
base=base)])
More information on how to set up a short cut (in the Windows programm list) for this application:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15734703/use-cx-freeze-to-create-an-msi-that-adds-a-shortcut-to-the-desktop
• Put the setup.py in the root folder of the application folder
Put in there also folders/packages that you need to run your python application.
• To create an executable exe file for the computer where this command is run:
python setup.py build
It is recommended to use "Inno Setup" to create an installable exe program for the created runnable exe file. This program allows you to create an installable exe file with menu short cuts more easily in Windows. You have to adjust the setup.py file if you use the command "bdist --format msi".
• Create an installer for your python application through cx_freeze:
python setup.py bdist --format=msi
Please check also the documentation for more information on cx_freeze:
https://cx-freeze.readthedocs.io/en/latest/distutils.html
Cookies erleichtern die Bereitstellung unserer Dienste. Mit der Nutzung unserer Dienste erklären Sie sich damit einverstanden, dass wir Cookies verwenden.
Ok | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Email clients
Being smarter about how you read your mail. Encryption-supporting clients etc. Less-awful-UI clients.
The classics are Apple Mail, Thunderbird, Evolution etc. The rule for all mail clients is everyone hates them all and no-one has improved substantially over the interface designs on the 90s. Nonetheless all the mediocre options are… there. Somehow still with bugs despite their minimal innovation. Apple Mail is at least well-integrated into the OS if you use macOS.
Note that google mail has obviously done some UX innovation, but I’m not happy with their owning too much info about me, so their email client is dead to me. Shameless clones of the google email experience are of interest, however.
Also, since I work on macOS, iOs and Linux, I focus on clients that run on those.
Thunderbird
tl;dr: Thunderbird is OK but it does not spark joy.
Thunderbird is the classic Mozilla-backed mail client that I’ve always found aesthetically grating. However, it works flexibly across every mail server I have tried, so it is worth weathering the quirks. Thunderbird even gets CardDAV support and hence contact syncing via plugins, and stores the data in its own cross-platform thunderbird database.
The weird foibles are many. For example, search for messages is confusing. There are two boxes, filter and search, with an obscure relationship. What is the difference between filter and search?
The default search is ordered by something called “relevance” which seems in practice to mean “first please show me some arbitrary irrelevant email from last year”. I guess that could mean that it is truly a search ordered by relevance, just in the opposite-to-useful-order. Or that the language model is bad.
There are other minor irritations to numerous to recount really, but all survivable. This is a completely functional mail client which handles all the oddball requirements of my various servers without breaking a sweat, if it nonetheless fails to spark joy.
Mailspring
tl;dr: This looks good so why have I heard so little about it?
Mailspring is a web-tech-backed GPL3 mail client. It has a freemium feature set for fancy people at USD8/month. The interface design is more modern than most of the options here. Supports gmail/icloud integration.
Quibble: the icloud integration reuires you to also set up icloud mail, rather than using it purely for contact sync, which is a minor bit of arsing about for no reason, although totally survivable.
snap install mailspring
Geary
tl;dr: Upgrades some bad parts of evolution, although not the worst parts.
Geary seems to be an attempt to do over and modernise Evolution but I am nervous that it keeps the flakiest part of Evolution, the evolution data server, as a backend contacts storage. Nonetheless that probably means it has good system integration, unlike Thunderbird?
Evolution
tl;dr: Evolution is GNOME’s well-integrated shambles.
Evolution is the GNOME mail client. It supports GPG natively for what that is worth, and has powerful and flexible configuration and good integration into GNOME desktop, and Microsoft Exchange support and icloud support and indeed everything support. That is to say, it is featureful. Evolution supports icloud interoperation and other CardDAV servers.
The UI is somewhat clunky. I often want to view just my flagged messages. It is not obvious how to filter to flagged messages, but the short answer is use a search folder. On my computer this is is… partly functional. I can create search folders, and they worked, but the icons are invisible for some reason, so you have to click on empty air and hope.
Ultimately I do not trust it because it seems fragile. It uses a remarkable amount of my CPU time and backend process intermittently leaks memory or cpu in a way that fills me with dread for the code quality. That CPU usage is by a background process that is hard to disable; Even when I am not running the evolution client, a substantial proportion of my battery is going into its obsessive syncing. I found somewhere on the internet that the problem can be improved if I periodically delete ~/.cache/evolution/addressbook. This is a red flag.
Sylpheed/Claws
Sylpheed is a light, apparently simple mail client that I see recommended where people are complaining about Evolution being slow. It seems to be intermittently maintained, using antiquated technology. Claws is AFAICT a fork and has exactly the same selling points except more modern and frequent development. Developer activity for the latter is slow but steady.
Kube
tl;dr: On the slightly-too-minimal side of admirably minimal.
Kube is a minimalist client built by kolabnow. It supports encryption, and is certainly fast and simple. It doesn’t do certain things one would like, such as multiple mail accounts, or even one mail account with an external address book server. But the simple interface is sooooo soothing.
KMail
The KDE one is kmail. Although I am not ideologically opposed to KDE any more than I am to GNOME, it is just messy when you try to install big foundational apps from both KDE and GNOME, so I have not installed this particular one and thus cannot vouch for it.
Other
• Sparkmailapp is a commercial app that comes recommended as being less of a mess than other mail thingies and for innovating in design and such. macOS and android only.
• Weird open-source alternative email client mailpile tries to be hackable and secure. Icelandic. AGPL-licensed, which is a mildly irritating licence. Reinventing lots of wheels and full of odd obsolescent dependencies. I like their aspirations, but their github tracker feels amateurish. Watch how they cargo-cult in an unmaintained Bayesian spam filter as essential infrastructure without the ability to maintain it! Thrill to their unclear threat model! Panic as they take years to get prototypes working!
• gpgtools will upgrade even Apple Mail to be a bit more encryptey.
• mailvelope is an easy-to-use web-browser extension which brings OpenPGP encryption to webmail services such as Gmail™, Yahoo™ and others. With its unintrusive interface fully integrated into your webmail service, Mailvelope instantly secures your personal and professional email communications.”
On client-side spam filtering
Bogofilter and Spamassassin are two eminent spam filters that may be shared by various of these mail clients, including evolution and claws. If you are hedging your bets on mail clients this is useful. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/endorfin.web.elte.hu
Reporting statistics of link endorfin.web.elte.hu; 1 records.
* - endorfin.web.elte.hu resolves to <IP_ADDRESS>
* Link is not on the blacklist.
* Link would be caught by rule \bendorfin\.web\.elte\.hu on the monitor list.
Reports COIBot reported 1 links.
* 11:52:20, Wed Oct 03, 2007 hu:user:Endorfin <-> endorfin.web.elte.hu (100%/47.05%/47% - calculated overlap Endorfin <-> endorfin.web.elte.hu) - hu:HTML - diff - COIBot UserReport - hu:Special:Contributions/Endorfin. | WIKI |
User:Thalfie
Wait, can a Reshiram really edit Wikipedia?
Apparently by using the power of the claw they can!
Hello! Name's Thalfie, the primary user of the acronym STFW, the only Reshiram who has Be3Al2(SiO3)6 in their rings, and the person who takes the answer to a stupid reporter question very literally.
Also an owner of the rare disease known as radial dysplasia. Don't use my arm as a driver or a wedge, it will not work. Hell, it'll bend so much.
Chemistry and math person. You'll probably see me use logic and reasoning to form opinions about various edits. ∴, the proof that my opinion matters is inconclusive.
This page is a heavy WIP, so please be wary! | WIKI |
J. W. LAHART, Appellant, v. MINNESOTA GRAIN COMPANY, a Corporation, Respondent.
(170 N. W. 328.)
Accounting —• action for —- evidence — judgment.
In an action for accounting, evidence examined and held to sustain the judgment.
Opinion filed April 13, 1918.
Rehearing denied November 30, 1918.
From a judgment of the District Court of Foster County, Coffey, J., plaintiff appeals.
Affirmed.
Maddux & Rinlcer and George H. Stillman, for appellant.
“Where it is apparent from the pleadings that a record or instrument will be necessary on the trial, as the best evidence, no previous demand is necessary.” Owens v. Bemus, 22 N. D. 158, with point squarely stated on page 168.
Boots and accounts made up from other and original records by bookkeepers are not the best evidence, and it is error to admit them over objection, and especially where demand is made for the original entries and accounts, and their production is refused. Kayo v. Tay lor, 28 N. D. 293; Sykes v. Beck, 12 N. D. 242.
A litigant, having in his possession the primary or original record, cannot establish bis contention by parol evidence or unauthenticated copies or posted records. Hurley v. St. Paul, 86 N. W. 427; Sykes v. Beck, supra; Monton v. By. 128 Ala. 537; Mason v. Bull, 26 Ark. 164; Adams v. Trustees, 37 Fla. 266; Chicago v. McGraw, 75 Ill. 566; Mandel v. Land Co. 154 Ill. 177; Downing v. Haston, 21 Kan. 178; Bank v. Bowen, 19 Ky. L. Bep. 1416; Avery v. Butters, 11 Me. 404; Beppy v. County, 47 Mo. 66; Vale v. School Dist. 75 N. W. 855.
It is only where the best evidence is out of control of the party and he is unable to produce it, that substitute or secondary evidence is ¿dmissible. Company v. Cannon, 31 Fed. 313; Bogan v. McCutcheon, 48 Ala. 393.
•7ames B. Manly and Alvord 0. Egelston, for respondent.
"Every contract by which the possession of personal property is transferred as security only is to be deemed a pledge.” Comp. Laws 1913, § 6771; 31 Cyc. 787.
The rights and obligations of the parties to a pledge may be modified indefinitely by special contract between them. Jones, Collateral Securities — Pledges, § 14.
In this, as in all other cases of contracts, the courts will endeavor to ascertain the intention of the parties, and give effect thereto. 31 Cyc. 788; Dungan v. Mutual etc. Ins. Co. 38 Md. 242; Jones, Collateral Securities, Pledges, note to § 9; Palmer v. Mutual L. Ins. Co. 114 Minn. 1.
Entries in partnership books are admissible as between partners, and are also competent in favor of third persons in actions against the partners, in the nature of admissions of the facts stated. 2 Ene. Ev. 667.
Christianson, J.
This is an action for an accounting. Plaintiff was engaged in the elevator business. He owned and operated two elevators individually; and the. Gribbin-Alair Grain Company, a co-partnership in which plaintiff had a one-third interest, owned and operated seven other elevators. Both plaintiff and the copartnership were indebted to the defendant for moneys borrowed from it. The plaintiff individually owed the defendant something over $30,000. On June 7, 1907, for the purpose of securing the payment of $10,000 of suck indebtedness, tbe plaintiff executed and delivered to the defendant the following written instrument:
I, X W. Lahart, for and in consideration of the sum of ten thousand ($10,000) dollars in hand to me paid by the Minnesota Gráin Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, do hereby sell, assign, and transfer to the Minnesota Grain Company all my interest and share in the elevators now operated and owned in North Dakota by the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company, my interest being the one-third interest, the said elevators being situated in the following towns in North Dakota, to wit: New Rockford, Sykeston, Hurdsfield, Heaton, Bowdon, Den-hoff and Jud.
That the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company is incorporated under the laws of the state of North Dakota, and owner of the elevators in the above-described towns, and is incorporated for the sum of $60,000, and I am the owner of one-third interest in the incorporation, but that the stock has never been issued to me, and I hereby authorize the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company to issue the stock which should be issued to me in the due course of business, and at the time they should be issued, to the Minnesota Grain Company or its assigns.
Dated this 7 th day of June,' 1907.
J. W. Lahart.
Signed in the presence of R. F. Rinker, Olivé Couch.
He also turned over, to the defendant the two elevators owned by plaintiff individually, for which it was agreed he was to receive a consideration of $13,650. The balance of such individual indebtedness, plaintiff paid.
This controversy arises over the elevators mentioned in the written agreement above set forth. The Gribbin-Alair Grain Company was originally a copartnership consisting of the plaintiff, Thos. Gribbin, and E. E. Alair, each of whom owned a one-third interest in the partnership. Later they determined to incorporate the firm, each member to receive an equal amount of corporate stock. It appears that prior to the execution of such agreement the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company had been duly incorporated under the laws of this state, but no capital stock had been issued. After the execution and delivery of the assignment to the defendant, tbe respective stockholders met and perfected a corporate organization, issued stock, and elected officers. The Gribbin-Alair Grain Company owed a considerable amount 'to the defendant. It also; was indebted to P. B. Mann Company, which indebtedness was taken over by the defendant.
The Gribbin-Alair • Grain Company continued in business for some time. But eventually it disposed of all its elevators, and converted its assets into cash. No complaint is made with respect to the sale of the assets of the company, but plaintiff asks for an accounting of the moneys realized from such sale and from the operation of such elevators while retained by the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company, including proceeds from the sale of grain on hand at the time plaintiff assigned his interest to the defendant.
It is undisputed that plaintiff owned a one-third interest in the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company, and that this interest was assigned to the defendant to secure a $10,000 debt which plaintiff owed to the defendant. Hence, it is conceded that the defendant is entitled to retain $10,000 and legal interest thereon out of plaintiff’s distributive share of the assets of the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company. But plaintiff contends that defendant has received not only sufficient to discharge such indebtedness, but a sum considerably in excess thereof.
At the close of the trial, the trial court summarized the facts as follows: “On or about June I, 1901, Mr. Lahart was personally indebted to. the Minnesota Grain Company, in the sum of something over $30,000. Two elevators in Warviek and McVille not owned by the partnership of Gribbin-Alair Grain Company were turned into the Minnesota Grain Company, at an agreed price of about $13,650. At the same time there was cash paid, .at one time of about $150, proceeds of grain from the elevators at McVille and Warwick, and another check of about $4,000 from the same source, or from some cash of Tom Lahart personally. In addition to that, Mr. Lahart assigned or authorized to be issued stock in the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company to the extent of $10,000. That stock was issued and came into the possession of the Minnesota Grain Company and defendant. It seems to be clear and conceded that these payments wiped out and canceled and discharged the personal indebtedness of J. W. Lahart, the plaintiff, to the Minnesota Grain Company. That is shown and seems to be conceded in tbe evidence taken here about a year ago. At about the same time, June 7, 1907, Gribbin-Alair Company paid the P. 33. Mann Company about $6,000. To discharge that indebtedness, the Gribbin-Alair Company authorized the closing out of the grain which was owned by thorn, the turning oyer to the Minnesota Grain Company of the proceeds of, the grain in the elevator, and the value of the buildings, the elevator buildings at seven different points; stated in exhibit C. And it was understood that the business should be closed out conveniently, and it seems that it was closed out on or before January 1, 1908. So far as the evidence in this case discloses, there was at that time, January 1, 1908, owned in the way of equities $36,348.68, and that amount is disclosed after the Minnesota Grain Company had applied the value of the elevators and the grain in elevators upon the indebtedness of Gribbin-Alair Grain Company, to the P. 33. Mann Company and to the Minnesota Grain Company. At this time it appearing that the Minnesota Grain Company had taken over the indebtedness of the Gribbin-Alair Company to the P. 33.- Mann Company and held it against the Gribbin-Alair Company, all of which seems to have been agreed to and the books were closed, and the business has proceeded upon that theory. Now, here is $36,548.68. If Mr. Lahart has assigned his stock of $10,000 to the Minnesota Grain Company absolutely without any condition, then Mr. Lahart has no interest whatsoever in that amount at this time, because the Minnesota Grain Company has purchased upon that theory his interest in the Gribbin-Alair Company stock, and had secured the stock and were in the possession of the same. Upon the theory, however, which I have followed and adopted in this case, that this stock was assigned to the Minnesota Grain Company, as security only, then Mr. Lahart would be entitled to receive in this action one-third interest in $36,548.68, which amount would he $12,182.89, which would be his after he had paid the indebtedness of $10,000, with interest on the amount. But in this case, looking at it from the most favorable standpoint for Mr. Lahart, and considering that the assignment of his stock was made as security, the record shows about as follows1: That he owes the Minnesota Grain Company $10,000, and that he owes them the further sum of over $3,000 on a book account, making the sum of several hundred dollars at least in excess of $12,182.-89, and in this action be is clearly not entitled to recover anything. The defendant in this case has not asked for any affirmative relief against Mr. Lahart’s account, and of course will be awarded none. But under this state of facts Mr. Lahart is not entitled to recover anything.”
After a careful examination and consideration of the evidence we find that the material facts summarized are established by the evidence. In fact the ultimate deductions drawn by the trial court are the only ones which could have been drawn by any reasonable, fair-minded man. The judgment appealed from is clearly right and must be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Grace, J.
(dissenting). I am unable to agree with the conclusion reached by my associates in this case. Being the only one of the judges who dissents, I feel it is not necessary to go greatly into detail. I feel fully convinced that the accounting is neither complete nor correct. The defendant undertakes to defend upon two main grounds: First, that the plaintiff had $10,000 in stock in the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company which was turned over in settlement of his debt with the Minnesota Grain Company. Then there is another theory the defendant relies upon, that the stock of the plaintiff was turned over as security, and that all the property, such as the elevators, grain, etc., had been sold and the proceeds fully accounted for to the plaintiff. The defendant’s case veers back and forth between these two defenses, ft seems to rely part of the time upon the $10,000 stock transfer as being absolute, and then again it abandons that idea and concedes taking the property as security, and claims it had fully accounted to the plaintiff for all such property of the plaintiff, which was turned over to the defendant, or which came into its possession.
Books of account, when well kept, and when demanded willingly produced in evidence, when such books contain the original entries, and proper proof is made thereof, and such books properly offered in evidence, are entitled to some weight and credit. It is shown by competent testimony in this regard that Mr. Brice, an attorney of Minneapolis, acting for Mr Lahart, sought to examine the books in connection with this accounting.
Mr. Labart and Mr. Brice went up to Gunderson’s office, and Mr. Xahart testifies positively that he heard Mr. Gunderson order him out of the office.
Q. Did you hear Mr. Gunderson order him out of the office ?
A. Yes, sir. Heard him tell him that he had no business looking at what he did. He wanted to look at some letters — wanted this letter. Wished to get some papers, and Mr. Gunderson told him to get out of the office and stay out.
It appears from the testimony that the letter referred to was finally brought forth, and it also appears that Brice made some examination! of the books, either by himself or through some accountant. Other testimony with regard to the books, and very pertinent, is as follows s
Q. You heard the statement of counsel that the books were always open to inspection, did you not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You may state what was done about examining the books, whether you examined them.
A. Must be I went down there a dozen times to call on Mr. Gunder-son at his office. He would never let me see. the books. Never let me go through them.
'Q. How long did you stay out any of the times you were down there ?
A. Two weeks sometimes.
Q. Did you ever get access to any of these books?
A. No, sir.
Q. Did you ever get access to the books?
A. No, sir.
Q. When was that?
A. In 1909, or a year later.
Q. Sometime in 1909?
A. Along in August, 1909.
Q. And about a dozen times, or ten or eleven times besides you were there to see them and never got to view the books ?
A. No, sir. Never saw them.
There is nothing in the record to show but that Mr. Xahart is a good straightforward citizen. His integrity and truthfulness is nowhere attacked. In view of such testimony it is idle for the defendant to contend that they have been perfectly willing to throw open their books to the plaintiff, or that they have been willing to enter into an accounting with him and to fully and fairly account to him for all his property received by them. After June 7, 1907, when the plaintiff had ceased to be actually associated with the Gribbin-Alair Company, he had no control over the books, and sometime after that date they were sent down to Minneapolis, and the testimony derived from the books under all the circumstances of- this case is not entitled to .be considered, the only method by which proof may be had of the matters in dispute or involved between the plaintiff and the defendant. The plaintiff positively testifies that, at the time the elevators were turned over, there was in them grain of the value of $30,000. The plaintiff and Alair went to these elevators, and Lahart measured the grain and weighed the grain up in one elevator. They went home and Lahart figured it up, Alair being present when the figuring was done and saw the figures, and Lahart said there was $30,000 worth of grain. >
Alair also testified as follows:
Q. Have you investigated, and have you information, and from the information had at that time, can you state how much wheat on your information there was in those elevators in value?
A. I could not state exact at all.
Q. What is your best judgment?
'A. I think there ought to have been close to $30,000 worth of wheat. I can tell if I see the ledger.
We have therefore these two men, each of whose testimony is unim-peached, testifying that there was $30,000 worth of grain in the elevators at the time they were turned over. After the 7th of June, La-hart was not actually connected with the operation of the elevators, but Alair was. He still continued to remain a part of the Gribbin-Alair Company, and his testimony entirely confirms that of Mr. La; hart. There is no testimony to dispute this.
Thompson, the expert, testifies as follows:
Q. It is absolutely impossible» to tell from that record what grain was actually in the warehouse?
A. Unless yon follow it up to the end of the season whenever they closed out.
So that it appears that the only way the expert had of telling what grain was in the elevators on June 7th would be to have the business continued from June 7th until the end of the year, and from that make a deduction of what amount of grain was on hand June 7th. We are fully convinced that his testimony with reference to what grain was in the elevatórs on June 7th falls far short in weight of that of Lahart and Alair. It cannot be disputed that the amount of grain in bin may not be accurately and exactly determined by measurement, but it can be so determined approximately. A farmer may have a bin in his granary of certain dimensions. He may not be able to tell exactly the number of bushels in said bin, but it is safe to assume that if he knows how to measure a bin he may do so, and the result of his calculation will be but a very few bushels from being, in accordance with the actual number of bushels in such bin as determined by weighing it. As we view the matter, there was $30,000 worth of grain in those elevators shown to have been there by competent testimony ■ of two witnesses, and we are candid in saying that we believe there has been no fair or full accounting thereof. In addition to this, Mr. Gun-derson shows at one place of his testimony that he received $15,000 from the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company which he never paid back.
We will set out his testimony in this regal'd as well as that relating to an additional amount of $33,339:
Q. Mr. Gunderson, do you know of drawing out from the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company on your own account $10,000 %
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did you one time draw out the amount of $5,000 ?
A. I think so. Yes, sir. I charged it to my account.
Q. I understand. Just answer the question.
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And what was your account with the Gribbin-Alair you charged this to?
A. To my personal account.
Q. Is it shown on that book?
A. Yes, sir. Here. Yes, sir. Just wait half a minute. We will get this thing straight. Yes, sir, it shows here.
Q. Did you ever pay this money back?
A. No, sir.
Q. You did not ?
A. No, sir, why should I ? The company had gone out of business. The assets belong to me.
Q. This was charged in 1908 ?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Then in speaking of the assets of the Gribbin-Alair you do not include that $15,000 with their assets?
A. Most assuredly.
Q. You have not done so in your evidence, have you?
A. Yes, sir. I-figured that as on hand; I figured that cash on hand. Most assuredly do. The assets in detail. That day also assumed the Alair account. I wish you to know Mr. Maddux settled that up.
Q. You also had $33,389 yourself?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Now, what is this Gribbin & Alair?
A. Gunderson & Alair.
Q. What is this $14,632? That really out?
■A. Yes, sir.
Q. So, you really, owe $37,937.58 ?
A. Yes, sir.
Then thei'e is further testimony showing what the Gribbin-Alair Grain Company owed the Minnesota Grain Company, and there is testimony showing that there was a balance of $34,326.65, and the same was testified to, that that is the way it appears on the books.
Gunderson and the Minnesota Grain Company may be considered as the same interest. Gunderson was treasurer of the Minnesota Grain Company and held some other offices therein. We are fully convinced that there has not been a full accounting. There is no doubt but that Lahart is entitled to a full accounting. He is entitled to an accounting for the value of the grain in the elevators at the time they were turned over, the profits, if any, made upon the elevators thereafter until the sale thereof, and a full accounting as to the selling price and interest on all such amounts. We feel, in tbe interest’ of justice, that a new trial should be granted, and that reference should be had of all the questions in this ease, and plenty of time and opportunity had to obtain a full, true, and correct account of all the matters between the plaintiff and the defendant.
On Petition for Rehearing.
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff has filed what is denominated a “motion for rehearing,” and also a supplement to such motion. Especial complaint is made of the trial court’s finding, embodied in and approved in our former opinion, to the effect that the plaintiff, in addition to the $10,000 and interest, also owes a book account of over $3,000. In the supplemental motion it is said: “Plaintiff accepts the accounting for the elevators and grain, as made in the majority opinion, which settled the Gribben-Alair debt, and left a fund of $36,548.68, one third of which belongs to the plaintiff, with $10,000 against it, but no $3,000 against plaintiff’s interest; for that is a part of the original debt of $24,000 and twice settled by agreement of the parties.”
It is true there were two settlements, but we are entirely satisfied that the book account in question has not been paid by the plaintiff. The first settlement was made on June 7, 1907, when plaintiff executed the assignment of his interest in the Gribben-Alair Grain Company, which is set out in the former opinion herein. Under the terms of the settlement then made, the plaintiff adjusted his personal indebtedness to the defendant company. He remained indebted to it in the sum of $10,000, and it was as security for this debt that he assigned his interest in the Gribben-Alair Grain Company. The existence of this $10,000 debt is one of the few things which is conceded by both parties. It should be remembered that the settlement made on June 7, 1907, had reference only to the personal indebtedness of (the plaintiff to the defendant company, and had nothing to do with the ' indebtedness of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company. In order to clarify certain matters which will hereafter be referred to, it should be mentioned that the Minnesota Grain Company shortly after June 7, 1907, sold and assigned the $10,000 claim which it held against the plaintiff to G. B. Gunderson, and he has since remained the owner. thereof and the holder of the security therefor. The undisputed evidence also shows that Gunderson subsequently and prior to the commencement of this action purchased the interests of Gribben and Alair, who together owned the remaining two-thirds interest in the Gribben-Alair Grain Company. (While some question was raised by the trial court during the course of the trial as to whether the action should not have been brought against Gunderson rather than against the defendant company, .the defendant did not at all insist on or raise the point, and seemed to be desirous only of having the question of the ultimate liability of either itself or Gunderson determined; and the parties treated Gunderson and the Minnesota Grain Company as one for the purposes of this action, and the only question sought to be litigated was what amount, if any, is coming to the plaintiff by reason of the security which he assigned to the Minnesota Grain Company on June 7, 1907.)
The second settlement was made on March 10, 1909. The plaintiff had commenced an action on December 31, 1908, in the district court of Eddy county for an alleged conversion of the elevators involved in this controversy. Thereafter a settlement was made. The settlement' was in writing. It was introduced in evidence upon the trial of this action, and bears date March 10, 1909. It was executed by both the parties to this action, and also by the Gribben-Alair Grain Company and G. B. Gunderson. The agreement specifically provides: “That J. W. Lahart shall fay all his indebtedness to the Gribbenr Alair Grain Go. as evidenced by notes and accounts that they may have against him.” The agreement further provides: “The Gribben-Alair Grain Company shall as speedily as possible go into liquidation and dispose of all their property, collect all outstanding bills and pay all indebtedness; that G. B. Gunderson shall pay to J. W. Eahart one third of the assets of said Gribben-Alair Grain Company, when so liquidated except $10,000, with interest from June 1, 1907, at 6 per cent, the same being the amount paid by him at that time to the Minnesota Grain Company, for account of J. W. Lahart for a one-third interest in the Gribben-Alair Grain Company.” It will be noted that the agreement specifically provides for the payment by Lahart of his indebtedness, — “as evidenced by notes and accounts,” — to the Grib-ben-Alair Grain Company. Obviously there was some reason for inserting tbe provision in tbe agreement. And tbe evidence adduced in tbis case shows that Labart, at tbe time tbe agreement was executed, was indebted to tbe Gribben-Alair Grain Company in tbe sum of $5,-171.50, and that $3,171.50 of tbis indebtedness was upon account. The evidence also shows that tbis account has never been paid. In fact, plaintiff admitted tbe existence of tbis account, and also that a judgment bad been obtained thereon against him in favor of tbe Grib-ben-Alair Grain Company, and that such judgment “is standing” against him. Hence, while it is true, as asserted in tbe petition for rehearing, that there were two settlements, it is equally true that tbe last settlement expressly recognized tbe existence of an account against tbe plaintiff, in favor of tbe Gribben-Alair Grain Company, which plaintiff agreed to pay. Tbe undisputed evidence, including plaintiff’s own admission, shows that tbis debt is still unpaid. While tbe reference to tbe account in tbe trial court’s statement made orally at tbe close of tbe trial (and embodied in tbe former opinion herein) may be somewhat vague, tbe findings of fact are clear and specific, and leave no room for doubt as to what account the court bad in mind. Tbe finding relating to tbis matter reads: “After tbe closing out of tbe business of tbe Gribben-Alair Grain Company, as aforesaid, tbe payment of said indebtedness to tbe defendant, including tbe claim of tbe P. B. Mann Company taken over by it, there remained on band on January 1, 1908, net assets and equities amounting to $36,548.GS. That, included in said net amount of assets and equities, however, was tbe said sum of $3,171.50 owing by tbe plaintiff Labart, which was not paid by him. That the plaintiff’s one-third interest in said net assets on January 1, 1908, would be $12,182.89 upon payment being made by him of said $3,171.50. That tbe said indebtedness of $10,000 to the defendant, with interest from June 7, 1907, to January 1, 1908, amounted to $10,388.60, which amount together with said $3,171.50 would make a total amount of $13,550.10. That tbe ■accounting prayed for in tbis action accordingly shows of tbe date of January 1, 1908, tbe sum of $12,182.89 to tbe credit of tbe plaintiff .and $13,550.10 to bis debit.”
In view of tbe facts stated, it is somewhat difficult to understand the reason for tbe assertions in tbe petition for rehearing with respect do tbe book account.
The plaintiff still claims that he has not received his share of the assets of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company. There is, however, no question as to what was received from the sale of the elevators. And-while the plaintiff claims that there was a great deal more grain in the elevators on June Y, 190Y, than has been accounted for, there seems to be no real basis for his claim. Certainly the evidence which ho offered falls far short of sustaining the contention made. The only evidence offered by the plaintiff upon this proposition was his own testimony and that of Alair and O’Neill. Alair was the general manager of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company, and O’Neill was the man in charge of the elevator at Sykeston. When the plaintiff was first asked by his counsel as to the grain on hand in the elevators on J une Y, 190Y, he answered: “Yes, sir; there were several thousand bushels, there must have been” A little later he stated: “We estimated there was about $35,000 worth of grain in all of the elevators.” A little later (on the same page of the transcript) he states that there was “probably $20,000 worth of grain” in the elevator at Sykeston, and $20,000 worth of grain in the other elevators. (It will be noted that there is a difference in value of $5,000, in a few moments, — and all during his direct examination.) In this connection it may be mentioned that O’Neill, who had charge of the Sykeston elevator from the fall of 1906 up to and subsequent to June Y, 190Y, when called as a witness in behalf of the plaintiff, testified that in his judgment there was only about 300 bushels of grain in the Sykeston elevator on June Yth. The only elevator in which the plaintiff testifies that the grain was weighed was in the elevator located at Heaton. In the others, he says, it was measured and figured. He admits that there was quite a number of storage tickets outstanding, and that some of the grain on hand was represented by such storage tickets, and that such grain belonged to the owners of the tickets.
When Alair (who was called as a witness by plaintiff) is asked how much grain there was in the elevators, he answers: “I could not tell just how much grain there was in them, the actual amount, no; only just an idea as Mr. Lahart made an examination and he gave it to me. He asked me if there was enough grain to pay out. I said I did not know. He asked me to go along with him and measure up the houses. We went out and measured up the houses roughly ’’ In answer to another question, requesting him to give bis best judgment as to tbe amount of grain on band, after giving an estimate, be says: “I can tell if I see tbe ledger.” Tbe ledger referred to was a book kept by “tbe Gribben-Alair Company at its office at New Rockford. This ledger was afterwards produced in court, and introduced in evidence by tbe defendant, and tbe expert accountant, Thompson, repeatedly referred to it in bis testimony. He (Thompson) said that tbe so-called ledger “contains a complete statement of tbe grain in tbe elevators on June 7, 1907.” This is in harmony with tbe statement of Alair that be could tell tbe amount of .grain on band if be could see this ledger. How can it be seriously contended that tbe evidence adduced by tbe plaintiff does in fact establish tbe amount of grain on band in tbe elevators on June-7, 1907?
On the other band, tbe defendant produced books of account showing tbe various receipts and expenditures. It also put upon tbe stand Gunderson, who testified as to these matters, as well as Mr. Thompson, an expert accountant of recognized ability, who went thoroughly into tbe matters in controversy. He based bis testimony as to the amount of grain on band on June 7, 1907, upon tbe books of tbe Gribben-Alair Grain Company as kept by it prior, and up to June 7, 1907. Tbe Gribben-Alair Grain Company was awarded all profits reflected by “overages.” Thompson explained tbe method used by him in determining tbe amount and value of tbe grain on band on June 7th. When asked: “When you make your calculation as I understand it, you give tbe plaintiff tbe benefit of any doubt as to overages?” be answered: “Yes, sir, in every case.” According to tbe computations made by Thompson the assets of the Gribben-Alair Company on January 1, 1908, amounted to $86,548.68. And this amount — as he explained — included tbe account of $3,171.50 against tbe plaintiff, to which reference has heretofore been made.
Alair testified as follows with respect to tbe grain shipments:
Q. Then, isn’t it a fact that all the grain that was on band, whatever amount that might have been in those seven elevators, was shipped out either to tbe P. B. Mann Company, or to tbe Minnesota Grain Company, and that tbe amount was received by tbe Gribben-Alair Company as to those sums!
A. Yes; we always got an account sales.
Q. You saw tlie account sales of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company shipped to or received by the Minnesota Grain Company ? For all shipments?
A. Yes, sir; all the cars shipped received account sales of th.e shipments.
It should be noticed that the Gribben-Alair Grain Company was a going concern. It was operating elevators at seven different points in the state. It had its headquarters at New Rockford. It maintained a bookkeeper and kept its books at that place, and the different buyers in the different elevators made reports to that office. According to the understanding between the parties, all grain on hand- on June 7, 1907, was shipped out, and it is undisputed that all grain had been shipped out, and also five of the elevators sold before the end of August of that year. Hence, when plaintiff entered into the settlement agreement on March 10, 1909, all moneys from the sale of grain and from the sale of the five elevators had been received. If plaintiff’s contentions in this case are correct these sums would have more than paid off all debts of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company, and plaintiff’s distributive share of the surplus would have more than paid off his entire debt. It is somewhat strange that the terms of the agreement are as set forth, if the plaintiff at that time actually believed the contentions which he now claims to be true.
Some reference has been made in this case to the fact that Gunder-son refused to permit the plaintiff or his attorney to examine the books of the Minnesota Grain Company. It is not apparent how this could affect the admissibility of the books in evidence. In this connection it may be noted, however, that Gunderson denied that he- refused to permit such examination, and claimed that he permitted Brice (La-hart’s attorney) to examine them, and even to take some of them to his office. And Lahart admits that he was informed by Brice to the effect that he had been permitted to examine the books. Lahart testified: “Mr. Brice said he had got the books, that Mr. Gunderson let him have the books. He had a man in his office go through everything. He said he acted real good and let him go through everything.”
Reference has also been made to the fact that Gunderson admitted that he had drawn some money out of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company’s assets. The record fully discloses what was done. Gunderson was asked to give the then condition of the Gribben-Alair Grain Company. He says: “There is on hand, $23,339.30, and Gunderson and Alair have, and it is practically, myself, same thing,- — -$14,637.28, the total assets are $37,967.68; indebtedness to the Minnesota Grain Company, $6,349.93, making the net worth $34,326.65. In addition to that, have an account against J. W. Lahart which is in the form of a judgment for $3,231.50.” On his cross-examination he admits that he has drawn out some money and charged it to his account. Just what was wrong about that is hard to understand. He owned two thirds of the assets outright and absolutely, and he had a lien for over $10,000 against the other one third. This lien exceeded the full amount of such interest, so Gunderson was in fact the owner of all the assets. In his testimony Gunderson was referring to entries made in books of account, which were offered in evidence. These are the same books upon which the expert accountant based his testimony, and the books are part of the record transmitted to this court.
Our reconsideration of this case on the petition for rehearing has merely confirmed our convictions that the judgment appealed from is right. The conclusion reached in our former decision must stand. A rehearing is denied. | CASELAW |
Tip
In-band storage virtualization pointers for your enterprise
Since in-band storage virtualization has its share of implementation issues, these pointers should come handy on the in-band storage virtualization front.
IT managers typically have two queries on the storage front. The first is about future-proof storage architectures, whereas the second is about how to achieve more with less. Storage virtualization is a part of the answer to these queries. However, storage virtualization is making a slow but steady progress in India, with only large enterprises evaluating the technology at present.
Storage virtualization is basically about the pooling of various storage devices on to a central console. The approaches for deploying storage virtualization (in-band, out-of-band and split-path storage virtualization) are determined by various factors. In-band and out-of-band storage virtualization methods are more popular.
There are several perceived disadvantages with in-band and out-of-band storage virtualization approaches — the debate continues. Most vendors who use the open system approach for storage virtualization use types of block level aggregation. Out-of-band storage virtualization is suitable for file-level aggregation in large high performance computing (HPC) requirements. The file concentration is very high in HPC environments, which essentially have Ethernet- and file-based operations. Out-of-band storage virtualization implementations are typically custom-built.
For in-band storage virtualization, the appliance is placed in the data path. In-line storage virtualization typically uses block level aggregation with the following approaches.
a) Host-based: This approach uses an intelligent host, which has the required bandwidth for aggregation. Storage virtualization is integrated into the host.
b) Storage network-based: This is the most popular approach for in-band storage virtualization.
c) Device-based storage virtualization
In-band storage virtualization can be started at a very small level, though implementations are very different and custom-built. Keep in mind the following pre-requisites if you plan to opt for in-band storage virtualization.
Depending on the implementation, multi-pathing may become a charged item or a free item, thus leading to a hidden cost.
,
1. Assess your storage architecture's design and implementation to determine the required multi-pathing. Depending on the implementation, multi-pathing may become a charged item or a free item, thus leading to a hidden cost.
2. Look at your SAN design and decide how many SAN fabrics are involved. For example, does the project involve 1, 2 or 4 fabrics?
3. Does your virtualization engine provide support for multiple SAN vendors? Does it talk to multiple SAN products available in the market? Also, does the storage virtualization engine support all the available standards and switches?
4. From a storage virtualization solution perspective, you have to look for features such as whether replication can be performed from the virtualization engine. If the replication is still based on arrays in the virtualization engine, then it will be a very complicated and extensive implementation. So if storage virtualization controllers can perform replication on the other side, then it saves complications and costs. Does the virtualization engine support data movement? Another important thing to look is the performance numbers.
5. It's essential to ensure that the personnel handling your storage virtualization setup has in place his basic storage knowledge. A basic training session about the tool is also imperative to get the best out of your storage virtualization deployment.
About the author: Sandeep Dutta is the vice president of IBM India/SA's storage, systems and technology group.
(As told to Jasmine Desai.)
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Control of CLIENT_LOCALE and DB_LOCALE at connection (doc issue?)
• 1. Control of CLIENT_LOCALE and DB_LOCALE at connection (doc issue?)
Posted 15 days ago
Hi all,
I know by experience that when your DB_LOCALE does not match the database locale you connect to, you get the error:
-23197: Database locale information mismatch.
This is all fine and good to be a strict checking and avoid any misusage.
But the doc seems to describe that the connection is possible, and you just get some SQLCA.SQLAWARN[8] flag set:
https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_14.1.0/com.ibm.glsug.doc/ids_gug_048.htm
Two database locales match if their language, territory, code set, and any locale modifiers are the same. If these database locales do not match, the database server performs the following actions:
• It sets the eighth character field of the SQLWARN array in the SQL Communications Area (SQLCA structure) to W as a warning flag. Values for W are ASCII 32 (blank) and ASCII 87 (W).
• It uses the database locale that is stored in the system catalog of the requested database as the database locale.
Is the doc up to date?
Is there some server configuration option to control that checking?
Does this apply to connections to sysmaster?
I can connect to sysmaster with different DB_LOCALE settings.
------------------------------
Sebastien FLAESCH
------------------------------
• 2. RE: Control of CLIENT_LOCALE and DB_LOCALE at connection (doc issue?)
Posted 2 days ago
Until some 9.40 fixpack (TC9?) the verification was permissive. This led to many customers having a nasty situation: Database locale set to 8859-1 (default on Unix/Linux) and Windows client not having the DB_LOCALE set, assumed CLIENT_LOCALE and DB_LOCALE set to 1252 (windows codeset). This effectively turned off codeset conversion, and inserted CP1252 codes into 8859-1 databases. And it all worked... until IBM (Informix? - don't have the correct time reference), decided to enforce this.
That caused another problem: Clients with that situation could only connect by setting DB_LOCALE to 8859-1 and CLIENT_LOCALE to 1252. But this turned on codeset conversion and when the GLS library functions tried to convert from 8859-1 to CP1252 it would raise an error (invalid character, because it was interpreting 8859-1 but found CP1252 codepoints...
So... what happened? An undocumented variable was introduced to let customers turn off the strict validation... allowing their systems to be upgraded... while (hopefully, but probably never) they would fix the wrong characters.
So... that warning flag made sense many years ago, and may happen still nowadays...
Regards.
------------------------------
FERNANDO NUNES
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• 3. RE: Control of CLIENT_LOCALE and DB_LOCALE at connection (doc issue?)
Posted yesterday
Hi Fernando,
That's interesting! And I can understand that such workaround was/is provided.
However, I still think that the doc should be fixed... you can even read a warning that says:
Check for the SQLWARN warning flag after your client application requests a connection. If the two database locales do not match, the client application might incorrectly interpret data that it retrieves from the database server, or the database server might incorrectly interpret data that it receives from the client. If you proceed with such a connection, it is your responsibility to understand the format of the data that is being exchanged.
Which is not required, if that mysterious undocumented (environment?) variable is not used...
Or, that variable should be documented...
------------------------------
Sebastien FLAESCH
------------------------------ | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
16.20 - 例: AggGeomIntersection - Teradata Vantage NewSQL Engine
Teradata Vantage™ 地理空間データ型
prodname
Teradata Database
Teradata Vantage NewSQL Engine
vrm_release
16.20
category
プログラミング リファレンス
featnum
B035-1181-162K-JPN
これらの例では、AggGeomIntersection関数を使用して、sample_shapesテーブルの行にあるshape列値の空間的交差を取得します。
CREATE TABLE sample_shapes(skey INTEGER, shape ST_Geometry);
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1001,'MultiPoint((10 20 30),(40 50 60))');
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1002,'Point(10 20 30)');
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1003,
'Polygon((100 100 100, 100 500 500, 500 500 500, 500 100 500, 100 100 100))');
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1004, 'Linestring (100 500 500, 500 100 500)');
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1005,
'Polygon((500 500 500, 500 1000 1000, 1000 1000 1000, 1000 500 1000, 500 500 500))');
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1006, 'Polygon((0 0 0, 0 50 50, 50 50 50, 50 0 50, 0 0 0))');
INSERT INTO sample_shapes(1007,
'Polygon((50 50 50, 50 100 100, 100 100 100, 100 50 100, 50 50 50))');
select AggGeomIntersection(shape) from sample_shapes;
AggGeomIntersection(shape)
---------------------------------------------------------------
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY
select AggGeomIntersection(shape) from sample_shapes where skey in (1001, 1002);
AggGeomIntersection(shape)
---------------------------------------------------------------
POINT (10 20 30)
select AggGeomIntersection(shape) from sample_shapes where skey in (1003, 1004);
AggGeomIntersection(shape)
---------------------------------------------------------------
LINESTRING (100 500 500,500 100 500)
select AggGeomIntersection(shape) from sample_shapes where skey in (1003,1005);
AggGeomIntersection(shape)
---------------------------------------------------------------
POINT (500 500 500)
select AggGeomIntersection(shape) from sample_shapes where skey in (1006,1007);
AggGeomIntersection(shape)
---------------------------------------------------------------
POINT (50 50 50)
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Coercing the electors? The Framers saw it coming two centuries away | TheHill
If it took the results of the most recent presidential election for you to imagine a selection of angry citizens arm-twisting and threatening presidential electors to get their way, the Framers of our Constitution were way ahead of you. On November 8th, Hillary ClintonHillary Diane Rodham ClintonLewandowski on potential NH Senate run: If I run, 'I'm going to win' Fighter pilot vs. astronaut match-up in Arizona could determine control of Senate Progressive Democrats' turnout plans simply don't add up MORE, according to the most recent tabulation, received over 2.3 million more votes than Donald TrumpDonald John TrumpPossible GOP challenger says Trump doesn't doesn't deserve reelection, but would vote for him over Democrat O'Rourke: Trump driving global, U.S. economy into recession Manchin: Trump has 'golden opportunity' on gun reforms MORE. On the same day, electors designated under the name of the New York billionaire received well over the majority of support necessary to win the presidency. Since then, a growing chorus of dissenters have been challenging the disparate results of the popular and electoral vote tallies. Some have questioned the electoral college itself as an undemocratic relic in need of change in the modern era. Others, like Jill Stein, the 2016 Green party presidential candidate, pushed for a selective recount in a small handful of states that Clinton lost. Most alarming, however, has been the effort by some to intimidate and coerce electors duly designated in a handful of states to change their vote when they cast them in less than three weeks. These attacks, not only on the integrity of the Electoral College, but on the electors themselves, are unprecedented, unseemly and precisely what the Framers predicted. According to Article II of the document, the number of electors per state is equivalent to the combined congressional representation each is entitled in both chambers of the U.S. Congress. The awarding of electoral votes is determined by each individual state legislature. While these constitutional provisions tell us both how electoral votes are divided nationally and how they are allocated individually, nine words in the Constitution telling us where the electoral votes will be cast and when they will be cast demonstrate that the Founders in 1787 had a pragmatic prediction of 2016's post-election coercion tactics. Once allocated in whatever mode the state’s lawmakers designate — every state and Washington, DC benevolently decided on a popular-vote method where we, the people, get to have a say — electors are required to cast their ballots with a pair of Article II stipulations that make concentrated protestations and threats against them much more difficult to have an impact. The first requirement is that the electors “meet in their respective states.” By making electors vote in thirteen separate locations — today 51 when we include states added beyond the original baker’s dozen and Washington DC — the opportunity to use influence, bully or outright violent tactics to persuade the electors into casting votes in the way a single, unified and angry crowd might want is diminished. The second requirement is Congress has the power to designate “the day on which” electors vote. Mandating a single calendar event for electoral votes to be submitted prevents a small series of demonstrations from moving place to place to coincide with what could be a rolling calendar of electoral voting akin to primaries and caucuses. Any protest assemblies would have to be widespread and nationally organized to have any significant influence. If presidential electors not respecting a state’s popular, pledged vote have been called ‘faithless electors’ — a term coined decades before this year’s contest — perhaps those unwilling to abide by the results of the electoral vote should be called ‘faithless citizens.’ Regardless of the designation of election-outcome critics, the geography and timing requirements placed on electors in the supreme law of the land make it difficult for critics to “to mislead them from their duty … dispersed as they would be,” according to Alexander Hamilton, a defender of the Electoral College writing in 1788. Perhaps once the electors cast the only constitutionally-mandated votes for the presidency on December 19th we will finally see the results of the election recognized uniformly across the country. Or maybe another strategy will materialize before Inauguration Day to find an alternate outcome. Either way, the nation — and the Constitution — awaits a conclusion. James Coll is an adjunct professor of American and Constitutional history at Hofstra University and the founder of ChangeNYS.org, a not-for-profit dedicated to promoting civic education and political reform in New York. The views of Contributors are their own and are not the views of The Hill. View the discussion thread. Contributor's Signup The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
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What Is Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol And Its 3 Best Modes?
A kernel-mode driver is also known as the Microsoft network adapter multiplexor protocol. By default, this protocol is connected. It’s a vital part of the physical network adapter’s initialization process.
What Is Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol And Its 3 Modes?
Look for the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol option in the WiFi Properties panel. The Microsoft network adapter multiplexor protocol is usually deactivated on many Windows computers by default. Many individuals, however, are puzzled as to why it is disabled and wonder if it can be enabled.
What is Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol?
A kernel-mode driver is the Microsoft Network Adapter Protocol service. When two different network connections are joined, it is immediately activated when we conduct NIC teaming.
Load balancing and fault tolerance are used to accomplish this. It is also carried out to boost bandwidth. This protocol is pre-installed on the system.
The Microsoft Network Adapter protocol will be accepted or enabled for the teamed Network adapter and unchecked or disabled for the two physical network adapters if we have built a NIC team with two physical network adapters. The Network Adapter Multiplexor protocol is usually activated for a LAN/WAN connection.
What is NIC?
The Network Interface Card (NIC) is a piece of computer hardware that links a computer to a network. Network adapters, LAN adapters, and other terms also describe them.
The NIC supports both cable and wireless connections. It enables the communication between LAN-connected computers and communication over wide-area networks.
There are two types of NICs. There are two types of network cards: internal and external. Because the motherboard has a place, the Internal Network Card is mounted there.
The External Network card is used by computers that don’t have an inside network interface card. The external network interface card (NIC) might be wired or wireless.
What is NIC Teaming?
The process of grouping physical network devices is known as NIC teaming. It’s a Windows Server function. This is accomplished to increase the performance and redundancy of the system.
Most notably, NIC teaming eliminates the need for numerous physical connections to load balance (distribute traffic across networks) and fault tolerance (ensure network continuity in a system hardware failure).
The network adapters are the team members in NIC teaming, and they communicate with each other via Switch. The virtual network adapters created when the team was formed the team’s interfaces.
Although it maintains a connection with several physical switches, NIC teaming uses a single IP address.
NIC teaming modes are divided into two categories.
• Dependent on the switch
• Independent of the switch
The switch determines the traffic of the NIC team members in switch-dependent teaming mode. As a result, the name “switch” means “dependent.”
The switch linked to the NIC team members is unaware of the NIC team in Switch independent teaming mode.
Should I Allow the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol?
This protocol is only initiated when a group of network adapters is merged. This protocol should not be enabled unless you configure many network adapters in a team. If you try to enable it manually when the other options in the list are enabled, you’ll get the popup error below.
If you click “No” on the popup error, the Ethernet cards properties window will close, and the Microsoft Network Adapter protocol will be disabled. If you click “Yes” on the error, you’ll be taken back to the wifi properties box, where the Microsoft Network Adapter protocol will be unchecked once more.
You’ll also see this problem if you try to enable this protocol after unchecking all of the other options in the list.
As a result, the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor protocol cannot be manually turned on or off. You should avoid attempting to enable it. If it detects network adapter teaming, this protocol will be enabled immediately.
Uses of the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol in Windows 10?
You’re probably wondering where to use the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol button.
Adapter Teaming – Two or more adapters are employed in the adapter teaming procedure to improve bandwidth. As a result, users will send and receive more data packets. Both network adapters are in use at the same time in this instance. When compared to a single network adapter, using both network adapters simultaneously allows us to send and receive more data packets across the network.
High availability/Adapter Failover – If the first adapter fails, another adapter takes over the network connection. One network adapter is used for the network connection, and the other is used as a backup adapter if the primary adapter fails.
1. NIC Teaming Requirements for Virtual Machines
There are just a few NIC teaming requirements for virtual machines that must be met.
• You’ll need Windows Server 2012, 2012 R2, 2016, or 2019 to complete this task.
• You’ll require to have at least two network adapters on hand.
• To start NIC teaming, you’ll need to use the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor.
2. Enable Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol
• Navigate to your computer’s Network Connections folder. This is where you’ll locate the folder: Network and Internet > Network Connections in the Control Panel.
Network and Internet
Network And sharing
• Select Properties from the menu for the default network connection.
Connections properties
Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol
• Click the box for this option. You’ll see a short dialogue box with the statement, “Your current selection will also disable the following features: Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol.”
• The following functionalities will be disabled due to your current selection: Multiplexor Protocol for Microsoft Network Adapters.
Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol
• If you select Yes, it will be disabled, but other internet connection features will be enabled.
3. NIC Teaming Modes
When you first start NIC Teaming, you’ll need to choose a Teaming Mode. The Teaming Mode controls how the server and switch(es) divide traffic among numerous connections.
1. Switch Independent Mode
Users can be connected to several non-stack switches using Switch Independent Mode. This is the only teaming mode that does not necessitate any changes to the connected switches’ settings. Switch Independent Mode controls that incoming interface data is delivered using media access control (MAC) addresses.
2. Static Mode
Static Mode teaming necessitates manually configuring a Link Aggregation Group on the switch that connects to the NIC team (LAG). The server and switch share traffic between all links linked to another device in this mode. The flaw of this model is that it does not assist in the isolation of problems such as improperly connected connections.
3. LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol ) mode.
Like static teaming, LACP Mode ensures that each active cable in the link is attached to the proper LAG. It won’t transfer any data across lines that aren’t part of the set LAG.
Conclusion
You’ve realized everything there is to know about the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol. When mixing network adapters into a virtual NIC, the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor protocol is employed. The fascinating thing is that you might not require this protocol if you have a Windows 10 PC.
FAQs
Should Microsoft Network Adaptor Multiplexor Protocol Be On?
It shouldn’t be turned on. The Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol must be disabled if the PC only has one adapter connected. It is immediately activated when you team several network adapters on your PC.
What Does Multiplexor Protocol Do?
When a user combines two different connections, a particular set of configurations called Microsoft Adapter Multiplexor Protocol comes into play. It’s a kernel-mode driver that’s responsible for Network Interface Bonding.
What Is Microsoft Network Adapter Protocol?
When mixing network adapters into a virtual NIC, the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor protocol is employed. There’s no requirement to enable the Multiplexor manually because Windows Server editions are built with this knowledge. When a NIC team connection is established, it will automatically enable.
How Do I Turn On Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol?
Navigate to the Control Panel. Select Network and Internet from the menu. Right-click on Your Team Name in Network Connections. Activate the “Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Protocol” (If it is not already checked). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wu Mei Yuan
Wu Mei Yuan or Wumei yuan, translated into English as the Destinies of Five Beauties, is a Chinese romantic novel of the early 19th-century during the Qing dynasty. The novel is usually categorized as one of the caizi jiaren novels. Its authorship is ascribed to a writer named Jisheng Shi (寄生氏), which is a pseudonym, however, this is also disputed. It consists of 80 chapters. An early printed edition of the novel dating to 1822 is located in the National Library of China. | WIKI |
Speed comparison - V1 vs V2
Comparison made on machine with the following specs:
Operating System: Windows 10 Pro 64-bit (10.0, Build 19042) (19041.vb_release.191206-1406)
Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-9750H CPU @ 2.60GHz (12 CPUs), ~2.6GHz
Memory: 16384MB RAM
Key components in environment:
Python: 3.9.0
Pandas: 1.3.0
Numpy: 1.21.0
Timeit setup
[1]:
import numpy as np
import timeit
[2]:
setup = """
import staircase_one as sc1
import staircase as sc2
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
def make_data(use_dates, intervals=4000):
starts = np.random.randint(-24*60, 24*365*60, intervals)
ends = starts + np.round(np.random.triangular(2*60, 8*60, 24*60, intervals))
values = np.random.randint(1, 20, intervals)
df = pd.DataFrame({"start":starts, "end":ends, "value":values}).query("end > 0")
df.loc[df["start"] < 0, "start"] = np.nan
df.loc[df["end"] > 365*24*60, "end"] = np.nan
if use_dates:
df["start"] = pd.to_datetime(df["start"], unit="m", origin=pd.Timestamp("2021"))
df["end"] = pd.to_datetime(df["end"], unit="m", origin=pd.Timestamp("2021"))
return df.sort_values('end', na_position='last').sort_values('start', na_position='first')
"""
[3]:
create_stairs = """
use_dates = False
dfA = make_data(use_dates)
dfB = make_data(use_dates)
s1A = sc1.Stairs(use_dates=use_dates).layer(dfA['start'], dfA['end'])
s1B = sc1.Stairs(use_dates=use_dates).layer(dfB['start'], dfB['end'])
s2A = sc2.Stairs().layer(dfA['start'], dfA['end'])
s2B = sc2.Stairs().layer(dfB['start'], dfB['end'])
"""
[4]:
from IPython.display import display, Markdown
def compare(stmt1, stmt2, repeat, number, extra_setup):
def time(stmt):
return np.divide(
timeit.repeat(
stmt,
setup=setup+extra_setup,
repeat=repeat,
number=number,
),
repeat
).min()
time1 = time(stmt1)
time2 = time(stmt2)
ratio = time1/time2
if ratio < 1:
speedup = f"{time1/time2:.2f}"
else:
speedup = str(float(f"{time1/time2:.2g}")).removesuffix(".0")
display(Markdown(f"## Speed up ~ {speedup}x"))
Creation + layering
[5]:
stmt1 = 'sc1.Stairs(use_dates=False).layer(dfA["start"], dfA["end"], dfA["value"])'
stmt2 = 'sc2.Stairs(dfA, start="start", end="end", value="value")'
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 3.1x
[6]:
stmt1 = 'sc1.Stairs(use_dates=False).layer(dfA["start"], dfA["end"], dfA["value"]).layer(dfB["start"], dfB["end"], dfB["value"])'
stmt2 = 'sc2.Stairs(dfA, start="start", end="end", value="value").layer(start="start", end="end", value="value", frame=dfB)'
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 2.8x
Descriptive statistics
[7]:
stmt1 = "s1A.max()"
stmt2 = "s2A.max()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 33x
[8]:
stmt1 = "s1A.min()"
stmt2 = "s2A.min()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 33x
[9]:
stmt1 = "s1A.integrate()"
stmt2 = "s2A.integral()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 6.4x
[10]:
stmt1 = "s1A.mean()"
stmt2 = "s2A.mean()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 6.3x
[11]:
stmt1 = "s1A.median()"
stmt2 = "s2A.median()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 4.9x
[12]:
stmt1 = "s1A.percentile(20)"
stmt2 = "s2A.percentile(20)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 4.9x
[13]:
stmt1 = "s1A.percentile(0.2*100)"
stmt2 = "s2A.fractile(0.2)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 900, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 4.9x
[14]:
stmt1 = "s1A.std()"
stmt2 = "s2A.std()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 3.6x
[15]:
stmt1 = "s1A.var()"
stmt2 = "s2A.var()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 3.5x
[16]:
stmt1 = "s1A.cov(s1B)"
stmt2 = "s2A.cov(s2B)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 11x
[17]:
stmt1 = "s1A.corr(s1B)"
stmt2 = "s2A.corr(s2B)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 6.1x
Arithmetic
[18]:
stmt1 = "s1A + s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A + s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 7.7x
[19]:
stmt1 = "s1A - s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A - s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 7.8x
[20]:
stmt1 = "s1A * s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A * s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
[21]:
stmt1 = "s1A / (s1B+0.0000001)"
stmt2 = "s2A / s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 23x
Relational
[22]:
stmt1 = "s1A < s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A < s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
[23]:
stmt1 = "s1A <= s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A <= s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
[24]:
stmt1 = "s1A > s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A > s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
[25]:
stmt1 = "s1A >= s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A >= s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
[26]:
stmt1 = "s1A == s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A == s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
[27]:
stmt1 = "s1A != s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A != s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 14x
Logical
[28]:
stmt1 = "s1A.make_boolean()"
stmt2 = "s2A.make_boolean()"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 900, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 16x
[29]:
stmt1 = "~s1A"
stmt2 = "~s2A"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 16x
[30]:
stmt1 = "s1A & s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A & s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 16x
[31]:
stmt1 = "s1A | s1B"
stmt2 = "s2A | s2B"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 900, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 16x
Distribution
[32]:
stmt1 = "s1A.ecdf_stairs()"
stmt2 = "s2A.ecdf"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 7.2x
[33]:
stmt1 = "s1A.percentile_stairs()"
stmt2 = "s2A.percentile"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs)
Speed up ~ 5.1x
[34]:
stmt1 = "s1A.hist(bin_edges=bin_edges)"
stmt2 = "s2A.hist(bins=bins)"
hist_setup = """
low, high = s2A.min(), s2A.max()+0.0001
bins = pd.interval_range(low, high, 10, closed='left')
bin_edges=np.linspace(low, high, 11)
"""
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 1000, 1, create_stairs+hist_setup)
Speed up ~ 8.2x
Array methods
[35]:
create_arrays = """
use_dates=False
dfs = [make_data(use_dates) for i in range(10)]
s1array = [sc1.Stairs(use_dates=use_dates).layer(df['start'], df['end'], df['value']) for df in dfs]
s2array = [sc2.Stairs().layer(df['start'], df['end'], df['value']) for df in dfs]
"""
[36]:
stmt1 = "sc1.mean(s1array)"
stmt2 = "sc2.mean(s2array)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 100, 1, create_arrays)
Speed up ~ 73x
[37]:
stmt1 = "sc1.median(s1array)"
stmt2 = "sc2.median(s2array)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 100, 1, create_arrays)
Speed up ~ 65x
[38]:
stmt1 = "sc1.min(s1array)"
stmt2 = "sc2.min(s2array)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 100, 1, create_arrays)
Speed up ~ 75x
[39]:
stmt1 = "sc1.max(s1array)"
stmt2 = "sc2.max(s2array)"
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 100, 1, create_arrays)
Speed up ~ 75x
[40]:
stmt1 = "sc1.sample(s1array, x)"
stmt2 = "sc2.sample(s2array, x)"
sample_setup = """
x = np.linspace(0,24*365,366)
s1array = pd.Series(s1array)
s2array = pd.Series(s2array)
"""
compare(stmt1, stmt2, 100, 1, create_arrays+sample_setup)
Speed up ~ 9.9x | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
2015 Las Vegas mayoral election
The 2015 Las Vegas mayoral election took place on April 7, 2015, to elect the Mayor of Las Vegas, Nevada. The election was held concurrently with various other local elections, and is officially nonpartisan.
Incumbent Mayor Carolyn Goodman, an independent in office since 2011, sought and won a second term in office against Stavros Anthony, a Las Vegas City Councilman.
Candidates and campaign
The major candidates were incumbent mayor Carolyn Goodman, an independent elected in the 2011 race, and Stavros Anthony, a Las Vegas City Councilman and Republican. Anthony was also the city's mayor pro tem, serving as the second-in-command on the city council. He announced his candidacy for mayor on January 20, 2015, going up against Goodman in her re-election bid. Goodman was surprised by his decision to run against her: "He told me just a few months ago what a great job I was doing. And that while he'd love to run for mayor, he wasn't going to."
A major item of debate was an attempt by Goodman to build a Major League Soccer stadium, partially funded by taxpayer dollars, at Symphony Park in downtown Las Vegas. Anthony had been an outspoken critic of the stadium project, and had opposed it in the 4–3 city council vote in favor of it. The project was Anthony's primary reason for running; it was scrapped in February 2015. Goodman spent more than $755,000 in campaign advertising, while Anthony spent $281,000. Other candidates included Phil Cory (an Internet marketer) and Abdul Shabazz (a perennial candidate).
Results
The election was held on April 7, 2015. Goodman easily won re-election with nearly 55 percent of the vote to Anthony's 42 percent. Had no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a runoff election would have been held on June 2. A week after the election, Goodman recommended that Anthony be replaced by councilman Steve Ross as mayor pro tem; the motion passed unanimously. | WIKI |
BRIEF-Automated Systems Expectes To Record Increase Of More Than 20% In Revenue For FY 2017
Jan 25 (Reuters) - Automated Systems Holdings Ltd:
* EXPECTED TO RECORD INCREASE OF MORE THAN 20% IN REVENUE FOR FY 2017
* EXPECTED TO RECORD INCREASE OF MORE THAN 55% NET PROFIT FOR YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 2017
* EXPECTED RESULT DUE TO REVENUE, GROSS PROFIT & NET PROFIT OF GRID DYNAMICS FOR PERIOD 7 APRIL 2017 TO 31 DECEMBER 2017 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Wm. M. Bell's "pilot"; an authoritative book on the manufacture of candies and ice creams (1911).djvu/150
146 FRUIT PUNCH.
Color stock ice red, flavor with lemon and raspberry extract. Use chopped peaches, oranges, pineapple and maraschino cherries. Use 1 gallon fruit to 10' gallon ices.
SHERBET. (Egg).
Use same formula as for ice and when batch starts to thicken remove cover and add the well-beaten whites of eggs. Use 1 egg to each gallon of sherbet. Color and flavor in same manner as you do ices.
SHERBET. (Gelatine).
Dissolve 4 ounces gelatine in 1 quart water and add to formula for ices. | WIKI |
• QTLminer: identifying genes regulating quantitative traits.
Alberts, Rudi; Schughart, Klaus; Helmholtz Centre for infection research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. (2010-10-15)
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identifies genomic regions that likely contain genes regulating a quantitative trait. However, QTL regions may encompass tens to hundreds of genes. To find the most promising candidate genes that regulate the trait, the biologist typically collects information from multiple resources about the genes in the QTL interval. This process is very laborious and time consuming.
• XGAP: a uniform and extensible data model and software platform for genotype and phenotype experiments.
Swertz, Morris A; Velde, K Joeri van der; Tesson, Bruno M; Scheltema, Richard A; Arends, Danny; Vera, Gonzalo; Alberts, Rudi; Dijkstra, Martijn; Schofield, Paul; Schughart, Klaus; et al. (2010)
We present an extensible software model for the genotype and phenotype community, XGAP. Readers can download a standard XGAP (http://www.xgap.org) or auto-generate a custom version using MOLGENIS with programming interfaces to R-software and web-services or user interfaces for biologists. XGAP has simple load formats for any type of genotype, epigenotype, transcript, protein, metabolite or other phenotype data. Current functionality includes tools ranging from eQTL analysis in mouse to genome-wide association studies in humans. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:R68udfuj/sandbox
888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service<PHONE_NUMBER> web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service888-822-8391 web development<PHONE_NUMBER> web development support service | WIKI |
Talk:Mandeville, Jamaica
Notable people section...
...looks really bad. Lily20 (talk) 20:19, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
Unwarranted deletion of image
An editor deleted a photo from the notable persons section, that was of a person in the list of notable persons, remarking that it was not a photo of Mandeville. He appears to be unfamiliar with wp, and I pointed out that this was normal - giving him one example - as I reverted him. --2603:7000:2143:8500:B1D4:1A82:4DE7:6D69 (talk) 04:40, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
* The example you gave is from a dedicated list article, not a main city article. A picture of a person from Mandeville actually in Mandeville would be useful, but not just a generic photo of them. Btw, I'm not a new user, and have been active on Wikipedia a long time, so it's incorrect to state that I'm "unfamiliar with wp". Also, you've been reverted after making a bold edit, it's up to you to get a consensus to change it back, per WP:BRD. BilCat (talk) 06:06, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
* That's a distinction without a difference. You can find the same throughout the Project - which I imagined you would be aware of if you were familiar with wp. It's all over the project. Or tell me - do you believe that it is not the case? And there is zero difference in our MOS or rules on this point for lists of notable persons in standalone versus embedded lists. But as you are familiar with wp I expect you know that. I'm assuming good faith on your part - that you will note your error, and self-revert. Or if not - let's bring this to an appropriate board for input.
* You are frankly just making up a rule that does not exist. I'm not sure how to explain this since you are familiar with wp. And since you must be a good faith editor. What rule for god's sake do you believe states "you cannot have images for notable people of city x, unless it is a standalone list"? Please, educate me -- where (if you did not make it up) is this rule?2603:7000:2143:8500:A1FD:3B7A:A59C:BEF3 (talk) 06:50, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
* Yes, there is no such rule or policy. Such images are highly common throughout WP, & this idea that such a photo should be taken in the place itself is just odd. But some people have strange views about images, not supported by policy. The pic should be re-added. Johnbod (talk) 10:19, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
* I never claimed there was such a rule, nor was I attempting to make up a rule. I simply believe photos should be relevant to an article's subject, and that one isn't. It's not a photo of the town, and so adds nothing to the article. Thus it fails MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE. BilCat (talk) 11:08, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
* Nonsense! That says "Images must be significant and relevant in the topic's context" - note the last word. nowhere does it say they have to show the narrow topic of the article title. Johnbod (talk) 13:01, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
* Agree w/Johnbod. Billcat - again .. please revert. (same IP writing). 2603:7000:2143:8500:1DE0:9063:E053:F3FB (talk) 06:03, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
* I still oppose this as not being relevant to the article's context. If you had a photo of Heavy D performing in Mandeville, that would be relevant, or perhaps even wearing a shirt that said something about being from Mandeville. As it is, it's just decoration. BilCat (talk) 07:00, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
* I would prefer the photo of Heavy D to be replaced by the one for another notable in the list - Paul R. Cunningham because (1) Dr Cunningham is more notable; (2) the photo illustrates what he does; (3) its a better photo and (4) I am of an age that prefers the work of surgeons to rappers. In general I have no problem with photos alongside lists of notables.ArbieP (talk) 10:41, 25 May 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Heinemannia albidorsella
Heinemannia albidorsella is a species of moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in southern France and on Corsica and Sardinia.
The wingspan is 13–16 mm. Adults are on wing from May to the beginning of June. | WIKI |
Page:The World's Famous Orations Volume 6.djvu/249
PARNELL them; we have been doing our best to allay that fear, and we shall continue to do so. Theirs is not the shame and disgrace of this fear. That shame and disgrace belong to right honorable gentlemen and noble lords of English political parties who, for selfish interests, have sought to rekindle the embers—the almost expiring embers—of religious bigotry. Ireland has never injured the right honorable gentleman, the member for West Birmingham. I do not know why he should have added the strength of his powerful arm; why he should, like another Brennus—let us hope not with the same result—why he should have thrown his sword into the scale against Ireland. I am not aware that we have either personally or politically attempted to injure the right honorable gentleman, yet he and his kind seek to dash this cup from the lips of the Irish people—the first cup of cold water that has been offered to our nation since the recall of Lord Fitzwilliam.
The question of the retention of the Irish members I shall only touch upon very slightly. I have always desired to keep my mind thoroughly open upon it, and not to make it a vital question. There are difficulties, but they are rather more from the English than the Irish point of view, and I think that when we come to consider that question in Committee that feeling will be a growing one on the part of Liberal members. I admit the existence of a strong sentiment in favor of our retention. I will not say it is a 239 | WIKI |
User:Hamiltonrm/Egyptian International Beverage Company
Egyptian International Beverage Company
The Egyptian International Beverage Company (EIBCO) is an Egyptian brewery founded in October 2005. EIBCO products that include the Luxor brand is in part distributed by Cheers, a beverage shop and delivery service. EIBCO is the 2nd major brewery in Egypt after Al-Ahram Beverage Company.
History
André Hadji-Thomas has acted as the managing directory of EIBCO since its founding in late October 2005. Thomas and others founded EIBCO after their previous company, El Gouna, was sold to Al-Ahram. As of January 2006, EIBCO had 150 employees. As of January 2006, 70% of EIBCO's products were distributed by distribution wholesalers while 30% of their products were distributed by hotels and restaurants. As of January 2006, ownership of EIBCO was as follows:
75% - Venture Capitalist, Sherif Fanous
10% - Wadi Foods
25% - Distribution wholesalers
Beer
Luxor Classic Lager- Pale Lager 5% (ABV)
Luxor Nubia- Foreign / Extra Stout 6% (ABV) Luxor Special Gold- Pale Lager 4.7% (ABV)
Luxor Weizen- Hefeweizen 5% (ABV)
Luxor XXX- Strong Lager 10% (ABV)
Santana- Reduced Alcohol
Wine
Shahrazade Red
Shahrazade White
Shahrazade Rose
Cheers
Cheers is a beverage shop and delivery service based in Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt. Unlike Al-Ahram's Drinkie's, Cheers carries products from both companies. | WIKI |
Blue Egyptian scarab (prior to 1898). Photo by S. Butlin.
Date: prior to 1898.
Medium: Blue-green plaster.
Dimensions: Ht. 0.75 in., L.1.5 in., W. 1.25 in.
This blue plaster scarab was created by an anonymous Egyptian craftsman to resemble a beetle and was bought in Egypt by George and Lucy Harris and their daughter Milly in March 1898. It was made for the tourist trade, a very common thing in the late 19th-early 20th century. The scarab beetle is one of the most pervasive symbols in ancient Egyptian art and religious beliefs, and was associated with the creator god Atum and the rising sun. The many gods and goddesses in ancient Egyptian religion were depicted in different forms, some as animals, others as humans or as humans with animal heads. The sun god Ra is sometimes depicted in Egyptian art as a scarab beetle, and at other times as a cobra. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:The Inheritors, An Extravagant Story.djvu/226
"You must tell me all about it to-night," she said.
De Mersch's face had an extraordinary quality that I seemed to notice in all the faces around me—a quality of the flesh that seemed to lose all luminosity, of the eyes that seemed forever to have a tendency to seek the ground, to avoid the sight of the world. When he brightened to answer her it was as if with effort. It seemed as if a weight were on the mind of the whole world—a preoccupation that I shared without understanding. She herself, a certain absent-mindedness apart, seemed the only one that was entirely unaffected.
As we sat side by side in the little carriage, she said suddenly:
"They are coming to the end of their tether, you see." I shrank away from her a little—but I did not see and did not want to see. I said so. It even seemed to me that de Mersch having got over the troubles là bas, was taking a new lease of life.
"I did think," I said, "a little time ago that . . ."
The wheels of the coupé suddenly began to | WIKI |
Epicondylitis
Tennis Elbow (Lateral), Golfer's Elbow (Medial)
What is Epicondylitis?
Epicondylitis occurs when tendons in the elbow develop microscopic tears and inflammation. The muscles and tendons responsible for flexing and extending the wrist and fingers attach in the elbow region to the upper arm (humerus). The areas of attachment are the round knobs just above the elbow joint (epicondyles). The tendons develop inflammation and, sometimes, microscopic tears. This process is known as epicondylitis, either on the inside (medial) or outside (lateral) of the elbow. It is more commonly known as "tennis elbow" when on the lateral side and "golfers elbow" when found on the medial side. The cause is unknown. Prolonged gripping, such as using a hammer or tennis racket, or in repetitive use of the wrist for lifting as in assembly line work or cashiering may increase the symptoms.
How is it diagnosed?
History: The symptoms of pain, swelling and inability to use the wrist may appear suddenly, but, more often, onset is gradual and progressive. Individuals may relate a change in activity or increase in size and weight of tools being used immediately preceding the pain, but most cases occur without an obvious cause. Pain is localized to the epicondylar region initially, but may progress to involve the muscle mass of the forearm. Questions should also be asked about neck and shoulder injuries.
Physical exam: Two findings are diagnostic: pain localized over either epicondyle or just distal, and increased pain with resisted wrist motion (flexion for medial and extension for lateral epicondylitis). As the condition becomes more chronic, pain and weakness may involve the forearm as well, especially with resisted wrist and finger motion.
Tests: X-rays are done to rule out intraarticular pathology.
How is Epicondylitis treated?
Rest from the aggravating activity, ice packs or massage, anti-inflammatory medication for pain and inflammation, and a supportive band around the forearm would be the initial conservative treatment. The band spreads the force of the muscle contraction over a greater area, thus providing rest to the inflamed tissues. Stretching exercise can be started immediately, and strengthening exercises can be started as the pain subsides.
Local injection of corticosteroid may be used in difficult cases. The injection may not be fully effective for five to seven days and can be repeated about three times. Splints or long arm casts to provide restriction of both the wrist and elbow can be used in individuals who are not responding to other methods of treatment.
Physical therapy modalities may treat the symptoms like pain but do not change the recovery time. Surgery is rarely necessary to repair the tendon tears or clean the inflamed tissue from around the tendon insertion.
Medications
Information Brand Generic Label Rating
Celebrex Celecoxib
Motrin Ibuprofen
Decadron Dexamethasone
Noroxin Norfloxacin
Aristocort Triamcinolone
What might complicate it?
Failure to stop the aggravating activity and/or stiffening of the elbow joint would complicate treatment. There may be a one or two day increase in pain after local injections, which is called post-injection flare.
Predicted outcome
Although recovery may be slow and tedious, most individuals will have relief of all symptoms by twelve months from onset. Recurrent episodes later in life are common.
Alternatives
Irritation of the nerves around the elbow including nerve entrapment, fractures, loose bodies, ligament injuries, inflammatory disease, infection, intraarticular diseases, and referred pain could present with a similar history.
Rehabilitation
Physical therapy and/or occupational therapy, three times a week, for a period of four weeks. After that time, transition should be made to a home exercise program.
Appropriate specialists
Physiatrist, orthopedic surgeon, certified hand therapist (occupational and physical therapist), sports medicine specialist, and rheumatologist.
Last updated 28 May 2012
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Sequential outbreaks of infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit: Implication of a conjugative R plasmid
Sheldon M. Markowitz, James M. Veazey, Francis L. Macrina, C. Glen Mayhall, V. Archer Lamb
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
57 Scopus citations
Abstract
Sequential outbreaks of infection in a neonatal intensive care unit were due to multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae of different serotypes. In investigations of these outbreaks, the transfer of resistance to gentamicin, ampicillin, cephalothin, carbenicillin, and kanamycin from gentamicin-resistant organisms to standard laboratory recipients and between recipients was observed. Purified plasmid DNA, isolated from all multiple antibiotic-resistant strains, was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, which revealed a common, large plasmid component with a molecular size of 71 megadaltons. Analysis of drug-resistant progeny suggested this plasmid encoded resistance to antibiotics and the information needed for its transmission. The identity of the plasmid from three different sources was established by the use of restriction-enzyme fingerprinting. The dissemination and persistence of this plasmid in environmental and fecal organisms, despite the disappearance of multiple antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae, provided a potential source for spread to other bacteria.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)106-112
Number of pages7
JournalJournal of Infectious Diseases
Volume142
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - 1980
Externally publishedYes
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• General Medicine
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Talk:New Moor/Archive 1
Untitled
I think the map shown here has been illustrated in a manner that favors the argument by Bangladesh. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:44, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, definitely the one sentence near the end and the one line on the map did, with no evidence to support that. In fact, available evidence (official hydro charts, appearances on imagery including Google Earth) show just the opposite....a deeper channel to the east, favoring India (BTW, I'm not from the region.) Fixed on 5/27/09.DLinth (talk) 17:14, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
Existence
Does this island exist at this moment? I read from several sources that this island has eroded, and can't be found in latest satellite photos from Google Earth/Maps. --Ragib (talk) 23:23, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
* I noticed as well that in Google Earth's image it's missing....I believe it looks very similar to the similarly formed sandbar landform (Sarwar Island) 34 km to the east northeast......If this spot has an image just like the spot 34 km away, I think that is what we would see. The image in GE covering the exact spot and especially the image from 21-36-30 south may suffer from GE's practice of "fuzzying up" or "smoothing" actual images when they approach the ocean "blue bathymetry data" area..
* It does show up as an island right at that location, listed under "India", at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) site at http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html and also as an island on an old 1:250,000 scale US map (with the word "breakers" there too.) The two countries have made so many official recent statements about the island, it must exist. "New Moore Is." is also shown clearly, in the correct spot (at exactly the coordinates now shown...21-37-00N 89-08-30E ) on that 1991 hydro chart for sale, in a crescent shape just like someone describes in the article, and that '91 chart shows Sarwar Is. as just a tiny dot. The growth of the similarly-located Sarwar Is. (mouth of big silt-laden river) since then is very significant as you can see on Google Earth, so it makes sense that S. Talpatti-New Moore has grown too.....if only GE had the better (detailed, in this case, browner) imagery for the S. Talpatti area, it would help!
* That hydro chart shows 16 to 22 meter depths just to the east of the island, and only 3 to 11 meter depths immediately to the west of the island.DLinth (talk) 17:14, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
* Thanks. I am just curious about the current state ... there is no doubt that the Talpatti island existed in 1991 or so, but I am curious whether it has eroded or not. Do you have any recent data / map showing it? The NGA data -- is it based on a new satellite image? It is not unusual for chars and other silt-created islands to erode/shift/grow/shrink, so may be this one had a similar fate. As for recent news reports ... the island came up because the India and BD are marking their nautical boundaries, and the island's ownership will play a role in it. So, they probably don't care if it exists or not in reality when writing these reports. --Ragib (talk) 20:58, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
Re: Existance
this image should answer your question, look for the white spot. http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/tropical/sunder2.jpg —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:08, 25 July 2009 (UTC)
* This image was taken in 1985 . Here is an image taken in 2002 that shows no sign of the island . --Lasunncty (talk) 23:29, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
Should the article really say that it was swallowed by rising sea levels. The evidence does not appear to support that conclusion.
If you take the article linked below at its word sea level has been rising at a rate of .12 inches per year prior to 2000 and at .2 inches per year since then. If the maximum elevation of the island was 2 meters (78.74 inches) and it appeared in 1974 then sea level has risen 26 x .12 + 10 x .2 = 5.12 inches since the island was born. Accordingly global warming sea level rise only caused about 6.7% of the islands loss of elevation (and that is assuming that the island reached its peak in its first year of existence). Also if you follow the logic of the scientists you would be forced to conclude that sea level was dropping prior to 1974; otherwise why did the island appear? Could it be that the real answer is that this is just a sandbar? Sandbars routinely appear and disappear because of shifts in current flows.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/24/new-moore-island-disappea_n_511162.html
* Concur. That newspaper article is crappy to say the least. Sea levels don't magically rise in one particular bay, and the rate is so low that even the 2m or so would take 600 years to be submerged under legitimately rising waters. Those are tidal influences. It was also a sandbar to begin with. and only 40 years old. The article makes it sound like some long-term geologic structure subsumed under rising waters. I realize it's hard to find sources, but that sources is very poor.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:16, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
Re: Existance
Based on latest german news the island does not longer exist: Sven Schäfer 13:23, 24 March 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)
Also reported by the BBC: Disputed Bay of Bengal island 'disappears' —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:45, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
The spot looks really strange on Googlemaps, as if they had wiped it out with Photoshop. Too eager to be up to date?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:00, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
The numbers don't add up
This article presents several unpronounced questions which I think ought to be delineated and discussed. First, can the regional seas rise more than ocean-levels worldwide? Also, couldn't the landmass have sunk rather than the sea level rise? Only the second would be possible to related to global climate change. Then there are the actual numbers, which also don't seem to add up, at all. With the island first being described and charted in 1974, and even having increased in size during the past 36 years, and the sea level rising 5mm a year, there is an apparently insurmountable discrepancy in the calculations. By these numbers the sea level surrounding the location of the island has risen 18cm. That is not enough to have made the island disappear if there aren't also movements of the underlying landmasses. __meco (talk) 11:50, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
I think the article should be editted to make it clear that though newspaper reports link it to global warming that is unlikely to be the case. Even if rise is 5 mm a year thats only 170mm since 1974 which wouldnt sink a 2m island, additionally does even that reported 5mm rise correctly agree with figures in the atlantic say. Its probably a sandbar and has simply shifted as even seabed subsidence is normally slow. JDN —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:50, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
Given that Bangladesh actually has gained landmass (almost 20 square kilometers per year), I think the "global warming ate island" conclusion is quite misleading. Very often, reports like this are showcased as the "proof" of global warming. But if you look into the Bengal delta, the whole area changes frequently like this, and this has been going on for thousands of years. For example, the island Sandwip is now a fraction of what it used to be. Not due to warming, but due to erosion. The island Hatiya is having the same fate. At the same time, the island Nijhum Dwip is growing in area every year. The numbers of global warming won't add up ... the erosion rates would. But "erosion ate island" is not a hot spicy headline, so that doesn't attract media. --Ragib (talk) 16:01, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* Can you try to find a source for that? Otherwise it's just speculation. CheesyBiscuit (talk) 16:02, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* Source for what? That Bangladesh actually adds 20 square kilometers every year? See above. --Ragib (talk) 16:08, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* I'm very much with Ragib on this one. The article states and cites that this island wasn't even exposed prior to 1974. This is not evidence of global climate change, but rather of a local mechanism. As a result I suggest removal of the weasel words herein. Bryteline (talk) 16:22, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* I'm also very suspicious - for example, I'm suspicious of what will happen if there's a drought and the river flow decreases - but Wikipedia just mirrors what is published and should neither add nor take away anything based on personal opinions.
* Speaking of personal opinions, I have to wonder: did anyone propose splitting the island? Don't islands like this usually form opposite the mouth of a river, smack dab in the middle of the flow? Or does the "thalweg" principle not allow for splitting of river outflows? Wnt (talk) 16:55, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* If the island emerged in 1970, as the Wikipedia article suggests, then wouldn't it stand to reason that the island's disappearance is a result of the water removed from the Ocean slowly making its way back? It is near the outlet of two rivers, after all. That said, 40 years is an awful long time for a previously submerged piece of land to return to its previous state. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:52, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* No, return of water isn't a realistic reason ... sea levels do not work that way. The only realistic cause I can think is erosion. According to Banglapedia, the erosion of islands is a common natural phenomenon in this delta. Quoting from Banglapedia's article on coastal erosion: Available data for the last 75 years (1913-1988) show that Sandwip was reduced to about 50% of its original size, with considerable erosion northwest and accretion southeast. Map comparisons show that erosion on the northwest coast of Sandwip accelerated after 1963. It was about 200m per year between 1913 and 1963 and about 350m per year between 1963 and 1984. Urirchar grew from 3 sq km in 1963 to 46 sq km by 1981. . If Sandwip lost almost 350 meters of coastline per year, it is not unreasonable for a smaller (and newer) island like Talpatti to lose most of its tiny landmass in a couple of decades. --Ragib (talk) 20:33, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
Naming
The current name is awful. In case of islands with disputed names, I think the norm in Wikipedia is to use the most common one, and mention the name inside the article. No articles have the / in name. For example, see Falkland Islands. I recommend to move the article to a new one.
Also, while we are deciding on a name, I would like to move it back to the previous name. The current move was unilateral and undiscussed. I'm fine with using the most popular name ... but having both names in the title is a horrible way to compromise. --Ragib (talk) 01:44, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* Ragib, you really think we'll be able to determine the most "popular" name while being immune to bias and POV? And I hope you realize that given the difference in the size of netizens from India and Bangladesh, the latter will face a severe disadvantage in this case. Anyways, works for me.
* "New Moore" gives 247,000 hits, "South Talpatti" gives 335,000 hits.
* Even in news articles regarding the recent events, New Moore was more widely used to refer to the island: 693 to 461. Thanks--Nosedown (talk) 03:52, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* I was not actually referring to GHits, which are unreliable and subject to bias. But anyway, what is another existing example of such an uninhabited island, disputed by two countries and called two names? I'm looking at Category:Disputed islands to see another such example and naming precedent exists. --Ragib (talk) 04:13, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* Rename it Stroke Island :-) ? — Tivedshambo (t/c) 16:55, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* Good example there. Another good example is Imia/Kardak which is disputed between Greece and Turkey. I don't think there is any point in continuing this useless discussion further as this is the best possible solution. So, I'm reverting Ragib. --Nosedown (talk) 23:58, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks for the example, Tivedshambo and King Zebu. Since the "stroke" naming style has more than one precedent, we can definitely use it here. So, I have no problem with the stroked version of the article title. Thanks for the feedback. --Ragib (talk) 03:40, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
Indianzed Wikipedia
The whole wikipedia every article, ( if india is invloved ) is india-leaning. It very much indianapedia rather than any neutral encyclopedia. Check every other article where india is realated suppose kashmir, srilanka issue, poor countries of the world, bhutan foreign issue, cyclones in bangladesh-srilanka everwhere all are indian versions of truth. Could any administrator begin a 'reform' to make the REALLY NEUTRAL versions to get rid of these indians POV? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:43, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
* You may well be right - the problem is that we don't know how to fix the bias. Most of us are Americans or Europeans who just don't know both sides of the issue. We look up whatever English language sources are on the Web... probably strongly biased toward India. That's why we need editors like you to join the Wikipedia project (preferably signing up with a user name - many people's IP numbers change, so I don't know if you'll ever see comments at your IP number talk page). We need you not just to tell us that we're biased, but to list the sources that give the other side of the story, and preferably to start editing the articles to describe what they say. Wnt (talk) 02:39, 5 April 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
caestus
Etymology
From 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) a type of boxing glove made from a strap of bull's hide loaded with iron or lead balls | WIKI |
Mt. San Antonio College
Mt. San Antonio College (Mt. SAC) is a public community college in Walnut, California. It offers more than 400 degree and certificate programs, 36 support programs, and more than 50 student clubs and athletic programs, including food pantry, counseling and tutoring. The college offers associate degrees, career education, community recreation courses, ESL, adult education, and youth summer programs.
History
After World War II, local leaders anticipated the return of young people to college. Four local high school districts voted to approve the formation of the Mt. San Antonio Community College District in December 1945. The board wasted little time. They immediately began to meet on December 26, 1945, and set out to find a suitable location and hire staff. They leased from the state of California a former U.S. Naval hospital located on 445 acres in what was unincorporated Walnut. The land had buildings from as early as 1919, when it was a home for wayward boys. It had also been the State Narcotic Hospital before the war.
The lease began on July 1, 1946, and a newly hired staff immediately set out to open a college and begin to offer classes that fall. With a meager budget of $191,790, faculty and staff worked relentlessly to gather furniture and supplies, design courses, and register students. Family members and students voluntarily pitched in to help collect supplies and paint walls. The school opened for classes on September 16, 1946, with 682 registered students taking classes in programs organized under 7 divisions and 12 departments.
Campus
Sitting on 420 acres in Walnut, California, Mt. San Antonio College is strategically located in the center of the district it serves. While the college accepts students from outside of the district and even internationally, its district focuses on serving communities on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County, including Baldwin Park, Bassett, Charter Oak, Covina, Diamond Bar, the southern portion of Glendora, Hacienda Heights, City of Industry, Irwindale, La Puente, La Verne, Pomona, Rowland Heights, San Dimas, Valinda, Walnut, and West Covina.
The college has invested more than $1.5 billion in updating its facilities through public support of Measure R, Measure RR, and Measure GO bonds. The college has a 250-acre farm; a working veterinary hospital; student-run restaurant, new science classrooms and laboratory facilities; a music, dance, and theater building; multi-media/internet connected classrooms; a new Olympic-quality stadium and athletics complex, baseball complex; two soccer fields; and is home of the world-famous Mt. SAC Relays. It has an Olympic size swimming pool, tennis courts, and a working farm which includes horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and a canine facility that works with a greyhound rescue group to rehabilitate retired racing dogs each semester. The school also has a 15 acre wildlife sanctuary that supports a large variety of native species of birds, mammals, and insects. It consists of a lake, swamp, stream, pond, meadow, and forested area. It is one of the last "safe" places for nature to exist in Walnut due to increased development and a growing population.
The Randall Planetarium has been open since 1968. There are more projects in progress, the latest being a modern agricultural sciences complex, including a working animal hospital, set to complete construction in spring 2011. Construction has also begun on a new Design Technology building. More projects are also expected in the next few years as funds from a recently voter approved measure come in. Located on campus are several campus cafes and a "Common Grounds" area.
Academics
Mt. SAC has nearly 400 programs available that provide associate degrees as well as certificates.
It has an aviation and aircraft maintenance program. Through this program, Mt SAC offers Associate of Science degrees in both Aviation Science and Commercial Flight. The school has partnerships with four-year schools to which students can arrange to receive a bachelor's degree. For example, the Mt SAC aviation program has an on-campus partnership with Southern Illinois University to offer a Bachelor of Science degree in Aviation Management. Mt. SAC is one of 36 colleges in the United States to offer the College Training Initiative (CTI) program through the FAA. This program attracts students from across the United States. It trains students to be air traffic controllers for the FAA.
Besides air traffic control, Mt. SAC has the largest Associate of Science, Commercial Flight degree program in California. It maintains a flight training association on and off campus at nearby Brackett Airport, with a hangar and facilities made possible through donations from Sophia Clarke (renowned for also providing generous gifts for the modern and stately, state-of-the-art Sophia B. Clarke theater and its adjacent equally photogenic edifices). Its flying team is ranked as the best among community colleges in the western United States from 1991 to 2006. In 2000, 2002, 2005, and 2013, the flying team ranked #1 among community colleges in the United States. Also in 2005, and in 1987, the school was the recipient of the Loening Trophy, recognizing the school as having the nation's Best Aviation Program. The Mt SAC Flying team is a member of National Intercollegiate Flying Association and Pacific Coast Intercollegiate Flying Association.
Student life
Associated Students is the student government organization at Mt. San Antonio College and serves as the official voice of the student body. Its budget, of more than $600,000, is generated by an optional "Student Activities" fee paid by students during the fall and spring semesters. Associated Students coordinates and sponsors several events for the student body. Events and sponsorships include the following: campus holiday celebration, celebrity speakers, women's history month activities, cultural celebrations, commencement rehearsal, awards and recognition ceremonies, weekend college tours, and the transfer achievement celebration. Associated Students officers include members of the executive board, Student Senate, and Student Court.
Public speaking
Mt. SAC has a national award-winning Speech and Debate (forensics) team. The program has won numerous regional, national and international speech and debate tournaments, including the Phi Rho Pi national community college tournament, the American Forensics Association (AFA) national undergraduate tournament, the International Forensics Association (IFA), as well as many Readers Theater championships. Most recently, the team captured the national title at the 2024 Phi Rho Pi tournament. In 2023, the team won the Sylvia Mariner Perpetual Sweepstakes Award for earning accumulative points – an honor Mt. SAC last won 12 years beforehand in 2011. Coaches John Vitullo (2011) and Danny Cantrell (2021) were awarded the Phi Rho Pi Distinguished Service Award, which is the highest Phi Rho Pi honor awarded to a coach.
Chamber singers
Mt. SAC's choral music department includes the award-winning Chamber Singers. Notable achievements include "Choir of the World" in 2007 at the famed Eisteddfod International Music Competition in Wales. In addition to their world title, the mixed group also won three gold medals for their performances in the Youth Choir, Mixed Choir, and Folk Song Choir divisions, making them the choir with the most gold medals won at any of the 61 Eisteddfod competitions.
Fermata Nowhere
Mt. SAC's TTBB a cappella group, Fermata Nowhere, is the only community college a cappella group to win an International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) title. They qualified for ICCA finals in 2004 and 2009, where they placed 2nd and 1st, respectively. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked Fermata Nowhere at #15 out of all ICCA-competing ensembles.
Athletics
The Mt. San Antonio College (Mt. SAC) athletics teams, the "Mounties", have captured a total of 76 California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) state championships, with 49 titles coming since 2000. Mt. SAC currently fields 23 intercollegiate sports including: baseball (M), basketball (M & W), beach volleyball (W), cross country (M & W), football (M), golf (M & W), soccer (M & W), softball (W), swimming (M & W), tennis (M & W), track and field (M & W), volleyball (W), water polo (M & W), and wrestling (M). Mt. SAC competes in the South Coast Conference in most sports, with golf (Orange Empire), wrestling (So Cal Wrestling Alliance) and football (SoCal Football Association - National Division Central Conference) hosted in other conferences.
In 2015, Mt. SAC Athletics captured the 2014–2015 Learfield/IMG Sports Director's Cup, which is awarded to the nation's top overall athletics programs at the NCAA (I, II, III), NAIA, and community college levels. The Mounties have also captured nine Daktronics National Association of Two-Year College Administrators of Athletics (NATYCAA) Cup Championships, which is awarded to the western United States top overall community college athletics program. Since its inception in 2004, Mt. SAC has also captured five second-place trophies and finished in fourth place and sixth place.
The Mt. SAC track and field/cross country programs led all Mt. SAC programs with a combined total of 30 CCCAA championships (men's track 10, women's track 11, men's cross country 1, women's cross country 8). For the past ten years, women's basketball has led all sports with five state championships and four additional top four state championship finishes. Men's soccer has four state championships (two national championships) and three additional top four state championship finishes. Women's softball has two state championships and five additional top four state championship finishes. Football has three state championships (two national championships) and three additional top two state championship finishes.
Mt. SAC Relays
This event is held annually in April over a three-day period and attracts around 15,000 athletes from more than 150 colleges and universities and 150 high schools throughout the world. The relays are hosted in the college's stadium, Hilmer Lodge Stadium (12,500 expandable seating), which is named after Mt. SAC's first track and field/cross country coach. The stadium has nine 48" running lanes, 86' X 40' Daktronics screen, tifgreen Bermuda natural grass, Musco LED lighting, meeting rooms and a practice track facility with a Field Turf Field and field event practice facilities.
Famous participants at the Mt. SAC Relays include:
* Randy Barnes
* Ato Boldon
* Leroy Burrell
* Joaquim Cruz
* Gail Devers
* Stacy Dragila
* Allyson Felix
* Maurice Greene
* Allen Johnson
* Marion Jones
* Jackie Joyner-Kersee
* Bernard Lagat
* Carl Lewis
* Michael Marsh
* Noureddine Morceli
* Edwin Moses
* Maria de Lurdes Mutola
* Merlene Ottey
* Mike Powell
* Bob Seagren
* Mike Tully
* Kevin Young
Cross Country Invitational
Since the first event in 1948, the Mt. SAC Cross Country Invitational has grown to be the largest event of its kind in the world. It is often rich in running tradition as generations within families may have run it in the past. Mt. SAC is considered one of the most challenging cross country courses in the nation. The races all take place over the course of two weekends usually in October.
The runners start on a long (former) airstrip and run over three hills. The Valley Loop is a flat loop in the beginning of the race where runners usually overtake others. The first mile, due to the flat and hard surface is extremely quick. This mile is immediately followed by the switchbacks up the side of the first hill. These consist of four tight-knit hairpin turns. The switchbacks are very technical as the runners are often closely packed entering this area, and the hill itself is both steep and loosely packed. Arguably, the most challenging obstacle is the infamous "poop out" hill, which is the steepest hill on the course (as well as one of the shortest). The final climb runners must conquer before a steep descent to the flat finish area is Reservoir Hill, which is a steady uphill. The end of the race loops back to the beginning (on the airstrip), passing behind where the runners for the next race are staged. It is also designed for speed and wraps right around the spectator area for a finish at the gate entering Hilmer Lodge Stadium. The current course high school record holders are Boys 14:23, Austin Tamagno (Brea Olinda), 2014, and Girls 15:49, Claudia Lane (Malibu), 2017.
Notable alumni
* Brett Tomko, professional baseball player
* Alfonso Boone, professional football player
* Sammie Burroughs, professional football player
* Anthony Calvillo, professional football player
* Javier Castro, professional soccer player
* Ronald Cheng, Hong Kong singer and actor
* Mark Clear (born 1956), professional baseball player
* Kevin Craft, college football player
* Tommy Haynes, professional football player
* Dan Henderson, professional mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter
* Mike Hohensee, professional football player and coach
* Bruce Irvin, professional football player
* Avi Kaplan, Grammy Award-winning arranger and singer, former member of Pentatonix
* Joe Keough, professional baseball player
* Giovanni Lanaro, two-time Olympic pole vaulter, Mexican champion/record holder
* Tony Lorick (1941–2013), professional football player
* Chris McAlister, professional football player
* Gary Miller, U.S. Representative
* Sona Movsesian, author, executive assistant, and podcaster
* Halakilangi Muagututia, professional football player
* Antonio Pierce, professional football player and coach
* Bob Seagren Olympic gold medalist
* Rocky Seto, professional football coach
* Sam Shepard, playwright, actor, and musician
* Les Shy, professional football player
* Nu'u Tafisi, professional football player
* Edward Ulloa, attorney and former criminal prosecutor
* Javier Vazquez, wrestler, MMA fighter
* Delanie Walker, professional football player
* Taco Wallace, professional football player
* Chris Woodward, professional baseball player and coach
* Shawn Wooten, professional baseball player
* Tony Zendejas, professional football player
* Rachaad White, professional football player | WIKI |
What's your favourite cheap LEDE/OpenWrt device?
#1
Interesting ones include the NEXX 3020H/F/AD (8 MB Flash / 64 MB DDR / MT7620N / ~15 USD), the A5-v11 (4 MB Flash / 32 MB RAM / RT5350F / ~7-9 USD), Onion Omega2 (16/32 MB Flash / 64/128 MB RAM / MT7688 / 5/9 USD + ~5 USD shipping).
Low cost chinese wifi that will take OpenWrt and talk to packetfence?
D-Link DIR-869, a good low-price 802.11ac device?
Cheapo wars: wr841n vs wr940n
Tl wr841n v11 packages delete issue
Installing Packages on OpenWrt
What device with powerful WIFI, RJ45 and 30$ - 50$?
Best low-cost device
Decisions, decisions... please help me to find three devices. Or: My TOP 3
What are the cheapest Atheros OpenWrt compatible routers in the market?
Xiaomi WiFi Router 3G
Comtrend CT5365 image missed in backfire repository
OpenWrt 18.06.0 release
5GHz wifi routers
Need router advice
I have a bricked TP-Link 1043N V5 at my desk. Help?
Why OpenWrt is now so big, low mem devices "not anymore usable"
What packages can I remove to fit a 4MB flash
Linksys e3000 install recommendation needed
Residential Gateway Using 240.0.0.0/4 NetBlock
Wireless client with WPA2 enterprise PEAP MSCHAPV2
Using TP-Link WR841N v 14 as Range extender with PEAP Authentication
Zerotier on backfire 10.03.1
18.06.1 on WRT54GL?
[SOLVED] Help Flash upgrade for Tl wr840 v2
Has cal_data corruption on HG556 been fixed?
Cheap OpenWrt hardware to move first steps with OpenWrt
Replacement for Netgear WNDR3700?
VxKiller and OpenWrt for TP-Link WR542g v4
Using outdated version of OpenWrt...?
Best Wifi router around $200 for LEDE
Replacement for TP-1043ND
OpenWrt performance on TP-Link AC1750 Archer C7
[SOLVED] Incorrect image file error installing to WRT54GL
Flashing power light and no access Linksys-WRT54gv2.2
Installing LEDE 17.x or 18.x on Zyxel NBG-419N 4mb/32mb
Best Cheap Routers with SQM
Looking for a router
How to configure internet (ISP) via LAN
4 buttons and LCD controlling MPD player
Simple device for WiFi-Ethernet Bridge
TP-LINK TL-MR3020 + E3372 dongle
Cannot flash WRTU54G-TM -- get "Incorrect image file!"
Isolated Guest Wifi with Multiple SSIDs
This method work with Tp-Link w8970 to Upgrade Flash from 8 MB TO 16 MB?
TP-Link WR1043NDv2 switch not working after lightning strike
Wanting to SSH to Router, need opkg?
Wifi router recommendation
Residential Gateway Using 240.0.0.0/4 NetBlock
OpenWrt-capable upgrade to TP-Link TL-WR841N v7
Dir-505 successor?
TP-Link TL-WR940N(EU) v6.1 - is it supported?
#2
Forget about a 4/32 device. The firmware size is slowly growing and 4 MB of flash will not be enough soon. You need something with at least 8 MB flash / 64 MB RAM.
https://lede-project.org/docs/guide-quick-start/start#why_we_require_8_mbytes_of_flash
#3
I know that. I actually own one, and my plan for it is to use the image builder to create a tiny image, then set up extroot with a swap partition. If I have to keep it on an old LEDE version, then so be it. I'm not using it as a router, anyway.
#4
These are cheap, but if you are willing to spend a few dollars more you can get a 16\64MB device
https://www.gl-inet.com/products/gl-mt300n/ $19.99 plus shipping
#5
I'd second MT300N. Also, the D-Link DIR-860L B1 I've owned briefly was inexpensive and pretty good for how much it costed.
#6
Nice. Very similar to the NEXX 3020H/F/AD. Depends on where you are and which are easier to source, I guess.
EDIT: The GL-MT300N also has twice the Flash memory. That's really quite nice.
EDIT 2: Sadly, it also seems to be about twice the cost (with shipping, from GearBest).
EDIT 3: Seems to be slightly cheaper than twice the cost from Amazon.
#7
The DIR-860L is nice, but I think it's in a different price category. It's the type of thing I'd get to use as an actual SOHO router, but not as a component for prototyping/testing various projects.
#8
Isn't $29,99 with VAT in local store for 16/128MB device with 2x2.0 USB not realy cheap? I have already pick up one for testing and porting.
Look at https://lede-project.org/toh/hwdata/tp-link/tp-link_tl-wr942n_v1
It is already on OpenWrt clone right out of the box, so porting LEDE is not a big effort.
#9
I like TP-Link WR1043ND v4
It has QCA9563 750Mhz, 64MB RAM and 16MB Flash, 2.4Ghz WLAN and 1xUSB 2.0 port.
To be honest WR1043ND line has been pretty great from the beginning.
#10
I'm using TP-Link Archer C50 and I love it. 1 vote for Archer C50 :slight_smile:
#11
Orange Pi Zero, Allwinner H2+, MicroSD, 256MB 7$, 512MB 9$, with case and expansion board 13$
https://www.aliexpress.com/store/group/Orange-PI-Zero/1553371_510589665.html
Ok, installation is a little unusual! :slight_smile:
https://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/3025-building-openwrt-images-for-orange-pi-zero-with-the-armbian-kernel/page-2
#12
I discovered the ZBTs last year if you really want to go cheap.
Their MediaTek based devices goes for around $9-12. They feature a web-failsafe mode which makes is a snap to flash.
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/ZBT-1626-openwrt-Wifi-router-OEM_60458250130.html
They also have a nice TP-Link 841 replacement which goes for around $16.
This one features 16M Flash and 128M Ram with USB Port and are included in the LEDE menu. (ZBT WE1526)
#13
Will they sell in small quantities? This seems to be an OEM site. Looks like a great option for mesh nodes.
#14
You can probably find them in smaller quantities on AliExpress.
#15
Thanks. I found them. Unfortunately at 400% the OEM price :slight_smile:
#16
I don't have a real favourite yet. With cheap hardware there is always the question if certain hardware has all the options that you need
I like the GLI GL-150 beacause it has RJ45 LAN and WAN, and external antenna.
Still the DIR-505 is cheaper and has a PSU all in one package, but only one RJ45 and no external antenna. Still it's compact design makes this an interesting little router. Plug it into the wall and route.
If this would have had 2 RJ45's, 2 radio's and external antenna's then this could have been my favourite. :slight_smile:
Then there is Orange Pi Zero. Not supported yet (or is it?) This is not really router hardware. But still looks interesting. It's cheaper, it has more CPU power and RAM. But also has a few disadvantages.
GLi's little routers offer a lot of choice for a reasonable price (not the absolute cheapest, but a fair price)
#17
You might be able to contact the AliBaba vendor to buy a sample.
#18
I wish it would have 1Gb ports instead of 100Mb/s
Only one ethernet port?
How is it even usable with OpenWRT?
#19
I'd say try the onion omega kit.
1x Omega
1x Expansion Dock
1x Ethernet Expansion
This is the way to go for about 40-45 $
Still trying to find out if omega 2+ is capable of 1Gbps
#20
@r43k3n Just read the second link in my post. :slight_smile:
https://forum.armbian.com/index.php/topic/3025-building-openwrt-images-for-orange-pi-zero-with-the-armbian-kernel/page-2
If you build an AP or a wireless network bridge / CPE one eth is fine. And there is a lot of supported usb net stuff available in the market. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Daytime naps once or twice a week may be linked to a healthy heart, researchers say
(CNN)Some good news for nap fanatics -- a new study has found that a daytime nap taken once or twice a week could lower the risk of heart attacks or strokes. Researchers from the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland studied the association between napping frequency and duration and the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease complications. Tracking 3,462 people between the ages of 35 and 75 for just over five years, the report authors found that those who indulged in occasional napping -- once or twice a week, for between five minutes to an hour -- were 48% less likely to suffer a heart attack, stroke or heart failure than those who did not nap at all. The observational study, which was published in Heart, the journal of the British Cardiovascular Society, found that no such association emerged for greater frequency or duration of naps. While some studies have been done on the impact of napping on heart health, many published studies fail to consider napping frequency or duration, the researchers said. "Subjects who nap once or twice per week have a lower risk of incident CVD (cardiovascular disease) events, while no association was found for more frequent napping or napping duration," the report authors said. "Sleep patterns have previously been reported to be associated with a range of chronic medical conditions," said Stephen MacMahon, a cardiovascular expert at Oxford University's George Institute for Global Health, who was not involved in the study. "Some, but not all, these associations will reflect the effects of underlying chronic disease on sleep rather than the converse. It's often difficult to untangle what is cause and effect, especially when some serious conditions, such as coronary heart disease, can be largely symptom-free for decades prior to a critical complication such as a heart attack," he told the Science Media Centre (SMC) in London. Naveed Sattar, Professor of Metabolic Medicine at the University of Glasgow, said that while the study was "somewhat interesting", it seems that those who nap once or twice a week have healthier or organized lifestyles, but that those who napped daily were likely to be more sick. "This means the former pattern of occasional napping is intentional and the latter of more regular napping likely represents sub-clinical illness linked to poorer lifestyle. This would then explain the differential risks," Sattar told the SMC. "I don't think one can work out from this work whether "intentional" napping on one or two days per week improves heart health so no one should take from this that napping is a way to lessen their heart attack risk," he added. "For now, far better to aim for regular good night's sleep and to follow usual lifestyle advice of good diets and decent activity levels." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
alex alex - 4 months ago 21
C# Question
Should methods that return Task throw exceptions?
The methods that return
Task
have two options for reporting an error:
1. throwing exception right away
2. returning the task that will finish with exception
Should the caller expect both types of error reporting or is there some standard/agreement that limits task behavior to the second option?
Example:
class PageChecker {
Task CheckWebPage(string url) {
if(url == null) // Argument check
throw Exception("Bad URL");
if(!HostPinger.IsHostOnline(url)) // Some other synchronous check
throw Exception("Host is down");
return Task.Factory.StartNew(()=> {
// Asynchronous check
if(PageDownloader.GetPageContent(url).Contains("error"))
throw Exception("Error on the page");
});
}
}
Handling both types looks pretty ugly:
try {
var task = pageChecker.CheckWebPage(url);
task.ContinueWith(t =>
{
if(t.Exception!=null)
ReportBadPage(url);
});
}
catch(Exception ex) {
ReportBadPage(url);
}
Using async/await may help, but is there a solution for plain .NET 4 without asynchronous support?
Answer
Most Task-returning methods are intended for use with async/await (and as such should not use Task.Run or Task.Factory.StartNew internally).
Note that with the common way of calling asynchronous methods, it doesn't matter how the exception is thrown:
await CheckWebPageAsync();
The difference only comes in when the method is called and then awaited later:
List<Task> tasks = ...;
tasks.Add(CheckWebPagesAsync());
...
await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
However, usually the call (CheckWebPagesAsync()) and the await are in the same block of code, so they would be in the same try/catch block anyway, and in that case it also (usually) doesn't matter.
is there some standard/agreement that limits task behavior to the second option?
There is no standard. Preconditions are a type of boneheaded exception, so it doesn't really matter how it's thrown because it should never be caught anyway.
Jon Skeet is of the opinion that preconditions should be thrown directly ("outside" the returned task):
Task CheckWebPageAsync(string url) {
if(url == null) // argument check
throw Exception("Bad url");
return CheckWebPageInternalAsync(url);
}
private async Task CheckWebPageInternalAsync(string url) {
if((await PageDownloader.GetPageContentAsync(url)).Contains("error"))
throw Exception("Error on the page");
}
This provides a nice parallel to LINQ operators, which are guaranteed to throw exceptions "early" like this (outside the enumerator).
But I don't think that's necessary. I find the code is simpler when throwing preconditions within the task:
async Task CheckWebPageAsync(string url) {
if(url == null) // argument check
throw Exception("Bad url");
if((await PageDownloader.GetPageContentAsync(url)).Contains("error"))
throw Exception("Error on the page");
}
Remember, there should never be any code that catches preconditions, so in the real world, it shouldn't make any difference how the exception is thrown.
On the other hand, this is one point where I actually disagree with Jon Skeet. So your mileage may vary... a lot. :) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What Is Essure?
What Is Essure?
If you're done having children and want a permanent birth control solution without surgery, then Essure could be the answer. Essure is non-hormonal and can be implanted in the office of your gynecologist serving Houston in a 10-minute procedure. Could Essure be the right birth control for you? Here are the facts you need to know.
How Does Essure Work?
The Essure system consists of two small coils. These coils are implanted at the ends of your fallopian tubes, where they connect with your uterus. Once the coils are in place, the body builds tissue around them, effectively closing off the fallopian tubes. When the tubes are closed, sperm cannot enter to reach an egg and fertilize it. Essure sterilization is over 99 percent effective.
What Happens During the Implantation?
Gynecologists implant Essure in the office. The coils are gently guided to their places in the fallopian tubes via the vagina. Local anesthesia may be offered, but many patients have the procedure without any kind of anesthesia. The process is over in about 10 minutes and the total appointment time for getting Essure is typically 45 minutes. You can return to normal activities in a day or two. A few months after implantation, your gynecologist will check to see if you're protected against pregnancy. He or she will insert dye into your uterus and use an ultrasound to see if any of the dye leaks into your fallopian tubes. If there is no leak, your Essure sterilization was successful. You will need to use alternative birth control until this second step is complete.
Who Is a Good Candidate for Essure?
If you are certain that you are done having children, then Essure could be a good option. It is also ideal for women who need a permanent birth control but are hesitant to have a surgical procedure. Because it is non-hormonal, Essure doesn't carry the same risks as birth control pills or hormonal IUDs. The best way to decide if Essure is right for you is to schedule a consultation with your gynecologist.
Categories: Birth Control, Essure
©2017 All Rights Reserved. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/151
* PLOCKHORST. 121 PLOTINUS. turned after havin" been professor at the School of Art ill Weimar from 1S6C to 18G9. His ve- liu'ious paintings excel in lofty conception, great trutlif Illness and depth of expression, and a mas- terlv technique, placiiifr him in the front rank as a colorist. Foremost among them is the "Contest of Archangel ilichael vith Satan for the Body of Moses" ( 1861-66) in the Cologne ihiseum, and other noteworthy specimens include "Jlary and John Eeturning from Christ's Tomb," in the Liiwenstein Oallerv at Moscow; "Christ and the" Adulteress," "Mater Dolorosa" ( 1860 ), both in the Leipzig Museum: and "Resurrection" (1867), in the Cathedral at Marienwerder. Among his more recent works ma3- be mentioned "Christ's Entry into Jerusalem"' (1892) and "Abide with Us" (1895). Of several meritorious portraits, those of Emperor William I. and Empress Augusta (1876) are in the National Gallery, Berlin. PLOESTI, pl6-es'te. A town of Rumania. See Plove-shti. PLOMBIERES, plox'byiii"'- -'^ fashionable watering-place in the Department of Vosges, France, 13 miles south of Epinal (Map: France, X 4). It is picturesquely situated in a deep val- ley on the Augronne and is celebrated for a num- lier of mineral and thermal springs, known since the time of the Romans. The place was embel- lished by Stanislas Leszczynski in the eighteenth century, and by Xapoleon III. in the nineteenth. There are sumptuous public and private bath- houses, a hospital founded by Stanislas, two large hotels, a casino, a park, and promenades. Popu- hition, in 1901, 1830. At Plombi&res in July, 1858, occurred the secret meeting between Na- poleon III. and Cavour which led to the conclu- sion of an alliance between France and Sardinia against Austria. See Italy; Cavour. PLONGEE, plox'zhfi' (Fr.. plunged). In military science, a term meaning a slope toward the front. The plough of a shell in artillerv' fire is that part of the curve of the trajectory between its highest altitude and the point at which it strikes the earth. In fortification the plongee is the superior slope of the parapet toward the front. The slope of the latter varies from 1 in 9 to 1 in 4. PLONNIES, ple'nez, LuiSE vox (1803-72). A German lyrist and religious poet, born at Darm- stadt. Her sketches of travel in Belgium, pub- lished in 1847, won her election to the Brussels Royal Academy. Her lyric ability is best shown by her translations: Britaitiiia (1843), Enqlische Lyriker des I'J. Jahrhunderts (1863), though some of her original works have merit, such as Gcdichtc { 1844) ; a sonnet sequence, Abiihird und HnUiise (1849): and Die sieben liaben (1862; 3d ed. 1866). Of her religious poems the best known are: Lilicn auf dein Fclde (1864) ; a drama, Maria ilagdalena (1870); and David (1873). PLONNIES, Wn-HELM vox (1828-711. A German military writer, son of Luise von Pliinnies. He was born in Darmstadt, entered the Hessian infantry at sixteen, fought in the campaign of 1848-49 in Baden, and resigned in 1861. In belles-lettres he made himself known by a version of Kiidiiin (1853). by the poems Im- mortcllcn des Schlachtfeldes (1870) and Schuan- enlieder (1871), and by a humorous novel, Leben, M'irken und Ende des Generals Leberecht vom Knoiif (1869; 2d ed. 1877; written under the pseudonym Ludwig Siegrist). His works on fire- arms are very valuable. They include: Xeue Studien iiber die gezogene Feuertcaffe der Infan- terie (1861-64), Das ZiindnmMyewelir (1865), Hinterladungsgeicehre (1867), and, with Wey- gandt, Die deutsche Gewehrfrage (1871). PLON-PLON, plox' plO.x'. A name given to Prince Xapoleon. son of Jerome Bonaparte, in al- lusion to his cowardice in the Crimean War. Uhe word is a corruption of plomb-plomb (lead). PLOTI'NUS (Lat., from Gk. nXwr^os, Plo- tinos). The most original and important pliiloso- pher of the Neo-Platonie .school. He was born at Lycopolis, in Egypt, about a.d. 205 ; but such w-as his utter indifference to things human, "being ashamed almost to live in a body," that he never would divulge even liis parentiigo. He would never allow his birthday to be celebrated, although he gave feasts on those of Socrates and Plato ; nor would he ever permit a painter or sculptor to per- petuate his features, or, as he called it. to produce the image of an image — the bodybeing to him only afaint imageofexistence. His body was altogether contemptible in his eyes; he would see no physi- cian in his illness, and was very sparing in the use of food, refraining from meat, often even from bread. Strangely enough, his desire for the study of philosophy did not arise within him before his twenty-eighth year, when he repaired to Alex- andria, and there, after having sat at the feet of the great masters for some time without feeling satisfied with their teachings, he at last became acquainted with Ammonius Saccas, and in him found the desired teacher. For ten years he zeal- ously attended his lectures, and although he had agreed, with tw'o fellow-students, never to make known aught of Ammonius's teachings to the world, he yet became the chief representative and author of that school, less as a pupil than as an independent thinker, who, taking his stand upon its theorems, developed them to their full extent. In 242 he joined Gordianus's expedition to Per- sia, in order to devote himself to the philosophy of India and Persia ; but the Emperor being mur- dered in ilesopotamia. he had to repair hurriedly to Antioch, whence, in 244, he went to Rome. His lectures here were attended by crowds not only of eager youths, but of men and women of the highest circles. Xot only Platonic wisdom, in Xeo-Platonic garb, but asceticism and the charm of a purely contemplative life, were the themes on which he, in ever-new variations, and with an extraordinary depth and brilliancy, held forth ; and such was the impression his earnest- ness made upon his hearers, that .several of them really gave up their fortunes to the poor, set their slaves free, and devoted themselves to a life of study and ascetic piety. Dying parents in- trusted their children and money to him, well knowing that a more honest guardian, and one more anxious for his charges, could not be found. It is hardly surprising to find that his contem- poraries coupled with his rare virtues the gift of working miracles. At the age of sixty he thought of founding an aristocratical and com- munistic commonwealth on the model of Plato's Republic, and obtained from the Emperor Gal- lienus a grant of two cities in Campania as a' site for his -Platonopolis'; but courtiers prevented the fulfillment of this promise. Plotinus died in | WIKI |
Mechanisms of lung disease
Cesare Saltini, Karina Krotova
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
6 Scopus citations
Abstract
AAT emphysema is caused by “deficient” gene mutations, most frequently the Glu342 to Lys “Z” mutation, causing protein misfolding and defective protein secretion, with ensuing six-to eight-fold reduced serum and even lower pulmonary alveolar levels, or the rare null mutations leading to zero protein expression. Loss of antiprotease protection, chiefly against NE, leads to increased alveolar epithelial and elastic tissue degradation, and macrophage activation with excessive production of neutrophil chemotactic factors, triggering a vicious cycle of neutrophil inflammation in response to the elastase–anti-elastase imbalance. Additionally, lung epithelia and macrophages can express higher AAT levels in response to stressors of environmental and bacterial origin. In Z mutation homozygous subjects, this may generate exaggerated levels of misfolded/polymerised AAT, thereby inducing ER stress, release of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of macrophage proteases, i.e. a proteopathic type of inflammation that could impact disease progression.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)52-63
Number of pages12
JournalERS Monograph
Volume2019
Issue number9781849841092
DOIs
StatePublished - 2019
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© ERS 2019.
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Mechanisms of lung disease'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Smokizzy/Coaching
Welcome ! I'm glad you decided to become a coach.
Your first assignment is to use those tools I told you about (User contributions, and Interiot's edit counter) to analyze each student's contributions and point out to them on their coaching pages their strengths and weaknesses, and also the areas in which they should get some admin-related experience. To help you identify areas of performance, see Wikipedia's help menu and directories (the dirs are accessible from the menu at the top of the Community portal). To pass RfA, it is nearly essential to have plenty of experience copy editing encyclopedia articles, developing good articles and/or featured articles, closing deletion debates, fighting vandalism, participation on one or more of the request departments, and dispute resolution mediation. Helping to clear backlogs in departments which have them is especially admired, and you can help steer students in that direction (and do some yourself if you have time). The two most important characteristics for being a great admin are trustworthiness and composure - so be on the lookout for incidents and how each student handled themselves in disputes. You should come down especially hard on edit warring, not assuming good faith, and uncivil behavior. That is, stress that these are things that admins are expected NOT to do.
Of course, since you are preparing for adminship yourself, you should familiarize yourself with the reading materials listed on the various links presented on the VC's main page, especially Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. When you read the policies and guidelines, be sure to copyedit them as well (the grammar usually can be improved) which creates a record in your contributions of what policies you have exposed yourself to. Though to make content changes to them requires building a consensus on their respective talk pages. Reading and participating in the policy talk pages is very helpful to Wikipedia, because sometimes individuals try to change policies for the worse, and only vigilance can keep the rules sane (and fight instruction creep). So you should reserve some of your wiki-time for policy (and guidelines) work. (Which reminds me, I'm overdue for some policy patrolling myself).
Be sure each student completes the general assignments listed on the VC's main coaching page, and have them inform you of their progress on their coaching page. By the way, you should do the same. :-)
Last but not least, encourage students to communicate with each other (on their various coaching pages), because each has strengths they can share. Invite them to visit the coaches' coaching pages as well, including yours, and to critique our performance. Teach them how to learn from the example of others by studying user contributions. Aside from the co-coaches, a good place to look for users who set a good example is the List of Wikipedians by number of edits - it lists the most active Wikipedians, most of whom are admins.
I've co-coached 3 users to admin status so far, so see their coaching pages to see what they went through to become admins. Also study their RfAs (and other RfAs if you have time).
Well, the above should keep you occupied for awhile. :-)
If you have any questions at all, feel free to post them on this page, and I (and perhaps the other co-coaches as well) will be more than happy to answer them. (It is also useful to post a quicky note on a user's talk page to let them know they have a message waiting for them on another page - this practice takes advantage of Wikipedia's user talk page new message alert system.
Good luck, and have fun!
Th e Tr ans hu man ist 00:21, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
==Comment== Unfortunatly, I won't be able to contribute untill the middle of next week. Smokizzy (talk) 14:27, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
Hey
I've done pretty much everything here, and I don't want to sound like a snob, but there's really nothing I can add to the student's pages that's not already there. I'm ready for my next assignment! :) Smokizzy (talk) 16:42, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
* We have some new students. Feel free to jump in and help. Look over their contribs, and comment on their performance. Study some failed RfAs to provide experience of what not to do. And help push these guys in the right direction. Teach them things. :)
* I'm thinking that Bart133 is ready for the mop. Look him over and let me know what you think. The Transhumanist 22:32, 29 August 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
A new column about gay and straight etiquette addresses a gay couple’s questions about the walk down the aisle and the first dance.
Making Parents Part of the Gay Wedding Day
Our new Civil Behavior advice column will be written by Steven Petrow, the author of “Steven Petrow’s Complete Gay & Lesbian Manners” (Workman, 2011) and the “The Essential Book of Gay Manners & Etiquette” (HarperCollins; 1995). Mr. Petrow will answer questions about issues of particular interest to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, as well their straight friends, co-workers and family members. The situations will be geared to a boomer-aged audience. This first column involves a wedding of gay men, the role of their parents and the question of who should have the first dance — the Moms and sons or Dads and sons. Mr. Petrow has written or edited more than a dozen books and covered the H.I.V./AIDS epidemic for more than 25 years. He started his career at The Wall Street Journal and has since held editorial positions at Life magazine, HotWired, Time Inc., Everyday Health and The Times’ Same Sex Marriage Topic page. He lives in Chapel Hill, N.C. —MICHAEL WINERIP | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
What Kohl's and J.C. Penney Executives Are Saying About Weak Q1 Earnings
On Tuesday morning, J.C. Penney (NYSE: JCP) and Kohl's (NYSE: KSS) became the latest department stores to report dismal first-quarter results. Comparable-store sales fell 3.4% at Kohl's and plummeted 5.5% at J.C. Penney. As a result, Kohl's recent streak of earnings growth ended, while J.C. Penney's loss more than doubled year over year.
These results were even worse than what analysts had been expecting. This added to investors' anxiety about department stores' future prospects. Shares of both retailers have fallen more than 20% over the past month, with most of the damage coming this week.
J.C. Penney and Kohl's 1-Month Stock Performance, data by YCharts.
Not surprisingly, both companies' leaders spent most of their respective earnings calls trying to reassure investors. Here's what they had to say.
Tentative progress at J.C. Penney
The headline numbers at J.C. Penney were quite poor. Moreover, management indicated that shareholders should expect comparable-store sales to continue falling at a mid-single-digit pace for the rest of fiscal 2019, roughly speaking. That said, J.C. Penney executives pointed to several signs that the struggling department store chain is on the right track, particularly with regard to margin improvement.
First, CEO Jill Soltau noted that the company ended the first quarter with inventory down 16% year over year. As a result, inventory is selling faster and nonclearance gross margin is rising. CFO Bill Wafford added that J.C. Penney has started to cut down on "shrink" -- lost or stolen merchandise -- by increasing its usage of security tags.
Gross margin still declined by 50 basis points last quarter. However, that included a 70-basis-point headwind from liquidating most of the company's inventory of appliances and furniture, as J.C. Penney shifts its focus to higher-margin merchandise categories. Excluding appliances and furniture, gross margin increased. This gross margin expansion could accelerate over the course of the year as J.C. Penney starts to capitalize on its improved inventory position.
Second, Wafford pointed out that while selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses rose $30 million year over year in Q1, a variety of one-time items affected that number. Underlying SG&A spending actually decreased by about $15 million.
J.C. Penney's Q1 loss looked a bit worse than it really was. Image source: J.C. Penney.
Third, Soltau stated that J.C. Penney removed hundreds of thousands of vendor-shipped items from its website last quarter with a negligible impact on sales. This will contribute to the company's efforts to focus on driving sales of the most in-demand items.
Kohl's is banking on a second-half recovery
Over at Kohl's, management blamed the sales slowdown on three factors: unseasonal weather, a decline in home sales due to elevated competition and a lack of exciting new products, and lower productivity from some key promotional events. Weak sales trends have continued into May, causing Kohl's to significantly reduce its full-year guidance.
CEO Michelle Gass acknowledged that Kohl's will always be a weather-sensitive retailer due to its merchandise mix. However, she said that the company is taking swift action to address the other two issues.
In the home area, new products should drive stronger results in the second half of the year. Most notably, Kohl's will expand the availability of Amazon.com (NASDAQ: AMZN) smart-home products to more than 600 stores and launch the Scott Living brand for home decor. Kohl's also plans to tinker with its marketing and become more aggressive on pricing to stay competitive and bolster its market share.
Gass also highlighted the company's returns partnership with Amazon as a key factor that will drive a rebound in sales growth. Kohl's has been accepting unpackaged returns for Amazon in more than 100 stores, but this service will be rolled out to the rest of the chain in July. Kohl's has seen a big increase in traffic in its test stores.
Investors were left with a lot of questions
A big reason why shares of Kohl's and J.C. Penney were hit so hard after earnings is that while both management teams projected confidence about improving results, there were only limited signs of tangible progress. Crucially, sales trends haven't improved yet at Kohl's, and J.C. Penney executives expect sales to remain weak all year.
Additionally, J.C. Penney CEO Jill Soltau hasn't presented a turnaround plan yet. She will have little margin for error, given that J.C. Penney is far from breakeven and has a weak balance sheet. Meanwhile, Kohl's sales-driving initiatives like ramping up promotions and accepting Amazon returns will put pressure on gross margin and operating expenses, respectively. Thus, even if these moves succeed in revitalizing sales, they could still hurt profitability, at least in the short run.
Thus, to own shares of J.C. Penney or Kohl's right now, you have to trust management -- the headline numbers simply aren't good. At least in the case of Kohl's, the company has a solid track record. By contrast, J.C. Penney shareholders need to have a lot of faith in what is still an unproven management team.
10 stocks we like better than J.C. Penney
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See the 10 stocks
*Stock Advisor returns as of March 1, 2019
John Mackey, CEO of Whole Foods Market, an Amazon subsidiary, is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. Adam Levine-Weinberg owns shares of J.C. Penney and Kohl's. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Amazon. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
createTime = $createTime; } /** * @return string */ public function getCreateTime() { return $this->createTime; } /** * @param string */ public function setDisplayName($displayName) { $this->displayName = $displayName; } /** * @return string */ public function getDisplayName() { return $this->displayName; } /** * @param string */ public function setGatewayServiceAccount($gatewayServiceAccount) { $this->gatewayServiceAccount = $gatewayServiceAccount; } /** * @return string */ public function getGatewayServiceAccount() { return $this->gatewayServiceAccount; } /** * @param ApigatewayApiConfigGrpcServiceDefinition[] */ public function setGrpcServices($grpcServices) { $this->grpcServices = $grpcServices; } /** * @return ApigatewayApiConfigGrpcServiceDefinition[] */ public function getGrpcServices() { return $this->grpcServices; } /** * @param string[] */ public function setLabels($labels) { $this->labels = $labels; } /** * @return string[] */ public function getLabels() { return $this->labels; } /** * @param ApigatewayApiConfigFile[] */ public function setManagedServiceConfigs($managedServiceConfigs) { $this->managedServiceConfigs = $managedServiceConfigs; } /** * @return ApigatewayApiConfigFile[] */ public function getManagedServiceConfigs() { return $this->managedServiceConfigs; } /** * @param string */ public function setName($name) { $this->name = $name; } /** * @return string */ public function getName() { return $this->name; } /** * @param ApigatewayApiConfigOpenApiDocument[] */ public function setOpenapiDocuments($openapiDocuments) { $this->openapiDocuments = $openapiDocuments; } /** * @return ApigatewayApiConfigOpenApiDocument[] */ public function getOpenapiDocuments() { return $this->openapiDocuments; } /** * @param string */ public function setServiceConfigId($serviceConfigId) { $this->serviceConfigId = $serviceConfigId; } /** * @return string */ public function getServiceConfigId() { return $this->serviceConfigId; } /** * @param string */ public function setState($state) { $this->state = $state; } /** * @return string */ public function getState() { return $this->state; } /** * @param string */ public function setUpdateTime($updateTime) { $this->updateTime = $updateTime; } /** * @return string */ public function getUpdateTime() { return $this->updateTime; } } // Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name. class_alias(ApigatewayApiConfig::class, 'Google_Service_Apigateway_ApigatewayApiConfig'); | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
File talk:MrLouLancaster.jpg
Regarding the image: “MrLouLancaster.jpg” for Wikipedia uploaded at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MrLouLancaster.jpg
The original image is located at http://www.loulancaster.com/MrLouLancaster.jpg
Please find the permission text located on Mr. Lancaster’s site at the following link: http://www.loulancaster.com/index.htm
Here is a copy of the text in question: The image, "MrLouLancaster.jpg" is released to the public domain for any purpose provided the photo is not modified and the website http://www.loulancaster.com/ is included as a visible reference.
PLEASE update / fix the delete template or please tell me what I need to do to get the image and its wikipedia tags correctly setup!
Thank you! Matt Hamutoff | WIKI |
Scars (2020 film)
Scars is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Alex Anna and released in 2020. Blending live action with animation, the film explores Anna's own mental health history by documenting the scars resulting from her own history of self-harm.
The film premiered at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival.
The film was named to TIFF's year-end Canada's Top Ten list for short films. | WIKI |
The nature versus nurture debate has been raging for decades and even today, it still elicits mixed reactions from different people. This concept presents the cosmic conflict between ethics and environmental surroundings and influences as the essential aspects that govern and determine a person’s behavioral conduct. One side proposes that at birth, the brain is a clean slate that is open to a great deal of influences, and it is these surrounding influences that govern a person’s behavioral traits. The contrasting side proposes that a person’s behavioral capabilities are encoded in the person’s DNA. This person is limited to a given number of behavioral traits, which map back to the person’s DNA hence your nature determines whom you are and how you behave.
The ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine is a good example of nature versus nurture. Peace negotiators reported that Yasser Arafat was a man very difficult to negotiate with because he found the notion of giving up conflict alien and frankly depriving. They claimed that Yasser Arafat had an identity, which was defined by struggle. Lack of a struggle for him would be equal to a lack of personal identity and a disturbance in his personal identity. He would therefore, be more inclined towards the creation of struggle as a means of seeking resolutions to the personal identity crisis he experiences when there is no primary opponent to fight against. Though a member of the Islamic religion from childhood, which preaches peace and has been described on numerous occasions as a religion of peace Yasser Arafat found his fulfillment in conflict, and the waging of war. It can be argued that the concept of gaining fulfillment through struggle and preferably warfare was engraved in his metaphysical being, and this rendered all of his life experiences null and void as far a decision-making and behavior are concerned. Despite his background and raising, he would always find a sense of self-fulfillment in struggling ad-waging war against a formidable and worthy adversary. His behavioral patterns were inclined towards a frame of thought engraved in his metaphysics and for him conflict would always mean inner peace and fulfillment irrespective of the rampant loss of life and both financial and social implications of a war.
German dictator Adolf Hitler is a good example of nurture triumphing over nature.in the year 1905 a young Adolf Hitler led a bohemian life inside Vienna, his chief source of finance being orphan’s support and a little support from his mother. Clearly rising to any form of prominence was not encoded anywhere in his DNA. If genetics were the key determinants of behavior, Adolf Hitler would have grown up extremely poor with a meager income and died a poor man. At a given point of his life, after his mother’s death, he lived in a homeless shelter and later settled in houses meant for poor workers. This man clearly had poverty encoded in his DNA and had no hope for a brighter future. Adolf Hitler however, adapted to his circumstances, joining the military at the onset of the First World War and using cunning intelligence to rise the ranks until he became the top man in Germany. His experiences influenced how he acted and fueled him to strive for greatness and prominence until he finally made it to the top in Germany. Analysis of his lineage reveals that none of his ancestors had any leadership qualities or served as leaders of any kind hence his DNA had absolutely no leadership elements, yet he rose up the ranks and became Germany’s dictator. It was his life experiences that influenced his decision-making trends and capabilities, which catapulted him to the top of the political scene in Germany and later the greater Europe.
Collapse of the Soviet Union is a classic showcase of nature’s triumph over nurture. It was not the superiority of the American military or the or economic woes in the soviet union that caused the union’s untimely collapse, but rather the inclination towards western ideas and ideologies that brought down the soviet union. In the early 1970s, soviet intellectuals began accepting ideas propagated by the west and this led to the fall of Marxist Leninism. These soviet intellectuals had been raised under Marxist Leninism from childhood to adulthood. It was the key concept preached by their elders and superiors and mods of the citizens were completely engulfed by this wave, but these intellectuals dared to think differently. They started considering ideologies and ways of life completely contrary to what they had learned and seen from early childhood to adulthood. Their nature overwhelmed their nurture, and they started to see the gaping holes in the way of life they had known from childhood. They dared to think differently, their nurture not withstanding and this led to wider acceptance of western ideologies by more members of the Soviet Union and eventually the collapse of the western union. Perhaps thinking differently was encoded in the DNA of these intellectuals; and this made their environment and life experiences insignificant as far as behavior and decision-making are concerned.
The cosmic battle between nature and nurture grows ever fiercer because with each passing day there is more and more evidence lending support to either side. There is an ever-increasing gap between the two, with each concept gaining merit and growing stronger with each passing day. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Ragnar Sigurðsson, University of Iceland
Carlos Argaez Garcia, febrúar 1, 2020
Math colloquium
Fyrirlesari: Ragnar Sigurðsson, University of Iceland
Titill: Norms on complexifications of real vector spaces.
Staðsetning: VRII-258
Tími: Fimmtudagur 6.febrúar kl. 10:50
Ágrip:
The subject of this lecture is of general interest and it only requires knowledge of elementary linear algebra.
The complexification V_C of a real vector space
V is the smallest complex vector space which contains V
as a real subspace. If V is a normed space, then it is
of interest to know how norms may extend from V to V_C.
I will look at a real normed space V and give formulas
for the smallest and largest extension of a general norm
on V to a norm on V_C. These formulas are not explicit
so it is of interest to find explicit formulas in particular
examples. This is possible for extentions of norms induced
by inner products. The Lie norm is the largest
extension of the Euclidean norm on R^n to a complex norm
on C^n.
In complex analysis we deal a lot with plurisubharmonic
functions and an important source for examples are
functions of the form log||f||, where f is a holomorphic
map from a complex manifold into C^n and ||.|| is a norm
on C^n. In his thesis, Auðunn Skúta Snæbjarnarson, studied
the Lie norm on C^n and calculated interesting formulas for
the so called Monge-Ampere measure of log||f||, which is
indeed not an easy task. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Category:Pirates of the Caribbean music
This category contains articles related to Walt Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean. | WIKI |
Harry C. Payne
Harry C. "Hank" Payne (March 25, 1947-January 7, 2008) was the 17th president of Hamilton College (1988-1993), the 14th president of Williams College (1994-1999), and later president of Woodward Academy. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, he earned academic degrees in history from Yale University, and taught at Colgate University before becoming provost of Haverford College and then president at Hamilton and Williams. He is known for disputing the story that Zephaniah Swift Moore, in his attempt to move Williams College closer to Boston, pilfered its library. | WIKI |
Topoisomerase VI participates in an insulator-like function that prevents H3K9me2 spreading - Archive ouverte HAL Access content directly
Journal Articles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Year : 2022
Topoisomerase VI participates in an insulator-like function that prevents H3K9me2 spreading
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1
2
3
4
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Martin Rougée
Fredy Barneche
Abstract
The organization of the genome into transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin domains requires well-delineated chromatin boundaries and insulator functions in order to maintain the identity of adjacent genomic loci with antagonistic chromatin marks and functionality. In plants that lack known chromatin insulators, the mechanisms that prevent heterochromatin spreading into euchromatin remain to be identified. Here, we show that DNA Topoisomerase VI participates in a chromatin boundary function that safeguards the expression of genes in euchromatin islands within silenced heterochromatin regions. While some transposable elements are reactivated in mutants of the Topoisomerase VI complex, genes insulated in euchromatin islands within heterochromatic regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome are specifically down-regulated. H3K9me2 levels consistently increase at euchromatin island loci and decrease at some transposable element loci. We further show that Topoisomerase VI physically interacts with S-adenosylmethionine synthase methionine adenosyl transferase 3 (MAT3), which is required for H3K9me2. A Topoisomerase VI defect affects MAT3 occupancy on heterochromatic elements and its exclusion from euchromatic islands, thereby providing a possible mechanistic explanation to the essential role of Topoisomerase VI in the delimitation of chromatin domains.
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Dates and versions
hal-03862125 , version 1 (28-11-2022)
Licence
Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives - CC BY 4.0
Identifiers
Cite
Louis-Valentin Meteignier, Cécile Lecampion, Florent Velay, Cécile Vriet, Laura Dimnet, et al.. Topoisomerase VI participates in an insulator-like function that prevents H3K9me2 spreading. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022, 119 (27), ⟨10.1073/pnas.2001290119⟩. ⟨hal-03862125⟩
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Page:The city that was; a requiem of old San Francisco (IA citythatwasrequi00irwi).djvu/37
THE CITY THAT WAS and cafes. Probably they were lacking at the top; probably the very best, for people who do not care how they spend their money, was not to be had. But they gave the best fare on earth, for the price, at a dollar, seventy-five cents, a half a dollar, or even fifteen cents.
If one should tell exactly what could be had at Coppa's for fifty cents or at the Fashion for, say thirty-five, no New Yorker who has not been there would believe it. The San Francisco French dinner and the San Francisco free lunch were as the Public Library to Boston or the stock yards to Chicago. A number of causes contributed to this. The country all about produced everything that a cook needs and that in abundance—the bay was an almost untapped fishing pound, the fruit farms came up to the very edge of the town, and the surrounding country produced in abundance fine [31] | WIKI |
World champion Willis loses Rio slot due to after cancer treatment
LONDON (Reuters) - Double world champion yachtsman Elliot Willis has lost his slot in Britain’s Rio Olympic sailing squad due to ongoing treatment for bowel cancer, TeamGB said in a statement on Tuesday. The 32-year-old, who was diagnosed in December after becoming one of the first British athletes to qualify for the Games, had been due to compete in the 470 class with partner Luke Patience. “Due to Elliot’s ongoing treatment for bowel cancer, as a two person crew, they are unfortunately unable to follow the combined training program required to maximize their chances of success in Rio,” the statement said. Selection trials for the 470 - a 4.70 meter (15.4 ft) dinghy - will continue and Patience, who won silver in London 2012 with Stuart Bithell, said he aimed to re-qualify with new partner Chris Grube. Stephen Park, the sailing team leader, said everyone was disappointed by the deselection. “As a team we knew we would be set a number of challenges in this journey to Rio 2016 and this is just one we have to deal with along the road,” he added. “Hopefully this doesn’t mark the end of Elliot’s Olympic journey and we look forward to seeing him back in the boat soon.” Britain is traditionally strong in Olympic sailing and has won 55 medals, including 26 golds, since the sport made its debut at the 1900 Paris Games. Eleven British sailors have been selected for Rio so far, with five of them announced on Tuesday. They include London 2012 silver medalist Nick Dempsey, who has been given a chance to become the most successful men’s Olympic windsurfer in history if he wins gold at his fifth Games. Double world champion Dempsey, 35, also won a bronze in Athens in 2004 and will compete in the RS:X windsurfing class. Reporting by Alan Baldwin, editing by Jermey Gaunt | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Manila Stakes
The Manila Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds over a distance of one mile on the turf scheduled annually in early July at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York. The current purse is $250,000.
History
The event is named after the US Hall of Famer Manila, the 1986 U.S. Champion Older Male Horse who won the 1986 Breeders' Cup Turf at Churchill Downs.
The event was inaugurated on June 28, 2014, and run over a distance of one mile and was won by R. Lee Lewis's Cabo Cat. Cabo Cat started at odds of 8/1 was ridden by jockey Joe Bravo who settled near the rear from the gate, was four-wide into the lane, rallied down the stretch while widest and held off Long On Value in the final stages to win by a length in a time of 1:33.57.
In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, NYRA did not schedule the event in their updated and shortened spring-summer meeting.
Three winners of this event have gone on and have won Grade I events. In 2023 the event was upgraded by the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association to a Grade III.
In 2024 the event was moved to Aqueduct Racetrack due to infield tunnel and redevelopment work at Belmont Park.
Records
Speed record
* 1 mile: 1:31.56 – Win Win Win (2019)
Margins
* $3 1/2$ lengths – Up the Ante (2018)
Most wins by a jockey
* 2 – John R. Velazquez (2016, 2023)
Most wins by a trainer
* No trainer has won the event more than once
Most wins by an owner
* No owner has won the event more than once | WIKI |
Logo ČVUT
CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE
STUDY PLANS
2018/2019
Digital and Analog Circuits
Login to KOS for course enrollment Display time-table
Code Completion Credits Range Language
BIK-CAO Z,ZK 5 13+4 Czech
Lecturer:
Kateřina Hyniová (guarantor)
Tutor:
Martin Daňhel, Kateřina Hyniová (guarantor), Jan Řezníček
Supervisor:
Department of Digital Design
Synopsis:
Students get the fundamental understanding of technologies underlying electronic digital systems. The understand the basic theoretical models and principles of functionality of transistors, gates, circuits, and conductors. They are able to design simple circuits and evaluate circuit parameters. They understand the differences between analog and digital modes of electronic devices.
Requirements:
High-School level of mathematics and physics.
Syllabus of lectures:
1. Lumped vs. distributed parameters, transitions. State variables and circuit parameters (resistance, capacity, inductance). Current and voltage sources, connections, elements of circuit equations. Replacing elements with current or voltage sources, circuit equations. Serial and parallel connection of equivalent elements. Numerical mathematics for solving equations that describe electric circuits.
2. Circuit equations, node voltage method, loop current method. DC circuits. Digital abstraction, Boolean logic, Boolean functions (negation, NAND, NOR, AND, OR, sum-of-products), N-type and P-type switches, implementing logic gates using N-type and P-type switches.
3. Semiconductors, properties. Basic nonlinear elements in electric circuits (diodes, ...), characteristics, linearization. MOSFET. MOSFET as an amplifier. MOSFET as a switch.
4. Structures of logic elements (CMOS technology, physical structure, logic gates, multiplexors, tri-state drivers, level flip-flops, edge flip-flops). Sinusoidal steady state with a single frequency, transfer.
5. Resonant circuits; time diagrams of variables including powers. Measurements, example of tuning. Homogeneous transmission line (approaches, basic termination methods, etc.). Signal delay in digital systems. Symmetric and asymmetric transmission lines.
6. Power. Mean and RMS value. Reactive power. Energy and power in digital systems (energy and power in a simple RC circuit, energy consumption in logic gates, NMOS, CMOS). Controlled supplies and magnetically coupled circuits. Transformers.
7. Operational amplifiers, comparators (properties, simple op-amp circuit, input and output impedance, examples, RC circuits with op-amps, saturated op-amp, positive feedback, two-port network).
Syllabus of tutorials:
1. Introduction to SW Mathematica, solving of various types of equations. First-order transients; oscilloscope, numerical mathematics, NDSolve. Complex circuit: measurements, calculation. DC circuits; digital abstraction. Semiconductors. Transistor. Structures of logic elements.
2. Single-frequency sinusoidal steady state, inverse task (determination of circuit parameters by measurement and calculation). Resonant circuits: equations, responses. Measurement and tuning. Fourier (numerical and experimental tasks). Homogeneous transmission lines (approaches, basic examples of termination etc.), reflections, adjustment. Signal delays. Power. Mean and effective value. Reactive power. Energy and power in digital systems. Operational amplifiers.
Study Objective:
The aim of the module is to teach the fundamentals of digital and analog circuits, as well as basic methods of analyzing them. Students learn what do computer structures look like at the lowest level. They are introduced to the function of a transistor. They will know why processors generate heat, why is cooling necessary, and how to reduce the consumption; what are the limits to the maximum operating frequency and how to raise them; why does a computer bus need to be terminated, what happens if it is not; what does (in principle) a computer power supply look like. In the labs, students will perform measurements on actual circuits. They will also design circuits and verify some of their designs hans-on. Mathematica software is used to solve problems.
Study materials:
1. Agarwal, A., Lang, J. H. ''Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits''. Morgan Kaufmann, 2005. ISBN 1558607358.
2. Agarwal, A., Lang, J.H.: Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits, Elesevier 2005
Note:
Further information:
https://courses.fit.cvut.cz/BI-CAO/
Time-table for winter semester 2018/2019:
Time-table is not available yet
Time-table for summer semester 2018/2019:
Time-table is not available yet
The course is a part of the following study plans:
Data valid to 2019-03-22
For updated information see http://bilakniha.cvut.cz/en/predmet1444906.html | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Vəssel
I like grammar (in English), maths, and physics. Lost an earlier account, doesn't really matter. I promise not to sockpuppet. | WIKI |
Constraint sys.sp_addextendedproperty deadlocked
James Eduard Espitia Coronado 61 Reputation points
2022-01-25T13:41:54.463+00:00
Good Morning!
I have an isue with a large script. In that script I create a Constraint something like this:
ALTER TABLE "Schema"."Name"
WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT "CK_Table_Column" CHECK
(
"Column" > 0
);
GO
Then I execute this stored procedure from Microsoft:
EXECUTE "sys"."sp_addextendedproperty"
@name = N'MS_Description',
@value = N'Some description.',
@level0type = N'SCHEMA',
@level0name = N'Schema',
@level1type = N'TABLE',
@level1name = N'Name',
@level2type = N'CONSTRAINT',
@level2name = N'CK_Table_Column';
GO
And I have the next error:
Msg 1205, Level 13, State 56, Procedure sys.sp_addextendedproperty, Line 37 [Batch Start Line 10387]
Transaction (Process ID 104) was deadlocked on lock resources with another process and has been chosen as the deadlock victim. Rerun the transaction.
I'm runnig it on a SQL Server 2017. How is this possible? and more important if the first code (Create the constraint) hasn't finished, how can I control this code to wait until creation finish before add extended property?
Thanks a lot for your valuable help.
SQL Server
SQL Server
A family of Microsoft relational database management and analysis systems for e-commerce, line-of-business, and data warehousing solutions.
12,653 questions
Transact-SQL
Transact-SQL
A Microsoft extension to the ANSI SQL language that includes procedural programming, local variables, and various support functions.
4,551 questions
{count} votes
Accepted answer
1. Erland Sommarskog 100.8K Reputation points MVP
2022-01-25T22:50:08.847+00:00
Apparently, someone else was poking around in the database at the time, and you managed to clash with that process. What that may be, I don't know. But it is not your ALTER TABLE statement, assuming that the two statements above are part of the same SQL script. Statements in a script are runt perfectly sequentially.
You can use this query to extract information about deadlocks on your instance. You may to change the path for the query to run. (The folder should be the same as for the SQL Server errorlog).
SELECT CAST(event_data AS xml), timestamp_utc
FROM sys.fn_xe_file_target_read_file(
N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL14.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\LOG\system_health*.xel',
DEFAULT, DEFAULT, DEFAULT)
WHERE object_name = 'xml_deadlock_report'
ORDER BY timestamp_utc DESC
1 person found this answer helpful.
1 additional answer
Sort by: Most helpful
1. Tom Phillips 17,716 Reputation points
2022-01-25T13:48:42.007+00:00
Make sure you are using the most current patch level and retest.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-US/troubleshoot/sql/general/determine-version-edition-update-level
0 comments No comments | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
page_white_code_redAssign keyboard shortcuts to direct formatting in CKEditor like heading 1-6, number/bullet list, preformatted, paragraph
Developed by
Beat Burgener
Rating
Rate!
0 Votes
LicenseGNU Lesser General Public License 2.1
Description
This is a CKEditor Plugin!
Prerequisites & Installation Instructions do NOT apply! Read installation instructions below:
It goes into a folder where you have your CKEditor plugins. I named it "customkeyboardshortcuts" but you can give it a name of your own.
The code goes into a file named "plugin.js" in this folder. You then need to hint xWiki to use it in CKEditor:
https://extensions.xwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Extension/CKEditor%20Integration/#HUseadditionalCKEditorplugins
As of the keys assigned, you can modify it to your needs too... for now, the following keys are defined:
Keyboard shortcutFormattingRemarks
Control + 0ParagraphSet the format of the current paragraph to "normal"
Control + 1 - 6Heading 1 - 6Set the format of the current paragraph to heading and the number typed
Control + 7PreformattedSet the format of the current paragraph to preformatted (monospace)
Control + 8BlockquoteToggles the Blockquote format
Control + Shift + BBilleted listToggles bulleted list
Control + Shift + NNumbered listToggles numbered list
Contents of "plugin.js"
/**
* @license [email protected], version 0.0.1, provided as is
*/
/**
* @fileOverview customkeyboardshortcuts Plugin
*/
CKEDITOR.plugins.add( 'customkeyboardshortcuts', {
init: function( editor ) {
editor.addCommand( 'p' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'p' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'h1' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'h1' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'h2' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'h2' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'h3' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'h3' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'h4' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'h4' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'h5' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'h5' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'h6' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'h6' } )) );
editor.addCommand( 'pre' , new CKEDITOR.styleCommand( new CKEDITOR.style({ element: 'pre' } )) );
/* Ctrl + 0 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 48, 'p');
/* Ctrl + 1 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 49, 'h1');
/* Ctrl + 2 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 50, 'h2');
/* Ctrl + 3 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 51, 'h3');
/* Ctrl + 4 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 52, 'h4');
/* Ctrl + 5 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 53, 'h5');
/* Ctrl + 6 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 54, 'h6');
/* Ctrl + 7 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 55, 'pre');
/* Ctrl + 8 */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.CTRL + 56, 'blockquote' );
/* Ctrl + Shift + N */ editor.setKeystroke( CKEDITOR.SHIFT + CKEDITOR.CTRL + 78, 'numberedlist');
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Prerequisites & Installation Instructions
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List of Alpha Delta Pi members
Alpha Delta Pi is an international collegiate sorority. Following is a list of notable Alpha Delta Pi members.
Academia
* Irene Dillard Elliot (Nu) – first Dean of Women at the University of South Carolina; first woman to receive Ph.D. from USC
* Harriet Elliott (Phi) – Dean of Women at the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
* Virginia Trotter (Alpha Eta) – former University of Georgia president
Entertainment
* Kathy Bates (Alpha Zeta) – actress known for Titanic, Fried Green Tomatoes, The Waterboy, and Failure to Launch
* Alexis Bellino (Alpha Gamma) – cast member of The Real Housewives of Orange County
* Bree Boyce (Zeta Phi) – Miss South Carolina 2011
* Maggie Bridges (Zeta Omicron) – Miss Georgia 2014
* Kate Capshaw (Alpha Gamma) – actress and wife of Steven Spielberg
* Deana Carter (Alpha Kappa) – country singer
* Carrie Coon (Gamma Theta) – actress
* Julia Crane (Gamma Tau) – Miss Vermont 2018
* Jenna Day (Beta Psi) – Miss Kentucky 2013
* Cathy Deupree (Eta) – singer
* Ainsley Earhardt (Iota and Beta Epsilon) – journalist and co-host of FOX & Friends
* Monique Evans (Delta) – Miss Texas 2014
* Karen Fairchild (Kappa) – country singer; member of Little Big Town
* Nancy Grace (Delta Theta) – CNN News host
* Mallory Todd Hudson (Beta Psi) – Miss Kentucky 2023
* Rachael Kirkconnell (Zeta Iota) – television personality
* Anna Kooiman (Eta Alpha) – reporter and co-host on FOX & Friends weekend
* Neva Jane Langley (Gamma Gamma) – Miss America, 1953
* Sienna Mascareñas (Eta) – Miss New Mexico 2021; Miss New Mexico's Outstanding Teen 2017
* Danica McKellar (Alpha Chi) – actress
* Lu Parker (Zeta Sigma) – Miss USA 1994; KTLA news correspondent
* Emily Procter (Delta Omicron) – actress
* Ali Rogers (Zeta Nu) – Miss South Carolina 2012–2013, 1st runner-up Miss America 2013
* Jean Smart (Alpha Theta) – actress
* Elle Smith (Beta Psi) – Miss Kentucky USA 2021, Miss USA 2021
* Mary Kate Wiles (Alpha Psi) – actress
* Kylie Williams (Iota) – Miss Florida 2007; contestant on Miss America: Reality Check
* Judy Woodruff (Omicron) – managing editor and anchor of PBS NewsHour
Law
* Robin Davis (Gamma Kappa) – most senior justice on the Supreme Court of West Virginia
* Maud McLure Kelly (Eta) – lawyer, suffragist, activist; first woman lawyer in Alabama
* Leslie Rutledge (Delta Delta) – Arkansas Attorney General
Literature
* Lauren Grandcolas (Delta) – author, passenger on United Airlines Flight 93
* Maureen G. Mulvaney (Epsilon Kappa) – author and motivational speaker
* Jessica Nelson North (Theta) – poet and author, editor of Poetry
* Carol Shields (Phi) – author; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, 1995
Politics
* Martha B. Alexander (Iota) – North Carolina General Assembly
* Kimberly Berfield (Zeta Omega) – Florida House of Representatives
* Robin Carnahan (Gamma Nu) – Missouri Secretary of State
* Louise Holland Coe (Alpha Nu) – first woman elected to the New Mexico Senate
* Karen Hughes (Alpha Zeta) –Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
* Jane Stinchfield Knapp (Alpha Delta) – Maine House of Representatives
* Jane Yelvington McCallum (Delta) –Secretary of State of Texas 1926, suffrage activist
* Viola Ross Napier (Adelphean) – first woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly
* Francine Irving Neff (Alpha Nu) – Treasurer of the United States
* Carol Rasco (Delta Delta) – Director of the Domestic Policy Council under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1996
* Jean B. Silver (Alpha Theta) – former member of Washington House of Representatives from 1983 to 1997
Science and medicine
* Sara Branham Matthews (Alpha) – senior bacteriologist for the United States Public Health Service
* Jessie Gray (Beta Zeta) – Canada's "First Lady of Surgery"
* Katherine Van Winkle Palmer (Alpha Theta) – former director of Paleontological Research Institution, first woman to receive a Ph.D. in Paleontology
* Diane Grob Schmidt (Beta Beta) – chemist, former president of American Chemical Society
Sports
* Kelli Finglass (Gamma Chi) – director of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders
* Natalie McGiffert (Theta Mu) – 2016 Summer Olympics for Rhythmic Gymnastic
* Sandra Palmer (Gamma Upsilon) – professional golfer
* Summer Rae (Delta Omicron) – former professional wrestler | WIKI |
clang 17.0.0git
Functions
CGExprConstant.cpp File Reference
#include "CGCXXABI.h"
#include "CGObjCRuntime.h"
#include "CGRecordLayout.h"
#include "CodeGenFunction.h"
#include "CodeGenModule.h"
#include "ConstantEmitter.h"
#include "TargetInfo.h"
#include "clang/AST/APValue.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "clang/AST/Attr.h"
#include "clang/AST/RecordLayout.h"
#include "clang/AST/StmtVisitor.h"
#include "clang/Basic/Builtins.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Sequence.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DataLayout.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalVariable.h"
#include <optional>
Include dependency graph for CGExprConstant.cpp:
Go to the source code of this file.
Functions
static QualType getNonMemoryType (CodeGenModule &CGM, QualType type)
static ConstantLValue emitConstantObjCStringLiteral (const StringLiteral *S, QualType T, CodeGenModule &CGM)
static llvm::Constant * EmitNullConstantForBase (CodeGenModule &CGM, llvm::Type *baseType, const CXXRecordDecl *base)
Emit the null constant for a base subobject.
static llvm::Constant * EmitNullConstant (CodeGenModule &CGM, const RecordDecl *record, bool asCompleteObject)
Function Documentation
◆ emitConstantObjCStringLiteral()
static ConstantLValue emitConstantObjCStringLiteral ( const StringLiteral S,
QualType T,
CodeGenModule CGM
)
static
◆ EmitNullConstant()
static llvm::Constant * EmitNullConstant ( CodeGenModule CGM,
const RecordDecl record,
bool asCompleteObject
)
static
◆ EmitNullConstantForBase()
static llvm::Constant * EmitNullConstantForBase ( CodeGenModule CGM,
llvm::Type baseType,
const CXXRecordDecl base
)
static
◆ getNonMemoryType()
static QualType getNonMemoryType ( CodeGenModule CGM,
QualType type
)
static | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Glyphosate/Archive 3
Statement that glyphosate "more closely approximates to a perfect herbicide than any other"
How strange that there is an edit war going over this statement, and no one has opened a Talk section on this. Sad. If anybody reads the article from which that quote was taken, you will find plenty of support for the statement there, and elsewhere in the scientific literature. I know that plenty of folks who are opposed to Monsanto and/or GMOs think that glyphosate is just nasty stuff, but anybody familiar with herbicides (from using them, which I have not, or researching them, which I have done) knows that the contested statement is true. The statement compares glyphosate to other herbicides - it is not comparing glyphosate to, say, apples. Even if you eat all organic food and are opposed to the use of all herbicides, this should not effect your view on the validity of a statement comparing herbicides. Looking forward to the discussion! Jytdog (talk) 11:13, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Agree that the statement, however distasteful, belongs in the article. The problem of buildup in the soil is clearly very serious, and in order to discuss it properly (which this page doesn't yet do), it will be necessary to establish the base of scientific blindness that has caused the lack of adequate regulation that currently allows enormous quantities of glyphosate to continue to be applied. That quote is an excellent reflection of that scientific blindness. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:58, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Thanks for discussing! I will be interested to see the sources with respect to the soil buildup - the cited articles and others indicate that glyphosate breaks down pretty quickly in soil. If you want to bring them now in a new section we can start discussing while we wait for the lockdown to run its course. Thanks again! Jytdog (talk) 14:24, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* In the section Soil degradation, and effects on micro-organism and worms are citations that say that the glyphosate stays bound in certain types of soil. I'm not sure what the effects of breakdown products might be, and what the effects of other components of Roundup might be. If this page weren't undergoing edit warring, I'd look a bit further to see if there are citations available about any common agricultural practices that cause the soil-bound glyphosate to be released in a large quantity, and what the effects of that might be if it occurred, or whether the bound glyphosate affects plants. However, this edit war is so silly that any effort to produce a properly researched and written article may be pointless. On the other hand, perhaps the animosity and unthinking edits here are due to someone who has a vested interest in Monsanto, and the rest of us giving up is what they want to achieve. The silliness here, I think, goes beyond the general level of thoughtless stupidity that is typical of wikipedia. I'd be interested to know if administrators are able to look into a possible conflict-of-interest of certain editors. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 16:01, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Hi, and thanks for responding! This article is generally pretty stable; I have been working on it for over a year and we have never an edit war/content dispute like what just happened. The folks involved in that have not been active here much in the past. They may of course be in the future! Also, please, please, don't make vague COI accusations. If you identify an editor you are concerned about there are venues to bring that up; such accusations on Talk are not appropriate and just create an icky (yes, icky) environment for everybody to work in. Let's focus on the content, if we may. I do hope you look into the soil retention issue further! Based on what you wrote above I thought you already had sources and were informed on that point. But in any case the article can always use improved NPOV content based on reliable sources. Thanks again. Jytdog (talk) 16:19, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* References 62 and 63 would be an excellent start to the needed research on soil buildup, but I now see that there are two sections with almost the same title, Soil degradation, and effects on micro-organism and worms, which was probably confusing. So if there were a deliberate attempt to derail the discussion here, we wouldn't be able to discuss that. Anyway, I'll leave this "icky" environment, there's something seriously wrong here, and there seems to be no real hope of me managing to bring a scientific view to the article. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 23:55, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Please don't go it would be great if you would help improve the article! Jytdog (talk) 00:48, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
* The recent deletion would have to be undone first, if consensus can ever be reached ... Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:45, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
* I have no idea what this means. Scientific blindness? And what does soil buildup have to do with the the perfection of glyphosate? II | (t - c) 15:23, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Hi II... a truly perfect herbicide would be extremely toxic to undesirable plants, nontoxic to everything else, and after killing the undesirable plant, would break down immediately into products that are harmless to everything. If glyphosate is retained intact, for a long time in the soil, it would fail that third leg, right? Jytdog (talk) 16:19, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* I have great trouble with such a sweeping assertion. This is an encyclopaedia not an advertising brochure. How can anyone argue that it is better than ALL others without providing real evidence? And opinion articles in farming journals are not evidence. I use glyphosate myself and consider it to be a useful tool, but not a divine invention. We need to be objective here. Djapa Owen (talk) 15:33, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* That's what scientists do, they study all the alternatives and come up with a conclusion that product A is better than all of the other products tested. When a spectacular invention comes on the scene, scientists can call it a spectacular invention. A scientific statement that something is a spectacular invention can be picked up and repeated in a farming journal as advice to farmers. It isn't necessarily a partisan opinion. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 16:01, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* OK my marsupial friend, if this is a "scientific opinion", can you point us to the scientific study which has compared glyphosate to ALL alternative herbicides? That would be a huge study to do, and I doubt if even Monsanto would fund it. Djapa Owen (talk) 01:26, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
* Quick question Djapa84 - have you read the source from which the quote is taken? (real question, not rhetorical). Jytdog (talk) 03:59, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
* Indeed, that "mini-review" is a fine source. When glyphosate was developed, people knew what the previously available herbicides were like; it was much less toxic and broke down much faster under the conditions in which it was tested, and was hailed as a great advance. Now this article needs to be updated with information that other test conditions, the results of long-term application to soil and animal-feed crops, and the long-term effects on weeds, may not give such a rosy picture. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:45, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
User:Mark Marathon, User:ImperfectlyInformed, and User:Jusdafax I hope you come and discuss the reasons for the edits you made during edit war you conducted, so when the lockdown is over we can go back to editing productively and collaboratively. I am copying this note to your Talk pages. Thanks! Jytdog (talk) 14:24, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Regardless of whether a sophisticated argument can be brought behind the opinion, it is ultimately an opinion, similar to something like 'math is beautiful'. In addition, it is not fleshed out in the body and it is stylistically problematic because we don't write Wikipedia articles as a conglomeration of quotations. II | (t - c) 15:23, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Well, although arguing with someone who calls themselves Imperfectly Informed might be pointless, here's a couple of points. An opinion can encapsulate a reason for doing something, in this case, a scientific opinion is used to support using glyphosate rather than other herbicides. Using a quote, particularly a short quote such as this one is not a problem, please see Quotations. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 16:01, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* "A scientific opinion" is a strange phrase. "A scientist's opinion" is irrelevant when they are doing science - it is their results, their data and their theoretical work that counts. "Scientific opinion" is like 'medical opinion', it is what you get when academies of science or other overarching bodies survey all the available literature and publish a definitive statement about 'settled science'. There is no such thing as "a scientific opinion" and "a scientist's opinion" (e.g. on the weather or on the election) is worth no more than "a journalist's opinion" or "an advertising executive's opinion". --Nigelj (talk) 18:27, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Actually, no, the page that you point to about scientific opinion was quite wide of the mark (I've edited it now). Scientific bodies such as the Entomological Society of America exist to help the process of science. To do that, they collect membership fees from scientists and use the money to publish scientific journals, and organize conferences. They rarely, if ever, issue "scientific opinion" statements. Individual scientists offer scientific opinion, and sometimes a scientist who is interviewed might be said to be "the president of the Entomological Society of America", but that is just their credentials, some evidence that other scientists think they are reasonably competent. Believe me, if scientific societies were in the business of offering scientific opinion, no scientist would join the societies (science is about doubting and checking, and never trusting someone else's opinion until you've independently verified that they are probably correct; no scientist would ever trust their society to speak for them!). Scientific papers have several sections, one of which is usually called "Results", and a later one is usually called "Discussion" or "Conclusions". Opinion is often expressed in those later sections. There is also a special type of scientific paper called a review paper. Reference 63 on this page is such a paper, it is written by a single scientist (Ole K. Borggaard), and attempts to find the best possible answer to a scientific question, the title is "Does Phosphate Affect Soil Sorption and Degradation of Glyphosate? - A Review". It contains statements such as "it is an efficient weed killer with favorable environmental and toxicological properties such as very low human and animal toxicity" and (page 23) "However, this conclusion seems not very convincing as it was simply based on significant correlations between the concentrations of glyphosate and dissolved phosphate as well as total phosphorus in the surface runnoff (not leachates) but glyphosate was also correlated with the sediment load (Laitinen et al. 2009)." Those sound like opinions to me, and they are scientific. Also, I'd say that medical opinion is what you get from your doctor; you don't wait for the College of Physicians and Surgeons to review your medical history and decide whether a particular medication is a good choice for you. Individual doctors and individual scientists make up their own minds and advise others according to what they personally think. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 23:55, 6 August 2013 (UTC)
* Since this quote is clearly attributable to a couple of scientists, could we include something like. "According to Stephen O Duke a notable scientist with the USDA said..." this makes it so the information is still included but more encyclopedic. VViking Talk Edits 00:42, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
* (responding to Sminthopsis84 above) I'm happy to hear from someone who is more perfectly informed than I am. ;) You may feel offended that I was confused by your statement above about scientific blindness, and I'm sorry that it was dismissive but I'm still confused by your position. What I'm really looking at here is encyclopedic style and substance. The quotation policy page referred to says this pretty well: "Attribution should be provided in the text of the article, not exclusively in a footnote or citation. A reader should not have to follow a footnote to learn whose words a quote is". Wikipedia policy probably allows for unattributed quotes (despite the language above) but I very rarely see unattributed quotes in technical writing and I know they are fairly rare in Wikipedia. This also reflects my experience when I learned to write in college and was taught not to use unattributed quotes in most cases. The more important point is that saying that a substance is perfect is not substantially informative. If glyphosate has characteristics which make it a particularly good herbicide, say that rather than something which leaves most people scratching their head a bit. If this quote is used (which I continue to strongly oppose), it should only be used in conjunction with a prefacing statement which allows people to understand what it means. II | (t - c) 00:58, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
Since productive discussion is underway, I have removed the protection ahead of time. Please reach consensus before making any likely controversial edits. Thanks! —EncMstr (talk) 01:55, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
Glyphosate v. Roundup
In the course of researching claims of a "broad scientific consensus" on the comparative safety of genetically modified foods, I came across a substantial range of sources that discuss Roundup. These are compiled here. Please see in particular that there are numerous studies distinguishing between Roundup and glyphosate. Indeed, it is other ingredients in Roundup (particularly the surfactant TN-20) which give Roundup its particular toxicity. At minimum this should be discussed at this page. However, I think it warrants an undoing of the merge between Roundup and Glyphosate. Roundup is a substantially different chemical formulation, and furthermore is notable unto itself due to associated media coverage and marketing. I have seen past discussions on the issue and I do agree that care should be taken to avoid editing "Roundup" as if it were "Glyphosate". Aloha, groupuscule (talk) 19:54, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Support Products should not feature so prominently in an chemical article, at best they are to be discussed in a general fashion. It would be like discussing low-carbon steel, hex-nuts in the iron article. Moreover, there is an abundance of information on Roundup to warrant a separate article. Plasmic Physics (talk) 23:59, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
* Support undue of merge, given the above this merge is grossly unencyclopedic. petrarchan47 t c 20:05, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Addendum. Allow me to add that although I disagree with the way that Séralini's work and the Entropy article have been portrayed, those who wish to disregard these studies will find (in the linked report) additional literature reviews and and research that confirm Roundup's toxicity. In particular I would point to
* Koller VJ, Fürhacker M, Nersesyan A, Mišík M, Eisenbauer M, Knasmueller S., "Cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of glyphosate and Roundup in human-derived buccal epithelial cells", Archives of Toxicology (2012).
* Ho-Yeon Song, Young-Hee Kim, Su-Jin Seok, Hyo-Wook Gil, and Sae-Yong Hong, "In Vitro Cytotoxic Effect of Glyphosate Mixture Containing Surfactants", Journal of Korean Medical Science (2012).
* Excerpts from these and still sources available at the report. groupuscule (talk) 20:12, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Question - you say that "there are numerous studies distinguishing between Roundup and glyphosate". This is comparing apples to oranges. Glyphosate is the active ingredient in dozens of formulations, including several Roundup variations (there is not one "Roundup" either). Do you have data on any of "Accord, Aquaneat, Aquamaster, Bronco, Buccaneer, Campain, Clearout 41 Plus, Clear-up, Expedite, Fallow Master, Genesis Extra I, Glyfos Induce, Glypro, GlyStar Induce, GlyphoMax Induce, Honcho, JuryR, Landmaster, MirageR, Pondmaster, Protocol, Prosecutor, Ranger, Rascal, Rattler, Razor Pro, Rodeo, Roundup, I, Roundup Pro Concentrate, Roundup UltraMax, Roundup WeatherMax, Silhouette, Touchdown" as is cited in the article? These are the things to compare to one another. Glyphosate is never used alone - always in a formulation as listed above. Glyphosate itself is a member of the class of herbicides called EPSPS inhibitors; other classes include ACCase inhibitors, ALS inhibitors, etc etc. It is relevant to compare active ingredients to one another - see Herbicide for more information on that.Jytdog (talk) 22:43, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Also, this article makes it very very clear that glyphosate is the active ingredient in many formulations, and that Roundup is one of them. There are separate sections already for toxicity due to glyphosate alone, and for glyphosate in formulation (the way it is actually used). It is unclear to me what big surprise you are finding here.. can you explain a bit more? Thanks Jytdog (talk) 23:05, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Numerous studies find that Roundup is more toxic than glyphosate alone. This and other reasons suggest a separate article on Roundup. Some of these other glyphosate-based herbicides may also deserve their own articles. I have read elsewhere that DynCorp routinely sprays a product called "Roundup Ultra" on the Colombian countryside via helicopter. I can only speculate on whether "Roundup Ultra" is more or less toxic than "Roundup". groupuscule (talk) 00:04, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* It is absolutely true that glyphosate in formulation is more toxic than glyphosate alone! No news there, and the article says this already. There used to be an article on Roundup, and it was about 80% overlapping with the article on glyphosate. When I did the merge, I brought over all the information, including all the negative information that was sourced as per Wiki policies and guidelines. You can check that. It makes no sense to have a separate Roundup article. What would be truly awesome and helpful to Wikipedia's readers, is more content in this article on the various adjuvants and other surfactants that are used to create formulations of glyphosate so that Wikipedia reflects how glyphosate is used in the real world. I created specific tags asking for help with that. Jytdog (talk) 00:11, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
One way this could be done, and it'd be my preference, would be to start to develop the product-specific information in this article and see if the content for any one product does need to be broken off into its own article. I'd guess that there might be enough non-glyphosate-specific information available about Roundup in particular, like society and culture information, sales history, Roundup and Roundup-ready crops, critical reaction, and the various formulations available, that might warrant having a separate article for that product. In breaking off Roundup to its own article, there should be a brief summary of the glyphosate ingredient with a link back here. The important thing would be to avoid having too much duplication about the details of glyphosate between the two articles. It might be the case that all the other knock-off brands would not warrant their own articles. Another way to do this would be to leave glyphosate to focus on just that one ingredient and then to create a new article, something along the lines of Glyphosate-based herbicides, and put all the products there. Just some suggestions. 03:09, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* This is a reasonable suggestion to me. The way I tried to struture this article's toxicity discussion is in three sections: 1) glyphosate alone; 2) additives alone; 3) formulations. It takes careful reading of the sources to tease this all out.. and the work as it stands is still imperfect. Jytdog (talk) 10:50, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
Split / Unmerge proposal pending on old Roundup talk page.
hey folks an unmerge proposal has opened on the former Roundup page, with no notice placed here.. here is the discussion Talk:Roundup_(herbicide) Jytdog (talk) 00:17, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
Issue with the Toxicity section
The Toxicity section is divided into Glyphosate toxicity, Additive toxicity and Formulation toxicity; a reasonable division at first sight. However, I'm not clear that it works. For example, the Glyphosate toxicity section says "Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose.[2 refs] Epidemiological studies have not found associations between long term low level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.[3 refs]" However, the two sources used for deliberate overdose both specify that it's a formulation that has been taken. Also it's hard to see that any epidemiological study can distinguish between exposure to glyphosate alone, the added agent(s) in the formulation, and the combination. Thus the Mink et al. (2012) paper used as a source explicitly notes the need for better recording of the formulation. Are there studies which relate to glyphosate-only toxicity in humans? If not, this subsection should be merged into Formulation toxicity. Peter coxhead (talk) 15:27, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
* You are dead on accurate with respect to background, but I don't agree with your solution. I set up the sections logically, and went looking for sources for each. And I had a very hard time. Mink is dead on - many of the academic papers are fatally sloppy with respect to naming what formulation of glyphosate they use, when they use one (they often say "Roundup" but that is all, and there are many versions of Roundup), and they often sloppily switch between discussing glyphosate per se and discussing whatever formulation they used. I think the subsesction division should stay. I agree with you that content should be moved around (e.g. the statement you quote about fatal poisoning with glyphosate formulations, should not be in the glyphosate-alone section - that is a great call). But the article should have separate tox sections for each thing (active agent, additives, and formulations). This is something I have been meaning to get back to and put more work into, which I think is going to require a bunch of library work. Finally, I don't understand why you are focusing on epidemiological studies -- those are useful, but tox studies are typically done in vitro, by toxicologists, using toxicological experimental designs, methods, and standards. Right? Those are the studies we really need for these sections. Jytdog (talk) 15:55, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
* Note that I said in my last sentence above. I agree entirely as to what is needed; I'm just not sure whether enough will be left if you move the acute fatal toxicity and the epidemiological material. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:29, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
* Sounds like we are on the same page - lots of work to do on these section! Thanks for talking. Jytdog (talk) 17:46, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
just went source hunting - leaving here for content-building tomorrow or thereafter:
* good review of additives overall by government agency but does not specify formulations: http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/agr/pesticides/rightofway/docs/risk-assessment-of-surfactants-june-2011.pdf
* ditto http://www.fs.fed.us/outernet/r6/nr/fid/pubsweb/gly.pdf
* review by govt agency, great - specifies agents and what formulations they occur in http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5201696.pdf
* review by conservation organization. some may criticize as not RS. has NPOV discussion and names formulations with and without POEA for example. I would use it but would not fight too hard to keep it http://www.ncparc.org/pubs/Herbicide%20Choices%20&%20Amphibian%20Conservation.pdf
* this book has a decent discussion of current glyphosate formulations Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals By Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Paul J. van den Brink, Reinier M. Mann
* an advertising flyer but good source for names of some adjuvants http://www.ametech.it/docs/GLYPHOSATE_FORMULATIONS.pdf
* useful document from a university extension showing range of products and whether they are pure glyphosate or are "loaded" http://www.smbsc.com/pdf/2013GlyphosateProductsRRSugarbeet.pdf Jytdog (talk) 03:48, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
deletion of content about worms
Hi User:Gandydancer - nice set of edits you are making, thanks. Only objection I have is that you deleted the content about worms. People who study soils, and the "health" of soil, care a lot about the ecosystem in soils; this is one of the big concerns of the organic movement, too. Worms are a key player in those ecosystems; hence the content about the effect of glyphosate and formulations on worms. I thought it was worthwhile to include; you've taken it out.... Jytdog (talk) 19:43, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
* Sorry--I guess I missed the mention of worms. I didn't see it and deleted it from the heading. I'll revert my edit. Gandydancer (talk) 20:37, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
* The worms content, that had been in that section, was deleted in one of your edits yesterday. this one i think.. Jytdog (talk) 20:53, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
* OK, I fixed it. Now I remember why I ended up just deleting the whole thing. For one thing it was so old and a single study and for another, as written it is hard to follow. I can't find the studies that refute the earlier worm study. Could you please give links? Thanks. Gandydancer (talk) 22:07, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
* Just briefly, I had no special issues with you deleting the worm content - I did want to make sure you understood why it was there. The link you request is right there in the article. The current paragraph says:
A laboratory study published in 1992 indicated that glyphosate formulations could harm earthworms(ref) 1992 Springett JA, Gray RAJ (/ref) and beneficial insects.(ref)omitted(/ref) However, the reported effect of glyphosate on earthworms has been criticized.(ref name=Giesy2000 /) The results conflict with results from field studies where no effects were noted for the number of nematodes, mites, or springtails after treatment with Roundup at 2 kilograms active ingredient per hectare.(ref)1989 Preston & Trofymow(/ref)
The key source is the very excellent Giesy 2000 book. If you look at it page 77] (I have added the page ref to the article) you will see that they criticize the 1992 study by Springett and Gray for too small an N to mean anything, and for not characterizing what they did. Jytdog (talk) 22:27, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
* OK, I am well aware of the importance of healthy soil and I am aware that others are as well... I removed the studies because they were old, they were poorly done, and they were single studies (and one was in French...). It seems odd to me that we would spend so much article space on refuting two lone, old studies. ...I will not be reading the 25-year old Caranation Creek book-length report. That said, I don't mind including the info if you believe it to be important. Gandydancer (talk) 23:00, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
* It is one page in the carnation book, as I mentioned. Glad that you aware of why worms matter; sorry for telling you something you already knew. If you want to delete the content, have at it, but I just wanted to note why it was there and why people might want to see it.Jytdog (talk) 23:13, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
tox reviews
User:Gandydancer requested I list " reviews on toxicity of glyphosate per se; some reviews on adjuvants/additives, and some on formulations... Specifically, I meant effects on fish and amphibians". When I agreed, I didn't especially have fish and amphibians in mind. But here is a list
Glyphosate alone:
* Ref 1 in the article: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm (lots on fish, nothing on amphibians)
* Ref 10 http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/glyphos.pdf (lots on fish, nothing on amphibians)
* ref 20 http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphotech.html (fish and amphibs)
* ref31 http://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/14.Glyphosate.pdf (fish, nothing on amphibians)
specific additives (pretty much just POEA
* ref 20 http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphotech.html (fish and amphibs)
* ref31 http://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/14.Glyphosate.pdf (fish, nothing on amphibians) - discusses adjuvants other than POEA namely X-77
* This is good and discusses lots of additives, and from 2007: http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_045552.pdf need to check if it is in the article.
formulations
* ref 20 http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphotech.html (fish and amphibs)
* ref31 http://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/14.Glyphosate.pdf (fish, nothing on amphibians)
still underway.. Jytdog (talk) 23:26, 6 September 2013 (UTC) (added more Jytdog (talk) 15:52, 7 September 2013 (UTC))
Newer health study
http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/15/4/1416/pdf This newer study seems to list human health effects that should be included.--Canoe1967 (talk) 20:32, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
* This source was discussed in the MEDRS board, and was rejected as being not reliable for any health-related content: here. Jytdog (talk) 21:05, 17 September 2013 (UTC)
* MEDRS looks like another crap excuse to censor negative material from our readers. We should include if for our readers but could qualify the inclusion with counter points.--Canoe1967 (talk) 09:25, 19 September 2013 (UTC)
NYT article and study
New York Times, another study.--Canoe1967 (talk) 20:40, 20 September 2013 (UTC)
MIT studies
http://people.csail.mit.edu/seneff/
Anna Frodesiak (talk) 22:41, 9 November 2013 (UTC)
* Discussed and dismissed here and elsewhere.Jytdog (talk) 00:45, 10 November 2013 (UTC)
* Ah, thanks. I didn't know. I encountered the study via an Unwelcome Guests episode. The remark at that page which says "...Witness, for example, the fact that the Wikipedia glyphosate is actively policed...." prompted me to post here. Many thanks. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 08:26, 10 November 2013 (UTC)
* You are welcome! oo that site page is looney birds. Jytdog (talk) 23:55, 10 November 2013 (UTC) (restricting comment to page; i know nothing about the site in general Jytdog (talk) 01:19, 11 November 2013 (UTC))
* I appreciate your view. It will make me seriously question the credibility of other episodes. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 03:20, 11 November 2013 (UTC)
Split
A proposal was made to undo the merge of Roundup and Glyphosate and split them; the discussion is here; Talk:Roundup_(herbicide). It was closed in early October 2013; the closer indicated that a split is appropriate. Nobody has done it yet. I removed the split tag since the discussion is long over. Jytdog (talk) 13:54, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
cereal bars content
today User:Jfortier added the following content in this dif, with edit note " add recent information": "New evidence, however, suggests that Glyphosate residues persist into the food chain. Cereal bars tested in 2012 were found to contain glyphosate at levels approaching 100% " (ref markup removed)
I reverted in this dif with edit note "revert content based on source noncompliant with WP:MEDRS (even the scientific study is a primary source; not valid to generate content from it)" That is enough a basis, but I also wanted to note that the content itself doesn't reflect the source nor does it make sense, where it says "were found to contain glyphosate at levels approaching 100%". I don't know what that means. The source says "According to GM Freeze, 100% of the Jordans cereal bars tested were found to contain glyphosate. The group also says that at least 85% of tested products made by Warburtons – the well known bread company – contained traces of the herbicide." So if the "at levels approaching 100%" is referring to what percentage of samples tested contained glyphosate residues, the proposed wikipedia content is not accurate. (it could also be read to mean, bizarrely, that each sample was composed of 100% glyphosate, which really makes no sense) More importantly, the source says "The weedkiller residues were present in small quantities - between 0.1 and 0.8 mg/kg. This is well below the permitted EU maximum residue levels (MRLs) for cereal crops, which currently span 10 - 20 mg/kg." Everybody knows that food contains glyphosate residues; that is the reason that regulators establish legal limits for trace amounts in food, in the first place. And indeed the amounts found are below the legal limits. So this study says nothing that is new or interesting, in any case. But it does provide the opportunity for the authors of the Ecologist to bring up the already discredited Seneff publications, once again. argh. Jytdog (talk) 15:55, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
Alternative herbicides
Two points:
1) Why does this section exist in an article about Glyphosate? Do we have sections on alternative treatments in drug articles? Or alternatives to household electricity in that article? What is the reader who is interested in Glyphosate expected to glean from this material? It seems completely inappropriate.
2) In what sense are these alternatives. Glyphosate is a broad spectrum, highly translocatable systemic. Both 2,4-D and Dicamba only work on broad leaf plants and both, but especially 2,4-D, have limited translocation ability. I find it hard to believe that anybody has ever suggested them as alternatives to glyphosate. Of the references given, one does not use the word Glyphosate anywhere that I can find, and the other notes specifically that "These additional practices add cost to the production system. Often, there are no effective herbicides that are easily available..." and that "This provides “unique” tools for managing our current list of herbicide-resistant weeds". It then goes on to list a host problems associated with Dicamba and not Glyphosate, including off-site movement and the need for application during early season growth periods, specific spray patterns and so forth. IOW these are not alternatives to Glyphosate, but unique treatment regimes used where Glyphosate is not an option. It's only an alternative in the sense that amputation is an alternative to penicillin. Sure, they both cure infection, but nobody considers one an alternative to the other.
So, can anyone find reliable sources touting these substances as alternatives to Glyphosate, rather than herbicides to be sued where Glyphosate is specifically not an option? IF not I'm inclined to remove the section as original research and for a lack of notability.Mark Marathon (talk) 22:55, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
* To answer your first question, I don't know (although if we searched the archives we could probably find out). I think the following questions are not real questions, but rather are rhetorical, so I will ignore them. I don't know that we need to rely on OR or notability to exclude this section; I think we can just say that the section is outside the scope of the article. I am fine with deleting it. Jytdog (talk) 23:02, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
I suggest we give it 24 hours for others to respond, then turf it.Mark Marathon (talk) 23:17, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
Weed resistance
<< A 2012 study found that over the 16 year period since genetically modified crops were introduced, "herbicide-resistant crop technology has led to a 239 million kilogram (527 million pound) increase in herbicide use in the United States between 1996 and 2011, while Bt crops have reduced insecticide applications by 56 million kilograms (123 million pounds)"[124] Bt crops have been genetically engineered to express a protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, which kills certain insects. This study's results, however, are contradicted by another study published in 2013, which reported that the adoption of GM technology "has reduced pesticide spraying by 474 million kg..."[125] >>
Seems that "increase in herbicide use" in one research is compared to "reduced pesticide spraying" in another research. Herbicides and pesticides are two different things, am I right? This section should be improved with more facts and more references to research. I am not specialist in this, please help!
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:12, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
* fixed Jytdog (talk) 13:14, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
CKDu - Chronic Kidney Disease unknown cause
It looks like there's a reasonably persuasive argument that glyphosate when used in paddy fields and similar situations causes fatal kidney disease:
http://rt.com/news/monsanto-roundup-kidney-disease-921/
Basically, the farmers are splashing it around and standing up to their knees in it, and drinking the run-off into aquifers as well. It's not immediately toxic, but it looks like the chemical is reacting with metal ions and eventually taking out the kidneys.
There's been huge number of deaths.
I'm somewhat reluctant to add it right now though, RT is not the most unbiased source (similar reliability to Fox news I guess). There were earlier stories on the BBC website about this disease, but they didn't mention glyphosate by name.
What do other people think?GliderMaven (talk) 16:21, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* Seems legitimate. I found some other sources as well.GliderMaven (talk) 17:16, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* Need a MEDRS compliant source. Primary research findings are not sufficient. Despite its name, the description of the GMAO and its activities on its website indicates that it is an advocacy group. Formerly 98 (talk) 17:25, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
Here is the article that the press is writing about. The authors write "Here, we have hypothesized the association of using glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the disease endemic area and its unique metal chelating properties" There is no data in the paper nor is there a review of other papers with data. This is noodling - armchair biology. we do not include such things in wikipedia at all as per WP:CRYSTALBALL. definitely does not pass WP:MEDRS. sheesh. Jytdog (talk) 19:09, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
Weed captions
I was trying to tie the captions in to the article because Some readers look at the pictures and captions first before diving into an intimidating amount of text. reverted this work because I had also added a new picture and that was considered WP:UNDUE. No argument with that but if 5 of 9 pictures is undue, perhaps 4 of 9 is also?
How about we take the sub-headings out of the section and discuss different plants in different paragraphs and include a gallery of the plants somewhere in the section? ~KvnG 14:54, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* it is important that we don't misrepresent anything. if you have no information that the actual picture is of an actual glyphosate-resistant plant, it is bogus to insert that information into the caption. way out of bounds.Jytdog (talk) 15:04, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* If you read carefully, you'll see that my captions did not actually say the resistant variants were pictured. I appreciate that a reader might assume that they are but it is an exaggeration to say this is "way out of bounds" as it is my understanding that the resistant varieties are not visually distinguished from the normal ones. ~KvnG 15:46, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* the caption said "A glyphosate resistant variant of Palmer amaranth, commonly known as pigweed, is now widespread in the southeastern United States." yep. you are right, it was an exaggeration. sorry about that. Jytdog (talk) 16:11, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* I don't mind the captions per se, I just don't think we should make this article redundant with the existing "Pesticide Resistance" article. Of course there is glyphosate resistance, just as there is resistance to every other widely used pesticide.
* If there were some aspect of glyphosate resistance that was uniquely harmful or rapidly developing relative to resistance to other pesticides, I could understand the emphasis. But we don't have pictures of methoprene-resistant mosquitos on the methoprene page, nor is it easy for me to see how such pictures add anything. As user:Jytdog has pointed out, you can't look at these pictures and tell whether the plant is glyphosate resistant or not. So why add them other than to create the impression that this product is not useful or that resistance to this pesticide develops in a uniquely rapid manner? It wouldn't be the most widely used pesticide in the US if it were not considered useful by farmers, and if resistance development is unusually rapid, it would be better to find a reference that states that.
* With respect to breaking this out into subsections by resistant species, my question would be: What additional value does a comprehensive listing of observations of geographies and types of weeds in which resistance development has been observed add other than implying without a suitable reference that resistance to this particular pesticide is unusually insidious or rapidly developing? And if the ramifications of glyphosate resistance are not substantially different from those of other pesticides, isn't a deep dive into resistance in this article just a WP:REDUNDANTFORK? Wikipedia articles are supposed to be summaries and not comprehensive reviews. If the article briefly summarizes the benefits, and then gives a comprehensive listing of every observation of resistance, the result is unbalanced.
* I'm not saying that resistance should not be discussed in the article, but there is a happy medium and I think we are moving beyond it. Thanks Formerly 98 (talk) 16:14, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
* My proposal included removal of the subsection headings. This would allow us to make the section shorter and would give it more appropriate weighting when you read the TOC. I'm OK with removing the pictures entirely if that's the consensus; they're only one click away in the linked articles about each weed. My modest edits were an attempt to improve what was already there. I seem to have stepped into something larger. ~KvnG 21:18, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
expansion tags
glyphosate is the active ingredient in many formulations. it has been off-patent in the US for 14 years now (and even longer outside the US), and there are many many formulations on the market. Chinese companies produce the majority of glyphosate today; the market place is very complex (sees this for some flavor). We have almost no information about these other formulations. Another issue is the additives that are in all these different formulations. Glyphosate formulations are much more toxic than glyphosate itself, and it is the formulations that are actually used in the real world, and are the actual source of toxic effects. This article is incomplete without discussion of the various additives that are used and what their toxicities are. so, that is why the tags are there. Jytdog (talk) 17:05, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
* What references exactly state that the toxicity of glyphosate formulations is much greater than glyphosate itself? If these references exist and meet MEDRS standards, the discussion on this page should be limited to the formulations and not to the additives themselves as the article is about glyphosate, not Roundup. POEA, for example, has its own article.
* The only MEDRS compliant reference of POEA I am aware of are here, and it states the opposite of what you are asserting. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10854122, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10854122, http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/glyphotech.pdf. None appear to reach the conclusion you have stated.
* Lastly, by my count, about 20% of the articles is already dedicated to formulation toxicity. What would you consider appropriate weighting? 50%? I would regard any claim that the EPA and its European equivalent have approved highly toxic mixtures that are harmful to human health as an extraordinary claim requiring very strong references. Strong indeed if we are going to dedicate half of the article to the claim.
* There are not "hundreds" of adjuvants for glyphosate as stated in the current version of the article. The link takes you to a page that shows manufacturers, and if you order the list alphabetically, you will see that many of these "adjuvants" are mixtures, and that the exact same mixture or very similar mixtures are made by multiple companies. The Pesticide Action Network lists the most commonly used ones here, calling compounds like glycerin (a component of most skin lotions with an LD50 of several grams per kg) "toxic". As a chemist, I am familiar with most of the compounds on the list, and if you take the time and trouble to go look them up, you'll find that the toxicities that PAN refers to are at superhuman doses. http://www.panap.net/sites/default/files/monograph_glyphosate.pdf. There is a simple reason to stick with a limited set of adjuvants: inert ingredients are regulated by both the EPA and the FDA. http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/pesticide-registration-manual-chapter-8-inert-ingredients#regulation. Formerly 98 (talk) 18:31, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
* This is a little exhausting as these issues have been discussed extensively on this page and others. Glyphosate itself has no known targets in humans - it hits an enzyme found in some plants and lower organisms. (there is some discussion of it as an "endocrine disruptor" but there is no known mechanism or target by which it could do that). Formulations, on the other hand, contain surfactants (for example), and as anybody familiar with biology knows, if you dump detergent on a cell, you will kill it. So formulations are generally much more toxic than glyphosate itself. I will dig up the refs tonight. btw, there used to be a separate article on Roundup but I merged them, with consensus at the time, something like a year ago. Some folks opened an RfC to unmerge them a few months ago, which ended with a determination to do an unmerge. However, no one has done it yet. I don't intend to do it, as keeping them merged makes the most sense to me. Two reasons: a) the articles overlapped about 80%, and b) i don't see a reason why there should be an article on roundup and not on the other formulations. Maybe an article on glyphosate formulations would make sense, but that should grow organically out of this one, and right now sections on formulations are thin and need expansion even here. Jytdog (talk) 19:52, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
* but please update the article to fix any flaws! your chemistry knowledge is super valuable. thx Jytdog (talk) 19:55, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
* You had the misfortune to catch me on a cranky day, but if this has been discussed extensively already I will defer to the decision already made. Formerly 98 (talk) 20:02, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
* sorry i am a little cranky too and i didn't intend at all to wave you off. does what i wrote above make sense? i really do think the article could use your expertise. Jytdog (talk) 20:29, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
* I thought what you said was fine. And I'm still a little exhausted by the paracetamol discussion where we went on for 8000 words to craft 2 sentences. So right now I'm just not real anxious to take on something that has stirred a lot of discussion in the past. Maybe next month. For now I'll continue to look at other aspects of the article where any disagreements that come up can hopefully be rapidly resolved on the MEDRS board. Formerly 98 (talk) 21:02, 6 March 2014 (UTC)
Concerns regarding some recent edits
I am concerned that some recent edits appear to delete information that may be seen as negative and replace it with more positive information. For instance this recently added information related to a recent review:
'' According to the authors, the use of glyphosate-based pesticides cannot be considered the major cause of amphibian decline, the bulk of which occurred prior to the widespread use of glyphosate or in pristine tropical areas with minimal glyphosate exposure. The authors recommended further study of species- and development-stage chronic toxicity, of environmental glyphosate levels, and ongoing analysis of data relevant to determining what if any role glyphosate might be playing in worldwide amphibian decline, and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries.[87]''
Using this summary: " Solomon article - pulled more representative quotes from paper". All of the previous information was deleted. I'll quote the previous information.
''According to the authors, because little is known about environmental concentrations of glyphosate in amphibian habitats and virtually nothing is known about environmental concentrations of the substances added to the herbicide formulations, if and how glyphosate-based herbicides contribute to amphibian decline is not yet answerable due to missing data on how natural populations are affected. They concluded that the impact on amphibians depends on the herbicide formulation with different sensitivity of taxa and life stages while effects on development of larvae are seen as the most sensitive endpoints to study. The authors recommend "better monitoring of both amphibian populations and contamination of habitats with glyphosate-based herbicides, not just glyphosate," and suggest including amphibians in standardized test batteries.''
I am wondering why the editor would suggest that his/her edit was superior to the previous information. In suggesting that his/her decision to include information from the article that they thought was a good summation rather than the abstract of the researchers that wrote the review, couldn't it be reasonable to conclude that this editor rather than the researchers had done the review, or in other words, OR?
* Gandy, you are correct. I completely blew this, seeing it through the lens of other material in which I had checked the statements made in the article against the cited source and found that the sources violated WP:MEDRS or simply mischaracterized the content of the cited reference For example:
* * POEA is highly toxic to humans" - supported only by reference to in vitro studies, which is a violation of MEDRS. If its really "highly toxic", how is it that people routinely survive drinking 50 mL of or more of the undiluted product?
* * "Research has shown that Roundup is teratogenic in animals" - supported only by two papers that describe the teratogenic properties of a completely different compound. Seriously.
* * As you can see from my edits, there was a lot of other material that I found very questionable, mostly due to sourcing, but in some cases due to notability. Is it really notable that 5 years ago a French environmentalist group accused Monsanto of lying to regulatory authorities about the ingredients in its formulation given that no confirmation of this allegation has come to light in the ensuring 5 years? Surely regulatory authorities in France have access to a modern analytical chemistry laboratory and can follow up on such allegations.
* But as for the amphibians article, you are completely correct. I looked up the rather lengthy article and read it for myself, but my interpretation of the author's intentions in this particular case was so far off that I failed to recognize that the text I replaced was a nearly verbatim quote of the article abstract. As such, it is a copyright violation, and cannot be restored. Let's work on finding some language that captures the authors intent better than I did without violating the copyright. Formerly 98 (talk) 18:37, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
* Yes, it is an obvious copyvio--the editor just copied the abstract. In the same section, in this sentence, "Glyphosate formulations are much more toxic for amphibians...", you removed the word "much"--why did you do that? Gandydancer (talk) 11:53, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
* The statement was originally supported by four references, three of which were primary and of dubious relevance. The fourth was to a book, and cited a 90 page section in which I could not find support for the word "much". I believe this is the point at which I deleted the adjective. The current version of the article supports the statement with a better reference that I added on March 10 as the result of a search for better references on the issue of formulation toxicity. The new reference clearly does support the adjective, which is something that I did not notice at the time, so I've re-added the word "much". Formerly 98 (talk) 13:35, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/06/14/groundbreaking-study-links-monsantos-glyphosate-to-cancer/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:00, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
Nope, that's exactly the sort of primary, in vitro research that MEDRS forbids, because so much primary research is not reproducible, especially primary research published in politically contentious fields. Formerly 98 (talk) 00:09, 13 March 2014 (UTC)
Entropy article (again)
Today in these edits, User:Timpo added content based on the Entropy article. As mentioned above, this article has been examined on the MEDRS board and found not acceptable for use in supporting any content in Wikipedia. See Wikipedia_talk:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)/Archive_7.Jytdog (talk) 14:03, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
* This is not simply a newspaper article, and Entropy (journal) I think is is a respected scientific publisher- unless someone knows different? My insertion deliberately fudged the claim thus Anthony Samsel and Stephanie Seneff argue that...may be implicated... My second reference is to that complete scientific paper which has been peer reviewed (Open access PDF 48 pages with 286 references]) Monsanto is a Big Pharma American corporation and Roundup is one of their big successes - so they might be be alarmed if a Wikipedia article were to suggest a speculative line of enquiry which could at some later time become reliable?
* Unfortunately many universities in the USA rely heavily on sponsorship, so academics working in the field of Genetically modified organisms may be implicitly subject to profound commercial information management forces even though there may not have an explicit and personal Conflict of Interest or any direct connection with associated corporate entities
* Regrettably, because Lobbying in the United States is mature and effective in exploiting the rather weak (one year - eludable) revolving door (politics) it is becoming increasingly hard (for me, and seemingly for many outside the US) to trust in the impartiality of US based science or scientists. Were that it was not so, but I think we have a duty to insult our friends? Timpo (talk) 16:31, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
* If you have concerns about COI, please bring them to COIN. Talk is not the place for that. Nor is it the place for WP:SOAPBOX either. Let's use the Talk page as it is intended discuss content and sources. Would you please review the discussion of the source at the MEDRS Talk page and respond. Thanks. 16:44, 2 December 2013 (UTC)
Would like to know more about this citing article which seems confirmatory. I am unwilling to exclude the possibility that there is a negative reputation influence which makes publishing in off-topic journals more likely for this work. I would ask for the opinion of as a trusted generalist (and also ask him how the the request for pre-registered studies from Medline/Pubmed approval went when he visited NIH?) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:59, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
* With respect to the "confirmatory" article, it is a primary source. We do not base any Wikipedia content on primary sources as per WP:PSTS and especially with regard to health-related content, we do not generate content based on primary sources communicating results of in vitro studies as per WP:MEDRS. I cannot imagine that DocJames would say differently.Jytdog (talk) 07:52, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
* Does the statement that "Glyphosate has an antimicrobial effect on intestinal microorganisms" appear in the literature review section of that article, and if so, is it secondary? EllenCT (talk) 15:44, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
* The intro says "Recently, it has been proposed that glyphosate may be a significant factor in the observed increased risk to Clostridium botulinum infection in cattle in Germany over the past 10–15 years (Krüger et al., 2013). Glyphosates toxicity to Enterococcus spp. leads to an imbalance in the gut favoring overgrowth of Clostridium spp. ( Krüger et al., 2013 and Shehata et al., 2013a) because common beneficial bacterium, Enterococcus spp. suppresses Clostridium (Shehata et al., 2013b)." In my opinion information that we present about health in Wikipedia should be based on secondary sources that are established opinion; it is very dangerous to put health information into articles based on primary studies as many primary studies turn out not to be replicable. Jytdog (talk) 18:23, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
* I see. Thank you. How long does it usually take MEDRS sources to appear when multiple primaries agree? EllenCT (talk) 23:59, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
* Not predictable... science sometimes leaps and sometimes it crawls. And I hope you are not leaping from the paragraph I quoted above to a belief that glyphosate is affecting the bacteria in your intestines! (toxicology is much more complex than that) Jytdog (talk) 00:35, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
* Indeed, feedlot cattle have fewer diseases than free-range pasture-fed. I would love to know why you think that is? The extent to which we depend on antibiotics is a monoculture risk, just like the extent on which we depend on a lack of diversity in pesticides. I'm not seeing much clear leadership on monoculture issues from multinational conglomerates borne in the modern mergers-and-acquisitions quarterly balance sheet shortsightedness, especially in terms of willingness to abuse monopoly positions, which we are often reminded of in the press. EllenCT (talk) 04:03, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
You lost me.Jytdog (talk) 07:04, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
* I'll explain later. I am upset about a political lynching on WP:ANI at the moment. EllenCT (talk) 07:30, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
Further reading: Cheers, <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:09, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
* http://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2013/05/06/navigating-the-agricultural-biotech-minefield-when-an-mit-study-is-not-an-mit-study/
* http://www.sci-phy.com/detecting-bogus-scientific-journals/
* http://gmopundit.blogspot.ch/2013/04/all-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about.html
* http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamar-haspel/condemning-monsanto-with-_b_3162694.html
* http://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2013/04/discover-blogger-keith-kloor-stumbles-ne
Three relevant papers worth looking at
I do not have time right now to dissect these papers and work out what might be worth adding to this article. Perhaps another editor might?   Djapa Owen (talk) 13:23, 18 May 2014 (UTC) Major Pesticides Are More Toxic to Human Cells Than Their Declared Active Principles Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. [ http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/roundup-herbicide-125-times-more-toxic-regulators-say Roundup Herbicide 125 Times More Toxic Than Regulators Say]
* Please review WP:MEDRS None of these are reliable sources for medical information. MEDRS requires secondary sources (non-news media), and emphasizes that cell culture data is insufficient to make direct or implied claims about human health effects.Formerly 98 (talk) 13:47, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
* Are you suggesting National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine is a news media organisation?
* We should not make direct or implied claims based on cell culture data then. Maybe just report the cell culture data?   Djapa Owen (talk) 14:21, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
* No, NCBI is not a news source, but it isn't the article source either. Its just a government site that indexes and provides free access to certain published scientific papers. The public library that provides online access to NYTimes articles isn't the source for news stories either. Its just a distribution node. The source is the journal or newspaper the article was published in.
* The first two articles deal with cell culture results and are primary research citations. MEDRS explicitly states that "Primary sources should generally not be used for medical content." and "A reason to avoid primary sources in the biomedical field—especially papers reporting results of in vitro experiments—is that they are often not replicable[2] and are therefore unsuitable for use in generating encyclopedic, reliable content about health."
* The third article is from an quasi new site that does not even meet the standards of mainstream news media. Regarding the latter, MEDRS states "The popular press is generally not a reliable source for scientific and medical information in articles. Most medical news articles fail to discuss important issues such as evidence quality,[18] costs, and risks versus benefits,[19] and news articles too often convey wrong or misleading information about health care." This site contains almost exclusively articles that are far outside medical mainstream thinking, with titles like "Why the Press shouldn't discount vaccine skeptics", "Should Wheat be reclassified as a pathogen?", and "28 signs that the Western US is being absolutely fried with nuclear radiation from Fukushima".
* The only possible purpose for quoting cell culture data in this article (if you found a secondary source) would be to make implied statements about human health, as obviously very few of our readers are concerned with the well-being of cultured cells. If this were an article on maintaining cell culture specimens, the cell culture data would be of interest in its own right irrespective of any implied statements about effects on human health. But its clearly not.
Formerly 98 (talk) 14:43, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
* Hi Djapa, you are clearly well intentioned, but you also clearly don't understand biomedical literature. None of these are published by "National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine" - that is just an indexing service. The key message of MEDRS is that any health-related information in Wikipedia needs to come from a) a review article published in the biomedical literature (ideally a critical review, something like what Cochrane puts out; or b) statements by major medical or scientific bodies. The first two sources you brought are primary sources, and everything in Wikipedia should be based on secondary sources (see WP:OR and WP:RS), and this is even more important for health related information (see WP:MEDRS, please do read MEDRS). The third source is just a news report, from a partisan source at that, about the first one. And MEDRS is clear that news reports that come out when primary sources are published are not reliable either. I hope that makes sense. Jytdog (talk) 14:46, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
New article in HuffPo
New article in HuffPo:. Leaving it here for anyone's use in the article. Softlavender (talk) 00:10, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
* so sad. Jytdog (talk) 00:20, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
Controversy missing
The use of GMO roundup ready crops is hotly debated in societies worldwide ie: labeling laws, yet this article fails to mention any debate. Anyone against adding the social side? Dougmcdonell (talk) 14:26, 21 June 2014 (UTC)
* Not missing. See the bottom section on GM crops and the link there to Genetically modified food controversies. The topic is very well covered in that article! Jytdog (talk) 14:48, 21 June 2014 (UTC)
Use
I would like us to explain how best to use it. Roundup says to apply when weeds are "actively growing". This, in my experience is not just not-dormant-in-winter. This means that, say stinging nettles are green and nominally growing in the summer, but you have to cut them down and let them regrow if you want them to be "actively growing" enough to die from Glyphosate- hence Roundup's reference to Spring. Can't find any references to this but the proffesionals know this.
IceDragon64 (talk) 10:34, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
Rio Cuarto Studies
There are several studies relating the use of Glyphosate to cancer and other deceases, which should be mentioned in the article. The latest coming from Argentina, a 8 year study strongly relating its use with genetic damage. Mariano (t/c) 11:10, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
* thanks for wanting to improve the article! however we don't use news media reports to source anything health-related in Wikipedia, nor do we use original scientific publications. This is explained in our guideline for health related content, WP:MEDRS. There are no acceptable sources that say that glyphosate causes cancer; that is why it is not discussed in this article. I do know that there are a lot of sensational websites out there that make all kinds of scary claims; we are careful to include only reliable information in Wikipedia. btw, here is the most recent review on glyphosate toxicity: . Jytdog (talk) 12:09, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
* Thanks Jytdog. Added that to the toxicity section. Appreciate any feedback. Lfstevens (talk) 06:52, 7 October 2014 (UTC)
History: Invention by Henry Martin in Switzerland
Glyhosate was invented by Swiss chemist Henry Martin for Swiss compnay Cilag. In 1959, Swiss company Cilag was sold to American company Johnson & Johnson. Only in 1970, the herbicidal activity was discovered by American chemist Franz, who worked for Monsanto. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:23, 8 November 2014 (UTC)
* added a source and copyedited accordingly. Jytdog (talk) 01:44, 8 November 2014 (UTC)
Monsanto
Under the Formulations and Tradenames → Monsanto section, the article states that "their(Monsanto's) Roundup products (which include GM seeds) represented about half of Monsanto's yearly revenue;" however, the cited reference, an article from Forbes states that "...the seed producer improved gross margins from 55.6% to 58% last quarter..." This refers to Monsanto's overall gross profit margin, and not the percentage of their profit which comes from the sale of seeds. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:19, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* fixed, thanks. Jytdog (talk) 13:29, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
Here is why we don't use popular press to report science
introduced the following text in this dif: " Monsanto discovered the genes for glyphosphate tolerance by studying a bacteria growing on the waste at a Roundup factory." The source provided was this newspaper article which says: "This pesticide-resistant enzyme was taken from a bacteria growing on the waste at a Roundup factory."
Seems to be a good match! Right?
The source links to its source - an article in PNAS, where you find: "The Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, isolated from a waste-fed column at a glyphosate production facility, yielded a glyphosate-resistant, kinetically efficient EPSP synthase suitable for the production of transgenic, glyphosate-tolerant crops."
The newspaper reporter read too fast or doesn't have a clue what a "column" is, or what the scientific effort looks like to try to drive evolution. Here is the patent application cited in the PNAS paper, about CP4 was found: "The Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 was initially identified by its ability to grow on glyphosate as a carbon source (10 mM) in the presence of 1 mM phosphate. The strain CP4 was identified from a collection obtained from a fixed-bed immobilized cell column that employed Mannville R-635 diatomaceous earth beads. The column had been run for three months on a waste-water feed from a glyphosate production plant. The column contained 50 mg/ml glyphosate and NH3 as NH4CI. Total organic carbon was 300 mg/ml and BOD's (Biological Oxygen Demand - a measure of "soft" carbon availability) were less than 30 mg/ml. This treatment column has been described (Heitkamp et al., 1990). Dworkin-Foster minimal salts medium containing glyphosate at 10 mM and with phosphate at 1 mM was used to select for microbes from a wash of this column that were capable of growing on glyphosate as sole carbon source" and blah blah blah.
Does that sound even a little bit like the bullshit that was in the newspaper article and that was introduced into WP? Hell no. Jytdog (talk) 05:15, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* I hate to say it, but that's a fairly accurate representation of the facts. The bacterium was found in waste water from a glyphosate factory. Monsanto went to a lot of effort to isolate it from all the other microbes in that water, but the patent says in plain English that the bacterium was isolated from a column that was run using waste water from the Roundup factory. The column played a major role in allowing the bacterium to be detected and isolated, but the bacterium did come, originally, from the waste water form the factory. By any normal reading, the genes came from a bacterium that came from the waste water that came from a Roundup factory. That shouldn't be surprising. If you are looking for a microbe that has evolved to digest a chemical, you start looking at the place where the most microbes have been exposed to that chemical for the longest time: the waste water form the production plant. At this stage, I vote that we include this information. It's interesting, it's pertinent, it's factual. It may need to be slightly reworded, but all sources seem to agree that the bacterium was isolated from waste water at the glyphosate factory.Mark Marathon (talk) 05:44, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* Agreed that this information should be included. The source is reliable, secondary, and essentially correct. Although it is possible that the mutation that lead to the CP4 strain first occurred on the column, I think it is far more likely that it already existed in the production facility's waste stream where bacteria had been exposed to glyphosate for several years on a much larger scale. The purpose of the column was likely to isolate and replicate a pre-existing CP4 strain. However we cannot say that with 100% certainty. Hence it would be safer to say "isolated from a waste-fed column at a glyphosate production facility" as this secondary source does. Boghog (talk) 07:07, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* wtf? boghog I am at surprised at you, making things up this way. what we know from the PNAS paper is that Monsanto scientists did work to drive bacteria to be resistant to glyphosate, isolated them, then clone the gene. they did fucking science. we should do the standard move here, and find a review that describes how the resistance gene was discovered. i have to go to an all-day meeting now, will come back to this tomorrow. Jytdog (talk) 12:33, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* I am equally surprised at you Jytdog. No one is disputing that the Monsanto scientists isolated the CP4 strain or cloned the gene. However no where in the patent application nor in the PNAS article is it claimed that the scientists drove the evolution the CP4 strain. That evolution was likely to have begun in the waste stream long before the scientists started their experiments. Regardless, to argue where the CP4 strain originally evolved (in the waste stream or in the column) is rather pointless. The scientists themselves don't know nor do they probably care. The only important fact is they were able to isolate this glyphosate resistant strain and no one disputes this fact. I have already suggested a suitable secondary source above that simply states where the strain was isolated without speculation as to where it originally evolved. Boghog (talk) 14:29, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* The main issue here seems to be spin. It appears the source Jytdog questioned is trying to imply imagery of the bacteria was found in some toxic sludge (cue maniacal Monsanto exec laughter). We do need to be careful of how information is presented to prevent undue weight in a case like that. If the scientists were purposely driving the evolution of the bacteria and it wasn't just happenstance, then the use of waste-water is a more minor detail in the whole process. If it was more happenstance, then we need to be sure to describe it in a neutral way. For a scientist, waste-water can invoke very different imagery than for a general reader, almost to the point of being a WP:JARGON issue. Kingofaces43 (talk) 14:39, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* In this instance i can't see any evidence that "waste water" doesn't mean exactly what it means to the general reader. It refers to the water that is expelled from the factory as waste. Water that was contaminated with whatever was washed from the floor and equipment. That's what waste water means to the general reader, and there is no reason to believe that's not what it means in the patent. Can you present any evidence that this is not the case? If not, then why should we assume that it is some form of jargon? I've worked in a lot of fields in my time. and I have never heard "waste water" used as jargon. I always just means "water that is waste because it is too contaminated/hot to be reused"; exactly what it means to the general reader.Mark Marathon (talk) 21:28, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* I don't think the term "waste water" means anything here. Water running down the drain of your shower is waste water, and unless you use PCBs as a skin moisturizer, it is not "too toxic to be reused". In fact San Diego is recycling its wastewater and sending it back to our taps.
* This paper describes Monsanto's development of the fixed bed bioreactor for tertiary scrubbing of wastewater that had already been through two cycles of treatment. They had already been using bacterial treatment of their waste stream for years to remove chemicals from the water used in production prior to release, and they took bacterial sludge from that reactor, loaded it into diatomaceous earth columns, and used them as a more efficient treatment process. The Agrobacterium used as a source for the gene was isolated from this reactor, and its ancestors grew up in the prior version of the Monsanto treatment facility. The ancestors of these bacteria cannot be presumed to have evolved in response to glyphosate in Monsanto's waste stream as the existence of bacterial enzymes that cleave carbon-phosophorus bonds has been known since 1963, many years before the discovery of glyphosate. (see the references in this paper) and were present at the time of Monsanto's original studies of the biodegradation of glyphosate (see refs in same paper).
* So I don't think we need to bring to the reader's mind images of bizarre new life forms evolving in toxic Monsanto waste streams, that's all WP:COATRACK. They isolated the gene from a bacteria that they had readily at hand. With a little more effort, they could have pulled it out of the soil in backwoods Minnesota, where it would have been hungrily devouring the natural substance 2-aminoethanephosphonic acid. The source of the bacteria is a trivial experimental detail. Formerly 98 (talk) 00:23, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
thanks everybody for the discussion. i replaced the current content about the discovery of ESPS CP4 with new content based on the discussion above, with Boghog's source and an additional one i found. Jytdog (talk) 02:38, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
* Likewise, thanks to everyone for the discussion and to Jytdog for revising the content. Just one minor point for clarification. As Jytdog has made clear in the revision, the Agrobacterium CP4 EPSP synthase doesn't break down glyphosate, rather it is resistant to it while still retaining high efficiency for the reaction it normally catalyzes. The most closely related EPSP synthases which have been sequenced are from Rhizobium (it has been proposed that Agrobacterium and Rhizobium genera be merged, but this is controversial, see Agrobacterium or Rhizobium, which name to use?):
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC MSHGASSRPATARKSSGLSGTVRIPGDKSISHRSFMFGGLASGETRITGLLEGEDVINTG 60 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ MSHGVALKPARSLKSADLKGTVRIPGDKSISHRSFMFGGLASGETRITGLLEGEDVINTG 60 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP MSHGVALKPARSLKSADLRGTVRIPGDKSISHRSFMFGGLAAGETRITGLLEGEDVINTG 60 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ MSHGVALKPARSLKSADLKGTVRIPGDKSISHRSFMFGGLASGETRITGLLEGEDVINTG 60 ****.: :** : **: * **********************:******************
7 8 9 0 1<PHONE_NUMBER>12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC KAMQAMGARIRKEGDTWIIDGVGNGGLLAPEAPLDFGNAATGCRLTMGLVGVYDFDSTFI 120 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ KAMQAMGAKIEKVGAEWIIQGTGNGALLAPEAPLDFGNAGTGCRLTMGLVGVYDFDSTFI 120 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP KAMHAMGARIEKVGDEWIIQGTGNGALLAPEAPLDFGNAGTGCRLTMGLVGVYDFESTFI 120 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ KAMQAMGAKIEKVGAEWIIQGTGNGALLAPEAPLDFGNAGTGCRLTMGLVGVYDFDSTFI 120 ***:****:*.* * ***:*.***.*************.***************:****
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC GDASLTKRPMGRVLNPLREMGVQVKSEDGDRLPVTLRGPKTPTPITYRVPMASAQVKSAV 180 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ GDASLSKRPMGRVLAPLREMGVQVTAAEGDRLPVTLRGPATPNPITYRVPMASAQVKSAV 180 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP GDASLTKRPMGRVLNPLREMGVQVKAAEGDRLPVTLRGPSIPNPITYRVPMASAQVKSAV 180 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ GDASLSKRPMGRVLAPLREMGVQVTAAEGDRLPVTLRGPATPNPITYRVPMASAQVKSAV 180 *****:******** *********.: :*********** *.*****************
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC LLAGLNTPGITTVIEPIMTRDHTEKMLQGFGANLTVETDADGVRTIRLEGRGKLTGQVID 240 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ LLAGLNTPGTTTVIEPVMTRDHTEKMLQGFGADLTVETDADGVRTIRLQGRGRLTGQVID 240 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP LLAGLNTPGVTTVIEPVMTRDHTEKMLQGFGANLMVELDADGVRTIRLEGRGQLIGQVID 240 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ LLAGLNTPGTTTVIEPVMTRDHTEKMLQGFGADLTVETDADGVRTIRLQGRGRLTGQVID 240 ********* ******:***************:* ** **********:***:* *****
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC VPGDPSSTAFPLVAALLVPGSDVTILNVLMNPTRTGLILTLQEMGADIEVINPRLAGGED 300 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ VPGDPSSTAFPLVAALLVPGSEVTIENVLMNPTRTGLILTLQEMGADIEVLNARLAGGED 300 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP VPGDPSSTAFPLVAALLVPGSDVTIENVLMNPTRTGLILTLQEMGADIEVINPRLAGGED 300 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ VPGDPSSTAFPLVAALLVPGSEVTIENVLMNPTRTGLILTLQEMGADIEVLNARLAGGED 300 *********************:*** ************************:* *******
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC VADLRVRSSTLKGVTVPEDRAPSMIDEYPILAVAAAFAEGATVMNGLEELRVKESDRLSA 360 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ VADLRVRHSQLKGVTVPAERAPSMIDEYPVLAVAAAFAEGTTTMLGVEELRVKESDRLSA 360 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP VADLRVRHSELKGVTVPADRAPSMIDEYPVLAVAAAFAEGATTMLGLEELRVKESDRLSA 360 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ VADLRVRHSQLKGVTVPAERAPSMIDEYPVLAVAAAFAEGTTTMLGVEELRVKESDRLSA 360 ******* * ******* :**********:**********:*.* *:*************
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC VANGLKLNGVDCDEGETSLVVRGRPDGKGLGNASGAAVATHLDHRIAMSFLVMGLVSENP 420 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ TAAGLKLNGVDCDEGEDTLTVRGRPGGKGYGNAAGEAVATHLDHRIAMSFLVLGLVSEHP 420 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP VADGLKLNGVDCDEGEDTLVVRGRPGGKGYGNATGSSVVTHLDHRIAMSFLVMGLVSEHA 420 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ TAAGLKLNGVDCDEGEDTLTVRGRPGGKGYGNAAGEAVATHLDHRIAMSFLVLGLVSEHP 420 .* ************* :*.***** *** ***:* :*.*************:*****.
SP|Q9R4E4|AROA_AGRSC VTVDDATMIATSFPEFMDLMAGLGAKIELSDTKAA 455 TR|A0A081MDT9|A0A081MDT9_9RHIZ VTVDDAGIIATSFPEFMDLMAGLGARIEAVESRAA 455 TR|L0NN29|L0NN29_RHISP VTVDDAGIIATSFPEFMDLMTGLGARIEPVESRAA 455 TR|A0A081MM49|A0A081MM49_9RHIZ VTVDDAGIIATSFPEFMDLMAGLGARIEAVESRAA 455 ****** :************:****:** :::**
* As pointed out in, a single Ala-100-Gly mutation restores glyphosate sensitivity. The most closely related EPSP synthases which have been sequenced all have Gly at position-100. This suggests that this mutation that results in glyphosate resistance may have been a relatively recent evolutionary event. Without additional sequences of synthases from other strains of Agrobacterium, it is impossible to say where and when this mutation first arose. Boghog (talk) 10:14, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
* thanks for that detail... i take it you are not suggesting any content change or addition.... or are you? (btw, I added the same content to the EPSP synthase article) Jytdog (talk) 13:09, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
* Those details at the moment are only WP:OR ;-) We would of course need a published reliable source that talks about the evolution of Agrobacterium EPSP synthases and so far I have not found any. Boghog (talk) 15:23, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
Pesticide resistance
Ponydepression has reverted this content a couple times now, but the issue isn't particularly clear. The wikilink goes to the pesticide resistance article, which is exactly what glyphosate resistance plants are. Given, the article itself does need an addition for non-pest resistance, but we still call it pesticide resistance regardless of what is resistant. Could you explain what you're seeing as the issue is here? Thanks. Kingofaces43 (talk) 03:26, 19 December 2014 (UTC)
* while the initial reason given was wrong (statement that "herbicide is not a pesticide" is incorrect) the wikilinked article Pesticide resistance is about the development of resistance by weeds (e.g. "superweeds"), not the genetically engineered resistance of crops to pesticide. wrong reason, but correct edit. I removed the wikilink. Jytdog (talk) 04:10, 19 December 2014 (UTC)
* I can see why you made the change reading over it a bit now. I was mainly going by the first sentence, "Pesticide resistance describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest." That was close to what we should have for a general definition that I thought could be tweaked relatively easily, but it looks like the rest of the page needs to be generalized a bit when I read the rest of it. It doesn't need to be a pest in question, but obviously that's the predominant example. If we are just going by the article name, the article would need to be generalized to include crop glyphosate resistance, but that's not a discussion for here. I'll try tackling that reorganizing at some point, and readd the wikilink once things mesh up better. Kingofaces43 (talk) 04:42, 19 December 2014 (UTC)
* we're on same page :) Jytdog (talk) 11:17, 19 December 2014 (UTC)
B-cell lymphoma?
Came across this review: whose abstract includes " B cell lymphoma was positively associated with phenoxy herbicides and the organophosphorus herbicide glyphosate." Should this go in? Lfstevens (talk) 20:56, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
* oh god it is another article in an MDPI journal which also published that bad Seneff article. i'll have a look! Jytdog (talk) 21:38, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
* OK, I looked at this closely, and looked for commentary on it. Seems OK. It is about occupational exposures and was a meta-anlysis of epidemiological studies. So correlative. It found that workers exposed to glyphosate are twice as likely to get a subtype of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, namely B cell lymphoma. B cell lymphomas account for almost all NHL. That's twice as likely, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.1–3.6. Overall, according to the NCI, around 2.1 percent of adults are diagnosed with NHL at some point during their lifetime - that includes everybody. I'll add some content to our article. Nice find! Jytdog (talk) 01:51, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
* Here's a contrary, earlier review:
* actually not necessarily contrary. the 2012 review you cite is not limited to occupational exposure. There is no signal in that population. I'll add this too. Thanks. Jytdog (talk) 20:58, 28 February 2015 (UTC)
seneff source again
please see Wikipedia_talk:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)/Archive_7 Jytdog (talk) 01:47, 16 March 2015 (UTC)
Deletion of Sentence " The classification mainly pertains to industrial use of the compound rather than use in gardens."
I support this diff by. I have been meaning to come back and delete that sentence. There is nothing in the study that says anything about "industrial formulations." David Tornheim (talk) 06:28, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
* Originally I deleted the sentence above for the reasons I struck out above, namely that it was not in the study. Now, I see it is in the other article mainstream article from U.S. News & World Report about the study, rather than from the study itself. That makes me reconsider my opposition to the sentence. I am happy to support adding it back, as long as we are clear about this: Is it indeed okay for material written about scientific studies in sources that are neither written by scientists nor published in a scientific journals when they report on that study? If so, the sentence would be acceptable. I am adding another sentence from the same article, assuming the answer is yes. David Tornheim (talk) 06:46, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
* Strangely, articles about reports are considered more reliable than the reports themselves. As long as the source is reliable, it should overrule the (potentially self-serving) original. Lfstevens (talk) 07:19, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
* ^Is this from WIki-Policy, -Guideline, or -Essay? Or from outside Wikipedia? Are you saying this is true of scientific studies, in particular? That non-scientists writing about scientific work from the mainstream press (if deemed "reliable") are more reliable than the work published by scientists in a peer reviewed journal? David Tornheim (talk) 07:38, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
* It's about the preference for secondary sources. Lfstevens (talk) 07:45, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
* Fails WP:MEDPOP and thus should be excluded. Formerly 98 (talk) 14:00, 22 March 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
FAQ: Exhaust System
Let’s start from the beginning here and learn about the exhaust system step by step. Overall, a car’s exhaust system is meant to exhaust gases away from your engine. The entire system functions together to achieve this. Depending on your system’s design, the gases will flow through aspects of the system in different ways. Generally, a vehicle’s exhaust system is made up of a variety of parts including: exhaust manifold, cylinder head, muffler, tail pipe, exhaust pipe, oxygen sensor, and catalytic converter. However, depending on the make and model of your car; the exhaust gas may flow through less/more.
Exhaust manifold
This encompasses the cylinder head and pipe. Basically, the exhaust manifold takes the burned exhaust gases from your engine’s cylinders and combines them into one pipe leading to the ejection of the gas out through the car’s tail pipe. Overtime, the manifold can experience cracks or leaks due to the constant expanding and contracting of the heating and cooling components in the engine, so it’s best to not let your manifold go unnoticed.
Cylinder Head
This is the end cover of the cylinder in an internal combustion engine. It has several different functions: housing the exhaust, intake valves, fuel injector, and helps link passage for the fuel/air mixture.
Muffler
Simply, the muffler serves as a device to quiet the exhaust down. It helps to decrease the amount of noise emitted from the exhaust process in an internal combustion engine.
Tail Pipe
This is simply just the rear section of the exhaust system that helps to carry the gases (fumes) from the muffler to the rear of the car.
car-exhaust-1902909_960_720
Exhaust Pipe
Throughout the exhaust system, the exhaust pipe helps to carry the gas through its journey to the tail pipe.
Oxygen Sensor
Most modern fuel injected cars use/include an oxygen sensor to measure the amount of oxygen that is present in the exhaust. This is located in the exhaust manifold (or near it) to ensure the correct mixture of air/fuel is combining for maximum fuel economy.
Catalytic Converter
This part helps to convert harmful fumes like carbon monoxide into water vapor and carbon dioxide. It is found between the exhaust manifold and the muffler.
Now you more thoroughly know about the parts that work together to make up your exhaust system. It is essential to keep your exhaust system in good condition to help your fuel mileage, environment, and overall, your safety. A good rule of thumb to remember is that rust is your exhaust system’s biggest enemy. You want to avoid cracks and leaks at all costs, so get your exhaust system checked often to make sure you stay in good condition! Schedule service today to get this easily checked now that you know!
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A Maine police department doesn't want you telling officers these things
(CNN)Sometimes it's easy to forget that without the uniform and badge, cops are regular people. So when they stand in line for a burger, they -- like most of us -- don't want to hear tired jokes. At least, that's what the Bangor, Maine, Police Department says. On Sunday, the department posted a list on Facebook detailing six things people "don't need to tell cops" in a public setting. The first point addresses the tendency to tell a cop "I didn't do it" (sometimes with a half chuckle) when an officer walks into a restaurant or other gathering place. "We probably don't think that you did do it," says the post. "We probably don't know what "it" is. We assume most people we run into during the average day didn't do it, and neither did their friends." The pretend serious tone, written by the page's part-time administrator Lt. Tim Cotton, is not unusual for the department, which has gained social media fans -- and more than 230,000 likes -- for its surprisingly chill recaps and blog The Duck Daily Sun. If you're drunk, they don't need to know. If you're not drunk, they also don't want to know. And please don't tell your misbehaving 2-year-old to cut it out or the cops will arrest him. Instead, the officers of Bangor, Maine, prefer a simple hello, chatting about the Sox or Patriots or giving out directions. "We enjoy talking to all kinds of folks," the post says. "Please don't assume we assume that you are [a] bad person, a criminal, a fugitive from justice, or that you are a bad driver. We are just like you." Here's the full list: You do not need to tell us -- "I didn't do it." We probably don't think that you did do it. We probably don't know what "it" is. We assume most people we run into during the average day didn't do it, and neither did their friends.Do not point at your friend and say -- "He/She did it." It was funny the first 389 times. Actually only about 4 times, but we are all about fairness. You might not know that we have heard it before. Most of us will still smile.Do not tell your children that we are going to arrest them if they don't behave. Don't. Do. That. We are not going to arrest them if they are not behaving. We are not going to scare them for you. We just don't do that. Kids have enough to worry about without thinking that each time they see a police officer they are going to be arrested. We don't arrest kids. You are going to need to work on your parenting skills if this is one of your strategies. Stop it.If you are drunk, you do not need to tell us you are drunk. We can usually tell. Just don't drive a motor vehicle. Otherwise, enjoy your altered state of mind. We don't mind.If you are not drunk, you don't need to tell us that either. We know that people consume alcoholic beverages in many settings. Most people who are drinking for the pleasure of having a drink are not drunk.Don't feel you need to tell us that you did not speed today. You don't need to tell us the last time you got pulled over, or even if you never had a summons. We appreciate the way most folks drive. We are not thinking that you are a bad person when we show up in the fast food line with you. We think you are hungry. It's all good. We're hungry too. We do not hold poor motor vehicle records against you while you are buying a burger. We know you will do better right after lunch.Things we do like to hear ... "Hello" "How are you today?" "Could you give me directions to_______?" "How 'bout those Sox, Patriots, Celtics, actors in this year's Penobscot Theatre production of Beauty and the Beast?" "Could you help me get to my car? It's slippery and I am not doing well today." "Are you going to eat all those fries?" "You are not wearing too much Old Spice today." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Nick is a US Army veteran, husband and father of three, and has a BA in History. He is a Civil War aficionado and also enjoys genealogy.
William Tecumseh Sherman
The name William Tecumseh Sherman to this day brings forth a variety of emotions, depending on which side of the Mason-Dixon Line your heritage or sympathies lie. To many in the North, he is the general who brought swift and decisive victory for the Union by his use of "total war" on the Confederate population. He is also considered nothing short of the devil for the exact same reasons by southerners of that era and even to this day.
From the Union perspective, Sherman and fellow general U.S. Grant personally believed that in order for the war to truly come to a close, the Confederacy would have to be beaten not only on the battlefield but economically and psychologically. This included burning crops, killing livestock, destroying transportation, and consuming supplies. Sherman believed that by bringing the common Confederate citizen to the brink of starvation and psychologically drained, the South would have no alternative but to capitulate. Sherman said, “War is cruelty. There’s no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.”
Another aspect of this “total war” concept was that, in the process of suffering from this type of warfare, the Confederate soldiers would begin deserting by the thousands to come home to the aid of their families. This would render the Confederate Army short of manpower, a commodity the Confederates could not spare at this point in the war. Sherman also truly believed that in applying this tactic of warfare, he not only was saving the lives of his men by keeping them from actual combat, but he was also in a sense keeping the Confederates from combat, conversely saving their lives as well.
Sherman, at the outset of the war, was actually a military instructor in Mississippi and had strong feelings for his southern comrades, and even believed that the liberation of the slaves was not a good idea. He did, however, believe that the South should be punished and that justice and righteousness would be delivered by the application of total war.
His tactics saved the lives of men on both sides, it showed the strength and tenacity of the Union Army, and it brought a swifter end to the war.
From the Confederate standpoint, however, Sherman is not seen in the same light. In fact, to this day he is considered next to the devil himself as the epitome of evil by many southerners. To southerners of his era, this type of warfare was not “gentlemanly” and not how civilized men fought wars. There are those in the South that still blame Sherman and his men for crimes they did not commit, and even for actions in areas that he didn't even march through. But his type of warfare was the "shock and awe" of the 19th century and southerners have never forgotten him.
What is crucial to understand is that, regardless of your stance on Sherman, he was not anything other than what he claimed to be. He never apologized for his actions and truly never felt the need to do so. He stood by his convictions to the end and even believed in truly reuniting the country; indeed, the only animosity he held for the South after the war was voiced in the comment: "We accepted their challenge, and now for them to whine and complain of the natural and necessary results is beneath contempt. But for the more manly, who are now engaged in building up, I feel friendship and respect." Even his main nemesis of the war, Joseph E. Johnston (who at Sherman's funeral refused to don his head-covering in the bitter cold even when he himself was in ill health) said, "If I were in his place and he standing here in mine, he would not put on his hat." Johnston died five weeks later.
The details are out there, and I urge readers to put away any prejudice and look at the facts of history before they pass judgment on the man. Almost every pro-southern site I visit claims that history has the facts wrong, and tends to invent things for which there is little to no documentation. Conversely, many on the other side completely ignore many of the atrocities that were committed by Sherman's "bummers" with his full knowledge and raise the man to hero status without even knowing the facts or why.
So in the end, really, the question really depends on one's knowledge of the facts or one's reliance on heritage passed down through the ages. To many, even some southerners, Sherman was a true hero. A no-nonsense and brilliant strategist whose actions, while harsh and unconventional for the time, probably were some of the most critical episodes of the Civil War. To some, he can never be forgiven for the harsh, brutal, and cruel actions he enacted against southern citizens, could be considered a racist, and regardless of the circumstances, will continue to be the personification of evil itself.
This content reflects the personal opinions of the author. It is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and should not be substituted for impartial fact or advice in legal, political, or personal matters. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Ewater/Archive
Report date January 16 2009, 22:51 (UTC)
* Suspected sockpuppets:
* Evidence submitted by Snigbrook
Sockpuppet of, see edit on East Lancashire derby almost identical to the changes made by Brfc97 sock in these two edits: â Snigbrook 16:18, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
* Comments by accused parties See Defending yourself against claims.
* Comments by other users
Requested by Snigbrook 16:18, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
* CheckUser requests
Endorse - Tiptoety talk 03:51, 17 January 2009 (UTC)
✅ that this is the same user as and. Brfc97 is for comparison; a connection with Alanson and others is technically, though obviously confirmed on behaviour. [[Sam Korn ]] (smoddy) 14:21, 17 January 2009 (UTC)
* Clerk, patrolling admin and checkuser comments
* Merged from Requests for checkuser/IP check. Tiptoety talk 22:51, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
* Conclusions
* Ewater blocked and tagged, Sunal11 is already blocked . Tiptoety talk 18:44, 17 January 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
An Example of Intonation
An Example of Intonation (Пример интонации) is an 1991 Russian documentary film directed by Alexander Sokurov.
Plot
The second part of a duology about the politician Boris Yeltsin after the “Soviet Elegy” filmed two years earlier.
At the center of what is happening on the screen are the first months of Yeltsin’s presidency and how the life of his family changed after being elected to office.
Critical response
TV critic Irina Petrovskaya noted in her review: "An Example of Intonation remained an isolated example, but not for imitation, but for the clearest characteristic of the time when presidents were not ashamed of the humanity in themselves and allowed those filming to record this weakness. Or, conversely, force."
Alexandra Tuchinskaya wrote that Sokurov managed to “reveal in his interlocutor the mental pain and insecurity human, all too human”.
Harvard Film Archive: "Just weeks before he became Russia’s first democratically elected president, Sokurov engaged a deeply fatigued, mumbling Boris Yeltsin in a provocative discussion of his personal beliefs. Set in and around Yeltsin’s family home in an informal atmosphere of tea and blinis, the film asks the urgent question: “Who is this man?” Sokurov inflects his portrait with a sound track that obscures Yeltsin’s voice often to the point of incomprehensibility." | WIKI |
FOREX-Dollar steady, yen dips on month-end rebalancing
By Karen Brettell
NEW YORK, Jan 29 (Reuters) - The dollar was little changed on Friday while the Japanese yen sank to its lowest since mid-November as investors rebalanced portfolios for month-end.
Bitcoin also jumped to a two-week high as a movement by retail investors to pile into certain stocks expanded to cryptocurrencies.
The greenback has been largely range-bound against a basket of currencies for the past two weeks as investors evaluate whether a selloff that sent the currency down almost 7% last year is likely to continue.
It was little changed against a basket of currencies on Friday =USD at 90.57. The index is up 1.53% from a three-year low of 89.206 reached on Jan. 6.
"People are waiting for fresh drivers and I don’t think we get them ‘til next month," said Marc Chandler, chief market strategist at Bannockburn Global Forex in New York.
"The question is whether the dollar’s correction continues or it is over, and I think that the jury is still out."
Employment data for January released next Friday is the next major economic driver, while investors are also focused on fiscal stimulus.
The U.S. Senate and House of Representatives will move next week on President Joe Biden's plan to deliver COVID-19 relief to Americans and businesses reeling from the pandemic, top Democrats said on Thursday.
The yen underperformed on Friday even as risk appetite worsened, hitting a two-month low versus the dollar and a nearly three-year low against the Swiss franc.
Analysts attributed the move to several factors, including the dollar's yield advantage over the Japanese currency and month-end portfolio reshuffling.
Bank of Japan policymakers discussed the merits of allowing long-term yields to move more flexibly around the bank's target, a summary of opinions at their January meeting showed on Friday.
Some of the move is also likely due to large short positions against the greenback being squeezed, said Chandler. “The market was a bit vulnerable to this,” he said.
The dollar was last up 0.50% at 104.73 yen JPY=D3. It earlier rose to 104.94.
"It's a very interesting move especially given that at the same time global equity indices would suggest that risk sentiment is not improving," said Valentin Marinov, head of G10 FX research at Credit Agricole, referring to the yen's drop versus the dollar.
The Japanese currency typically gains a safe-haven bid when risk sentiment sours.
U.S. stock indexes slumped on Friday as investors gauged the efficacy data of Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccine, while a standoff between Wall Street hedge funds and small, retail investors contributed to volatility. .N
Bitcoin was boosted after Tesla Inc TSLA.O chief Elon Musk tagged the cryptocurrency in his Twitter biography. Musk wrote simply "#bitcoin" in his biography on the social media site.
It was last up at 2.2% at $34,300, after earlier reaching$31,990. BTC=BTSP.
"Bitcoin got lost in the GameStop mania and Musk’s tweet brought cryptos back into the limelight," said Edward Moya, senior market analyst at OANDA.
Assets that would benefit from decentralized finance are gaining traction as some retail traders express frustration that online trading brokers including Robinhood have curtailed their ability to trade stocks including GameStop GME.N and some cryptocurrencies.
The dollar also dipped to a three-week low against the Chinese yuan in offshore markets CNH=EBS as China's short-term money rates rose for a fifth straight day, busting above the central bank's interest rate corridor ceiling. .
“At the margin, tightening money market conditions in China, which are boosting local rates and helping lift the CNH out of its recent consolidation against the USD, may be adding to broader market anxieties and weighing on USD sentiment,” analysts at Scotiabank wrote in a report on Friday.
========================================================
Currency bid prices at 3:00PM (2000 GMT)
Description
RIC
Last
U.S. Close Previous Session
Pct Change
YTD Pct Change
High Bid
Low Bid
Dollar index
=USD
90.5700
90.5640
+0.01%
+0.00%
+90.7800
+90.3630
Euro/Dollar
EUR=EBS
$1.2131
$1.2121
+0.09%
-0.71%
+$1.2156
+$1.2095
Dollar/Yen
JPY=D3
104.7250
104.2100
+0.50%
+1.39%
+104.9350
+104.2750
Euro/Yen
EURJPY=
127.04
126.35
+0.55%
+0.09%
+127.3300
+126.3300
Dollar/Swiss
CHF=EBS
0.8906
0.8887
+0.22%
+0.67%
+0.8912
+0.8875
Sterling/Dollar
GBP=D3
$1.3703
$1.3724
-0.15%
+0.30%
+$1.3750
+$1.3657
Dollar/Canadian
CAD=D3
1.2801
1.2829
-0.22%
+0.53%
+1.2874
+1.2740
Aussie/Dollar
AUD=D3
$0.7640
$0.7676
-0.45%
-0.66%
+$0.7704
+$0.7632
Euro/Swiss
EURCHF=
1.0802
1.0769
+0.31%
-0.05%
+1.0810
+1.0761
Euro/Sterling
EURGBP=
0.8850
0.8832
+0.20%
-0.97%
+0.8870
+0.8826
NZ Dollar/Dollar
NZD=D3
$0.7180
$0.7175
+0.07%
-0.01%
+$0.7225
+$0.7151
Dollar/Norway
NOK=D3
8.5690
8.5890
-0.16%
-0.14%
+8.6545
+8.4930
Euro/Norway
EURNOK=
10.3993
10.4193
-0.19%
-0.65%
+10.4775
+10.3157
Dollar/Sweden
SEK=
8.3627
8.3062
+0.47%
+2.03%
+8.3797
+8.3128
Euro/Sweden
EURSEK=
10.1449
10.0973
+0.47%
+0.68%
+10.1535
+10.1050
(Additional reporting by Tommy Wilkes in London; Editing by Jan Harvey and Ken Ferris)
((karen.brettell@tr.com))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
RPT-Port Talbot closure would tear hole in UK manufacturing supply chain
(Repeats to additional clients; no change in text.) By Andy Bruce and Costas Pitas PORT TALBOT, Wales/LONDON April 3 (Reuters) - The closure of Tata Steel’s operations in Britain would leave a hole in manufacturers’ supply chains, dealing a blow to thousands of smaller firms across the country and creating a logistical headache for the car industry. India’s Tata Steel, Britain’s biggest producer, put all of its operations up for sale, including the country’s largest steelworks at Port Talbot which is losing $1.4 million a day due to depressed steel prices and high costs. As the government searches for a new buyer, some of Tata’s customers are already looking for new sources of steel which is used in everything from car roofs to Heinz baked bean cans, cladding on Ikea buildings and some of the country’s coins. While bigger names have the luxury of a global supply chain to fall back on, smaller companies - which account for around 95 percent of British manufacturing firms - face a tougher task if Port Talbot in south Wales closes. Tata sells around half of its products into the domestic market, the firm said in 2014. “It would be entirely undesirable from my point of view,” said Tony Mullins, executive chairman of QRL Radiators Group, a Tata Steel customer that makes heating radiators near the Welsh town of Newport, employing around 150 staff. Looking abroad for steel would leave firms like QRL that use British steel exposed to swings in the currency exchange rate and higher transportation costs. It might also need to hold more stock if it is buying from the other side of the world, having an impact on working capital. “We have to be competitive, we have to produce quality products, and historically with Tata that has been possible for us,” Mullins said. Britain, the birthplace of the modern steel industry, has been struggling to compete since its post-war heyday and has shed thousands of jobs in recent years. Since 2001 imported supplies have met more than half of its domestic demand, according to the International Steel Statistics Bureau (ISSB), as local producers struggled with high energy costs, green taxes and fierce competition. Germany is the biggest foreign supplier of steel to British manufacturers and construction firms, followed by China, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands, the ISSB said. The government maintains that the main problem is the collapse in the price of steel. China has flooded European markets with relatively cheap steel as a result of its own falling demand. Britain imported 826,000 tonnes of Chinese steel in 2015, up from 361,000 two years earlier, according to industry data. According to the ISSB, China has produced more steel in the last three years than Britain has since the industrial revolution. Those British steelmakers that remain have been kept going by local manufacturers, a resurgent car industry and foreign demand. “Hot-rolled coil is produced (at Port Talbot) and that predominately goes into the automotive sector ... that’s the bodywork,” Dominic King, head of policy and representation at industry group UK Steel, told Reuters. Five carmakers built almost 99 percent of Britain’s 1.6 million cars last year and all source steel from Port Talbot, with some already looking for alternatives should the site shut. The country’s biggest carmaker Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) , which made just under a third of national output last year, gets around 30 percent of its steel from the site while Nissan, which operates Britain’s biggest single car plant in northern England, buys 45 percent from there. Showing the cost constraints within the industry, John Leech, who heads up the automotive team at KPMG and works with some of the country’s biggest carmakers, said JLR could not afford to give preferential treatment to a more expensive product even though it is owned by Tata Motors - part of the same family of companies as Tata Steel. “To compete against BMW and Mercedes, Jaguar Land Rover needs to makes sure its cars are cost-competitive and that means using materials that are sourced cheaply and competitively.” JLR said: “Like all other independent businesses, we make our own purchasing decisions based on the right commercial reasons.” The firm said it continued to use Tata Steel and did not see any short term impact on its business. A spokesman at General Motors-owned Vauxhall, which uses Tata’s high-strength lightweight steel in its Astra hatchback model said it was “considering the scenario of UK steel plant closures on supply sources”. “There are a number of sources of steel in Europe that are used by our plants in Spain, Germany and Poland,” the spokesman said, when asked whether the firm was looking elsewhere. Leech said timing could be key, with Tata Steel saying it wants to exit Britain as soon as possible. “It will mean a lot of fast footwork behind the scenes but... the ability to get the same steel from other European or Chinese plants in (a one to three-month) time frame is a possibility,” he said. For many of the workers leaving the Port Talbot plant at the end of their shift this week the news has come as a shock, given the investment made under Tata’s ownership. “Tata certainly have influenced training more than the old regime...” said Dave Bowyer, 59, a steelworker for 40 years and Unite union representative, whose ancestors were steelworkers. “The workforce itself has become far more technical. Our craftsman and production guys, even the guys on the shop floor - a number of them have got degrees.” UK Steel’s King said there were many advantages to the British product which continue to attract buyers. “One is customer service, that you have that close link with the manufacturer... you know in the UK that they are going to be meeting the energy targets, the environmental targets that are out there (and) that engineering skill,” he said. The industry is also known for its highly-skilled flexible workforce with no strike action in 30 years. Rollo Reid, technical director and grandson of the founder of REIDsteel, one of Britain’s largest steel construction companies which sources almost 90 percent of its steel from Tata, worries that if Port Talbot closes, prices will rise. “There will be one less competitor and when the other European ones go out of business, there will be less competitors and then the price will go up and we’ll be completely within the hands of the Chinese.” (Editing by Kate Holton and Janet McBride) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Adamparkzer
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was: procedural close, already deleted. Avic ennasis @ 14:33, 21 Kislev 5777 / 14:33, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
User:adamparkzer
There is too much personal information about me in one of the previous edits, which shows up in the history. Adamparkzer 21:02, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Ernesto Rotunno
Ernesto J. Rotunno (unknown – unknown) was a Uruguayan chess player, two-time Uruguayan Chess Championship winner (1938, 1939).
Biography
In the end of 1930s Ernesto Rotunno was one of Uruguayan leading chess players. He twice in row won Uruguayan Chess Championships in 1938 and 1939, and participated in Montevideo 1938 chess tournament which happened as South American Chess Championship (tournament won World Chess Champion Alexander Alekhine).
Ernesto Rotunno played for Uruguay in the Chess Olympiad:
* In 1939, at first board in the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires (+3, =5, -4).
In 1954, Ernesto Rotunno participated in the match against the Soviet Union as a member of the Uruguayan national team. | WIKI |
List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly or the Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha is the unicameral state legislature of Madhya Pradesh state in India. It is housed in the Vidhan Bhavan, a building located at the center of the Capital Complex, in the Arera Hill locality of Bhopal, the capital of the state. The term of the assembly is five years, unless it is dissolved earlier. Since 2001, it has had 230 members who are directly elected, from single-seat constituencies.
Since the independence of India, the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) have been given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation, and the Constitution lays down the general principles of positive discrimination for SCs and STs. The 2011 census of India stated that the Scheduled castes and the Scheduled tribes constituted a significant portion of the population of the state, at 15.6% and 21.1% respectively. The Scheduled Tribes have been granted a reservation of 47 seats in the assembly, while 35 constituencies are reserved for candidates of the Scheduled Castes.
History
After the independence of India in 1947, the then province of the Central Provinces and Berar, along with a number of princely states, merged with the Indian Union and became a new state, Madhya Pradesh. The number of constituencies of the legislative assembly of this state was 184, of which 127 were single-member and 48 were double-member. Nine constituencies were reserved for the candidates of the Scheduled Tribes.
Madhya Pradesh was reorganised on 1 November 1956, following the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, merging the old Madhya Pradesh state, Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal states. The legislative assemblies of all those four states were also merged to form the reorganised Madhya Pradesh assembly.
Constituencies
The following is the list of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly, since the delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies in 2008.
Reservation
{{Legend|#fef06d|Scheduled Castes (SC)}} {{Legend|#fdcdb0|Scheduled Tribes (ST)}} | WIKI |
celandine poppy
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia.
celandine poppy
n.
A perennial plant (Stylophorum diphyllum) native to eastern North America and somewhat similar in appearance to the celandine.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.celandine poppy - perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowerscelandine poppy - perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowers
poppy - annual or biennial or perennial herbs having showy flowers
References in periodicals archive ?
Some of the flowers are familiar to many, such as violets (Violas) and Pink Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium acaule), while others, like Trout Lily (Erythronium americanum) and Celandine Poppy (Stylophorum diphyllum), are less known but just as beautiful.
Smarr also recommends being on the lookout for the Celandine Poppy, "a yoke-colored flower with fuzzy foliage that stands about a foot tall; it's sunshiny and bright in the woodland garden.
The Celandine poppy looks great as a companion with ferns, wild violets and Virginia Bluebells. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Plaza Apartments (Hot Springs, Arkansas)
The Plaza Apartments are a historic residential building at 610 Spring Street in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, stuccoed exterior, and a single-story gabled front porch. The stucco has been painted to resemble stone blocks. The roof eaves are decorated with large Craftsman style brackets. The building was constructed about 1915 as a rooming house, and is a good local example of Craftsman styling. The building's interior has also retained significant period woodwork, including trim, doors, and stairs.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. | WIKI |
Home Disorders Skin Disorder Chickenpox, symptoms, causes and diagnosis
Chickenpox, symptoms, causes and diagnosis
Affiliate Disclosure
In compliance with the FTC guidelines, please assume the following about all links, posts, photos and other material on this website: (...)
1992
What is chickenpox?
Chickenpox is also known as varicella. It is generally identified by itchy red blisters that show up all over the body. It generally affects children. This is a condition caused by a virus. In general, it is not seen again after the infection happened once.
Symptoms
The most common symptom is an itchy rash. The infection will remain in your body for 7 to 21 days and only after that the rash and other symptoms will develop. It can be contagious to other people up to 48 hours before the skin rash appear.
In case of non-rash condition, the symptoms may last a few days. Such symptoms include
• Fever
• Headache
• Loss of appetite
First you will experience these symptoms and then after 1 to 2 days, the classic rash symptoms will begin to show. This rash will go through a three-phase system till it is over. These three phases include-
• First, red or pink bumps will appear all over your body
• These bumps will become blisters. The blisters are filled with fluid that leaks.
• The bombs will become crusty and then they will scab over. After that, they will begin to heal.
All the bumps will not show up at the same time. Some will be at phase 3 when newborns will continue appearing. It may be contagious until all of them have scabbed over.
The crusty scabbed areas will ultimately fall of. The bumps will disappear completely within 7 to 14 days.
Causes of chickenpox
The cause of chickenpox has been identified as the virus varicella-zoster virus (VZV). In most of the cases, the infection happens through contact with an infected person. It is contagious to people surrounding the patient for 1 to 2 days before the blisters appear. The virus can stay contagious till all the blisters have crusted over.
This virus generally spreads through the following media-
• saliva
• coughing
• sneezing
• contact with fluid from the blisters
Risk factor
There are some people who are at a higher risk of developing chickenpox. If you were somehow exposed to the virus through previous active infection or vaccination, the risk of developing it again reduces dramatically. It is also possible to pass on such immunity from a mother to her newborn. Such immunity can last for three months from birth.
The risk of developing chickenpox increases in certain conditions. Let’s find out what these conditions are.
• If you have had contact with an infected person very recently.
• You are under 12 years of age.
• Your immune system is compromised because of illness or medicine.
• You have spent time in a school or childcare facility.
• You are an adult living with children.
Since these are the people who are at a higher risk of developing chickenpox, more care should be taken in case of these people. Proper methods to reduce the risk will definitely help to reduce the actual infection of chickenpox.
Diagnosis of chickenpox
It is important to visit your doctor and ask for his assistance if you see any symptoms of chickenpox. If you have developed an unexplained rash, and if fever and cold is associated with it, you should immediately see a doctor. Other viruses or infections may also result in similar symptoms. A physical exam blisters present on the patient’s body will help the doctor to diagnose it. Lab tests will help in conformation of the cause of those blisters.
References
1. Fast Chicken Pox Cure
2. Chickenpox (Varicella)
3. Chickenpox | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Adrift in fantasy, Daphne Merkin wakes up to reality...TV.
Dream Girl
Much as we might rag on it, the awful truth must be looked at head-on: Reality TV, that fiction of verisimilitude, is, even for people who read W. G. Sebald and enjoy grim Scottish films with subtitles, supernally addictive. Not always and (let’s hope!) not forever, but in the right now of it. Sure, sometimes one is simply not in the mood for all that virtual id, the jawing and bitching, the glaring white teeth and the faux familiarity. And it is possible to envision a day in the not-too-far-off future when one might return to an old-fashioned pastime, like doing one’s nails, over the vicarious pleasures of comparing and contrasting the suntans and blown-out blondness that beset the Real Housewives of Orange County. Meanwhile, though, one stays tuned, fascinated by the mindless commotion, caught on the hook of the souped-up dramas that barge into every episode, unsure whether one is watching a version of oneself or a counter-version or perhaps an alternate version. Which brings me to the question: Who might one be if one were to be played by a reality-show star? Who might one want to be? | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Effects Of Pipe Bursting On Nearby Utilities: Prediction, Prevention And Management
Editor’s Note: The International Pipe Bursting Association (IPBA), a division of NASSCO, is presenting a series of articles in Underground Construction that will provide the reader with a better understanding of the technology. Many myths and misconceptions exist regarding this proven rehabilitation method for replacing existing underground utilities.
This article will discuss the potential impact on adjacent utilities as a pipe is replaced using pipe bursting technology. From concept through design and construction a true understanding of the effects pipe bursting has by your entire team is essential in preventing utility damage and ensuring a successful project.
First and foremost it is important to understand how pipe bursting works and this article will be written with the assumption that the reader has a basic level of understanding for the pipe bursting method and its common applications. (See previous articles beginning with the May edition of Underground Construction.)
As with any construction project, having a management model in regards to risk assessment and reduction is critical. Although many aspects of utility construction, including pipe bursting, cannot predict an exact scope of impact, tools to manage such an occurrence are available through proper design and risk management.
Pipe bursting, whether static or pneumatic, will pull a hardened steel burst head through an existing pipe and expanding the soil which allows a new pipe to follow in its path. The amount of influence a pipe burst will have on the surrounding soils and adjacent utilities is driven by the amount of expansion required and type of soil surrounding the “potential impact area.”
Rule of thumb
To calculate the potential effects, there are a few general rule of thumb calculations. However, these must be modified to account for varying geotechnical conditions. The potential impact zone is calculated by subtracting the inner diameter (ID) of the existing pipe from the outside diameter (OD) of the expander head that is doing the pipe bursting and then multiplying by 10. This will give you in inches an approximate “potential impact zone” where the possibility of damaging another utility exists if previsions are not made.
An example would be an existing 8-inch vitrified clay pipe sewer main being replaced with a new 10-inch high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe.
A common rule of thumb for determining the size of the expander is that it will be 20-25 percent larger than the OD of the newly installed pipe.
If a 12-inch OD expander head were selected, the potential impact zone would be 12 inches minus 8-inches equals four inches; then multiply by 10-inches which equals 40 inches. Forty inches will be a baseline for determining the amount of separation from the existing pipe center line to adjacent utilities. The example for an eight-inch, size-on-size burst would be 10 inches minus eight inches equals two inches times 10-inches equals 20 inches.
In addition to the simple math that is required to determine amount of oversize for the burst head, a more important but complicated formula is to determine the volumetric displacement of the amount of earth moved in the burst to allow passage of the head through the original pipe ID. For example, the volumetric displacement would be greater for replacing a 10-inch pipe with a 12-inch pipe than it would be for replacing a six-inch pipe with an eight-inch pipe. Either of these scenarios is often referred to as a “one upsize” in pipe bursting lingo. Whereas a six-inch to 6-inch would be a “size-on-size” and a six-inch to a 10-inch would be a “double upsize.”
As stated earlier, geotechnical conditions play a critical role and may impact this potential by as much as double. Sands, loose gravel and small cobble move easily as the burst head travels through the ground and will have smaller potential impact. However, large cobble and some dense soils may have a greater potential impact area. This information should be provided on actual trench conditions and not soil borings provided outside of the original pipeline trench as is common with HDD pre-design.
Direction of force
It is very important to remember that the force exerted during a burst is focused from the center point of the existing pipe upwards and outwards. This helps in designing the utility coordination and mark-out procedures which is where 90 percent of the pre-burst risk management will occur.
Eight-inch ductile iron pipe burst head and an 11.5-inche O.D. expander.
Often times on a project, a utility will be found to be in the potential impact area but will be marked as “actual location of water main to be field determined” which can, in most cases, be done through a small keyhole style hydro-excavation. Once actual invert, pipe size and type is found, it can be noted and either taken off line, removed prior to the burst, or safely passed by the bursting head depending on its proximity to the burst path.
The use of Quality Level A subsurface utility engineering data could potentially predict and prevent all utility strikes caused by pipe bursting. However, that may not always be practical or necessary on all projects. A Quality Level C would be the lowest acceptable level for most pipe bursting projects, but would not be sufficient for crossing “critical” utilities that would cause personal injury or property damage from a rupture. Most utilities being crossed by a traditional pipe burst would be in the order of sanitary sewer laterals, water services, storm drains, intersecting water and or gas mains, sewer force mains or electrical ducts. Most can be accurately estimated based on Level C field data such as opening sewer or storm manholes and shooting invert grades, opening and measuring gate valves or curb stops, or other “simple” field verification methods.
Utility damage prevention is a risk associated with all construction and pipe bursting is no exception. However, through a properly planned, designed and executed project, there have been millions of feet of pipe replaced utilizing pipe bursting technologies throughout the world both safely and without unreasonable risk to those involved or the general public. Experience establishes that more utilities have been damaged installing the insertion pits and receiving pits with excavation equipment than with any amount of pipe bursting.
Do your homework, select a quality project team and let’s go pipe bursting!
Coming in October: Pre-chlorinated pipe bursting for potable water mains.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
IPBA (NASSCO), (410) 486-3500, www.nassco.org
Related Articles
Find articles with similar topics | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
McConnell has until Wednesday to prove he's serious about slaying ObamaCare | TheHill
With an end-of-September deadline fast approaching, Senate Republicans appear to be coalescing around the Graham-Cassidy bill as a last-ditch attempt to use the 2017 reconciliation vehicle to take a step, any step, toward keeping their promise to repeal ObamaCare. But will they move fast enough to do what must be done before time runs out? The next few days will tell. Earlier this month, the Senate parliamentarian ruled that the 2017 reconciliation vehicle will expire at the end of the 2017 fiscal year, which happens at midnight on Sept. 30. Before that, Senate Republicans can use the reconciliation vehicle to pass a bill repealing as much of ObamaCare as is possible under reconciliation rules with just 51 votes — that is, 50 votes plus Vice President Pence presiding over the Senate and casting the deciding vote in favor. After that date, though, the reconciliation vehicle will expire, and any attempt to repeal ObamaCare would no longer be protected — which means that in order to be considered, it would need to overcome a certain Democrat filibuster with 60 votes. Fat chance. And there’s a hitch: Sept. 30 happens to be a Saturday, and it also happens to be Yom Kippur. Unless you believe the Senate is likely to be called into session on a Jewish holiday — and I don’t — the effective deadline for action is whenever the Senate ends next week’s business on Friday, Sept. 29. Consequently, speed is of the essence. The first speed bump is the Congressional Budget Office, which must score the bill before it can be voted on. Majority Leader Mitch McConnellAddison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellTrump faces crucial decisions on economy, guns Are Democrats turning Trump-like? House Democrat calls for gun control: Cities can ban plastic straws but 'we can't ban assault weapons?' MORE (R-Ky.) has asked CBO for an expedited score. CBO has responded that it will be able to provide a partial score, analyzing the bill’s projected effects on government spending and meeting the threshold to determine whether or not the bill merits the protections of the reconciliation process. But there’s a second, larger speed concern: Democrat obstruction. Under reconciliation rules, debate is limited to just 20 hours. But once debate is done, senators can offer an unlimited number of amendments, which are then voted on without debate. This is the fabled “Vote-a-Rama.” The good news is, there’s a hitch there, too. The amendments have to be relevant to the bill, they cannot increase the deficit, and they cannot be dilatory. Ultimately, of course, the Democrats will run out of amendments. If they begin to dress up already-considered amendments in new clothes, just for the sake of extending the voting period, they can be ruled out of order and shut down with a ruling from the chair. But will they run out of relevant, non-deficit-increasing amendments before the Sept. 29 deadline? Well, that depends on how long the Senate is in session between now and then. If the Senate spends five hours in session every legislative day scheduled between now and Sept. 29, then, yes, the Democrats could probably run out the clock. But the Senate schedule is set by the majority leader. He’s the one who decides when they’re going to go to work every day, and he’s the one who decides when they’re going to break for the evening. If McConnell says the Senate is staying in session around the clock, the Senate stays in session around the clock. Clearly, if Republicans are serious about taking advantage of their opportunity to use the reconciliation vehicle, they will move as soon as possible to reconsideration of the bill. And they will stay in session as long as necessary to pass the bill before the Sept. 29 deadline arrives. That will mean working nights and next weekend, coming back into session immediately following the end of Rosh Hashanah on Saturday. So here’s how we’ll know if McConnell is serious about taking this next step toward repealing ObamaCare before time runs out. He’ll announce before the Senate breaks on Wednesday that he intends to reconsider the American Health Care Act, and he will advise his fellow senators that they should all catch up on their sleep over the next few days, because he intends to keep the Senate in session around the clock through Sept. 29. Will Majority Leader McConnell prove he’s determined to help the GOP take this next step toward repealing ObamaCare? Time will tell. Jenny Beth Martin (@JennyBethM) is president and co-founder of Tea Party Patriots. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
SN 1998bw
SN 1998bw was a rare broad-lined Type Ic gamma ray burst supernova detected on 26 April 1998 in the ESO 184-G82 spiral galaxy, which some astronomers believe may be an example of a collapsar (hypernova). The hypernova has been linked to GRB 980425, which was detected on 25 April 1998, the first time a gamma-ray burst has been linked to a supernova. The hypernova is approximately 140 million light years away, very close for a gamma ray burst source.
The region of the galaxy where the supernova occurred hosts stars 5-8 million years old and is relatively free from dust. A nearby region hosts multiple Wolf-Rayet stars less than 3 million years old, but it is unlikely that the supernova progenitor could be a runaway from that region. The implication is that the progenitor was a star originally if it exploded as a single star at the end of its life. | WIKI |
Page:Notes and Queries - Series 12 - Volume 6.djvu/6
Notts and Queries, July 31, 1920.
A
.4
730980
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO | WIKI |
Talk:quod erat demonstrandum
is the plural attested anywhere? --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:07, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
* See Advanced Book Search. —Stephen (Talk) 20:30, 27 December 2018 (UTC)
RFD discussion: February–March 2020
Not Portuguese. Canonicalization (talk) 18:10, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
* Keep; move to WT:RFVN. --Bakunla (talk) 14:43, 8 March 2020 (UTC)
* RFD-kept; no rationale for deletion in this venue. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 19:18, 22 March 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
Soil survey
Soil survey, or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information.
Background
Soil surveys apply the principles of soil science and draw heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing. Remote sensing principally uses aerial photography, but LiDAR and other digital techniques are steadily gaining in popularity. In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topographic maps, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them. The tablet may be loaded with digital aerial photos, LiDAR, topography, soil geodatabases, mapping keys, and more.
Publication
The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. Today it takes only moments for changes to go live to the public. The most current soil survey data is made available for high end GIS users such as professional consulting companies and universities.
Typical information in a published county soil survey includes the following:
* a brief overview on how to use the survey
* a general soil map for comparing the sustainability of large sections of the county
* a detailed map with specific soil series outlined and indexed
* a section on the use and management of soils
* tables describing the physical features and environment of the county
* tables containing land use suitability based on standards set by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Uses
The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required. An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home.
Soil survey information can be used to predict or estimate the potentials and limitations of soils for many specific uses. A soil survey includes an important part of the information that is used to make workable plans for land management. The information must be interpreted to be usable by professional planners and others. Predictions based on soil surveys serve as a basis for judgment about land use and management for areas ranging from small tracts to regions of several million acres. These predictions, however, must be evaluated along with economic, social, and environmental considerations before they can be used to make valid recommendations for land use and management. | WIKI |
Hoverboard Wheel Size Comparison
Ryan Hansen Profile image
Written By:
Updated October 17, 2022
Not all hoverboards are made equal. If you are a beginner, it is crucial to understand what a hoverboard is, the benefits of a hoverboard, how it works, and the different brands available in the market before making a purchase. One of the areas in which they vary the most is wheel sizes. There are four main wheel sizes to consider when purchasing a new hoverboard: 4.5-inch, 6.5-inch, 8-inch, and 10-inch. Keep reading to learn about the differences in hoverboard wheel sizes.
Hoverboard Wheel Sizes Compared
Below, we compare the different hoverboard wheel sizes so you can make an informed decision about which one works best for your preferred experience so that you can choose the best hoverboard for your needs.
Why Wheel Size Matters for Your Hoverboard
Is a hoverboard worth it? Well, that depends on your transportation needs and the type you’d like to have. Your hoverboard’s wheel size greatly affects how you experience your ride. And with such a wide variety of different wheel sizes from which to choose, we recommend you purchase a new self-balancing scooter with wheels to match your riding preferences. Additionally, you should understand how to take your hoverboard’s wheels apart and replace them to ensure your hoverboard is running smoothly at all times.
4.5-inch Hoverboard Wheels
These are the smallest kind of hoverboard wheels, and they’re designed specifically for hoverboards designed for kids. With such small wheels, you’ll experience lower speeds overall, which is better for younger riders. If you have a hoverboard with 4.5-inch wheels, don’t ride on it if you’re over the weight capacity because you will ruin the tires.
Warning
Be aware that 6.5-inch wheels only provide a low amount of ground clearance, meaning they can get stuck in off-road scenarios.
6.5-inch Hoverboard Wheels
These are the most common hoverboard wheels, and as such, they offer the most versatility. With a weight range between 65 and 220 pounds, most people can easily ride these hoverboards. We recommend riding these types of hoverboards only on flat and smooth indoor surfaces for the best riding experience. Be aware that 6.5-inch wheels only provide a low amount of ground clearance, meaning they can get stuck in off-road scenarios.
8-inch Hoverboard Wheels
8-inch hoverboard wheels offer more versatility than their 6.5-inch counterparts, thanks to higher ground clearance and slightly faster top speeds. These types of self-balancing scooters can also handle higher weight capacities, so we recommend 8-inch wheels for heavier riders. The one downside of these wheels is the fact that they are heavier overall than smaller sizes.
10-inch Hoverboard Wheels
This is the largest hoverboard wheel that you can purchase today, and it offers much more versatility for outdoor riding than other models. These extra-large tires give you a lot of ground clearance, so you can easily ride on off-road and uneven surfaces. You’ll also typically get much more speed out of 10-inch hoverboards. Just be sure you have the best hoverboard battery so you can ride for an extended period of time. Also, please note that 10-inch wheels have tubes inside the tires, meaning they will require a little more maintenance than other types of hoverboard wheels.
Keep in mind that no matter which type of board or wheel size you get, you’ll always want to stay safe by investing in safety gear for hoverboards. Moreover, if you’re unsure whether this type of device is what you need, then check out our comparison of hoverboards vs electric skateboards.
F.A.Q.S
What are your hoverboard wheel size options?
Most hoverboard manufacturers offer four main wheel sizes: 4.5-inch, 6.5-inch, 8-inch, and 10-inch.
Which hoverboard wheel size should you buy?
The hoverboard wheel size you should buy depends mainly upon the environment in which you are riding. Smaller wheel sizes work better on flat, indoor surfaces, while larger wheel sizes work better for off-road riding on uneven surfaces.
What are the things that make a self-balancing scooter?
On the outside, self-balancing scooters are made up of a steel frame, plastic casing, wheels and tires, and footpads to help you balance. Many self-balancing scooters also feature LED lights and Bluetooth speakers. On the inside, hoverboards feature a ton of electronics to make everything work, including two gyroscopes for balance.
How does a self-balancing scooter or hoverboard work?
Self-balancing scooters, also known as hoverboards, use a combination of electronics – including logic boards and infrared sensors – gyroscopes, pressure plates, and motors to detect your movement and respond in kind. It can take some getting used to, but once you learn how to ride a hoverboard, you’ll be cruising in no time.
STAT: Hoverboards with standard wheel sizes can carry a max of 220 pounds, while those with larger wheels can hold upwards of 300 pounds. (source)
Ryan Hansen Profile image | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Themis A. Vassiliadis
The result was delete. – Juliancolton | Talk 00:10, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
Themis A. Vassiliadis
* ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)
Declining the db-bio speedy deletion since the article has been around in this form for a while, but I'm getting no Google or Google archives hits at all on this guy, both with and without the middle initial (except for hits that probably came from us). - Dank (push to talk) 01:45, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Greece-related deletion discussions. -- - Dank (push to talk) 01:45, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Poetry-related deletion discussions. -- - Dank (push to talk) 01:46, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
* Delete Completely non-notable guy, even a Google search in Greek brings all sorts of things but nothing related to a "mystic poet". Constantine ✍ 02:11, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
* Delete, utterly non-notable in English, and as Constantine states, in Greek sources as well. Fails WP:BIO. Drawn Some (talk) 02:17, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
* Delete The author's name gives no google book and no google hits pertaining to the subject that don't come from WP. The Steps of the Passage and "Themis" brings about no google hits; when the greek title is searched, the only result is from "Factolex", which seems to be a collection of facts taken from wikipedia. Notability is certainly unable to be established given the complete lack of sources from both Greek and English texts. Mrathel (talk) 15:31, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
| WIKI |
The desire to learn generates determination and motivation. While still a young slave, Douglass’s master forbids his wife from continuing to teach Douglass the alphabet because it did not align with the common worldview that educated slaves had no value to their masters. Douglass never understood the power of a white man to enslave and demean a black man. However, his master’s passionate claim initiated his pursuit towards freedom as he recalls, “From that
While Douglass was living with Mr. Freeland, he had taught some of the other slaves who lived there with him to read. Teaching any slave to read came with some very harsh consequences but Douglass wanted to help other slaves learn to read so that when they became free they are able to acquire a job and are also able to “fit into” society once they escape or are set free from the hold of slavery. Also while living with Mr. Freeland, Frederick decided enough was enough and he needed to get out of slavery. Frederick and four other slaves stole Mr. Hamilton’s canoe and attempted to paddle up the Chesapeake Bay. Frederick knew how dangerous this trip could be if they were spotted and sent back to their master but being he had a very defiant spirit, he decided that it would be worth it to try.
In the narrative Why I Learned to Read and Write, by Frederick Douglass he expressed how difficult life had been being a slave. He felt the need to break away from the norm and learn how to read and write. While educating himself he dealt with many obstacles that prolonged his education. Although he dealt with difficult obstacles he ended up becoming a free slave, because he was well educated. Slaveholder believed education and slavery were incompatible, therefore Douglass was faced with the decision to use various stratagems; in the process he ended up re-enforcing the view of the slaveholders and taught society the importance of education.
Douglass writing skills are further conveyed as magnificent through his logic-based argument. His logic-based argument comes through proving himself valid and credible, and developing uniform lines of reasoning. First and foremost, his validity is established early on, when he describes his background in vast amount of detail and even truthfully exclaims how he was separated from his parents, but that had an effect of which he did “not know” of and thus very miniscule. The reader carries many details about Douglass’ childhood, and Douglass illustrates the truth on how the separation did not affect him that much gains more credibility for him. The reason being is any slave who just starts off the narrative by complaining about his separation
Furthermore, Education opened Douglass’s eyes to the reality of his injustice as a slave; thus, compelling him to action as he recalls, “In moments of agony, I envied my fellow-slaves for their stupidity. ”(Douglass, 2014, p.133) Education caused Douglass heartache. While attaining his education benefited Douglass, he could not relate to his fellow slaves. The fellow slaves had the ability to remain content with their current state of being since it was all they had ever known. Douglass knew otherwise and longed for the forbidden life as a free man, as it changed from an unattainable idea into an achievable
With all the knowledge he was gaining, he began to comprehend everything around him. The things he was learning fascinated him, but the “more [he] read, the more [he] was led to abhor and detest [his] enslavers”(Douglass 35); however, that should not be viewed as a negative affect but a positive one. No one should want to be deceived for their entire life. This hatred that he built up motivated him to continue to further educate himself. As a result, he later motivated other slaves to earn an education by having “[availed] themselves to [an] opportunity to learn to read” (Douglass 69) by Douglass teaching them every Sunday.
Plato tells us that the prisoners are confused on their emergence from the cave and that the prisoners’ will be blinded once they had been freed from the cave. After a period of time they will adjust their eyesight and begin to understand the true reality that the world poses. The stubbornness to develop a different perspective is seen in much of today’s society. The allegory of the cave is an understanding of what the true world is and how many people never see it because of their views of the society they are raised in.
Instead of staying with them to overcome obstacles, he learns how to read and write and uses it for his own benefit. According to chapter 10, Douglass says, “I was broken in body, soul, and spirit, my natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died” (Douglass, 45). Douglass believes ignorance played a major role in destroying any shred of hope a slave had left. The idea of slavery was to keep slaves ignorant; therefore, they wouldn’t question their past, their future, or their overall existence. Douglass doesn’t challenge the American beliefs of slavery, but uses their ideals to better enhance his motivation to
He goes on to say “In moments of agony, I envied my fellow slaves for their stupidity. I often found myself regretting my own existence and wishing myself dead; and but for the hope of being free, I have no doubt but that I should have killed myself, or done something for which I should have been killed.” Later Douglass learns the term abolition and gets the idea of running away to be free. But before running away, he wants to learn to write. At the end of the essay Douglass talks about finally learning to write and being “free.”
Douglass is always curious and he never gives up even when he finds several obstacles in his way, because he perfectly knows what his goal is: he needs an education to get his freedom. He is determined to get it even though it requires a lot of hard work. Douglass is sure of the potential of education. As a matter of fact he knows well that knowlegde can change his life while leading him to freedom. Douglass has both the motivation and the determination because he is aware that owing to education he can get to great places in his life, and that education makes the world a better place
Thus, despite the fact that Mr. Hugh did not allow him to access education, he continued to study by himself with the assistance of other local boys in the neighborhood. Douglass, consequently, was able to use self-education as a great method to fight against the ignorance of his white master. In addition, he taught other slaves in the Sabbath school, explained them the ignorance of their white masters, and told them about the importance of education. These slaves were greatly influenced by Douglass, so although they had to face whipping and beating, they tried to come to school and met Douglass. Since Douglass understood the power of education, he was able to help not only himself but also his fellow slaves to mentally resist the ignorance of their master and find freedom in the mind.
If Ms. Auld didn’t teach Douglass how to write his path to freedom wouldn’t have even started. “After I had learned this, she assisted me in learning to spell words of three or four letters. Just at this point of my progress, Mr. Auld found out what was going on, and at once forbade Mrs. Auld to instruct me further” (40). When Douglass got older and wanted to be a free slave his knowledge came in much handy to help his friends and even himself to escape. “The week before our intended start, I wrote several protections, one for each of us” (78).
In Frederick Douglass's essay "Learning to read and write” he recalls the journey to enlightenment showcasing the emotions of joy, hunger, heartache and hope. For example learning to read sparked an unstoppable joy for knowledge. In addition the discovery of that knowledge found Douglass hungry for more. Also the quest for intelligence came at a price causing him a great amount of heartache. Finally a simple thought of the future brought the hope that ultimately inspired him to persevere and succeed in learning to read and write.
Education gives hope for Douglass’s life since he began to truly understand what goes on in slavery. As he figured out more about the topic, his self- motivation poured out hope in his life. As Frederick saw an opportunity to become free, he worked hard to accomplish it. Masters and slaveholders believe teaching slaves is wrong, but with Douglass’s | FINEWEB-EDU |
Make 'index out of bounds' a compile-time error
#1
From https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/33701:
Started reading The Book yesterday and this puzzled me. From https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/primitive-types.html: “Arrays have type [T; N]. […] The N is a compile-time constant, for the length of the array.” But the following code doesn’t produce a compile-time error. Can this be changed? FWIW, there are even some issues caused by the current behavior on this issue tracker.
% cat src/main.rs:
fn main() {
let xs = [1,2,3];
println!("out of bounds: {}", xs[3]);
}
% cargo build
Compiling array-bounds v0.1.0 (file:///home/nikita/rust/array-bounds)
% cargo run
Running `target/debug/array-bounds`
thread '<main>' panicked at 'index out of bounds: the len is 3 but the index is 3', src/main.rs:3
Process didn't exit successfully: `target/debug/array-bounds` (exit code: 101)
#2
Not easily.
Rust would need to be able to do integer theorem proving magic to prove if that integer is within bounds. With literals of course this isn’t hard, but when the integer is a variable it becomes much more complex.
#3
Let’s start with the simple cases. Then we’ll worry about the hard to crack, theorem proving, AI-level problems, later.
#4
FYI, clippy will catch this error:
src/main.rs:3:35: 3:40 error: const index is out of bounds, #[deny(out_of_bounds_indexing)] on by default
src/main.rs:3 println!("out of bounds: {}", xs[3]);
#5
Value Range Analysis plus Slice Length Analysis should be inside the compiler, not in a lint.
#6
This seems fine for Rust 2.0, whenever that happens.
As an aside, I know there’s the rust-2-breakage-wishlist tag to track things that sound nice but can’t be implemented now because of the stability rules. There are only four issues tagged with this right now. Is this something that should be used more often (i.e. even for stuff that we may not end up choosing to do in 2.0. It seems like a good source of potential ideas to review when the time for 2.0 comes, and it would be a shame to forget a potentially good idea because it didn’t meet the standard for the tag.
#7
Its not obvious to me that literal out of bounds accesses of static length arrays are a common enough or serious enough problem to justify either a) prioritizing the implementation effort, b) creating some sort of special pass in the compiler separate from typeck.
Though the proof rule is simple for the theorem that 3 !< 3, the infrastructure for performing that analysis at all is a big addition to the language.
#8
Spotting as many problems as possible at compile-time is what Rust is meant to do :slight_smile: Statically reasoning about array and slice bounds, index bounds, value ranges, and so on, is a group of topics the Rust compiler/language is still weak at.
With Slice Length Analysis you can statically spot some bugs where slices are copied, diced and assigned, and you can remove the related run-time bound tests. With Value Range Analysis you can discard some more bound tests. With the usage of some (optional) strongly typed array indexes you can remove some run-time array bound tests. All those features work together, reinforcing each other.
As usual I don’t know if the implementation effort is worth it…
#9
Having such checks which exist in the most simple cases but not in visually-similar complicated cases makes me uneasy. It should be obvious what the boundaries are for such a check. Whatever the boundary is, it should be chosen such that the boundary is obvious. “All const indexes” is an acceptable boundary, though a bit blurry. “All literal indexes” is a better, but very limited boundary. “All indexes” needs dependent types.
Often the thing that is logical from the implementation side is not logical from the usage side. For example, it seems pretty easy to make it so that we can catch both:
let array = [1,2,3,4,5];
let x = 7;
array[x];
array[SOME_CONST];
However, there is a very blurry boundary on where this check will and won’t work from the user’s side. Does it work for just simple let-and-use? Can it work for more complicated cases? Can I rely on this? (no).
This goes against the grain of other Rust safety features where their realm of applicability is pretty clear and you know you can rely on it.
TLDR: Don’t define safety checks based on what is easy to implement. In this case, make it work for all literals or all consts but not other mashups.
#10
You need dependent types, so probably not?
Dependent types are a really nice thing to have, but I don’t see them coming to Rust.
#11
You don’t rely on the Rustc for catching all your bugs. You can’t, unless you prove the code (and even that isn’t enough to rule out all run time bugs).
So I don’t understand what’s the problem of catching some bugs at compile-time instead of having run-time bound errors. If the compiler catches some of your array bugs (and optimizes away some bound tests at compile-time) then it’s nice, otherwise they will be caught at run-time. What’s bad in this? The alternative is worse, catching all of them at run-time.
In the list of features I’ve listed for Rust there isn’t dependent typing.
(Note: I have strong opinions on this whole topic).
#12
But I do rely on rustc for catching all of certain kinds of bugs. Well designed type systems are complete in the guarantees they provide. I can’t sometimes pass an invalid type because the signature is too complicated, that would be a soundness bug.
I think checking all indexes by constants as @Manishearth suggested would be a behavior that I could understand what to expect from, but I also don’t think its worth the effort. My experience has been that I get indexing errors when either the index or the array is of a dynamic length, not when both of them are known. Perhaps after const parameterization it would be more useful, because then I might be writing functions like this:
fn second<T: Copy; n: usize>(arr: &[T; n]) -> T {
t[1]
}
But that’s a long way off.
#13
This is right, but if you use a static code analysis tools (like PVS-Studio) you eventually learn that spotting bugs statically in your code is essentially a statistical thing. You start reasoning about “average number of bugs for 1000 lines of code”, about reducing bug incidence, about the new bugs spotted in your codebase when you just update the version of PVS-Studio you’re using.
What I am talking about is not exactly a soundness problem because what isn’t caught at compile-time is later caught at run-time. So what changes is just when you see the problem (and for me, the sooner the better). It’s similar to the compile-time removal of bound tests in a piece of Rust code. Currently you can’t be certain the compiler will remove a certain bound test, it’s an optimization that’s left to LLVM, that follows some rules but can’t be fully relied on, I think. So it’s a “best efforts” thing. Once the complexity of the compiler goes past a certain point, the programmer loses the ability to understand why a certain part of code is optimized in a certain way. I am willing ot accept the same uncertainty, if the gain is having some of the bugs spotted at compile time.
This important feature is of course a part of this discussion. Slice Length Range Analysis becomes rather less useful if you don’t even carry around the length of your fixed length arrays. Type-level integers are probably coming to Rust, eventually, they are too much handy.
#14
Unless you really need random access indexing, using some kind of iterator over mutable elements solves the problem nicely for >80% of cases.
In those cases indexing is an antipattern (and will be slower because the compiler cannot omit the bounds check. Good for us!). So if we were to invest into catching any but the simplest cases, we’d be bolstering the wrong abstraction. Sure, there are cases where you really need random access, but they are actually less common than people think.
#15
Can you give me a link that shows where that 80% comes from?
Think about having to translate C/D code to Rust.
I think those cases are more common that you think.
#16
I really can’t understand the resistant against this good idea. I really am with nkaretnikov and leonardo.
#17
rustc already warn on divide by zero, I think giving warning for simple case of ‘index out of bounds’ error is also good idea.
fn main(){
let zero = 0;
10/zero; // no warning
10/0; // warning: attempted to divide by zero, #[warn(const_err)] on by default
}
#18
So, that’s a lint. And Rustc has a policy of no new lints, since they can be included in clippy.
This lint is already included in clippy. I’d be happy to upstream it to rustc, but I suspect that needs an rfc to happen.
#19
In essence:
• It can’t be an error without being a breaking change. We’re wary about those
• It only catches a tiny fraction of indexing issues, of a type which are pretty uncommon in Rust code in general.
• It already exists as a lint in clippy, so it’s no big deal
#20
Unfortunately, Rust is not magical.
Detecting these errors at compile time, carries a number of significant trade-offs. First of all, the majority of out-of-bound cases cannot even be detected, since they either have an arbitrary value or a very little constrained one. This means that they have no usable bound, and thus no data to argue about the value, or a potentially OOB (which is actually unreachable).
So, this will in the majority of cases force the programmer to make a bound check anyways (through a if or match), providing no better or worse performance than the implicit one.
“Free” manual checks are already possible through the widely-used get() method.
For statically detecting out of bound conditions, you’ll have to introduce a number of otherwise ineffective constructs to the type system:
1. Non-local typestate analysis. Meaning that you cannot analyze on a function level. You’ll have to type check the program as a whole. This has an exponential complexity. For any non-trivial program the compile time will sky-rise (my guess is about 50-70x). Typestates have been proven ineffective over time, due to its many limitations, especially since it is an extremely “pessimistic” form of analysis. Typestate bound checking is a very stupid one compared to, for example, LLVMs bound check elision which is very sophisticated and extensive one, so chances are that you’ll not get any advantages of a typestate bound checking over LLVMs optimizations.
2. Structural (non-lexical) subtyping. This is a very complex construct to introduce in a type system with efficient type inference. Type inference will be practically impossible with this kind of structural subtyping.
3. Non-trivial dependent typing. You’ll have to argue about the state of the program based on the control path, information about the previous states of the program, non-local type information, and. This construct severely increases the complexity and compile time of the language.
There are so many things, you have to trade for a mostly useless mechanism, which will enforce the programmer to do the bound check manually most of the time anyways.
A 100 times easier, yet just as efficient, solution is to remove panicable Index, but that seems like a bad idea too, since OOB is normally unrecoverable, and using get() will make the language very verbose.
So while it is possible to create a mechanism which detects OOB, it cannot be perfect (it’ll have false positives), since the problem is undecidable. The best and simplest solution is range constraints for integers, but even that is almost useless, due to most integer being arbitrary.
A lint for const exprs is certainly possible, but a generalized solution is not. I’m sorry, but Rust cannot solve the halting problem (I wish it could :disappointed_relieved:). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Philippines’ Duterte signs law boosting central bank’s powers
MANILA (Reuters) - - Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte has signed a law that boosts the central bank’s ability to rein in inflation and increases its capital at a time of volatility in financial markets, the bank said. The new law restores the central bank’s authority to issue debt paper as part of its regular operations, giving it greater flexibility in determining their timing and scale. It also allows an increase in the central bank’s capitalization to 200 billion pesos ($3.82 billion) from 50 billion pesos. “These reforms place the BSP (central bank) in a stronger position to pursue its price and financial stability mandate amidst a growing economy and the increasing sophistication of the financial system,” the bank said in a statement on Saturday. The new law also widens the range of institutions under central bank supervision to include money service businesses, credit granting businesses and payment system operators. Another law signed by Duterte late on Friday removes the cap on rice imports and replaces it with tariffs. This could further tame inflation that hit a near-decade high of 6.7 percent in September and October last year. The central bank paused its monetary tightening cycle in December and February to allow its five straight previous rate hikes, totaling 175 basis points, to work their way into the economy. Reporting by Neil Jerome Morales; Editing by Gareth Jones | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
List of mountain passes in Montana
Mountain passes in Montana are listed in the following articles:
* List of mountain passes in Montana (A–L)
* List of mountain passes in Montana (M–Z) | WIKI |
Eric Dick (lawyer)
Eric Dick is an American insurance lawyer who specializes in denied or underpaid property insurance claims. Dick represented clients in property insurance claims arising from events like Hurricane Harvey, 2020 Houston explosion, and the 2021 Texas power crisis. Dick was involved in lawsuits to overturn Houston charitable feeding ban and term limits extension.
Dick owns the Houston law firm Dick Law Firm, PLLC, which he established in 2008. He also serves as the president of the Harris County Board of Education since 2017 and has built seven special-needs schools in Harris County.
Education
Dick earned an Associate in Science from Houston Community College in 2000. Eric received a Bachelor's degree in Business Science of Management from the University of Phoenix in 2005. Pursuing his interest in law, he completed a Juris Doctor degree focused on Litigation from the Western Michigan University Cooley Law School in 2008. During his time at Cooley Law School, Dick graduated Cum Laude, receiving recognition on both the Dean's List and Honor Roll.
Continuing his education, Dick attained an LL.M. in Taxation from the University of Alabama School of Law in 2010. He competed in the ABA Section of Taxation: Law Student Tax Challenge at Alabama. In 2022, he achieved an MBA from Rice University. Dick received a Masters of Accelerated MSQM: Business Analytics program at Duke University.
Electoral history
Dick's first run for public office was in 2013 in the Houston Mayoral Election. He received 10% of the vote when running against incumbent Annise Parker and Ben Hall.
In 2015, in the race for At-Large Position 2 of the Houston City Council, he received over 35,000 votes in a race against incumbent David W. Robinson and Willie R. Davis.
In 2016, he defeated Marilyn Burgess and was elected as a Trustee for the Harris County Department of Education Board of Trustees, Position 2, Precinct 4.
In the 2019 general election for Houston City Council At-Large Position 5, Dick entered a runoff and received over 80,000 votes.
In the 2022 general election for Harris County Treasurer, he received over 58,000 votes in the Republican primary.
Election
In 2016, Eric Dick ran for office for an unpaid position at the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE) Board of Trustees, aiming to represent Position 2, Precinct 4. Despite the position being unpaid, Dick invested a significant amount of his personal funds into the campaign, surpassing the combined financial contributions of his three opponents. Ultimately, he secured victory in the HCDE Precinct 4, garnering 55.98% of the vote and defeating his opponent.
Eric Dick’s successful election and subsequent activities were spotlighted in the January 2, 2017 issue of The Connector. This internal HCDE publication for the Board of Trustees highlighted his forthcoming induction to the board. The document details his attendance at a holiday event hosted by HCDE's Academic and Behavior School East prior to taking office, showcasing his early involvement and commitment to HCDE's initiatives. Additionally, a Board Appreciation Reception was organized in January to honor the outgoing trustees, as well as to formally welcome and introduce Eric Dick to the HCDE staff and wider community.
Vice-President
In his inaugural board meeting with the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE), Eric Dick was elected as Vice President, marking a significant shift in the board's political landscape to a Republican majority. Despite the controversies surrounding his election as Vice President, Dick demonstrated a tendency to align with conservative members, hinting at his potential influence as a swing vote in future board decisions. The Superintendent of HCDE expressed confidence in Dick's leadership and is looking forward to working with him to further the mission of HCDE.
Board President
HCDE's board, unique in Texas as the only local education board elected on a partisan basis, underwent a significant shift in political majority between 2019 and 2021. This change led to an increase in innovative programming and a notable surge in collaboration, irrespective of the varied political ideologies among its members. Eric Dick's presidency at HCDE resulted from political maneuvers, internal conflicts, resignations, controversies, strategic voting, and the voting minority's ultimate control, rendering the remaining board members ineffective through a self-inflicted defeat.
Tenure
As a trustee and President of the HCDE Board, Dick has played a pivotal role in emphasizing the department's crucial involvement in providing education and aiding local school districts. His responsibilities include overseeing the management of tax revenues for governmental services and ensuring efficient allocation of generated profits to support school districts. This encompasses providing grants for COVID-19 related funding.
HCDE to Continue Headstart
In 2017, with crucial input from board members such as Eric Dick, the HCDE Board voted unanimously to continue operating its 15 Head Start preschool programs, despite some board members' proposals to close or limit the department's role, serving approximately 1,300 children in North and Northeast Houston.
HCDE's Head Start program provides a safe learning environment for newborns to 5-year-olds, supporting growth in areas like language, literacy, and social-emotional development, serving more than 1,300 students annually with free healthy meals, health screenings, and physical activities.
Educational Infrastructure Enhancement
Under Eric Dick's direction, significant improvements have been made to Harris County's educational services, with noteworthy projects including the construction of Texas's largest adult learning center, a brand new middle school, and upgrades to existing facilities.
Fortis Academy
Fortis Academy, located at 11902 Spears Road in the Greenspoint area of north Houston, stands as Harris County's first public recovery high school, officially named by the Harris County Department of Education Board of Trustees on August 16, 2017, with a decisive 5 to 1 vote. The academy provides a substance-free and supportive environment for high school students to continue their education after completing a substance abuse or dependency rehabilitation program.
The name "Fortis," Latin for strong, steadfast, and courageous, encapsulates the academy's mission to foster these qualities in students overcoming substance abuse challenges. Under the guidance of advocates like Eric Dick, the academy has established itself as a beacon of hope and support, providing comprehensive resources such as coaching, counseling, and academic support, while also gaining national recognition for its role in encouraging sobriety.
Eric Dick's unwavering support and pivotal role in the academy's establishment have been instrumental in achieving its mission. His advocacy, rooted in personal experience, underscores the importance of such a supportive educational space within the Houston community. During special initiatives like National Recovery Month, celebrated at Fortis Academy with a series of therapeutic and educational programs, the importance of resilience and personal growth in recovery is highlighted, showcasing the academy's commitment to its students' success.
Academic and Behavior Schools West
On April 3, 2019, HCDE began construction of the new Academic and Behavior Schools West (ABS West) campus, a venture supported by key HCDE board members like Eric Dick. This new campus is a part of a larger construction initiative by HCDE Construction Services and aims to create a safe and effective learning space for students in the Houston area who have intellectual or developmental disabilities and behavioral challenges. The original ABS West campus, established in 1998, has a longstanding history of educating students aged 5–22 with severe behavioral and emotional issues, as well as developmental disabilities, offering tailored classes to enhance their academic and personal growth.
Response to Coronavirus Pandemic: Because We Care
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE) board, with Eric Dick as a trustee, collaborated to establish the "Because We Care" initiative. This program was designed to provide essential support to Head Start families, demonstrating a strong commitment to community welfare. Approximately 400 food packages were distributed to families in the Fifth Ward, followed by the distribution of care packages to 1,230 families on March 27, 2020, during the stay-at-home order, ensuring timely assistance.
The board collectively approved a substantial $238,000 food program, aiming directly to benefit Head Start families. Alongside this, the HCDE sought further assistance through a Mental Wellness Grant of $916,085. The grant was intended to create a comprehensive mental wellness response for staff, students, and families, addressing the multifaceted challenges presented by the pandemic and the associated chronic stress.
Further demonstrating HCDE's commitment to supporting the community, subsequent rounds of the "Because We Care" program continued to offer assistance. The third distribution effort provided an average of 20 meals per box to 1,350 Head Start families, showcasing the sustained and collective efforts of the HCDE board, including Eric Dick, in aiding the community during a challenging time.
Academic and Behavior Schools East
Founded in 1982, the Academic and Behavior Schools East (ABS East) serves as a special education service provider for students aged 5–22 with various disorders, aiding in their transition to becoming productive society members. Under the influential guidance of Eric Dick, HCDE initiated the construction of a new 43,000 square-foot ABS East building in 2021, featuring innovative facilities to accommodate up to 184 students. The design of the new ABS East, shaped by its sister school ABS West, is a response to increased demand for specialized education services and promotes comprehensive learning with a low student-to-instructor ratio.
Teacher Tools Initiative
The Teacher Tools Initiative, co-founded by Dick, is a collaborative venture between the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE) and the Education Foundation of Harris County (EFHC). The initiative's primary goal is to support Harris County school district teachers by furnishing them with essential classroom supplies at the beginning of each academic year.
To facilitate this, every qualifying teacher is granted $100 worth of classroom supplies through a specified online vendor, either Lakeshore Learning or Really Good Stuff. This ensures the materials are efficiently delivered to the teachers' school addresses. The dedicated support from both HCDE and EFHC significantly mitigates the personal financial challenges teachers frequently face when procuring educational resources.
In 2021, the program received a tremendous response. The initial provision for 2,000 slots was rapidly exhausted, with teachers claiming all spots within hours. A subsequent waitlist of an additional 1,000 teachers emerged on the same day. Recognizing the profound need, the HCDE Board of Trustees sanctioned an added funding of $101,300. This expansion included 1,013 more teachers, pushing the total investment to $301,300. Teachers were granted until November 30 to finalize their classroom supplies purchases online.
The initiative's momentum was sustained into 2022 and 2023. The EFHC consistently allocated $200,000 annually, supporting 2,000 teachers in 2022 and broadening its reach to 3,000 educators in 2023. Such unwavering support signifies the staunch commitment of both institutions to alleviating the financial strains teachers face.
For the fall 2023 Tools for Teachers shopping period, the deadline ended on October 16, with 1,489 orders submitted by Harris County educators. This impressive number underscores teachers' eagerness and dedication to access the best classroom resources for their students, highlighting the success of the Tools for Teachers program during the fall semester.
To avail of the credit, registration was opened precisely at 7 a.m. on September 1, 2022, and September 25, 2023, for the respective school years. To qualify, educators needed a valid email from a school within the Harris County district. Those from charter schools, private institutions, or schools outside Harris County were not eligible. The respective teacher bore any cost exceeding the provided $100 credit. All orders were dispatched directly to the school without any shipping costs. For teachers who prefer home delivery, a modest fee of $12 was applicable. With these measures, the Teacher Tools Initiative continues to significantly enhance the educational experience within Harris County.
Minimum Wage of $15 an Hour
In July 2021, the Harris County Department of Education's (HCDE) Board of Trustees made a pivotal decision, unanimously approving a budget for the 2021-2022 school year that incorporated a significant change: raising the minimum wage for all hourly workers from $13.50 to $15 an hour. This progressive move not only placed HCDE among the first local education agencies in the region to implement such an increase, but it also underscored their commitment to fostering a positive work environment and ensuring fair compensation for all staff, including those involved in the Head Start and Early Head Start programs.
Rewinding to August 15, 2018, a comprehensive board meeting at HCDE took place, led by a committee and attended by Eric Dick, who played an active role in discussing a proposal to increase the minimum wage to $15 per hour and advocating for it. Eric meticulously expressed his concerns, focusing on the financial ramifications of such an increase. He emphasized the need for a careful balance between wage enhancements and their potential budgetary consequences, casting a critical eye on the long-term sustainability of the proposed wage hike.
CASE for Kids
HCDE has utilized an allocated budget of $1.5M from the American Rescue Plan Act to implement the County Connections Youth Summer Initiative, a program designed to address pandemic-related learning gaps by supporting enrichment programs for children aged 5–18, with a focus on low-income families. The initiative is executed through the Center for Afterschool, Summer, and Enrichment for Kids (CASE for Kids), a division of HCDE, which provided over $1.1M in grant funding to more than 40 nonprofit organizations. These organizations are dedicated to delivering enriching summer activities for children and hosted their programs in various locations such as schools, community centers, and churches.
In July 2023, during the Summer Learning Week, CASE for Kids-funded programs, such as the trips to Space Center Houston and the Downtown Aquarium, highlighted the innovative approach to learning, emphasizing STEM subjects and hands-on experience. These activities not only enhanced the students' understanding of their curriculum but also uncovered the magic of education through real-world experiences.
In May 2023, Eric Dick, in his role as a board trustee, played a pivotal role in the extension of the CASE for Kids programs by advocating and approving funding for the Kids' Entrepreneurship Market Day. This event gathered students from afterschool programs across Harris County to demonstrate their business skills and creativity, offering them a practical experience in money management, business, and entrepreneurship. This initiative, backed by funding and support from Eric Dick, was crucial in ensuring the successful execution of these innovative programs aimed at fostering entrepreneurial spirit and financial literacy among the youth in Harris County.
Furthermore, the Harris County Commissioners and CASE for Kids celebrated the 2023 County Connections awardees in August, where Eric Dick, along with other trustees and commissioners, presented symbolic checks to the grant recipients. This year saw the awarding of more than $1.3 million in grants to over 40 nonprofits for youth summer enrichment programming. Eric Dick's active participation and support as a board trustee were instrumental in ensuring the continuity and success of these enrichment programs for children in Harris County.
CASE Debates
In 2017, the Harris County Department of Education's Center for Afterschool, Summer, and Enrichment for Kids (CASE for Kids) partnered with the Houston Urban Debate League (HUDL) to launch the CASE Debates program. Co-founded by Eric Dick, this educational initiative aims to support 300 at-risk high school students, drawing from HUDL's model that annually provides debate programs to around 1,000 students across five school districts. The inception of the program was driven by a commitment to offer substantial debate and enrichment opportunities, laying a robust foundation for its future development.
Eric Dick played a significant role in the establishment of the CASE Debates program, advocating for the accessibility of educational enrichment for at-risk students. His involvement was key to creating an environment conducive to student success, and his efforts have helped sustain the program, even amid challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
The program consistently offers resources in areas like social-emotional learning, numeracy, literacy, and at-home activities via its Afterschool Zone, demonstrating its commitment to student welfare and education. The annual city-wide debate championship is a significant aspect of the program, providing students with opportunities to qualify for state tournaments and earn scholarships.
The inclusion of the World Schools Debate format in the program, an initiative encouraged by Eric Dick, has provided students with valuable critical thinking and problem-solving skills, vital for their academic and career pursuits in the future.
The partnership with HUDL ensures that students have access to high-quality training, coaching, and scholarship opportunities, as well as avenues for building self-esteem and expanding horizons. This partnership underscores Eric Dick's commitment to supporting future generations through education.
Moreover, the annual CASE Debates Seminar marks the beginning of the debating season, attracting over 200 Harris County high school students for workshops and training sessions. This event highlights the program's dedication to providing students with essential skills and knowledge for success in debates and future endeavors, underscoring Eric Dick's foundational influence on the program. Eric Dick's lasting impact on the CASE Debates program has played a significant role in its success and the development of numerous students.
Texas' Largest Adult Learning Center
Under Dick's stewardship, the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE) initiated the construction of a new adult education facility at 6515 Irvington Blvd., Houston. When completed, this center will stand as the largest in Texas, providing courses in English, math, reading, writing, and specialized workforce training programs. These programs have been designed to assist students in acquiring a high school equivalency diploma, advancing to higher education, or enhancing their career through courses such as certified nursing assistant and phlebotomy training, computer skills, welding fundamentals, and job placement services.
One of the innovative resources the Adult Education division, facilitated under Dick's leadership, offers is the "Dress to Success Career Closet." This initiative allows students to access a collection of professional clothing articles—over 120 generously donated by HCDE employees. Such a program ensures students possess the skills and the professional attire necessary for job interviews and workplaces. This visionary approach to holistic student support was further highlighted when the division hosted a job and resource fair, underlining its commitment to ensuring that students are workplace-ready.
The facility at 6515 Irvington Blvd. is not just an educational hub; it's a beacon of inspiration. The walls of the new Adult Education Center feature a custom mural of a faceless woman, symbolizing the myriad of students who traverse its halls and the boundless opportunities awaiting them. This mural was a thoughtful addition that reflected personal family stories and the collective tales of resilience of the many HCDE Adult Education students. Such symbols serve as poignant reminders of perseverance, motivating students never to give up and to continue reaching for their dreams.
Furthermore, the Adult Education Center, which celebrated its official opening with a ribbon-cutting ceremony on July 19, features state-of-the-art amenities. The 51,000-square-foot facility houses the Adult Education staff and includes multiple classrooms catering to GED, ESL, and workforce preparedness courses. Beyond its primary educational function, the building will also serve as a community outreach hub for the Houston area, emphasizing the HCDE Trustee's vision of integrated community development and education.
Highpoint East
In 2021, Highpoint East Middle School embarked on a notable transformation, expanding its facilities to 26,528 square feet and replacing outdated structures as part of the Harris County Department of Education's (HCDE) initiative to upgrade educational infrastructure. Eric Dick, serving diligently as a trustee for HCDE, played a pivotal role, advocating strongly for these significant changes. This commitment to excellence was underscored when a Highpoint East educator was named HCDE Teacher of the Year, a testament to the supportive educational environment encouraged by Eric Dick and all stakeholders.
Continuing its trajectory of growth and development, in 2022, Highpoint East hosted the Center for Educator Success (CES) Summer Intensive Cohort, aligning with Eric Dick’s dedication to fostering professional development opportunities for future educators. The school also made significant strides in student support; in 2023, the Safe Haven for Overcoming Problems (SHOP) program, backed by Dick's advocacy for comprehensive student welfare, collaborated with Houston's "Salt and Pepper Gang," providing mentorship in personal grooming and styling.
The school's impact extended beyond its walls, as showcased in 2023 at the TASSP Summer Workshop where Highpoint East played an instrumental role in shaping innovative ideas for the education of adjudicated youth, a feat that echoes Eric Dick’s influence and unwavering support. As the 2023-2024 academic year approached, the school welcomed over 11 new staff members, underscoring its commitment to fostering a community of unity and support, a move positively influenced by Eric Dick's commitment to the school's success.
Equine Therapy
The Harris County Department of Education (HCDE) initiated the development of an Equine Therapy Center located in Barrett Station. The center is designed to address the diverse needs of special needs students, offering support in their physical, emotional, and social development. In collaboration with Self-Improvement through Riding Education (SIRE), the program aims to establish an enriching alternative learning environment, simultaneously creating 25 new job opportunities.
The integration of the SIRE program, dating back to the 2019-2020 academic year, involved participation from students across all four special schools under HCDE. The program, boasting a 35-year history, is dedicated to promoting self-esteem, confidence, and interpersonal skills through horse interaction. Eric Dick played a vital role in this initiative, advocating for the necessary funding and supporting innovative programs to foster the holistic development of students, thus demonstrating HCDE's commitment to inclusive and diversified education.
In October 2022, leaders from HCDE attended the PATH Intl. Conference & Expo in North Carolina, with a significant focus on equine therapy. Insights gathered from this conference were crucial for the preparation and upcoming opening of the HCDE Equine Therapy Center. A pre-conference session provided an in-depth look at a veteran-focused equine therapy program, enhancing the team's understanding and readiness for the new center.
The conference experience reinforced HCDE’s commitment to equine therapy and underscored its alignment with the department's broader goals, such as continuing education for staff, serving students with disabilities, and investing in innovative programs. It also emphasized the importance of collaborating with community organizations and other equine therapy programs nationwide, ensuring the new Equine Therapy Center will play a pivotal role in HCDE’s services.
Coolwood Headstart
The Coolwood Head Start Center in Houston, a 13,830 square foot facility capable of accommodating 120 students, was established under the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE) with contributions from board trustee Eric Dick. The center comprises advanced training rooms, administrative offices, conference rooms, a modernized kitchen, and six classrooms. Construction responsibilities were entrusted to Geofill Construction, selected for their recognized proficiency and reliability.
The Coolwood Head Start program has demonstrated its impact through the success of its alumni, including a former student who progressed to a professional football team draft from a pro football minicamp, and another who became a high school valedictorian in 2020. The program’s success is further supported by dedicated educators, crucial to the Head Start initiative.
Simultaneously, the HCDE's Early Head Start program is undergoing expansion, with Eric Dick advocating for the construction and renovations at three existing campuses—Humble, Barrett Station, and La Porte—to better serve infants and toddlers under the age of three.
Response to Uvalde
Following the tragic May 2022 massacre at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, HCDE significantly enhanced its active shooter training program for Houston-area educators, integrating programs like the Operation SRM-REx for student-parent reunification during crises. Eric Dick, in his role as a board trustee, was instrumental in this expansion, approving funding and vocally supporting the vital initiatives aimed at safeguarding schools. His dedication to proactive measures and the establishment of threat assessment teams at all schools has been a cornerstone of HCDE's response. In June 2022, HCDE's Center for Safe and Secure Schools hosted a two-day reunification exercise at Goose Creek Consolidated Independent School District (GCCISD), emphasizing the importance of preparedness in school safety. This event, which saw more than 110 professionals attending, further exemplified the commitment to creating a proactive, unified response to potential emergencies. This holistic approach to school safety, ensuring the well-being of students and staff in the Houston area, has led to a surge in demand for programs like the one-day Operation SRM-REx training, drawing educators from across the nation to learn best practices in student-parent reunification during emergencies. The programs have become a key component of the comprehensive strategy to enhance school safety in the region, reflecting Eric Dick's commitment to creating secure learning environments.
Irvington Renovations
The Irvington building, a key component of the Harris County Department of Education (HCDE), is slated for significant renovations, with Trustee Eric Dick at the helm of these transformative efforts. Slated to begin in December 2023, these comprehensive upgrades are detailed in the October 9, 2023, issue of The Connector, HCDE's internal publication.
The multifaceted renovation plan is set to rejuvenate the building’s aging infrastructure. Key improvements include the installation of a new roof, the replacement of the outdated HVAC system, and necessary updates to meet current city building codes. The interior will also see significant enhancements, with the addition of glass walls, LED lighting, and contemporary furniture, aimed at creating a vibrant and modern workspace. The fourth floor is poised for substantial changes, including the expansion of the board room and the addition of a new conference area. These enhancements reflect the board's commitment, led by Trustee Dick, to creating a work environment that reflects the professionalism and excellence of HCDE’s staff.
During the renovation phases, meticulous planning has ensured minimal disruption, with arrangements for the temporary relocation of employees from the Irvington building to other HCDE facilities. Guided by Trustee Dick and the board's strategic vision, these renovations are seen as a crucial investment in HCDE's future, highlighting their commitment to growth and their dedication to attracting and retaining top-tier talent nationwide.
While the temporary relocations pose challenges, the ultimate goal of establishing an advanced and empowering work environment stands paramount. This is seen as a necessary stride towards ensuring that HCDE continues to flourish and excel in fulfilling its educational mission.
Advertising
Dick has used his last name in marketing strategies, leading to memorable slogans. His taglines, such as "Hire a Dick!", "Need a Lawyer? Hire a Dick!" and "I'll work hard and long for you", have been highlighted in his television and radio commercials.
Dick's marketing approach has garnered public attention, with mixed opinions on its effectiveness. Some find his style humorous, while others find it questionable, reflecting the various views on lawyer advertising.
He has also utilized billboards for advertising his legal services, using phrases such as "Get Dick!", "Don't let them give you the shaft", and "What's easier? Getting Dick!". These ad campaigns have further fueled discussions about his approach to marketing. In 2023, his billboards received a shoutout from popular sports TikTok channel "Pete Takes", which boasts 2 million followers.
In a recent humorous twist, Dick captured the attention of Houstonians with his radio commercial titled "Send In a Dick", which has been praised for its clever delivery and witty humor, resonating well with local listeners. In 2023, he ran a series of radio advertisements which he called the "'Healthy Dose of Dick' campaign".
Media Appearances
From 2018 to 2019, Eric Dick hosted The Eric Dick Show on KPRC (AM), a talk radio station in Houston. During the show, he had various notable guests. Eric Dick is a frequent guest on various Houston news segments.
Publications
In 2021, Eric Dick authored a book on the history of Texas, titled Come & Take It.
Controversies
Despite his dedication to public service, Eric Dick has been the victim of several controversies. During a political campaign, Dick came under scrutiny for the alleged illegal placement of campaign signs, criticizing incumbent Mayor Annise Parker for what he saw as hypocrisy and bullying in a press release entitled Parker Afraid of Dick. Accusations of selective prosecution by the City of Houston and misleading communication from the city attorney, allegedly due to political affiliations, further escalated the issue.
Furthermore, Dick has been targeted by the Texas Ethics Commission (TEC), a body that has been marred by significant controversies. The TEC has notably faced criticism for victimizing lawyers and elected officials and has been criticized for its disproportionate penalizations and questionable credibility. Such controversies have led many to question the commission's motives and decisions.
While the TEC fined Dick for campaign-related matters, Dick has consistently held that his actions, especially regarding contributions, were personal and thus not necessitating reporting.
Additionally, Texans for Lawsuit Reform, a powerful lobbying group, has been actively demonizing Eric Dick, seeking to tarnish his reputation due to his strong stance against insurance companies in Harris County. Despite their relentless attacks, Dick remains steadfast in his commitment to seeking justice for homeowners, showcasing his resilience and unwavering dedication to his clients. | WIKI |
Safia Abukar Hussein
Safia Abukar Hussein (born 1 January 1981) is a sprinter who competed internationally for Somalia. Hussein was the first Somali female to compete at the Olympics for her country when she competed in the 400 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
She was not always supported in Somalia, where female athletes are uncommon and older men would criticise her for not staying at home. Hussein's father disliked the idea, as he was concerned that it would prevent her from finding a husband. Nevertheless, he subsequently allowed her to compete in Sydney for the sake of Somalia. Ultimately, she finished her heat in sixth place and did not progress to the next round. | WIKI |
Page:Memory; how to develop, train, and use it - Atkinson - 1919.djvu/195
Rh place yourself at the centre of the thing, instead of upon its circumference.
If the book be a history, biography, autobiography, narrative, or story of fact or fiction, you will find it of value to visualize its occurrences as the story unfolds. That is, endeavor to form at least a faint mental picture of the events related, so that you see them “in your mind’s eye,” or imagination. Use your imagination in connection with the mechanical reading. In this way you build up a series of mental pictures, which will be impressed upon your mind, and which will be remembered just as are the scenes of a play that you have witnessed, or an actual event that you have seen, only less distinct of course. Particularly should you endeavor to form a clear mental picture of each character, until each one is endowed with at least a semblance of reality to you. By doing this you will impart a naturalness to the events of the story and you will obtain a new pleasure from your reading. Of course, this plan will make you read more slowly, and many trashy tales will cease to interest you, for they do not contain the real elements of in- | WIKI |
pike
Etymology 1
From, , , , from , and , from ; both ultimately from , from , , related to with a narrower meaning.
The word is cognate with 🇨🇬,, (modern 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and possibly 🇨🇬. It is a.
The diving or gymnastics position is probably from tapered appearance of the body when the position is executed.
The carnivorous freshwater fish is probably derived from the “sharp point, spike” senses, due to the fish’s pointed jaws.
The verb sense “to quit or back out of a promise” may be from the sense of taking up pilgrim's staff or pike and leaving on a pilgrimage; and compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) A very long spear used two-handed by infantry soldiers for thrusting (not throwing), both for attacks on enemy foot soldiers and as a countermeasure against cavalry assaults.
* 2) A sharp, pointed staff or implement.
* 3) A large.
* 4) Any carnivorous freshwater fish of the genus, especially the northern pike,.
* 5) A position with the knees straight and a tight bend at the hips with the torso folded over the legs, usually part of a jack-knife.
* 6) A pointy extrusion at the toe of a shoe.
* 7) A style of shoes with pikes, popular in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries.
* 8) Especially in place names: a hill or mountain, particularly one with a sharp peak or summit.
* 9) A pick, a pickaxe.
* 10) A hayfork.
* 11) A penis.
* 1) A position with the knees straight and a tight bend at the hips with the torso folded over the legs, usually part of a jack-knife.
* 2) A pointy extrusion at the toe of a shoe.
* 3) A style of shoes with pikes, popular in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries.
* 4) Especially in place names: a hill or mountain, particularly one with a sharp peak or summit.
* 5) A pick, a pickaxe.
* 6) A hayfork.
* 7) A penis.
* 1) A style of shoes with pikes, popular in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries.
* 2) Especially in place names: a hill or mountain, particularly one with a sharp peak or summit.
* 3) A pick, a pickaxe.
* 4) A hayfork.
* 5) A penis.
* 1) A pick, a pickaxe.
* 2) A hayfork.
* 3) A penis.
* 1) A penis.
* 1) A penis.
Synonyms
* see northern pike
* see northern pike
Translations
* Armenian:
* Bulgarian: ,
* Catalan:
* Chinese:
* Mandarin:
* Czech:
* Danish:
* Dutch:
* Finnish:
* French:
* Georgian: შუბი,
* German:
* Greek:
* Ancient: σάρισα
* Irish: píce
* Italian:
* Latin: dolō,
* Macedonian: пика, копје
* Maori: tūmū
* Norwegian: pik
* Polish:, ,
* Portuguese: ,
* Russian:
* Spanish:
* Swedish:
* Turkish: ,
* Welsh: rhôn
* Zazaki: suvur
* Bulgarian:
* Polish: ,
* Abenaki: kwenoza
* Armenian:
* Bashkir: суртан
* Bulgarian: щука
* Buryat: сурхай
* Catalan: ,
* Chinese:
* Mandarin:
* Chukchi: туйкэтуй, юуткуннээн
* Chuvash: ҫӑрттан
* Crimean Tatar: turna balığı
* Czech:
* Danish:
* Dutch:
* Esperanto:
* Estonian:
* Even: гөткэн
* Evenki: гуткэ̄н, гуткэчэн
* Faroese: gedda
* Finnish:
* French:
* Galician: picudo,
* Georgian: ქარიყლაპია
* German:
* Greek:
* Hungarian:
* Icelandic: gedda
* Ido:
* Ingrian: hauki
* Irish: liús, gailliasc
* Italian:
* Japanese: カワカマス, パイク
* Kalmyk: цурх
* Kazakh: шортан
* Ket: ӄурь
* Khakas: сортан
* Komi-Zyrian: сир
* Kumyk: чортан
* Kyrgyz:
* Latin: lucius
* Latvian: līdaka
* Lithuanian: lydeka, lydys
* Luxembourgish: Hiecht
* Macedonian: штука
* Mansi:
* Northern Mansi: сорт
* Mari:
* Eastern Mari: нуж, нужгол
* Western Mari: нужгол
* Mongolian:
* Montagnais:
* Naskapi:
* Nogai: шортан
* Northern Yukaghir: умуйэ
* Norwegian: gjedde
* Old English: hacod
* Ottoman Turkish: طورنه بالغی, یاین
* Plautdietsch: Häakj
* Polish:
* Portuguese:
* Romanian:
* Russian:
* Sami:
* Inari Sami: puško
* Kildin Sami: ныгкешь
* Northern Sami: hávga
* Skolt Sami: nuʹǩǩeš
* Scottish Gaelic: geadas
* Serbo-Croatian:
* Cyrillic: штука
* Roman:
* Shor: шортан
* Slovak:
* Slovene: ščuka
* Southern Altai: чортон
* Spanish:
* Swedish:
* Tatar:
* Turkish:
* Turkmen: çortan
* Tuvan: шортан
* Tày: băng
* Udmurt: чипей
* Ukrainian:
* Unami: kwekonkale
* Uzbek:
* Walloon:
* Welsh: blaidd y dŵr,
* Yakut: сордоҥ
* French:
* Serbo-Croatian:
* Roman:
* Swedish:
Verb
* 1) To prod, attack, or injure someone with a pike.
* 2) To assume a pike position.
* 3) To bet or gamble with only small amounts of money.
* 4) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
* 1) To bet or gamble with only small amounts of money.
* 2) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
* 1) To bet or gamble with only small amounts of money.
* 2) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
* 1) To bet or gamble with only small amounts of money.
* 2) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
* 1) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
* 1) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
* 1) Often followed by ' or ': to quit or back out of a promise.
Translations
* Bulgarian:
Etymology 2
Noun sense 2 (“gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller”) and verb sense 2 (“to depart, travel, especially to flee, run away”) may refer to someone frequently using turnpikes, or may be derived from.
Noun
* 1) A gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller from any ethnic background; a pikey.
* 1) A gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller from any ethnic background; a pikey.
* 1) A gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller from any ethnic background; a pikey.
* 1) A gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller from any ethnic background; a pikey.
* 1) A gypsy, itinerant tramp, or traveller from any ethnic background; a pikey.
Verb
* 1) To equip with a turnpike.
* 2) To depart or travel (as if by a turnpike), especially to flee, to run away.
* 1) To depart or travel (as if by a turnpike), especially to flee, to run away.
* 1) To depart or travel (as if by a turnpike), especially to flee, to run away.
Etymology
From.
Noun
* : weeping
Verb
* 1) to catch a person in an act
* 2) to discover
Etymology
From, from.
Noun
* 1) a girl
Usage notes
Jente is the standard appellation for girl in Norwegian; pike may also be used, though it is seen as somewhat conservative. | WIKI |
Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 8.djvu/55
NUMBER AS DETERMINING FORM OF GROUP 43
thing from the beginning separated from the persons of those who carry it on, and indeed in the case of a duality of such persons this is not otherwise true than in the case of one alone or many. The reciprocal relationship of the business associates has its purpose outside of itself ; whereas in the case of mar- riage it is within itself. In the former instance the relationship is the means for the gaining of certain objective results ; in the latter everything objective appears really only as a means for the subjective relationship. It is the more observable that in mar- riage, nevertheless, the objectivity and self-reliance of the group- structure, which are otherwise more foreign to groups of two, psychologically increase in contrast with immediate subjectivity.
One constellation, however, of extreme sociological impor- / tance is wanting in every grouping of two, while it is in principle open to every group of larger numbers, namely, the shifting of duties and responsibilities upon the impersonal structure, which so often, and not to its advantage, characterizes social life. This occurs in two directions. Every totality which is more than a mere juxtaposition of given individuals has an indefiniteness of its boundaries and of its power which easily tempts us to expect from it all sorts of achievements that really belong to the sepa- rate members. We turn them over to the society, as we very often, in pursuance of the same psychological tendency, post- pone them to our own future, whose nebulous possibilities give room for everything, or will accomplish, by spontaneously grow- ing strength, everything which the present moment is not willing to take upon itself. In the precise circumstances in question, the power of the individual is transparent, but for that very reason it is also clearly limited, while in contrast with it is always the somewhat mystical power of the totality, of which we there- fore easily expect, not only what the individual cannot perform, but also what he would not care to perform, and, moreover, with the feeling of the full legitimacy of this transfer. Quite as dan- gerous, however, as on the side of omission is membership in a totality also on the side of commission. Here the point is not merely the increase of impulsiveness and the exclusion of moral restraint, as they appear in the case of the individual in a crowd, | WIKI |
Daron HILL, Tyson Parks, Christopher M. Lawson, and Carlton Reives, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. SHELL OIL COMPANY and Equilon Enterprises, LLC; Shahid Hasan, individually and d/b/a Ashland and Diversey Shell; Beyer Enterprises, Inc., d/b/a Ridge Devon Shell; Clark Devon Shell, Inc.; Mohammed Anjad Umer, individually and d/b/a Peterson Western Shell; John Zyung, individually and d/b/a Roselle Shell; and Gio, Inc. d/b/a Westchester Shell and Car Wash, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated, Defendants.
No. 98 C 5766.
United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.
Oct. 29, 1999.
Thomas R. Meites, Michael M. Mulder, Paul William Mollica, Meites, Mulder, Burger & Mollica, Chicago, IL, for plaintiffs.
Steven Francis Molo, Gerald C. Peterson, Norman K. Beck, Winston & Strawn, Chicago, IL, Manuel Sanchez, John Scott Huntley, Daniel Thomas Grosso, Sanchez & Daniels, Chicago, IL, George B. Collins, Christopher Robert Bargione, Adrian M. Vuckovich, Collins & Bargione, Chicago, IL, Joseph Michael Gagliardo, Gregory Robert James, Jr., Clifford Raymond Perry, III, Laner, Muchin, Dombrow, Becker, Levin & Tominberg, Ltd., Chicago, IL, Robert Joseph Meyer, Sheryl A. Pethers, Debrai G. Haile, Swanson, Martin & Bell, Chicago, IL, Cary S. Fleischer, Alan R. Dolinko, Jeralyn Hartwick Baran, Chuhak & Tecson, Chicago, IL, Brett G. Rawitz, Josh Michael Friedman, Bates, Meckler, Bulger & Tilson, Chicago, IL, for defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
MORAN, Senior District Judge.
Plaintiffs bring this lawsuit as a purported class action on behalf of all African-American customers of Shell-brand gas stations. They allege that, in Chicagoland and across the nation, Shell-brand gas stations require African-Americans to prepay for gasoline while allowing white customers to pay after pumping gas. Plaintiffs claim that this pattern or practice of racial discrimination violates their federally-protected civil rights. Defendants move to dismiss the complaint on a variety of grounds. For the reasons set forth below, defendants’ motions are granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual Background
Daron Hill (“Hill”), Tyson Parks (“Parks”), and Christopher M. Lawson (“Lawson”) (collectively “plaintiffs”) are African-American customers of Shell-brand gasoline. Most Shell-brand gas stations are equipped with gas pumps that can be turned on or off from a console inside the service station. Customers can be viewed by the operator of the station through a window or video camera. Plaintiffs allege that they were required to pay in advance for gasoline before the operator of the station would turn on the pump (“pre-pay”). White customers arriving within minutes of such incidents, however, were allowed to pump their gas first and then pay (“post-pay”). Plaintiffs claim that this racially discriminatory treatment violated their rights under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981,1982, and 2000a.
Defendant Shell Oil Company (“Shell”) is a Delaware corporation doing business in this district. Until 1998, Shell owned approximately 8,500 gas stations located throughout the United States. On or after January 1, 1998, Shell transferred ownership of the approximately 8,500 stations and related assets to defendant Equilon Enterprises, LLC (“Equilon”). Approximately 10 percent of the stations are owned and operated directly by Shell or Equilon (“corporate stations”). The remaining 90 percent of the stations are owned by Shell or Equilon but operated by individual contract dealers (“dealer stations”). The dealer stations operate under a dealer agreement (“agreement”) with-Shell and Equilon, and lease the stations from Shell and Equilon under a “Motor Fuel Station Lease” (“lease”). The Agreement requires dealer stations to maintain corporate standards in the operation of Shell-brand stations (agrmt, ¶ 2). The agreement and the lease also provide for termination by Shell or Equilon if a dealer station knowingly fails “to comply with federal, state or local laws or regulations relevant to the operation of [the station]” (agrmt, ¶ 18.1(e)(ll); lease, ¶ 10.1(c)(10)).
Plaintiffs allege that they were subject to discrimination at both corporate and dealer stations. Specifically, the complaint details a total of twelve pre-pay incidents at two corporate and six dealer stations across Chicagoland. It also describes incidents at five other stations located in metropolitan areas outside Illinois. With respect to the incidents occurring in Illinois, plaintiff Hill was required to pre-pay on September 21, 1997, at a Shell corporate station in Skokie. He was also required to pre-pay at the following dealer stations on the following dates: Ashland Diversey Shell on February 6, 8, and 10, and August 3, 1997; Peterson Western Shell on August 3 and September 7, 1997; Ridge Devon Shell on August 3,1997; Irving Sheridan Shell on September 7, 1997; and Clark Devon Shell on September 21, 1997. Plaintiff Lawson was required to pre-pay on January 10, 1998, at an Equi-lon-operated station in Lombard. Plaintiff Parks was required to pre-pay on June 7, 1998, at Roselle Shell.
Based on these Illinois incidents, plaintiffs name as defendants in this lawsuit Shell, Equilon and the six dealer stations identified above. Unless otherwise noted, we shall refer to the six dealer stations collectively as “dealer defendants,” and individually as Ashland Diversey Shell, Irving Sheridan Shell, Ridge Devon Shell, Clark Devon Shell, Peterson Western Shell, and Roselle Shell.
II. History of Proceedings
Plaintiffs have made numerous submissions to the Illinois Department of Human Rights (“IDHR”) complaining of these discriminatory pre-pay incidents. As we will discuss below, the substance and chronology of these filings are important. On February 24, 1998, plaintiff Hill filed a charge with the IDHR against Shell for the September 21, 1997 pre-pay incident at the corporate station in Skokie. In that submission to the IDHR, Hill also described the pre-pay incidents he suffered at the five dealer stations with which he had dealings. Shell responded to the charge on April 15, 1998. On June 11, 1998, plaintiff Parks filed an IDHR charge against Ro-selle Shell based on the pre-pay incident he suffered there on June 7, 1998. On August 18, 1998, Hill filed amended charges, identifying with more specificity the five dealer stations that required him to pre-pay for gas. On September 16, 1998, plaintiff Hill withdrew his IDHR charges and filed a complaint, naming Shell and five dealer stations as defendants. On September 23, 1998, Hill filed the first amended complaint, which added Parks as a plaintiff and Equilon and Ro-selle Shell as defendants.
Plaintiffs filed a new round of IDHR charges on December 10, 1998. In addition to the charges of Hill and Parks against Shell and the six dealer defendants, Lawson filed charges against Equilon for the January 10, 1998 pre-pay incident he suffered at the corporate station in Lombard. The December 10, 1998, filings were formal IDHR charges, naming as respondents each of the eight defendants. In a letter to plaintiffs’ counsel dated December 28, 1998, an IDHR investigator informed plaintiffs that their charges were filed more than 180 days after the alleged incidents and therefore were untimely under Illinois law. On January 27, 1999, plaintiffs filed the second amended complaint (“complaint”) against Shell, Equilon and the six dealer defendants.
In the complaint, plaintiffs purport to bring a bilateral class action on behalf of “all African-American persons who have purchased gas at or will in the future seek to purchase gas from Shell and Equilon corporate locations or contract dealers” (cplt, ¶ 13) They name Shell, Equilon and the six dealer stations as defendants, along with a defendant class consisting of “all Shell and Equilon contract dealers operating under Shell and Equilon’s Lease and Dealer Agreement” (cplt, ¶ 18). Plaintiffs raise two counts in their complaint, both based on the same discriminatory pre-pay incidents. Count I is brought under Sections 1981 and 1982 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982. Count II is brought under Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 42 U.S.C. § 2000a. Plaintiffs allege that defendants have maintained a pattern or practice of requiring African-American customers, but not white customers, to pre-pay for gas purchases. Plaintiffs allege that Shell and Equilon are liable for the misconduct of their corporate stations, and of the dealer stations, over whom they have actual or apparent authority. Plaintiffs seek monetary damages, injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees, and a declaration against defendants establishing that Shell and Equilon have the power under the agreement and the lease to terminate any dealer station discovered to have violated federal civil rights laws against members of the plaintiff class.
All eight defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint. Defendants primarily argue that 1) Count II should be dismissed because plaintiffs have failed to satisfy the jurisdictional prerequisites of Title II, and 2) both counts should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. In addition, various defendants advance a number o’f other grounds for full or partial dismissal, including arguments of vicarious liability, mootness, standing, and misjoinder. As discussed below, the motions to dismiss are granted in part and denied in part.
DISCUSSION
I. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Over Title II Claim
Defendants move to dismiss plaintiffs’ Title II claims under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Where a Rule 12(b)(1) motion challenges the sufficiency of the allegations of subject matter jurisdiction, the court must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations and construe them favorably to the pleader. Rueth v. EPA, 13 F.3d 227, 229 (7th Cir.1993). Dismissal is proper only if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff cannot prove any set of facts consistent with the complaint that would entitle him to the relief requested. Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).
Defendants claim that plaintiffs have failed to satisfy Title II’s jurisdictional requirements before filing this lawsuit. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000a-3(c). First, defendants argue that plaintiffs failed to meet the 30-day state notice requirement contained in § 2000a-3(c). Second, defendants argue that plaintiffs failed to initiate IDHR proceedings within the 180-day state filing period allotted under Illinois law (see 775 ILCS 5/7A-102(A)(l)), and therefore their Title II claims are barred. Both of these arguments fail.
A. Title II’s State Notice Requirement
Defendants claim that plaintiffs failed to satisfy Title II’s jurisdictional prerequisites because they did not file written notice with the IDHR at least 30 days before bringing this lawsuit. Title II contains a state notice requirement, set forth in § 2000a-3(c):
In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this subchapter which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting such act or practice and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no civil action may be brought under subsection (a) of this section before the expiration of thirty days after written notice of such alleged act or practice has been given to the appropriate State or local authority.
Because the requirements of § 2000a-3(c) are jurisdictional, failure on the part of plaintiffs to satisfy the 30-day state notice rule would warrant dismissal of their Title II claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Stearnes v. Baur’s Opera House, Inc., 3 F.3d 1142, 1145 (7th Cir.1993).
Plaintiffs raise two arguments in response to this claim. First, they argue that this action falls under § 2000a-3(d), which does not contain any state notice requirement. Second, they contend that even if § 2000a-3(c) applies to their action, they have satisfied the state notice requirement set forth therein. We address each of these arguments in turn.
1. Section 2000ar-3(d)
Plaintiffs emphasize that § 2000a-3(e) applies only where there is “a State or local law prohibiting such act or practice and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such -practice. ” They argue that the IDHR does not have the authority to grant or seek the interstate class remedy they pursue in this lawsuit. Therefore, they argue, § 2000a-3(c) does not govern this action. Instead, plaintiffs claim to proceed under § 2000a-3(d), which applies to alleged acts or practices occurring in a state “which has no State or local law prohibiting such act or practice,” and consequently does not contain any requirement to notify a state agency prior to filing a federal action.
Plaintiffs’ position would circumvent § 2000a-3(c)’s state notice rule in all cases in which a plaintiff anticipates seeking interstate, classwide relief. Indeed, under plaintiffs’ theory, § 2000a-3(c) would not apply whenever an individual seeks relief from multiple defendants who do not reside in the same state. This would vitiate § 2000a-3(e), which is meant to provide a state agency the opportunity to invoke its remedies. See Harris v. Ericson, 457 F.2d 765, 766 (10th Cir.1972). If a plaintiff is not satisfied with the relief available from the state agency, he may proceed with his federal lawsuit after 30 days. This requirement is not an onerous one.
Plaintiffs supply no authority supporting their position that the notice requirement is not applicable when interstate, classwide relief is sought. The only case cited by plaintiffs is Robinson v. Power Pizza, Inc., 993 F.Supp. 1458 (M.D.Fla.1998). In Robinson, the court held that § 2000a-3(e) did not require plaintiffs to notify the Florida Commission on Human Relations prior to filing a federal action because plaintiffs sought a preliminary injunction and the Florida Commission provided no mechanism for obtaining such relief. Id. at 1460-61. The court’s holding in Robinson, however, was based on unique concerns of urgency — the court emphasized the injustice of forcing a plaintiff in need of immediate injunctive relief to file a futile notice with the state agency and then wait 30 days before initiating a federal action. Id. at 1461. Those considerations of urgency do not exist here, and Robinson has little bearing on this case.
Nothing in § 2000a-3(c) indicates that it does not apply in the circumstances presented here, and there is no persuasive case law suggesting otherwise. Indeed, Illinois has established a state agency, the IDHR, to investigate and prosecute just the sort of acts of racial discrimination plaintiffs allege in this lawsuit. Accordingly, we hold that § 2000a-3(c)’s 30-day state notice requirement applies in this lawsuit.
2. Section 2000cu-S(c)
Having held that § 2000a-3(c)’s 30-day state notice requirement applies to this case, we next turn to the issue whether plaintiffs have satisfied that requirement. Plaintiffs have made numerous submissions to the IDHR and have amended their original complaint in this action a number of times. Based on the date of these filings and the parties named therein, each of the defendants argues that an appropriate charge was not made with the IDHR at least 30 days before it was named in this lawsuit. Such failure to notify the IDHR, they argue, requires dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Defendants and plaintiffs have differing interpretations of § 2000a-3(c)’s state notice requirement. Defendants construe § 2000a-3(c) to require that each defendant be named as a respondent in a formal state administrative charge at least 30 days before being joined as a defendant in a federal lawsuit. Plaintiffs, on the other hand, do not read the statute to require formal state administrative charges against each defendant. Plaintiffs argue that informal written notice describing the allegedly discriminatory act or practice is sufficient. We must determine which of these two approaches is correct.
We start with the plain language of the statute. Section 2000a-3(c) simply requires that the appropriate state agency be given “written notice” of the “alleged act or practice” at least 30 days before a federal action is brought. Notably, the statute does not require filing of a state administrative charge against each potential defendant, nor even written notice to each potential defendant' — -just notice to the state agency. This language reflects the purpose of the statute. Section 2000a-3(c) is meant to provide a state agency with the opportunity to invoke its remedies for discriminatory acts and practices occurring in its jurisdiction. See Harris, 457 F.2d at 766. Therefore, the statute is drafted to provide notice to the state agency of the discriminatory incident, irrespective of whether that notice takes the form of a formal charge.
At least one court in this district has interpreted the plain language of § 2000a-3(c) to mean that a plaintiff need only provide written notice of the underlying facts of the dispute to the IDHR at least 30 days before seeking relief in federal court. In Watkins v. Dave & Buster’s, Inc., 1996 WL 596405 (N.D.Ill. Oct.10, 1996), plaintiff submitted a written statement to the IDHR describing the allegedly discriminatory incident. Several days later, she filed a formal complaint with the IDHR. More than 30 days after filing the informal statement, but less than 30 days after filing the formal complaint, plaintiff initiated a Title II action in federal court. Judge Hart held that plaintiff had satisfied the state notice requirement because “ § 2000a-3(c) only requires that the appropriate agency be given notice of the facts.” Id. at *3. No formal IDHR is required. Id. at *2. That holding seems to us in keeping with the plain language of the statute.
This construction is further supported by the fact that exhaustion of state administrative remedies clearly is not required under Title II. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000a-6(a); Harris, 457 F.2d at 766-67. Indeed, as the court in Watkins pointed out, § 2000a-3(c) “does not even assume that the complainant will have a right to pursue an individual action” through the state administrative apparatus. Id. at *2. See also Daigle, 957 F.Supp. at 11 (§ 2000a-3(c) does not require a plaintiff to “file a or to otherwise pursue action under the applicable state anti-discrimination law.”). The courts have not placed many strictures on § 2000a-3(c). As the defendants concede, its state notice requirement is modest (Shell reply br., at 15) All that is required is “written notice” of the “alleged acts or practices” constituting the discrimination.
Defendants’ position, that each defendant named in a lawsuit must first be named as an individual respondent in a formal IDHR charge, is contrary to the plain language of the statute, the well-reasoned holding of Watkins, and the admittedly modest nature of § 2000a-3(c). In support of their argument, defendants rely on one paragraph in Hornick v. Noyes, 708 F.2d 321, 323-24 (7th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1031, 104 S.Ct. 1295, 79 L.Ed.2d 696 (1984). In Homick, the court dismissed Title II claims against defendants who were discussed in the narrative portion of a timely IDHR charge, but who were never named as formal respondents in that charge. We note that the dismissal of defendants in that case was based on two alternative grounds, only one of which implicated § 2000a-3(c)’s state notice requirement. Id. at 323-24. In addition, the court in Homick stated that the claims against the dismissed defendants were moot given the nature of the relief sought, further diminishing the prec-edential value of the holding. Id. at 324. Like the court in Watkins, we find Hor-nick devoid of compelling analysis on this issue. See Watkins, 1996 WL 596405, at *3 (refusing to follow Hornick’s dicta regarding § 2000a-3(c)).
We agree with the court in Watkins that § 2000a-3(c) requires only written notice of the alleged discriminatory acts or practices. Plaintiffs do not need to file formal complaints with the IDHR naming each defendant as a respondent. With this understanding of the statute in mind, we apply § 2000a-3(c)’s 30-day state notice requirement to the factual circumstances of each defendant.
Defendant Shell was named as a respondent in plaintiff Hill’s IDHR charge on February 24, 1998, and not named as a defendant in this lawsuit until September 16, 1998. Plaintiffs clearly satisfied the 30-day requirement with respect to Shell.
Defendant, Equilon was joined as a defendant in this lawsuit on September 23, 1998, but not named as a respondent in an IDHR charge until December 10, 1998. On or after January 1, 1998, Equilon acquired from Shell ownership of all of its 8,500 stations located throughout the United States. (Equilon br. at 3) Plaintiffs’ first amended complaint, filed on September 23,1998, joined Equilon as a defendant in its capacity as the successor to Shell’s stations. Plaintiffs made no allegations of discrimination at Equilon-operated stations until its second amended complaint (filed on January 27, 1999). The February 24, 1998 notice provided the IDHR with the basic facts underlying this action. That submission, along with the December 10, 1998 notice to the IDHR, which formally charged Equilon, are sufficient under § 2000a-3(c). See Slack v. Havens, 522 F.2d 1091, 1094-95 (9th Cir.1975) (successor liable under Title VII, even if not named in EEOC charge); see also EEOC v. Rockwell Intern. Corp., 36 F.Supp.2d 1056, 1057-58 (N.D.Ill.1999) (discussing successor liability under civil rights laws).
Defendant Roselle Shell was named as a respondent in plaintiff Parks’ IDHR charge on June 11, 1998, but not named as a defendant in this lawsuit until September 23, 1998. Again, the 30-day state notice requirement clearly is satisfied.
The five other dealer stations were named as defendants in this lawsuit on September 16, 1998, but not named as respondents in an IDHR charge until December- 10, 1998. The February 24, 1998 IDHR charge, however, provided a description of the allegedly discriminatory incidents at those five dealer stations, detailing the location of the five gas stations and the dates on which the alleged incidents occurred. That submission set out the same facts that form the grounds for the present lawsuit. Furthermore, plaintiffs amended their IDHR charges on August 18, 1998, identifying with more specificity the gas stations at which the alleged incidents took place, and filed formal IDHR charges naming the gas stations as respondents on December 10, 1998. On these facts, we find that the IDHR received written notice of the alleged acts or practices occurring at these five gas stations more than 30 days before this lawsuit was filed.
Based on the above analysis we find that plaintiffs have satisfied § 2000a-3(c)’s 30-day state notice requirement with respect to all of the defendants.
B. Illinois ’ 180-Day Filing Period
Each defendant moves to dismiss the Title II claims on the grounds that the discriminatory acts alleged against it took place more than 180 days before it was named as a respondent in an IDHR charge. In order to pursue a state administrative claim under Illinois law a complainant must notify the IDHR “[w]ithin 180 days after the date that a civil rights violation allegedly has been committed.” 775 ILCS 5/7A-102(A)(l). Defendants argue that § 2000a-3(c)’s state notice requirement incorporates the 180-day limitations period applicable to IDHR claims under Illinois law and plaintiffs did not satisfy the 180-day filing period. Therefore, they failed the jurisdictional requirements of Title II, compelling dismissal of this lawsuit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Plaintiffs argue that the 180-day state administrative filing period is trumped by federal civil rights law. Also, in the alternative, they contend that they have met the 180-day limitations requirement. Because we find that Title II does not incorporate state administrative limitations periods we need not address whether or not plaintiffs have met the IDHR’s 180-day filing requirement.
One of the chief concerns behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the need for a national standard of anti-discrimination laws. See Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294, 301, 85 S.Ct. 377, 13 L.Ed.2d 290 (1964) (racial discrimination is “not merely a state or regional problem but ... one of national scope”); Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 253, 85 S.Ct. 348, 13 L.Ed.2d 258 (1964) (racially “exclusionary, practices were found to be nationwide”); see also Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 275, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985) (stressing the ‘Tederal interests in uniformity, certainty, and the minimization of unnecessary litigation” behind the 1964 Act). In passing the 1964 Act, Congress saw that “national legislation is required to meet a national need,” H.R. No. 914, 1964 U.S.C.C.AN. 2391, 2393; see Sen. R. 872, 1964 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2355, 2368 (discrimination in public accommodations is a problem “national in scope requiring Federal legislation”). Mindful of these underpinnings of the 1964 Act, courts have protected the Act from being unduly frustrated by state procedural laws.
For example, the Supreme Court consistently has rejected the applicability of state administrative limitations periods to federal civil rights claims. In Oscar Mayer & Co. v. Evans, 441 U.S. 750, 758-65, 99 S.Ct. 2066, 60 L.Ed.2d 609 (1979), the Court applied a provision in the ADEA that contained a state notice requirement similar to § 2000a-3(c). The defendants in that case argued that since plaintiff had not filed a state action within the 120 days allotted by Iowa law, his ADEA claim was jurisdictionally barred. Id. at 758-59, 99 S.Ct. 2066. The Supreme Court disagreed: “There is no requirement that, in order to commence state proceedings and thereby preserve federal rights, the griev-ant must file with the State within whatever time limits are specified by state law.” Id. at 759, 99 S.Ct. 2066. Examining both the ADEA provision and a nearly identical provision of Title VII, the Court held that “Congress did not intend to foreclose federal relief simply because state relief was also foreclosed” by state administrative statutes of limitation. Id. at 761, 99 S.Ct. 2066; see also Burnett v. Grattan, 468 U.S. 42, 53-55, 104 S.Ct. 2924, 82 L.Ed.2d 36 (1984) (six-month limitations period for filing administrative charge under Iowa law does not apply to federal claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and 1985); Felder v. Casey, 487 U.S. 131, 152-53, 108 S.Ct. 2302, 101 L.Ed.2d 123 (1988) (Section 1983 trumps state law limitations period).
The Seventh Circuit also has held that state administrative filing deadlines will not be applied to frustrate federal civil rights proceedings. In Anderson v. Illinois Tool Works, Inc., 753 F.2d 622, 624-26 (7th Cir.1985), another lawsuit interpreting the ADEA’s state notice requirement, the Seventh Circuit addressed the issue whether a plaintiff must satisfy the IDHR’s 180-day statute of limitations in order to make an extended statutory filing period applicable to his EEOC charge. The court expressly followed Oscar Mayer and held that the ADEA’s state notice requirement does not require a plaintiff to commence state administrative proceedings within the time limits specified by state law. Id. at 626. Therefore, plaintiffs right to file federal EEOC proceedings was not affected by whether he met the IDHR’s 180-day filing period for state claims. Id.
Contrary to defendants’ contentions, courts in this circuit have not incorporated the IDHR’s 180-day limitations period into Title II. In Stearnes, 3 F.3d at 1144-45, the court simply held that a plaintiff must give notice to the IDHR before filing a Title II lawsuit. The court discussed the 180-day limitations period only because the plaintiff claimed that expiration of that period left no viable state agency for him to notify under § 2000a-3(c). Id. Nowhere did the court hold that a Title II lawsuit must be dismissed if the plaintiff did not notify the IDHR within the 180-day period allotted under Illinois law. Nor does Huggar v. Northwest Airlines Inc., 1999 WL 59841 (N.D.Ill. Jan.27, 1999), stand for such a precedent. In Huggar, the court held that Title II does not apply to aircraft. Id. at *3. Following this holding, the court went on to comment in a footnote that plaintiffs failure to file IDHR charges within 180 days of the alleged incident also warranted dismissal of his Title II claims. Id. at *3 n. 7. We place little value on this single footnote, which was unsupported by any discussion of the principles and law described in Oscar Mayer and contained no substantive analysis of § 2000a-3(c).
The 30-day state notice provision is an integral part of § 2000a-3(c), but that provision does not import limitations periods on state administrative actions into the federal scheme of Title II. One can imagine a state, intent on foreclosing public accommodations lawsuits, enacting a one-day limitations period on state administrative actions. Under defendants’ theory, plaintiffs who do not file state administrative charges within that one-day period would lose their right to pursue Title II relief in federal court. Surely, Congress did not intend such a result. See Wilson, 471 U.S. at 275, 105 S.Ct. 1938; Heart of Atlanta Motel, 379 U.S. at 253, 85 S.Ct. 348. While Illinois may bar a complainant’s administrative claim if he fails to file within the IDHR’s 180-day limitations period, it cannot strip him of his Title II rights on those grounds.
Because plaintiffs have satisfied § 2000a-3(c)’s 30-day state notice rule, and are not subject to the IDHR’s 180-day limitations period, we find that they have met the jurisdictional requirements of Title' II. Accordingly, defendants’ motions to dismiss the Title II claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction are denied.
II. Allegations of Racial Discrimination
Defendants move to dismiss Counts I and II for failure to state a claim. Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). The purpose of a motion to dismiss is to test the sufficiency, not the merits, of the action. Triad Associates, Inc. v. Chicago Housing Authority, 892 F.2d 583, 586 (7th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 845, 111 S.Ct. 129, 112 L.Ed.2d 97 (1990). Therefore, no claim will be dismissed unless “it is clear that no relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the allegations.” Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984). In order to withstand a motion to dismiss the plaintiffs must allege facts sufficiently setting forth the cause of action. Gray v. Dane County, 854 F.2d 179, 182 (7th Cir.1988). However, “mere vagueness or lack of detail does not constitute sufficient grounds for a motion to dismiss.” Strauss v. City of Chicago, 760 F.2d 765, 767 (7th Cir.1985). Of course, all well-pleaded allegations must be taken as true, with all reasonable inferences drawn in plaintiffs’ favor. Dawson v. General Motors Corp., 977 F.2d 369, 372 (7th Cir.1992).
Defendants argue that plaintiffs fail to state a claim in a variety of respects. They contend that plaintiffs have failed to show 1) a pattern or practice of discrimination, 2) the requisite discriminatory intent, or 3) abrogation of a federally-protected right. We disagree with defendants’ arguments and therefore deny their motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
A. Pattern or Practice of Discrimination
In both Counts I and II, plaintiffs claim that Shell, Equilon and the dealer defendants “have maintained a pattern or practice of requiring African-American customers, but not white customers, to prepay for gas purchases” (cplt, ¶¶ 24, 27). In their briefs, plaintiffs have clarified that they do not bring pattern-or-practice claims against the dealer stations, but only against Shell and Equilon. Therefore, the pattern-or-practice claims against the dealer defendants are dismissed.
Shell and Equilon argue that a pattern- or-practice claim must be supported by allegations that racial discrimination was the defendants’ standard operating procedure. Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 336, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977) (plaintiff has to prove “more than the mere occurrence of isolated or ‘accidental’ or sporadic discriminatory acts”). They point out that even though plaintiffs are frequent purchasers of Shell-brand gasoline and engaged in a two-year, five-State testing expedition for discrimination, they could only assert 17 pre-pay incidents at 12 stations. Defendants argue that this is sporadic, not systemic, discrimination, and therefore the specific allegations defeat the generally pleaded pattern- or-practice claim.
We disagree. Our notice pleading requirements do not demand extensive factual support of the allegations. See Kirksey v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 168 F.3d 1039, 1041 (7th Cir.1999). Defendants’ characterization of the basis of this lawsuit as a two-year testing expedition belittles the extent of the discrimination alleged. It appears that all of the acts complained of occurred on eleven dates, with multiple incidents at different stations occurring on the same date (cplt, ¶ 9) By our count, this amounts to more than one discriminatory incident per day. Furthermore, this case is a purported class action and class discovery may be necessary to determine the viability of the pattern-or-practice allegations. At the motion-to-dismiss stage of the litigation we are satisfied that the prepay incidents detailed in plaintiffs’ complaint are sufficient to state a pattern-or-practice claim against Shell and Equilon.
B. Discriminato'i’y Intent
To state a claim of discrimination under federal law plaintiffs must allege that 1) they are members of a racial minority, 2) defendants intended to discriminate against plaintiffs on the basis of race, and 3) the discrimination concerned an activity protected by the statutes. See Morris v. Office Max, Inc., 89 F.3d 411, 413 (7th Cir.1996). Defendants challenge plaintiffs’ complaint under the second and third prongs of this standard.
Some defendants argue that plaintiffs have not alleged discriminatory intent on the part of defendants. This argument requires little analysis. Defendants rely on the absence of any allegations that plaintiffs were referred to in a racially derogatory manner or otherwise were subject to racial animosity. This is' of no consequence, for racial epithets are not required to state a claim. Plaintiffs’ allegations of unequal treatment are sufficient. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973).
C. Violation of Federally Protected Rights
The crux of defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) argument is that plaintiffs have failed to allege violation of any rights protected by federal law. Specifically, defendants argue that even if plaintiffs were required to pre-pay because of their race, such discrimination, though unfortunate, would not be a violation of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1982, or 2000a. Thus, we are faced with the question whether a gas station’s practice of requiring African-American customers to pre-pay for their gasoline purchases, while allowing white customers to pay after pumping gas, is actionable under these federal statutes.
Count I of plaintiffs’ complaint is brought under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982. Section 1981 bars discrimination in the making and enforcing of contracts. As amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991, it provides in relevant part:
(a) All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens....
(b) For purposes of this section, the term “make and enforce contracts” includes the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.
42 U.S.C. § 1981. Section 1981 protects against discrimination by nongovernmental entities and has been applied to cover retail transactions. See 42 U.S.C. § 1981(c); Morris, 89 F.3d at 413. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 added subsection (b), among other provisions, and intended § 1981 to bar racial discrimination in “all phases and incidents of the contractual relationship.” Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298, 302, 114 S.Ct. 1510, 128 L.Ed.2d 274 (1994).
Section 1982 bars racial discrimination in transactions involving real or personal property. It states:
All citizens of the United States shall have the same right, in every State and Territory, as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property.
42 U.S.C. § 1982. Courts construe § 1982 as coextensive with § 1981. See, e.g., Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160, 169-74, 96 S.Ct. 2586, 49 L.Ed.2d 415 (1976); Morris, 89 F.3d at 413.
Relying on Morris v. Office Max, Inc., 89 F.3d 411 (7th Cir.1996), defendants argue that because plaintiffs were admitted into the gas stations and ultimately were able to purchase gas, there has been no tangible deprivation of rights protected by §§ 1981 and 1982. In Morris, the store manager called the police to investigate two African-American men shopping at the store who she felt were behaving suspiciously. The police questioned the men, and then apologized and left. Id. at 411. The men then sued the store under §§ 1981 and 1982. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the store and the Seventh Circuit affirmed. The court held that no federally-protected rights were violated because the plaintiffs “were neither denied admittance nor service, nor were they asked to leave the store.” Id. at 414.
While superficially similar, the circumstances presented in Morris differ significantly from the facts alleged in this case. In Morris, the manager’s actions did not place any special condition on the plaintiffs’ contractual relations or right to make purchases. Instead, the Morris plaintiffs were allowed to carry out their contract to purchase goods at Office Max under the same terms and conditions as white customers. In this case, however, plaintiffs allege that the racially discriminatory prepay requirement adversely affected the basic terms and conditions of their contract to purchase gasoline from Shell-brand stations. The discrimination took place at the point of sale, directly impheating plaintiffs’ right to contract and to enjoy “all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b); see Rivers, 511 U.S. at 302, 114 S.Ct. 1510.
On similar facts, courts across the country and in this district have held that a raciahy discriminatory pre-pay requirement states a claim under §§ 1981 and 1982. See Hill v. Amoco Oil Co., No. 97-C-7501, slip op. (N.D.Ill. July 20, 1999) (holding that allegations of a racially discriminatory pre-pay requirement at Amoco-brand gas stations states a claim under §§ 1981 and 1982); Bobbitt v. Rage Inc., 19 F.Supp.2d 512, 519 (W.D.N.C.1998) (when restaurant required African-Americans, but not whites, to pre-pay for service it “changed an essential term of the customer/restaurateur contract because of race ... [and] triggered subsection (b) of [Section 1981]”).
Furthermore, contrary to defendants’ assertions, this is not a case in which plaintiffs merely received poor or delayed service. Cf. Harrison v. Denny’s Restaurant, Inc., 1997 WL 227963 (N.D.Cal. Apr.24, 1997); White v. Denny’s Inc., 918 F.Supp. 1418, 1423 (D.Colo.1996); Robertson v. Burger King, Inc., 848 F.Supp. 78 (E.D.La.1994). Unlike the slow service cases, plaintiffs in this case allege direct impairment of the terms and conditions of their contractual purchase of gasoline. A pre-pay requirement may well result in slow service, but it also subjects African-American customers to different terms of purchase. This is sufficient to state a claim under §§ 1981 and 1982.
Count II of plaintiffs’ complaint sufficiently states a claim for similar reasons. Title II of the Civil Right Act of 1964 bars discrimination in places of public accommodation. The relevant portion of that statute provides:
All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.
42 U.S.C. § 2000a(a). Gas stations are defined as places of public accommodation and are governed by the statute. 42 U.S.C. § 2000a(b)(2).
Requiring plaintiffs to pre-pay for their gasoline purchases, while white customers are allowed to post-pay, abridges plaintiffs’ Title II rights to the “full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations” of Shell-brand gas stations. In similar contexts, courts have held that pre-payment policies, if proved, violate Title II. See Bobbitt, 19 F.Supp.2d at 522; see also Stevens v. Steak n Shake, Inc., 35 F.Supp.2d 882, 887-890 (M.D.Fla.1998) (discriminatory pre-pay policy would violate analogous Florida law).
Plaintiffs’ allegations of racially discriminatory pre-payment at Shell-brand stations are sufficient to state a claim under §§ 1981 and 1982 and under Title II. Both Count I and Count II pass the test of Rule 12(b)(6).
III. Vicarious Liability of Shell and Equilon
Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that Shell and Equilon are liable for the discriminatory practices of the dealer stations (cplt, ¶ 10). Such liability exists, plaintiffs allege, because “Shell and Equilon operate as principals to their contract dealers (or alternatively conferred apparent authority on contract dealers to operate as agents)” (cplt, ¶ 10).' Shell and Equilon deny that they are liable for the alleged discriminatory acts of the dealer stations and move to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims insofar as they allege such vicarious liability.
Plaintiffs proceed under the agency law theory of vicarious liability. They claim that the dealer stations are agents of Shell and Equilon under the dealer agreement and lease and therefore, pursuant to either actual or apparent authority, Shell and Equilon are liable for the dealer stations’ misconduct (pi. br. at 4). Defendants counter that liability under §§ 1981 and 1982 cannot be imposed vicariously. This argument, however, is based on a misreading of the Supreme Court’s decision in General Bldg. Contractors Ass’n, Inc. v. Pennsylvania, 458 U.S. 375, 102 S.Ct. 3141, 73 L.Ed.2d 835 (1982). Contrary to defendants’ characterization of that case, the Supreme Court did not hold that civil rights liability could never be imposed vicariously. Instead, the Court simply found that the facts presented in that case did not establish the existence of an agency relationship. Id. at 391-95, 102 S.Ct. 3141. In fact, Justice O’Connor, concurring, emphasized that “nothing in the Court’s opinion prevents the respondents from litigating the question of the employer’s liability under § 1981 by attempting to prove the traditional elements of responde-at superior.” Id. at 404, 102 S.Ct. 3141. Courts in this circuit have recognized that continuing viability of vicarious liability in the civil rights context. See Malone v. Schenk, 638 F.Supp. 423, 425 (C.D.Ill.1985) (collecting cases).
What constitutes an agency relationship is a matter of hornbook law: “Agency is the fiduciary relation which results from the manifestation of consent by one person to another that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control, and consent by the other so to act.” Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1 (1958); General Bldg. Contractors, 458 U.S. at 392, 102 S.Ct. 3141. Whether an agency relationship exists, however, is a factual inquiry. See Moriarty v. Glueckert Funeral Home, Ltd., 155 F.3d 859, 864 (7th Cir.1998); Goldstick v. ICM Realty, 788 F.2d 456, 460 (7th Cir.1986). Such inquiries are best left for resolution at the summary judgment or trial stage of litigation.
Plaintiffs invite us to decide the issue solely on the language of the agreement and lease, which (as plaintiffs repeatedly point out) state that they do not create an agency relationship. Contractual language, however, is often self-serving and is not dispositive of the issue. See Drexel v. Union Prescription Centers, Inc., 582 F.2d 781, 786 (3d Cir.1978) (that “agreement expressly denies the existence of an agency relationship is not in itself determinative of the matter”); Northern v. McGraw-Edison Co., 542 F.2d 1336, 1343 n. 7 (8th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1097, 97 S.Ct. 1115, 51 L.Ed.2d 544 (1977). That is why discovery into the actual nature of the relationship is needed. The evidence may well show that no agency relationship exists between Shell and Equilon on one hand and the dealer stations on the other. The allegations, however, are sufficient to state a claim. Plaintiffs’ complaint, alleging liability on the part of Shell and Equilon for the dealer stations’ misconduct, withstands defendants’ motions to dismiss.
IV. Mootness Issues
Two dealer defendants move to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims for injunctive relief on mootness grounds. We note that neither of these defendants argues that plaintiffs’ claims for money damages, declaratory relief, and attorneys’ fees are moot. Our ruling on the mootness issues, therefore, has no bearing on the other forms of relief sought from these defendants.
First, defendant Peterson Western Shell states that its former owner, Mohammed Anjad Umer, sold the gas station and therefore no injunctive relief may be obtained from him. Umer attached an affidavit to his motion to dismiss attesting that he sold all of the assets relating to the operation of his Shell station in November 1997. Since plaintiffs are not subject to future injury by Umer, the claims for in-junctive relief against him are dismissed. See O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 495-96, 94 S.Ct. 669, 38 L.Ed.2d 674 (1974).
Second, defendant Roselle Shell argues that plaintiffs’ plea for injunctive relief is moot because there are no allegations that plaintiffs will be subject to a discriminatory pre-pay requirement in future visits to that station. Roselle Shell relies on the basic proposition, articulated in City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102(983), 103 S.Ct. 1660, 75 L.Ed.2d 675, that a mere allegation of “[p]ast exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a present case or controversy regarding in-junctive relief ... if unaccompanied by any continuing, present adverse effects.” Id. (quoting O’Shea, 414 U.S. at 495-96, 94 S.Ct. 669). However, plaintiffs in this case do not simply allege past misconduct. They specifically allege that the defendants continue to violate §§ 1981 and 1982 (cplt, ¶ 24) and Title II (cplt, ¶ 27). Furthermore, plaintiffs’ allegations do not rest on a single pre-pay incident in the past, but rather detail numerous occasions of discriminatory pre-payment. See Naiman v. New York University, 1997 WL 249970, at *4-5 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 1997) (distinguishing single incident cases from multiple incident cases with respect to in-junctive relief). The allegations set forth support a cause of action for injunctive relief against Roselle Shell.
Therefore, Umer’s motion to dismiss the injunctive claims against him on mootness grounds is granted. Defendant Roselle Shell’s motion to dismiss the injunctive claims is denied.
V. Standing and Misjoinder Issues
Finally, we address the arguments of one dealer defendant regarding lack of standing and misjoinder. Specifically, defendant Roselle Shell claims that because plaintiffs Hill and Lawson had no dealings with Roselle Shell, they lack standing to sue it. Alternatively, Roselle Shell argues that it has been misjoined in this lawsuit because, absent any allegations of joint conduct or conspiracy, plaintiffs cannot show that the misconduct of the dealer defendants was part of the “same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 20(a).
Roselle Shell misconstrues the nature of the claims alleged against it. Neither Hill nor Lawson allege any individual claims against Roselle Shell. Furthermore, no class pattern-or-practice allegations are made against Roselle Shell or any of the dealer defendants. Roselle Shell is a defendant in this lawsuit for two reasons. First, plaintiff Parks sues Roselle Shell for the June 11, 1998 discriminatory pre-pay incident. Second, plaintiffs sue the dealer defendants (and Shell and Equilon) for declaratory relief, seeking to construe the agreement and lease. Roselle Shell and the other dealer defendants are properly joined under these circumstances. See 7 Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 1616 (1995) (“As in other contexts, courts in actions seeking declaratory relief should attempt to join absentees whose joinder is feasible whenever their interests may be affected by the outcome or their presence is needed to adjudicate the dispute effectively.”) A declaration on how the agreement and lease shall be construed will affect, and possibly impair, the rights of the dealer defendants. See U.S. ex rel. Hall v. Tribal Development Corp., 100 F.3d 476, 479-80 (7th Cir.1996); Fed. R.Civ.P. 19.
We acknowledge Roselle Shell’s arguments regarding the risk of prejudice to a sole gas station resulting from defending in this purported class action. As plaintiffs concede, if discovery reveals no connection between the dealer defendants’ misconduct and Shell and Equilon, a reevaluation of misjoinder and severance issues may be required. At this point, however, we deny Roselle Shell’s motions to dismiss and to sever.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, all of defendants’ motions to dismiss are denied except as follows: claims seeking injunc-tive relief from defendant Umer are dismissed as moot; pattern-or-practice claims alleged against the dealer defendants are dismissed; and insofar as the complaint raises any class allegations against the dealer defendants for relief other than a declaratory judgment, those class allegations are dismissed.
. On a motion to dismiss we take plaintiffs’ well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construe them in their favor. See Dawson v. General Motors Corp., 977 F.2d 369, 372 (7th Cir.1992).
. Defendants' motions to dismiss are directed at plaintiffs' second amended complaint, which was filed on January 27, 1999. On August 18, 1999, plaintiffs filed a third amended complaint, adding Carlton Reives as a plaintiff and Bruce Sirichio d/b/a Westches-ter Shell Car Wash as a defendant. On September 15, 1999, plaintiffs filed a fourth amended complaint, substituting Gio, Inc. as the correct owner of Westchester Shell Car Wash. While we do not discuss the incident at Westchester in the fact portion of the opinion, the rulings set forth in this opinion with respect to the six other dealer stations apply equally to Westchester. Because Westchester has not had the opportunity to respond to the complaint against it, however, we reserve our right to entertain a motion to dismiss from Westchester if one is filed in the future.
. Plaintiff Reives was required to pre-pay on April 29, 1999 at Westchester Shell.
. Other courts similarly have held that the notice requirement contained in § 2000a-3(c) does not require a formal state administrative. See, e.g., Daigle v. Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 957 F.Supp. 8, 11 (D.N.H.1997) (holding that plaintiff had satisfied § 2000a-3(c)’s state notice requirement simply by writing a letter to the state attorney general about the discriminatory incident).
. In contrast, defendants in this lawsuit have been named as respondents in formal IDHR charges, albeit some of those charges were filed after the defendant had been named as a party in this lawsuit.
. Shell responded lo Hill's charges in a written submission to the IDHR dated April 15, 1998. In that response, Shell made no disclosures regarding the transfer of ownership to Equilon.
. With respect to the parties newly added in the third and fourth amended complaints, Westchester Shell was named as a respondent in plaintiff Reives' IDHR charge on July 6, 1999, but not named as a defendant in this lawsuit until August 18, 1999.
. Section 14(b) of the ADEA provides that “no suit may be brought ... before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State law.” 29 U.S.C. § 633(b).
. In contrast, the court in Daigle v. Friendly Ice Cream Corp., 957 F.Supp. 8 (D.N.H.1997), conducted a cogent and succinct analysis of whether § 2000a-3(c) incorporates state administrative limitations periods. The court in Daigle began by holding that § 2000a-3(c) applies to public accommodation claims brought under Title III of the ADA. Proceeding with the § 2000a-3(c) analysis, the court found that the plaintiff had submitted written notice to the state attorney general, but not until more than 16 months after the discriminatory incident. Like Illinois, New Hampshire has a 180-day administrative filing period. Defendant argued that plaintiff's late filing failed to satisfy the jurisdictional prerequisites of § 2000a-3(c). The court rejected that argument:
[Defendant’s] argument overlooks the distinction between, on the one hand, filing a under the New Hampshire law and, on the other, sending notice to the "appropriate authority” to satisfy the section 2000a-3(c) prerequisite of an ADA claim. The 180-day statute of limitations only applies to the time within which a complaint may be filed under New Hampshire discrimination law. However, in order to satisfy the prerequisites of an ADA claim contained in section 2000a-3(c), a party is not required to file a complaint or to otherwise pursue action under the applicable state anti-discrimination law. Section 2000a-3(c) only requires that notice be given to the "appropriate authority,” and giving notice to state authorities is not the same thing as filing a state law. Notice received by an appropriate state authority after a state law has been time barred still may satisfy section 2000a-3(c) because section 2000a-3(c) does not require any to ever be brought.
Id. at 11. We similarly find that satisfaction of the IDHR’s 180-day statute of limitations is not a condition precedent to filing a Title II claim in federal court.
. Insofar as the conduct of the dealer stations is attributable to Shell and Equilon, however, evidence of discriminatory pre-pay incidents at the dealer stations remains relevant.
. The argument made by defendants, that there is no civil rights violation because plaintiffs ultimately were admitted and served, was raised and rejected by Judge Hart in McCaleb v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc., 28 F.Supp.2d 1043, 1047-48 (N.D.Ill.1998), who observed:
"Defendant ignores that § 1981(b) defines the making and enforcement of contracts as including performance of the contract and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms and conditions of the contractual relationship.” Id. at 1048.
. Plaintiffs point out that the language of the agreement and lease is not as one-sided on this issue as defendants suggest. The agreements direct dealer stations to maintain Shell corporate standards and provide that Shell or Equilon may terminate any dealer station found to have violated the law. (See Dealer Agreement ¶¶ 2, 18.1 (c)(l 1); Lease ¶ 10.1(c)(10))
. Notably, the cases cited by defendants in support of their argument were all decided on summary judgment or post-trial motions. See, e.g., Smith v. Cities Service Oil Co., 346 F.2d 349, 352 (7th Cir.1965); Oberlin v. Marlin American Corp., 596 F.2d 1322, 1326-27 (7th Cir.1979). These decisions illustrate the need to conduct discovery into the precise nature of the alleged agency relationship. Like those courts, we require more evidence than is available on a motion to dismiss before we are able to resolve the issue.
. Umer is named as a defendant "individually and d/b/a Peterson Western Shell.”
. Umer has filed a motion to dismiss or, alternatively, for summary judgment.
. The pre-pay incidents suffered by plaintiff Hill at the Peterson Western Shell station occurred on August 3, and September 7, 1997, before Umer sold the station. Therefore, Umer remains a defendant with respect to Hill’s individual claims against him, and as to the pattern-or-practice claim against Shell and Equilon, irrespective of our finding that the injunctive claims against him are moot.
. Though this argument is raised in a motion to dismiss and cast as a challenge to standing, it is more appropriately characterized as an argument against certifying a defendant class and, therefore, is better raised at the class certification stage.
| CASELAW |
User:Eleanor Dudeson
Eleanor Dudeson is the pharoah of Drybridge and has approved the erecting of a pyramid on the south side of the large city. He is also a transexual with family roots all over the world and is also one of the biggest weapons makers in Europe. He was born on the 25th of December in a barn in Farmerville. When he was 48 he moved to the nearby town of Gangstaville where he attempted to create a new religion called "Scaredofprogress" but returned to Farmerville when it was, not surprisingly, unsucessful.
However, for funds, he relies on the Drybridge mafia, of which he is the leader. Other members of this gang include Ben Dover, Hugh Jass and Mike Rotch. During an interveiw for a local newspaper when he was asked to describe his fellow gang members he used such terms and phrases as " Lives with his mum ", " Just a work relation " and " Wanted in 32 countries ". Members of the Drybridge mafia can often be identified by their suits, balaclavas, shoes and occasionally cuff-links (all of which are denim). It is thought that this trend began when one of the members overheard an Ayrshire school boy was going to wear the outfit to a Christmas dance at his school.
This mafia have not to be underestimated. They have control over every Burger king in the Northern Hemisphere, Area 51 and a small make-shift warehouse made from drift wood outside Birmingham. They also have spies watching the most powereful people on earth such as Chuck Norris and The guy whos voice is Homer Simpson.
Eleanors hobbies include Elephant polo, Internet bank fraud, Sumo wrestling, Watching paint dry, Campainig for Green Peace and Runing up behind helpless old people and scareing them until their teeth fall out (at which he is the World champion 12 years running). | WIKI |
Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 5.djvu/254
228 Father, tell us the reasons (which we know not) of those things which are in this world,—as, for instance, the number of hairs on his own head, and the sparrows which are captured day by day, and such other points with which we are not previously acquainted,—so that we may credit him also with respect to more important points. But if those who are perfect do not yet understand the very things in their hands, and at their feet, and before their eyes, and on the earth, and especially the rule followed with respect to the hairs of their head, how can we believe them regarding things spiritual, and super-celestial, and those which, with a vain confidence, they assert to be above God? So much, then, I have said concerning numbers, and names, and syllables, and questions respecting such things as are above our comprehension, and concerning their improper expositions of the parables: [I add no more on these points,] since thou thyself mayest enlarge upon them.
1. Let us return, however, to the remaining points of their system. For when they declare that, at the consummation of all things, their mother shall re-enter the Pleroma, and receive the Saviour as her consort; that they themselves, as being spiritual, when they have got rid of their animal souls, and become intellectual spirits, will be the consorts of the spiritual angels; but that the Demiurge, since they call him animal, will pass into the place of the Mother; that the souls of the righteous shall psychically repose in the intermediate place;—when they declare that like will be gathered to like, spiritual things to spiritual, while material things continue among those that are material, they do in fact contradict themselves, inasmuch as they no longer maintain that souls pass, on account of their nature, into the intermediate place to those substances which are similar to themselves, but [that they do so] on account of the deeds done [in the body], since | WIKI |
Clarel/Part 2/Canto 23
23. By the Jordan
On the third morn, a misty one, Equipped they sally for the wave Of Jordan. With his escort brown
The Israelite attendance gave For that one day and night alone. Slung by a cord from saddle-bow, Is it the mace of Ivanhoe? Rolfe views, and comments: "Note, I pray, He said to Derwent on the way, "Yon knightly hammer. 'Tis with that He stuns, and would exterminate Your creeds as dragons." With light fire Of wit, the priest rejoinder threw; But turned to look at Nehemiah: The laboring ass with much ado
Of swerving neck would, at the sight Of bramble-tops, snatch for a bite; And though it bred him joltings ill-- In patience that did never tire, Her rider let her have her will. The apostate, ready with his sneer: "Yes, you had better--'tis a she." To Rolfe said Derwent: "There, you see: It is these infidels that jeer At everything." TheJew withheld His mare, and let Nehemiah pass: "Who is this Balaam on the ass?" But none his wonderment dispelled.
Now skies distill a vaporous rain; So looked the sunken slimy plain-- Such semblance of the vacuum shared, As 'twere the quaking sea-bed bared By the Caracas. All was still: So much the more their bosoms thrill With dream of some withdrawn vast surge Its timed return about to urge And whelm them. But a cry they hear: The steed of Mortmain, led in rear, Broke loose and ran. "Horse too run mad?" Cried Derwent; "shares his rider's mind-- His rider late? shun both their kind? Poor Swede! But where was it he said We should rejoin?" "'Tis by Lot's sea, Remember. And, pray heaven, it be!-- Look, the steed's caught." Suspicious ground They skirt, with ugly bushes crowned; And thereinto, against surprise, The vigilant Spahi throws his eyes; To take of distant chance a bond, Djalea looks forward, and beyond.
At this, some riders feel that awe Which comes of sense of absent law, And irreligious human kind, Relapsed, remanded, reassigned To chaos and brute passions blind. But is it Jordan, Jordan dear, That doth that evil bound define Which borders on the barbarous sphere-- Jordan, even Jordan, stream divine? In Clarel ran such revery here.
Belex his flint adjusts and rights, Sharp speaks unto his Bethlehemites; Then, signaled by Djalea, through air Surveys the further ridges bare. Foreshortened 'gainst a long-sloped hight Beyond the wave whose wash of foam Beats to the base of Moab home, Seven furious horsemen fling their flight Like eagles when they launching rush To snatch the prey that hies to bush. Dwarfed so these look, while yet afar Descried. But trusting in their star, Onward a space the party push; But halt is called; the Druze rides on, Bids Belex stand, and goes alone.
Now, for the nonce, those speeders sink Viewless behind the arborous brink. Thereto the staid one rides--peers in-- Then waves a hand. They gain his side, Meeting the river's rapid tide Here sluicing through embowered ravine Such as of yore was Midian's screen For rites impure. Facing, and near, Across the waves which intervene, In shade the robbers reappear: Swart, sinuous men on silvery steeds-- Abreast, save where the copse impedes. At halt, and mute, and in the van
Confronting them, with lengthy gun Athwart the knee, and hand thereon, Djalea waits. The mare and man Show like a stone equestrian Set up for homage. Over there 'Twas hard for mounted men to move Among the thickets interwove, Which dipped the stream and made a snare. But, undeterred, the riders press This way and that among the branches, Picking them lanes through each recess, Till backward on their settling haunches The steeds withstand the slippery slope, While yet their outflung fore-feet grope; Then, like sword-push that ends in lunge, The slide becomes a weltering plunge: The willows drip, the banks resound; They halloo, and with spray are crowned. The torrent, swelled by Lebanon rains, The spirited horses bravely stem, Snorting, half-blinded by their manes, Nor let the current master them. As the rope-dancer on the hair Poises the long slim pole in air; Twirling their slender spears in pride, Each horseman in imperiled seat Blends skill and grace with courage meet. Soon as they win the hither side, Like quicksilver to beach they glide, Dismounting, and essay the steep, The horses led by slackened rein: Slippery foothold ill they keep. To help a grim one of the band Good Nehemiah with mickle strain Down reaches a decrepit hand: The sheik ignores it--bandit dun, Foremost in stride as first in rank-- Rejects it, and the knoll is won.
Challengingly he stares around, Then stakes his spear upon the bank As one reclaiming rightful ground. Like otters when to land they go, Riders and steeds how sleekly show. The first inquiring look they trace Is gun by gun, as face by face: Salute they yield, for arms they view Inspire respect sincere and true. Meantime, while in their bearing shows The thought which still their life attends, And habit of encountering foes-- The thought that strangers scarce are friends-- What think the horses? Zar must needs Be sociable; the robber steeds She whinnies to; even fain would sway Neck across neck in lovesome way. Great Solomon, of rakish strain, Trumpets--would be DonJohn again. The sheik, without a moment's doubt, Djalea for captain singles out; And, after parley brief, would fain Handle that pistol of the guide, The new revolver at his side. The Druze assents, nor shows surprise. Barrel, cap, screw, the Arab tries; And ah, the contrast needs he own:
Alack, for his poor lance and gun, Though heirlooms both: the piece in stock Half honeycombed, with cumbrous lock; The spear like some crusader's pole Dropped long ago when death-damps stole Over the knight in Richard's host, Then left to warp by Acre lost: Dry rib of lance. But turning now Upon his sweetheart, he was cheered: Her eye he met, the violet-glow, Peaked ear, the mane's redundant flow;
It heartened him, and round he veered; Elate he shot a brigand glare: I, Ishmael, have my desert mare!
Elicited by contact's touch, Tyrannous spleen vexed Belex much Misliking in poor tribe to mark Freedom unawed and nature's spark. With tutoring glance, a tempered fire, The Druze repressed the illiberal ire. The silvered saint came gently near Meekly intrepid, tract in hand, And reached it with a heart sincere Unto the sheik, whose fingers spanned The shrewd revolver, loath to let That coveted bauble go as yet. "Nay," breathed the Druze, and gently here: "The print he likes not; let him be; Pray now, he deems it sorcery." They drew him back. In rufflement The sheik threw round a questioning eye; Djalea explained, and drew more nigh, Recalling him to old content; Regained the weapon; and, from stores Kept for such need, wary he pours A dole of powder. So they part-- RecrossingJordan, horse and gun, With warrior cry and brandished dart Where, in the years whose goal is won The halcyon Teacher waded in withJohn. | WIKI |
Juanfran
Juanfran is a hypocorism of the compound name Juan Francisco. It may refer to:
* Juanfran (footballer, born 1976), Spanish football defender, born Juan Francisco García García
* Juanfran (footballer, born 1985), Spanish football defender, born Juan Francisco Torres Belén
* Juanfran (footballer, born 1988), Spanish football winger, born Juan Francisco Moreno Fuertes
* Juan Francisco Guevara (born 1995), Spanish motorcycle racer | WIKI |
Template:Did you know nominations/John Joseph Scanlan (soldier)
John Joseph Scanlan (soldier)
* ... that John Joseph Scanlan (pictured) was appointed the governor of Hobart Gaol while he was a prisoner?
* Reviewed: Eighth Army Ranger Company
Created/expanded by Zawed (talk). Nominated by Hawkeye7 (talk) at 08:38, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg Date of creation, length and sources are fine. I saw no evidence of close paraphrasing. An intriguing hook, - true and cited but a bit mystifying. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 13:30, 23 January 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
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