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Depression as a Comorbidity to Diabetes: Implications for Management
Andrea A. Riley; Mindy L. McEntee; Linda Gerson; Cheryl R. Dennison
Disclosures
Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2009;5(7):523-535.
In This Article
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Research has established a link between depression and diabetes, even though the underlying mechanisms in this relationship remain unclear. Primary care providers are often responsible for managing these conditions and are well positioned to provide integrated care improving patients' physical and mental health outcomes, yet they face a number of barriers contributing to the inadequate management of depression in primary care. All diabetic patients should be routinely screened for depression; management of these concomitant conditions should use a comprehensive approach that may include medication or referral for psychotherapy. This paper explores the relationship between depression and diabetes and implications for practice in the areas of screening, diagnosis, and management of depression in diabetic patients.
Introduction
The odds of having depression among individuals with type 1 or 2 diabetes are more than twice that of non-diabetics,[1] with an estimated 33% of diabetics experiencing depressive symptoms severe enough to warrant treatment at any single point in time.[2] The course of depression in these individuals is often chronic[3] and may adversely affect the course of coexisting medical conditions.[4–6] A number of studies have found depression to be associated with poor self-care in people with diabetes.[7–13] Decreased adherence to medication,[7,10,13–15] diet,[7,8,13,14] exercise,[8,11,13] and blood glucose monitoring[13] may contribute to increased diabetic symptoms,[8,16] glucose dysregulation,[17–19] diabetic complications,[18,20,21] mortality,[22–24] decreased physical[7,8,25] and mental functioning,[7,26] lower quality of life,[7,27] and increased healthcare utilization[7,26,28] associated with comorbid diabetes and depression.
Because primary care providers (PCPs) are frequently charged with the management of type 2 diabetes and uncomplicated unipolar depression, they are well positioned to provide integrated care for these concomitant disorders.[29] While the co-occurrence of these conditions is a widely known clinical phenomenon, depression remains under-recognized and inadequately treated in primary care.[2,13,29–32] To provide high-quality care optimizing physical and mental health outcomes for their patients, it is important that PCPs understand the relationship between depression and diabetes. This paper examines the etiologies of these comorbid conditions and discusses implications for practice in the areas of screening, diagnosis, and management of depression in the diabetic population.
processing.... | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Jesuit Education.djvu/313
Rh tation of novelties so common in our modern schools. "There is too much agitation, unceasing change, and consequent uncertainty in the operations of our American schools. There is too much individualism in laying plans and arranging courses and in methods of teaching, too burning a desire to say something new or to do something novel for the sake of prominence in the teaching body. Of course it will be said that this has brought us where we are. But we might be quite as well off if we were not exactly where we are."
Within the last month (October 1902) severe strictures were made on some of the very latest educational "improvements," and that not by Jesuits, nor by professional philologians, who stubbornly defend their long-cherished classics, but by such as may eminently be called men of affairs. The Electrical World spoke of President Eliot's efforts to lift the American college to the plane of a foreign university. "The chief effect has been to push the college into the existing dilemma. It is crowded from above by the necessity for more time in the professional schools, and for a nether millstone it finds the secondary school that its own hands have fashioned. And truth to tell, the college is losing heart. It has virtually surrendered its last year to professional electives, but the sacrifice has not served its purpose. The latest suggestion from no less eminent a source than that of Professor Butler, of Columbia, is | WIKI |
Zengibar Castle
Zengibar Castle is an ancient ruined fortification on Mount Asar, approximately 20 km west of the town of Bozkır, Konya, Turkey.
The castle is believed to be the site of the ancient settlement Isaura Palaea. The ruins are situated on a hill 1,800 meters in height, and surrounded by cliffs on three sides. The ancient site has been called 'The Ephesus of Konya', and the fortress had been used by the Hittites and Persians before the area became a part of the Roman Empire. The site is known for its impressive stonemasonry, with blocks being brought from a quarry at the summit of the mountain.
The area was controlled by Galatian king Amyntas during the 1st century BC until his death in 25 BC. According to the Vehbi Koç Foundation, "Zengibar Castle was discovered in 1837 by the British traveler and geologist William Hamilton. In the late 1920s, a group led by the art historian and archaeologist Heinrich Swoboda determined the characteristics of a large number of structures in the city and attempt to reconstruct a number of them. The ruins were officially registered following a decision by the Konya Culture and Natural Heritage Preservation Board in 1988 and its borders as the Grade I and III Protected Site were defined in 2006."
The castle has been excavated by archaeologist Dr. Osman Doğanay since 2010 and the archaeological research has received support from the Vehbi Koç Foundation since 2014. The castle is probably the site of the city of Isaura Vetus, mentioned by Strabo.
According to the Archaeology Department of Aksaray University, "Studies are carried out for the “Surface Analyses of Zengibar Castle (Isaura)”, which were started by the courtesy of Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2010 and which significantly progressed with the works of 2016, to continue as an “Excavation and Restoration Project” in the forthcoming years. Under the presidency of the Konya Directorate of Museums, cleaning operations were also carried out in the ancient city during the 2013-2014 studies of the surface analyses which continued for 6 years." | WIKI |
Alex Toolis
Alex Toolis (born 31 March 1992) is a retired Australian rugby union player. His twin brother, Ben, played international rugby for Scotland.
Early life
Toolis was born in Brisbane, Australia.
Rugby career
Toolis arrived in Edinburgh, August 2013 after competing in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition playing for GPS Old Boys, where he helped GPS reach consecutive Premier Grade finals. He was also in the ARU's National Academy where he played in the IRB Pacific Nations Cup with his twin brother, Ben. He was also selected to play for the Queensland 'A' side in the IRB Pacific Nations Cup.
In November 2013, both twins were signed by London Irish on a short-term loan from Edinburgh Rugby. Toolis made his debut on 17 November 2013 against the Northampton Saints at Madjeski Stadium in London, where he started in the second row with his brother. This was the first time that London Irish had a pair of twins starting at the lock position.
He played one match on loan with Glasgow Warriors against Munster during their Pro12 title-winning 2014–15 season.
He played alongside Ben in the second row for the first time for Edinburgh in the away win over Benetton in September 2015. They were the first brothers to do so since Tim and Sep Visser in 2012, and the first set of twins to do so for the club in the professional era. They were the first twins to start a match together for the home side in Scotland in the professional era, in January 2016 win over SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne.
Toolis signed a two-year deal for the Rebels to return to Australia for the 2017 Super Rugby season; however, he received a serious neck injury which ruled him out for a year.
Alex was forced to retire through several repeated injuries.
In Dec 2021 Alex took up the role of Academy and Performance Manager at Boroughmuir Rugby Club, in Edinburgh, Scotland, where he is responsible for driving, developing and delivery of a rugby performance programme to support youth development from Micros (Under-5s) through to Colts (U18s) and their transition to senior rugby, with an emphasis on players achieving their best, whether at club, region or national levels. In his first season the Boroughmuir U18s went on to win the Scottish National Club Cup and two of the squad, Jerry Blyth-Lafferty and Liam McConnell played for the Scotland U18s Team, with Liam also being selected as Captain, a strong start to a new career in club rugby player development. | WIKI |
Sleep Sort in Javascript
Written by Ben Wendt
Sleep Sort is a humourous algorithm for sorting. The idea is to output the numeric array elements after a time interval proportional to the value of the array element. So if you had an array [3, 2, 1], 3 could be output three seconds after the sort, 2 two seconds after and 1 one second after. The result is that you’d see 1, 2, 3 three seconds later.
Of course this is a terrible idea, but it’s also a heck of a lot of fun!
Here’s an implementation of the idea in javascript:
function opnode(a) {
el = document.createElement('div');
el.innerHTML = a;
document.body.appendChild(el);
}
var temporalSort = function(ar) {
for (i = 0; i < ar.length; i++) {
(
function(a){
window.setTimeout(
function() {
opnode(a);
},
100 * a);
}
)(ar[i]);
}
};
var i, array = [6, 14, 1, 12, 8, 3, 9, 2, 10, 15, 4, 11, 7, 13, 5];
temporalSort(array); | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Central region of HST image of NGC 3921
In NGC 3921, we have discovered over 100 new young clusters. There are two reasons to believe that all these young clusters formed from GMCs in the merging spiral galaxies. First, in all three galaxies (N4038/39, N7252, N3921) the young clusters show same, characteristic luminosity distribution: For every very luminous cluster, there are 10 times as many clusters that are 3 times fainter, and 100 times as many clusters that are 10 times fainter. This characteristic distribution is very similar to that of GMCs in nearby galaxies, where for every very massive GMC there are 10 GMCs one-third as massive and about 100 GMCs one-tenth as massive. Also, GMCs contain about 100,000 times to about 10 million times as much mass as our sun, a range of masses nearly identical to that of globular star clusters. Second, our observations of the two more advanced merger galaxies with Hubble show that the newly-borne clusters in them have the same spatial distribution as the stars. (Explain violent relaxation, why GMCs would experience same fluctuating gravitational field during the mergers as the stars do, and thus end up with same spatial distribution; etc)
Credit:
B. Whitmore (STScI)
About the Image
NASA press release
NASA caption
Id:opo9734v
Type:Observation
Release date:21 October 1997, 19:00
Size:400 x 352 px
About the Object
Name:IRAS 11484+5521, NGC 3921
Type:• Unspecified : Star : Grouping : Cluster
Constellation:Ursa Major
Image Formats
Large JPEG
32.3 KB
Screensize JPEG
142.9 KB
Coordinates
Position (RA):11 51 6.71
Position (Dec):55° 4' 43.95"
Field of view:0.48 x 0.42 arcminutes
Orientation:North is 53.5° left of vertical
Also see our
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Page:The rights of women and the sexual relations.djvu/60
44 of trade. It is at the same time a hereditary cor ruption which is transmitted from the mother to the children, and pursues entire classes from one generation to the other, inasmuch as the want of means for existence goes hand in hand with the want of means for education.
Out of regard for the weaker nerves of women (since women have weaker nerves than men), I shall refrain from picturing in detail the fate to which so many thousands, especially in great cities, among them a great part in the most tender age of virginity, are consigned. Whatever the imagination can conceive as low and disgusting, that is suffered, is cultivated by a great part of the feminine sex from necessity, and for money. Every hesitation which the feelings or the sensual impressions might oppose in a single case is overcome by necessity and by money; and we may not be far from the truth in imagining the most beautiful and lovable girl in the world transferred to the chambers of a brothel, where she tremblingly begins the practice of her profession in the arms of a decrepit old man, whose aspect causes all the five senses at once to revolt, but whom money enables to stimulate his deadened vitality by means of a youthful beauty for — a double premium.
But now, you women who shudder at the reading of such things, do you believe that prostitution is to be found only in those haunts where a | WIKI |
The rise and fall of a challenger: The Bullet Cluster in Λ cold dark matter simulations
Robert Thompson, Romeel Davé, Kentaro Nagamine
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
13 Scopus citations
Abstract
The Bullet Cluster has provided some of the best evidence for the Λcold dark matter (ΛCDM) model via direct empirical proof of the existence of collisionless dark matter, while posing a serious challenge owing to the unusually high inferred pairwise velocities of its progenitor clusters. Here, we investigate the probability of finding such a high-velocity pair in large-volume N-body simulations, particularly focusing on differences between halo-finding algorithms.We find that algorithms that do not account for the kinematics of infalling groups yield vastly different statistics and probabilities. When employing the ROCKSTAR halo finder that considers particle velocities, we find numerous Bullet-like pair candidates that closely match not only the high pairwise velocity, but also themass, mass ratio, separation distance, and collision angle of the initial conditions that have been shown to produce the Bullet Cluster in non-cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The probability of finding a high pairwise velocity pair among haloes with Mhalo ≥ 1014 M is 4.6 × 10-4 using ROCKSTAR, while it is ≈34 × lower using a friends-of-friends (FoF)-based approach as in previous studies. This is because the typical spatial extent of Bullet progenitors is such that FoF tends to group them into a single halo despite clearly distinct kinematics. Further requiring an appropriately high average mass among the two progenitors, we find the comoving number density of potential Bullet-like candidates to be of the order of ≈ 10-10 Mpc-3. Our findings suggest that ΛCDM straightforwardly produces massive, high relative velocity halo pairs analogous to Bullet Cluster progenitors, and hence the Bullet Cluster does not present a challenge to the ΛCDM model.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)3030-3037
Number of pages8
JournalMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume452
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 27 2015
Keywords
• Cosmology: theory
• Dark matter
• Galaxies: clusters: general
• Galaxies: clusters: individual: The Bullet Cluster
• Galaxies: evolution
• Methods: numerical
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Space and Planetary Science
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Remote Access Trojan (RAT)
Posted: June 9, 2016
Last updated: March 18, 2021
Short bio
Remote Access Trojans are programs that provide the capability to allow covert surveillance or the ability to gain unauthorized access to a victim PC. Remote Access Trojans often mimic similar behaviors of keylogger applications by allowing the automated collection of keystrokes, usernames, passwords, screenshots, browser history, emails, chat lots, etc. Remote Access Trojans differ from keyloggers in that they provide the capability for an attacker to gain unauthorized remote access to the victim machine via specially configured communication protocols which are set up upon initial infection of the victim computer. This backdoor into the victim machine can allow an attacker unfettered access, including the ability to monitor user behavior, change computer settings, browse and copy files, utilize the bandwidth (Internet connection) for possible criminal activity, access connected systems, and more.
History
While the full history of Remote Access Trojans is unknown, these applications have been in use for a number of years to help attackers establish a foothold onto a victim PC. Well-known and long established Remote Access Trojans include the SubSeven, Back Orifice, and Poison-Ivy applications. These programs date to the mid to late 1990s and can still be seen in use to this day.
The successful utilization of such applications led to a number of different applications being produced in the subsequent decades. As security companies become aware of the tactics being utilized by Remote Access Trojans, malware authors are continually evolving their products to try and thwart the newest detection mechanisms.
Common infection method
Remote Access Trojans can be installed in a number of methods or techniques, and will be similar to other malware infection vectors. Specially crafted email attachments, web-links, download packages, or .torrent files could be used as a mechanism for installation of the software. Targeted attacks by a motivated attacker may deceive desired targets into installing such software via social engineering tactics, or even via temporary physical access of the desired computer.
Associated families
There are a large number of Remote Access Trojans. Some are more well-known than others. SubSeven, Back Orifice, ProRat, Turkojan, and Poison-Ivy are established programs. Others, such as CyberGate, DarkComet, Optix, Shark, and VorteX Rat have a smaller distribution and utilization. This is just a small number of known Remote Access Trojans, and a full list would be quite extensive, and would be continually growing.
Remediation
Remote Access Trojans are covert by nature and may utilize a randomized filename/path structure to try to prevent identification of the software. Installing and running Malwarebytes Anti-Malware and Malwarebytes Anti-Exploit will help mitigate any potential infection by removing associated files and registry modifications, and/or preventing the initial infection vector from allowing the system to be compromised.
Aftermath
Remote Access Trojans have the potential to collect vast amounts of information against users of an infected machine. If Remote Access Trojan programs are found on a system, it should be assumed that any personal information (which has been accessed on the infected machine) has been compromised. Users should immediately update all usernames and passwords from a clean computer, and notify the appropriate administrator of the system of the potential compromise. Monitor credit reports and bank statements carefully over the following months to spot any suspicious activity to financial accounts.
Avoidance
As in all cases, never click email or website links from unknown locations or install software at the urging of unknown parties. Using a reputable antivirus and anti-malware solution will help to ensure Remote Access Trojans are unable to properly function, and will assist in mitigating any collection of data. Always lock public computers when not in use, and be wary of emails or telephone calls asking to install an application.
Screenshots
Select your language | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Template:Did you know nominations/Bill McAfee
Bill McAfee
* ... that former Albany, Georgia mayor Bill McAfee (pictured) participated in a thirteen-game baseball tour of Japan in 1929 before embarking on a five-year career in Major League Baseball?
* Reviewed: Amy Cure
Created/expanded by User:Cbl62 (talk). Self nom at 07:14, 27 June 2012 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg 5x expansion. New enough, long enough and hook appropriately sourced. Image is OK. Edited the hook by adding (pictured). Cwmhiraeth (talk) 19:06, 3 July 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
63rd (Royal Naval) Division
The 63rd (Royal Naval) Division was a United Kingdom infantry division of the First World War. It was originally formed as the Royal Naval Division at the outbreak of the war, from Royal Navy and Royal Marine reservists and volunteers, who were not needed for service at sea. For RN personnel, the designation HMS Victory IV was used. The division fought at Antwerp in 1914 and at Gallipoli in 1915. In 1916, following many losses among the original naval volunteers, the division was transferred to the British Army as the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division, re-using the number from the disbanded second-line 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division Territorial Force. As an Army formation, it fought on the Western Front for the remainder of the war.
Advanced Base Force
When the war began, a Marine Brigade of four infantry battalions was formed from men of the Royal Marine Light Infantry and Royal Marine Artillery. The brigade was to be an Advanced Base Force, according to a pre-war plan to furnish the Admiralty with a means to take, fortify or defend temporary naval bases for fleet operations or the supply of army field forces. The recruits included regular marines and those mobilised from the Fleet Reserve; each battalion was drawn from one of the big naval depot ports—Chatham, Portsmouth, Plymouth and Deal—and named accordingly.
Royal Naval Division
On 16 August, Winston Churchill the First Lord of the Admiralty, decided to embody two more naval brigades with surplus men of the Naval Reserve, to join with the Marine Brigade to produce a composite Royal Naval Division. A few petty officers and ratings were transferred from the navy to provide a cadre and some officers were provided by the army but most of the recruits were reservists or men who had volunteered on the outbreak of war. The eight battalions were named after naval commanders, Drake, Benbow, Hawke, Collingwood, Nelson, Howe, Hood and Anson, later being numbered from 1st to 8th. The division was not provided with medical, artillery or engineer units, consisting solely of lightly equipped infantry. Many of the trained men were then reclaimed for fleet service and recruits were taken over at the request of the War Office, from oversubscribed north country regiments. Training was slow, except for the Marine Brigade which had its own infrastructure, because resources were needed for the rapid expansion of the army and naval ratings were not issued with field equipment or khaki uniforms before being embarked for overseas service. On 26 August, the Marine Brigade was sent to Ostend to reinforce the Belgian garrison, after German cavalry had appeared in the area. The brigade returned on 1 September after the scare subsided and on 3 September the Admiralty decided to train the two Naval Reserve brigades as infantry, to form an infantry division with the Marine Brigade. Rifles were drawn from Royal Navy stocks and only arrived at the end of September; these were older Charger-Loading Lee–Enfields rather than the modern Short Magazine Lee–Enfields issued to the army.
Ostend
Following early Belgian and Entente defeats in the German invasion of Belgium and cut off from the rest of the Allies by the German advance, the majority of the Belgian army fell back towards the fortified port of Antwerp, in late August 1914. Belgian troops were also withdrawn from ports along the Belgian coast. The Admiralty wanted to deny the Germans submarine bases in Belgian ports for operations in the English Channel. On 24 August, German cavalry patrols were reported near Ostend and it was decided to land a small naval detachment to secure the town. Further south, the French armies and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) conducted the Retreat from Mons, with the German armies driving south-west after them, leaving very few units to guard lines of communication. The Admiralty planned to use the Channel ports as a base to attack German land supply routes, with the Royal Marine Brigade forming the basis of a landing force.
Deal Battalion was still assembling, so only Chatham, Portsmouth and Plymouth battalions were sent to Flanders; two landing at Ostend in the early morning of 27 August and the other the next day. They were ordered to hold the town until Belgian troops who had retreated into France could be transferred and 4,000 Belgian troops arrived on 30 August. The rapid Allied retreat led the War Office to decide that supplies would have to be brought through ports in western France, as the existing arrangements in the Pas de Calais ports were too exposed. This would be more demanding on naval escort ships, leaving too few to support the force at Ostend. The Marines were re-embarked on 31 September and returned to their ports.
Antwerp
The division participated in the Siege of Antwerp. The Royal Marine Brigade arrived opposite Lier in requisitioned London buses on 4 October and occupied a position around the northern fringe of Lier, which turned out to be sections of a shallow trench between hedgerows, with one strand of wire in front. The two naval brigades arrived early on 6 October to reinforce the Marine Brigade but were diverted to forts 1 to 8 of the inner ring, where the trenches were again found to be shallow and the ground cleared for 500 yd in front, which made them easily visible to German artillery observers. On the night of 6/7 October, intervening trenches between forts 2 and 7 were occupied by the two naval brigades and the 4th and 7th Fortress regiments, with the Belgian 2nd Division and the Marine Brigade in reserve. The British forces under the command of Major-General Archibald Paris were ordered by Winston Churchill to continue the defence for as long as possible and to be ready to cross to the west bank (near The Netherlands frontier) rather than surrender.
The Belgian commanders decided to continue the defence of Antwerp with the garrison troops and move the 2nd Division and the British troops across the Scheldt; it was decided that if forts 1 and 2 were lost, the Royal Naval Division would withdraw at dusk. News arrived that the forts had fallen at 5:00 p.m. and orders were sent to the 2nd Division and the British for a retirement, which began at 7:00 p.m. but the orders failed to reach all of the 1st Naval Brigade, only one battalion of which withdrew. At 9:30 p.m. the mistake was realised as the rest of the division began to cross the river from 10:00–11:30 p.m. and moved west, parallel to the Netherlands frontier. The 1st Naval Brigade reached the Scheldt at midnight, only to find that the bridges were being demolished and under a German shrapnel bombardment. The troops crossed using barges and boats and set out for a rendezvous at Zwijndrecht, which was reached at 4:00 a.m. on 9 October. The British moved on to Sint-Gillis-Waas, where information arrived that the Germans had cut the railway at Moerbeke. The commander, Commodore Henderson, decided to head for the Dutch border to the north and at 10:00 p.m. about 1,500 men, half the original complement, were interned and about forty stragglers managed to sneak along the border and escape. The men were to spend the rest of the war at Groningen, where they were held in a camp they dubbed HMS Timbertown, a name inspired by the wooden huts where they were quartered.
Landings
The division was shipped to Egypt and fought at the Battle of Gallipoli at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles. Casualties before the campaign began included Rupert Brooke, who died at sea from an infected mosquito bite on 23 April 1915. The RND was one of two British divisions (the other being the regular 29th Division) at the Gallipoli landings. Eleven troopships and Canopus, Dartmouth and Doris, two destroyers and trawlers rendezvoused off Bulair before dawn and the warships began a day-long bombardment, just after daybreak. A destroyer made a close pass off the beach and later on, ships' boats were swung out from the troopships and lines of eight cutters pulled by a trawler made as if to land. In the late afternoon men began to embark on the boats, which headed for the shore just before dark and returned after night fell. During the night Lieutenant-Commander Bernard Freyberg swam ashore and lit flares along the beach, crept inland and observed the Ottoman defences. Freyberg found that the defences were dummies and returned safely to report. Just after dawn, the decoy force sailed south to join the main landings, coming ashore on 30 April.
Battle of the Ancre
After the evacuation of Gallipoli, the RND moved to France where it participated in the final phase of the Battle of the Somme, advancing along the River Ancre to capture Beaucourt. The division had four objectives during the Battle of Ancre, the Dotted Green Line, the German front trench, then the Green Line, the road to Beaucourt station. The road ran along a fortified ridge. The Yellow Line was a trench which lay beyond the road, around the remains of Beaucourt on its south-west edge and the final objective, the Red Line, was beyond Beaucourt, where the division was to consolidate.
The plan was for the battalions to leap-frog towards the final objective. The 1st RMLI, Howe, Hawke and Hood battalions were assigned the Dotted Green Line and the Yellow Line, the 2nd RMLI, Anson, Nelson and Drake battalions were to take the Green and Red lines. When the battle began in the early hours of 13 November, platoons from the 1st RMLI crawled across no-man's land towards the German line. A creeping barrage was fired by the British artillery but many casualties were suffered in no-man's land, about 50 percent of the total casualties occurring before the first German trench had been captured. German artillery-fire and machine-gun fire was so effective that all company commanders of 1st RMLI were killed before reaching the first objective.
The German trenches had been severely damaged by the British bombardment, the attackers lost direction and leap-frogging broke down. The commander and second-in-command of Drake Battalion were killed and Hawke battalion lost its commander and several company commanders. Freyberg, having been promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel and command of Hood Battalion, led it to the Green Line and pressed forward with the remaining men of Drake Battalion. The station road served as a landmark and allowed the attackers to orientate themselves and re-organise the attack. The next creeping barrage began on time at 7:30 a.m., and led the British towards the Yellow Line at Beaucourt Station. Nelson, Hawke and Howe battalions had suffered many casualties; Lieutenant-Colonel Burge, Commanding Officer of Nelson Battalion, was killed whilst attacking a fortified section of the Dotted Green Line and Lieutenant-Colonel Wilson DSO, Commanding Officer of Hawke Battalion, was severely wounded attacking the same objective. Lieutenant-Colonel Saunders, Commanding Officer of Anson Battalion, was killed early in the battle but Anson Battalion still managed to capture the Green Line and advance to the Yellow Line, after making contact with the 51st Highland Division to its left. By 10:30 p.m. Beaucourt had been captured.
On 17 October, just before the Battle of the Ancre, Paris was wounded and replaced by Major-General Cameron Shute. Shute was appalled by the un-military "nautical" traditions of the division and made numerous unpopular attempts to stamp out negligent hygiene practices and failures to ensure that weapons were kept clean. Following a particularly critical inspection of the trenches, Sub-Lieutenant A. P. Herbert (later a humorist, legal satirist and Member of Parliament), wrote
"The General inspecting the trenches Exclaimed with a horrified shout "I refuse to command a division Which leaves its excreta about".
But nobody took any notice No one was prepared to refute, That the presence of shit was congenial Compared to the presence of Shute.
And certain responsible critics Made haste to reply to his words Observing that his staff advisors Consisted entirely of turds.
For shit may be shot at odd corners And paper supplied there to suit, But a shit would be shot without mourners If somebody shot that shit Shute."
Actions of Miraumont
On the north bank of the Ancre, the 63rd Division attacked on 17 February, with the 188th Brigade and two battalions of the 189th Brigade, to capture 700 yd of the road north from Baillescourt Farm towards Puisieux, to gain observation over Miraumont and form a defensive flank on the left, back to the existing front line. Two battalions attacked with a third battalion ready on the right flank, to reinforce them or to co-operate with the 18th Division between the Ancre and the Miraumont road. On the northern flank two infantry companies, engineers and pioneers were placed to establish the defensive flank on the left. The divisional artillery and an army field brigade with 54 × 18-pounder field guns and 18 × 4.5-inch howitzers provided covering fire, with three field batteries from the 62nd Division further north, to place a protective barrage along the northern flank. The darkness, fog and mud were as bad as on the south bank but the German defence was far less effective. The creeping barrage moved at 100 yd in four minutes, slower than the rate on the south bank and the Germans in a small number of strong-points were quickly overcome. The objective was reached by 6:40 a.m. and the defensive flank established, the last German strong-point being captured at 10:50 a.m. A German counter-attack the next day was stopped by artillery-fire. The 63rd Division lost 549 casualties and the three attacking divisions took 599 prisoners.
Second Battle of Passchendaele
The division arrived at Ypres just before the Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October – 10 November). On 26 October, Immediately to the north of the Canadian Corps, the supporting attack by XVIII Corps involved one brigade each from the 63rd and 58th divisions. The 188th Brigade, of the 63rd Division quickly captured Varlet Farm and Banff House. The centre of the attack was held up on the road between Bray Farm and the village of Wallemolen and the troops dug-in near Source Trench. As dark fell, Banff House was abandoned and the line reformed at Berks House, leaving Banff House and Source Trench the only part of the first objective not occupied. On 30 October, the 63rd Division infantry were caught by German artillery fire at their jumping-off line and made only slight progress in deep mud against German machine-gun fire. The infantry were unable to reach their rendezvous with the Canadians, leaving their troops at Source Farm and Vapour Farm in precarious positions. Two companies later advanced through the Canadian sector to capture Source Trench but were only able to reinforce the Canadian outpost at Source Farm, then form a defensive flank to Vapour Farm. The 63rd Division had 3,126 casualties from 26–31 October. The division was able to close up to the Paddebeek by attacking at night from 1/2–4/5 November, a method which took more ground than its attacks in October, for a loss of 14 killed and 148 wounded.
Battles
* German invasion of Belgium
* Siege of Antwerp
* Gallipoli Campaign
* Landing at Anzac Cove (4 battalions)
* Landing at Cape Helles (2 battalions)
* Second Battle of Krithia
* Third Battle of Krithia
* Action of Achi Baba Nullah
* Western Front
* Battle of the Ancre
* Actions of Miraumont
* Battle of Arras
* Second Battle of the Scarpe
* Battle of Arleu
* Second Battle of Passchendaele
* Action of Welsh Ridge
* Battle of St. Quentin
* First Battle of Bapaume
* Battle of The Ancre
* Hundred Days Offensive
* Battle of Albert (1918)
* Battle of Drocourt-Queant
* Battle of the Canal du Nord
* Battle of Cambrai (1918)
* Passage of the Grand Honelle
Commanders
* 21 September – 29 September 1914 Brigadier-General Sir George Aston
* 29 September 1914 – 12 October 1916 Major-General Archibald Paris
* 12 October – 16 October 1916 Brigadier-General Cecil de Rougemont acting
* 16 October – 17 October 1916 Brigadier-General Charles Trotman acting
* 17 October 1916 – 19 February 1917 Major-General Cameron Shute
* 19 February 1917 – 30 August 1918 Major-General Charles Lawrie
* 30 August 1918 – 1919 (disbandment) Major-General Cyril Blacklock | WIKI |
Supracompetitive pricing
Supracompetitive pricing is pricing above what can be sustained in a competitive market. This may be indicative of a business that has a unique legal or competitive advantage or of anti-competitive behavior that has driven competition from the market.
An example of a unique legal advantage would be a drug company that is the first to discover and successfully manufacture a medication to treat a certain disease. Initially, as the only market player, the drug company may be able to charge supra competitive prices until other companies catch up. In this case, the regulatory hurdle for drug approval may prove a substantial barrier to new competition.
However, other companies may not be able to enter the market due to another barrier to entry, intellectual property (IP) rights. The drug company may have a patent on the new formulation, barring competitors until the patent expires unless they can license rights from the IP owner. An example of a competitive advantage may be a large company with a trusted brand name and a substantial marketing budget that simply overwhelms a local competitor by driving demand for its product over the competitor's product, at least in the short term. Supracompetitive pricing may also result following a period of predatory pricing, which has potential antitrust implications for the predator.
In marketing multiple competitive strategies, including price manipulation, can be used in order to gain competitive advantage. Successful marketing and business strategies are not only concentrated on creating the value for the customer, but also on the competition. Considering that, companies can decide between two main approaches, i.e. competitive strategies : • First approach is directed towards development and implementation of competition oriented strategies whose main goal is to create “better state of peace” between the market competitors. • Second approach is directed towards development of strategies whose main goal is to weaken, eliminate or destroy the competitor company. Those strategies are not focused on consumer welfare, but are oriented towards maximization of profits. This type of strategy is known as predatory strategy or predatory pricing.
Concept
The concept of supracompetitive pricing is connected to the concept of predatory pricing. Predatory pricing can be defined as a dynamic market strategy that is characteristic in a single market where a company decides to develop a business strategy that includes the sacrifice in a short run in order to eliminate existing competition and acquisition of a dominant market position where the losses can be recovered by setting supracompetitive prices. Predatory pricing refers to the process of elimination of competition by setting predatory prices, prices that are so low that they drive the competition out of the market thus enabling the establishment of monopoly where a company can recoup their loss and generate more profit by setting supracompetitive prices.
Characteristics
There are two main stages that are present in the strategy of predatory, i.e. supracompetitive pricing that include predation stage and post-predation stage (Weismann, 2006). Predation phase is focused on lowering of the prices, usually below some measure of economic cost. This is known as an incremental cost and the main purpose is to make the competitor companies to leave the market. The second phase is post-predation phase where the company raises the prices of their products and services to supracompetitive level. Taking that into account, it is possible to derive two main characteristics of supracompetitive prices (Baumol, 2003): • Supracompetitive prices are used to gain monopolistic market position and regain losses that occurred in the predatory phase, • Supracompetitive prices have no legitimate business justification besides regaining losses realized during the predatory phase.
Consequences
It is considered that traditional predatory strategy that includes setting supracompetitive prices in a regular market can't be sustained and it is considered to be irrational. There is an ongoing debate regarding supracompetitive pricing, i.e. if there is the necessity for state authorities to pursue companies that are setting supracompetitive prices. There is an ongoing debate, as well as growing number of articles that are well informed about the issues of excessive pricing and its impact on the economy and many of those have proposed that different countries need to establish a set of measures that are most appropriate in their country regarding supracompetitive pricing (Nair, Mondliwa, 2015). This type of intervention should especially be considered in small economies where self-correction ability of the market is limited. In big markets there some arguments against intervention regarding supracompetitive prices. Those include the following : • Supracompetitive prices are self-regulating. The first argument against state intervention and regulation of supracompetitive pricing is that supracompetitive prices are self-correcting. That statement is based on two main arguments. Firstly, supracompetitive prices attract new entrants to the market that can easily gain market share by offering products and services at a lower price compared to the competitor that has set supracompetitive price. Secondly, with the possibility of new entrants, dominant companies are forced to lower the prices of their products and services in order to keep their dominant market position. In cases where there are no significant barriers to enter the market present, dominant companies will refrain from setting supracompetitive prices, at least in the long run. • Price control lessens incentives for investment. Temporary high prices are present and important in the dynamic markets. Firms invest and gain profits for risky investments when supracompetitive prices are present. Price regulation and state intervention can thus discourage potential investments since the rewards are lower in less risky environment. • Supracompetitive prices are difficult to assess. Dominant companies charge for their products and services the prices that are higher than the marginal cost. The question that it is necessary to answer is when the price is too high. There are two main criteria that need to be taken into consideration while deciding if the prices are supracompetitive. First is determining if the price poses a threat to survival of an efficient competitor. Second is determining is the price has a legitimate business justification (Baumol, 2003). • There is no appropriate regulation to remedy supracompetitive prices. Authorities can find that some companies set supracompetitive prices that undermine the customer welfare and present a threat of survival to competing companies. In those cases authorities can fine the company setting supracompetitive prices in order to stop excessive charging. But these types of activities can be implemented periodically and in the end don't represent the long-term solution for the problem of supracompetitive pricing.
Reactions
Even though there are multiple reasons against regulation of supracompetitive prices and the traditional predation model is considered to be irrational and inefficient, there are a few conditions that need to be satisfied for this marketing strategy to be considered rational and acceptable. Those primarily include the presence of predatory company in multiple markets with multiple products and services, information distribution where possible new entrants and existing competition don't recognize the signs of predatory strategy and presence of market conditions and entry barriers that enable supracompetitive pricing. Claims of predation and supracompetitive pricing are not uncommon in dynamic market, but in many cases those are just attempts of the competitors to raise their rivals’ cost. The antitrust laws are concerned with the task of distinguishing competitive strategies that contribute to welfare enhancement of consumers from ones that reduce the welfare of consumers. That task is becoming more complex and difficult with the possible presence of predatory marketing strategy, i.e. supracompetitive pricing (Gundlach, 1995). Price predation represents only one possible strategy of companies that seek to strengthen their market position, but it is not necessarily the only marketing strategy the company applies in order to gain market power. The predatory strategy can be used in combination with other strategies such as non-predatory strategy that is focused on raising the costs of rivals’ products and services. | WIKI |
Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams
A provision in respondent’s application for work at petitioner electronics retailer required all employment disputes to be settled by arbitration. After he was hired, respondent filed a state-law employment discrimination action against petitioner, which then sued in federal court to enjoin the state-court action and to compel arbitration pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). The District Court entered the requested order. The Ninth Circuit reversed, interpreting §1 of the FAA–which excludes from that Act’s coverage “contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce”–to exempt all employment contracts from the FAA’s reach.
Held: The §1 exemption is confined to transportation workers. Pp. 3—16.
* (a) The FAA’s coverage provision, §2, compels judicial enforcement of arbitration agreements “in any … contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” In Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, the Court interpreted §2’s “involving commerce” phrase as implementing Congress’ intent “to exercise [its] commerce power to the full.” Id., at 277. Pp. 3—5.
* (b) The Court rejects respondent’s contention that the word “transaction” in §2 extends only to commercial contracts, and that therefore an employment contract is not a “contract evidencing a transaction involving interstate commerce” at all. If that were true, the separate §1 exemption that is here at issue would be pointless. See, e.g., Pennsylvania Dept. of Public Welfare v. Davenport, 495 U.S. 552, 562. Accordingly, any argument that arbitration agreements in employment contracts are not covered by the FAA must be premised on the language of the §1 exclusion itself. Pp. 5—6.
* (c) The statutory text forecloses the construction that §1 excludes all employment contracts from the FAA. Respondent relies on Allied-Bruce’s expansive reading of “involving commerce” to contend that §1’s “engaged in … commerce” language should have a like reach, exempting from the FAA all employment contracts falling within Congress’ commerce power. This reading of §1 runs into the insurmountable textual obstacle that, unlike §2’s “involving commerce” language, the §1 words “any other class of workers engaged in … commerce” constitute a residual phrase, following, in the same sentence, explicit reference to “seamen” and “railroad employees.” The wording thus calls for application of the maxim ejusdem generis, under which the residual clause should be read to give effect to the terms “seamen” and “railroad employees,” and should be controlled and defined by reference to those terms. See, e.g., Norfolk & Western R. Co. v. Train Dispatchers, 499 U.S. 117, 129. Application of ejusdem generis is also in full accord with other sound considerations bearing upon the proper interpretation of the clause. In prior cases, the Court has read “engaged in commerce” as a term of art, indicating a limited assertion of federal jurisdiction. See e.g., United States v. American Building Maintenance Industries, 422 U.S. 271, 279—280. The Court is not persuaded by the assertion that its §1 interpretation should be guided by the fact that, when Congress adopted the FAA, the phrase “engaged in commerce” came close to expressing the outer limits of its Commerce Clause power as then understood, see, e.g., The Employers’ Liability Cases, 207 U.S. 463, 498. This fact alone does not provide any basis to adopt, “by judicial decision, rather than amendatory legislation,” Gulf Oil Corp. v. Copp Paving Co., 419 U.S. 186, 202, an expansive construction of the FAA’s exclusion provision that goes beyond the meaning of the words Congress used. While it is possible that Congress might have chosen a different jurisdictional formulation had it known that the Court later would embrace a less restrictive reading of the Commerce Clause, §1’s text precludes interpreting the exclusion provision to defeat the language of §2 as to all employment contracts. The statutory context in which the “engaged in commerce” language is found, i.e., in a residual provision, and the FAA’s purpose of overcoming judicial hostility to arbitration further compel that the §1 exclusion be afforded a narrow construction. The better reading of §1, in accord with the prevailing view in the Courts of Appeals, is that §1 exempts from the FAA only employment contracts of transportation workers. Pp. 6—12.
* (d) As the Court’s conclusion is directed by §1’s text, the rather sparse legislative history of the exclusion provision need not be assessed. The Court rejects respondent’s argument that the Court’s holding attributes an irrational intent to Congress by excluding from the FAA’s coverage those employment contracts that most involve interstate commerce, i.e., those of transportation workers, while including employment contracts having a lesser connection to commerce. It is a permissible inference that the former contracts were excluded because Congress had already enacted, or soon would enact, statutes governing transportation workers’ employment relationships and did not wish to unsettle established or developing statutory dispute resolution schemes covering those workers. As for the residual exclusion of “any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce,” it would be rational for Congress to ensure that workers in general would be covered by the FAA, while reserving for itself more specific legislation for transportation workers. Pp. 12—14.
* (e) Amici argue that, under the Court’s reading, the FAA in effect pre-empts state employment laws restricting the use of arbitration agreements. That criticism is not properly directed at today’s holding, but at Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, holding that Congress intended the FAA to apply in state courts, and to pre-empt state antiarbitration laws to the contrary. The Court explicitly declined to overrule Southland in Allied-Bruce, supra, at 272, and Congress has not moved to overturn Southland in response to Allied-Bruce. Nor is Southland directly implicated in this case, which concerns the application of the FAA in a federal, rather than in a state, court. The Court should not chip away at Southland by indirection. Furthermore, there are real benefits to arbitration in the employment context, including avoidance of litigation costs compounded by difficult choice-of-law questions and by the necessity of bifurcating the proceedings where state law precludes arbitration of certain types of employment claims but not others. Adoption of respondent’s position would call into doubt the efficacy of many employers’ alternative dispute resolution procedures, in the process undermining the FAA’s proarbitration purposes and breeding litigation from a statute that seeks to avoid it. Allied-Bruce, supra, at 275. Pp. 14—16.
194 F.3d 1070, reversed and remanded.
, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which, and , , and , joined. , filed a dissenting opinion, in which and, joined, and in which , joined as to Parts II and III. , filed a dissenting opinion, in which, , and , joined. | WIKI |
Ingleside, Kentucky
Ingleside is an unincorporated community located in Ballard County, Kentucky, United States.
The Ingleside post office opened in 1893 and was closed in 1909, after which the mail went through Kevil. The origin of the name Ingleside is unknown.
Ingleside formed about 30 years before 1923 when Joe Wray, W. L. Reasor, W. H. Elrod, and J. M. Burnley settled there. Stores operated by Burnley and two Wray brothers were soon opened, and the latter were named postmasters in 1894. The area produced peas and wheat, and was considered to be one of the better regions in Ballard County for producing grain. The Modern Woodmen of America and Odd Fellows both had lodges there in 1923. In that same year, the community's two-room schoolhouse had about 75 students. A 1923 newspaper article noted that multiple Christian denominations held an interdenominational Sunday School service at Ingleside. | WIKI |
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Error when sending emails to a disabled email account
murahulmurahul Posts: 3
edited February 24, 2006 9:00AM in Aardvark
We recently disabled an email account on exchange and subsequently modified some issues in aardvark. Aardvark tried to send emails to the closed email account for a couple of those issues and failed. Each time it fails to send emails to that account the aardvark service sends an email to the adminstrator with the following message:
Subject: Check the server
Error in ReadMail - Couldn't import issues. Couldn't decode attachment (There were no XML attachments on the mail sent).
Original mail details:
It seems to try every 15 mins, fails and sends a bunch of emails to the admin. We tried stopping and restarting the service and also rebooting the server to try and clear up the email queue, but haven't had much luck. Is there any way, we can remove the items from the email queue so that the aardvark service stops attempting to re-send the failed email messages?
Comments
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Hello,
Not really, unless you want to go poking around in the XML files in the new queue folder. The error message you've got indicates that there is an error reading issue responses sent via email rather than a problem in sending outgoing email. So what must be happening is:
Mail goes out from Aardvark to non-existent user.
NDR goes back to Aardvark email box.
Aardvark says oh, here is an email to import into responses, but it is the NDR for the original email.
You could do what I do as a workaround and set up an email rule in my mail client (Exchange) to send any NDRs to the deleted items folder when they arrive. They should be deleted before Aardvark runs its' message pickup cycle.
• Options
Thanks for the response Brian. We were able to go in to aardvark's message inbox and delete all the system undeliverable emails and that took care of the issue.
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Sluggish recovery seen for Norwegian, Swedish currencies: Reuters poll
OSLO/STOCKHOLM (Reuters) - The Norwegian and Swedish currencies will remain stagnant against the euro in the near term and only partly reverse their recent weakness over the next year, a Reuters poll of foreign exchange strategists showed on Friday. Battered by fears the export-heavy Nordic economies would suffer in a global slowdown, the Swedish crown is trading around 10-year lows against the euro while the Norwegian crown trades around 11-year lows. They will both continue to do so for at least another three months, the poll showed, at a time when investors are braced for the impact of a possible no-deal Brexit and by the prospect of more uncertainty over trade. “In the short term, there will be a seasonal effect from low market liquidity toward year-end,” DNB Markets economist Knut Magnussen said of the Swedish and Norwegian crowns. “There could be some recovery in the new year, but the main outlook is that both countries will see a weak currency,” he added. While the European Central Bank, the U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks across Asia-Pacific have cut interest rates, the two Nordic nations have been more hawkish, with Norway hiking four times in a year and Sweden also maintaining plans to tighten policy. Historically, the mere prospect of a growing interest rate differential could have lifted the currencies, but at the moment the market is largely driven by unrest in global trade, said DNB’s Magnussen. “We expect plenty of jitters ahead too, and no prospects for a speedy end to the trade war between the United States and China,” he added. Carl Hammer, head of macro research at SEB, said the Swedish currency was under pressure from both home and abroad and was likely to weaken a bit more during the fourth quarter. “The Riksbank and the negative interest rate are the single most important factors for us being at these weak levels. It has been a deliberate strategy for a long time to weaken the crown and bring up imported inflation,” Hammer said. “But it is also logical that the crown weakens when the global economy slows.” The Swedish central bank has had a negative interest rate since 2015 but did raise its benchmark rate to -0.25% earlier this year and has stuck to a forecast for a hike late this year or early next year. However, with recent data being weak and dovish signals from the ECB and Fed, many say those plans will have to be scrapped. “There are no expectations in the foreign exchange market that the Riksbank will deliver according to its plan,” Hammer said. “If the Riksbank says in October it still intends to raise the rate, which would be very surprising, that would give some support to the crown,” he added. The next rate decision from the Riksbank is on Oct. 24. In the coming 12 months, the Norwegian crown is expected to gain 4% on the euro, the Reuters poll predicted, while the Swedish currency is seen rising just under 3%. The gain seen for the Norwegian crown is smaller than predicted by a similar poll in September, but the Swedish currency is now expected to do slightly better, rising to 10.55 in 12 months’ time against 10.57 predicted previously. Polling by Sarmista Sen and Richa Rebello; Editing by Alison Williams | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Having a conversation with a computer might have seemed like science fiction even a few years ago. But now, most of us already use chatbots for a variety of tasks. For example, as end users, we ask the virtual assistant on our smartphones to find a local restaurant and provide directions. Or, we use an online banking chatbot for help with a loan application.
The most widely used anti-bot technique is the use of CAPTCHA, which is a form of Turing test used to distinguish between a human user and a less-sophisticated AI-powered bot, by the use of graphically-encoded human-readable text. Examples of providers include Recaptcha, and commercial companies such as Minteye, Solve Media, and NuCaptcha. Captchas, however, are not foolproof in preventing bots as they can often be circumvented by computer character recognition, security holes, and even by outsourcing captcha solving to cheap laborers.
What does the Echo have to do with conversational commerce? While the most common use of the device include playing music, making informational queries, and controlling home devices, Alexa (the device’s default addressable name) can also tap into Amazon’s full product catalog as well as your order history and intelligently carry out commands to buy stuff. You can re-order commonly ordered items, or even have Alexa walk you through some options in purchasing something you’ve never ordered before.
If you visit a Singapore government website in the near future, chances are you’ll be using a chatbot to access the services you need, as part of the country’s Smart Nation initiative. In Australia, Deakin University students now access campus services using its ‘Genie’ virtual assistant platform, made up of chatbots, artificial intelligence (AI), voice recognition and predictive analytics.
Malicious chatbots are frequently used to fill chat rooms with spam and advertisements, by mimicking human behaviour and conversations or to entice people into revealing personal information, such as bank account numbers. They are commonly found on Yahoo! Messenger, Windows Live Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger and other instant messaging protocols. There has also been a published report of a chatbot used in a fake personal ad on a dating service's website.[44]
As discussed earlier here also, each sentence is broken down into different words and each word then is used as input for the neural networks. The weighted connections are then calculated by different iterations through the training data thousands of times. Each time improving the weights to making it accurate. The trained data of neural network is a comparable algorithm more and less code. When there is a comparably small sample, where the training sentences have 200 different words and 20 classes, then that would be a matrix of 200×20. But this matrix size increases by n times more gradually and can cause a huge number of errors. In this kind of situations, processing speed should be considerably high.
Chatbots can reply instantly to any questions. The waiting time is ‘virtually’ 0 (see what I did there?). Even if a real person eventually shows up to fix the issues, the customer gets engaged in the conversation, which can help you build trust. The problem could be better diagnosed, and the chatbot could perform some routine checks with the user. This saves up time for both the customer and the support agent. That’s a lot better than just recklessly waiting for a representative to arrive.
Back in April, National Geographic launched a Facebook Messenger bot to promote their new show about the theoretical physicist's work and personal life. Developed by 360i, the charismatic Einstein bot reintroduced audiences to the scientific figure in a more intimate setting, inviting them to learn about the lesser-known aspects of his life through a friendly, natural conversation with the man himself.
What if you’re creating a bot for a major online clothing retailer? For starters, the bot will require a greeting (“How can I help you?”) as well as a process for saying its goodbyes. In between, the bot needs to respond to inputs, which could range from shopping inquiries to questions about shipping rates or return policies, and the bot must possess a script for fielding questions it doesn’t understand.
It’s not all doom and gloom for chatbots. Chatbots are a stopgap until virtual assistants are able to tackle all of our questions and concerns, regardless of the site or platform. Virtual assistants will eventually connect to everything in your digital life, from websites to IoT-enabled devices. Rather than going through different websites and speaking to various different chatbots, the virtual assistant will be the platform for finding the answers you need. If these assistants are doing such a good job, why would you even bother to use a branded chatbot? Realistically this won’t take place for sometime, due to the fragmentation of the marketplace.
Cheyer explains Viv like this. Imagine you need to pick up a bottle of wine that goes well with lasagna on the way to your brother's house. If you wanted to do that yourself, you'd need to determine which wine goes well with lasagna (search #1) then find a wine store that carries it (search #2) that is on the way to your brother's house (search #3). Once you have that figured out, you have to calculate what time you need to leave to stop at the wine store on the way (search #4) and still make it to his house on time.
On the other hand, early adoption can be somewhat of a curse. In 2011, many companies and individuals, myself included, invested a lot of time and money into Google+, dubbed to be bigger than Facebook at the time. They acquired over 10 million new users within the first two weeks of launch and things were looking positive. Many companies doubled-down on growing a community within the platform, hopeful of using it as a new and growing acquisition channel, but things didn't exactly pan out that way.
Web site: From Russia With Love. PDF. 2007-12-09. Psychologist and Scientific American: Mind contributing editor Robert Epstein reports how he was initially fooled by a chatterbot posing as an attractive girl in a personal ad he answered on a dating website. In the ad, the girl portrayed herself as being in Southern California and then soon revealed, in poor English, that she was actually in Russia. He became suspicious after a couple of months of email exchanges, sent her an email test of gibberish, and she still replied in general terms. The dating website is not named. Scientific American: Mind, October–November 2007, page 16–17, "From Russia With Love: How I got fooled (and somewhat humiliated) by a computer". Also available online.
I would like to extend an invitation to business leaders facing similar challenges to IoT Exchange in Sydney on 23-24 July 2019. It’s a great opportunity to engage in stimulating discussions with IBM staff, business partners and customers, and to network with your peers. You’ll participate in two full days of learning about new technologies through 40 information packed sessions. ...read more
One pertinent field of AI research is natural language processing. Usually, weak AI fields employ specialized software or programming languages created specifically for the narrow function required. For example, A.L.I.C.E. uses a markup language called AIML, which is specific to its function as a conversational agent, and has since been adopted by various other developers of, so called, Alicebots. Nevertheless, A.L.I.C.E. is still purely based on pattern matching techniques without any reasoning capabilities, the same technique ELIZA was using back in 1966. This is not strong AI, which would require sapience and logical reasoning abilities.
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Before we get into the next shortcut, we need to understand how methods are passed to other methods as arguments. This is possible and sometimes necessary in C#.
For example, say we need to check if there are even values in an array (you don’t need to know much about arrays here, except that they are lists of values).
First you need an array of values and the IsEven() method that returns true if its argument is even:
int[] numbers = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8}; public static bool IsEven(int num) { return num % 2 == 0; }
Pass both of these as arguments to the method Array.Exists(), which returns a boolean value:
bool hasEvenNumber = Array.Exists(numbers, IsEven);
You can see that IsEven, a method, is passed as the second argument to Array.Exists().
In the background, this is what Array.Exists() does:
• The IsEven() method is called with each value in the array. We can imagine each of these being called:
IsEven(1); IsEven(3); IsEven(5); IsEven(6);
• If any of these return true, Array.Exists() returns true.
By the end, Array.Exists() returns true because isEven(6) returns true.
There are other methods that accept methods as arguments, which you will encounter later on. For now, you need to understand that we can use a method’s name like a variable, e.g. IsEven is a variable representing the method IsEven(). We pass this variable to another method, like Array.Exists(), which will probably invoke that method-argument at least once within its own body.
Instructions
1.
Array.Find() is another method that takes an array and a method as arguments. Array.Find() calls the method on each element of the array and returns the first element for which the method returns true.
An array adjectives and method IsLong() are defined for you. Call Array.Find() with these two arguments to find the first element in adjectives that is “long”.
Store the returned string in a variable named firstLongAdjective.
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Talk:Radiocarbon dating/Archive 4
Carbon Exchange Reservoir in the Real-World == ==
The following secion has been removed here for discussion as there have been serious objections and problems - rather than engage in a revert war let's discuss here: Vsmith 02:12, 24 January 2007 (UTC) ---
* Libby's original exchange reservoir hypothesis assumes that the exchange reservoir is constant all over the world. The calibration method also assumes that variation in 14C level is global, such that a small number of samples from a specific year are sufficient for calibration. This may not be true. The following variances are seen in the real world:
* Erosion and immersion of carbonate rocks (which are assumed to be too old to contain 14C) causes an increase in 12C and 13C in the exchange reservoir, which depends on local weather conditions and can vary the exchange ratio.
* Volcanic eruptions eject large amount of carbonate rocks (which are presumably too old to contain 14C) into the air causing an increase in 12C and 13C in the exchange reservoir that is local to the volcano and can vary the exchange ratio locally.
* 14C is known to behave chemically different than 12C and 13C (due to different atomic mass), which means during decomposition of organic material there is no guarantee that the carbon ratio of the material will stay as it did at material death.
* The earth is not affected evenly by cosmic radiation, the magnitude of the radiation depends on land altitude and earth's magnetic field strength at any given location, causing local variation in 14C production.
* Oceanic water mixing rate is assumed constant and instantaneous, but it takes 1500 years for all water in the pacific ocean to mix.
* Wood has been found to accumulate 14C in its center due to the difference in chemical behavior of 14C compared to 12C and 13C.
* These effects were first confirmed when samples of wood from around the world, which all had the same age (based on tree ring analysis), showed variance of up to 8.5% from the expected per minute decay frequency, assuming they had the same 14C ratios. This meant the dating of the samples varied by as much as 700 years. The error of dating an object of unknown age will be the accumulation of the all the variances (each possibility as high as 8.5%) in the decay rate of every calibration sample. This means as more calibration samples are obtained the total error will decrease until it reaches error of local variances in the exchange reservoir, which is currently unknown. For this reason the accuracy of 14C dating remains in dispute.
--
* Comments -
* The references are mostly from the 1950s and 60s and are not readily available to those of us in the boonies. The dated refs themselves pose a problem - i.e. are they outdated? What is the context of the referenced material? Would I or Jclerman read it differently?
* User:Jclerman has extensive experience and background in the field of radioactive dating, but currently may not have access to the old paper refs used to verify the use and interpretation as used in this section.
* The poster of the above information seems, from his user page, to have limited expertise in the field. This brings the possibilty of mis-interpretation of the original sources - thus verification is needed.
* The comments that the isotopes behave different chemically is quite contrary to what little I know about isotopes. The only difference is that of mass which provides a physical segregation or fractination under varying conditions.
* More specifics follow, Vsmith 02:26, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
* Specifics, Erosion of carbonate rocks does provide old carbon with no C-14. However this is a continuous global process and the eroded old carbon is thorougly mixed within the reservoir and is a part of that reservoir.
* Volcanic eruptions do not erupt or eject large amount of carbonate rocks. Carbon dioxide is a constant part of volcanic emmissions and is thouroughly mixed throughout the atmosphere reservoir. Local effects are but transitory.
* C-14 does not behave different chemically. The fractionation effects are physical and well known. If the dead carbon material is not decomposed - if is is preserved there should be little fractionization after death/burial. If it is thoroughly decomposed - of course that means it probably is not useable. The carbon has been gobbled up by the decomposing organisms.
* Cosmic radiation may well be variable - but how this would cause local variation in C-14 escapes me. Global variations can and do occur and that's why calibration curves bases on dendrochronology and other methods are used.
* Ocean water mixing? No source here - but 1500 years for all water to mix? Don't really see the relevance.
* Wood. Again chemical behavior problem. Don't know about the accumulate in the center bit - confusing here and I don't have access to that 1957 issue of Tellus to check for clarification. Nor do I have acces to Libby's 1962 publication to check context, etc.
* Vsmith 02:53, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
* Hi Vsmith. Regarding the point about the ocean, I presume attention's being drawn to the heterogeneity of the ocean's 14C inventory. Deep North Atlantic water has a very different content from deep North Pacific water because they lie at opposite ends of the thermohaline circulation. Therefore the supply of 14C to the deep Pacific (ultimately the atmosphere, where it's generated) takes a long time (in terms of 14C half-life) to get there. It would be helpful to have a source for the 1500 years though (the thermohaline page suggests: Primeau, F., 2005, Characterizing transport between the surface mixed layer and the ocean interior with a forward and adjoint global ocean transport model, Journal of Physical Oceanography,35, 545-564; but it is a model). --Plumbago 12:31, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
* P.S. As an aside, more recent publications, as well as being more accessible, are often more desireable than old publications because the latter are occasionally misused ("cherry-picked"). If I see a contentious point (to me that is) backed up by an old cite, I tend to suspect said contentious point of being bogus. Then again, perhaps I'm just an overly suspicious sort ...
* Not so old references (that I have found so far):
* R. E. Taylor Use of Natural Diamonds to Monitor Radiocarbon AMS Instrument Backgrounds at The 10th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (September 5-10, 2005).Abstract- Diamonds (at least the one measured) shows ~50kyr age using AMS
* Bird et. al. Radiocarbon Dating of “Old” Charcoal Using a Wet Oxidation, Stepped-Combustion Procedure, Radiocarbon, 41:2(1999), pp. 127-140. - All coal is (by totally unknown means) contaminated at the 0.2 percent modern carbon level ( 100X the AMS measurability limit of ~ 0.002 pmc).
* Peter G. Brewer Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry in 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 (2000) (pp. 152-162). - "[T]he mean replacement times for the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic ocean deep waters (more than 1500 meters deep) [are] approximately 510, 250, and 275 years respectively. The deep waters of the entire world ocean are replaced on average every 500 years." - Quoting Stuiver et al. from Abyssal water carbon-14 distribution and the age of the world oceans. Science 219:849-851 (1983)
* Baumgardner et al., The Enigma of the Ubiquity of 14C in Organic Samples Older Than 100 ka, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2003
* Dan Watts 02:02, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
I originally wrote most of the section to explain the carbon exchange system that carbon dating is based on and point out the possible sources of error as Libby stated, rather the than non NPOV that C14 is prefectly made and transfered as the rest of the article would seem to imply. The sources were from modern papers that I referenced back to these originals to prevent people from going from book to book to book just to find a source. I don't see why you consider them 'wrong' simply because they are old but I can see many people are using the section as an excuse to insert things i didn't write like "This may not be true." amd skew to a POV that carbon dating is wholy inaccurate.
I find it pretty sad that you believe it is 'contested' because you haven't got hold of the sources and don't believe them. Statements like "Cosmic radiation may well be variable - but how this would cause local variation in C-14 escapes me." are not going to help the discussion here. It is explain in the referenced articles how latitude/longtidue will cause variance in cosmic radiation creation depending on geographical location, if you newer source to state otherwise please list it. Unless there is a source showing consitant measurements of cosmic radiation C14 production at different geographical locations I don't see how the 'old' source should be outdated simple for being 50 years to old, Libby also expressed that the dating is based on universal equal cosmic radation geographically, which he states is an assumption of the hypothesis of carbon dating, and that is why a single sample can be used to calibrate that date for the whole earth, rather than having to get samples for every year from every different region. Unfortunently the truth is the studies haven't been done. And as per the sourced article, as libby states, tree ring dating from the same years has been upto 700 years different. Most documentation about carbon dating comes from the era around its creation, even modern documents all link back to it because the fundamental hypothesis is not changed. Eitherway the description of C14 creation/exchange in the article without this section is very poor.--<IP_ADDRESS> 03:23, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
* For the variation of cosmic radiation over the earth to reasonably be a factor, the mixing time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would need to be long (see: and which opine that the time for uniform mixing of the atmosphere is ~ 1 year) and this does not appear to be the case. Longer term variations (such as the sunspot cycle) would affect carbon dating. Dan Watts 18:13, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* According to the conventional view not only is the production of C14 locally variable, it is solely restricted to the polar regions alone. With replenishment being 0.012 %/a mixing would have to be exceedingly slow for that to build up. And as shown in the article an experiment has been made. After the nuclear tests C14 was doubled in the northern hemisphere relative to the southern and the ratio equalized in about five years. What more do you want? Axel Berger 08:26, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* I want some sort of mention of the error rate for a start. Even libby's documents show wood of the same date being aged upto 700 years apart. There are assumptions in the hypothesis which should be stated here, other wise it gives the impression that carbon samples are 100% accurate.--Dacium 02:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
NPOV tag
Is there a consensus (I know there will not be unanimity) to remove the NPOV tag on this article? There seems to be no real dispute here, just one or two people trying to push a non-scientific POV. Comments? Raymond Arritt 15:05, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
I do not think that non-scientific POV belongs in this article. I think there is a current POV dispute however regarding whether the fact that some groups dispute the accuracy of carbon dating should be included in this article. I think however that any such inclusion should include its sources, and also should include the basis of any such dispute. --Rebroad 15:56, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Not sure I follow you here. Is "some groups" shorthand for young-earth creationists? Raymond Arritt 16:07, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Linkspam?
I'd argue that this link is spam and a violation of WP:EL:
* http://www.thebaptist.org/carbondating.htm
What do others have to say?
Atlant 16:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* I would agree with you - keep it out. Vsmith 16:41, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Proposed merge
* No. Radiocarbon dating is sufficiently "unique" and notable to have its own article. Vsmith 16:41, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Don't merge -- It's sufficiently well known and of historical prominence to merit a separate treatment. Raymond Arritt 16:43, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Don't merge -- For the reasons stated above. Atlant 16:56, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Don't merge - Aside from its notability, this article is far too long for a merge. I'm also a little concerned that this merge request is coming from a (currently disruptive) editor. It feels like an attempt to achieve some goal by any means necessary. --Plumbago 17:11, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Don't merge. Jclerman 22:07, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Don't Merge. Radio carbon dating is based on C14 which is created by cosmic rays. Radio metric dating is usually using radio isotopes that were only created at the start of the universe. Radio carbon dating is unique in this respect.--Dacium 01:32, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
Tag removed - as there was no support for a merge. Vsmith 03:10, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
Religion redux
From WP:FRINGE: "Theories which have not received critical review from the scientific community should be excluded from articles about mainstream scientific subjects. If the purpose of the article is to explain a scientific subject and there are people who dispute this subject, unless there is a verifiable refutation from the scientific community the theory does not represent a significant minority opinion within science itself. The theory may still be written about and expounded upon in articles devoted to the theory itself or non-scientific contexts." Based on this, unless sources can be cited showing mainstream scientists critically reviewing the creationist claims, it doesn't belong in the article. If sources can't be added (from scientific publications, not religious ones), that section needs to be deleted from this article. It certainly could go in an article about creationism or another religious article. --Milo H Minderbinder 17:09, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
* Agreed. Echoing my earlier point above, the current "Controversy" section in the article should be removed simply because creationists are not specifically objecting to carbon dating, but instead are put-out by any methodology that fails to agree with their particular interpretation of religious texts (and let's not forget that there are dozens of mutually-incompatible, theologically-grounded chronologies of the Earth). As such, they bring nothing interesting to the table on carbon dating, bar disingenuously harping on about known issues the technique has; which are covered more authoritatively (and objectively) by the science content of the article anyway. Many scientific articles contain (or imply) information which is liable to offend such religious sensibilities, do we really need to add a "Controversy" section to all of them? --Plumbago 13:09, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Removed it. --Milo H Minderbinder 14:05, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Is anyone opposed to removing this now from Requests_for_comment/Maths%2C_science%2C_and_technology?--Atemperman 04:53, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
* Go for it. Discussion here stopped a long time ago, with the consensus that the creationist viewpoint be removed. --Plumbago 08:59, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
* Plumbago, I am concerned about your attitude which seems to suggest a position of neutrality towards worldviews, which is philosophically impossible. Your worldview is atheistic? Then your presuppositions are such that they *begin* with a disbelief in God - and that fact will affect your conclusions as well. Perhaps when you assert that Creationists are "disingenuously harping on about known issues the technique has", those very issues are at the core of radio-carbon datings' failure to be truly scientific. I don't mean to be rude, but a the creationist view at "http://christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c007.html" seems to be particularly scientific, casting adequate doubt on the issue. Please don't assume that atheistic presuppositions are automatically aligned with objectivity. I would honestly like a fair appraisal of the Christian Answers websites' contribution to Radio-Carbon dating. Anyone? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
* Hi <IP_ADDRESS>. Sorry if I sound gruff in my comments above, but I'm afraid that comes from having to answer creationists on points like this time and time again. There are simply no good grounds for rejecting radiocarbon, or other radioisotopes, for dating purposes. Yes, these methods have caveats and methodological limitations, but these are well-understood. I could spend hours dissecting the claims made at the website you mention above, but I doubt I could do as good a job as the editors at Talk.Origins. They have a number of resources dealing with the "criticisms" levelled by creationists. Finally, I agree that one shouldn't assume that one's presuppositions (whatever mine actually are) are automatically aligned with objectivity, but I'd direct you to the closing line from the website you mentioned: "We don't have all the answers, but we do have the sure testimony of the Word of God to the true history of the world". Now that's presupposition for you. Cheers, --Plumbago 13:43, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
* Unrelated to creationists, I in fact know about a minority opinion disputing accuracy of radiocarbon dating in archeology. For examples see, pages 75-77 (yes, I know; but the examples are independent of the author). Some of it is already mentioned in the article in "Carbon exchange reservoir in the real world" section, so I think that the rest could be mentioned too. Nikola 12:19, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
* Deja vu. Somebody has already written a lot of nonsense sans the citation to this peculiar Russian mathematician. So, now we know why the two Nauka articles were cited sans volume and page numbers and why copies where neither posted nor sent to us. With so little info we can't afford to browse the thousands of Nauka publications archived in libraries. Most of all the critiques are irrelevant. As irrelevant as citing Ptolomeus to discuss global warming. Consider that calibration of the dating scale overrides all the exchange reservoir "problems" mentiopned. Leave the reservoir problem to the geophysics and geochemistry research that tries to find out where to put the excess of atmospheric CO2. The radiocarbon datings are based on calibrated measurements. And, note that, personally, I can't accept discussions based on material which is "pre Nobel Symposium" because it would be a waste of resources unless intended for a historical review of the genesis of ideas relevant to dating methods. As I said above already: All variations and calibrations were described not in Libby's works (ca 1950) but in the "12th Nobel Symposium" (1970). I suggest you read it. You'll find detailed answers to your questions. The article in the wikipedia is not intended to be a "how to do it tech manual". Regretfully some of us have limited access to physical libraries either by geography or by health reasons. Your contributions will be greatly appreciated but you'll have to do some leg work. Incidentally, much of the critiques of Libby or about Libby's results in the above discussions are irrelevant. I'd rather delete the section on reservoir exchanges since it is irrelevant for calibrated dating. Little has been dated using Libby's techniques. It was Hesel de Vries who established the modern basis of radiocarbon dating, expanded upon in the mentioned Nobel Symposium. See Paul Damon, "online" electronic mail interview, October 29, 1998. Interviewer Theodore Feldman in Jclerman 21:26, 24 March 2007 (UTC) Jclerman 14:49, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
* Well I wouldn't call the critiques completely irrelevant. I wouldn't edit the article but perhaps someone more knowledgeable could add something along the following lines:
* A simplified view of radiocarbon dating is that Earth's atmosphere contains certain amount of C14, which living organisms incorporate into themselves, and that by measuring of amount of C14 in their remains we can know when did they live.
* In practice however, this is complicated by the following: 1) amount of C14 in the atmosphere is not constant over time, including gradual global changes and abrupt local changes; 2) amount of C14 in the atmosphere is not constant over entire globe, again including gradual global changes and abrupt local changes; 3) C14 is not incorporated in the organisms in the same way other carbon isotopes are because of different chemical properties; 4) carbon exchange with the atmosphere can occur after death of organisms.
* 1) and 2) can be accounted for by various calibration techniques, though not entire globe is calibrated with the same precision; actually, that is pretty much what the article already says. 3) can be accounted for by analysis of these reactions, but no one does that; the article says that the effects are extremely minor, and to me it seems that there is a scientific minority which doesn't think that the effects are extremely minor, so perhaps it should be mentioned. 4) is not mentioned and I think it should be. Nikola 11:09, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* It's a trivial observation, but your point number 4 applies both to 14C and other isotopes of carbon (though not necessarily equally; see your point 3). So any loss of 14C to the atmosphere after death will be accompanied by a proportional (-ish) flux of other carbon isotopes to the atmosphere. As I understand it, 14C methodologies don't assume that carbon exchange after death doesn't occur, rather that such a flux isn't restricted to 14C (i.e. if one uses the ratio of radioactive to stable isotopes in a sample to age it, it doesn't matter if X% of the sample has been respired away post-mortem).
* On your point 3, studying the shifts in the ratios of stable isotopes io biological/chemical/physical processes is actually a moderately large field (with a wide range of applications, including odd things like paleoclimatology). Again, as I (mis)understand it, these shifts are small but significant for the processes under study. However, as 14C shifts can be extremely large (a loss of 50% every 6 ky), these smaller shifts caused by isotope discrimination are less significant for radiocarbon dating. Still, a description of this in the article wouldn't hurt. Cheers, --Plumbago 11:44, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* I understand that loss of carbon after death occurs during decomposition, when it is affected by subsequently changing carbon ratios in atmosphere. Nikola 12:20, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* A few points here. Firstly, although decomposition respires carbon from a potential sample, isotopic discrimination during this is not strong (as I understand it). Secondly, for a potential sample to become a sample, it has to not decompose (at least not much); otherwise we'd have no sample to examine. Decomposition, of course, is the reason why almost all potential samples fail to become samples. Thirdly, carbon lost from a sample due to decomposition (12C, 13C and 14C) or through radioactive decay (14C only) is not replaced from the atmosphere. So the atmospheric composition of carbon isotopes is irrelevant on this point. Finally, although the recent (post-1950) history of 14C in the atmosphere is very dramatic, normally 14C abundance is regulated by the fairly invariant flux of cosmic rays. Anyway, does that help? Or have I misunderstood? Cheers, --Plumbago 12:38, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* Critiques of a quasi sci-fi chapter by a non-scientist don't belong in an article about the application of scientific knowledge to a dating technique. The Russian author's minority of one opinion is not based in sound current scientific knowledge. Most effects listed above are taken care of by the calibration techniques in use, at least within the physical and statistical uncertainties of the datings. Notice that this article is about a technique. The generation and fate of radiocarbon in different reservoirs should be topics in the carbon-14 article, not in the one about dating techniques. Jclerman 15:13, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* Well yes, what you say should be in the article in some way. Nikola 15:04, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* Actually, Fomenko is a scientist, and he cites opinion of other scientists. Nikola 15:39, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry to disagree. He is a mathematician and mathematics is not a science. Concerning the relevance, currency, and his (or his translator's) understanding of the citations I and others have expressed our opinions in the preceding discussions. Jclerman 21:19, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
* Yours is a very good WIKI article, but here's the Russian snag: look up "History:Fiction or Science?", vol.1,<PHONE_NUMBER>, pp.74-80, 'Are radiocarbon datings to be trusted?" by Dr Prof Fomenko, this one can be labelled as somewhat literary exploit of a mathematician non-scientist(?!), and one on pp.80-90, "Critical analysis of hypothesis on which the radiocarbon method is based", by Dr Prof Mischenko, a high grade physicist, his report coincides 100% with tenets of WIKI article, but then he goes further and points to further factors that produce deviation; his verdict on precision of radiocarbon dating is: '..the radiocarbon method in its current state has deviation rate of 1000-2000 years for the specimens whose estimated age is less then 1000 years..'. The method does not or cannot take into account for samples taken: latitude, longtitude, proximity to certain geological formation on dry land, in the ocean,altitude,climate. The practice of submitting of samples with datings pre-estimated by archeaologists is vicious circle. This is why c14 method dismally fails all black box testing. Alas, they are certainly not creationists.<IP_ADDRESS> 08:15, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
* Poggio Bracciolini
* Deja vu reiterated. Your cited page 80 states that A.S. Mischenko is not a practicing physicist but a topologist and differential geometrist and expert in other similar mathematical specialties, which are quite removed from the sciences based in experimental verification and evidence. His comments based on Libby's (cf page 80) radiocarbon dating are as good and current as mine would be if I would comment on his topological works basing my (a non-mathematician) arguments on Euclides rather than on Poincare. I strongly suggest you read a few paragraphs above this one my reference to the Nobel Symposium volumen on radiocarbon variations (ca 1970). Then apply the acquired knowledge to understand the later publications and in particular how the calibrations bypass the reservoir effects. True, Fomenko and Mischenko might not be creationists, but they are not scientists either. Jclerman 09:55, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
* '''Dr Prof A.Fomenko happens to be a Full member of Russian(FSU) Academy of Sciences. The Russians were crazy to elect a non-scientist to this select body. Had a look at your ref. Conclusion:
QUOTE We did this by obtaining samples of acacia wood from the base of fortresses built during the reign of Sesostris III. UNQUOTE So, one takes a sample with prescribed (purely hypothetical) age of 3300 BC, calibrates the very sensitive c14 method which may deviate +/- m% for n-reasons to get a result of 3300 +/-50 years, and says we don't need reservoir C14 anymore. Genuflect at sight! Are You sure that the said fortress was built 3300 BC and not in 300BC or 300AD or 1300 AD? Vicious circle.
Poggio<IP_ADDRESS> —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:22, 15 April 2007 (UTC).
* Go to the section About calibration, above in this page, i.e. here:Talk:Radiocarbon dating. Jclerman 00:01, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* Paid a visit. Conclusion:
Mariage of Mr Carbon and alleged virgin Ms Dendra was made made in the heavens of egyptology, whereby the officiating priests have forgotten to tell Mr Carbon about Ms Dendra's immaculate baby of unknown age(up to 4000 years). Consequently c14 dating method calibrated on 'ancient' egyptian wood has an inbuilt error of the same unknown age + age of the tree (wood). Valid reason for divorce. It looks that the technically perfect edifice of c14 dating is built on arbitrary age ideas of samples given by egyptologists like acacia stump from foundation of a fortress of the pharaoh Sesotris III (3300 B.C.). Vicious circle. Is logic a non-science too? Captive fans go back to c14 reservoir.<IP_ADDRESS> 09:29, 16 April 2007 (UTC)Poggio
* Deja vu reiterated again. Logic and math are formal disciplines which are quite removed from science-based experimental verifications. And Fomenko et al comments based on Libby's (cf page 80) are currently irrelevant since Libby's radiocarbon dating publications have been superseded several decades ago. I strongly suggest that you read (in a few paragraphs above this one) my reference to the Nobel Symposium volumen on radiocarbon variations (ca 1970) and the extensive literature about the current calibrations which are NOT based on Egyptian chronologies but reach 45,000 years before present'''. Then you will understand why the reservoir discussions are irrelevant with respect to the current calibrated datings. Jclerman 16:55, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
mr Jclerman,
i am most concerned with your religious attitude towards carbon dating. i don't believe in god or in the bible or in creation of any sort, and i don't agree with fomenko, but i also don't agree with carbon dating and dendrochronology and this does not make me ignorant or dumb. please be more objective and add a section with scandals and failures about the carbon 14 dating method. if science depended on people who took science for granted, humanity would stagnate into centuries of nothing. you need to be more objective or someone else needs to come and work on this article. A. Guzman. Posted on 21:16, April 21, by User:<IP_ADDRESS>.
Accusing people of possessing religious attitudes towards science exhibits a lack of understanding of either religion or science. In my experience such attacks are done by religious zealots pretending to be rational. Nino <IP_ADDRESS> 07:46, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
* You and others are welcome to add sections to this discussion and/or the article. but you'll have to provide sources for your disbeliefs in carbon dating and in dendrochronology. Your comments about the scientific methodology belong to an epistemology article and/or discussion while your concerns about personal attitudes belong nowhere. Jclerman 05:37, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
General references/further reading
References (general or specific) which were used prior to the development of the Wiki cite system should be kept within the reference section rather than relegated to a further reading section. If, by going back through the article history, a specific reference is found to not be supportive of the article writing then it can be relegated to a further reading section or removed (if not relevant). References supporting a specific portion of the article should be cited therein. But general references are important - per that - removing the further reading header pending evidence. Vsmith 11:53, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
* Cool. I didn't want to remove them, but was just concerned that their relationship to the article's text wasn't clear enough. If a reader can't work out what a particular source is for (e.g. the one about 14C on Titan) then it should either be written explicitly into the text, or removed to minimise clutter. I'm pretty sure that all of the cites in the article can be written in, and those that are of a more background nature could even be identified within the main text as such ("There are many good overviews of this subject[1] [2] [3]."). It might just be my background as a scientist, but I can't abide by dangling references that aren't cited in the text! Anyway, I'll try to write them in myself. --Plumbago 12:07, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
material for writng "controversy" article.
Here is a list of articles on "controversy" of C14 dating. This is not necessary a scientific view, but only a list of material that may be included when starting a controversy section / article --- so, please don't argue. -- <IP_ADDRESS> 15:27, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* 1) New Chronology (Fomenko) -- new chronology, pseudohistory.
* 2) Young Earth creationism -- Biblical POV.
* 3) ... (please add more item)) ...
* Hmmmm. You may be wasting your time here. As the discussion above indicates, there really is no "controversy" as such. In scientific circles there are disagreements about dating protocols and subtleties in interpretation, but these are partially covered in the article as stands. Outside of science, the "controversy" has more to do with any method for dating the Earth, and not specifically with 14C. If you disagree, you might like to provide us with more than just a few links to other articles. Cheers, --Plumbago 16:15, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* I agree with Plumbago. User 219.*.*.* seems not to have read or understood the discussions of both Creationism and Fomenkism in the preceding sections and in the article(s) relevant to carbon-14, dendrochronology, and other dating techniques. Jclerman 17:17, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* Why make political an article thats strictly scientific?
* Because some may argue that it is scientifically incorrect.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:59, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
C14 in Coal
An explanation for this in the article might be appropriate. Unauthoritative online discussion I've seen attributes it to U and Th in the coal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:39, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
Wrong nuclear reactions in basic physics section
According to definition of nuclear reaction, both nuclear reactions in the article are incorrect. Both has wrong balance in mass numbers, so it breaks conservation law of baryon number. The first equation is missing one neutron on right side, the second is missing one on the left side. Charges are in balance. Antineutrino, seems to be natural by-product of beta decay of neutron, the neutron, which is probably missing on left side. Please, fix this (anybody who knows better). I am sorry, I do not know the right reaction. The same mistake seem to be also in carbon-14 article. [striked-through by the author] <IP_ADDRESS> 14:11, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
* I realise I'm about to reveal my ignorance here, but let's look at this:
* $$n + \mathrm{~^{14}_{7}N}\rightarrow\mathrm{~^{14}_{6}C}+ p$$
* Left-hand side has 8 neutrons (1 extranuclear) and 7 protons. Right-hand side has 8 neutrons and 7 protons (1 extranuclear). That seems to balance, but I can well imagine that it's a simplified form and that it's omiting low/zero mass particles. Can you explain further?
* $$\mathrm{~^{14}_{6}C}\rightarrow\mathrm{~^{14}_{7}N}+ e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$$
* This one's trickier for me since it has a subatomic particle, $$\bar{\nu}_e$$, that I don't know much about. But it otherwise all balances up in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons. Although it's very small, the antineutrino has mass, is this the unbalanced bit you're referring to? Or am I missing something? Cheers, --Plumbago 14:25, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry, it is my ignorance, thank you. Should I should delete this section, if I know it is wrong? <IP_ADDRESS> 14:41, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
* Actually, I'd leave it here. I might be wrong after all! Maybe another editor can check my sums. --Plumbago 16:12, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
* I don't think so. Unfortunately, I made mistake. O.K. let's remove it as soon as it is checked by the third person (I have removed my comment in discussion under carbon-14). <IP_ADDRESS> 09:11, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
General information in the posting
While I appreciated the technical nature of the Radiocarbon dating entry, we were trying to use wikipedia in a more general sense. For instance: Is carbon dating for living things only or for inanimate objects also? How does carbon dating date foot prints? I don't know the answer to these questions and would like to know.
Kkayaker 16:47, 14 September 2007 (UTC)kkayaker
Carbon dating is for dead things that used to be living, and cannot, to my knowledge, be used to date footprints.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:50, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
* You are presumably refering to the Ancient footprints of Acahualinca link in the see also section. According to the article on the footprints, they "dated the sand directly under the footprints" to get an earliest date (I'm not sure how this was done, but there was probably organic matter in the sand). Inanimate objects can be indirectly dated through radiocarbon dating: if an object is found in a layer, or sandwiched between two layers, the dates from the layers can give an approximate date for the object. Nev1 (talk) 13:56, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
Status in scientific community
Hello,
I would like to know if there is a consensus in the scientific community on the matter of radiocarbon dating, or if vast majority of scientists stands behind the method or if there are any ongoing disputes in the scientific community; this method seems to be disputed from certain circles outside the scientific community at least, but I have hoped to get to know about whether any well-known scientists agree with the arguments (or indeed what the arguments really are).
Unfortunately, the scale of the discussion page is quite intimidating, so I have to admit I didn't really read it all. I have spotted a reference to WP:FRINGE and I agree, but I still believe that there should be some note about this in the article, even if it runs like
"There is consensus in the scientific community about this method's accuracy and it is regularly used in archeology and history science. The theory has been disputed outside of the scientific circles, see Random Article."
(Note that I have no idea if this is true - that's what I hoped to find out in the first place.)
Thank you, Pasky (talk) 01:49, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
* Please read the comments above, start with Plumbago and Jclerman's responses from last May. Basically - "been there, done that" repeatedly. Vsmith (talk) 03:03, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
Accuracy of Radiocarbon dating (again)
After a quick read through the article, the only statement of the accuracy of radiocarbon dates I found was that their accuracy has increased "since 1962, when they were accurate to 700 years at worst."
I recognize the variation of the accuracy with sample size and position on the irregularly shaped calibration curve, but a well-documented statement of the accuracies routinely obtained within various periods would be helpful and would do much to silence the critics. Does anyone know of a recent source with a table (or graph) showing such accuracy at various historical periods?
--SteveMcCluskey (talk) 15:30, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
* I found it! The Radiocarbon web page has the radiocarbon calibration curve going back to 26,000 years BP. The dating error from the calibration curve does not exceed ±16 years for the historic and late prehistoric period (less than 6,000 yrs BP) and does not exceed ±163 years over the entire 26,000 years of the curve. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 03:01, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
* After some thought and careful reading of the cited article, I realized that the calibration curve's accuracy is better -- probably much better -- than the results of any single measurement. As I mentioned above, what we still need is "a well-documented statement of the accuracies routinely obtained within various periods." --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 14:50, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
You may try this: SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF UNCERTAINTIES IN RADIOCARBON DATING DUE TO FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CALIBRATION CURVE Author(s): NIKLAUS TR, BONANI G, SUTER M, et al. Source: NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS Volume: 92 Issue: 1-4 Pages: 194-200 Published: 1994 A little old, but I think the conclusions are still valid. I think that this is also the reason that there is no more recent, comprehensive evaluation. Peter.steier (talk) 18:07, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
* Peter,
* Thanks for the reference; unfortunately it's not in our library here and the only citation I found to it was your nice 2004 article in Radiocarbon, which deals with precision, not accuracy.
* Whenever you have time could you briefly summarize the results of Niklaus et al. in the article. It would fill a significant gap. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 19:44, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
* I obtained a copy of Niklaus et al., and added a few lines summarizing what they have to say about the effects of the calibration curve on dating accuracy. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 22:00, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
Inorganic material
Could someone, please, confirm if it is possible to make radiocarbon test on inorganic material? Thanks in advance. --Tonyjeff (talk) 13:55, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
Would diamonds be acceptable as inorganic? See reference 4 in the article Dan Watts (talk) 14:01, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
* Mortar can be perceived both as an inorganic and organic substance, organic because when the mortar hardens, the current surrounding atmosphere is encased in the substance. Just added a section in the mortar article on these fairly new methods/findings. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:21, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
* Not an organic substance, it's more of an unintentional atmospheric sampling mechanism. And you might want to change the Mortar link to point at your intended meaning of the word. -- SEWilco (talk) 17:33, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
* A thousand apologies for not pipering it ;) Done now. As for the organic/inorganic thingy, please excuse me for not having English as my native language. You are correct that it is not in itself organic, though as far as analyzing the material by means of radiocarbon dating, it may be regarded as such due to the presence of measurable data. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:58, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
* No. Personal perceptions and linguistics don't make it organic. And it doesn't need to be organic to be radiocarbon dated. And the data are not measured but the result of measurements, that is if my perceptions of y your perceptions of the meaning of data are correct ;-) Perhaps you should called "trapped CO2". Check the nomenclature for CO2 bubbles found in ice cores. Jclerman (talk) 22:12, 14 January 2008 (UTC)
* I stand corrected. Please do add more info about the issue in various articles you see fit, should the method be found notable enough for more exposure on WP. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:41, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
* A minor quibble with Jclerman's suggestion of calling it "trapped CO2". In ice cores the bubbles of atmospheric CO2 are physically trapped in the freezing ice; in the case of mortar the atmospheric CO2 is chemically included in the mortar when quicklime (CaOH) is chemically converted into CaCO3. (I hope I have my chemistry straight here). If I recall the ice core studies correctly, they are more concerned with the balance between the two stable isotopes 12C and 13C as a proxy for temperature, rather than with 14C and dating.
I think the proxy for temp was the oxygen isotope ratio while the carbon isotope ratios were used to date the samples and to normalize the radiocarbon content to the normal stable carbon isotopes ratio. Jclerman (talk) 15:14, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
* I think dating by atmospheric CO2 preserved in inorganic materials deserves to be included in the article (perhaps as a subsection). --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 15:10, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
* Sounds like a good idea for someone who finds some sources to mention it. -- SEWilco (talk) 16:35, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
* After taking a further look at the article, I realized that while it seems very good on the physics of the problem, it says little about its archaeological aspects. A section on the issues involved in sampling carbonaceous materials from archaeological sites seems to be in order. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 17:18, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
* Feel free to write the sections you propose above. Jclerman (talk) 15:14, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
* OK, I'll open a section, but it will only be a stub; I hope some people who really know archaeology can add to it. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 15:26, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
Accuracy?
Hi. I'm about to add this to a piece of work, but it needs verufying, and I don't know where else to go for people who know about carbon dating: carbon-14 dates were only accurate within one thousand years, plus or minus, and so a rapid [climate] change, within 10 years, say, would have been undetectable. St91 (talk) 19:31, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
* I recently added a few lines dealing with accuracy to the article and, depending on where the dates are in the calibration curve, the maximum uncertainty (measured as the range of probable dates) is about 800 years, improving to an uncertainty of about 113 years in more well-behaved regions of the calibration curve. This, of course, refers to the accuracy of calibrated calendar dates. The precision of non-calibrated radiocarbon dates would be higher than that.
* Your claim of accuracy of only one thousand years exaggerates the uncertainty, although your statement that a ten year change is not detectable sounds right. It would be better if you can cite a source to back up your inference, otherwise you are coming close to Original Research. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 20:40, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
unreliable reference
I have reverted this change to remove the reference to Anatoly Fomenko's work, which is widely criticized as pseudoscience. --SteveMcCluskey (talk) 16:18, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
Fossils
Carbon dating is useless for mineralized fossils, right? Tempshill (talk) 19:14, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, carbon dating only goes back about 50000 years, but there are many other elements that also radioactively decay and can be used for dating, see Radiometric dating. I believe some of these particles can date back to around a billion years. --Dacium (talk) 03:14, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* Sorry, I should have been more clear. Carbon dating is useless for mineralized fossils because the organic material has been replaced by minerals, regardless of the age of the fossil; correct? Thanks in advance - Tempshill (talk) 17:48, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
* It also probably won't be done for Tyrannosaurus (although for non-scientific reasons). Dan Watts (talk) 21:22, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
Accurate to 60,000 years?
If it can only determine age "up to 60,000 years", how do we use it for the age of fossils which are supposedly tens or hundreds of millions of years old? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lordofthemarsh (talk • contribs) 17:34, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
* Radiocarbon dating can't be used to date anything older than about 60,000 years. Unless there is a technique that I'm unaware of (perfectly possible, it's not my field) the absolute dating of older fossils cannot be done directly. Radiometric dating can however be used to calibrate a stratigraphic framework built up using fossils by directly dating extrusive volcanic rocks found within the same sequence. Mikenorton (talk) 18:00, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
transferred from the article for clarification
14C behaves slightly 12C and 13C (due to different atomic mass), such that the isotopes will be involved in reactions out of ratio. This so called "fractionation" can however be reliable corrected with the assumption that the fractionation of 14C and 12C is twice the fractionation of the stable isotopes 13C and 12C. -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jclerman (talk • contribs) 03:15, 23 May 2008
* Just look at the changes during the recent flurry of edits. (diff) The original phrasing is near the end of the diff, on the left side. I don't know why it was moved up there, but a binary search in the changes can reveal which change introduced it unless you prefer riffling through the sequence. -- SEWilco (talk) 04:19, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
* Why shall I do that? As I commented on the article edits, the transferred paragraph (above) contains "few of the several obscure, incomplete, and/or incorrect statements" found in the article. It was transferred here either to be re-cast or to remain deleted. Jclerman (talk) 10:57, 23 May 2008 (UTC).
* Also, somebody lost Fomenko's reference while Fomenko's article refers to this article critique of Fomenko's critique. As I said before, "Please be consistent and try not to increase the entropy. TIA" Jclerman (talk) 10:57, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
Sample selection
? My comment. NO! This article is not a lab manual, as it was earlier and extensively discussed. A shorter and correct text would be wiser than the edited text.
The whole section has been transferred here to be corrected and recast until acceptable or to remain deleted. Jclerman (talk) 11:27, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
Materials for radiocarb*on dating are commonly uncovered through archaeological excavations. Common examples of carbonaceous materials include wood used in buildings and charcoal from fires, which incorporate atmospheric carbon dioxide from the time the wood was growing, human bones, residues of food (stored plant remains and bones from animals), clothing, and more recently, mortar which incorporates atmospheric carbon dioxide from the time that the mortar set. . Selection of suitable samples and good sampling practice is essential to obtain useful dating results. The link between the formation of the sample and the event to be dated has to be clearly established. Error is likely to arise e.g. from dating wood from the center of the trunk of a tree. Such old wood, turned into an artifact some time after the death of the tree, will reflect the sprouting of the tree and not the event of carving. Thus, short-lived samples are preferable. Documentation of the precise archaeological context and the stratigraphy is essential for correlating a sample with an event. An olive stone in a destruction layer of a settlement may have been dropped there on the day of the destruction, it may have been lying around for a considerable time, and it may have fallen on the ruins of the city a considerable time later. Additionally, the destruction layer may have been disturbed by a waste-pite digged by a later cultural period, where the olive stone was dumped. Careful excavation practice can clarify these questions.
Collection of samples for radiocarbon dating should avoid contamination from a different time period. Usual handling is uncritical, since the samples are in most cases already heavily contaminated with surrounding soil, which is removed during sample preparation. However, often contamination arises from substances applied for conservational purposes or from adhesives used to lable the samples. This is especially the case for samples excavated in the past and stored in museums.
Various pretreatment techniques, including physical identification of specific portions of the sample and chemical separation to insure that only organic parts original to sample are included, have been developed to ensure the accuracy of the resulting dates.
Additional error is likely to arise from the nature and collection of the sample itself, e.g., a tree may accumulate carbon over a significant period of time. Such old wood, turned into an artifact some time after the death of the tree, will reflect the date of the carbon in the wood. Temporarily removed by Jclerman (talk) 11:27, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
Measurements and scales (1)
From reference 7: "No age is reported greater than 60,000 years." How much clearer could their position be? Dan Watts (talk) 19:39, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
* Much more, indeed. E.g., what does it mean "No age is reported"? Some readers would interpret it to mean no age of any material type and condition, other readers would interpret it to mean no age of >100my samples, others might interpret it to mean blanks, In one day or one week or one month analysis time? And which type of instrument? And more... Jclerman (talk) 13:37, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
Measurements and scales (2)
What does 'ages in excess of 100 my' mean in the last parag of this section:- "A variety of sample processing and instrument-based constraints have been postulated to explain the upper age-limit. To examine instrument-based background activities in the AMS instrument of the W. M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the University of California, a set of natural diamonds were dated. Natural diamond samples from different sources within rock formations with standard geological ages in excess of 100 my yielded 14C apparent ages 64,920±430 BP to 80,000±1100 BP as reported in 2007[8]." ??? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:41, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
* It means that the sources examined, diamonds, were independently dated as being more than 100 million years in age ("my" is a frequently used abbreviation for million years). When they were 14C "dated" using the AMS instrument they reported ages of around 80,000 years. This is not a real age, but reflects the maximum age to which items that, in principle, contain 14C can be dated using current 14C techniques. The study in question was not interested in dating the diamonds at all (see the various quotations from it, and its authors, below), but was using them as a 14C-free source to establish the accuracy of the technique used, and to try to narrow down its sources of error. Hope this helps. Cheers, --P LUMBAGO 11:52, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
rv " for a 1 milligram sample of graphite,"
This and other statemetns regarding measurement interval, type of material, quantity of carbon in the sample, are important. Please, don't dilute the article. Jclerman (talk) 18:37, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
Please, discuss changes in this page.
Please, if you aren't familiar with the analytical techniques and/or their language, propose changes here rather than introducing them directly in the article. It will contribute to a smoother process than the current practice. TIA. Jclerman (talk) 18:42, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* From reference 7:
Limiting Ages There are two situations that limit an age; the first is that the measured Fm is smaller than that of the corresponding process blank measured in the same suite of samples on the AMS. If this is the case, then the reported age will be quoted as an age greater than the age of the process blank. No age is reported greater than 60,000 years. The typical background age for organic combustions is 48,000 years and for inorganic carbon samples, 52,000 years.
* How does using this information dilute the article? Dan Watts (talk) 21:49, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* To re-cast such paragraph expanding with all the assumptions encapsulated in the cryptic "typical" one would need three pages of text, which would be OK for a how-to manual but not for an encyclopedia article. Furthermore, you'd need to xplain why only combusted organic carbon has a given limit date while not other forms of organic carbon. "And no age is reported" by whom? in general or by the authors of your quoted article? If you want a full critique, please post or email me a copy of the full article.
* Making the major part ofthe article a dIscussion of the convoluted operations and auxiliary tests and measurements performed to obtain one date, would dilute the article's intention to give an encyclopedia-level description of the dating method. The readers that want to learn and critique all the intrincacies and delicacies of radiocarbon dating should scrutinize both the classic and the current references.
* IMHO. Jclerman (talk) 23:04, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* My apologies. I did not realize that you had not read the reference which used the "1 milligram sample of graphite" information. The quote that I listed was from that same on-line article. You may see it here: http://www.nosams.whoi.edu/clients/data.html if you do not believe that I took the quote from them. Since the same reference had both statements (1 milligram .... and No age is reported ....) and the statement that I chose is a superset of the (unnecessarily?) limited statement that you chose, why should the quote currently shown be the proper choice? Dan Watts (talk) 02:05, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* Why did you, without discussion, decide to hide the fascinating information that researchers have concluded concerning 14C? Dan Watts (talk) 01:28, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* I think that some of your comments and questions have been answered in the next section, e.g. the one about the article/reference source (I meant the peer reviewed article cited in the reference, not the online web page). About HTML hidden sections or paragraphs, as explained (or not) elsewhere, they are not intended to be permanent supressions but temporary until recast or definitely deleted (I guess I "hid"several sectons/paragraphs in the article). Now it's my turn to apologize but I don't recall which is the fascinating information you refer to. In particular, I find everything related to radiocarbon and other environmental isotopes fascinating. Otherwise I wopuldn't have dedicated most of my life to them. However, my short term memory is bad enough (a side effect of aging) that I'd appreciate it if you transcribe the statements rather than referring to them indirectly as, e.g., "the deleted quote". In particular, I might have deleted or modified several and, yes, I migth have done some of them mistakenly. Jclerman (talk) 13:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* And now it is my turn to apologize. I wrote my comment on the "fascinating information" before I noticed your section containing the quote in question below. Let's continue the discussion there. Dan Watts (talk) 14:54, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
to recast - messy backgrounds & theories
Temporarily transferred from the article: In contrast to the sample processing and instrument-based background theories, the authors of an AMS instrument background study conclude: "14C from the actual sample is probably the dominant component of the 'routine' background." . Jclerman (talk) 22:32, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* Is this too messy for the reader? Are such facts not for the reader to know? Why remove the reference? Dan Watts (talk) 01:58, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* Nothing has been removed permanently, only until somebody recasts the paragraph as to be understood by the average encyclopedia reader rather than by "ïnsiders". It is unclear what are a sample and a background, what are the theories mentioned, what are the less dominant components of the "routine background". what is the significance for datings of the limit max apparent age of a blank, is there a description of blanks & backgrounds ?). is there a description of such background and blank samples in the wiki article? If a milligram amount is mentioned, why no measurement time and age are mentioned? &tc.
* IMHO, lacking a language editor (as those that printed encyclopedias have) allows for a messy increase of the text entropy after several individual text changes, insertions, and deletions. And such problems are compounded when quoting from web pages that are also affected by lack of peer and/or language review.
* Jclerman (talk) 12:53, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* Would this be more direct and just as accurate?
In contrast to the sample processing and instrument-based background theories, the authors of an AMS instrument background study conclude that most of the 14C which derives its age comes from the sample itself.
* Dan Watts (talk) 00:35, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
* I'll comment, annotate, etc in a couple days, after taking care of some urgent hardware problems. Jclerman (talk) 22:43, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* It doesn't explain what is meant by background. Instrument background? an old sample used as bacground?
* The background is described in the paper that I e-mailed you under separate cover. I can attempt to describe it in the article if that would be of some utility. Dan Watts (talk) 02:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
Sorry but I have to be terse. I'm still experiencing hardware and software problems that I have to solve myself.
I don't understand the statement about the age limit, quoted (as far as I can guess) from a non-peer reviewed web page. I summarize below how I (and many others) calculated and reported ages of samples at the max limit.
A sample's activity is indistinguishable from the activity of a background sample when its activity is within 2 standard deviations of the activity obtained from a sample which contains no radiocarbon. Tis value, i.e. 2 times the activity of a sample depleted from C-14, inputed as gthe activity in the age equation gives the maximum age limit.
If it happens that for certain laboratory, instrument, type of sample, amount of carbon in the sample, detection time, etc, such computed maximum age limit is 60,000 years, we express the result of dating a sample with such an activity as dating ">60,000 yrs BP" (i.e. older than 60,000 years).
If, for the same lab, etc, of the preceding example, one decides not to report "older than 60,000 ages"), how would one report dates derived from activities that compute to 59,000 ?
One couldn't. This should be ovious to you after you assume some sample activities and perform the corresponding calculations.
Jclerman (talk) 22:10, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
* I do not know their reasons, I was reporting what is verifiable. Dan Watts (talk) 02:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
* Why would a quote from a research article on 14C be out of place? Dan Watts (talk) 13:17, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
* I'm coming to this a bit late, so forgive me if I misunderstand here. The quotation (which is currently commented out) is from the introduction of the paper, and is not obviously a conclusion from it. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I (skim-)read the paper as a rather technical discussion to narrow down the error in 14C measurements (hence the use of 1. very old diamond; 2. pieces taken from the same diamond). Ultimately, the authors are aiming to develop a technique that might let them age samples to order 105 years (they suggest creating synthetic diamond films from samples for 14C analysis). To me, the quotation appears to misrepresent the paper's aims, and is not placed in a sufficiently clear context for a reader to follow. What, exactly, is the article trying to say on this point? Cheers, --Plumbago (talk) 13:45, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
* From a fast reading of the papaer, the authors found that the currents detected by the AMS for diamonds (which are gelogically far beyond the radiocadrbon dating range) were lower than those for other materials. Thus they propose to synthesize diamonds from the samples to be dated. Such procedure would extend the current AMS dating range. By no means the quoted dates should be considered diamond dates. They are called apparent because they are not dating an undatable sample. It is the AMS currents that are of relevance to compute the maximum limit age (see, above, statement on the two standard deviations to determine the older than limit). It is a classical metrological problem, unfortunately poorly summarized in the paper's abstract. Jclerman (talk) 18:40, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
* Yup, I'd go with that. And I'd second your opinion about the abstract - the referees who reviewed this paper did it no favours letting this slip past (that, and the paper has no clearly stated conclusions). Cheers, --Plumbago (talk) 07:45, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
Congratulations for your sharp insight. Also notice that the paper was not published by a radiocarbon dating journal in which the reviewers would have posed the questions you raise. For such a "measurement techniques jouirnal" the article reviewers should have requested the authors to fully re-write the article from the point of view of signal/noise ratio analysis, or to add a section with such an approach. Now, how do you suggest this info should be included in the wiki article within the wiki policies re verifiability and others? Jclerman (talk) 13:28, 5 June 2008 (UTC)
* So:
* 1) The paper stated what is currently held in limbo on the article.
* 2) The measurements are consistent with a radiocarbon age which is untenable (to some understanding of geology)
* 3) The authors are to be censured (how dare they report such facts)?
* I think that I will let someone else try to do justice with these (verifiable) facts. Dan Watts (talk) 01:28, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
* Dan, please read the above statements more carefully. The "censured" text labels itself as the paper's conclusions - which is patently incorrect. It would be more accurate to say that "the authors note", but that: (a) is a rather weak statement to include in an encyclopedia article; (b) could be argued as a poor use of the paper as a source; and (c) still leaves unanswered the point of adding this text. What does "14C from the actual sample is probably the dominant component of the 'routine' background" actually mean (i.e. could it be paraphrased for clarity?), and how does it help in the context here? I asked this above, but still await an answer.
* Furthermore, the paper has nothing to do with using radiocarbon to establish the age of the diamonds (that's already known approximately from stratigraphy and other radioisotopes). It has everything to do with developing a new technique for radiocarbon measurement that is superior (= allows us to reach further back in time) than those used at present. This paper does not represent a criticism of radiocarbon dating (as you seem to be implying above: "radiocarbon age which is untenable"), and I'm sure the authors would be appalled/amused at the notion that it could be read that way.
* And I've no idea where you got "how dare they report such facts?" from. Bar it having a somewhat slack abstract and omitting conclusions, there's absolutely nothing wrong with the paper. The way to include it in the article is to report what the authors did: they tried to establish a methodology for measuring older samples that, hitherto, have their 14C signals lost in the noise of inferior techniques. That would convey to the reader that radiocarbon dating is a living field in which methodologies are constantly being improved to allow us to date samples both more accurately and when they are older. As the technique is well-established, and relatively well-known (almost everyone has heard of it, even if they haven't heard of other radioisotope dating methods), this could be an important addition to the article. Cheers, --Plumbago (talk) 07:18, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
* The measurements were reported, and therefore can be used to estimate a radiocarbon age (which they did). That "age" clearly contrasts with a stratigraphic determination. The meaning of their statement (as I understand it) is: the 14C that was measured came from the diamond samples. It did not come from instrument background, handling, or sample preparation. It was in situ. I got the "how dare they" from the (current) removal of their statement. Dan Watts (talk) 13:11, 7 June 2008 (UTC)
* Hi Dan, sorry for the delay in getting back to you. I'm still not sure that we've got to the bottom of this. The paper's authors precede the quotation under discussion with a reference to:
* "On this basis, we propose that we have eliminated the major sources of mass 14 ion with the exception of that contributed from various components of instrument or machine background signal and perhaps that contributed from the sample holder itself"
* Which suggests that an unquantified proportion of the 14C may be foreign to the sampled diamonds. Of course, the authors then go on to suggest in the disputed quotation that 14C from the sample is the (unquantified) dominant portion of the measured 14C signal, although they qualify this with a cryptic (to me anyway) mention of "'routine' background" (their quotes).
* Since I have only a passing familiarity with 14C and may have gotten completely the wrong end of the sick here, I've e-mailed the lead author of the paper to request clarification of this point. Most likely, the explanation lies within the paper already, but I'm simply unable to understand it. Anyway, since the paper makes no claims to the effect that the measurements described overturn the entire field of 14C dating, I expect that this will confirm what "'routine'" means here. Best regards, --Plumbago (talk) 17:25, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
Sorry for the delay. I've been working on the draft of the following comments intermittently between medical appointments to mitigate previous medical errors.
Here are my comments:
1. Dating?
The authors didn't intent to date the diamonds but to study the contributions to the background by the machine, the diverse chemical and physical procedures, and the sample materials. In fact, they did convert the results of their measurements (ion currents) first to percent modern carbon (pmc) and later to equivalent radiocarbon age. Notice that they called such converted data an apparent age. And they did so not less than nine times in the article that we are discussing. These dates are qualified as apparent. I believe that it is because they are translated from pmc to equivalent kyrs without subtracting a background value from the pmc results (i.e. they assume a perhaps unrealistic nul virtual background). The results of the analyses, IMHO indicate which is the limit of detection in pmc. The lowest pmc that can be detected with confidence has to be higher than the limit of detection, thus the maximum limit age for the AMS instrument in discusion has to be lower than the apparent ages published for this particular instrument. As a reminder, AMS doesn't measure ages. It measures signals in a mass collector tuned to mass 14. These are not fully and necessarily generated by C14 atoms. From the "14 signal" radiocarbon ages are inferred on basis of a series of assumptions. Metrologically speaking, measurements near the limits of detection are very difficult if not practically impossible. And the closer they approach this limit the more controversial they become in the eyes of the "litigating parties". The courts of law are full of DUI cases in which from a chemical analysis it's inferred whether the defendant was or not affected by alcohol. Due to such misunderstandings of the impossibility of measuring zero concentrations the US Congress has passed laws establishing the acceptable content of carcinogens in food, air, etc, as an impossible "zero" concentration. One can only assert that a concentration is "lower than the detection limit". In the case of radiocarbon ages, a "zero measurement" of decaying atoms or of "buckett 14" collector would be inferred as "infinite age". As these are not realizable, limit ages are stated as "greater than xxx BP". Near this limit the uncertainties become necessarily asymmetric. The + larger in absolute value than the -, as correctly shown in the Finnish paper referred to below. Also metrologically and in a short summary, an instrument that doesn't show noise when measuring a blanck, is not sensitive enough. Despite the metrological hortcommings of the article by Taylor and coworker, I essentially believe the numerical values and trust the chemical and physical manipulations that led to them.
2. Domination?
Taylor and coworker state: ''14C from the actual sample is probably the dominant component of the ‘‘routine’’ background. The expression probably the dominant component conveys the idea that they don't believe that all'' the signal is due to radiocarbon in the diamonds but only part of it. Amongst other possible components they state that the variability of the signal suggests it being due possibly to microfractures in individual diamonds. Lacking a more precise statement I assume the conservative practice for such cases and believe it means above 50% being the remainder "instrument background". The authors fail to make a connection between the origin of the dominant fraction and the microfractures mentioned. Do they mean instrumental and/or environmental C14 adsorbed in the microfractures? I don't know. I'm glad the authors have been contacted and hope they will clarify this aspect of their paper.
3. Last but not least:
I fully agree with Dan [User:Wdanwatts]. He said, above: "''I think that I will let someone else try to do justice with these (verifiable) facts."I expected that notwistanding the short time lapsed since Taylor and coworker's article was published, others have already described related experiences and critiques. I found a researcher that tried to replicate and/or discuss the results of Taylor and coworker. A few months ago Vesa Palonen authored a Ph.D. Dissertation about AMS and data analysis (Jan. 2008, Univ. of Helsinki). It is available online here if by any reason you can't get it, I can email you a copy of the pdf file that I downloaded. Warning, it is 70 pages long and from a brief glance at the table of contents and tables of results it appears that 1/3 of it might be relevant to our ongoing discussion.
4. Disclaimer:
My direct experimental experience and expertise is about 10 yrs doing C14 analyses by proportional counting, both for geochemical research (CO2), and latitudinal dependent calibrations of the C14 scale. and for applied dating. I have done no experimental work using an AMS instrument. I did spend about another decade doing and interpreting mass-spectrometric analyses of stable isotopes of C and O in plant and animal tissues for studies of photosynthetic types (C3, C4, CAM), food chains, etc. Thus, my opinions might be subliminally biased. Thus I highly value your "outsider" contributions to this fascinating discussion. I don't understand which is the origin of the real and apparent C14 measured by Taylor and coworker and by the Finnish group. I don't believe that they dated diamonds. They don't either, otherwise they would state it so. But I firmly believe that such lack of understanding of the origin of such C14 does not invalidate by any means the dating method and the dates inferred from measurements which lie 2 standard deviations above "instrument+chemistry+physics backgrounds".
Kind regards, JC Jclerman (talk) 08:53, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
AMS study
Further to the above, a much belated response. My fault primarily. Anyway, the information that I got back from the lead author of this study was as follows ...
The point of using diamonds for this experiment was that obviously (1) they are geologically very old material and would thus be expected to have no measurable radiocarbon IF there has been no in situ production or contamination, (2) they can be used directly in the ion source (i.e., we don’t have to do any chemistry on them), and (3) they should give a reasonable carbon beam in the ion source.
We were trying to determine something about the real machine background which would be dominated by the level of ion source crosstalk, i.e., how much of one sample remain in the ion source after another is being measured. As the paper explains it, for the current Keck UCI machine, the bottom is on the order of .005 pMC (% modern carbon) or the equivalent of about 80,000 years. Using our diamonds in their ion source, approximately the same number was generated by another much larger machine that have some additional instrument features that can detect more efficiently pseudo-14C ions at the detector, so we assume that we are seeing something that is reflecting the characteristic of the current generation of ion sources used in AMS systems.
As I understand this, the seemingly anomalous 80,000 year signal is actually the result of carbon from previous analyses contaminating the machine. Or something like that (I don't entirely follow the use of "ion source" here). Anyway, I hope that this clears up this issue, or that we can at least agree that the diamond results are not Earth chronology shattering. Cheers, --P LUMBAGO 14:53, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
* As I understand it, another laboratory also got the same level of 14C from measuring diamonds "Using our diamonds in their ion source, approximately the same number was generated ...." I don't see the imprecision or misleadingness of the quote that I reintroduced. Dan Watts (talk) 14:57, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
* The quote in the text is ...
14C from the actual sample is probably the dominant component of the 'routine' background
* Now, I'd argue that this is somewhat ambiguous since the word "routine" is in quotation marks, suggesting that is has some meaning that is alluded to outside of the quoted portion. I'm still not entirely sure that I understand said meaning, but from the quoted e-mail and the broader discussion in the paper, it's clear that the authors of the paper view the apparent 14C age as some form of anomalous background. Hence "ion source crosstalk" and "pseudo-14C ions".
* Meanwhile, the current draft of the article is implying that the 14C measured in diamonds is 14C that's been there since the diamonds were formed, which in turn implies that either 14C is defying current understanding of radioactive decay, or that the diamonds were formed ~80 kya (if it's implying something else completely, can you let us know what that is?).
* Now, since neither of these latter interpretations are supported by either the paper or the author statement above, it seems to me that the article is misrepresenting the paper by quoting a single, ambiguous sentence. To my POV, the sentence is at best a unnecessary addition which will likely confuse a general reader, and at worst an attempt to imply that either radiocarbon dating is bunk or that the stratigraphy that aged the diamonds is. To this end, I'm commenting out the sentence again. Cheers, --P LUMBAGO 17:05, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
* Please show where the measured results from the paper do not support the latter interpretation. Dan Watts (talk) 18:30, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
[Reset indent] OK, for starters, the paper's title is ... [note: all emphasis below is mine] Use of natural diamonds to monitor 14C AMS instrument backgrounds Which is, as paper titles are generally supposed to be, pretty clear about its subject: instrument issues. Next, the first sentence of the abstract is ... To examine one component of the instrument-based background ... Again - this is pretty clearly to do with the technique, not the samples. Next, from the introduction ... One of these categories is instrument or machine background which involves the registration of what is interpreted by the detector circuitry and/or software as a 14C-ion produced pulse when, in fact, a non-14C-ion mimics 14C or the detector counts 14C which was not originally present in the sample matrix when it was introduced into the source On this basis, we propose that we have eliminated the major sources of mass 14 ion with the exception of that contributed from various components of instrument or machine background signal and perhaps that contributed from the sample holder itself As Jclerman has already pointed out above, the paper then goes off into detail of how and why 14C detectors report young ages for old samples. At no point does the paper discuss or support the notion that either radiocarbon dating or stratigraphy are flawed enterprises. A simple statement to the effect that the diamonds were not as old as assumed would be expected on this point. Although, were that the case, a whole new paper in a very different journal (Nature, Science) would be more likely. The paper is simply trying to narrow down sources of error in 14C measurements such that older samples can be more reliably dated. For the WP article to suggest otherwise, as it did with the ambiguous, decontextualised quotation, is misrepresenting the paper and essentially original research. --P LUMBAGO 13:10, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* P.S. I've said "original research" above, but I should just have quoted the relevant portion from the page ...
Article statements generally should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages nor on passing comments
* My argument, obviously, being that the quoted sentence is unclear given the subject matter of the paper. It simply doesn't represent the rest of the paper's content. Cheers, --P LUMBAGO 16:09, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
Its been disproven!
It's true. A few of us chemists and geologists at Carleton University in Ottawa have disproven carbon dating due to the major increase in Carbon 14 after nuclear atmospheric testing within the past 50 years. This makes it inaccurate and should no longer be used as an excuse to prove global warming exists, which it obviously doesn't. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pillsberry (talk • contribs) 14:56, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
* That's cool. I think i speak for all of the editors here when I say that we look forward to including this exciting material in the article, just as soon as it's been published by a reliable source. S HEFFIELD S TEEL TALK 19:09, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
* To the Carletonians: Thanks very much for alerting us about such breathtaking results. However, since your paragraph has internally and externally inconsistent statements we have alerted Car;etpm about possible deficiencies in their instruction, just in case you are really related to Carleton. Once you've approved the basic courses, you should plunge into the excellent publications about radiocaron dating published by Carleton's faculty. They are all accessible in the website of Carleton University. Jclerman (talk) 22:13, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
Although you doubt my sources, for which you are excused, do you believe that atmospheric nuclear testing does affect the results of carbon dating? It has been shown not only at Carleton(not Car;etpm) but in world wide research that this isotope of carbon was produced. This makes measuring the decay basically useless —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pillsberry (talk • contribs) 01:36, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
* Actually it is the exact opposite Pillsberry because the atomically generated C-14 has now given scientists studying this field a new source of C-14 and a carbon spike that can be used for new applications. It's been known for decades now that radiocarbon dating of samples known to be within the range of the Before present age have incorporated atomically generated C-14 into their systems and as such samples of air collected since the 1950's have given scientists a base line used to calibrate the dating of modern samples. This along with samples of a known date has allowed scientists to accurately date fish, also check out this report, as well as Beluga whales. The applications are just now starting to be researched and prompted an article in the journal Science titled "The Mushroom Cloud's Silver Lining". Also, not only would no one understanding how C-14 dating works ever make the assertion that it is "...inaccurate and should no longer be used..." since the C-14 clock only starts when the organism dies and stops integrating new carbon into their body, but as everyone can see from the above articles the new atomically generated C-14 caused by weapons testing is making dating modern organisms not only possible, in some cases, but also more accurate than ever before. RiverBissonnette (talk) 19:12, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
The increase in carbon-14 in the atmosphere due to nuclear weapons testing does not render radiocarbon dating useless because radiocarbon dating is calibrated to cancel out the effects of changes in atmospheric concentration. See Radiocarbon_dating.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:11, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
Issues about instrument qualification and method validation needs to be addressed or mentioned
with some references somehow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:58, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
* Not really sure what you mean. What is instrument qualification? Babakathy (talk) 03:12, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
Before Present
The above article needs some attention from those who know the subject. It particularly need to to better explain the difference between a BP "year" and a calendar "year" (ie that you can not simply equate 10,000 BP to the calendar year 8050 BC by calculating 1950 - 10,000 = 8050). I have added a layman's understanding, but I am sure others could do better. Blueboar (talk) 15:19, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
Radiocarbon dating used to find age of persons born after 1940
The Carbon-14 article quotes this source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14#cite_note-11 that details how radiocarbon dating has been used to determine the age of victims of natural disasters. I think there should be a section about this in this article also. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Haakenlid (talk • contribs) 12:14, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
Plaigirism?
I found a website from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, that has some of the exact same text as on the article...
BLM page
"The radioactive decay of carbon-14 follows an exponential decay. A quantity is said to be subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its value. Symbolically, this can be expressed as the following differential equation, where N is the quantity and λ is a positive number called the decay constant:"
From the Wikipedia article:
"The radioactive decay of carbon-14 follows an exponential decay. A quantity is said to be subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its value. Symbolically, this can be expressed as the following differential equation, where N is the quantity and λ is a positive number called the decay constant:"
Perhaps we should do some archive searching to see which site came up with it first?
Samcan (talk) 16:49, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
* That section of the article has been in its present form since early February 2006 . My guess FWIW is that the website you found got it from the Wikipedia article. Mikenorton (talk) 19:48, 26 September 2009 (UTC)
NPOV
Tag removed since I added the opposing POV. Both references are now cited in the article and linked to their sources: Jclerman 20:43, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
* Carbon clock could show the wrong time.
* By studying a stalagmite from a cave in the Bahamas, UA researchers provide a more accurate way for radiocarbon dating to find the ages of ancient artifacts.
* NPOV tag readded because of the elimination of the "creation cruft". Specifically I'd like to see the information contained here: http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v21/i3/fossilwood.asp included. You must realize that there are a number of intelligent, well-educated people that don't agree with radiocarbon dating because the results don't come out like they should. You can't just ignore and delete information you don't agree with and then pretend that you've got a neutral point of view and nuke the tag. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:07, 9 January 2007
* Also there are a number of intelligent, well-educated people that sincerely believe that the Earth is flat, but they fail to provide scientific proof. You provided a reference that erroneously described how stalagmites are formed (by evaporation of CO2) and that claimed that radiocarbon dates were wrong. I provided a reference that, on scientific basis, stated the contrary: in fact that the stalagmite finding will contribute to better and extended calibration of the C14 scale. Thus I felt that removing the NPOV tag was warranted. Jclerman 16:18, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
* Tag removed - you will need a more reliable source than that. And, yes I realize that there are a number of intelligent, well-educated people that don't agree with radiocarbon dating because the results don't come out like they would like them to - to fit their preconceived religious views. This article discusses science - not religion. Vsmith 14:21, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
* Quoting from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPOV
* Well, in that case we would also have to remove all information stemming from sites of people with a materialistic bias, which is just as religious as Christianity or Creation science. Guess that would leave the article empty after a while. The arguments against radiometric dating are valid no matter what the religious beliefs are of the person making them. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:32, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
The neutral point of view is a means of dealing with conflicting views, and is something strongly recommended for use in writing. The policy requires that, where there are or have been conflicting views, these should be presented fairly. None of the views should be given undue weight or asserted as being the truth, and all significant published points of view are to be presented, not just the most popular one. It should also not be asserted that the most popular view or some sort of intermediate view among the different views is the correct one. Readers are left to form their own opinions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS>, 9 January 2007 (talk)
I don't understand the explanation of carbon dating provided in Wikipdia. Why does the C14 fraction start changing only after an organism has died? The radioactive beta decay of C14 takes place (both in the organism and in the atmosphere) regardless of whether or not the organism is dead, doesn't it? It seems to me that a complete explanation has to consider some kind of production mechanism of C14 in the atmosphere which keeps the fraction in equilibrium in the atmosphere (and therefore in plants through absorption of carbon from the atmosphere).<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:47, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* The first section of the article ('basic physics') goes some way to explaining this. There are "unremitting cosmic ray impacts on nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere, which create more of the isotope", maintaining the equilibrium. Organisms absorb 14C through respiration, so the levels of 14C remain relatively constant during the organism's life. Once an organism dies there is no process to replenish 14C and it decays. Nev1 (talk) 15:03, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* Don't organisms respire oxygen? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:38, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* Sorry, improper use of respiration. I believe I should have said breathing. Nev1 (talk) 15:59, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* Not at all. Plants fix carbon by photosynthesis and animals ingest plants or animals. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:26, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* Correct. Animals acquire 14C as organic material usually derived from plants, and they release it to the atmosphere via respiration (during which they consume oxygen). Plants, however, can fix 14C to organic material straight from the atmosphere as 14CO2. However, the above explanation for what happens to the 14C fraction after death is otherwise mostly correct. While alive, animals (and plants) constantly turn-over their carbon content, and the 14C fraction is relatively constant (although it's actual value may differ between the atmosphere, plants and animals because of isotopic fractionation effects). When they die, and their bodies are not consumed by other organisms (the fate of most dead organisms), radioactive decay of 14C will decrease the fraction of 14C in the body, such that when it's analysed at a much later date, the 14C fraction is significantly less than would be found in a living organism. The amount by which it's less can then be used to infer the time that has passed since the organism died. Hope this helps. Cheers, --P LUMBAGO 16:02, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
* Excellent explanation. I'd suggest a slight amendment - When plants are alive, for instance trees, they are continuously capturing carbon out of the air, with its current C14/C12 ratio, and from this carbon building woody stems and trunks. So for a tree that lives 100 years, the C14/C12 ratio of the inner trunk will match what the atmosphere had at the start of its life, the outer trunk at the end of it 100 years later, and you see the pattern for intermediate layers. After that carbon is captured, it starts decaying. For the inner trunk, this will occur while the tree is still alive. Only the outermost layer of a tree trunk is "alive". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Friendly person (talk • contribs) 23:34, 22 August 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
La rosa bianca e la rosa rossa
La rosa bianca e la rosa rossa (The White Rose and the Red Rose) is an opera in two acts composed by Simon Mayr to an Italian libretto by Felice Romani. It premiered at the Teatro Sant'Agostino, Genoa, on 21 February 1813. Set in England against the backdrop of the Wars of the Roses, Romani's libretto is based on René-Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt's La rose blanche et la rose rouge. Mayr's opera has also been performed under the title Il trionfo dell'amicizia (The triumph of friendship).
Recordings
* Mayr: La rosa bianca e la rosa rossa – Orchestra Stabile di Bergamo, conducted by Thomas Briccetti with Anna Caterina Antonacci as Clothilde. Label: BMG Ricordi | WIKI |
Single-cell sequencing: Common applications
Single-cell sequencing: Common applications
Single-cell RNA sequencing can be used for almost every biological question that requires a detailed understanding of a cell population. So, it’s hardly surprising that it has so many different applications.
This post is a brief overview of just some of the areas where researchers utilize single-cell RNA sequencing.
Identify cell types
Biological samples are rarely homogenous and can contain multiple cell types – this is true whether you work with primary tissue, clinical samples such as tumor biopsies, a cell line, or organoids.
Single-cell RNA sequencing allows you to identify exactly which cell types (and subtypes) are present in your sample, as well as the ratio between them.
If you study sample heterogeneity at a single-cell level, you may even identify cell types you were not expecting. And if you’re very lucky, you’ll discover completely new cell types (or sub-types) in your tissue that have not been described before.
Read more on our cell type identification page.
Discover and develop new drug targets
Proteins inside cells and on cell surfaces can be excellent drug targets. Single-cell sequencing is a powerful tool to identify these targets, combining knowledge of disease-specific cellular pathways with single-cell transcriptomics.
Once you can identify a target and test specific drugs, single-cell sequencing will help you to assess drug efficiency on your target pathway and cell type.
Therefore, single-cell RNA sequencing can help you select your most promising drugs: those that only target your cell type and protein of interest, and verify whether or not it works as expected.
Read more on our drug discovery page.
Reconstruct cell development pathways
Cells can change over time in many ways. Some may differentiate stem cells into mature cells, while others react to changes in their environment. Moreover, administering drugs can activate some immune cells.
Single-cell sequencing allows you to study these changes in greater detail by comparing different time points. You can then use this data to place all single cells along a pseudotemporal trajectory, for example from the most stem cell-like cell to the cell in the last differentiation stage.
You can also use it to analyze how cells change in response to adding a growth stimulus, study patient samples before and after treatment, or assess the response of immune cells to cancer cells. The possibilities are endless.
Single-cell Biodistribution
One of the most promising novel therapy modalities is in vivo gene therapy. Here, vectors like adeno-associated viral vectors deliver healthy genes and/or gene editing machinery to diseased cells.
Optimizing the specificity of such vectors is a key aspect of this technology’s development. With its ability to detect transgenes at single-cell resolution, single-cell sequencing is a suitable technology to fuel this exciting development.
Read more on our biodistribution page
Immune profiling
The specificity of immune cells varies considerably and depends on the recombination of variable regions in the genome. With millions of possible combinations, the ability to study the immune repertoire at the single-cell level opens up tremendous possibilities for researchers.
Single-cell sequencing, combined with single-cell immune profiling, allows you to determine the complete repertoire of your immune cells, including full-length immunoglobin sequences, isotypes, and T-cell receptors.
If you then combine your single-cell immune repertoire information with single-cell transcriptomics, you can discover new immune cell types and states.
Your can then use your immune profiling data to create immune cell atlases, characterize immune responses, or identify immune cells within the tissue microenvironment.
Read more on our immune profiling page
And more
Single-cell sequencing can be used to answer many scientific questions. As we said before, the possibilities are endless!
If you’re wondering whether – or how – to apply single-cell sequencing in your field, we can help.
Supercharge your mind with all the single-cell sequencing fundamentals by downloading our ultimate guide.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Subsequence
Subsequence search is to match the best occurance of a short time serise in a longer series.
DTW subsequence alignment
Given a series:
Subsequence series
And a query:
Subsequence query
We can find the best occurence(s) as follows:
from dtaidistance.subsequence.dtw import subsequence_alignment
from dtaidistance import dtw_visualisation as dtwvis
sa = subsequence_alignment(query, series)
match = sa.best_match()
startidx, endidx = match.segment
dtwvis.plot_warpingpaths(query, series, sa.warping_paths(), match.path, figure=fig)
The resultig match is
Subsequence matching
If we compare the best match with the query we see they are similar. The best match is only a little bit compressed.
Subsequence best match
If you want to find all matches (or the k best):
fig, ax = dtwvis.plot_warpingpaths(query, series, sa.warping_paths(), path=-1)
for kmatch in sa.kbest_matches(9):
dtwvis.plot_warpingpaths_addpath(ax, kmatch.path)
Subsequence alignment k-best matches
DTW subsequence search (KNN)
Similar to using alignment, we can also iterate over a sequence of series or windows to search for the best match, or best k matches (k-Nearest Neighbors):
from dtaidistance.subsequence.dtw import subsequence_search
k = 3
s = []
w = 22
ws = int(np.floor(w/2))
wn = int(np.floor((len(series) - (w - ws)) / ws))
si, ei = 0, w
for i in range(wn):
s.append(series[si:ei])
si += ws
ei += ws
sa = subsequence_search(query, s)
best = sa.kbest_matches(k=k)
When setting k, the search is pruned to early abandon comparisons that will not improve on the top k best matches.
In the result one can observe that the choice of windows has an impact on where the best matches are found. Whereas the previous alignment method does not require a window size or a shift, here matches are limited to the windows that are given. The advantage of this method is that it can be used also if the windows are not from one continuous series (e.g. periods with missing data, multiple sources).
The best three windows are visualized below. The gray vertical lines indicate the windows, the red verical lines the three best windows.
Subsequence search k-best matches
DTW Local Concurrences
In some case we are not interested in searching for a query but to find any or all subsequences that are similar between two series. This is used for example to identify that parts of two series are similar but not necessarily the entire series. Or when comparing a series to itself it produces subsequences (of arbitrary length) that frequenty reappear in the series.
For example below, we can see that one heartbeat in ECG is a common pattern. Sometimes a sequence a few heartbeats is similar to another sequence of heartbeats.
lc = local_concurrences(series, None, estimate_settings=0.7) # second is None to compare to self
# The parameters tau, delta, delta_factor are estimated based on series
paths = []
for match in lc.kbest_matches(k=100, minlen=20, buffer=10):
paths.append(match.path)
fig, ax = dtwvis.plot_warpingpaths(series, series, lc.wp, path=-1)
for path in paths:
dtwvis.plot_warpingpaths_addpath(ax, path)
Local concurrences | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
PHP JS
USING JSON IN PHP AND JAVASCRIPT
(quick examples)
PHP JSON ENCODE - ARRAY TO STRING $str = json_encode(["Red", "Blue"]);
BASIC JSON IN PHP & JS
01
JS JSON STRINGIFY - ARRAY TO STRING var str = JSON.stringify(["Red", "Blue"]);
PHP JSON DECODE - STRING TO ARRAY $arr = json_decode($str, 1);
JS JSON PARSE - STRING TO ARRAY var arr = JSON.parse(str);
JS - JSON ENCODE ARRAY TO STRING var data = new FormData(); data.append("demo", JSON.stringify(["Red", "Blue"]);
SEND ARRAY FROM JS TO PHP
02
JS - SEND DATA TO SERVER fetch("SERVER.PHP", { method:"POST", body:data });
PHP - JSON DECODE BACK TO ARRAY $color = json_decode($_POST["color"]);
JS - FETCH FROM PHP fetch("SERVER.PHP") .then(res => res.json()) .then(arr => console.log(arr));
JS FETCH ARRAY FROM PHP
03
PHP - OUTPUT IN JSON echo json_encode(["Red, Blue"]); | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[Solved]: Python SyntaxError
What is Syntax in programming Language?
In any programming language, Syntax are set of rules which dictate how program need to written. Every language have different syntax from other language like C, C++, Java, C# having curely bracket ({}) to represent block of statements while in Python blocks like if-else, loops, functions etc. represent by indentations. We can also think of example of our spoken language having grammar, punctuation etc.
You can identify these exceptions on runtime when you code give SyntaxError the you can fix it. In Python, Sometime programmer omit some set statement, not following indentation or programmer move from another language put curly bracket({}),semi colon (:) etc. then it show SyntaxError because python doesn’t support that.
In this blog you will learn about the some of the common Python SyntaxErrors, provide examples, and show you how to fix them.
Example 1:
In this below example where calculating average of numbers and returning final result to print but this simple example will through exception as in output
numbers = [8, 7, 9, 8, 7]
def calculate_average_age():
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
print(average)
return average
total_average = calculate_average_age(numbers)
print(total_average)
Output
File “C:/Users/saurabh.gupta/Desktop/Python Example/Exception Test.py”, line 12
return average
^
SyntaxError: ‘return’ outside function
Solution
The above issue is because of indentation of return statement that’s why it’s showing in error as ‘return is outside the function’. To fix this problem return should be same intended as other statement of function as below.
numbers = [8, 7, 9, 8, 7]
def calculate_average_age():
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
print(average)
return average
total_average = calculate_average_age(numbers)
print(total_average)
Example 2
Let’s take another example of dictionary which will print the elements as key and value but this program will through exception as “SyntaxError: Invalid syntax“.
user = {
"name": "Saurabh Gupta",
"age": 35
"city": "Noida"
}
#iterate user dictionary
for key, value in user.items():
print("Key:", key)
print("Value:", str(value))
Output
File “C:/Users/saurabh.gupta/Desktop/Python Example/Exception Test.py”, line 4
“city”: “Noida”
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Solution
In this above example, if you noticed this exception occurred in the line 4 inside the dictionary. It’s because of missing commas in each element for key and value that’s why it’s showing exception as “SyntaxError: invalid syntax“.
You can modify the above code after adding comma in dictionary as below:
user = {
"name": "Saurabh Gupta",
"age": 35,
"city": "Noida"
}
#iterate user dictionary
for key, value in user.items():
print("Key:", key)
print("Value:", str(value))
Output
The above line of updated code will return output as below:
Key: name
Value: Saurabh Gupta
Key: age
Value: 35
Key: city
Value: Noida
Summary
In this topic you learn about the Syntax inside the programming language and in case any SyntaxError happen in your code you can identify the problem by checking he stack trace of logs by line number then identify the problem accordingly fix it.
Learn Python exception handling in more detain in topic Python: Exception Handling | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
MySQL patches by Codership
Comment 1 for bug 927996
Teemu Ollakka (teemu-ollakka) wrote :
Patrick,
I was able to have similar results from some of the cases, and usually it seemed to be that although slave nodes were started, they hadn't received state snapshot yet. Looking inside galera.py I see that is_started() method just checks whether server pid file has been created. This is not enough to make sure that wsrep enabled server is actually synchronized with other nodes. This method should also check value of 'wsrep_ready' status variable. If it is 'ON', node is synchronized with the group.
There were also other kind of test failures which were related to query causality. Although galera ensures that all changes are received on all nodes before control is returned to client, it does not guarantee by default that all changes are applied. For this reason there is 'wsrep_causal_reads' session variable, which if set to '1', guarantees that all previously replicated changes are also applied before query is actually executed. While this should be enough to guarantee strict consistency for autocommit DML, unfortunately it seems that even this is not enough for DDLs (for the reasons I'm not complete sure about yet), but with following hack to kewpie I was able to get rid of causality related failures even with DDLs.
The following patch enforces one causal read on each slave in check_slaves_by_query() and check_slaves_by_checksum() before running actual check query.
=== modified file 'lib/util/mysqlBaseTestCase.py'
--- lib/util/mysqlBaseTestCase.py 2012-02-04 23:03:30 +0000
+++ lib/util/mysqlBaseTestCase.py 2012-02-07 10:48:40 +0000
@@ -87,6 +87,16 @@
results.append(table_name)
return results
+ def causal_read(self, server):
+ """ Execute causal read on server to make sure that all
+ changes from master have been propagated and applied
+ (galera specific)
+
+ """
+ queries = ["SET wsrep_causal_reads=1", "SELECT 0"]
+ self.execute_queries(queries, server)
+ return None
+
def check_slaves_by_query( self
, master_server
, other_servers
@@ -111,6 +121,7 @@
# run against master for 'good' value
retcode, expected_result = self.execute_query(query, master_server)
for server in other_servers:
+ self.causal_read(server)
retcode, slave_result = self.execute_query(query, server)
#print "%s: expected_result= %s | slave_result= %s" % ( server.name
# , expected_result
@@ -149,6 +160,7 @@
comp_results = {}
logging = master_server.logging
for server in other_servers:
+ self.causal_read(server)
for schema in schemas:
for table in self.get_tables(master_server, schema):
query = "CHECKSUM TABLE %s.%s" %(schema, table) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar
Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar (1929–2014) was a linguist and critical Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India. He was honoured with the Padma Shri in 2002 and Sahitya Akademi Award for Marathi in 2010.
Biography
Kelkar was born on 22 April 1929 in Pune. He did his schooling from New English School and then from Ferguson College. As he was fond of grammar and had interest in linguistic puzzles, he graduated from Ferguson in English and Philosophy. He received a master's degree in English and French literature from Pune University. He also studied linguistics (1956–58) from Rockfeller and Comparative Literature and Review from Lily Institute in 1958 and received scholarships there. In the period of 1958–62, he served the Agra University teaching linguistics. During 1962–67, he served as a reader at Pune University, and during the next 22 years, he served as professor of Linguistics and later as director of the Centre of Advanced Studies and Linguistics at Deccan College in Pune. He also had a PhD in Linguistics and Anthropology from Cornell University in the USA. He used to guide the students of linguistics completing their M.Phil. and PhD He took retirement from academics in 1989.
Kelkar founded the Marathi Abhyas Parishad and served as its director. There he started the trimonthly Bhasha Ani Jeewan (भाषा आणि जीवन) in 1982 and served as its editor until 1989.
Kelkar was honored with the Padma Shri from the Indian government in 2002 for his literary accomplishments. In 2008, he received the Sahitya Akademi Award for Marathi for his book Rujuvaat (रूजुवात). His book Prachin Bhartiya Sahitya Mimansa – Ek Aakalan (प्राचिन भारतीय साहित्य मीमांसा – एक आकलन) was translated into Hindi and won a national award.
Kelkar had a son and a daughter. He died on 20 September 2014 at Aurangabad where he lived with his daughter Roshan Ranade since two years. | WIKI |
Why do Females Smoke And For What Consequence
"Females Smokers"Ugly facts of smoking in females
It’s necessary that every female protects her very own well-being and health. Stopping smoking is a crucial way to do this approach and is also strongly recommended by doctors to reduce the probability of serious health issues for females later in everyday life. Some smoking related health issues could cause infertility in addition to fatal diseases like cancer.
So how exactly does smoking impact women?
Females smokers suffer short term consequences for example yellow teeth, smelly breath and premature wrinkles, and this can be viewed early on in life. Research has revealed that females will be more susceptible to the risks of nicotine as they have a slower metabolic cleansing system than men have. Women are 12 times more at risk of dying caused by lung cancer than non-smokers are and also have an increased risk of other cancers including larynx, pharynx, mouth, kidney, esophagus, pancreas, kidney and bladder cancers. They are also 10 times more susceptible to death caused by bronchitis and emphysema.
Adverse reactions of smoking in females
Females smokers experience unusual vaginal discharge, bleeding, and an increased frequency of secondary amenorrhea, absence of menstruation and irregularity of periods. Women are at more risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes during the usage of estrogens. Women who smoke are 72% more likely to suffer from infertility as compared with non-smokers.
Factors hampering normal sexual function
Nicotine restricts the flow of blood, which hampers full sexual confidence. The circulation of blood to the labia, clitoris and vagina flows less steadily, which has a detrimental effect on arousal and sensitivity. Smoking also causes decreased fertility. Pregnant women who smoke can face issues such as preterm delivery, premature rupture of their membranes, placenta previa, miscarriage and neonatal death.
So why do females smoke?
However some women know about these problems, they continue smoking. Some popular reasons cited by women for their smoking is that it allows them to relax and curb any present or potential feelings of aggression and sometimes even depression. Stress can become a frequent occurrence on the job and also at home, and smoking is one way women often relieve themselves from that stressful sensation. A lot of women also smoke to lose weight. Even though this is an efficient method, the negative effects significantly outweigh the advantages.
Smoking not just has an effect on you but also the people who are around you. Women who have children or who wish to have children are at the greatest risk. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
@nasriya/mongodb
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1.0.6 • Public • Published
N|Solid
MongoDB.
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Visit us at www.nasriya.net.
A MongoDB client with schemas, data-hooks, permissions, and more.
Made with ❤️ in Palestine 🇵🇸
[!IMPORTANT] 🌟 Support Our Open-Source Development! 🌟 We need your support to keep our projects going! If you find our > work valuable, please consider contributing. Your support helps us > continue to develop and maintain these tools.
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Quick Start Guide
Installation
npm i @nasriya/mongodb
Importing
To use the cron scheduler, you must first import the cron-manager instance: Import in ESM modules:
import mongodb from '@nasriya/mongodb';
Import in CommonJS (CJS)
const mongodb = require('@nasriya/mongodb').default;
Preparing the Environment
Defining Databases
Our MongoDB client allows you define your databases and their collections, let's define one or two:
mongodb.defineDatabase({
name: 'Auth',
collections: [{ name: 'Passwords' }, { name: 'AuthHistory' }]
})
In our example above, we defined a database Auth with two collections, Passwords and AuthHistory. But, we do more than just that, let's imporove our DB definition with the following additions.
Collection Schemas
We can improve the collection definition and validation by defining Schemas for our collections. To do that, we'll use the schema() method on the adapter to create and validate our schema object. While you can directly pass the schema object to the collection definition, it's recommended to use the schema() method for easier debugging if anything went wrong.
const pswdsSchema = mongodb.schema({
hashed: {
type: 'String',
required: true,
validity: {
message: 'The hashed value you passed is invalid',
handler: (value): boolean => {
if (typeof value === 'string' && (value.length >=10 && value.length <= 32)) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
}
},
expireAfter: {
type: 'Number',
default: 2.592e+9 // 30 days
}
})
In our example above, we defined the hashed property as a String and set it as a required field when inserting new data. We've also set a validity handler and a validity message that will be thrown if the handler returned false, indicating that the value is invalid.
We also defined the expireAfter property as a Number, and set a default value of 30 days in case the user didn't provide one.
That's how the DB definition becomes:
mongodb.defineDatabase({
name: 'Auth',
collections: [{
name: 'Passwords',
schema: pswdsSchema
}]
})
Collection Permissions
You can also set the IO permissions on each collection based on user authorizations.
mongodb.defineDatabase({
name: 'Auth',
collections: [{
name: 'Passwords',
schema: pswdsSchema,
// Define the permissions here
permissions: {
read: 'Admin',
write: 'Admin',
modify: 'Admin',
delete: 'Admin',
}
}]
})
Since this collection is sensitive, only admins have access to it, if other users try to access a forbidden error will be thrown.
Note: For added security, you should create separate clients for backend operations and user operations. Usually in the request handler of any server framework, you get the ID and role of members and create a client for them.
Collection Hooks
Collection hooks are functions or callbacks that are triggered at specific points in the lifecycle of data operations (such as insert, update, delete) on a collection or table in a database. These hooks allow developers to execute custom logic in response to these operations, enabling tasks like data validation, transformation, logging, and enforcing business rules.
The available hooks that you can use are:
Hook Name Description
afterGetItem A hook that is triggered after a getItem() operation.
afterInsert A hook that is triggered after an insert() operation.
afterBulkInsert A hook that is triggered after a bulkInsert() operation.
afterRemove A hook that is triggered after a remove() operation.
afterUpdate A hook that is triggered after an update() operation.
beforeGetItem A hook that is triggered before a getItem() operation.
beforeInsert A hook that is triggered before an insert() operation.
beforeBulkInsert A hook that is triggered before a bulkInsert() operation.
beforeRemove A hook that is called before a remove() operation.
beforeBulkRemove A hook that is called before a bulkRemove() operation.
beforeUpdate A hook that is triggered before an update() operation.
beforeBulkUpdate A hook that is triggered before a bulkUpdate() operation.
onFailure A hook that is triggered on any error or rejected Promise from any of the operations.
To implement and data hook, add a hooks property to a collection definition, and add the event handler.
mongodb.defineDatabase({
name: 'Auth',
collections: [{
name: 'Passwords',
schema: pswdsSchema,
permissions: {
read: 'Admin',
write: 'Admin',
modify: 'Admin',
delete: 'Admin',
},
// Add the hooks in the object below
hooks: {
beforeUpdate: (item, context) => {
if (context.userRole !== 'Admin') {
throw new Error(`Unauthorized: User ${context.userId} is not allowed to perform update opoerations`);
}
}
}
}]
})
Creating Clients
Our MongoDB client offers lots of flexibilities for your needs, you can create different clients for different clusters of users, leading to increase of prodictivity.
Creating a Connection
Each client needs a defined connection to a cluster, and since you can create as many clients as you want, and some times you need multiple clients to be connected to the same cluster, you only need to define a collection once, and use it as many times as you want.
Let's start by defining a connection:
const localServer = mongodb.defineConnection('localServer', 'mongodb://localhost:27017');
console.log(localServer); // ⇨ 'localServer'
You can see that the defineConnection() method returns the connection name, so you can use it directly when creating clients, or you can use the name instead.
Creating a Client
To create a client, you need to pass an options object to the createClient method, one of which is the connection name. The connection property is required, while the rest of the options are optional.
In our example, we'll demonstrate how you can create clients in your application.
Create a System client. This type of client bypasses all the defined permissions, and is intended to keep track of things that are not user related.
/**A client that does NOT do user-related operations */
const systemClient = mongodb.createClient({
name: 'localServer', // A name of a defined connection
authorization: 'System'
});
You can also create a clinet for user operations. We'll use HyperCloud server framework to demonstrate how:
router.patch('/users/<:userId>', (request, response, next) => {
const { userId } = request.params;
if (!request.user.loggedIn || request.user.id !== userId) { return response.pages.unauthorized() }
const dbClient = mongodb.createClient({
name: 'localServer', // A name of a defined connection
authorization: 'User',
user: {
id: request.user.id,
role: request.user.role,
loggedIn: request.user.loggedIn
}
});
// Safely run oprations on any collection
// ....
})
When defining a database client dynamically based on the user's data, the permissions and roles associated with that user are enforced directly within the client configuration. This ensures that unauthorized users cannot bypass the permissions set for their specific roles, thereby maintaining strict access control. By integrating user-specific data such as ID, role, and login status into the client creation process, you can securely perform database operations while ensuring that only authorized users can access or modify the data. This method provides a robust mechanism for safeguarding sensitive information and enforcing user-specific access policies.
Usage
It's easy to follow the auto-completion of the package.
Documentations will come soon ...
License
Please read the license from here.
Readme
Keywords
none
Package Sidebar
Install
npm i @nasriya/mongodb
Weekly Downloads
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Version
1.0.6
License
Nasriya License
Unpacked Size
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Total Files
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Collaborators
• ahmadnasriya
• nasriyasoftware | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Erzhan Tokotayev
Erzhan Nurlanovich Tokotayev (Эржан Токотаев; Эржан Нурланович Токотаев; born 17 July 2000) is a Kyrgyzstani footballer who plays for Turkish club Şanlıurfaspor and the Kyrgyzstan national football team as a goalkeeper.
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 24 September 2022 | WIKI |
Intel Appoints Lip-Bu Tan as Chief Executive Officer
https://ir.stockpr.com/intc/news/detail/1730
SANTA CLARA, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Intel Corporation (Nasdaq: INTC) today announced that its board of directors has appointed Lip-Bu Tan, an accomplished technology leader with deep semiconductor industry experience, as chief executive officer, effective March 18. He succeeds Interim Co-CEOs David Zinsner and Michelle (MJ) Johnston Holthaus. Tan will also rejoin the Intel board of directors after stepping down from the board in August 2024.
This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250312399008/en/ | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
DeVry Beats EPS Est. Yet Again - Analyst Blog
Continuing with the momentum of the first quarter, DeVry, Inc.'s ( DV ) second quarter fiscal 2013 adjusted earnings of 87 cents per share significantly beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 57 cents by 53%. Lower operating expenses and positive new student enrollment growth drove the earnings beat for this for-profit education company. Earnings, however, declined 5% from the prior-year quarter due to lower year-over-year revenue. Adjusted earnings exclude charges for restructuring and impairment.
Continued progress on its performance improvement plan to align costs, regain enrollment growth and make growth investments, has helped the company beat expectations in both the quarters of fiscal 2013; a turnaround from weak quarterly results in fiscal 2012.
In order to combat declining profits and student enrolments, DeVry has undertaken cost-saving initiatives like workforce reduction and curbed discretionary spending. Additionally, in order to revive enrollment growth, the company is working on its marketing efforts to build brand awareness; building relationships with high schools, community colleges, corporations, and government/military institutions; and improving its technology. DeVry is also making targeted investments to drive future growth like opening new campuses, diversifying into new high demand education programs and investing in its faculty.
DeVry's quarterly net sales fell 3.6% year over year to $505 million due to lower year- over-year enrollment growth. Revenues, however, beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $497 million once again, attributable to solid new and total student enrollment growth at its healthcare institutions.
The company's total post secondary enrollments across all its programs were down 5.4% from the prior-year quarter. DeVry has been witnessing persistent enrollment declines as a result of overall economic downturn and lack of student confidence. Further, modifications made to the business to comply with new regulations have been hurting enrollment growth.
However, the company witnessed solid new enrollment growth of 5.6%, largely driven by its healthcare institutions like Chamberlain College of Nursing and Carrington Colleges.
Operating costs (excluding restructuring charges) declined 1.0% year over year to $430.0 million, owing to DeVry's cost saving initiatives. DeVry is trying to reduce volume related costs to better align them with declining enrollments. Cost of educational services increased 1.0% and student services and administrative expense declined 3.9% in the quarter.
Segment Discussion
Business, Technology and Management segment : This segment includes operations of the company's largest subsidiary, DeVry University, which offers both graduate and undergraduate courses. The segment recorded revenues of $280.2 million, down 13.9% year over year due to a decline in both undergraduate and graduate enrollments.
The university's graduate course takers declined 16.0% and 12.1% for the November and January terms, respectively. Total undergraduate student enrollments declined 17.6% for the November session and 14.9% for the January session. Enrollments continued to be hurt by cyclical weakness in addition to adjustments following workforce reductions, and Hurricane Sandy. New undergraduate student enrollment declined 15.5% for the November session, which encouragingly narrowed to a much lower shortfall of 4.7% for the January session. The online course takers decreased 11.7% in the November session and 9.9% in the January session.
Medical and Healthcare segment : The segment consists of Ross University Medical and Veterinary Schools, American University of the Caribbean (AUC), Chamberlain College of Nursing and Carrington Colleges.
The segment reported revenues of $167.7 million, up 9.3% year over year driven by solid new enrollment growth in all the segments. DeVry Medical International includes Ross University and AUC.
Overall the medical institutions gained from the higher demand as well as company's efforts to boost enrollment, which resulted in better quality enquiries and improved conversion and retention rates.
Total enrollments increased 26.0% at the Chamberlain College of Nursing, 4.9% at DeVry Medical International, and 0.4% at the Carrington Colleges Group. Importantly, Carrington Colleges total enrollments returned to positive growth after witnessing declines during the downturn; in line with management's expectations. The impressive enrollment growth at Carrington Colleges was achieved due to solid progress in the company's turnaround performance improvement plan. Management expects Carrington to continue to achieve positive new enrollment growth in the second half of the year.
New student enrollments increased 0.3% at DeVry Medical International, 12.7% at the Carrington Colleges Group and 87.8% at the Chamberlain College of Nursing.
The enrollment growth rates discussed above are for January term for the Chamberlain College of Nursing and DeVry Medical International and for the 3 months ending Dec 30 for Carrington Colleges group.
K-12 and Professional Education segment : The segment includes professional exam review and training operations of Becker Professional Review, DeVry Brasil and Advanced Academics.
The segment recorded revenues of $57.3 million, up 27.4% year over year driven by 69% revenue growth at DeVry Brasil and 6% growth at Becker. Both DeVry Brasil and Becker gained from acquisitions made in the recent past.
Outlook
Fiscal 2012 was a tough year for DeVry. However, the company looks forward to attractive earnings growth in the period 2014-2016 and considers 2013 as a transition period.
Total operating costs are expected to decline year over year in fiscal 2013, better than prior expectations of an increase, due to significant cost management at its transition institutions like DeVry University and Carrington Colleges.
The company is following a strict cost-control routine and is particularly looking to combat escalating costs at the DeVry University and Carrington Colleges. Cost controls at DeVry University and Carrington are expected to result in additional cost savings of $80 million in fiscal 2013, higher than prior expectations of $60 million.
Third Quarter Outlook
For the third quarter 2013, DeVry expects costs to be higher sequentially by about 3%-4% due to increased costs related to new campus openings and realization of deferred expenses like advertising from the first half.
DeVry carries a Zacks Rank #4 (Sell). We, however, cannot rule out a rank upgrade in the near future, following the company's solid results this quarter. Another education company that beat Zacks Consensus expectations for both earnings and revenues this quarter was Apollo Group, Inc. ( APOL ). Apollo reported in mid Jan 2013.
Other stocks in the education industry that are currently performing well and have a bright outlook include American Public Education, Inc. ( APEI ) - Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy), and Grand Canyon Education, Inc. ( LOPE ) - Zacks Rank #2 (Buy).
AMER PUB EDUCAT (APEI): Free Stock Analysis Report
APOLLO GROUP (APOL): Free Stock Analysis Report
DEVRY INC (DV): Free Stock Analysis Report
GRAND CANYON ED (LOPE): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Blanchi v. Morales/Opinion of the Court
This is a bill in equity filed in the District Court to restrain proceedings under the mortgage law of Porto Rico to foreclose a mortgage. That law gives a summary suit in which, speaking broadly, no defence is open except payment, Mortgage Law Regulations, Art. 175; and it is contended that this deprives the plaintiffs, appellants,) of their property without due process of law. The statutes give a separate action to annul the mortgage in which any defense to it may be set up, and also provided for a cautionary notice, Mortgage Law, Art. 42; Mortgage Law Regulations, Art. 91, which the Supreme Court of Porto Rico regards as a sufficient substitute for an injunction. American Trading Co. v. Monserrat, 18 Porto Rico, 268. See Romeu v. Todd, 206 U.S. 358, 27 Sup. Ct. 724, 51 L. Ed. 1093. The bill was dismissed by the District Court for want of jurisdiction. The appellees move that the decree be affirmed.
The facts stated and admitted in the motion papers make it so plain that the bill cannot be maintained that we shall affirm the decree below without putting the parties to the expense of printing the full record. Apart from other matters urged by the appellees the constitutional objection is simply another form of the objection to the separation between possessory and petitory suits familiar to countries that inherit Roman law and not wholly unfamiliar in our own. The United States, the States, and equally Porto Rico, may exclude all claims of ultimate right from possessory actions, consistently with due process of law. Grant Timber & Manufacturing Co. v. Gray, 236 U.S. 133, 35 Sup. Ct. 279, 59 L. Ed. 501; Central Union Trust Co. v. Garvan, 254 U.S. 554, 41 Sup. Ct. 214, 65 L. Ed. 403. Before these decisions it had been strongly intimated by Chief Justice White that the foreclosure by summary process allowed by the law of Porto Rico was valid, Torres v. Lothrop, 231 U.S. 171, 177, 34 Sup. Ct. 108, 58 L. Ed. 172, and a decision to the same effect was rendered by the Supreme Court of the Island. Gimenez v. Brenes, 10 Porto Rico, 124. In view of these decisions we are of opinion that the constitutional question raised was only colorable and that the decree dismissing the bill was right.
Decree affirmed. | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers/Three proposals for change to MOSNUM
Meta-discussion
I've put this in its own subsection for the sake of clarity. Tony (talk) 15:11, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Tony, I'm not sure what you are trying to do with this; the separate RFC is within 24hr of being ready to go (its language tweaking), and I have it queued up for a watchlist-notice to gain maximum input when it does start. Furthermore, being as impartial as possible, the wording of these questions is improper for the RFC: for example, the "addition" of the deprecation to the MOS is what needs to be considered, as that's the point of contention on the page. --M ASEM 14:19, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Masem, I'm sorry you say that—the discussion above has been going around in circles for some time, and I'm sure we can be forgiven for assuming that it would come to nothing. There is nothing "improper" about the wording of the current RfC—it is a plain and simple set of precisely worded proposals for change, and you are encouraged, like everyone else in the community, to engage with it. Tony (talk) 14:31, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Again, from trying to be an impartial POV here, it is improper: the change that is in question is the deprecation of DA (what started all the heated arguments here); you and a few other editors here added it, it was challenged, and thus via WP:BRD, the starting point for any further discussion should be that first addition, your change to make DA deprecated. Furthermore, simplifying the when-to-link-dates question to "always" or "never" misrepresents the discussion to a great degree. Being aware of the discussion on this page, the tone and the "reversal" of the questions raises several "in bad faith" concerns (that is, I know what your stance is on the MOS issues and your stance on those that have spoken out against it, and this seems to throw it back at them in a ill-behaved manner). I'm not trying to stop getting DA deprecated - I agree with all your reasons - however, it is the manner that this entire process has been approached that raises many many many concerns, and when something has hit WP:AN/I several times for editwarring, blocks, and the like, we need to have an RFC set up in the most appropriate manner to conclude this issue once and for all (or at least until consensus changes). This RFC does not do that, because although you'll get the answer to the DA question, there's many more issues that have been raised that also need to be discussed that go hand in hand with DA, and not addressing them fully means we'll be back here once again ifwhen this RFC is complete arguing those points. --M ASEM 14:49, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* The overriding problems in your draft are that it is huge, complex, and cumbersome. I do not believe that it will solve anything, and many or most users will be discouraged from participating when they confront these problems. You are attempting to raise fine-grained issues that jump the gun, in my view; the first thing to establish is whether the community wants to go back to these practices (1 and 2) and takes seriously the calls for bots to have to gain special permission at the talk page to help editors to comply with each point. These are the implications of some contributors here, and they need to be tested. Please do not obstruct a process that all WPians are allowed to initiate and participate in, and do not accuse me of bad faith in my launching of a significantly more practical, simpler set of proposals for change than I now see in your draft (I had in fact not paid much attention to it after I realised it would be so complicated). There is no "reversal"; it is simpler and entirely proper that an RfC propose changes to a style guideline. That yours does not do this is impractical, I believe. I'm sorry to speak plainly. Tony (talk) 15:11, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* I appreciate the fact it may seem bulky - other editors have said that and I agree that it's bit heavy; I'm trying to be practical to answer all questions that have been raised (both DA and when date linking should be done), but there clearly seems to be those that think it should be trimmed out, which I can see as a reasonable step. That's why I raised the points and sought input before making the RFC live, and I wish I had your input earlier for that.
* My RFC does propose a change to the MOS in question #1, but it is the question of the change you and the others here did about a month or so ago, the change that accounts for 90% of the volume of this talk page. That is the change that is contested and thus is the one that needs to be asked. Now, for all practical purposes, the first question here and the first question on the RFC will end up at the same point, but the problem with your statement is that you are starting on the assumption that deprecation of DA had wide consensus to be part of the MOS - this never happened, viewing this discussion as impartially as possible. That's why Locke Cole and the others are asking and contesting, and is the main reason why we want some type of RFC. That's why, even if it is aiming to the same result, and even though the "change" is to remove the deprecation statement from MOOS, starting on the assumption that deprecation has been a consensus-agreed part of the MOS and the change is to revert it is not correct.
* I will point out the question on the bot issue should not be part of this. This is the one question that, at least to me, emanates "bad faith", due to the known negative feedback that Lightmouse and others got when they started to change articles per the MOS. The issue is not whether bots should have to have the blessing of a MOS page before they make changes - that is part of the bot task approval system and should not be up to the MOS. Instead, what is important is that the parts of the MOS that the bot is cleaning up have consensus before the bot does its job, and/or the bot is stopped of that task when the issue of consensus is raised for that particular MOS section. And that's true for any bot, and thus that's still an issue on the bot approval page. The only discussion on the MOS talk page in regards to this issue is resolved the parts of the MOS that the bot is enforcing that are in question. In this current situation with DA, the resentment against Lightbot and others cleaning dates and how bots are to behave is a red herring, the core issue is still if DA should be deprecated or not.
* The question of when to link dates is not cut and dried as you are trying to make it to be. Obviously without any change from the devteam to MediaWiki, if the community wants to go back to DA, then the second question is moot, since we have to link dates anyway. If the community agrees that DA is a dead horse, dates can still be linked (without invoking DA), but I don't think the only choices are "all dates" or "no dates", and painting that black and white masks the fact that we can be selective. Now, in my RFC, I agree the last questions on Year-in-Field links can probably go, but by asking for input specifically "Month day" and "year" links, we can find that middle point and go from there. The black-and-white options are still possible outcomes, but this is getting us the "C" part of RFC that is needed to figure out what we do ifwhen DA is considered a dead horse. --M ASEM 15:36, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
(outdent) I have seen so many proposals and RfCs come to nothing (some of them launched by my friends) because they try to do too much at once and try to determine shades of decision-making and subtleties without determining the really big (simple) issues. I don't do things that way. I'm sorry I didn't realise yours required my input; I think I'd have advised to do something like this one above if I'd commented. I did hint at that above on this page, when I said, twice, that I simply had no idea what the wording meant in several cases. There seemed to be no response. I'm off to bed. Tony (talk) 15:46, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Disagree with Masem above, saying "That's why, even if it is aiming to the same result, and even though the "change" is to remove the deprecation statement from MOOS, starting on the assumption that deprecation has been a consensus-agreed part of the MOS and the change is to revert it is not correct." That is turning the whole WP system on its head, and is tantamount to the laws of evidence being reversed to saying that a person is guilty until proven innocent. The consequences such a precedent would far reaching, and the polarise debate will continue here and may well spill over into other parts of the realm. Therefore, IMHO, it is advisable to go for the simple question of deleting the sentence which appears to be disputed by some to see which side we all stand in the world. That will be the genuine moment of truth. Ohconfucius (talk) 16:11, 23 November 2008 (UTC
* To be completely truthful, the situation that has arisen is as follows:
* 2 years prior to August 2008, Tony et al have been discovering numerous issues with DA and have been asking for its use to be discouraged (but still up to individual editors to complete).
* August 2008, locally the change to deprecated is discussed here and agreed to, and the language is changed to what is reads now. Tony and others push this change to various Wikiprojects, at FA, and so forth, but this is after the language was decided to be this
* August-October 2008, there is some, but not a lot of pushback to this change. Most of the changes are done by automated scripts.
* October-November 2008, with Lightbot now performing these changes as well as more uses with automated scripts, some people become very vocal about the status of this change looking for where the larger consensus was obtained.
* Now, even though this doesn't necessary look like a Bold Revert Discuss cycle due to the time (August to November), it should be handled like one: the bold change to the MOS being the deprecation of the dates, the rather vocal objections being equivalent to reverting, and this RFC (Tony's or mine) being the Discussion. The point in question in not whether we want to go back using date autoformatting, but whether the deprecation of autoformatting had consensus to be added to the MOS, even though it sat there for 2-3 months, simply because when it was added there wasn't a wide discussion on the matter. It is a fine distinction from how Tony's RFC presents it, because it gives the impression that DA decprecation was the norm, which, as soon as there was discontentment with the change after it was made, would not have been the case.
* That said, if people think this version of the RFC will complete the job, I'm not going to put any more resistance against it - I'd recommend writing over the subpage I made for the RFC with this so that this page doesn't get too long and so that the watchlist-notice can still point here. I feel it doesn't go as far as we soon when one is seeking a wide audience, but it will resolve the AN/I issues for the short term. --M ASEM 20:09, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* I agree completely that this is a BRD cycle (albeit a long one). I also believe this RFC fails to state the questions with any background (in fact I'd go so far as to say that Tony intentionally left background out because it harms his position). Background which is useful to people unfamiliar with the subject (or familiar, but unable to keep up with the day to day changes/developments). Specifically that a dev has already said that one of the major problems with the existing date auto formatting can be easily fixed (that IP users see various date formats). It's telling that some of the people opposing date auto formatting still cling to the idea that it's "broken" and "unable to be repaired" (which is simply not the case). I strongly urge the closure of this RFC and the opening of the RFC you created. —Locke Cole • t • c 00:18, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Locke Cole, I see that date autoformatting may be able to be fixed to everybody's satisfaction, but I don't understand why it is even necessary in the first place. Dabomb87 (talk) 02:26, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
(undent) on another front, this RfC still isn't listed at WP:RFC/A - could that be due to a collision with the RfC about birth/death-dates? either way: could that earlier RfC be archived, please, so that it doesn't distract newcomers to the discussion? Sssoul (talk) 17:14, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* To Masem et al.  Some bullshit flew onto my “fairness & free speech” radar and that tends to make me put my SAMs on high alert. Your RfC that is in the works is not somehow undermined when Tony advances an RfC of his own. Talk forums on Wikipedia are a purely-democratic marketplace where ideas are exchanged. This is why professors at universities are granted tenure: so that minority viewpoints and dissent can be raised without fear that there can be personal financial repercussions. The views of others are protected here on Wikipedia from the excesses of the majority. Tony will not be shouted down and please don’t question his intentions. I strongly urge you to desist from suggesting that Tony’s providing options here for me to vote on (ones that make a shit-pile of sense to me) is in any way improper. You are perfectly welcome to work on your own RfCs. Though you are trying to be “as impartial as possible,” you do not  have unilateral authority to define the scope of what will be considered here. Please get that through your head. Greg L (talk) 20:10, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Greg, we cannot just hide this behind a claim of "fairness and free speech". It was well-known to everyone here - including Tony - that an RfC was in development, was actively being discussed here, and was nearly ready to go. Launching a second one without any discussion shortly before the one that has been under development here is supposed to go live does not help the process. How can you claim the original one is not undermined, unless you are seriously proposing that we run two RfCs concurrently on the same topic? --Ckatz chat spy 20:27, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Oh, well… Why didn’t you just say so!! Other editors (you included, apparently) were working on the only wording that I can consider. So the proper thing to do is tell Tony to shut the hell up and be quiet because someone died and made Ckatz a “thought god.” Sorry, my mistake. Greg L (talk) 20:44, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* P.S. Just for the benefit of the galactically clueless, I was being facetious above. The only part of your above post, Ckatz, that was correct is that Tony knew full well that another RfC was being worked on. Have you ever considered the possibility that Tony might not have liked the wording of your RfC? Perhaps he thought it was watered-down baby pablum wording, which often happens with the work product of committees. What part of “don’t tell others what they may think and how they may express their thoughts while trying to influence others” don’t you understand?!? Greg L (talk) 20:50, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* P.P.S. “[Tony launched] a second [RfC] without any discussion.” OMG. He didn’t even consult with you and get advance permission to do this?!? Bad Tony. BAD. Greg L (talk) 20:56, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Sorry, I don’t think Tony cares. Greg L (talk) 21:00, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* You say that as though it were a good thing. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:40, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* LOL on the picture. :D Dabomb87 (talk) 02:26, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
Uhhh... Tony, we already have an RFC pretty much ready to go live right here. These questions offer no background and seem (IMO) poorly phrased. Your randomly produced RFC will dilute and damage the results of the real RFC backed by regulars of this page. Please stop being disruptive (WP:DISRUPT and WP:POINT). —Locke Cole • t • c 22:27, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Are you saying that Tony's RFC is not backed by regulars of this page - I am a regular, I have commented several times, have commented (albeit minorly on your RFC). Tony requested comment. I gave it. When you request your comment, I will give it too. If I didn't understand the background to Tony's RFC, I wouldn't have voted. His proposals are well-worded, to the point, succinct, accurate... To call your RFC the real one doesn't help either. When yours goes live, I will comment on that too. In any case, why do we need lots of background? If the claims that consensus wasn't reached last time, nicely worded proposals this time will allow any editor to give their views (in order to establish said consensus).—MDCollins 23:48, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm saying that and that starting this RFC when he knows another RFC is nearing is highly inappropriate. The lack of background information leaves it up to the person joining the discussion to make assumptions or do thorough review of the history/situation regarding date autoformatting. And already you can see the problems this is causing: people are opposing it with the belief that "it's broken and can't be fixed" (when a dev has already told me as little as a month ago that, if we want it fixed, it wouldn't be a very big deal to fix it). This RFC is purely disruptive and serves no purpose when a wider community RFC is pretty much ready to go. And FYI, it's not "my" RFC, I didn't start it and I've only contributed to it a few times, but I do think the format and questions are better phrased and, again, provide more background for those new to the subject. —Locke Cole • t • c 00:13, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* So… Locke: It appears you are saying it doesn’t matter much that a number of editors seized at the opportunity to register their opinion on the questions posed by Tony; your wording assumes that A) Tony knew about another RfC that is in the works (he certainly did), B) did this anyway to be disruptive to Wikipedia (a laughable accusation), and C) the editors who registered their opinions here are blind sheep who didn’t know that you guys were going to be soon walking down from the mountain with your stone tablets, and D) we shouldn’t have been afforded an opportunity to express our opinions on issues framed by Tony because Tony’s questions weren’t first vetted by High Party Officials. My Spanish isn’t great, but, el toro poo poo. Stop with your whining and get on with presenting a set of RfC questions that don’t look like a bunch of pot-smoking hippies from a 60s commune wrote them. If I think what you guys produced is a bunch of ambiguous, watered-down crap, you can count on my letting you know what I think about it. You can then complain about how I am expressing words that are disruptive to state security and proper social order. Greg L (talk) 01:14, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* P.S. Locke, so you don’t continue to come across as one of the galactically clueless here, please note that every single one of the editors who expressed his or her opinion in the above three questions, did so after  Masem’s 4:19, 23 November 2008 complaint pointing out that another RfC was in the works. Note MDCollins’ above post. Do you think we are illiterate sheep who can’t read? Has it dawned on you yet that we don’t give a holy damn whether or not you’ve got another RfC in the works(?); we wanted to express our opinions on what were razor-sharp, clear-cut questions. Now, I hereby declare this to be a no-whining zone. Post you last sob story about how Tony was being WP:DISRUPTIVE because I won’t dignify such über-nonsense with a response. Goodbye. Greg L (talk) 01:28, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Wow, personal attacks, assumptions and tons of bad faith. Way to go Greg for finding new lows in behavior on Wikipedia. I won't dignify the remainder of your comment with a response. When (if!) you can conduct yourself in a mature fashion without resorting to conspiracy theories ("red china doesn't run Wikipedia, har har!") you might get a response from me. But for now: this RFC is fundamentally invalid to me, and any results from this will be ignored. —Locke Cole • t • c 02:14, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* You just proved that what I wrote above couldn’t be more true. Thanks. Greg L (talk) 02:23, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Right... —Locke Cole • t • c 02:45, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Is that an open threat LC? This is a legitimate RFC, filed before yours was assembled in any reasonable form (and it still is not complete, I should note). As every editor has indicated above you, you have no grounds to challenge and dismiss this RFC, and judging from the overwhelming consensus to support de-linking, I predict that your RFC (which you are welcome to post any day) will end up with the same result. Failure to abide by consensus and continue down this path will lead to possible sanctions. seicer | talk | contribs 02:38, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Has the whole world gone mad? TONY STARTED THIS RFC TODAY IN A CLEAR SHOWING OF BAD FAITH, KNOWING FULL WELL AN EXISTING RFC WAS ALREADY IN PROGRESS. This RFC was not "filed" before mine (which it's not mine, technically it'd be Masem's), it's been in the discussion phase for nearly a week. How hard is it to understand that this is Tony merely being Tony and trying to be disruptive yet again? He KNEW an RFC was being worked on, and he chose to phrase the questions to his liking with no background information at all (again, please look at the existing RFC which is far better and was going to be a community wide discussion). This RFC is inherently illegitimate and your acknowledgment of it is only making the situation worse. —Locke Cole • t • c 02:45, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* "TONY STARTED THIS RFC TODAY IN A CLEAR SHOWING OF BAD FAITH, KNOWING FULL WELL AN EXISTING RFC WAS ALREADY IN PROGRESS."
* Your RFC is still in draft as of 02:47 24 NOV. 2008. seicer | talk | contribs 02:48, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* So? A quick perusal of the talk page would inform anyone that we were going to go live with it very shortly. Whereas this RFC never had a "draft" period and the questions were formed entirely by the people one person in support of the changes. To join Greg in his paranoia campaign, it'd be like politicians creating the ballots and choosing how to present (or not present) their opponents. The other RFC was cooperative whereas this is not. —Locke Cole • t • c 02:53, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* (outdent) Now I understand your fundamental message LC: Tony’s words dirty bad; Locke Cole’s words good clean. I didn’t understand the issue was so simple! Greg L (talk) 02:56, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Your maturity never ceases to amaze me. —Locke Cole • t • c 03:04, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* No Locke, it is not, as you rhetorically suggest, “Has the whole world gone mad?”; the problem is the emperor has no clothes. You get too excited. I also find that your arguments—which you curiously persist at even after being warned by an admin—lacks that certain necessary attribute of *truthiness*. I think the opinions being expressed by very many editors in Tony’s above RfC speaks quite clearly to the facts here. Happy editing. Greg L (talk) 03:28, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I feel that the more RFCs there are on this issue, the better. On another note, could we please archive some discussions? Dabomb87 (talk)
* If I didn't have to sleep past night, I would have launched a very similar RfC myself. I sensed I wasn't getting anywhere, nor was the RfC. There was much too much dilly-dallying and refusal to ask straight questions that I seriously disbelieve the alternative RfC was anywhere near ready for launch. And even if it was, so what? I said on the other talk page I thought it would have set off a perpetual discussion with little end in sight. Now we have a clear and concise RfC which is written in plain English, and easy to understand. Everyone who has been here more that a few weeks knows how things work around here - there is no monopoly on seeking opinions. Like Greg said, it's part of the 'democratic' process, just like anyone who musters enough deposit can stand for parliament. If Locke remains sore after this vote and cannot accept this result as a valid consensus (a more valid consensus you will never find), it'll just prove that previously claimed lack of consensus has nothing to do with his obstinacy - That will make him a terrorist, not a freedom fighter in this game. It's high time for Locke Cole and his Merry Men to stop all the talk page spamming which he has been indulging in. BTW, I agree that the RFC should be closed - I have never seen such overwhelming decision here on WP. The RfC is beginning to show that it's not even a consensus any more. The discussion is headed for a landslide, and can be wound up per WP:SNOW. Excellent work, Tony! Ohconfucius (talk) 05:42, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I would so like to agree with you Ohconfucius, as we see eye-to-eye on links. But, as of this writing, the RfC has been active for only 14 measly hours. Opponents of this consensus will no-doubt claim that it is invalid if it has only run for 14 hours—citing how too few editors were given a chance to respond. And once Lightmouse lets loose his bot, a small army of editors will come here complaining about how their blue dates are now black and how civilized society will now collapse because they weren’t somehow consulted. We need to be able to point to a clear and convincing consensus. I suggest we let an uninvolved admin like Seicer help guide us as to when to archive the RfC. And thank you SWTPC6800 for reverting LC’s curious attempt to archive the RfC so early. After I saw, on my wife’s iPhone, what LC had done, I was coming here to do so myself when I saw that you had already beat me to it. Indeed, let the “snowball roll”. Funny. Greg L (talk) 05:56, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* That action is totally inexcusable, disruptive and anti-democratic. Although his actions before may not have been so obvious to the casual observer, there cannot be a clearer sign now that has not been acting in the best of faith from the very start. Ohconfucius (talk) 06:31, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* My last words on this is that given the discussion on this page, there are more points that made sense to get global consensus on at the same time (eg so right now the first point, that dates should not be linked, is going to hold, but the "when appropriate" question still remains) - that was the whole point of my separate RFC was to resolve as much as possible that needed global input. I'm not thrilled with the tone of the questions, but they are asking the technically right questions and they are getting the input that is needed. As such, there's some type of RFC going, that's about 100 times better than the heated discussion in the last two months, so I'm not pushing for the alternate version any further.
* That said, I strongly recommend subpaging the RFC as the alternate was, such that there's a easy archive link that you can point to a month from now, when the bot delinkers are active again and someone complains, asserting that you did get global consensus for the change. This also helps to serve getting it on the watchlist-notice as to avoid weighing down WT:MOSNUM since its clear a notice for this RFC would be appropriate. --M ASEM 06:28, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
Comment This "RfC" has completely ignored the fact that the developers have already prepared a software patch that addresses most (if not all) concerns raised about autoformatting. As outlined in this Bugzilla discussion, the latest of four patches developed by Bill Clark since September works as follows:"'It uses the current date markup and will reformat dates according to user preferences, but WITHOUT making them into links. Dates that should be linked can use the : format and they will be linked and left in their raw format (same as now.) Users with 'No preference' or anon users will either see marked-up dates in MDY format (if the string 'en-US' appears in the 'Accept-Language' header sent by their browser) or DMY format (aka 'International format') otherwise.'"So, this patch - ready since early November - removes the links on dates, allows for preference-based autoformatting, and also extends this feature to IPs. There is also discussion under way to allow for an option in preferences to see raw date formats, to assist in article clean-up. I've added a note at the top of this "RfC" to this effect. --Ckatz chat spy 09:19, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
Comment. This "RfC" also has ignored the fact that the consensus for the "current" version is disputed, so that none of these questions really relates to the status quo. The status quo is the previous "autolinking recommended" version. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 09:47, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
Note re the status quo. The real dispute is to whether the consensus guideline included the deprecation in the first place. This RfC assumes facts not in evidence. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 10:00, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Date auto-formatting is still a rather useless feature, even if it's less annoying it stops looking like links. It will take a long time before any software change is implemented and actually reaches us. The bug has been open for almost three years. Also, how do they intend to make this work through the Squid caches that handle readers not logged in? Will the caches keep separate versions of the articles for IPs with different locales? --Apoc2400 (talk) 10:22, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Actually I've seen some software changes done in as little as a week (and that was for things far more complicated than this). No, the real issue with date auto formatting is that the community (I suspect largely thanks to Tony1 and the MOSNUM brigade) haven't settled on how they want it to work. Developers don't like wasting time, and working on a solution without some sort of specification in hand of what's expected is a recipe for disaster. Personally I think the best solution is one that keeps the current syntax (wrap dates in brackets) but formats the output differently depending on what the community wants (linked/unlinked, formatted or unformatted, etc). Which seems to be what the solution is right now. —Locke Cole • t • c 10:27, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Since you seem to be one of the keenest supporters of date autoformatting, can you explain why you think it serves any useful purpose? I'm genuinely bemused as to why anyone would consider it something worth spending time over. At least, unless it were to be an add-on to a more general system of autoformatting that deals with spelling and semantic differences between UK/US/... English. Why this obsession with dates?--Kotniski (talk) 11:19, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* As Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia it shouldn't be limited to the formatting options of a typical printed publication. While I have a deep respect for style guidelines, with things like CSS for example, editors and users can change Wikipedia to appear however they like. Similarly with something simple like dates we should provide a simple way for people to see dates however they prefer (not necessarily how you or I would prefer). And that's the big thing to me: this is such a simple thing, development wise, that it wouldn't take more than a couple of days (if that) to work something up. So "spending time" isn't really a problem, it's not a waste of time as it would take hardly any time at all if we could just agree on what would work. —Locke Cole • t • c 12:16, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* But why dates, that was my point. Why not give people the "choice" between color/colour, football/soccer, etc.? It would be just as easy to do, development-wise, and there would seem to be some point to it. Date formats are so trivial that I doubt any significant proportion of readers could really care about them, but I would expect more of them to care about resolving trans-Atlantic differences in spelling and vocabulary.--Kotniski (talk) 12:50, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Because dates are what is currently being argued. I agree that it might be worth working on ways to solve UK/US spellings as well, but when you expand a discussion to include things like that it gets more difficult to gain consensus (at least that's been my experience, YMMV). —Locke Cole • t • c 12:55, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* The addition of the big green box at the top of the RFC is inappropriate for an RFC that is already in progress. It is also not germane to the questions at hand and appears to be an attempt to wikilawyer and confuse the very clear questions: Should dates be linked? Should dates be auto-formatted? It makes no difference about which is the status quo and discussion of possible new software features can occur afterwards or elsewhere. D OUBLE B LUE (talk) 12:27, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* The box was to make it clear the comments were separate from the RFC description concocted entirely by Tony with no input from other editors. (Which actually is also my personal justification for leaving the comments at the top: Tony phrased these questions explicitly in a way that leaves anyone unfamiliar with the subject lacking crucial information). —Locke Cole • t • c 12:55, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
I agree. If removal results in a revert war, we need to ask for arbitration. Lightmouse (talk) 12:43, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'll be clear here. I reverted the deletion of comments by another user, which is clearly vandalism. I have no problem with moving or reformatting (within limits) the comments of other users, so long as messages are left about the move (is "text removed to discussion section". AKAF (talk) 12:49, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* okay, i've moved them to their proper places according to the timestamps. Sssoul (talk) 12:52, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* WP:TPG. Moving comments is inappropriate. —Locke Cole • t • c 13:02, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
The comments in the big green box were added at/after 0852 on 24 November. Consequently, those comments should not be above any comment prior to that timestamp. Lightmouse (talk) 12:57, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* That's nice. There was also an RFC already prepared with these questions more thoroughly discussed, but Tony decided he alone should phrase the questions and frame the debate. What to do about that? Oh right.. common sense only applies to people you oppose. —Locke Cole • t • c 13:00, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* And for you as well. WP:TPG, there's nothing there that says comments must be sorted by timestamp. And in fact the page discourages moving out of place comments. —Locke Cole • t • c 13:02, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
WARNING: The addition of the partisan/irrelevant/obstructive comments at the top of the RfC, and the continual reversion of attempts by a number of users to remove them, fits squarely into WP's definition of vandalism. Specifically: "'Vandalism is any addition, removal, or change of content made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of Wikipedia'." RfCs are an integral part of WP's processes, and the additions that are now in a large green box at the top compromise the integrity of this process by (1) changing the text on which many people have already declared an opinion, (2) introducing commentary that is partisan and/or irrelevant, and (3) apparently being a deliberate attempt to confuse editors who have arrived to provide input. I believe that this has been done in bad faith, and the multiple reinstatements against removals by a number of editors makes the transgression more serious. If the vandalism is not removed promptly, I will report the signatories and anyone else who has reinstated the comments as having committed vandalism, and will seek to have them blocked. Tony (talk) 15:12, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Oh for goodness sakes. What I objected to was the deletion of another user's talk-page comment, without moving. It does seem to me that highlighting a new code development which directly impacts the discussion was not obviously bad faith, just as your starting this RFC with another similar RFC running was not obviously bad faith. Contentious in both cases certainly, but not bad faith. May I suggest that you take a deep breath, accept that the RFC seems to be agreeing with the side which you support and ignore the noise. You're welcome to report my actions, but I will never accept outright deletion of an informative talk page comment because of its formatting. AKAF (talk) 15:34, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Perhaps you've just acted unwisely. Your name doesn't come to mind, but that of Ckatz, who has at least once reverted my relocation of the text down to the meta-discussion, where it clearly belongs. This move was explicitly marked. Tony (talk) 15:55, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Seriously, who cares? The RFC is going 50:1 your way, so why risk your blood pressure. It's just not worth the stress. AKAF (talk) 15:59, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* My edit summary said "tell us why it belongs here and not in the meta??" I objected to your revert not because I objected to someone commenting - everyone is welcome to comment, but the box placed where it was was just one in a series of attempts to derail a legitimate discussion. It started with an attempt by User:Locke Cole (or perhaps one of his allies) to delete this guideline, then it was a highly incorrect non-admin closure of Tony's RfC (by Locke Cole). We've had to put up with a lot of vandalism and harassment from User:Locke Cole and User:Tennis expert and cohorts, so your actions were treated as hostile. Apologies for that. Ohconfucius (talk) 16:23, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* when i moved the boxed comments to the appropriate places in the commentary sections, Locke Cole reverted that change, claiming that per WP:TPG "moving comments is not appropriate". in fact WP:TPG states that wrongly formatted text can/should be reformatted and moved to an appropriate spot. my blood pressure is fine, and big green boxes are not correct formatting for RfC-participants' comments. Sssoul (talk) 16:07, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* All: This is about providing a forum for others to express their voice. After something has been voted upon, it is highly improper to change the wording of the proposal after-the-fact. After only 14 measly hours of voting, it is improper to green-box it and declare it to be an archive. They tried that crap at black precincts in the South for a long time (sorry, your precinct closed at 4:00 PM). It is breathtakingly childish to simply delete the whole damned thing  (I’m talking to you Tznkai ) because you and Ckatz have disagreements with Tony. You two full well know the proper ways to deal with this sort of stuff. If someone here doesn’t like the current RfC in its current form, go start you own; the proper response to bad speech is better speech. Greg L (talk) 19:43, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I heartily endorse Greg L's actions and comments here. D OUBLE B LUE (talk) 19:49, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I and Ckatz have nothing to do with eachother. I was responding to an AN/I report from another admin who said that this whole conversation was spiraling out of control, which it obviously is. Making remarks about Black dominated precincts in the American (Deep) South is way out of line, as is your assumption that I'm dealing with Tony1. I am quite seriously addressing all of you. I'll say it again here: You must assume good faith and discuss your opinions in a civil and collegial manner. Please note, the alternative to simply blanking this RfC and everyone here trying it again with civility is asking the admins to pick through carefully and revert or block users as warranted.--Tznkai (talk) 19:51, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* No it is not  out of line. That is exactly what the end effect was: silencing others who were queueing up to express their opinion on an issue by shutting down the voting venue. I will repeat the most important part from my above post. Unless words incite violence or cause a clear and present danger to others, in all  cases where there is debate, the proper response to bad speech is better speech. If your knee-jerk reaction to that statement begins with “But…”, then get off of WT:MOSNUM. If you *get* this concept but disagree with *what* is being discussed or *how* it is being discussed, go start your own RfC and argue with intelligent, reasoned speech that influences others to your way of thinking. I guarantee you I will take this to the next level if people here can’t act like grown ups. When my son-in-law was here over the weekend, he asked me how old some of these players are. I told him I didn’t know. But I have a guess. Greg L (talk) 19:58, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* This may surprise you, but I completely ignore WP:MOSNUM, because I, among with probably most of the community, don't care about it. I do however, care about uncivil disruption, as in my remit as an administrator. I'm not totally sure what the "next level" is you're promising to take this too.--Tznkai (talk) 20:16, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* There is a perfectly splendid way for you to find out. The proper answer to disruption by users isn’t nuclear-level disruption by admins. That much is rather obvious, isn’t it? Greg L (talk) 20:25, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Greg, please actually look at the edit history before you revert. I certainly did not remove the discussion, despite your initial mistake. Nor did I add a green box. The only text I added was a neutrally worded note about the availability of a software patch that addresses the concerns raised about autoformatting. I'd think that, instead of attacking me, you would seek to ask Tony why he completely ignored the patch while posting his RfC. (It's not as if he didn't know about it; he participated in the discussion on Bugzilla, and the developer was quite specific in rejecting Tony's arguments against autoformatting.) --Ckatz chat spy 19:52, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I don’t want to go through the history and figure out who did what. All I know is the entire voting process was shut down (God-damn deleted) and it appears it was because you two can’t manage Tony and Locke. Just make sure the wording of what is being voted upon isn’t changed by Locke and make sure the voting stays up until there is a clear, fair, unambiguous consensus that can be defended when other editors come here to complain about dates being de-linked. Greg L (talk) 19:58, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Ckatz, Add your comments to the discussion like everyone else did then. You could have simply stated that in your answer to the questions or made a comment on the RfC itself down here. There is no need to confuse the simple direct questions: Should dates be linked? Should dates be autoformatted? Discussion about the desirability of feature requests belongs elsewhere. D OUBLE B LUE (talk) 20:07, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* To Ckatz: I endorse what DOUBLEBLUE said. Being an admin does not entitle you to embolden your speech by writing a hat statement at the top. That sort of stuff belongs—as DOUBLEBLUE says—in your vote statement (or in another RfC of your own). Greg L (talk) 20:22, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* This has nothing to do with being an admin; any user could do exactly the same edit, so please do not try to connect the two. (FYI, I've purposefully made a point of avoiding admin-related functions on these pages because of my involvement in the discussions.) As for the note, I fail to see how a neutral mention of the developer's solution, which is at the core of the issue being discussed, is in any way confusing. I would again point out that it is more confusing - and detrimental to the process - to omit such information, especially given that one of the most frequent arguments against date autoformatting was the lack of a solution. If you object to my name being on the text, that was only due to Tony1's comment about it being unsigned. If you can think of better wording that does not require a signature, then by all means please say so. --Ckatz chat spy 21:39, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Admins certainly get away with more WP:BOLD than regular users. They should resist this temptation when they are involved admins. Some wise person once said this regarding religion: “The hardest part of religion is differentiating between God’s will and personal interest.” Involved admins have a similar problem: Differentiating between “keeping things neutral and balanced” and “pushing one’s point of view.” As you are an involved admin, you elected to drag in Tznkai. His remedy (deleting—not moving—the entire thing) to Tony’s flouting your will was profoundly unwise and was not at all in keeping with the behavior expected of admins. If you need help, I suggest you go find an admin who exercises better judgement. I’ve now moved all this hat-statement business to below the voting, where it belongs. It had degenerated into a debate-fest. Note too, that I also moved some POV business from Tony’s original hat statement. Greg L (talk) 23:32, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Again, I'd ask that you get your facts straight before hitting the save button. As I've already stated, I'm not here as an admin - and as as editor, I have exactly the same rights as you in terms of contributions. Further to this, you are completely incorrect (again) in saying that I "dragged in" Tznkai. As Tsnkai has already stated, we don't know each other - and I never asked anyone to step in. --Ckatz chat spy 03:54, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
…and in the last half hour since I’ve undeleted the entire RfC, two more users have stopped by to vote or change their vote. Need I say more? Greg L (talk) 20:29, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* I did so because at Village Pump it looked like there was a controversy. Oooh, controversy! By the way, date linking sucks. Tempshill (talk) 20:57, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
How long to run the RfC?
According to our level-headed admin, Seicer (here), “RFC's typically run for 30 days or until such time that an overwhelming consensus can be established.” I suggest that if the current overwhelming consensus stays as clear as it is, that we pre-agree to let the above RfC on date linking and autoformatting run for seven days. Someone can’t claim they were unfairly disenfranchised and denied an opportunity to influence others’ opinions if they can’t stop here within a week. If it’s been a week and the consensus then is as clear as it is now, we can rightly point to Snowball clause and say “It’s all over.” Are there any other ideas? Greg L (talk) 00:02, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Fine by me; these extremely narrow and tendentious questions were never in much doubt anyway. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 00:10, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* See Process is important. Regardless, as this RFC is largely invalid due to the actions of one disruptive editor (Tony) this could run for two hours or two years and I wouldn't really have any concern with the result. —Locke Cole • t • c 00:16, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* So your answer is a pout wherein you seem to imply that your reaction, to what you perceive to be a disruptive editor, will be to ignore a clear consensus and edit against that consensus, which would itself be clearly disruptive. Sweet. Greg L (talk) 00:21, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Poor conduct begets poor conduct. Don't point at me when it's your fearless leader Tony who brought this upon you. —Locke Cole • t • c 00:39, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Please stop the personal attacks. The RfC is of historical significance, since it is establishing overwhelming consensus for the three issues. To (re-)establish consensus for these issues appeared unnecessary to me and many others, but the continual accusations by Locke, TE, Kcatz et al. that there was no consensus has made this necessary. People are clearly telling us that we should move on: they are sick of the sniping by those who want to turn back the clock. The process should run until there is no doubt that WPians at large have been given the standard opportunity to participate. I will post messages later today at a few key places, including the VP, alerting users. I certainly don't want to be accused of basing consensus on too small a sample or through too short a process. Tony (talk) 01:21, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Please stop being disruptive. You knew there was a good faith RFC being constructed. You knew it had contributions from numerous editors. And yet you chose to be disruptive by starting your own RFC with no input (and apparently no ability for others to note fundamental omissions from your RFC without you threatening them and calling it "vandalism" (which it is not)) worded your way with little background for those unfamiliar with the subject. This RFC is invalid, inappropriate and a bad faith effort to gain "consensus". —Locke Cole • t • c 01:31, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* "Invalid"? Now hang on a moment. Have a look at the enormous proportion of "oppose" to "support" above (46 to 3 for Proposal 1, and 44 to 2 for Proposal 2). Are you suggesting that all of those "opposes" are either Tony's friends, or editors who can't think through simple concepts, or just being bloody-minded? Even if the wording could have been done differently, the comments next to the "oppose" votes above are utterly unambiguous as to lack of desire for linking dates. If you'd like the dead horse to move forward, perhaps you should avoid standing on it while you flog it. HWV 258 03:05, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, invalid. Every single person who opposed above was not given any background on the discussion so far and so is largely "voting" blindly based on their own personal understanding. The RFC at Manual of Style (dates and numbers)/Date Linking RFC presents a far more objective case and gives people unfamiliar with the subject the background they need to make a decision. —Locke Cole • t • c 03:24, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Please don't speak for "Every single person". I voted and understood the issues completely. You have not addressed my point at all about the comments that the "oppose" votes presented to the topic as a whole. HWV 258 03:43, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* It's not clear that you do considering you didn't even bother leaving comments with any of your !votes. Do you understand that there's a patch for MediaWiki that removes date links without requiring any editing? Do you understand that the patch also fixes the auto formatting issues presented by Tony and others? If so, what is your objection to date auto formatting? —Locke Cole • t • c 03:57, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm not required to leave comments (it had all already been said). Are you aware that under the current system, putting square brackets around parts of a date has led to date-links on hundreds-of-thousands of existing pages that over 99.9% of WP readers see by default (see: 25 November 2008)? I am (and many others are - see above) against that, and until the means for patches are simply and widely applied, the linking will manually have to be removed. We've all been waiting too long for a technical solution to this problem that never seems to arrive. You have still failed to address my observation that the comments given by the "oppose" people give a very different view of the date-linking world than you would hope it to be. HWV 258 04:25, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I never said you were required to leave comments. But you may find Voting is evil worth a read. You still haven't answered my question: do you have a problem with auto formatting dates? Keep in mind that a technical solution requires consensus before it can be fully realized. As many editors (notably Tony and a handful of others) seem aggressively opposed to this, they've made it difficult to pursue that technical solution. As far as existing comments, briefly going over the ones who actually left reasons for their !vote you can tell that the vast majority simply don't understand the situation as it exists (that there is a technical solution that does away with the links and fixes the auto formatting). I suspect if they understood this they wouldn't "vote" as they have. —Locke Cole • t • c 04:48, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* The current technical solution of auto-formatting returns (at best) minor benefits. I (and lots of others) don't want a technical "solution" that is half-baked and only gives minor benefits to the very few readers who are logged-in. When a technical solution of auto-formatting (that is well thought out) is implemented I'll be happy to reconsider the situation. In no way has Tony (or others) made it difficult for the programmers of WP to implement a better technical solution to date auto-formatting. Are you trying to suggest that the current auto-formatting/linking debacle is the way it is due to consensus being reached? As I mentioned before, the problems of auto-formatting have been around for so long that I (and I suspect) many others are completely tired of waiting for a solution from WP. Better to have nothing and then restart the work with dates when WP figures out what it's doing. HWV 258 05:15, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm confused. I thought you said you understood the situation: there is a patch for MediaWiki which fixes auto formatting so it works for all users, even users who aren't logged in. Your reply seems to indicate you aren't aware of this. Will you now reconsider your !vote and encourage others to do the same so this patch can be pursued? And yes, Tony (and those aggressively supporting him) has made it difficult: put yourself in a devs position; you have a problem and you have a possible solution, but you have a group of editors who are working diligently to undermine your solution (by delinking dates en masse and trying to do away with the date linking mechanism that your technical solution relies upon). Would you, as this dev, want to proceed with applying the patch and addressing concerns with how it works? I know I wouldn't because it would seem to be a waste of time with such vocal opposition. I've (personally) urged calm and patience and I've been met with edit warring and disruptive behavior from those who are unwilling to consider other possibilities. —Locke Cole • t • c 05:26, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm saying that I (and many others) are sick of waiting for a solution to be implemented (been waiting years) and would now prefer the less technical solution that turns out to be easily addressed through behavioural means. I'm well aware of vapour-ware and will believe the solution when I don't see blue-links on dates in WP. If a workable technical solution is ever implemented, it won't take long for bots or the thousands of hard-working editors out there to implement the date formatting coding selected. I think you greatly over-estimate Tony's effect on the powers that be at WP. As you have held Voting is evil up as an example, I take it that you will be abstaining from the other RfC when it initiates? HWV 258 05:48, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm sorry that it's taken this long for this to percolate up to the point where there's a solution available. But there it is. It will obviously be very difficult to convince developers to implement the patch (which wouldn't take long at all) if editors here are performing mass delinkings and saying they no longer want it. Don't you see how that kind of mixed message would cause delay and frustration? —Locke Cole • t • c 06:20, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Your edit below says "the patch is largely complete", but your edit above says "there is a patch for MediaWiki which fixes...". Apart from the fact that these conflicting points are hard to reconcile, I've worked for long enough in the computer industry to know what "largely complete" really means. Have you considered that the frustration felt by Tony (and others) for this length of time (that has led to the date-unlinking activity) is perhaps the only way forward now—in terms of getting resolution on this issue? If WP really had an appetite for implementing non-linked dates, they would have done it long ago. Perhaps when they see the wholesale lengths being taken now they will be forced to act in a direction that will allow the community to act under the framework of a working technical solution. Hope this gets you closer to understanding why such an overwhelming "oppose" response has happened. HWV 258 06:45, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* The developer actually uploaded the patch three weeks ago; discussion now centres around what the default view should be, and how best to facilitate a "raw" view for editors. As for the markup, the developer has actually indicated that it is easy to implement with the link formatting in place, and that the mass deletion of links complicates the process. --Ckatz chat spy 06:52, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Locke, please stop accusing Tony of any impropriety, including violations of WP:POINT. If Tony had really done anything in violation of Wikipedia policy, he’d be swinging from the highest yardarm around by now. WP:CIVIL states that false accusations of impropriety and deliberate assertions of false information on a discussion page in order to mislead one or more editors are uncivil, which truly does constitute a violation of Wikipedia policies. I personally couldn’t give a hoot about baseless accusations from you or anyone else; you could say “Greg L has stinkier-than-normal poo”; I don’t give a damn. But other editors do care about false accusations. If you think someone here has been engaging in flagrant violations of Wikipedia policy, there are proper procedures you can avail yourself of and you know full well what they are. But suitable options do not include tendentious editing here on WT:MOSNUM, nor does it include endlessly wailing away here about how Tony did anything wrong. He didn’t. Finally, your assertions that Tony has done anything wrong is tantamount to suggesting that you are uniquely a *Big Picture* sorta guy with *Unique Wisdom* and are one of the only editors around who knows what is *really* going on, whereas the scores of editors who have voted in Tony’s above RfC are just clueless sheep. Just pardon me all over, but I’m not buying it. Your never-ending posts here in the face of the obvious reality that virtually everyone who is voting above simply doesn’t agree with you amount to nothing more than a big hearty bowl of unbleached, vitamin-fortified whine. Lighten up please. Greg L (talk) 03:08, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* The accusations are not false:
* Tony was well aware of the other RFC.
* Tony chose to ignore that RFC and take matters in to his own hands.
* Tony chose the wording of this RFC on his own with no other input.
* Tony has aggressively fought against attempts to inject balance to this discussion.
* Tony has made unsubstantiated and patently false claims of vandalism (please see WP:VAND).
* Tony continues to behave as if this RFC is valid and binding (when given the nature of its creation, the conduct during it, etc., it clearly is not).
* Your other personal attacks on me not withstanding, it's quite clear you're either unwilling or unable to see the problem here. But the above list is fairly exhaustive and is, frankly, impossible to refute. —Locke Cole • t • c 03:22, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Oh, well… Why didn’t you just say so! Now that you have carefully enumerated your grievances against Tony, your persuasive arguments over how his entire RfC is totally bankrupt should certainly sway the opinions of the other editors and dissuade them from voting on it. *Let’s watch*… Greg L (talk) 03:29, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I suspect !voting will continue because, as noted before, people rarely seem to read entire discussions. Which was kind of my point: this was not the way forward people here were seeking (even if they think it is). The other RFC presented a brief background for people and allowed them to discuss. This provides no background and provides little opportunity for discussion. —Locke Cole • t • c 03:35, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Just because people don't agree with you doesn't mean you should assume they don't understand the issue. D ouble B lue (talk) 04:57, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Can you explain why your !vote seems to assume that there's no solution that will work for those who aren't logged in? If you understand the issue why would you formulate your oppose this way? Note also that "inappropriate mixing of date formats" would be irrelevant with the patch fix enabled. —Locke Cole • t • c 05:07, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* The current situation is that is only good for those logged in and that is the first half of my response. The second half says "surely no one is shocked to see date formats different than their own preference anymore than seeing ENGVARiations of spelling" by which I mean there is no significant benefit to autoformatting in any way. I do not think the patch is a good idea as it would be a waste of time and resources to do nothing of consequence. Presumably, editors will have to mark dates (last I read they would be marked like links but not function as links unless preceded by a colon) and I think this is just another complication in what was intended to be the wiki easily editable by anyone. D ouble B lue (talk) 05:55, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Significant benefit, perhaps not, but as Wikipedia is not a printed encyclopedia (hence all the links and formatting options available) wouldn't it make sense to expose functionality for readers to make the encyclopedia appear as they want it to appear? As for the time and resources, the patch is largely complete according to the bugzilla discussion (and another dev uninvolved with the bugzilla patch has said a fix for this would be "simple" (I can provide a diff of the brief talk page discussion if you'd like)). I'm confused by the last part of your comment: you mention editors would have to mark dates, but then note that the current patch actually requires no change in wikitext at all (but instead adds a colon modifier if you really want a date link plus auto formatting). The wiki would still be easily editable as I don't think adding a colon will be a big deal (especially considering date links are apparently bad). This MoS page could certainly serve as a guide for editors who might be confused by it. —Locke Cole • t • c 06:18, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* In itself, not a huge complication but there is a pile-on effect here. What's next, shall we mark all spelling variations so that users can avoid seeing the word spelt in their non-preferred style? Anyway, back to topic, my point is that your assumption that people take the time to come to this page and present their opinion without any forethought is not a good thing. D ouble B lue (talk) 06:44, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* US/UK spelling differences aren't something that this discussion covers, but if it were technically feasible with little difficulty I would support it. Again, this is not a paper encyclopedia and we should provide formatting options that take advantage of nature of this medium. (Just as we provide ways for editors to customize the appearance of the site through cascading style sheets and javascript, we should provide ways for editors/readers to customize the appearance to suit their preference). And to your original topic, this is why I provided the diff of your !vote: you seemed to not be aware that there is a patch that fixes the majority of the concerns with date linking/formatting (which is kind of my entire point). —Locke Cole • t • c 07:28, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* And yet, I was and still oppose, whether you can understand that point of view or not, which is my point. D ouble B lue (talk) 21:04, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* That's just being stubborn, which is unfortunate. It's incomprehensible why someone would oppose something if they know there's a solution for their problems with it. —Locke Cole • t • c 21:41, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* (outdent)I also understand that there is a patch that formats dates without linking them which would solve the current problem. My point is, why does it matter? Countless hours have been spent on the trivial matter of the order of the day and month. Editors and the developers both could have spent that time on more useful things. Dabomb87 (talk) 01:07, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* I suggest 2 weeks only because of the Thanksgiving holiday. I agree if the !votes continue as such, it clearly can be closed by then. --M ASEM 02:47, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I hear one week and two weeks. Any other thoughts? Greg L (talk) 03:15, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* At least through 30 November to provide for those who only have time to contribute on weekends. Obviously two weeks would be compatible with my view. --Gerry Ashton (talk) 04:36, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Much goes wrong when proceedings are concluded too fast (see WP:ANI). At least two weeks given a major holiday in a major 'en' venue. The people who are 'certain' are sick of it already, yes, but others who have heard of the shouting here are yet to acquaint themselves. Especially as several people have mentioned the need for anti-nausea medication before perusing these discussions. (I'm still looking in my medicine cabinet) Shenme (talk) 06:50, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Then, assuming that the consensus is pretty much as clear cut after two weeks as it is at this point, we will call it after two weeks (at 15:01, Saturday 7 December). If the consensus is less clear by that time, we can extend it to 30 days. All in agreement? Greg L (talk) 07:09, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
Arrghh, what are you guys talking about? The RfC isn't running at all. It has been removed from the RfC list by Tznkai. I am posting the next one right now. They will be together and no one's input from the previous attempt will go to waste. Gimme a sec...--User:2008Olympianchitchatseemywork 07:37, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Notwithstanding that you can do impressive feats such as generate pirate noises, you may not interfere with the ongoing RfC. It doesn’t matter in the least what Tznkai thinks and did or didn’t do; his judgement and actions here have demonstrated that he can exercise exceedingly poor judgement. You are perfectly welcome to post your own RfC. If you carry through as you seem to have promised to do, you will clearly be disrupting Wikipedia to make a point and should, IMO, be blocked. I am going to bed now; I will leave it to others to deal with you. Greg L (talk) 07:51, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm glad I can so easily impress. But what Tznkai did does matter, the RfC is no longer listed, for all intents and purposes to the larger community, it is closed. That matters if we want to get wide input. And I have posted the RfC that a bunch of editors worked on. I had very little to do with it. But how can you say that I am "perfectly welcome" to post it, and then in the next sentence, claim I should be blocked for doing so. Methinks you need the sleep.--User:2008Olympianchitchatseemywork 07:59, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I was responding to your vague pledge (threat) of “[The votes] will be together and no one's input from the previous attempt will go to waste.” That came ominously came across as if you intended some sort of merge. As I said, leave the ongoing RfC alone. To all: Please ignore any statements from other editors here that the RfC you voted on is invalid and that your vote has been disenfranchised. Such assertions don’t pass the “grin test” and are, of course, absurd. Keep on voting. If anyone disrupts you voting, they will be dealt with accordingly. Greg L (talk) 08:13, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* P.S. With regard to your statement, “I have posted the RfC that a bunch of editors worked on …” (my emphasis), yeah, we were just laughing about that! It certainly does appear to be the work product of a committee. Your RfC has multi-level options (Lots, sorta, none) that would require yet another round of voting to settle anything. I don’t seem to have the stomach for all the complexity that you do, nor do I perceive the need to drag this out any further. The editors in the above RfC seem to have spoken clearly enough; I’m rather surprised that you are so unwilling to accept the reality of the situation. Greg L (talk) 08:31, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yeah consensus is hilarious. The prior RfC was not given from the freaking burning bush, so I fail to understand your hostility to this one. I voted on both, I suggest you do so too. And I didn't do anything other than what I actually stated I was going to do. The new RfC is right down there and the votes on both are together on this page as promised. I have no beef with Tony's RfC, actually I liked it, and have made no aversion that my or anyone else's vote on it "is invalid [or] has been disenfranchised," nor have I "disrupt[ed]"...voting." You can "deal...with" your straw man in your dreams tonight. I am trying to bring to an end any arguments against the prior RfC, to which I had none, and ensure that this question is taken care of in total. This is "the reality of the situation": I voted with the majority on all of the above questions, so my biases are pretty apparent. Ask User:Locke Cole or User:Tennis expert and they will tell you I am fully with the fiendish date delinker crowd. But what I want to avoid is another round of complaints from those that there is debate about the consensus. And if that crowd is complaining about the process so far, why not just put up the new Rfc thta they support? What can it hurt? If consensus is such as you (and I) perceive it to be, then there is nothing to be lost and everything in terms of hushing the dabte to be gained.--User:2008Olympianchitchatseemywork 08:50, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
(undent) the RfC above is still listed at WP:RFC/A, as it should be. there are now two MOSNUM-related RfCs listed there. but why is the RfC below listed on this page *and* on its own separate page?? that's not good. Sssoul (talk) 08:29, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Please read Transclusion. I and others would prefer it be kept on the subpage for archival purposes, but it has been transcluded here to make things easier to follow. Rest assured that when an edit is made here it is reflected at the subpage and vice versa (edits will appear in your watchlist separately too, which is nice). —Locke Cole • t • c 08:40, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* It is transcluded here from its own page. Feel free to post your comments at either place.--User:2008Olympianchitchatseemywork 08:39, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
Discussion of flaws in the RfCs
'''Note. Comments about the flaws of both RFCs go in this section.''' - SWTPC6800 (talk) 02:41, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
Note. The premise of the RfC, that the present text of WP:MOSNUM ever had consensus, is disputed. Also, the question of proposing "changes" which the proposer does not support is questionable, at best. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 22:04, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
Note. This poll should be read only as addressing the three specific changes of language proposed. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:00, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* And the changes proposed are an extreme version of that position. One may oppose linking all dates without supporting linking no dates; it would be regrettable if this were cited as supporting the latter. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:25, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* It is curious that you apparently cannot see the logical inconsistency in your position. Let me paraphrase it for you, so that you may understand it better. "One may oppose linking all words without supporting linking no words." Why have you singled out dates, in other words? What's special about dates? --Malleus Fatuorum 22:33, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Nothing. I propose treating dates exactly as we would treat other words and phrases; this RFC happens to discuss only dates. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:47, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Then at least you and I are agreed. :-) --Malleus Fatuorum 22:55, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* There are two significant flaws which should cause the outcome of this RfC to be only considered relevant to the exact wording as written. The one I noted above, that there is a dispute as to whether the current version of WP:MOSDATE ever had consensus, and the fact that Tony doesn't believe these should be in place. There should be no implication that the "present" wording of MOSNUM is appropriate. (And the bot question should be phrased; if there are circumstances in which date links are appropriate (which is not covered by this RfC, so the answer is still "yes"), then should a bot remove them. The clear answer is no under existing policies. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 02:13, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Note: This comment, and probably some of the replies, were originally located elsewhere in a more central place in the RfC. I wasn't just repeating my comment at the start of the section. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 14:54, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* It’s not complex, Aurthur. If the consensus is as clear cut on December 7th as it is today, then the wording in the below RfC—which is said to represent our current wording—shall be retained. If, on Dec. 7th, the “current” MOSNUM wording isn’t in perfect agreement with what the below voting assumes it to be, then it will be made perfectly compliant. If you want to make it more complex than this, then we’ll take it up your issues then. If we get to that juncture, I expect we can embrace common-sense and jettison wikilawyering. The beauty of the below wording is it is clear, succinct and precise; even I can figure out what it means. Greg L (talk) 07:25, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Actually, I quite disagree. All the proposals are flawed; not only do they improperly reflect the status quo, leading editors who believe that they are supporting the status quo to vote "oppose", but they are written as if the "status quo" banned all date links, while not even the disputed wording of the MOS can support that. It says "there must be a reason to link". The separate debate as to what such reasons might be is not discussed here. In fact, I changed my !vote on question 1 to "oppose" as the existing wording, read by a resonable person, might allow one or two year links per article. Obviously, Lightbot is not a reasonable "person". — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:05, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* If the consensus is clear that this specific wording is opposed, then it might be so considered, even with the false "status quo" assertions. Although I think that autoformatting is a good idea, if consensus is otherwise, that could be established. Even if this RfC goes the way it appears to, it still wouldn't mean that autoformatting is always inappropriate, only that there must be a specific reason for it. If Tony had written the RfC in a relatively balanced manner, it could have established that. This RfC does not. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 16:38, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Aurthur: It doesn’t matter if you think the RfC is flawed; the will of the editors who voted on it is clear and the outcome will be implemented on MOSNUM when it’s over. My son at age 13 had more maturity than some of the editors here. I didn’t vote for Bush (the “deciderator”) either time and it would have been wonderful if I could march around and declare the vote invalid (Florida fiasco) and try to do a citizen’s arrest on his cabinet members. But I don’t seem to have the necessarily ultra-high self-esteem you must have that emboldened you enough to wade in here and declare that what scores of other editors are doing is somehow invalid and only you, Aurthur, posses the *Unique Insight* necessary to pull off a proper RfC. I see that you childishly tried to call the validity of the RfC in question . Curiously, you botched the placement of the {dubious - discuss} tag (putting it inside of another tag) and it didn’t show, so I don’t know if you were just trying to tweak Tony’s nose or if your placement was simply inept. Either way, this would have had the effect of putting a chill on users’ interest in voting (many would think that their votes might be meaningless). The next time you or anyone else here tries such a stunt, I’ll file an ANI against that party and take this to a Crat as well. Now you go right ahead and rail against me here (I couldn’t possibly care less). You are perfectly free to state your “opinion” here. But the next time you vandalize the RfC in some way: any “open letter” statement in that states the RfC is invalid or re-post a {disputed} tag on the above RfC, you will answer for it. I guarantee that. You may not  disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. Greg L (talk) 17:51, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* It doesn't matter if I think the RfC is flawed; it matters that almost everyone thinks the RfC is flawed and is flawed in ways which have resulted in RfCs being rejected in the past, but wants to go ahead. RfC's where the poster opposes the changes only provide limited consensus, at best; although I voted to support changes 2 and 3, it's a near thing, because the phrasing of Tony's proposal is almost as absurd as the so-called "orignal", also added without consensus. The other RfC seems to be going the way you would like, rather than the way I would like, but I think any attempt to claim the results of this RfC as consensus, except possibly as to the specific wording of the proposals being rejected, would lead to chaos. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 19:30, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* “…it matters that almost everyone thinks the RfC is flawed.” Arthur, that’s one of those “but mom… everybody at school has a body piercing.” No they don’t. And I dare say that most of the editors who voted in the above RfC are quite satisfied with the MOSNUM wording it will produce. More specifically, I can tell you with some confidence is that “everyone” who voted oppose in the above RfC expects that the wording asserted in the RfC as representing the current contents of MOSNUM will stay in MOSNUM (or go to MOSNUM if there is a difference) when the vote is over. What is clear is that you and a small group of advocates of date linking and proponents of the below RfC think Tony’s RfC is flawed. Doesn’t matter. If the vast majority of editors here wanted to amend Wikipedia’s Constitution and elect a nincompoop-for-life to run this place, you might be absolutely convinced they are making a big mistake—and you certainly might be right. But you simply have to accept the majority decision and agree, with grace and dignity, to abide by it. You are certainly welcome to try to change their minds; consensus can change. But you don’t see Tony or me trying to vandalize the below RfC, archive it after only 14 hours, completely erase it, declare it invalid, or pull other such stunts. I ask that you afford Tony, me, and the scores of editors who voted in the above RfC the same courtesy; that is not too much to ask. Greg L (talk) 20:00, 25 November 2008 (UTC) [[Image:Buddha sunset crop.jpg|20px|]]
* What is clear is that, since Tony doesn't approve of the "changes", consensus here is not relevant to related proposals, only to those which make the changes exactly as indicated. The lies misstatements about the premise of the RfC and the premise behind the RfC might be relevant, but probably not, as I would be willing to assume that most editors read this section if it was above the !votes. In its present position, I'm not sure. People are lazy.
* In any case, even if consensus opposes the changes, that does not indicate a consensus against autolinking or day/date linking, only against it being essentially mandatory, as was the previous consensus on autolinking. The questions here don't encourage indications of comments against autolinking and date linking, although, again, the closing "admin" (if there is a formal close) might be able to determine if a consensus exists, although it would have been easier if Tony had accepted the disputed tag on the "current" MoS and accepted proposals which were someone's "best choice".
* Q1 and Q2 of the other RfC seem as if they might establish a consensus on autolinking, Q3 on day-of-year linking, Q4 on year linking, and Q5 on the related year-in-subject. This RfC, if it reaches an apparent consensus, couldn't rationally be considered to override even a "no consensus" finding of the other one. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 22:37, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* I don't think Tony was necessarily violating WP:POINT, but proposing a "straw man" RfC is always a mistake. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 22:41, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Do you even try to take an objective look at what you write, Aurthur? Arguing with you is like shooting fish in a barrel. Tony’s proposal asks readers three simple binary questions: “Do you want {this} exact wording or {that} exact wording. It asks other editors exactly what words they want to see on MOSNUM. It treats these editors as if they actually have a mind possessing an understanding of the issues. You describe that approach as straw man arguments that isn’t relevant. Yet what you are defending is a series of ‘how do you feel’ questions like “Year links should never be made”, “Year links should always be made”, or “Year links should be made in certain cases”. Nothing in the way of specific wording for MOSNUM. And the outcome of all that voting? A small group of editors who seem to never ever  tire of this crap would have to integrate what all those all-over-the-map opinions mean and (again) cloister themselves and come back with another round of wording to vote on. Have you noticed that—even at this late hour—no one has even bothered to vote on some of these ‘how do you feel’ questions? And you’re criticizing Tony’s to-the-point RfC as flawed. Ha! Greg L (talk) 01:19, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm going to pause for a while before replying to this violation of WP:NPA and WP:POINT. Please bear with me. Suffice it to say that this RfC effects nothing except the precise wording of MOSDATE; it does not support Tony/Greg/Lightmouse's bizaare interpretation of the disputed current wording. The other RfC seems to address some of the issues there. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 14:37, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
Arthur, Greg is one of our most experienced and insightful editors here at the style guide talk pages, and (at least in my view) is an authority in some of the areas they cover. I think most people would appreciate it if you engaged more positively with his posts. Flinging accusations of NPA et al. are unhelpful at this stage, especially given that you've been prolific in those departments lately. I don't know why the bickering persists: there are two RfCs—so what? Let's allow them to proceed in peace. Tony (talk) 14:55, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* I still say that Greg is acting in bad faith, but be that as it may. We all need to deal with the question, if it is ruled (and I'm afraid it requires a ruling) that this RfC is running correctly, and that there is a consensus, what does it mean? If a consensus can be determined from the other RfC, it's meaning would be clear. However, as your proposals are to change MOSDATE from one extreme to another, it can't even really be said that it's a consensus that autoformatting should never be used, only that it shouldn't be used as a matter of course. As things are going, I agree that that is the consensus. It does not establish consensus that autoformatting should be stamped out, nor linking dates or years is always inappropriate or always should be removed.
* As for the bot issue, remember User:Betacommandbot? It was claimed to be editing according to a Wikipedia policy mandated (in part) by the Foundation, but it was found that it was not editing correctly according to that policy. (It was still allowed to run, but its operator was banned from running it (!)) Similarly, even if there is consensus that year (or even day-of-the-year) links require a specific reason, there's no requirement that the reason be specifically stated near the link, nor that the reason be machine-readable, so link-removal bots have a (possibly significant) false positive rate, and should require specific approval by the community at large, not just the bot community. On the whole, you've been reasonably civil (in spite of provocation from Locke), although making clear ;) misinterpretations of policies and guidelines, but I don't really think I can work with Greg.
* I think it would be simpler if you rescinded this RfC and reissued it with the lead and premise only containing (1) undisputed statements and (2) clearly stated opinions. It would still suffer from the flaw that you oppose the changes, but the metadiscussion as to whether there are false statements (and changes in those false/disputed statements affecting !votes) would no longer be necessary nor likely. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:29, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* As an aside, your note as to whether some links may be autoformatted is clearly wrong, also. It would imply that, if any dates were linked, then all dates should be linked, which was clearly never the intent. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:35, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* I don't agree with much of what you said. Tony (talk) 16:08, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* Oh… come now Arthur. With regard to your 4:37, 26 November 2008 post, all you did is cite some Wikipedia policies and link to them in an “if it’s blue, then it must be true” fashion. Neither Tony nor I tried to archive your below RfC after 14 hours, nor did either of us delete your RfC. Yet both these childish stunts were pulled by opponents of Tony’s RfC. Everyone here can see your accusing me of “disrupting Wikipedia to make a point” (“WP:POINT”) for what it is: a metric ton of weapons-grade bullonium. Nor am I making a personal attack against you (“WP:NPA”). I think you must be a perfectly splendid person. I just think your written arguments are absurd and full of holes, that’s all. Sorry; we’ll just have to agree to disagree. Happy editing. Greg L (talk) 05:07, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
* I accidentally removed it from the RfCList, although I still think a rational person would think it invalid, for the reasons I specified; the premises for the RfC were disputed, include the questionable note Tony added during processing that linking birth/death dates would violate another guideline not under discussion, and that Tony is proposing things he doesn't believe in. I'm afraid I agree that Cole is disruptive, but your WP:GANG seems disruptive also. The history at WP:AN is almost undisputed, and shows that your repeated attempts to deprecate autoformatting do not consist of new arguments, but of continually proposing the same arguments in different fora until the people who wanted autoformatting weren't present.
* A rational person would also expect disputes as to the validity of an RfC to appear above the content, but I only attempted to do that twice. (For what it's worth, whoever moved it to the new section didn't do it right. It's not worth trying to refactor, though.)
* There's clearly no consensus that years should never be linked, and a bot which unlinks years is therefore inappropriate. (Unlinking the broken year in X links does seem supported by consensus in RfC2, but there's no hurry in removing them.
* And this RfC doesn't address any of those issues. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 05:35, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
* The admin who actually intended to remove the RfC was an idependent decision, not based on contacts from "enemies".
* It's clear that your conclusions from the apparent consensus are not clear. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 05:35, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
* Peace, brother. Let the people speak. We’ll figure out what to do with all that input after it’s over. I believe we’ve agreed upon closing out Tony’s RfC at 15:01 UTC on Sunday, December 7. If we need help in resolving ambiguity between the two RfCs (there is a lot of common ground between them) we can always elicit help from an uninvolved admin such as Seicer. Greg L (talk) 06:58, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
* Sadly, I'm beginning to suspect that you'll need an RfC to figure out what to do with all that input after it’s over. If a hypothetical editor decides that (in their opinion) the above RfC is invalid; and if they then decide the RfC below is "no consensus" on 'When to link to Month-Day articles?' and 'When to link Year articles' (ignoring the fact that most commentators supporting "sometimes" actually said "very rarely"), then I guess we're right back where we started. It's a pity the committee didn't ask the question, "Should date links be treated exactly like any other link to an article?" *Sigh* --RexxS (talk) 06:18, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, RexxS ; that’s what I’ve been saying all along. In my 01:19, 26 November 2008 post above in Discussion of flaws in the premise for this RfC, I wrote “[After this ill-advised RfC is over], a small group of editors who seem to never ever  tire of this crap would have to integrate what all those all-over-the-map opinions mean and (again) cloister themselves and come back with another round of proposed wording to vote on.” What a fiasco; they’ll no-doubt come back with yet another round of wording suffering from committee-itis. Tony was spot-on in recognizing where that fiasco was headed when he posted his own, much-superior, RfC. He had to endure a crap-pile of flack and get blocked for 12 hours simply defending letting his RfC exist in peace on this page. But, he knew what he was doing. Greg L (talk) 21:34, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* It's only superior if you want to find out what those people think of that exact wording and not on the larger issues of linking and formatting. Besides, at the end of the day nothing excuses Tony from going off on his own and ignoring the work that was done by other editors. It's unhelpful and purely disruptive in what was working out to be a reasonable consensus seeking project. —Locke Cole • t • c 21:38, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* I've been scanning all the questions and responses, and this is the consensus that I see has formed:
* Dates should not be linked for the purposes of autoformatting.
* Month-day fragments should rarely, if ever, be linked.
* Using hidden links to link to year-in-field articles is the wrong method of linking to such articles.
Beyond that, it is all up in the air. Dabomb87 (talk) 18:26, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* I don't think that it will take too long to cull the rare exceptions that comprise when those links might be used, if at all. And I think that these links are treated like other links in the sense of only being used once in an article.--2008Olympianchitchatseemywork 07:15, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* I totally agree with User:RexxS. In questions 3, 4 and 5.2 the b/ choice is an obvious bias which allows fence-sitting. Although opportunity is given to those link-supporters to propose "important" links to random trivia, sorry date/year articles, it remains for them to fully argue the case for linking, and it also remains to be demonstrated just how strong that support for each or any of those cases actually is. Without that acid test of strength of support, it will be impossible to determine, except arbitrarily, to what extent that becomes a 'blocking minority' in terms of interpreting our consensus. Such an arbitrary interpretation may well be used by certain spidermen to dilute the clear meaning reached in the binary poll. Furthermore, this RfC does not propose wording of any sort to be incorporated or removed from the current version of the guideline. The committee created a camel of an RfC all right - this one is sure to ride for months across the desert. ;-) Ohconfucius (talk) 07:18, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* I changed my input from "Neutral" to "Comment" in two places above. Tony's RfC had the advantage of offering people a straight up-or-down alternative on three specific questions. More importantly, there will be no time wasted afterward on turning the results into MOSNUM language. The second RfC, unfortunately, is much less clear-cut. After the discussion ends, a new discussion begins on how the results should be interpreted. I was not consulted beforehand by either Tony or by the committee that drafted the second RfC, but I doubt my input would have made a difference.--Goodmorningworld (talk) 10:18, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
By my count, the second RFC asks for !votes in 15 places. It is almost as confusing as the famous the Florida Butterfly Ballot in the 2000 presidential election. Maybe we can get some of those hanging chad election officials to count the !votes for us.
Here is a table of contents for RFC 2. Please correct any mistakes. -- SWTPC6800 (talk) 19:32, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* 1. Deprecating the current date autoformatting (!vote 1)
* I believe (1) above is a mistake: it should read
* 1a (prior to 30 November) Removal of date-links used purely for autoformatting (!vote 1a)
* 1b (30 November onward) Deprecating date-links used purely for autoformatting (!vote 1b)
* --RexxS (talk) 03:30, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* I was mistaken. The level 2 title contained the word "deprecating" but I missed it. Unfortunately the question asked therein didn't mention it. --RexxS (talk) 13:35, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* 2. Is some method of date autoformatting desirable? (!vote 2)
* 3. When to link to Month-Day articles?
* 3.1 Month-Day links should always be made (!vote 3)
* 3.2 Month-Day links should be made in certain cases (!vote 4)
* 3.3 Month-Day links should never be made (!vote 5)
* 4. Month-Day links should never be made
* 4.1 Year links should always be made (!vote 6)
* 4.2 Year links should be made in certain cases (!vote 7)
* 4.3 Year links should never be made (!vote 8)
* 5. How and when to use "Year in Field" links
* 5.1 How to use "Year in Field" links
* 5.1.1 Hidden links (!vote 9)
* 5.1.2 Inline links (!vote 10)
* 5.1.3 Context links (!vote 11)
* 5.1.4 "See also" links (!vote 12)
* 5.2 When to use "Year in Field" links
* 5.2.1 Year-in-Field links should always be made (!vote 13)
* 5.2.2 Year-in-Field links should be made in certain cases (!vote 14)
* 5.2.3 Year-in-Field links should never be made (!vote 15)
* Cases 3.1/3.2/3.3 are a "select one" option, not three separate things to vote on (as the three choices are discrete from each other). Same with 4.1/.2/.3 and 5.2.1/.2/.3. That makes 5 !votes and then opinioning on 4 methods suggested in the 5.1 question. --M ASEM 20:21, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Indeed Swtpc6800, this absurd and needless level of complexity if this second RfC, and the resultant need for a group of self-appointed editors to later wade and try to make sense of it and reach a consensus amongst themselves as to new wording to present in yet another RfC was obviously a major reason why Tony said “phoey” and struck off and did his own to-the-point RfC; he wanted to circumvent this cluster-mess. Tony’s RfC, above, asks voters to weigh-in on the exact MOSNUM wording they desire. It is a much superior method. As regards the edit-view hat statement here on this page stating that an RfC is not a “vote”, we can call RfC's whatever you like; the consensus opinion on how to address some of these questions is clear as glass and will be committed to MOSNUM. Greg L (talk) 21:21, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* That's nice Greg. Next time I see a road worker putting up a speed limit sign I disagree with I'll just run him down instead of talking to him about it. —Locke Cole • t • c 21:40, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* “Run over?” I count two RfC’s on this page, Locke. You’ve obviously confused Tony’s disagreement with the “committee-itis” non-solution and striking off on his own with his own, very well-received RfC as some sort of personal affront; it’s not. Greg L (talk) 21:49, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, run over. "I don't like the way your RFC is going so I'll undermine your hard work as a group by posting my own with no input from anyone and the questions phrased exactly how I'd like them to be". Disruptive and useless is what his RFC is. —Locke Cole • t • c 21:53, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Well, about 85 other users didn't seem to find Tony's RfC "disruptive and useless", so he (Tony) must have done something right. Dabomb87 (talk) 21:56, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes. He got away with it. —Locke Cole • t • c 22:01, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Locke, I’m a strong believer in “The proper answer to bad speech is better speech. It is Tony’s right, as well as the right of any editor here, to say “I don’t like the options this editor or group of editors is proposing and will submit my own proposal for others to consider.” I’m sure there are any number of widget manufacturers who just hate some asshole who went and produced a better and cheaper widget and ran the first guy into bankruptcy . WT:MOSNUM is a marketplace where ideas are exchanged. You don’t have much skin in this game and you will survive. Methinks thou doth protest too much. Greg L (talk) 22:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Give WP:NOT (which is official policy) a nice long read. Specifically Wikipedia is not a democracy and it's not an anarchy. Editors have no "rights", and certainly your comment about widget manufacturers is out of place in this environment. The point here is that you do not simply go off on your own in a disruptive and counter productive manner and decide you are better than anyone else at framing the questions (especially when it's clear there are other editors actively working at determine how best to do that). —Locke Cole • t • c 22:25, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* (outdent) It's not as if Tony was discouraging editors to not comment on the 2nd RfC; as far as I can tell, both are coexisting peacefully and are receiving similar amounts of feedback. Dabomb87 (talk) 22:16, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* We wouldn't have needed two RFCs had Tony behaved properly. —Locke Cole • t • c 22:25, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* Locke, your right to produce a complicated, confusing RfC that will require yet another level of voting to do any good is not infringed by Tony making a nice, to-the-point RfC that has proven exceedingly popular. Although this move clearly makes Tony look damn smart, he has done nothing to discourage others from adding their 2¢ to your RfC, which, by the way, is a stunt you tried to do to Tony’s by archiving it only 14 hours after it started. Please lighten up and stop acting like a grievously injured party here; it’s getting old. It amounts to nothing more than “I wouldn’t feel all poopy about my work product if Tony didn’t produce something better.” It amounts to nothing more than a big, hearty bowl of unbleached, vitamin-fortified Waaaa. If Tony had really done anything wrong, he would be swinging from the highest yardarm by now at the hands of an uninvolved admin. Clearly, he hasn’t and your endless protests: “Shut Tony up! Shut Tony up! Other editors are agreeing with him for God’s sake!” isn’t getting you what you seek. Greg L (talk) 22:50, 28 November 2008 (UTC) P.S. I don’t agree with much of your 22:25, 28 November 2008 post, above, other than WP:NOT is lengthy. And please stop using “you” when you are responding to me and are actually referring to the actions of Tony. Greg L (talk) 22:54, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* The only thing confusing here is that there's two RFCs. I fail to see how it makes Tony look "damn smart", I think it makes Tony look like someone who will undermine anything he feels threatened by (and in fact his behavior in other matters related to this convince me that is his view). I attempted to archive Tony's RFC because I knew two concurrent RFCs would cause confusion (and that view is justified by the various comments saying just that). I feel quite fine with my contributions to the RFC presented at WP:MOSNUM/RFC, I certainly do not feel "poopy" as you say. Also, please do not take the popularity of the RFC as a tacit endorsement of the methods used to force it on us. That RFC didn't, last I checked, have a question asking if the method used had community approval. And please stop saying he would be hanging from the highest yard arms: administrators block for disruption, but only to prevent it, not to punish for it. Tony has so far ceased being disruptive (though I suppose it could be argued that the existence of this RFC of his is disruptive, but I'm not willing to fight for that). Oh, and linking to childish pictures on the internet doesn't make your argument any stronger. It just makes you look more childish. —Locke Cole • t • c 23:02, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* To those editors confused by Locke’s last two sentences (which should have been one sentence separated by a semicolon), please click on “Waaaa” in my above post. Cheers. Greg L (talk) 23:09, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
While I am firmly opposed to both date linking and date autoformatting, I have to say that I am not happy with this RFC. The three questions all seem like straw proposals: proposals for change written by an opponent of that change, designed to fail by phrasing each proposal in such a way that almost everyone will reject it. Independent of the merits of autoformatting and date linking, this is just not a good way to conduct debate in the Wikipedia community. I would have rather seen a proposal by proponents of linking or autoformatting, that could be debated and rejected on its merits, rather than these three proposals. --Srleffler (talk) 23:42, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
* The wording in the RfC could reasonably be interpreted that way, Srleffler—though I don’t. It’s not exactly A) Keep present wording / B) Pound sand up your butt. And if one stopped at each “oppose” and read no further, this short, 3-option binary vote wording would reveal little. Fortunately, this is a “Request for comment” and the accompanying views of each editor enable us to discern much, much more information about what the general consensus is. Clearly, the general consensus is that the user community sees extraordinarily little value indeed in linking to the date articles. Greg L (talk) 00:33, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* Bizarre, because I'm getting the impression there's no consensus on the issue of date linking and perhaps even some support for auto formatting. —Locke Cole • t • c 00:37, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* Cole, I where is this "no consensus" on date linking from? Are 91 supports against 3 opposes (on Question 1, give or take a couple on both stats) WRT linking not enough for you? I might add that most of the supports have some kind of reasoning, so this is not just another straw poll. Dabomb87 (talk) 01:10, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* Regarding to the current method of autoformatting, the other RfC, which has more background and "more neutral wording", has 98 supports (give or take 2) against 18 opposes on the first question. Dabomb87 (talk) 01:15, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* The second question, which is about the desire to maintain some form of date formatting, is much, much closer (29 supporting, 43 opposed as of my post). It has also seen a significant increase in the "support autoformatting" responses since the RfCs were posted to the watchlist notice. --Ckatz chat spy 01:22, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* You are right, I changed my comment above to "the current method of autoformatting". Personally, I still don't see the use of autoformatting, but if it can be done w/o links, I would be satisfied. Dabomb87 (talk) 01:28, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* Autoformatting that works the same for everyone including I.P. users, not just *pretty* results for registered editors who can’t handle (read: stamp their feet and hold their breath until they turn blue) the notion of looking at dates in their non-preferred format, and then a *default* format that 99.9% of our readership looks at. When the developers produce such a thing, let me know and I’ll be first in line. Until then, the whiners here need to grow the hell up; choosing the most appropriate date format suitable for any given article isn’t rocket science and looking at either confuses no one. Greg L (talk) 02:23, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* I'm looking at the other RFC, not Tony's. Tony's is going to be basically worthless since it's discussing very specific language and not what editors may want. Greg L (talk) 02:28, 29 November 2008 (UTC) And again, we don't vote, and if you start picking through the comments you can note that while people say they oppose (or support) something they may not be strong oppose/supports (because they may think something isn't possible, worth the time, or whatever). At any rate, we're still at less than a week into the RFC (which I would think should run the entire month/30 days), so I'm going to try and curb my commentary on the result so far. We can sort that out afterwards. —Locke Cole • t • c 02:16, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* We know what you think. The trouble is, most here disagree with you —Locke Cole • t • c 02:36, 29 November 2008 (UTC) . Greg L (talk) 02:23, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* LOL. There you go; I’m actually beginning to like you! Signing out for the evening. Goodnight. Greg L (talk) 02:48, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
* Gosh, and I thought things had calmed down a bit! What a surprise to wake up this morning to find the section created on the flaws of the other RfC being re-merged back here. More astonishingly, there are the recriminations and mud flying again by the one person which least surprises me in this connection and a considerable amount of fertile organic material from male bovines being spouted that it would rapidly accelerate the wild plant growth of even the most impoverished soil. Those individuals trying to snatch back a modicum of face in view of impending total obliteration. Ohconfucius (talk) 11:29, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
The major flaw in this RfC seems to be that the proposer of the three explicit changes opposes all three. The secondary issue is that each is a binary choice, and leaves little room for those of us who think editors are the best judges of what links to make. --Rumping (talk) 15:47, 10 December 2008 (UTC)
Run for 30 days or close?
* This section is to see if we have a consensus to close this RfC since it has now run for two weeks and there doesn’t seem to be a WP:SNOWBALL of a chance that the RfC consensus results will change by going longer. I would throw out the motion that we run another 48 hours from now and close it at 23:59 UTC on Tuesday, December 9.
* Extend for 48 It’s run long enough and the consensus is clear. I suggest that undecided editors get put their 2¢ in over the next 48+ hours. Greg L (talk) 23:11, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
¶ I want to be reasonable and approach consensus at least on this, so let me change:
* Extend for at least 30 10 days Between the two discussions and the meta-discussion, I'm just totally confused. (I only realized today that I hadn't put the 3 proposals project on my watchlist, although I had put the other RFC there and have followed it moderately closely.) On some ideas my thoughts are fairly settled; on others they're just jumbled. [I can't even work out all the logical chains (if this, then that but not the other unless Z), let alone the consequent pro's and con's. I prepared tax returns for several years, so it's not as if I'm intellectually or temperamentally unsuited to this kind of complexity.] What is clear is that a few people are understandably impatient and occasionally ill-tempered, and seeing many people lined up on one side of an issue naturally leads them to think there's an overwhelming consensus. Had there been only a couple of questions on view, that's would be fairly sound. But (even though things were broken down in an attempt to simplify things), there's so much out there on the two pages-plus that I see no consensus that's sound enough or widely-enough acknowledged to build upon. People might think they've put down their tuppenceworth/2 cents' worth by commenting on proposal 2B on page X without also having put their name in the Support/Oppose column or reacted to proposals 1C, 3B and 4E on page Y. Time won't solve or resolve all of this (in fact the enormous amount of comment is already a problem), but it might help. It would help me to make up my mind on specific details and to offer useful comment. ¶ P.S. this is not a contribution to the meta-discussion elsewhere of whom (if indeed anyone) is to blame for the confusion, just my reasons for needing more time. —— Shakescene (talk) 22:59, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* All I can say is that 99.9% of editors could make up their minds in 24 minutes, let alone 48 hours. I suggest you post your vote and comments soon. The questions in Tony’s RfC are clear and unambiguous. Posting one’s opinion on Tony’s need not be tied up with the shortcomings and complexities of another RfC. If you need more time on that other RfC, fine. As regards this RfC, the consensus is quite clear and going any longer has no chance whatsoever (WP:SNOWBALL) of reversing itself; it is a landslide consensus. All we need is WP:COMMONSENSE here. Greg L (talk) 23:10, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* To avoid any potential argument about which RfC would carry more weight, or avoid any editors who may claim (as above) that they have been underrepresented, I suggest that the RfC should close simultaneously with the second one. Ohconfucius (talk) 02:05, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Wikipedia is NOT a bureaucracy nor is it a batleground. What goes on elsewhere does not change the simple fact that the consensus view on this RfC has clearly been established and there isn’t any chance whatsoever that the consensus will reverse if this is dragged out. Further, whether the other RfC closes later or at the same time as this one, does anyone here think for a second that Tony won’t have his hands full with the backers of the other RfC when they’re ready to pronounce what has and has not been decided? I’ll bet dollars to doughnuts that grownups will have to step in, lockdown the rumpus room, and separate parties. Absolutely anyone could decide how to vote on Tony’s RfC in fifteen minutes; it doesn’t take weeks to make up one’s mind. I frankly don’t find Shakescene’s arguments credible; they strike me as pure wikilawyering. This, at least, is my assessment of the matter. I’m going to leave it up to Seicer to see if he thinks plain ol’ common sense is good enough here (OMG!) or if we need extraordinary procedures for the playground in order to handle all the second-graders. Greg L (talk) 04:18, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Seicer has no special standing to decide this dispute, so please don't go looking to him to resolve this. —Locke Cole • t • c 04:28, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* No, you are wrong. He is an uninvolved admin. That gives him special standing. Perhaps you would like it if I simply did what you want? While that is a no-doubt simple solution, it fails to pass the *grin* test. We need outsiders with authority to help settle this since the warring parties agree on only one point: that they agree on absolutely nothing else. Greg L (talk) 04:41, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* He's not an outsider. He has no special authority in this dispute. Do not point to him as your proverbial burning bush. That way lies madness. —Locke Cole • t • c 04:46, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Oooookaaay… I’m going back Earth now. Goodbye. Greg L (talk) 04:48, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
(undent) like Ohconfucius, i feel it's a good idea to close this RfC at the same time as the other one. sure it's plain what the consensus is on the three questions, but i don't see what benefits there would be to closing this RfC before the "standard" 30 days are up. Sssoul (talk) 05:09, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* I’m seeing a consensus forming here. Let’s see how others feel. We have a day-and-a-half for more input. Greg L (talk) 05:26, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* It's amazing to me all these places you see consensus where I don't. —Locke Cole • t • c 05:27, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Uhm… Ohconfucius weighed in that—like Shakescene and Sssoul—he too wants this RfC to run for a total of 30 days, so I’m seeing a consensus for that. R-r-right…?? We have over 24 more hours for more input. Greg L (talk) 18:14, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* My apologies. I thought (incorrectly) that you were seeing a consensus to close it sooner rather than later. BTW, nice use of the ellipsis. —Locke Cole • t • c 18:31, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
(1) Ten days is acceptable to me if that helps us approach consensus at least on this small issue (see amendment above). (2) Since Greg L is so upset that I need more time to consider what to him should take any common-sense editor 24 minutes to decide, let me explain. All these issues on both pages affect each other. I actually see arguments being made on both (or all) sides of many issues that seem worth thinking about. Some of them make me reconsider what I thought earlier, sometimes more than once. I looked again at the three proposals last night, and while 3 was easy to oppose (I don't know if it's really a straw man or not), I stopped in the middle of composing a response to 1, because I found I really hadn't decided enough of the issues. It's much easier if you see other people's arguments as debating points to be shot down rather than something that could affect your own thinking. But that's not how you reach consensus. And I don't like getting into this kind of argument (see above meta-discussion for examples of why), but since Greg has mocked my indecision in at least three places, I have to respond at least once. —— Shakescene (talk) 18:48, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* That’s fine. You are, without a doubt, a very deliberate thinker. Clearly, with several editors (on both sides of the fence on this issue) wanting it to go the full 30, I believe the big-red-text at the top of the RfC should be revised to reflect 30 days. I’m not holding my breath that the consensus will change in that time. And since that closing time would coincide within a couple of days of the closing of the other RfC, I propose we close both at the same exact time. How say ye all? Greg L (talk) 20:40, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* as noted above i agree with Ohconfucius that it's probably prudent to close them both at the same time. the other one started on 25 November, right? so we're talking a 25 December closing for both? sounds all right to me. Sssoul (talk) 21:01, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Then we'll all be home for Christmas (if only in our dreams). Is it worth putting a parallel deadline/closing warning on the other RfC? —— Shakescene (talk) 21:22, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Done. Greg L (talk) 21:27, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
"Proposal 4"
An editor has created a fourth proposal half way through the RfC. While we can continue as a discussion point, I do not feel it would be correct to tag it on, so it is pasted below. Please note that a similar point is being commented on in the second RfC, so it may be a better idea to discuss it there. Ohconfucius (talk) 03:30, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
Proposal 4: Linking appears to be an issue. What about simply formatting them?
That the following text in MOSNUM:
* Autoformatting: Dates should not be linked purely for the purpose of autoformatting (even though in the past this was considered desirable)
be changed to:
* Autoformatting: Dates should not be linked purely for the purpose of autoformatting, but may be presented in automatic format without an associated link.
Isn't there some way to make a date (much like a measurement) without an associated link? It seems like that would be a pretty simple thing to do and still link it to a user's personal preference. Heck, even IPs could be targeted to change based on the location of the IP address... ...or am I just overthinking this? This would allow for the setup of personal preferences without some sort of overlinking, but would still present a default setting as a writer determines. — BQZip01 — talk 09:45, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Support Might as well have one that starts with support ;-) — BQZip01 — talk 09:45, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Support but only if the fourth of the Three Proposals is a legitimate topic here (many have already commented above and may overlook this addition) and only if it is technically possible without unfortunate consequences. Certes (talk) 21:59, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
* Strong oppose This guideline should not advocate formats that do not exist. No markup to automatically format text exist except the existing autoformatting system (which is losing in a landslide) or certain templates that can only convert a date to one fixed format. Entering, for example, 2008-12-09, into a template and haveing everyone see 9 December 2008 hardly qualifies as an "automatic format". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gerry Ashton (talk • contribs)
* Oppose - if/when there actually is a new non-linking method for autoformatting, it can be proposed and discussed and either adopted or not. until then, mentioning in the MoS that theoretically there may someday be such a method is pointless. i also oppose "adding proposal 4" to an RfC in progress, particularly when (as noted above) the issue's already being discussed in another RfC. Sssoul (talk) 06:08, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
* Oppose - both currently used date formats are unambiguous and comprehensible to all users. If readers really feel like customising their wiki-experience, they should go fiddle with their link colours instead, or do it to themselves in the privacy of their own cubicles. ;-) Ohconfucius (talk) 06:18, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
New proposals
I have drawn up some new proposals for ammending the existing wording of the date linking policy. Which I hope may be an acceptable compromise for both sides of the dispute. They are currently in draft form at User:G-Man/works in progress.
I would appreciate it if someone could tell me how I could put this to a formal vote. G-Man ? 22:12, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
* You have already posted this proposal to Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers). Please let's only discuss it in one place. there's enough duplication of discussion already without adding to it. Phil Bridger (talk) 22:47, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
* I was merely attempting to bring it to the attention of more people. G-Man ? 23:17, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
* Sorry if I was a bit tetchy there, but I could I just suggest that any replies should go to Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers) rather than here, so that we only have one discussion going. Phil Bridger (talk) 23:23, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
More discussion about close date
* When was this warning posted? I knew something was going to close today, but I wasn't sure what (or on which of the three active pages of discussion on this subject). I certainly haven't made up my mind about all the different choices and valid arguments about them. I don't think there's a consensus and won't be for a month or two. And this may be the wrong place to post my comment, but where else? —— Shakescene (talk) 21:30, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* With regard to your statement “I certainly haven't made up my mind…”, I suggest you do so soon—others have managed to post their opinion without weeks of staring at a lava lamp, immersed in deep thought. This isn’t general relativity. As to “all the different choices and valid arguments about them”, there are only three simple questions on this RfC and they are not/need not be encumbered by the shortcomings and complexities of the other RfC. The close date was discussed (and previously settled) here after Seicer (an uninvolved admin) stated “RFC's typically run for 30 days or until such time that an overwhelming consensus can be established.” Do you, Shakescene, not think an overwhelming consensus has been established? By any stretch of the imagination, do you think there is a WP:SNOWBALL of a chance the consensus will change on this RfC by going any longer? I’ve opened a new thread here on this page’s talk page to further discuss this. The proposal is to close it after another 24 hours from now (at 22:07 (UTC), 8 December 2008). Greg L (talk) 22:07, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* I've removed the notice for now, simply because a discussion about exactly when to end it is in progress; it may be confusing as it states the RfC should be closed already (given the time) yet it is still running. Thoughts? --Ckatz <sup style="color:green;">chat <sub style="color:red;">spy 22:24, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
* Yes. I think another 48 hours is fine too. Let’s please not grow another pre-vote sub-thread at the top of this page to monstrous proportions. Let’s discuss this on the talk page, here (I updated the link to the new thread). But, applying a bit of WP:BOLD, and going with your suggestion of 48 hours, let’s provide some sort of notice of expiration (to be revised if a consensus develops to do otherwise). Greg L (talk) 23:03, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
(outdent)
* After discussing the matter here on the talk page, there seems to be support from all sides for going the full 30 days. It is probably best to default to most-conservative practices given the passions on these RfCs. To avoid conflict, the above close date is 30 days after the start of Locke Cole’s and Masem’s Date Linking RFC. Greg L (talk) 21:08, 8 December 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Time functions
GoogleSQL for BigQuery supports the following time functions.
Function list
Name Summary
CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time as a TIME value.
EXTRACT Extracts part of a TIME value.
FORMAT_TIME Formats a TIME value according to the specified format string.
PARSE_TIME Converts a STRING value to a TIME value.
TIME Constructs a TIME value.
TIME_ADD Adds a specified time interval to a TIME value.
TIME_DIFF Gets the number of unit boundaries between two TIME values at a particular time granularity.
TIME_SUB Subtracts a specified time interval from a TIME value.
TIME_TRUNC Truncates a TIME value.
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIME([time_zone])
CURRENT_TIME
Description
Returns the current time as a TIME object. Parentheses are optional when called with no arguments.
This function supports an optional time_zone parameter. See Time zone definitions for information on how to specify a time zone.
The current time is recorded at the start of the query statement which contains this function, not when this specific function is evaluated.
Return Data Type
TIME
Example
SELECT CURRENT_TIME() as now;
/*----------------------------*
| now |
+----------------------------+
| 15:31:38.776361 |
*----------------------------*/
EXTRACT
EXTRACT(part FROM time_expression)
Description
Returns a value that corresponds to the specified part from a supplied time_expression.
Allowed part values are:
• MICROSECOND
• MILLISECOND
• SECOND
• MINUTE
• HOUR
Returned values truncate lower order time periods. For example, when extracting seconds, EXTRACT truncates the millisecond and microsecond values.
Return Data Type
INT64
Example
In the following example, EXTRACT returns a value corresponding to the HOUR time part.
SELECT EXTRACT(HOUR FROM TIME "15:30:00") as hour;
/*------------------*
| hour |
+------------------+
| 15 |
*------------------*/
FORMAT_TIME
FORMAT_TIME(format_string, time_object)
Description Formats a TIME object according to the specified format_string. See Supported Format Elements For TIME for a list of format elements that this function supports.
Return Data Type
STRING
Example
SELECT FORMAT_TIME("%R", TIME "15:30:00") as formatted_time;
/*----------------*
| formatted_time |
+----------------+
| 15:30 |
*----------------*/
PARSE_TIME
PARSE_TIME(format_string, time_string)
Description
Converts a string representation of time to a TIME object.
format_string contains the format elements that define how time_string is formatted. Each element in time_string must have a corresponding element in format_string. The location of each element in format_string must match the location of each element in time_string.
-- This works because elements on both sides match.
SELECT PARSE_TIME("%I:%M:%S", "07:30:00");
-- This produces an error because the seconds element is in different locations.
SELECT PARSE_TIME("%S:%I:%M", "07:30:00");
-- This produces an error because one of the seconds elements is missing.
SELECT PARSE_TIME("%I:%M", "07:30:00");
-- This works because %T can find all matching elements in time_string.
SELECT PARSE_TIME("%T", "07:30:00");
The format string fully supports most format elements except for %P.
When using PARSE_TIME, keep the following in mind:
• Unspecified fields. Any unspecified field is initialized from 00:00:00.0. For instance, if seconds is unspecified then it defaults to 00, and so on.
• Whitespace. One or more consecutive white spaces in the format string matches zero or more consecutive white spaces in the TIME string. In addition, leading and trailing white spaces in the TIME string are always allowed, even if they are not in the format string.
• Format precedence. When two (or more) format elements have overlapping information, the last one generally overrides any earlier ones.
• Format divergence. %p can be used with am, AM, pm, and PM.
Return Data Type
TIME
Example
SELECT PARSE_TIME("%H", "15") as parsed_time;
/*-------------*
| parsed_time |
+-------------+
| 15:00:00 |
*-------------*/
SELECT PARSE_TIME('%I:%M:%S %p', '2:23:38 pm') AS parsed_time;
/*-------------*
| parsed_time |
+-------------+
| 14:23:38 |
*-------------*/
TIME
1. TIME(hour, minute, second)
2. TIME(timestamp, [time_zone])
3. TIME(datetime)
Description
1. Constructs a TIME object using INT64 values representing the hour, minute, and second.
2. Constructs a TIME object using a TIMESTAMP object. It supports an optional parameter to specify a time zone. If no time zone is specified, the default time zone, UTC, is used.
3. Constructs a TIME object using a DATETIME object.
Return Data Type
TIME
Example
SELECT
TIME(15, 30, 00) as time_hms,
TIME(TIMESTAMP "2008-12-25 15:30:00+08", "America/Los_Angeles") as time_tstz;
/*----------+-----------*
| time_hms | time_tstz |
+----------+-----------+
| 15:30:00 | 23:30:00 |
*----------+-----------*/
SELECT TIME(DATETIME "2008-12-25 15:30:00.000000") AS time_dt;
/*----------*
| time_dt |
+----------+
| 15:30:00 |
*----------*/
TIME_ADD
TIME_ADD(time_expression, INTERVAL int64_expression part)
Description
Adds int64_expression units of part to the TIME object.
TIME_ADD supports the following values for part:
• MICROSECOND
• MILLISECOND
• SECOND
• MINUTE
• HOUR
This function automatically adjusts when values fall outside of the 00:00:00 to 24:00:00 boundary. For example, if you add an hour to 23:30:00, the returned value is 00:30:00.
Return Data Types
TIME
Example
SELECT
TIME "15:30:00" as original_time,
TIME_ADD(TIME "15:30:00", INTERVAL 10 MINUTE) as later;
/*-----------------------------+------------------------*
| original_time | later |
+-----------------------------+------------------------+
| 15:30:00 | 15:40:00 |
*-----------------------------+------------------------*/
TIME_DIFF
TIME_DIFF(start_time, end_time, granularity)
Description
Gets the number of unit boundaries between two TIME values (end_time - start_time) at a particular time granularity.
Definitions
• start_time: The starting TIME value.
• end_time: The ending TIME value.
• granularity: The time part that represents the granularity. If you passed in TIME values for the first arguments, granularity can be:
• MICROSECOND
• MILLISECOND
• SECOND
• MINUTE
• HOUR
Details
If end_time is earlier than start_time, the output is negative. Produces an error if the computation overflows, such as if the difference in microseconds between the two TIME values overflows.
Return Data Type
INT64
Example
SELECT
TIME "15:30:00" as first_time,
TIME "14:35:00" as second_time,
TIME_DIFF(TIME "15:30:00", TIME "14:35:00", MINUTE) as difference;
/*----------------------------+------------------------+------------------------*
| first_time | second_time | difference |
+----------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| 15:30:00 | 14:35:00 | 55 |
*----------------------------+------------------------+------------------------*/
TIME_SUB
TIME_SUB(time_expression, INTERVAL int64_expression part)
Description
Subtracts int64_expression units of part from the TIME object.
TIME_SUB supports the following values for part:
• MICROSECOND
• MILLISECOND
• SECOND
• MINUTE
• HOUR
This function automatically adjusts when values fall outside of the 00:00:00 to 24:00:00 boundary. For example, if you subtract an hour from 00:30:00, the returned value is 23:30:00.
Return Data Type
TIME
Example
SELECT
TIME "15:30:00" as original_date,
TIME_SUB(TIME "15:30:00", INTERVAL 10 MINUTE) as earlier;
/*-----------------------------+------------------------*
| original_date | earlier |
+-----------------------------+------------------------+
| 15:30:00 | 15:20:00 |
*-----------------------------+------------------------*/
TIME_TRUNC
TIME_TRUNC(time_expression, granularity)
Description
Truncates a TIME value at a particular time granularity. The TIME value is always rounded to the beginning of granularity.
Definitions
• time_expression: The TIME value to truncate.
• granularity: The time part that represents the granularity. If you passed in a TIME value for the first argument, granularity can be:
• MICROSECOND: If used, nothing is truncated from the value.
• MILLISECOND: The nearest lesser than or equal millisecond.
• SECOND: The nearest lesser than or equal second.
• MINUTE: The nearest lesser than or equal minute.
• HOUR: The nearest lesser than or equal hour.
Return Data Type
TIME
Example
SELECT
TIME "15:30:00" as original,
TIME_TRUNC(TIME "15:30:00", HOUR) as truncated;
/*----------------------------+------------------------*
| original | truncated |
+----------------------------+------------------------+
| 15:30:00 | 15:00:00 |
*----------------------------+------------------------*/ | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Lltreaties-ustbv001.pdf/358
Rh *
* For Chili.—Their Excellencies Alberto Blest Gana, Emilio Bello Codecido, Joaquin Walker Martinez, Augusto Matte.
* For the Dominican Republic.—Their Excellencies Federico Henriquez y Carvajal, Luis Felipe Carbo, Quintin Gutierrez.
* For Ecuador.—His Excellency Luis Felipe Carbo.
* For El Salvador—Their Excellencies Francisco A. Reyes, Baltasar Estupinián.
* For the United States of America.—Their Excellencies Henry G. Davis, William I. Buchanan, Charles M. Pepper, Volney W. Foster, John Barrett.
* For Guatemala.—Their Excellencies Antonio Lazo Arriaga, Colonel Francisco Orla.
* For Hayti.—His Excellency J. N. Léger.
* For Honduras.—Their Excellencies José Leonard, Fausto Dávila.
* For Mexico.—Their Excellencies Genaro Raigosa, Joaquín D. Casasús, José López Portillo y Rojas, Emilio Pardo, jr., Pablo Macedo, Alfredo Chavero, Francisco L. de la Barra, Manuel Sánchez Mármol, Rosendo Pineda.
* For Nicaragua.—His Excellency Luis F. Corea, His Excellency Fausto Davila.
* For Paraguay.—His Excellency Cecilio Baez.
* For Peru.—Their Excellencies Isaac Alzamora, Alberto Elmo, Manuel Alvarez Calderón.
* For Uruguay.—His Excellency Juan Cuestas;
Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers and found them to be in due and proper form, excepting those presented by the representatives of Their Excellencies the Presidents of the United States of America, Nicaragua and Paraguay, who act "ad referendum," have agreed, to celebrate a Treaty to submit to the decision of arbitrators Pecuniary Claims for damages that have not been settled by diplomatic channel, in the following terms:
1. The High Contracting Parties agree to submit to arbitration all claims for pecuniary loss or damage which may be presented by their respective citizens, and which cannot be amicably adjusted through diplomatic channels and when said claims are of sufficient importance to warrant the expenses of arbitration.
2. By virtue of the faculty recognized by Article 26 of the Convention of The Hague for the pacific settlement of international disputes, the High Contracting Parties agree to submit to the decision of the permanent Court of Arbitration established by said Convention, all controversies which are the subject matter of the present Treaty, unless both Parties should prefer that a special jurisdiction be organized, according to Article 21 of the Convention referred to. | WIKI |
User:B9 hummingbird hovering/Blog/Learning Sanskrit Weblog/śvetāśvataropaniṣat/working text/dhyāna
ध्यान(H2) ध्यान [p= 521,1] [L=102194] n. meditation, thought , reflection , (esp.) profound and abstract religious meditation , (°नम् आपद् , आ- √स्था or °नं- √गम् , to indulge in religious meditation) ChUp. Mn. MBh. Ka1v. &c (with Buddhists divided into 4 stages MWB. 209 Dharmas. lxxii ; but also into 3 ib. cix) [L=102195] mental representation of the personal attributes of a deity W. [L=102196] insensibility, dulness Bhpr. (H2B) ध्यान [L=102197] m. N. of a partic. personification MaitrS. (H2B) ध्यान [L=102198] m. of the 11th day of the light half in ब्रह्म's month Pur.
* 'dhyAna' with ITRANS @ http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php
* the Dhyāna article doesn't as yet really convey the complexity of the term.
NB: I know that √ = root but buggered if I know what ° denotes! There is no key for symbols and they are not included amongst abbreviations. The symbol is actually present in the print version of the MW: http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0521-dhmApita.jpg | WIKI |
Lists of humanities awards
Lists of humanities awards are lists that serve as indexes to articles about notable awards for specific areas of the humanities, academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. Typically these lists give the country of the sponsoring organization, the award name, sponsor name and a description of the award criteria. Some of the awards have broad scope, or cover the intersection of different disciplines, so an award may appear in more than one list. A list of general awards in the humanities is followed by the lists of more specific awards.
General list
* List of general awards in the humanities
Specific lists
* List of anthropology awards
* List of archaeology awards
* List of awards for contributions to culture
* List of history awards
* List of language-related awards
* List of legal awards
* List of literary awards
* List of literary awards honoring women
* List of poetry awards
* List of writing awards
* List of performing arts awards
* Lists of acting awards
* List of dance awards
* List of music awards
* List of theatre awards
* List of philosophy awards
* List of politics awards
* List of religion-related awards
* List of ecclesiastical decorations
* Lists of art awards | WIKI |
1956 British Columbia general election
The 1956 British Columbia general election was the 25th general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on August 13, 1956, and held on September 19, 1956. The new legislature met for the first time on February 7, 1957.
The conservative Social Credit of Premier W.A.C. Bennett was re-elected with a majority in the legislature to a third term in government with over 45% of the popular vote.
The social democratic CCF formed the official opposition.
The British Columbia Liberal Party lost two of its four seats despite winning over 20% of the popular vote.
The Progressive Conservative Party lost its single seat in the legislature, and would not win a seat again until the 1972 election.
One seat was won by a Labour candidate, Tom Uphill of Fernie.
Changes to election laws
In 1953, as part of a revision to the Provincial Elections Act, the voting age was reduced from 21 to 19. As well, the instant runoff voting system that was in effect for the 1952 and 1953 elections was abolished and the previous first past the post rules were revived.
In 1955, a further Act was passed that increased the Legislative from 48 members to 52 through the following changes:
* Peace River was split into North Peace River and South Peace River
* Burnaby, Delta and North Vancouver became multi-member districts, each now returning two members.
Results
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Political party ! rowspan=2 | Party leader ! colspan=4 | MLAs ! colspan=4 | Votes ! Candidates !1953 !1956 !± !# ! ± !% ! ± (pp)
* style="text-align:left;" |W.A.C. Bennett
* 52 || 28 || 39 || 11 || 374,711 || 99,940 || 45.84 || 8.09
* style="text-align:left;" |Bob Strachan
* 51 || 14 || 10 || 4 || 231,511 || 6,998 || 28.32 || 2.53
* style="text-align:left;" |Arthur Laing
* 52 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 177,922 || 6,161 || 21.77 || 1.82
* style="text-align:left;" |Deane Finlayson
* 22 || 1 || – || 1 || 25,373 || 15,407 || 3.11 || 2.49
* style="text-align:left;" |Tom Uphill
* 1 || 1 || 1 || || 1,321 || 280 || 0.16 || 0.06
* style="text-align:left;" |
* 14 || – || – || – || 3,381 || 4,115 || 0.41 || 0.62
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total ! colspan="2"| 52 ! colspan="2"|817,397 ! colspan="2"| 100.00%
* || 7 || – || – || – || 3,178 || 1,207 || 0.39 || 0.12
* 199
* 48
* colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Rejected ballots
* 6,642 ||37,124
* colspan="2"|
* colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Actual voters who voted
* 509,409 ||12,643
* 65.43% || 5.12
* colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
* 778,587 ||38,581
* colspan="2"|
* }
* 778,587 ||38,581
* colspan="2"|
* }
MLAs elected
{{legend|#EEDDAA|Alberni: Stanley John Squire}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Atlin: William James Asselstine}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Cariboo: Ralph Chetwynd}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Chilliwack: William Kenneth Kiernan}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Columbia: Richard Orr Newton}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Comox: Daniel Campbell}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Cowichan-Newcastle: Robert Strachan}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Cranbrook: Leo Nimsick}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Dewdney: Lyle Wicks}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Esquimalt: Herbert Joseph Bruch}} {{legend|#EEBBBB|Fernie: Thomas Aubert Uphill}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Fort George: Ray Gillis Williston}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Grand Forks-Greenwood: Lois Haggen}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Kamloops: Phil Gaglardi}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Kaslo-Slocan: Randolph Harding}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Lillooet: Don Robinson}}
* Single-member districts
{{legend|#EEDDAA|Mackenzie: Anthony Gargrave}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Nanaimo and the Islands: Earle Cathers Westwood}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Nelson-Creston: Wesley Drewett Black}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|New Westminster: Rae Eddie}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|North Okanagan: Lorne Shantz}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|North Peace River: Harold Earl Roche}} {{legend|#A51B12|Oak Bay: Philip Archibald Gibbs}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Omineca: Cyril Morley Shelford}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Prince Rupert: William Harvey Murray}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Revelstoke: Arvid Lundell}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Rossland-Trail: Robert Sommers}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Saanich: John Douglas Tisdalle}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Salmon Arm: James Allan Reid}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Similkameen: Frank Richter, Jr.}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Skeena: Hugh Shirreff}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|South Okanagan: W. A. C. Bennett}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|South Peace River: Stanley Carnell}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Yale: Irvine Finlay Corbett}}
{{legend|#EEDDAA|Burnaby: Gordon Dowding}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Burnaby: Ernest Winch }} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Delta: Thomas Irwin}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Delta: Nehemiah George Massey}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|North Vancouver: John Melvin Bryan Sr.}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|North Vancouver: Newton Phillips Steacy}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver-Burrard: Eric Charles Fitzgerald Martin}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver-Burrard: Bert Price}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver Centre: Alexander Small Matthew}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver Centre: Leslie Peterson}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver East: Frederick Morton Sharp}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Vancouver East: Arthur James Turner}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver-Point Grey: Thomas Audley Bate}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver-Point Grey: Buda Brown}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Vancouver-Point Grey: Arthur Laing}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Victoria City: William Chant}} {{legend|#ADD8E6|Victoria City: John Donald Smith}} {{legend|#A51B12|Victoria City: George Frederick Thompson Gregory}}
* Multi-member districts
Synopsis of results
* = open seat
* = turnout is above provincial average
* = winning candidate was in previous Legislature
* = incumbent had switched allegiance
* = previously incumbent in another riding
* = not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
* = incumbency arose from byelection gain
* = other incumbents renominated
* = campaigned as Independent SC
* = multiple candidates
Bold indicates incumbent in last Legislature.
* = winning candidate | WIKI |
Statement of the Reform Conference
in New York, sincerely desiring to serve the best interests of the American people, beg leave to submit to your candid consideration the following appeal:
* — A conference of citizens assembled
A National election is approaching under circumstances of peculiar significance. Never before in our history has the public mind been so profoundly agitated by an apprehension of the dangers arising from the prevalence of corrupt tendencies and practices in our political life, and never has there been greater reason for it. We will not display here in detail the distressing catalogue of the disclosures which for several years have followed one another in rapid succession, and seem to have left scarcely a single sphere of our political life untouched. The records of courts, of State legislatures and of the National Congress speak with terrible plainness, and still they are adding to the scandalous exhibition. While such a state of things would under any circumstances appear most deplorable, it is peculiarly so at the present moment. We are about to celebrate the one hundredth birthday of our National existence. We have invited the nations of the earth on this great anniversary to visit our land and to witness the evidences of our material progress, as well as the working and effects of that republican government which a century ago our Fathers founded. Thus the most inspiring memories of our past history are rising up before us in a new glow of life, forcing upon us the comparison of what this Republic once was, what it was intended to be and what it now is; and upon this we have challenged the judgment of civilized mankind conjointly with our own. There is much of which every American
citizen has just reason to be proud; and energy and thrift, a power of thought and action, a progressive spirit, which in magnificence of result have outstripped all precedent and anticipation; a history abounding in illustrations of heroic patriotism, fortitude and wisdom; a greater freedom from foreign wars and revolutionary changes of government than most other nations can boast of; our Republic, but a century old, and just issued from the only great civil conflict we have had to deplore, so strong in resources and organization that it stands in the foremost rank of the great Powers of the earth; and yet, with all these splendid results on record, it cannot be denied that at no period during the century now behind us the American people have been less satisfied with themselves; and that the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, in so many respects to all Americans a day of sincerest pride and rejoicing, is felt to be in other respects not without self-reproach and humiliation. Of this the corruption revealed in our political life is the cause.
To the honor of the American people be it said, every patriotic citizen feels the burning shame of the spectacle presented in this centennial year; there the mementoes and monuments of the virtues of the past, and here the shocking evidence of the demoralization and corruption of the present; there the glowing eulogies pronounced on the wisdom and purity of the Fathers, and here in mocking contrast the verdict of courts and the records of legislative bodies illustrating the political morals of to-day; and this before all mankind solemnly summoned as a witness to the exhibition and a guest to the feast. Never was there cause for keener mortification, and keenly does it strike every patriotic heart. How can we avert such dangers and wipe off such shame? By proving that, although the government machinery has become corrupt, the great body of the people are sound and strong at the core and
that they are honestly determined to reform the abuses of our political life, and to overthrow at any cost the agencies of evil that stand in the way. Only such an effort, well directed and sternly persevered in until success is assured, will save the good name of the Nation, prevent the prevailing disease from becoming fatal and restore to its old strength the faith of our own people in their institutions.
At the impending National election various questions of great importance will be submitted to our judgment. The settlements of the civil war as Constitutionally fixed must be conscientiously maintained, and at the same time the Government strengthened in general confidence by the strict observance of Constitutional principles, and the old brotherhood of the people revived by a policy of mutual justice and conciliation.
Our solemn and often repeated pledge faithfully to discharge all National obligations must be fulfilled, not only by the payment of the principal and interest of our bonded debt when due, but also the removal, not later than the time provided by existing law, of the curse of our redundant irredeemable paper currency, which not only impedes the return of true prosperity but has largely contributed to the existing demoralization.
These are grave questions, and there are more we might touch, were it our purpose to lay down a complete political platform. But grave as they are, still, in our present situation, we must, as American citizens, recognize it as our pressing duty to reëstablish the moral character of our Government and to elevate the tone of our political life. Honest government is the first condition of enduring National prosperity, power and freedom. Without the elementary virtues of political as well as social life decay will outstrip our progress. Our discussion and struggles about other great questions and principles will
appear like a mockery and farce if we permit our public concerns to drift into that ruinous anarchy which corruption must necessarily bring in its train, because it destroys the confidence of the people in their self-government, the greatest evil that can befall a republic. It is a simple question of life or death. A corrupt monarchy may last by the rule of force; a corrupt republic cannot endure.
It is useless to console ourselves with the idea that the corruption amongst us must be ascribed solely to the immediate effects of the civil war, and will, without an effort at reform, soon pass away. There is another cause which is not transitory, but threatens to become permanent. It is that system which has made the offices of the Government the mere spoils of party victory; the system which distributes the places of trust and responsibility as the reward of party service and the bounty of favoritism; the system which appeals to the mean impulses of selfishness and greed as a controlling motive of political action; the system which degrades the civil service to the level of a mere party agency, and, treating the officer as the hired servant of the party and taxing him for party support stimulates corruption and places it under party protection; the system which brings the organization of parties under the control of their most selfishly interested, and therefore most active element — the place-holders and the place-hunters — thus tending to organize a standing army of political mercenaries to be paid out of the treasury of the Government, who by organized action endeavor to subjugate the will of the people to their ends through the cultivation of a tyrannical party spirit.
Every student of our political history knows that since the spoils system was inaugurated, corruption has steadily grown from year to year, and so long as this system
lasts, with all its seductions and demoralizing tendencies, corruption will continue to grow in extent and power, for patriotism and true merit will more and more be crowded out of political life by unscrupulous selfishness. The war has only given a sudden stimulus to this tendency; but without the war it would have grown up and will not cease to grow as long as the hot-bed of corruption, the spoils system, lasts. The skill in corrupt practices acquired by one generation of spoilsmen will only be improved upon by the next. The result we know. We have already reaped so great a harvest of disaster and shame that, we repeat, it has now become the first duty of the American people to reëstablish the moral character of the Government by a thorough reform. What can we do toward this end in the impending National election?
In this respect, fellow-citizens, we consider it our duty to speak very plainly. Never were the cause of good government and the honor of the American name more immediately dependent on the character, ability and reputation of the men to be selected for the highest offices. In view of the grave circumstances at present surrounding us, we declare the country cannot now afford to have any man elected to the Presidency whose very name is not conclusive evidence of the most uncompromising determination of the American people to make this a pure Government once more.
Our duty in this respect is plain and imperious. It suffers no trifling or equivocation. The worn-out clap-traps of fair promises in party platforms will not satisfy it; neither will mere fine professions on the part of candidates; not mere words are needed, but acts; not mere platforms, but men.
We therefore declare, and call upon all good citizens to join us, that at the coming Presidential election we shall support no candidate who in public position ever
countenanced corrupt practices or combinations, or impeded their exposure and punishment, or opposed necessary measures of reform.
We shall support no candidate who, while possessing official influence and power, has failed to use his opportunities in exposing and correcting abuses coming within the reach of his observation, but for personal reasons and party ends has permitted them to fester on; not striving to uncover and crush corruption, but for the party's sake ready to conceal it.
We shall support no candidate, however conspicuous his position or brilliant his ability, in whom the impulses of the party manager have shown themselves predominant over those of the reformer; for he will be inclined to continue that fundamental abuse, the employment of the Government service as a machinery for personal or party ends.
We shall support no candidate who, however favorably judged by his nearest friends, is not publicly known to possess those qualities of mind and character which the stern task of genuine reform requires; for the American people cannot now afford to risk the future of the Republic in experiments on merely supposed virtue or rumored ability to be trusted on the strength of private recommendations.
In one word, at present no candidate should be held entitled to the support of patriotic citizens of whom the questions may fairly be asked: "Is he really the man to carry through a thoroughgoing reform of the Government? Can he with certainty be depended upon to possess the moral courage and sturdy resolution to grapple with abuses which have acquired the strength of established custom, and to this end firmly to resist the pressure even of his party friends?" Whenever there is room for such a question, and doubt as to the answer, the candidate should be considered unfit for this emergency.
This is no time for so-called availability springing from distinction gained on fields of action foreign to the duties of government; nor for that far more dangerous sort of availability which consists in this, that the candidate be neither so bad as to repel good citizens, nor so good as to discourage the bad ones.
Passive virtue in the highest place has too often been known to permit the growth of active vice below. The man to be intrusted with the Presidency this year must have deserved not only the confidence of honest men, but also the fear and hatred of the thieves. He who manages to conciliate the thieves cannot be the candidate for honest men.
Every American citizen who has the future of the Republic and the National honor sincerely at heart should solemnly resolve that the country must have a President "whose name is already a watchword of reform; whose capacity and courage for the work are matters of record rather than of promise, who will restore the simplicity, independence and rectitude of the early Administrations, and whose life will be a guarantee of his fidelity and fitness"; a man at the mere sound of whose name even the most disheartened will take new courage, and all mankind will say: "The Americans are indeed in earnest to restore the ancient purity of their Government."
Fellow-citizens, the undersigned, in addressing you, are not animated by the ambition to form or lead a new political party. Most have long been and are warmly attached to their party associations. It would be most gratifying to us to see, by party action, candidates put forward whose character and record answer those requirements which present circumstances render imperative. We earnestly hope and trust it will be so. We shall gladly follow such a lead and make every effort in our power to render it successful. But while we are ready
to accept any and every good result of party action, we affirm that the moral reform of our public concerns is infinitely superior in importance to the interests of any political party. Glad to promote that reform through party action, we shall insist upon it at all events, should party action fail. Experience teaches us that the habitual submission of good citizens to a choice of evils presented to them by party organizations is one of the most prolific causes of corruption in our politics. The acceptance by the people of the argument that one party may be bad and still be entitled to the support of good men, because the other party is still worse, will induce each to consider how bad it may safely be. It will strengthen in each the power of the most unscrupulous element and subject the will of the people to the subtle tyranny of organization wielded by those who live by politics. To break that tyranny by a stern refusal to submit to such a choice of evils is the first beginning in the reform of our political life. Without this all other steps will prove unavailing.
We shall sincerely rejoice to see the necessity of independent action avoided. We earnestly hope that the efforts to this end being made by the friends of reform within party lines will be crowned with success, and that the just expectations of the people may not be doomed to disappointment. Indeed, we are confident if all those of our fellow-citizens who in their hearts agree with what we have said will only take the courage openly to proclaim their conviction and purposes, such a manifestation alone would produce an effect sufficient to secure nominations and an election inaugurating a better order of things.
We therefore appeal to all good citizens who find their own sentiments expressed in this address (be they inside or outside of party lines) to organize in their respective districts, and communicate with the Executive Committee
appointed at this meeting, so that efficient coöperation may become possible. Let no effort be spared in bringing the influence of a patriotic public opinion to bear upon those who in the customary way are soon to nominate the party candidates; and then, in any event, let us be ready to do what the best interests of the Republic demand.
Our generation has to open the second century of our National life, as the Fathers opened the first. Theirs was the work of independence, ours is the work of reformation. The one is as vital now as the other was then. Now, as then, every true American must have the courage to do his duty. | WIKI |
Energy Sector Update for 07/14/2020: ERII,FET,BP
Energy stocks were posting large gains this afternoon, with the NYSE Energy Sector Index climbing 2.6% while the SPDR Energy Select Sector ETF was up 2.4%.
Front-month West Texas Intermediate crude oil was rising 29 cents to $40.39 per barrel at the New York Mercantile Exchange while the global benchmark Brent crude contract also was advancing 29 cents to $43.01 per barrel. Henry Hub natural gas futures were 1 cent higher at $1.75 per 1 million BTU.
Among energy-related ETFs, the United States Oil Fund was ahead 1.3% while the United States Natural Gas fund was increasing 1.2%. The Philadelphia Oil Service Sector index also was posting a 3.6% gain.
In company news, Energy Recovery (ERII) rose 3.7% after the hydraulic fracturing and water services company Tuesday said it received project awards totaling $20.9 million, marking one of the largest contracts in company history. The company will supply hundreds of its PX pressure exchangers for the Al Jubail II seawater reverse osmosis facility now under construction in Saudi Arabia.
BP (BP) climbed 3% after a Reuters report said that the energy major delivered 3 million barrels of Basra Light crude oil from Iraq to the Shanghai International Energy Exchange storage facility in China's Shandong province earlier this month. The company also is scheduled to deliver another 1 million barrels under an August contract, according to a Reuters report, citing industry sources.
Forum Energy Technologies (FET) was 1.9% higher this afternoon after the oilfield-services company said it expects to report Q2 revenue in the range of $110 million to $115 million, down from $245.6 million during the same quarter last year. The consensus estimate compiled by Capital IQ is for $110 million in Q2 revenue.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Fear Of Driving: Driving phobia Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
Lifestyle
Updated: 1/29/2023
fear of being in a car accident, anxiety attacks driving, sudden fear of driving
*May contain sponsored products/contents.
Table Of Contents 📝
fear of driving man driving car
Symptoms of Vehophobia
Vehophobia is characterized by physical and psychological symptoms, including sweating, shaking, rapid heartbeat, and feelings of panic or fear when driving or even thinking about driving. In some cases, individuals with vehophobia may experience these symptoms even when they are a passenger in a vehicle. In severe cases, vehophobia can lead to avoidance of driving altogether.
Causes of Vehophobia
The exact cause of vehophobia is not known, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A traumatic experience while driving, such as an accident or near-miss, or anxiety attack driving can trigger vehophobia. Other factors that may contribute to the development of vehophobia include a lack of driving experience, a previous traumatic experience as a passenger in a vehicle, and a general fear of losing control.
fear of driving car night
Overcoming Vehophobia
Vehophobia can be treated effectively with therapy, medication, and self-help techniques. The most commonly used therapy for vehophobia is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors related to driving. Medications such as anti-anxiety drugs and beta-blockers can also be effective in reducing symptoms of vehophobia.
In addition to therapy and medication, there are several self-help techniques that can be used to overcome vehophobia. These include gradually exposing yourself to driving, practicing relaxation techniques, and seeking support from friends and family.
Take Control of Your Fear
Vehophobia or fear of driving can be a debilitating condition, but with the right support and treatment, it can be overcome. If you are struggling with vehophobia, it is important to seek help from a mental health professional. With the right tools and techniques, you can take control of your fear and regain your confidence on the road.
Conclusion | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Manhattan DA announces end of 'needless criminalization of pot smoking' | TheHill
Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance on Tuesday unveiled a new policy ending almost all prosecution of marijuana possession and smoking. The New York district attorney’s office will no longer prosecute the cases as of Wednesday, except in cases where marijuana is being sold or if an individual involved “poses a significant threat to public safety.” The new policy is expected to reduce the number of prosecutions for marijuana in Manhattan by 96 percent, from about 5,000 cases annually to fewer than 200 each year, according to a release. Vance said in a statement that the “needless criminalization of pot smoking” prevents prosecutors from being able to carry out their duties, and urged lawmakers to legalize marijuana fully. “Our research has found virtually no public safety rationale for the ongoing arrest and prosecution of marijuana smoking, and no moral justification for the intolerable racial disparities that underlie enforcement,” Vance said. “Tomorrow, our Office will exit a system wherein smoking a joint can ruin your job, your college application, or your immigration status, but our advocacy will continue,” he continued. New York City Mayor Bill de BlasioBill de BlasioSenate Democrats push Trump to permanently shutter migrant detention facility The Hill's Campaign Report: Battle for Senate begins to take shape CNN to host de Blasio, Bullock town halls MORE (D) announced last month that New York police officers will no longer arrest people for smoking marijuana in public; officers will have the authority to write tickets for pot smoking. The change was part of NYPD’s plans to reform its policies on marijuana. The New York Times reported that there is a significant racial disparity in the city's marijuana arrests, with roughly 87 percent of those charged being black or Hispanic. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Audryelise18/sandbox
(Article already exists, needs to be majorly improved and corrected.)
Clockwork Princess by Cassandra Clare (book 3 of The Infernal Devices trilogy). (*TOPIC CHANGED 10/17/19*)
Revise Article...
-plot is too long
-article mainly consists of only the plot
-revise character descriptions
-add critiques/critical acclaim/reviews
-add setting passage
-add inspiration section
-add publication history
-take out the first small section
Model Page: Mockingjay
Five Sources:
* 1) https://tmisource.com/2013/03/27/clockwork-princess-debuts-at-1-on-the-new-york-times-best-sellers-list/
* 2) https://www.cassandraclare.com
* 3) https://ew.com/article/2013/03/19/clockwork-princess/
* 4) https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2015/sep/15/clockwork-princess-cassandra-clare-review
* 5) https://www.cbcbooks.org/cbc-book-lists/2014-finalists/
* 6) https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18335634-clockwork-princess#other_reviews
[The existing page looks pretty replete - - what exactly are you going to do to improve it? Make a concrete work plan.. Locate five gold standard sources an a model page, pronto! ProfHanley (talk) 23:42, 14 October 2019 (UTC)] | WIKI |
Henry of France, Archbishop of Reims
Henry of France (circa 1121 – 13 November 1175), bishop of Beauvais (1149–1161), then archbishop of Reims (1161–1175), was the third son of King Louis VI of France and Adelaide of Maurienne.
As the third son of the king (and, on his mother's side, the great-nephew of Pope Calixtus II) Henry was destined for a place in the church from an early age, tonsured at the age of thirteen and ordained two years later. He advanced by stages through the church hierarchy (becoming abbot of several royal monasteries, holding various dignities which were in the King's gift), probably with a view to preparing him for a position of the highest rank, befitting the son of a king. In 1146, however, he was converted from his life as a very wealthy "secular" cleric by St. Bernard of Clairvaux and entered Clairvaux Abbey as an ordinary monk. Pope Eugenius III, himself a former Cistercian monk, speaks of Henry in 1147 as humbly washing dishes at Clairvaux. His position as abbot of the collegiate churches was bestowed upon his younger brother Philip.
In 1149, on the death of Bishop Odo III of Beauvais, the cathedral chapter, persuaded by Bernard of Clairvaux, elected Henry as their bishop. Henry was ill-prepared for the political responsibilities of his new office, and came into conflict with the burghers of the city. King Louis backed the town, while Henry was supported by his younger brother Robert, Count of Dreux. The conflict was finally settled by Pope Eugenius III in 1151.
In 1161 Henry became Archbishop of Reims, succeeded at Beauvais by Bartholomew of Montcornet. Henry organised an important church council at Reims in 1164. He again found himself in conflict with the populace of his city, but was supported by his brother Louis. The revolt was suppressed and Archbishop Henry devoted himself to beautifying and fortifying Reims, which included building the castles of Septsaulx and Cormicy. | WIKI |
Structures of the (+)- and (-)-fra/is-7,8-Dihydroxy-fl/if/-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene Adducts to Guanine-/V2 in a Duplex Dodecamer
Suresh B. Singh, Brian E. Hingerty, U. Chandra Singh, Jerry P. Greenberg, Nicholas E. Geacintov, Suse Broyde
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
The structures of the mirror image (+)- and (-)-m/n.s-a/ir/-adductsof 7,8-dihydroxj-9JO-epox) -7,8,9, 10-tetrahydroben/o(a)p>rene lo guaninc A/2have been of great interest because the high biological activity of 7,8- dih) droxy-9,10-epo\y-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)py rene in mammalian mutagenesis and tumorigcnesis has been attributed to the predominant (+)-fca/ii-anfi-adduct. \Ve have carried out new potential energy mini mization studies, involving wide-scale conformational searches on small modified DNA subunits, followed by energy-minimized build-up tech niques, to generate atomic resolution views of these adducts. These energy-minimi/ed duplex dodecamers were then subjected to 100-ps molecular dynamic simulations with solvent and salt to yield animated molecular structures. The most favored computed structure for the (+)- adduci places the pyrenyl moiety in the B-DNA minor groove, with its long axis directed toward the 5' end of the modified strand, and with a pronounced bend in the helix axis. In the (-)-adduct, there are 2 favored structures. One places the pyrenyl moiety in the minor groove, whereas the other positions it in the major groove: in both cases, the pyrcnyl long axis is directed more toward the 3' end of the modified strand, and with much less helix axis bend. Structures with intercalation character com puted for these adducts are less preferred. The favored computed struc tures agree with spectroscopic data on the (+)- and (-)-trans-antiadducts, whereas recent experimental evidence suggests that m-adducts assume intercalation-type structures. Perhaps the conformational distinc tions elucidated for the (+)- and (-)-trans-anti-adducts play a role in their differential tumorigenic properties in mammalian systems.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)3482-3492
Number of pages11
JournalCancer Research
Volume51
Issue number13
StatePublished - Jul 1 1991
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Oncology
• Cancer Research
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Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Nutrition
Super Snack Ideas
Be choosey about snacks. Some snacks have lots of calories and not much nutrition--like pop and candy. Other snacks can be fun to eat and still give you other nutrients your child's body needs. Why not try some of these? You may like to keep snack foods handy at home as well as using this list to help you decide what to take with you.
Fruits & Vegetables
Grains
Milk/Dairy
Meat
· Oranges
· Bananas
· Apples, wedges or slices
· Peaches
· Watermelon
· Cantaloupe
· Cherry tomatoes
· Carrot sticks, curls or circles
· Raw cauliflower
· Peppers (red, orange and yellow or green)
· Raisins, prunes
· Dried apricots
· Fruit juices (although whole fruits are best!)
· Homemade popsicles or frozen cubes of fruit juices
· Canned fruits (although fresh fruit is best!)
· Cereals (unsweetened)
· English muffins topped with ham or tuna salad and a slice of cheese--(you can make and eat at school or after practice)
· Cookies:
· Peanut Butter
· Oatmeal
· Raisin
· Carrot
· Popcorn, plain or low-fat
· Assorted crackers
· Graham crackers
· Granola/granola bars
· bagels
· quesadilla with cheese (mozzarella is lower in fat)
· Cheese cubes, wedges
· Milk (including lowfat or skim)
· Lowfat chocolate milk
· Cheese sticks
· Cottage cheese with fruit
· Yogurt with fruit and/or granola
· Fruit shakes (see previous nutrition tip for ideas)
· Deviled eggs
· Peanut butter on... bananas, in cookies, on bread or in shakes, in celery
· Open faced sandwiches
· Rolled up luncheon meats (put a cheese stick in the middle for variety)
Prepared by Jill Mortensen R.D.
Registered Dietitian
Stay Hydrated!!!!
Staying hydrated means drinking enough fluids so you can perform your best!
With warmer weather coming, and even when it's cool outside, it's very important to drink enough fluids (staying hydrated) to keep your body working it's best...especially when you are running a lot. Here are some tips on how to stay hydrated:
· BEFORE Exercise: Drink according to thirst during the day and include fluids with meals.
· DURING Exercise: Continue drinking during exercise (drink water or a lower calorie sports drink). (4-6 oz. every 15 minutes)
· AFTER Exercise: Use water if you are exercising under 1 hour or consider a sports drink if you are exercising over an hour or if the weather conditions are warm/hot/humid. Drink as soon as you can after exercise to replace lost fluids.
Signs of Dehydration
· weakness or dizziness
· thirst
· irritability
· headache
· vomiting
· nausea
· chills
· cramping
· extremely dry mouth, lips and/or throat
· high heart rate, clammy skin or dry skin crusted with dried sweat and a decrease in performance.
For minor exercise-related dehydration, drink cool water. Sports drinks may also be helpful.
*If you have further questions about your dehydration, always call your doctor.
Staying hydrated helps you to perform your very best!
Prepared by Jill Mortensen R.D.
Registered Dietitian
This Week's Healthful Tip...
Start your day with a healthy breakfast!
After hours of sleeping, resting and not eating, ,...it's time to "break - the - fast". Prepare your body and mind for learning and activity. A car works best when it is taken care of...the same goes for your body.
A healthy breakfast typically includes a whole grain (think "brown"), protein (usually this food comes from an animal) and fruit.
Here's some examples:
· Cheerios, milk and a banana
· Bagel, milk and an apple
· egg, whole wheat toast, and an orange
· yogurt, favorite fruit & whole wheat toast
· make a fruit shake and add some whole wheat toast, bagel or English muffin
· Fruitshake: add 1 ripened banana, frozen strawberries, berry yogurt and Milk to a blender. Blend!
· PB & J Milkshake: milk, vanilla Greek yogurt, 1 tablespoon peanut butter, strawberries, & 1/2 scoop vanilla whey protein
There are so-o-o-o many different recipes for fruit shakes...just look them up on the internet.
If you're in a hurry, try...
· Carnation Instant Breakfast Drink (just add milk) and an apple
· Peanut butter on whole wheat toast--slice bananas on top...add a glass of milk & you're off.
Now you're ready to start your day!
Prepared by Jill Mortensen R.D.
Registered Dietitian
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The development of Carbon and Cocoa in Mac OS X
There exist five separate application runtime environments in Mac OS X. Those applications are Carbon, Cocoa, Classic, Java, and BSD.
The five applications integrated to provide many options to developers. Cocoa is containing a set of software components used to construct applications that run on Mac OS X. We can look Cocoa as a large set of reusable application building blocks to be used for our specific needs.
The most important development of Cocoa and carbon is the assembling reusable components. The assembling reusable components raise the capability to develop programs quickly and easily. The Bundles of executable code and associated resources of Cocoa and carbon can be loaded and executed dynamically. These capabilities support the easy creation and distribution of application plug-ins and extensions.
Cocoa supports all application service features in Mac OS X. For example, Cocoa applications can access the native imaging and printing model of Mac OS X, multimedia standards QuickTime and OpenGL, Internet and BSD services and localization and internationalization are also well supported. You can package your applications for different locales easily, with no code changes for the separation of user interface elements from executable code.
All Cocoa text drawing utilizes the Unicode standards. So you can use sophisticated word processing features with little effort and the text and font systems are particularly flexible. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Holborn division
The Holborn Division was one of four divisions of the Hundred of Ossulstone, in the county of Middlesex, England. The other divisions were named Finsbury, Kensington and Tower.
The area was to the north of the liberty of Westminster, and was included entirely within the County of London on its creation in 1889. It gave its name to the Metropolitan Borough of Holborn created in 1900. The area is now covered by the London Borough of Camden and the northern section of the City of Westminster.
In 1829 the Holborn Division contained the following "parishes, townships, precincts and places":
* The combined parishes of St Giles in the Fields and St George Bloomsbury
* The combined parishes of St Andrew Holborn Above the Bars with St George the Martyr
* The liberty of Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place
* The liberty of the Rolls
* The parish of St Pancras
* The parish of St John, Hampstead
* The parish of St Marylebone
* The parish of Paddington
* The precinct of the Savoy | WIKI |
User:Harpal sambhi
Afeez A He was born in england, east london and newham hospital. he goes to little ilford school and is now in year 10.
he is also gay and has two kids named bob and fred. | WIKI |
9 – Alexios II Komnenos (1183)
Alexios II was just 11 years old when he became emperor in 1180 after his father, Manuel I, died. His mother, Maria, decided that Alexios was too young to rule, so she became regent along with one of the new emperor’s cousins who was also called Alexios. The young emperor’s friends attempted to start a coup to ensure he gained the throne and soon, there were riots in the streets of Constantinople.
Alexios’ friends failed in their quest but on May 2, 1182, Andronikos Komnenos, Emperor Manuel’s first cousin, took advantage of the chaos and tried to place himself on the throne. He entered Constantinople and quickly overthrew the government. Almost as soon as he entered the city, there was a massacre of the Latins, the Roman Catholic inhabitants of the city. An estimated 80,000 people died, and Andronikos didn’t try to stop the purge.
Although Andronikos was happy to allow Alexios II to become emperor, he ensured that everyone close to the young man died. Maria, the other Alexios, and the emperor’s older sister Maria were all executed; apparently, Emperor Alexios was forced to sign the death warrants. It was surely just a matter of time before Andronikos made his move and sure enough, he became co-emperor in September 1183. Rather than wait for Alexios to become old enough to gain sense, Andronikos acted almost immediately.
In October 1183, Andronikos ordered the assassination of his co-emperor and the unfortunate Alexios was strangled by a bowstring. During his brief reign, the Empire’s enemies used the discord in Constantinople to make incursions into Byzantine territory. The Kingdom of Hungary took Bosnia and Syrmia in 1181 and the following year, the Empire lost Sozopolis and Cotyaeum to Kilij Arslan II. Andronikos was now the sole leader of the Byzantine Empire, but he didn’t live long enough to enjoy it. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Holbein
Holbein may refer to:
* Holbein (surname)
* Holbein, Saskatchewan, a small village in Canada
* Holbein carpet, a type of Ottoman carpet
* Holbein stitch, a type of embroidery stitch
* Holbein (crater), a crater on Mercury | WIKI |
2024 in Guatemala
The following lists events in the year 2024 in Guatemala.
Incumbents
* President: Alejandro Giammattei (until 15 January); Bernardo Arévalo onwards
* Vice-President: Guillermo Castillo Reyes (until 15 January); Karin Herrera onwards
Events
* 11 January: 2023 Guatemalan general election:
* Former Minister of the Interior Napoleón Barrientos is arrested for failing to comply with his duties for not using force to evict the blockades and demonstrations that occurred in October, which called for the resignation of Attorney General María Consuelo Porras.
* The Public Ministry orders the arrest of four magistrates of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal who have been living in exile since losing their immunity in November.
* Vice President-elect Karin Herrera presents a legal appeal before the Constitutional Court due to the risk of a possible arrest warrant against her, thereby violating her immunity.
* 14 January: Bernardo Arévalo is inaugurated as President of Guatemala.
* 2 February: The European Council applies sanctions to Attorney General of Guatemala María Consuelo Porras and three of her collaborators, as well as a judge, for undermining democracy, the rule of law and the transfer of power.
* 10 April: President Arévalo declares a state of national disaster due to 44 wildfires raging across the country.
* 12 May: A magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes along the Guatemala-Mexico border, causing damage in Quetzaltenango and San Marcos Departments.
* 17 June: Three people are killed during floods in Jalpatagua.
* 12 July: President Arévalo makes an official apology on behalf of the Guatemalan state to victims of widespread illegal adoptions during the 1990s and 2000s.
Holidays
Source:
* 1 January – New Year's Day
* 28 –30 March – Holy Week
* 1 May – Labour Day
* 1 July – Army Day
* 15 September – Independence Day
* 20 October – Guatemalan Revolution
* 1 November – All Saints' Day
* 25 December – Christmas Day | WIKI |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 53.djvu/278
he was clerk of the parliaments. On 5 Jan. 1538–9 Thomas Wriothesley (afterwards first Earl of Southampton) [q. v.] received license to alienate to Soulemont the manors of Forwood and Fowey, Cornwall. On 13 July 1539 he was granted a lease of some buildings on the site of Greyfriars, London, and on 13 Dec. following he received the nunnery of Canonleigh, with the tithes of Hokeforde rectory and Burlescombe church, Devonshire. He died on 12 July 1541, his heir being his brother John Soulemont, aged forty years (Inquisitio post mortem, 35 Henry VIII, No. 212). His successor as clerk of the parliaments was (Sir) William Paget (afterwards first Baron Paget) [q. v.] Many of the ‘Letters and Papers of Henry VIII,’ calendared by Mr. Gairdner, are in Soulemont's handwriting, and letters between him, Wriothesley, Cromwell, and other statesmen of the time are among the state papers. Soulemont is also said to have been a learned antiquary. A work by him entitled ‘Select Antiquities relating to Britaine’ is quoted in Harrison's ‘Description of Britain,’ prefixed to the 1586 edition of Holinshed, p. 32, but neither it nor ‘The Acts and Ghests of St. Thomas of Canterbury,’ also attributed to Soulemont, is known to be extant or to have been printed. Leland has verses to Soulemont in his ‘Encomia Principum et Illustrium Virorum,’ ed. 1589, p. 31. Soulemont has invariably been confused with Thomas Some or Solme [q. v.]
[State Papers Henry VIII, vols. i. iii. vii. and viii. passim; Gairdner's Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vols. v. xiii. xiv. and xv. passim; Bale, ix. 32; Wood's Athenæ, i. 149; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 515, iii. 197; Tanner's Bibl. s.v. ‘Sulmo;’ Corr. de Marillac, p. 93; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 204.]
SOULIS, JOHN (d. 1318), ambassador and soldier, belonged to one of the Anglo-Norman families which settled in Scotland under Malcolm III [q. v.] In 1284 he negotiated a marriage between the Scots king and Joletta or Yolande, daughter of the Count of Dreux (, i. 309; cf. art. ). As an official under the crown, he received on 5 Feb. 1289 a fee of 20l. sterling from the chamberlain of Scotland (, Documents relating to Scotland, i. 53). But he was also employed officially in England. In Feb. 1292 he was custodian of the lands of Hugh Lovel, a tenant-in-chief of the king of England, and in March received from Edward I a writ of protection while staying beyond seas for a year. On 14 Nov. he had sufficient influence with Edward to gain, along with William de Soulis, a pardon for Richard de Soulis (possibly brothers) for causing Richard le Tayllur to be taken by force from England to Scotland (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward I, 1281–92, pp. 474–81, 511). On 6 Nov. 1292 he, concurred as one of the arbitrators in Edward I's judgment in favour of Balliol's claim to the Scottish crown (‘Annales Regni Scotiæ’ in, p. 264). When Balliol in 1295 decided to defy Edward, he sent de Soulis and three others to negotiate a treaty with France, which began a long alliance between the two countries (, p. 151; cf., Documents, ii. 12). Sir John made his submission to Edward I in 1296 along with the rest, and witnessed a charter of that king at Northallerton on 10 Oct. ( Documents, ii. 112). But he did not keep his oath to Edward long. In 1299 he was appointed by John Balliol, who had escaped, co-guardian of the realm of Scotland with John Comyn the younger. Acting as if he were sole guardian, he sent envoys to Boniface VIII complaining of the conduct of the English king (, i. 331, 332). In the same year he went on an embassy to France, and in June, July, and August Edward commissioned ships to intercept Sir John and his companions on their return to Scotland (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edward I, 1292–1301, pp. 422, 425). On the night of 7–8 Sept. 1301 Soulis and Sir Ingram de Umfraville made a fruitless attack on Lochmaban Castle (, Documents, ii. 432). The terms accepted by the Scots in 1304 included Soulis's banishment for two years from Scotland and the country north of the Trent (, Documents relating to Scotland, Rec. Comm. i. 281). Soulis was apparently in France at this time (Flores Hist. iii. 118, 315). In 1314 he was one of the leaders of a Scottish host which in August of that year ravaged Richmondshire and levied blackmail on Copeland and the bishopric of Durham (Chron. de Lanercost, Maitland Club, p. 228). He seems to have accompanied Edward Bruce on his ill-fated expedition to Ireland in 1315; he was slain with the latter near Dundalk 14 Oct. 1318 (‘Gesta Edwardi’ in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ii. 56).
[Authorities cited in text.]
SOUTH, JAMES (1785–1867), astronomer, was the eldest son, by his first wife, of James South, dispensing chemist in Southwark, where he was born in October 1785. John Flint South [q. v.] was his half-brother. He became a member of the Col- | WIKI |
Containers
Submission status
The status code of the scenario execution summarizes its outcome. The codes that Sphere Engine uses for labeling executions are unified all over the module components. This consistent convention is used for API submissions, workspaces JavaScript SDK events, webhook messages, partial execution results, etc.
Note: Values of the status codes are unified also across Sphere Engine modules. In this case, the meaning of some values can have slightly different meanings (e.g., "success" vs "correct", "compilation error" vs "build error"). Some values may also not being present. These minor differences are always in line with differences between modules.
The following two tables present available values of the status code.
List of transient execution states
Status Name Description
0 waiting waiting in the queue
1 preparation the environment for the execution is being prepared
3 execution execution in progress
List of final execution states
Status Name Description
11 build error the execution failed during the build stage
12 runtime error an error occurred during the execution (e.g., division by zero)
13 time limit exceeded the execution exceeded the time limit
14 fail the execution was considered unsuccessful during evaluation stage
15 ok the execution was successful
20 internal error an unexpected error occurred on the Sphere Engine's side; try to re-run; please contact us if the error persists
22 project error the execution failed due to an error in the project configuration; refer to debug_log for more information | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Cuthbert Bede--Little Mr Bouncer and Tales of College Life.djvu/299
Rh lime-trees overhead; and, for a moment lights up the tumbling waves, that are white with foam. Soon the rain comes down in a perfect sheet, and even penetrates the dense mass of foliage above me. It is, indeed, a rough night for a vigil. But hark! the carriage-wheels! I run out into the North-road, and meet—the blinding, hissing rain. I listen again: there is no sound of carriage; it was but the rattling rumble of the thunder.
It must be some time after midnight; but the violence of the storm overpowers the sound of the church clock. I keep under the half-shelter of the dripping trees, and twice or thrice I run forth as before to meet the carriage, but with no better success; the wind and the rain together always deceive me.
At length the storm subsides, and the thunder dies away in distant peals. I shake the wet off me like a Newfoundland dog coming out of the water. There is a grateful sense of coolness all around; the thirsty earth has drunk in the refreshing moisture; the July storm is over. Soon the moon shines out, ghastly and pale, through the dark, driving clouds; and only the raindrops patter from the leaves. I light a fresh cigar and wait till two o'clock strikes. No Captain Alvanley! So I walk down the avenue towards the hotel. Faithful Amy! there she is at her open window, on the watch, just as she was last night. She still looks very pale and sad, and she is evidently listening intently for the sound of the carriage wheels. As soon as she sees me she bends and greets me as an old friend. I have provided myself with a sheet of paper, and I scribble on it in large letters, "The violence of the storm must have delayed him. No horses could face such a tempest. By this time he is on his road." I throw this up to her, and she | WIKI |
FreshDirect Secures New Backing Despite Growing Competition in Online Groceries
Even as technology companies old and new seek to enter the online grocery delivery business, one of the sector’s original ventures continues to find new backing. FreshDirect announced on Monday that it had raised $189 million, the biggest round of fund-raising in the company’s 17-year history. The infusion of cash comes as rivals continue to press deeper into the sector. Instacart, the on-demand shopping start-up, has garnered cash from one of its partners, Whole Foods, that values it around $2 billion, Bloomberg News reported on Friday. And Amazon has continued to expand its AmazonFresh food delivery service to more cities, most recently including Boston and parts of London. Yet the tougher competitive landscape has not worried FreshDirect, according to Jason Ackerman, the chief executive and a co-founder of the company. More rivals have meant wider awareness for the overall business of online grocery ordering and delivery, he said in a telephone interview. Seizing that potential new business has become the game. “The general pressure is in the fight for new customers who haven’t cast their vote yet,” he said. FreshDirect operates in New York City and in Philadelphia, and the fund-raising is meant to help the company expand into new geographic markets and business lines, as well as to improve its distribution capacity. Not all competitors are jumping wholeheartedly onto the grocery delivery wagon. Google disclosed this month that its Express service would expand across the United States but would not include perishable items like milk and eggs. FreshDirect has also moved into new businesses. In January, it unveiled FoodKick, a service that delivers food within an hour. According to Mr. Ackerman, it is meant to cater to “nonplanned instant gratification,” not unlike what Instacart offers. Mr. Ackerman added that one of FreshDirect’s advantages was that it had been profitable since 2010. He said sales had grown every quarter for the last 12 years, with revenue now above $600 million a year. “It’s a fact that we have achieved scale and profitability,” Mr. Ackerman said, adding that any expansion plans would be from a “solid foundation.” In comparison, Instacart’s founder, Apoorva Mehta, said this month that he believed his company could become cash-flow positive by next year. Mr. Ackerman said that FreshDirect began looking to raise additional funds about six months ago and that the company began discussions soon after with JPMorgan, whose asset management unit led the latest investment round. As part of FreshDirect’s fund-raising, two JPMorgan executives — Larry Unrein, the head of the asset management unit’s private equity group; and Ashmi Mehrotra, a managing director — will join the company’s board. “As demand for fresh ingredients delivered to your door continues to rise, high-quality food, produce and packaged goods providers are drawing significant attention from the investment community,” Mr. Unrein said in a statement, adding that FreshDirect was a “forward-thinking leader” in the sector. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
John Clark (Ryanverse character)
John T. Clark (real name John Terence Kelly, at times codenamed Rainbow Six) is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy. He has been featured in many of his Ryanverse novels. Although he first appeared in The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988), his origin story was detailed in Without Remorse (1993).
Clark has been described by his creator as "Ryan's dark side" and "more inclined to take physical action than Jack is." A former Navy SEAL, he became an operations officer for the CIA, and at one point served as Ryan's driver and bodyguard. During Ryan's first term as President, Clark served as director of a multinational counterterrorism unit codenamed Rainbow, which was composed of elite soldiers from countries comprising the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). After retiring from CIA and Rainbow, Clark then worked for The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence organization created by President Ryan, later acquiring a position as director of operations.
In film, Clark has been portrayed by Willem Dafoe, Liev Schreiber, and Michael B. Jordan, the latter in a planned series including adaptations of Without Remorse and the in-development Rainbow Six. Clark has also appeared in the Rainbow Six series of video games.
Personal life
John Kelly was born in Indianapolis to Irish-American parents somewhere in 1944-1945 and raised as a Catholic. His father, Timothy Kelly, served in the Navy during World War II and was a fireman who perished from a heart attack during a fire. John lost his mother to cancer when he was a young boy. He attended Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis.
His first wife Patricia "Tish" was pregnant when she was killed in a car accident. Six months after his wife died, Kelly had a brief relationship with Pamela Madden, a former prostitute who had been forced into working as a courier for a drug ring. She was later recaptured by members of the ring and subsequently tortured, raped, and killed; Kelly was gravely wounded. While recovering from his injuries at Johns Hopkins Hospital, he met his future second wife, nurse Sandra "Sandy" O'Toole. They eventually had two daughters, Patricia Doris and Margaret Pamela.
Kelly, who had by now changed his identity to Clark, first met Domingo "Ding" Chavez in the CIA during a black operation in Colombia (Clear and Present Danger). They would later work frequently together in succeeding novels. Chavez becomes Clark's son-in-law when he marries his daughter Patricia, and they later have a son, John Conor, who was born in Rainbow Six, although misnamed as John Patrick in Threat Vector.
Professional life
When Clark was 18, he joined the US Navy (as John Terence Kelly) and later became a Navy SEAL who participated in several special operations, one of which was the rescue of a naval aviator shot down over North Vietnam. The aviator was the son of Admiral Dutch Maxwell and his rescue earned Kelly a promotion to Chief Petty Officer. After his first tour of duty, Kelly left the Navy but was later re-hired by the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Special Activities Division (Special Operations Group) for another mission in Vietnam; a rescue operation on a secret POW camp. At the same time, Kelly was carrying out his own war at home against a drug ring that killed his girlfriend, Pamela Madden. While he succeeded in taking it down, the Baltimore Police Department (including Emmet Ryan, Jack Ryan's father) eventually identifies him as the man who murdered the drug dealers. In response, Kelly faked his own death (with the help of the CIA, which falsifies the identity of his fingerprints in his Navy personnel file) and goes to work for the CIA full-time, under the pseudonym "John Clark". (See Without Remorse) His middle name appears variously with one and two 'R's, and the name "John Terrence Clark" appears in the novel Clear and Present Danger.
Throughout his career, Clark has been through a number of real-life crisis zones. In addition to the Vietnam War, he has also been through the Iran hostage crisis (see Debt of Honor) and the Gulf War, plus a number of missions in the Soviet Union, and claims to have "had Abu Nidal's head in my gunsights", but never got the green light allowing him to kill the man (Clear and Present Danger).
He first enters the Jack Ryan universe in Without Remorse, which also features police officer Emmet Ryan and his son Jack. Although he does not appear in Patriot Games, it is later revealed that he was the CIA's liaison with a French black ops unit involved in the campaign against the ULA. He also does not appear in Red Rabbit, but is mentioned as giving advice to trainees at The Farm, the CIA training facility. He appears briefly in The Cardinal of the Kremlin, during which he extracts KGB Chairman Gerasimov's wife and daughter from Leningrad after the Chairman decides to defect to the United States. This marks Clark's first published appearance.
In Clear and Present Danger, he commands a U.S. Army black-ops unit carrying out a secret war against the Medellín Cartel in Colombia. When the government abandons the men for political reasons, Clark and Jack Ryan fly down to Colombia and rescue the survivors. This is the first time he interacts with Ryan.
In The Sum of All Fears, he is Ryan's personal driver and bodyguard. Later in the novel, he is returned to the field for one operation, bugging the aircraft of the Japanese Prime Minister in Mexico City. During the operation, a terrorist bombing in Denver occurs and his mission is changed to intercepting the Palestinian terrorists trying to escape through Mexico, which he does successfully. He interrogates them and secures their confessions, then hands them over to the judicial system for eventual Islamic justice (execution by sword) in Riyadh.
In Debt of Honor, he is again a field officer for the CIA's Directorate of Operations (DO). At the beginning of the novel, he and Domingo Chavez capture an Aidid-like African warlord, Mohammed Abdul Corp, and bring him to justice. Soon thereafter, they are sent to Japan to assess the national mood of the country, where Clark is undercover as a Russian reporter. When the situation turns into a war between Japan and the United States, they establish contacts with the opposition in the Japanese government and are also tasked to eliminate a pair of Japanese AWACS planes.
Clark spends the first half of the next book, Executive Orders, serving as an instructor for CIA field officers in training. Early in the novel, Jack Ryan, the new President, issues a presidential pardon to John Terence Kelly for his several murders. This clears his name and personal honor, but he will continue his career as John Clark. Towards the end of the book, he and Chavez are returned to the field and ordered to discover who is responsible for an Ebola attack on the United States, an action they quickly trace to the new United Islamic Republic (comprising Iran and Iraq). With the cooperation of the Russian SVR, they are infiltrated into Tehran, where they laser-designate the home of UIR dictator Mahmoud Haji Daryaei so that Air Force stealth aircraft can destroy the house.
The next year, Clark writes a memo to the CIA expressing his concerns over the rise of international terrorism since the demise of the Cold War, and recommends creating a NATO response team that could be rapidly deployed in terrorist situations. This special unit is created soon thereafter, with its base in Hereford, England. It is code-named Rainbow, and Clark is put in command of the unit with the equivalent rank of major general.
In the book Rainbow Six, Rainbow is first put into operation. It responds successfully to three attacks by "Red" terrorists in Bern, Vienna, and Madrid. It also succeeds in defending itself from an attack by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) against its home base. This is eventually determined to have been ordered by a radical eco-terrorist group, which Rainbow tracks down and destroys in the last pages of the novel.
Clark's next appearance is in The Bear and the Dragon, where he is still the head of Rainbow. Initially assigned to train Russian Spetsnaz operatives, Rainbow is temporarily deployed to the Russian-Chinese war being fought in Siberia. In a joint Rainbow-Spetsnaz operation, he is involved in the destruction of China's only ICBM base. The operation is mostly successful: all but one of the missiles is destroyed, and the last one, while it is fired, is destroyed by the Navy before it can reach its intended target.
Neither Clark nor Rainbow appears in The Teeth of the Tiger, but it is revealed that Rainbow is still operating. Prior to Jack Ryan resigning as President, Clark's Navy Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. During the Medal of Honor ceremony Jack Ryan, Jr. was present in the Oval Office.
Clark returns in Dead or Alive, in which he is part of a Rainbow team that successfully rescues all hostages taken by terrorists at the Swedish embassy in Libya. This proves to be his last act with the CIA, as he is pushed into retirement by Kealty political appointees. He then joins The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence agency that Ryan had founded before the end of his presidency. Clark is immediately involved with the organization's effort to find and neutralize "the Emir", an international terrorist leader modeled on Osama bin Laden, while also serving as mentor and trainer to Jack's son Jack Jr., a Campus analyst who wants to do fieldwork.
In Locked On, Clark becomes a pawn in Czech billionaire and Kealty supporter Paul Laska's vendetta to discredit Ryan during the presidential campaign. The Emir had identified him as one of his captors to his Laska-affiliated lawyer. When it was revealed that he killed an East German Stasi operative in Berlin in 1981 (which was not a CIA matter but a personal job by his friend and Berlin station chief who had been blackmailed), he becomes the subject of a manhunt by the FBI and later French investigators hired by Laska.
Clark goes on the run and travels to eastern Europe to clear his name, later finding out that rogue SVR operative Valentin Kovalenko had given the information to Laska, who in turn covertly presented it to Kealty. However, he is captured shortly after and later tortured for information about The Campus by Kovalenko's men. He is later rescued by the Russian government, who then assigns him to temporarily lead Rainbow in order to retake a Russian spaceport which had been hijacked by Muslim Dagestani terrorists intent on launching nuclear weapons into Moscow.
In Threat Vector, Clark has been exonerated by the outgoing Kealty administration. After an assassination job on a cell of former Libyan intelligence officers in Istanbul, he briefly retires from The Campus due to old age. However, he later comes out of retirement when Chinese special operations forces attack the headquarters of The Campus. He travels to China with fellow Campus operatives and works with the local rebels and FSB to assassinate People's Liberation Army Chairman Su Ke Qiang, who has been waging war against the United States by trying to annex Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and territories in the South China Sea by military force as well as sanctioning cyberattacks on the U.S.
In Command Authority, Clark becomes director of operations for The Campus. He travels to Ukraine along with his fellow operatives to gather intelligence on Russian criminal organization Seven Strong Men and its leader Gleb the Scar. They take part in defending a CIA special mission compound in Sevastopol, which came under attack from pro-Russian protesters aided by FSB proxy agents and the Seven Strong Men. Clark later cooperates with Delta Force operatives in capturing Gleb the Scar, revealed to be directly involved in the polonium poisoning of former SVR head Sergey Golovko, in his heavily-guarded base of operations in Kyiv.
In Full Force and Effect, Clark and his fellow Campus colleagues investigate a connection between an American corporate espionage firm and the North Korean government, who are intent on producing nuclear weapons. In Commander in Chief, he tracks down the accountant of Russian president Valeri Volodin, who has been moving his personal net worth to a safe place in anticipation of his failure to placate the siloviki should his plan of a covert armed offensive across Europe fail to repair the ongoing economic recession in his country. In True Faith and Allegiance, Clark helps investigate a series of terrorist attacks on American military and intelligence personnel, which is due to a massive intelligence breach. He later assassinates a Saudi technocrat who has been setting up ISIS with the attacks in order to save his country from economic ruin in a quagmire likely to result from American troops being redeployed to the Middle East.
In Power and Empire, Clark investigates Chinese agent provocateur Vincent Chen's connection to a sex trafficking ring in Texas. He wages a one-man war on the ring in order to save a prostitute as well, who had been instrumental in revealing China's involvement in several false flag attacks designed to blame the current president, whose moderate stance on several issues compelled a secret cabal to act to have him removed from power. Clark was later arrested for murder, but was released from police custody soon after.
Clark briefly appears in Line of Sight, where he assassinates a Romanian crime boss who had a vendetta against Jack Ryan Jr. in revenge for killing one of his associates in a previous novel.
In Oath of Office, Clark leads a surveillance operation in Portugal on French arms dealer Hugo Gaspard, who has ties to ISIS. He witnesses Gaspard's murder by French assassin Lucile Fournier, who works under rival arms dealer Urbano da Rocha. Clark and his team then proceed to shadow Da Rocha and Fournier, who later strike a deal intended for Gaspard with a pair of Russian GRU officers. However, the Russians later double cross da Rocha, attempting to kill him in his villa. Clark rescues the arms dealer, who later reveals a plot to provide stolen nuclear weapons to dissident Reza Kazem on behalf of the GRU and the Iranian government.
In Code of Honor, Clark leads the Campus's efforts to retrieve Calliope, a next-generation AI software, before the Chinese military uses it for sinister purposes. He later tracks down Kang, an assassin working for the People's Liberation Army who had tried to assassinate a former Navy admiral who now works for a communications company.
Outside the novels, John Clark's career continues further in the Rainbow Six video game series. In Rainbow Six: Critical Hour, Clark retires and passes the leadership of Team Rainbow on to Chavez. Although Chavez appears in Rainbow Six: Vegas as Rainbow commander, no mention is made of Clark.
Awards
John Clark has been awarded the Navy Cross, Silver Star with an oak leaf cluster, Bronze Star with Valor devices with three oak leaf clusters, three Purple Hearts and four Intelligence Stars. He is also a recipient of the Medal of Honor, awarded and presented to him by Jack Ryan (then President of the U.S.) for the rescue of a downed fighter pilot during his time in Vietnam (see Without Remorse). He is a simulated major general in the Rainbow Six book, though he only reached the rank of Chief Boatswain's Mate (Chief Petty Officer) during his Naval career.
Distinguishing marks
Clark has a small tattoo of a red seal, sitting up on its hind flippers "grinning impudently" on his forearm. Though no other visual details are given, a comment made by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel "Bear" Malloy in Rainbow Six indicated that at least some soldiers in Ryanverse who dealt with special operations had heard of the red seal tattoo and understood that it was associated with the Third Special Operations Group (SOG), with whom Clark served during the Vietnam War. Clark stated that everyone in his unit got the tattoo. In the real world, having such a tattoo would violate operations security (OPSEC); however, similar tattoos are not particularly uncommon, so long as the tattoo is not specifically unit identifiable. Also, the Third SOG is not a real military unit, but a similarly named group, the Studies and Observation Group MACV-SOG, was initially named the Special Operations Group and was active in Vietnam in the types of operations and environments referenced in the series, and had Navy SEALs among its personnel. The symbol of the red seal is actually the unit insignia for SEAL Team 1.
Literary appearances
The character John Clark appears in the following books:
* The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
* Clear and Present Danger (1989)
* The Sum of All Fears (1991)
* Without Remorse (1993)
* Debt of Honor (1994)
* Executive Orders (1996)
* Rainbow Six (1998)
* The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
* Red Rabbit (2002) (mentioned only)
* Dead or Alive (2010)
* Locked On (2011)
* Threat Vector (2012)
* Command Authority (2013)
* Full Force and Effect (2014)
* Under Fire (2015)
* Commander in Chief (2015)
* True Faith and Allegiance (2016)
* Power and Empire (2017)
* Oath of Office (2018)
* Code of Honor (2019)
* Firing Point (2020)
* Red Winter (2022)
Film
In 2012 Paramount Pictures began developing a film adaptation of Without Remorse, and reportedly were in early negotiations with Tom Hardy to play Clark. By September 2018, Michael B. Jordan was cast to play John Clark in the new film series. Without Remorse was released on 30 April 2021 and was directed by Stefano Sollima from a screenplay written by Taylor Sheridan and Will Staples. It is produced by Akiva Goldsman. Rainbow Six is currently in development.
Jack Ryan films
John Clark has been portrayed by Willem Dafoe in Clear and Present Danger (1994) and Liev Schreiber in The Sum of All Fears (2002).
In Clear and Present Danger Clark is initially depicted as a cynical and opportunistic mercenary, but slowly reveals his virtues. Clark aids Ryan in rescuing Clark's men from Escobedo and Cortez, saving Ryan's life.
In The Sum of All Fears Clark is depicted as a much more sardonic character, though he, like his novel counterpart, has also participated in numerous CIA operations. | WIKI |
User:Mattsenate/Event Standard Syndication
Event Standard Syndication (ESS) is an XML file format designed for web syndication of event information. It is inspired by and based on the RSS format. It is a development of Hypecal, a start-up company based in Barcelona, Spain. Hypecal was accepted into a technology company incubator, Plug and Play, and presented about ESS during an Expo Day presentation. Implementation libraries in php and ruby as well as a WordPress plugin are released under an MIT License.
One implements an ESS feed by generating an ESS Document. | WIKI |
Osteopathy and Sleep
Osteopathy and SleepSleep problems are no joke. If you’re dealing with weeks of tossing and turning you could, like millions of Americans, be dealing with insomnia. So what is the best way to treat it? You could try and take sleep medications, but they aren’t designed to be taken every night and there is a high risk for dependency. Maybe you’ve tried fixing some of your sleep hygiene habits and are now powering down electronics and avoiding bright lights after sundown, but still, your sleep is just out of whack. Enter, osteopathy.
What is osteopathy?
Osteopathy is an alternative medicine that focuses on providing whole-body treatment and care for those patients experiencing a wide range of musculoskeletal complaints. An osteopath is trained to provide therapeutic and hands-on care that pinpoints and treats the root cause of your pain rather than just treating or “masking” your pain through medication. Osteopathic manipulative medicine uses manual therapy and other non-invasive techniques to improve mobility and functionality throughout the entire body while also reducing pain, stiffness, and discomfort.
What does this have to do with sleep?
There are many reasons why someone may not be able to get quality sleep. Everything from stress and anxiety to poor posture and exposure to blue lights can cause chronically poor sleep.
Stress and anxiety are common causes of sleep disturbances, and both can cause dysfunction within the central nervous system, which can mix-up signals in the body that help you sleep.
Misalignments within the vertebrae of the spine also can affect sleep. If you are dealing with chronic insomnia, regular osteopathic manipulative medicine can help to readjust and realign the spine and other areas of the body to improve sleep quality.
An osteopath will perform a thorough examination, asking you various questions about your health, lifestyle, habits, profession, and more. All of these are factors that can greatly impact your sleep. Our goal is to pinpoint the causes of your sleep issues and to provide non-invasive, non-surgical, and drug-free methods to fix these issues. Craniosacral techniques as well as soft tissue massage and visceral manipulation are particularly useful for treating insomnia and sleep disorders.
Are you curious about osteopathy and how it can improve your quality of sleep? If so, schedule an appointment with your osteopath to find out the different techniques and treatments we can offer to help you finally catch those ZZZs.
High Desert Family Medicine
Office Hours
Monday:
8:00 am-4:00 pm
Tuesday:
8:00 am-4:00 pm
Wednesday:
8:00 am-5:00 pm
Thursday:
8:00 am-4:00 pm
Friday:
Closed
Saturday:
Closed
Sunday:
Closed | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Chemotherapy for Lung Cancer
Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses medicine to stop the growth of cancer cells.
Chemotherapy for lung cancer is used at different points in treatment to achieve different goals such as shrinking or stabilizing the tumor, killing leftover cancer cells after surgery or relieving lung cancer symptoms.
What to Expect
Lung cancer treatment can be stressful. Knowing what to expect from chemotherapy can help ease that stress.
Speaker 1: When facing lung cancer your doctor might recommend chemotherapy. Knowing what to expect can help ease some of the anxiety that comes with cancer treatment. Every person's journey is different so be sure to speak with your doctor if you have any questions. Before starting chemo your doctor will tell you what chemo will be like and put together a personalized treatment plan. Chemo is often administered in cycles, giving you time off between sessions to recover. Ask your doctor for guidelines on what to eat or drink before treatment and for medications to ease potential side effects. You might also want to consider visiting a dentist to prepare for possible side effects involving your mouth and gums, arranging transportation to and from chemo, getting help with errands, taking time off work and finding out what is offered in your treatment room so you know what you need to bring to keep you comfortable.
During chemo, chemo drugs are given orally or intravenously. For oral chemo, simply pick up your medication from the pharmacy. For more information talk to your doctor or pharmacist. For intravenous chemo an IV will be inserted into your arm. You may choose to have a port inserted ahead of time to eliminate the need to find a vein each session. On treatment day your doctor will likely perform a physical to calculate your chemo dosage and ensure you are healthy enough for treatment. Remember to bring activities to help pass the time while you are receiving your chemo. After chemo the IV catheter will be removed and your vitals checked. If you have a port it will stay in for the rest of your sessions. Talk to your doctor about any side effects you are experiencing. Your care team may be able to provide medications or therapies that can help ease your side effects.
If possible, avoid crowds or children to help prevent infection. Drink fluids to help flush the drugs through your body. Carefully dispose of your waste. Double-flush the toilet to prevent others from being exposed to chemo agents. Every person's recovery time and experience is different but focusing on ones well-being is important for every person going through treatment. That includes getting the supportive care you need to help you with your recovery, leaning on others for support so you can rest, and keeping in touch with your doctor throughout the process. Knowledge is power. By being proactive during your treatment you put the power in your own hands.
The American Lung Association is solely responsible for content.
Key Points
• Chemotherapy can be used to achieve different goals during lung cancer treatment.
• Chemotherapy can affect normal, healthy cells too, which can cause side effects.
• Help prepare for chemotherapy by watching the What to Expect video above and using this worksheet to stay organized.
Lung cancer chemotherapy can be the main type of treatment, or it can be used along with surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and/or anti-angiogenesis drugs (which cut off blood flow to the cancer cells to keep them from growing).
Sometimes lung cancer chemotherapy is used to shrink the tumor before surgery. This is called preoperative or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Sometimes it is used to kill any cancers cells that remain after surgery. It may also be used more advanced stages of the disease when surgery is not an option. In this setting, the chemotherapy is given to stabilize the cancer and to relieve cancer-related symptoms.
Chemotherapy is usually given through the veins (intravenously or IV). Lung cancer chemotherapy is given in a clinical setting over several hours and does not require staying overnight in the hospital. Chemotherapy for lung cancer is given in cycles which typically last three weeks. Depending on the chemotherapy regimen that your doctor selects based on your specific type of lung cancer, chemotherapy may be given just once during the three-week cycle or in some cases, it may be given weekly.
Chemotherapy can also affect normal cells including blood, skin and nerve cells. When normal cells are injured, it can cause side effects. It is important to work closely with your care team to manage your side effects. Ask about consulting with a palliative or supportive care doctor whose specialty is side-effect management.
• Chemotherapy Before, During, and After: A patient planning worksheet
Download
Reviewed and approved by the American Lung Association Scientific and Medical Editorial Review Panel.
Page last updated: November 17, 2022
Living with an Interstitial Lung Disease
, | Oct 24, 2023
Asthma Basics Workshop - National
, | Nov 09, 2023 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 94 Part 2.djvu/573
PUBLIC LAW 96-432—OCT. 10, 1980
94 STAT. 1851
Public Law 96-432 96th Congress
An Act To amend the Act of July 31, 1946, as amended, relating to the United States Capitol Grounds, and for other purposes.
Oct. 10, 1980 [H.R. 6331]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 1 of the U.S. Capitol Act of July 31, 1946, as amended (40 U.S.C. 193a), is amended to |Xdaries include within the definition of the United States Capitol Grounds £ c code 9-ii8 > the following additional areas and portions of streets which are 40 USC I93a situated as follows: note. (1) that portion of D Street Northeast from the east curb of Second Street Northeast to the east curb of First Street Northeast; (2) that portion of Second Street Northeast and Southeast from the south curb of F Street Northeast to the south curb of C Street Southeast; (3) that portion of Constitution Avenue Northeast from the east curb of Second Street Northeast to the east curb of First Street Northeast; (4) that portion of Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest from the west curb of First Street Northwest to the east curb of Third Street Northwest; (5) that portion of Maryland Avenue Southwest from the west curb of First Street Southwest to the east curb of Third Street Southwest; (6) that portion of Constitution Avenue Northwest from the east curb of Second Street Northwest to the east curb of Third Street Northwest; (7) that portion of Independence Avenue Southwest from the west curb of First Street Southwest to the east curb of Third Street Southwest; (8) that portion of Maryland Avenue Northeast from the east curb of Second Street Northeast to the east curb of First Street Northeast; (9) that portion of East Capitol Street from the east curb of Second Street Southeast to the east curb of First Street Southeast; (10) that portion of Independence Avenue Southeast from the east curb of Second Street Southeast to the east curb of First Street Southeast; (11) that portion of C Street Southeast from the east curb of Second Street Southeast to the east curb of First Street Southeast; (12) that portion of North Capitol Street from the south curb of Massachusetts Avenue to the north curb of Louisiana Avenue; (13) that portion of New Jersey Avenue Northwest from the north curb of D Street Northwest to the north curb of Louisiana Avenue; (14) that portion of Second Street Southwest from the north curb of D Street to the south curb of Virginia Avenue Southwest;
� | WIKI |
Description
A binding to Phidgets c API
Package Information
Version0.1.0 (2017-Mar-13)
Repository https://github.com/rikkimax/phidget_binding
Licenselgpl-3.0
CopyrightPhidgets Inc?
AuthorsRichard (Rikki Andrew Cattermole)
Registered byRichard Andrew Cattermole
Sub packages
phidget_binding:example_helloworld
phidget_binding:example_interfacekit_simple
phidget_binding:lib
Dependencies none
Installation
To use this package, put the following dependency into your project's dependencies section:
dub.json
dub.sdl
Readme
Phidget C binding to D
A third party binding to Phidget21
Dependency upon DerelictUtil.
Do note that the phidgets API itself is incomplete. You can search for in the c header file for \ingroup phidgets to locate others that are still be ported.
Available versions
0.1.0 ~master | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Spoon (band)
comment
Have done lots of editing...would LOVE to see this article expanded even more.--Dstopping 07:42, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
Good start. I'm not able to do this right now, but I'd like to see more on the early days of Spoon. And they were critical darlings all along. It was just after GCT that they began to achieve some commercial success. Jmcnally 05:51, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
Other Spoon Contributions to soundtracks
I don't know if this is worth mentioning in the article, but Spoon performed track 12 of the album 'Wig in a Box: Songs from & Inspired by Hedwig and the Angry Inch'. It's called 'Tear me Down'. Jamescaf512 08:04, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
Cloverfield Soundtrack
Additionally, the song "The Underdog" can be added as appearing in the movie Cloverfield. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:03, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
* I don't think that's particularly relevant. Maybe if the song had its own page, or even on the Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga page.Wantsarevolution (talk) 22:34, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
LP6 title
i found one place where it says "It's Frightening" is the name of the new album(on their website) and one place where it says "Trouble Minx" is the name(their myspace newsletter) im not sure which one we should go by. Maybe we could put both names on or maybe we should put neither.--Aots191 04:12, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:GaGaGaGaGa.jpg
Image:GaGaGaGaGa.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 10:48, 4 June 2007 (UTC)
possible references from article, taken from external links section
* Lazy-i Interview from April 2001
* Lazy-i Interview from November 2005
* Interview from December 13, 2006
Home
Does Home: Volume IV really belong under the EPs section? It's properly a Britt Daniel/Bright Eyes split EP, not Spoon and Bright Eyes. I don't believe that any other member of Spoon is credited on it.
-- Zarvok | Talk 23:21, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
* No responses, so I'll remove it. -- Zarvok | Talk 02:39, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
The Underdog single - does it actually exist?
In the discography someone has added the underdog as a 7" and CD single that reached #40 in the billboard. I'm really questioning the existence of such a release. It has been released as an iTunes single by Anti Records in Europe. Beyond that I don't have any evidence of any other single release excepting promos. I have seen a Matador and Anti promo CD. The only 7" is the free promo given out with early copies of GaGaGaGaGa which is the Underdog demo version. Unless anyone contradicts me with some evidence of its existence I'm going to delete the entry soon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Peteherron (talk • contribs) 19:47, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
Early Days
This article from the Austin Chronicle is an excellent source of information about the band's early days that should definitely be added to this entry. I don't have time right now to integrate it all, but I thought someone else might be up for it. Wantsarevolution 02:28, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
Here's another article that might come in useful for fleshing out the page. Also, does anyone know of a fair-use image of the whole band so it's not just pictures of Britt? Wantsarevolution 22:09, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
"indie"?
Yes, I agree that Spoon could be considered indie, but only in the sense that they are independent, not as a genre. Indie is not a style of music or genre. Could someone think of a better description of their music itself? 07 December, 2007 - Cb <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:25, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
* Indie is a genre (with many sub genres) and Spoon is one of the most well recognized indie rock bands. --TM 07:19, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
* Indie rock is recognized by Wikipedia consensus as a musical genre.Wantsarevolution (talk) 07:47, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
* Why don’t YOU think better description? You have the issue. 2600:1702:4400:F7F:993:51F5:D389:CB8C (talk) 15:06, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
History Section edits
* So I've re-organized the history section, using a lot of what was already there, but putting it in more of a cohesive time line. The milestone headings are subject to changing, I just put down what first came to mind (suggestions encouraged). I also wasn't sure what to do with all of the notable appearances on various late shows and commercials and tv appearances, so I've lumped them into "recent commercial success". Again, feel free to change this or add to it... I just didn't like the flow of it previous to my edits. Thanks. (Fulmerg (talk) 08:50, 29 February 2008 (UTC))
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 4 external links on Spoon (band). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110137/http://www.anti.com/artists/view/50 to http://www.anti.com/artists/view/50
* Added tag to http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&videoid=104902472
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928100225/http://thelineofbestfit.com/2007/08/07/qa-spoon/ to http://thelineofbestfit.com/2007/08/07/qa-spoon/
* Added tag to http://www.webcutsmusic.com/news63.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090714014846/http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/multiarticlesub.aspx?csid1=113&csid2=4&fid1=26882 to http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/multiarticlesub.aspx?csid1=113&csid2=4&fid1=26882
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090303203003/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/49260-interview-spoon to http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/49260-interview-spoon
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 14:47, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
Status as an indie band
There appears to be a bit of an edit war (I don't edit this site too much, so my apologies if I'm using that term incorrectly) over Spoon's status as an indie rock band in the genre section. Why? They're very well known for being an iconic Texas indie rock band by their fanbase and reviews, even if some of the band members aren't crazy about the term itself (although this same kind of issue doesn't stop, say, IDLES from being labelled a punk or post-punk band).
And it just looks rather silly to leave a stray "rock" genre tag in its place. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:49, 7 November 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
BRIEF-B&C Speakers 9-mth net profit up at EUR 4.7 mln
Nov 14 (Reuters) - B&C SPEAKERS SPA: * 9-MONTH NET PROFIT EUR 4.7 MILLION VERSUS EUR 4.4 MILLION YEAR AGO * 9-MONTH REVENUE EUR 29.7 MILLION VERSUS EUR 28.5 MILLION YEAR AGO * EXPECTS MID-SINGLE DIGIT GROWTH YEAR ON YEAR IN FY 2017 REVENUE VOLUME Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: (Gdynia Newsroom) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Mike McCormack (police officer)
Michael McCormack is a retired Toronto Police officer, son of a former Toronto Police Chief, and the president of the Toronto Police Association from 2009 to 2020.
Personal life
McCormack is the son of former Toronto Police Chief William J. McCormack who headed the Metropolitan Toronto Police Service from 1989 to 1995. He comes from a family of police officers; his paternal grandfather was a police officer in Ireland before being promoted Sergeant Major in charge of the Beau Bassin Police Station on the island of, what was then the British Colony of, Mauritius in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar; his maternal grandfather was connected with the OPP; and three of his four siblings have a connection to policing in Ontario.
Police career
McCormack began his 23-year policing career working at 52 Division, in downtown Toronto's entertainment district, where his older brother, William Jr., was assigned from 1996 until his suspension in April 2004, when criminal charges for corruption were laid in relation to "shaking down club owners" in 52 Division and William Jr. resigned in March 2009 although the criminal charges for soliciting and accepting bribes were stayed for excessive delay by Crown prosecutors and the lead police investigator. Mike subsequently moved to 51 Division, policing Toronto's Regent Park district, which he "loved", later indicating "Regent Park was my niche".
In 2002, 51 Division's McCormack, Detective Constable Jack Caccavale, and Detective Scott Matthews, of the Toronto Police Drug Squad, co-founded the annual "Fite Nite" event which McCormack co-emcees. The event was started to boost morale following the suspension of several 51 Division officers, including former TPA president Craig Bromell, for allegedly beating up homeless man Thomas Kerr. The private charity event, which is attended by some 2,000 law enforcement personnel including police, corrections officers, and Crown attorneys, consists of both male and female members, from area police departments, paramedics, firefighters, and 911, engaging in boxing matches to determine who will win bragging rights for the following year. Proceeds of the annual event support Police Enabling Action for Community Education (THE P.E.A.C.E. FUND), chaired by Matthews and supervised by Dixon Hall, which uses the money to fund partial scholarships for local students to attend university. Officially, the event is condemned by TPS as its "boozy underpinnings and sexist overtones" do not fit with the image the service is trying to project. Several hours after the March 2009 Fite Nite event three officers allegedly ganged up on a 33 Division officer, who had been officer of the month from January of that year, beating him to the extent that he was hospitalized, suffering from serious head injuries and requiring a CT scan to check for possible brain injuries; despite an internal investigation, no criminal charges were laid and no disciplinary action was reported.
In 2004, McCormack was charged with corruption and discreditable conduct under the Ontario Police Services Act for allegedly being involved with a reputed organized crime affiliated, drug-addicted, used-car salesman; however those charges were later dropped. Then in 2008 another discreditable conduct charge against McCormack was also dismissed, that charge stemming from McCormack having, for his own purposes, recorded Toronto Star reporter John Duncanson while he was being held in a cell after an arrest for public drunkenness. It was not until September 2009, the same day that David Miller announced that he would not be running for a third term as Mayor of Toronto, that McCormack was convicted of insubordination under the police act for improperly, and for purposes not related to law enforcement, accessing Duncanson's records in the police database. Duncanson had previously penned numerous stories involving Toronto Police for the Star and was the award-winning investigative reporter who, in 2005, uncovered illicit activities by six members of 51 Division's drug squad. The fine for McCormack's insubordination conviction was 40 hours pay; however, since McCormack had already been elected to the Toronto Police Association, the pseudo-union for Toronto Police officers and civilian employees, by the time he was sentenced, he cannot be compelled to pay the fine because, although he's technically still a Toronto Police officer, he's currently on secondment to the TPA and is paid by them; so the TPS is unable to deduct the fine from his wages and, except through payroll deductions, has no legal power to compel payment; but the money would eventually be collected if McCormack ever returned to active duty with the Service.
McCormack retired on August 1 2020, and shortly after purchased an oceanfront home in Florida and took a position as chief risk officer at ECN Capital. | WIKI |
Page:Legends of Old Testament Characters.djvu/31
II.] him their names and their natures. Then He called up all the angels, and bade them bow before Adam, the man whom He had made. Israfiel obeyed first, and God gave to him in recompense the custody of the Book of Fate; the other angels obeyed in order; only Eblis refused, in the pride of his heart, saying, "Why shall I, who am made of fire, bend before him who is made of earth?" Therefore he was cast out of the angel choirs, and was forbidden admission through the gates of Paradise. Adam also was led out of Paradise, and he preached to the angels, who stood before him in ten thousand ranks, a sermon on the power, majesty, and goodness of God, and he showed such learning and knowledge—for he could name each beast in seventy languages—that the angels were amazed at his knowledge, which excelled their own. As a reward for having preached this sermon, God sent Adam a bunch of grapes out of Paradise by the hands of Gabriel. In the Midrash, the Rabbinical story is as follows: "When God wished to make man, He consulted with the angels, and said to them, We will make a man in our image. Then they said, What is man, that you regard him, and what is his nature? He answered, His knowledge excels yours. Then He placed all kinds of beasts before them, wild beasts and fowls of the air, and asked them their names, but they knew them not. And after Adam was made, He led them before him, and He asked Adam their names, and he replied at once, This is an ox, that is an ass, this is a horse, that is a camel, and so forth."
The story told by Tabari is somewhat different.
When God would make Adam, He ordered Gabriel to bring Him a handful of every sort of clay, black, white, red, yellow, blue, and every other kind. Gabriel went to the middle of the earth to the place where now is Kaaba. He wished to stoop and take the clay, but the earth said to him, "O Gabriel, what doest thou?" And Gabriel answered, "I am fetching a little clay, dust, and stone, that thereof God may make a Lord for thee." Then the earth swore by God, "Thou shalt take of me neither clay nor dust nor stone; what if of the creatures | WIKI |
László Lakner
László Lakner (born April 15, 1936, in Budapest) is a Hungarian-German painter, sculptor and conceptual artist. He lives and works in Berlin. László Lakner was born in Budapest in 1936. His father was the architect László Lakner (same name), his mother Sára Lakner, born Sárközy. Lakner is the father of the Hungarian artist Antal Lakner, who was born in 1966. After a long period in the cities Essen and Berlin, László Lakner now lives and works exclusively in Berlin, in the Charlottenburg district. Among other art shows, he was invited three times to participate in the Venice Biennale (1972, 1976 and 1990) and once to the documenta in Kassel (1977).
The artist
From 1950, László Lakner attended the Art Gymnasium in his native home Budapest. He then studied painting with Professor Aurél Bernáth at the Hungarian Academy for Fine Arts in Budapest from 1954 until his graduation in 1960. In 1959 he created the first of numerous works of art based on found photographs. In 1963, Lakner was approved for his first trip to Western countries. He visited the Federal Republic of Germany and attended the Venice Biennale in Italy in 1964. In 1968 he traveled on a scholarship from the Museum Folkwang, which permitted him a return to the Federal Republic of Germany and visit Switzerland In 1972, Lakner worked for two months in the famous guest house of the Museum Folkwang in the city of Essen, where Martin Kippenberger also worked in a studio some years later. In 1974, he was invited to Berlin with a DAAD scholarship for the DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program and decided to emigrate to Germany. In 1976 he was awarded the Bremen "Art Prize of Böttcherstraße" and in 1977 he was invited to the documenta VI in Kassel, where he exhibited several works from the fields of painting, drawing and book objects.
In the same year he received the German Critics' Prize and worked during 1981-1982 with a scholarship from the Berlin Senate in New York at MOMA P.S.1 art studio and gallery, at the same time as the Essen sculptor Carl Emanuel Wolff.
In 1998, he received the Kossuth Prize, the most prestigious Hungarian State Prize for his artistic work. In 2000, his self-portrait was included in the collection of the Uffizi Gallery / Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence.
The teacher
In 1979, Prof. Paul Vogt, the director of the Museum Folkwang, initiated the appointment of László Lakner as a lecturer of painting at the Essen University of Applied Sciences. He also lectured in the Department of Art History at the Free University of Berlin between 1979 and 1980. In 1982 he was finally appointed to the University of Essen (now the University of Duisburg-Essen), where he taught as a professor of experimental design until his retirement in 2001. In these 19 years he worked in Berlin and in his studio in Essen, which he left after 2002 to settle permanently in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin. Lakner's professorship for experimental design, later occupied by Jörg Eberhard, required a multidisciplinary expertise, as he supervised students from both the University of Essen and the current Folkwang University of the Arts. His students from this period include, among others, the cabaret artist and photographer Dieter Nuhr, painters Dirk Hupe, Jürgen Paas, Eberhard Ross, photographer and stage designer Johannes Gramm, Günter Sponheuer and Frank Piasta
Development of artwork
Since his beginnings in the 1950s, Lakner's work has moved with great flexibility and ease among many artistic forms, such as realistic and object-free representations in painting, photography, textual work, film, objects and sculptures. Most of his work was powered by his conceptual way of thinking, and independent of the art form and media used.
He turned his attention repeatedly to the same topics and motives within language, literature and the appearance of writing (see Paul Celan pictures ). The artistic results could be transformations of books or manuscripts through paintings or the integrations of books into art objects (see Buchaxt (book-axe) ). Other topics include the representations of heads and skulls (see Bandaged Heads ) as metaphors or symbolisms of death.
When Lakner modified objects and written texts from famous artists and philosophers, he created a new artistic environment for them. The transition of one art form into another enabled Lakner to add complementary meanings to the quoted works, which would have been impossible if they remained in their original art form.
This recontextualisation could inspire associations with powerful symbolic potential. Since his artistic origins are in realism, Lakner's artwork has evolved using a rich artistic language full of interwoven references and meanings.
Painting
Lakner participated in IPARTERV exhibitions in Budapest in 1968 and 1969, which united the leading critical avant-garde artists in Hungary. In doing so, he presented works that subtly contained contemporary and cultural references. Parallel to non-representational pictures, which are to be understood as experimental, he painted realistic pictures from found photographic documents as early as the late 1950s.
Whilst demonstrating his virtuosity through painting, Lakner inspired associations between the history of art and contemporary political issues (see Seamstresses listen to a speech by Hitler ).
Lakner also closely examined the appropriateness of the artistic media used in Eastern European countries with their respective social reality. His observations allowed him to delve deeper into the world of realistic painting.
Lakner also created images that could be attributed to Pop Art (see Rose, 1968, Mund-Tondo / Mouth-Tondo, 1968, Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest ). He also experimented with assemblages (see Fugitives, 1966, Hungarian National Gallery and Letter to Barbara, 1964), monochrome paintings, posters and conceptual art; they incorporated sometimes humor. Furthermore, he also painted twin images that juxtaposed the same motif but in two different lighting and color situations (see Danae, 1967, Ludwig-Múzeum, Budapest ). Here, Lakner examined the limitations and possibilities within his realistic representations, creating a lasting theme that he continued to work with in Germany.
Conceptual art
In his conceptual art Lakner applies various methods of artistic transformation of literature as well as language. A major work in 1970 used a book on aesthetics, written by the Hungarian philosopher George Lukács, who signed it for him. Lakner tied it shut using a piece of string. He then placed the laced book on his studio wall, photographed it and then transformed it into a screen printed image. This work (and its novel method of fabrication) was exhibited in 1972 at the Venice Biennale in the International Pavilion. Lakner continued working with this process by lacing other books, as well as creating photorealistic paintings of such situations.
A similarly photorealistic painting is his naked self-portrait, in which he stands looking at the viewer, wearing only flip-flops and sunglasses. It is regarded as an outstanding political statement on the situation of the artist in the repressive Hungarian regime (see Self-portrait with self-timer, 1970, Uffizi Gallery, Florence. The wish for change inspired many of his works (see Monument of the Revolutions, 1971, Museum Folkwang, Essen and Barricade 1970 / oil on canvas / 150 × 200 cm). He continued to base his photorealistic paintings on photographic documents, often in brown-grey colours, brilliantly painting the change of sharpness in the depth of field from the original photo (Silence, Homage to Joseph Beuys, 1972 Ludwig Museum, Budapest ).
His attention turned increasingly to historical documents from different centuries, such as letters, dispatches or testaments. He carefully re-represented manuscripts, often written by famous people, showing them in front of a spatial background (see After Schopenhauer / Fragment). This is the continuation of the previously mentioned usage of quotes in new artistic contexts, as well as an innovative exploration of using written text as a subject in paintings. This liberates the viewer to see them from a purely aesthetic perspective; as colour and shape (see Cézanne's Last Letter, 1975, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam). During this time Lakner received a DAAD scholarship in Berlin and migrated to the Federal Republic of Germany (1974).
1980s to the present
Lakner's guest stay 1981-1982 in New York at MoMA PS1 studio and gallery was significant. Here Lakner experienced the illness and death of a good friend. During this time, he became also aware of graffiti on the walls of houses and in subway shafts. As a result, he painted on large bed sheets, in which individual words or slogans were applied with spray paint. "At that time, the graffiti of the Puerto Rican boys in the streets of New York meant more to me than anything else I saw in museums and galleries." He wanted "Black Milk", the words from Paul Celan's poem Death Fugue, "written big on a wall with a flamethrower." In Isa Pur, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, he cites the oldest Hungarian Funeral Sermon and Prayer written in Latin script: “Behold, we are dust and ashes”. The single letters above the patchy colored ground are created by spray paint, or the paint is scratched away, reinforcing his narrative about life and death.
From the second half of the 1980s the abstract drawings, which could partly be read as rudimentary writing, were etched on thick impasto layers of paint. This technique resulted in pictures with graphic entanglements and lines above the color ground (see work group of splitted images on a box-like deep canvas, 1994). In addition, he also made realistic sculptural works in bronze, which integrated not only the human figure, but also books (see Babel, 1985). On the monument for the Hungarian poet Miklós Radnóti, Lakner shows his inner impressions and feelings, created by the poems, on the surface of an imaginary book, which is cast in bronze. The scripture on the tombstone of John Keats, the romantic English poet, ‘Here lies one whose name is writ in water’, inspired Lakner's painting, Keats' grave.
From the mid-1990s, Lakner's interest returned to photography, which he was able to use conceptually. For example, in Paris he walked around in circles at the fictitious place where the poet Paul Celan committed suicide. Later, he created large-format photo sequences of these places (see exhibition 1999, Galerie Nothelfer, Berlin). In addition, representational images were also created with a new examination of the classical art of painting (see Berenice according to Edgar Allan Poe, 2004 – 2010).
Interest in Asian cultures
During the Vietnam war (1955-1975) Lakner's interest turned to Asia. Although he did not understand the meaning of calligraphies he saw, he was fascinated by their form and began to paint them. Often, he did not follow the method of calligraphy (painting with ink on rice paper with fast movements), but painted them with oil on canvas with meticulous precision. Not limiting himself with only that technique, he also completely reimagined the Little Red Book "Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung" and created a new version of it with the title MAO BIBLE. Instead of being a source of Mao's ideology for the Cultural Revolution, the book is tightly bound with ropes and it is not possible to open it. Some versions of this "Bible" are cast in bronze.
Another work was produced from an idealised Chinese photo, depicting farmers in the mountains being helped by Chinese soldiers. Lakner enlarged it to create a human-size photorealistic painting. The hand-written greeting of the newspaper editor who sent the photo to him, is also painted on the canvas.
Thus, the results of Lakner's Asian inspirations are artworks which are, despite their Asian topics, not copies of Asian art. They are rather transformations from Asian into Western traditions. They represent Lakner's conceptual innovations and multitude of artistic methods, with which he continues to explore the world.
Works in public collections
* Germany:
* Museum Ludwig, Aachen
* Nationalgalerie, Berlin
* Berlinische Galerie, Berlin
* Paula Modersohn-Becker Foundation, Bremen
* Museum Folkwang, Essen
* Art collection of the University of Freiburg im Breisgau
* Museum Ludwig, Köln
* Von der Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal
* Neues Museum Weserburg, Bremen, from 2010 Kunsthalle, Bremen
* Netherlands:
* Museum Boymans van Beuningen, Rotterdam
* Poland:
* Museum of modern art, Łódź
* Hungary:
* Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest
* Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
* Ludwig-Museum, Budapest
* Petöfi-Literatur-Museum, Budapest
* Kiscelli-Museum, Budapest
* Xántus János Museum, Győr
* Városi Müvészeti Museum, Győr
* Hatvany Lajos Museum, Hatvan
* Janus Pannonius Museum, Pécs
* Vasarely Museum, Pécs
* Szent István Király Museum, Székesfehérvár
* Szombathelyi Képtar, Szombathely
* Italy:
* Uffizi Gallery, Florenz
* Japan:
* Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokio
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions (selection):
* 1969 KKI Galeria, Budapest
* 1974 Neue Galerie – Collection Ludwig, Aachen
* 1975 Overbeck-Gesellschaft, Lübeck
* 1975 Neuer Berliner Kunstverein und DAAD, Berlin
* 1975 Galerie Folker Skulima, Berlin
* 1976 Galerie Denise René-Hans Mayer, Düsseldorf
* 1979 Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster
* 1983 Galerie Bertha Urdang, New York
* 1987 Forum Kunst, Rottweil
* 1998 Stadsschouwburg Heerlen, Niederlande
* 2004 Zacheta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki (Nationalgalerie), Warschau
* 2004 Galeria Sztuki (Kunsthalle), Posen, Polen
* 2004 Ludwig-Museum, Budapest
* 2006 Augsburger Kunstverein
* 2006 Galerie Georg Nothelfer, Berlin
* 2007 Petöfi Irodalmi Museum, Budapest
* 2011 Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Participations in exhibitions:
* 1967 XV. Premio Lissone, Milano
* 1972 Venice Biennale, International Section: Pavilion of Graphic
* 1976 Venice Biennale, International Section: Contemporary Art
* 1976 /1977 Bild - Raum - Klang, Wissenschaftszentrum Bonn, Hochschule der Künste Berlin, Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen Stuttgart / Picture-Space-Sound, Science Center Bonn, Berlin University of Arts, Institute for Foreign Relations Stuttgart
* 1977 documenta 6, Kassel
* 1979 Testuale, Milano
* 1981 P.S.1, New York City
* 1982 L'Humour, Centre Pompidou, Paris
* 1983 Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin, Haus der Kunst München, Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf: Neue Malerei in Deutschland / New National Gallery Berlin, Haus der Kunst München, Municipal Kunsthalle Düsseldorf: New Painting in Germany
* 1983 Quadre del viatge, Fondatio Joan Miró, Barcelona
* 1986 Kunstforum Grundkreditbank Berlin: Images of Shakespeare
* 1988 Georg-Kolbe-Museum, Berlin: Skulptur in Berlin 1968–1988 / Sculpture in Berlin 1968 – 1988
* 1992 Venice Biennale: Ambiente Berlin
* 1993 Kunsthalle Wien, Frankfurter Kunstverein: Die Sprache der Kunst / The Language of Art
* 1994 Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn: Europa - Europa / Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn: Europe-Europe
* 1995 Kunstverein Augsburg: Bildhauer in Deutschland / Sculptor in Germany
* 1999 Museum Moderner Kunst, Wien: 50 Jahre Kunst aus Mitteleuropa / 50 Years of Art from Central Europe
* 2008 Scuderie del Quirinale, Rom: Pop Art 1956–1968
* 2015 Walker Art Center, Minneapolis (International Pop)
* 2018 Wende Museum, Culver City, California: Promote, Tolerate, Ban: Art and Culture in Cold War Hungary.
Literature (selection)
In English
(The English Literature list is much shorter than the German. Therefore, see also the German Literature list below this English list.)
* Promote, Tolerate, Ban: Art and Culture in Cold War Hungary Exhibition catalogue. Edited by Cristina Cuevas-Wolf and Isotta Poggi. Essays by Katalin Cseh-Varga, Cristina Cuevas-Wolf, Dávid Fehér, Steven Mansbach, Géza Perneczky, Isotta Poggi, and Tibor Valuch. 160 pages, 8 1/2 x 10 3/4 inches, 40 color and 20 b/w illustrations, ISBN 978-1-60606-539-6, hardcover. Getty Publications, Imprint: Getty Research Institute, 2018
* The Montage Connection between John Heartfield and László Lakner: Artistic Resistance and a New Leftism in Sixties Europe
* Flashes of the Future - The Art of the 68ers or The Power of the Powerless. Exhibition catalogue of Ludwig Forum Aachen, 2018
* Dávid Fehér: László Lakner, Budapest: Hungart Publications, 2016
* Dávid Fehér: László Lakner: Seamstresses Listen to Hitler’s Speech, Dávid Fehér ed., cat. Budapest: Museum of Fine Arts, 2011
* Dávid Fehér: Polyphonic Oeuvre. On László Lakner’s Art, in: László Lakner: Selected Works, exh cat. Budapest: Trapéz Galéria, 2019, 3–10.
* Dávid Fehér: Consonants of Karl Marx. Left vs. Left in the Hungarian Neo-Avantgarde: The Case of László Lakner, Tomus 56, Acta Historiae Artium, 2015, 343–353.
* Dávid Fehér: Beyond the Monochrome: Polychromy and monochromy in the art of László Lakner, in: Lakner László: Overview and Monochromy. Selected Works, László Hegyeshalmi – Dávid Fehér eds., exh. cat. Veszprém: House of Arts László Vass Collection, 2018, 9–17.
* Dávid Fehér: (Dis)figuring Reality. New Forms of Figuration in Hungarian Painting (1957-1975), in: Sándor Hornyik, Edit Sasvári and Hedvig Turai eds.: Art in Hungary 1956-1980: Doublespeak and Beyond, London: Thames & Hudson, 2018, 136–159.
* Dávid Fehér: Pop Beyond Pop. Some Exhibitions of the Hungarian “Iparterv-Circle”, in: Art in Transfer in the Era of Pop. Curatorial Practices and Transnational Strategies, Annika Öhrner ed., Stockholm: Södertörn University, 2017, 343–372.
In German
(These articles in German language are listed in the Literature section of the German Wikipedia article about László Lakner. That German list is here translated to English for orientation, in case you want to translate them by yourself or using machine translation, e.g. Google https://translate.google.com/ or Bing https://www.bing.com/translator)
* László Lakner: Gesammelte Dokumente 1960 - 1974; Neue Galerie - Sammlung Ludwig, Aachen 1975 (Text Wolfgang Becker) und Overbeck-Gesellschaft, Lübeck 1975 (Text Thomas Deecke) / László Lakner: Collected Documents 1960 - 1974; New Gallery - Collection Ludwig, Aachen 1975 (text Wolfgang Becker) and Overbeck Society, Lübeck 1975 (text Thomas Deecke)
* Thomas Deecke: Laszlo Lakner: Documenta 6 / Vol. 1, p. 96, Kassel 1977
* László Lakner: Malerei / Painting 1974 - 1979; Westfälischer Kunstverein Münster 1979 (Text by Thomas Deecke)
* László Lakner: The Raven, Edgar Allan Poe; Berlin 1988, ISBN 388537109X
* László Lakner: Papierarbeiten, Objekte & 3 Skulpturen 1976–1990 (Red. und Gestaltung: Manfred de la Motte); Berlin 1991, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> / László Lakner: Paper Works, Objects & 3 Sculptures 1976-1990 (Ed. and Design: Manfred de la Motte); Berlin 1991, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Joachim Sartorius: Was im Turm begann. Ein Zyklus von siebzehn Gedichten mit sechs Bildern von László Lakner; Aachen 1995, ISBN 3-89086-868-1 / Joachim Sartorius: What Started in the Tower. A Cycle of seventeen Poems with six Paintings by László Lakner; Aachen 1995, ISBN 3-89086-868-1
* László Lakner: Köpfe und Schädel. Eine Bildauswahl aus den Jahren 1957, 1981–1995; Mit Fragmenten eines Gesprächs zwischen Thomas Hirsch und László Lakner; Aachen 1997, ISBN 3-89086-827-4 / László Lakner: Heads and Skulls. A Selection Of Images from 1957, 1981 – 1995; With Fragments of a Conversation between Thomas Hirsch and László Lakner; Aachen 1997, ISBN 3-89086-827-4
* Reinhard Kiefer: Der Doppelgänger. Für Karl Otto Götz zum 80. Geburtstag, u. a.; Aachen 1999, ISBN 3-89086-785-5 / Reinhard Kiefer: The Doppelganger. For Karl Otto Götz on his 80th Birthday, i.a.; Aachen 1999, ISBN 3-89086-785-5
* Theo Buck: Bildersprache. Celan-Motive bei László Lakner und Anselm Kiefer; Aachen 1993, ISBN 3-89086-883-5 / Theo Buck: Imagery. Celan motifs with László Lakner and Anselm Kiefer; Aachen 1993, ISBN 3-89086-883-5
* Janos Brendel: Laszlo Lakner - Das Frühwerk, Budapest 1959 - 1973, Uj Müveszet Kiado 2000, Niessen Buch- und Offsetdruckerei GMBH, Essen / Budapest 2000 / János Brendel: László Lakner-The Early Work, Budapest 1959-1973, Uj Müveszet Kiado 2000, Niessen Book and Offset Printing GMBH, Essen/Budapest 2000
* A. Petrioli Tortani i. a.: Galleria degli Uffizi Firenze, Collezione degli Authoritratti. Selbstporträt László Lakner Budapest 1970, u. a.; Essen 2002, ISBN 393132639X / A. Petrioli Tortani et al.: Uffizi Gallery Florence, Collection of Self-Portraits. Selfportrait László Lakner Budapest 1970, i.a.; Essen 2002, ISBN 393132639X
* Katalin Néray: László Lakner, in: Metamorphosis, Ludwig-Museum Budapest 2004, p. 9–10.
* Györgi Konrád: Lakner, in: Metamorphosis, Ludwig-Museum Budapest 2004, pp. 14–16.
* Thomas Hirsch: Un soir serein. Aspekte in László Lakners Werk seit 1974, in: Metamorphosis, Ludwig-Museum Budapest 2004, S. 243–251. / Thomas Hirsch: A serene evening. Aspects in László Lakner's work since 1974, in: Metamorphosis, Ludwig Museum Budapest 2004, pp. 243–251.
* János Brendel: Homage to Celan, in: Metamorphosis, Ludwig-Museum Budapest 2004, pp. 76–81.
* László Lakner: Buchwerke 1969–2009. Mit Texten von György Konrád, Matthias Flügge, Thomas Hirsch; Meissners Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-87527-116-4 / László Lakner: Book works 1969 – 2009. With Texts by György Konrád, Matthias Flügge, Thomas Hirsch; Meissners Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-87527-116-4
* László Lakner: Näherinnen hören eine Rede Hitlers. Die Geschichte eines verschollenen und wiedergefundenen Bildes. Text von Dávid Fehér, Museum der Bildenden Künste, Budapest, 2011 (Englische-ungarische Version: Fehér Dávid: Lakner László: Varrólányok Hitler beszédét hallgatják, Seamstresses Listen to Hitler's Speech, Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest, 2011) / László Lakner: Seamstresses listen to a speech by Hitler. The story of a lost and rediscovered image. Text by Dávid Fehér, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, 2011 (English-Hungarian version: Fehér Dávid: Lakner László: Varrólányok Hitler beszédét hallgatják, Seamstresse's Listen to Hitler's Speech, Szépművészeti Múzeum, Budapest, 2011)
* László Lakner. Referenzen, Dávid Fehér ed., cat. Collegium Hungaricum, Wien, 2016 | WIKI |
Investigation of the effect of nitrogen ion irradiation on the lithium surface condition
Ashkhotov O. G. 1,2, Magkoev T. T. 2, Ashkhotova I. B. 1
1Kabardino-Balkaria State University, Nalchik, Russia
2Khetagurov North Ossetian State University, Vladikavkaz, Russia
Email: oandi@rambler.ru, t_magkoev@mail.ru, ashhotova-irina@rambler.ru
PDF
A comparison of the surface of solid lithium in the atomically pure state, after contact with oxygen, nitrogen and after irradiation with N+ ions with an energy of 0.6 keV at a current density of 2 μA/mm2 was carried out. The analysis of surface characteristics was carried out using electron Auger spectroscopy. To obtain an atomically pure surface, low-energy electron bombardment was used. It is shown that the contact of an atomically pure Li surface with oxygen leads to the formation of lithium oxide, and with nitrogen with a partial pressure of 10-6 Pa, lithium oxide and oxynitride in a mixture with free lithium atoms. Irradiation of lithium with nitrogen ions leads to the formation of the surface compound Li3N. It is noted that the resulting compound is unstable in ultrahigh vacuum and eventually decays to form lithium oxide due to interaction with the residual oxygen of the spectrometer chamber. Keywords: lithium, vacuum, ions, electrons, surface.
1. M.B. Guseva. Soros. obrazovat. zhurn. 10, 106 (1998). (in Russian)
2. D.M. Pout, G. Foti, D.K. Jacobson. Modifitsirovaniye i legirovaniye poverkhnosti lazernymi, ionnymi i elektronnymi puchkami. Mashinostroenie, M. (1987). 423 p. (in Russian)
3. V.G. Babaev, M.B. Guseva. Izv. AN SSSR. Ser. fiz. 37, 1, 2596 (1973)
4. Y. Yan, T. Cui, Y. Li, Y.M. Ma, J. Gong, Z.G. Zong, G.T. Zou. Eur. Phys. J. B 61, 397 (2008)
5. V.B. Shipilo, O.V. Ignatenko, N.A. Shempel, I.I. Azarko, S.A. Lebedev. Neorgan. materialy 44, 3, 310 (2008). (in Russian)
6. Y. Nakamori. Appl. Phys. A 80, 1 (2005)
7. O.G. Ashkhotov, I.B. Ashkhotova, M.A. Aleroev, T.T. Magkoev. Zhurn. fiz. khimii 91, 7, 1171 (2017). (in Russian)
8. D. Vudraf, T. Delchar. Sovremennye metody issledovaniya poverkhnosti. Mir, M. (1989). 564 p. (in Russian)
9. K. Wang, P.N. Ross Jr., F. Kong, F. McLarnon. J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 422 (1996)
10. G.L. Powell, G.E. McGuire, D.S. Easton, R.E. Clausing. Surf. Sci. 46, 2, 345 (1974)
11. O.G. Ashkhotov, I.B. Ashkhotova. Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta 6, 109 (2019). (in Russian)
12. H.H. Madden, J.E. Houston. J. Vacuum Sci. Technology 14, 412 (1977)
13. V.V. Nikitin, Elektronno-stimulirovannyye protsessy v tverdykh telakh. OGTI, Orsk (2005). 120 p. (in Russian)
14. D.J. David, M.H. Froning, T.N. Wittberg, W.E. Moddeman. Appl. Surf.Sci. 7, 3, 185 (1981)
15. R. E. Clausing, D. S. Easton, G. L. Powell. Surf. Sci. 36, 377 (1973)
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17. L.E. Davis, N.C. Macdonald, P.W.Palmberg G.E. Riach. Handbook of Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Physical Electronics Inc. Minnesota (1976). 253 c
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How to Electronically Sign a Pdf Document in Windows 10?
Are you trying to figure out how to electronically sign a PDF document in Windows 10? You’re in the right place! In this article, we’ll walk you through the steps you need to take to sign a document electronically with Windows 10. We’ll also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using this method to securely sign your documents. By the end of this article, you’ll be able to easily sign PDF documents with your Windows 10 device. So, let’s get started!
How to Sign a PDF on Windows 10 with Adobe Acrobat Reader
Signing a PDF document electronically is easy to do on Windows 10 systems with the help of Adobe Acrobat Reader. This software is available for free on the Microsoft Store and it is the best option for signing PDFs on Windows 10. The following steps outline how to sign a PDF document on Windows 10 with Adobe Acrobat Reader.
The first step is to open the PDF document in Adobe Acrobat Reader. This can be done by selecting the document from the File Explorer or by dragging and dropping the document into the Adobe Acrobat Reader window. Once the document is open, the user can select the “Sign” option from the top menu bar. This will open the “Sign Document” window which will provide the user with the different options to sign the PDF document.
Create a Digital Signature
The first option in the “Sign Document” window is to create a digital signature. This is a secure way to sign a PDF document electronically. To create a digital signature, the user must provide their name, email address, and a signature image. After all the information is provided, the user can select the “Create” button to create the digital signature.
The second option in the “Sign Document” window is to type or draw a signature. This is the most commonly used method for signing PDFs on Windows 10. The user can type their name or draw their signature with a mouse or a touchpad. The user can also select an image of their signature if they have one saved on their computer.
Add a Digital Signature
Once the signature is created, the user can add it to the document by selecting the “Add Signature” button in the “Sign Document” window. This will add the signature to the document and the user can then move it to the desired location. The user can also resize the signature if needed.
The user can also add an additional layer of security to the document by selecting the “Protect” option. This will bring up the “Protect Document” window which will allow the user to add a password to the document. This will ensure that the document is secure and can only be opened by those who have the password.
Save the Signed Document
Once the document is signed and protected, the user can save it by selecting the “Save” option from the top menu bar. This will save the document with the signature and the password in the desired location. The user can now share the document with others knowing that it is secure and can only be opened by those who have the password.
Verify the Signature
The last step is to verify the signature. This can be done by selecting the “Verify signature” option from the top menu bar. This will bring up the “Verify Signature” window which will show the details of the signature. The user can then verify that the signature is valid and that the document is secure.
Conclusion
Signing a PDF document electronically on Windows 10 is easy to do with the help of Adobe Acrobat Reader. This software is free to download from the Microsoft Store and it provides the user with the tools needed to securely sign PDF documents. By following the steps outlined above, anyone can easily sign a PDF document on Windows 10.
Top 6 Frequently Asked Questions
What is an Electronic Signature?
An electronic signature is an electronic or digital form of a signature that is created and used to secure and process digital transactions. It can be used to sign documents, approve transactions, and verify the identity of the signer. Electronic signatures are recognized as legal and binding in most countries and are used to verify the identity of the signer and the authenticity of the document.
How do I electronically sign a PDF document in Windows 10?
To electronically sign a PDF document in Windows 10, you will need to use an electronic signature service such as Adobe Acrobat, DocuSign, or HelloSign. These services allow you to securely upload your PDF document, create an electronic signature, and embed it into the document. Once the document is signed, it can be saved and shared with the appropriate parties.
What is needed to create an electronic signature?
In order to create an electronic signature, you will need a device with an internet connection, a secure digital signature platform, and a way to verify your identity such as a government-issued ID or other form of personal identification. You will also need to create a secure account with your chosen digital signature platform in order to sign documents.
What are the benefits of using an electronic signature?
Using an electronic signature has many benefits. It is faster and more secure than traditional paper-based signatures, and can be used to securely sign documents from any location. It also eliminates the need for printing, scanning, and mailing documents, making it a more cost-effective and efficient way to complete transactions. Additionally, electronic signatures provide an additional layer of security by verifying the identity of the signer and the authenticity of the document.
Are electronic signatures legally binding?
Yes, electronic signatures are legally binding in most countries. In the United States, electronic signatures are recognized under the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce (ESIGN) Act, which states that an electronic signature is just as valid as a traditional handwritten signature.
What are the security protocols for an electronic signature?
The security protocols for an electronic signature will vary depending on the platform that is used. Most platforms use a combination of encryption, digital certificates, and other security protocols to ensure the integrity of the signature and the document. Additionally, the identity of the signer must be verified in order to ensure that the signature is legitimate.
Electronically signing a PDF document in Windows 10 is quick and easy. With the steps outlined in this guide, you can sign a document in the comfort of your own home or office, saving time and money. Not only does this process ensure that your document is legally binding, but it also allows you to keep track of all the documents you have signed. By using the steps described in this guide, you can sign a PDF document in Windows 10 in a secure, fast, and easy way. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ftp
Version: 14.7.04
Procedure:
Enter the accounting informations under Settings Options:
If you want to transfer the actual image of the Hardcopy window, please use the menu "File".
If you want to generate an image with a keystroke or a mouseclick and transfer it per Ftp after that, please use "Settings Functions".
In this example the actual screen is saved automatically in the JPG-format with pressing of the PrtSc key and transferred per Ftp after that.
If you want to transfer one or several files (no matter what format) with the Windows Explorer per Ftp, install a shortcut to the program HcSendToFtp.exe in the directory SendTo.
Please take the procedure for installing a shortcut from the Windows help system.
Tip: a click with the right mouse button onto Start and selection of Explorer brings you very closely to the directory SendTo.
Letzte Änderung / Last update: 08.05.2024 09:30:16 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bad Thing to Blow
Wordplay MONDAY PUZZLE — For a Monday puzzle, Paul Coulter’s New York Times Crossword debut packed quite an “Aha!” moment for me. I didn’t immediately recognize what the circled squares were meant to be, but it was a pleasant surprise when the theme drove itself into my brain. Mr. Coulter tells us about how today’s puzzle came to be below, so let’s look at his creative theme. You don’t have to be a driver to get today’s theme. Mr. Coulter has compiled a seemingly disparate list of theme entries, but if you take a closer look, there is a car make in each of the entries. For example, at 30A, the “‘Raiders of the Lost Ark’ star” is HARRISON FORD, with FORD being the car make. What makes this particularly charming is the fact that Mr. Coulter subtly places two letter O’s beneath each car make, which represent the TIREs of the car. The TIRE revealer is at 67A, clued as “Bad thing to blow ... or what each of the circled letters in this puzzle represents.” ■ 9A/10D: Hands up if you experienced some emotional whiplash at this crossing, where I DO (“Vow from a bride or groom”) crosses JILT (“Leave standing at the altar”). ■ 25A: This is a fairly common cluing trick, but we have some assistance today from the word “phonetically.” If this was a later-week puzzle, we might not have that hint. The clue, “Part of ‘business,’ phonetically,” is asking you to recognize a phonetic quality of the word “business,” and the answer is that the word has a SILENT I. ■ 6D: This will probably get me in trouble with my musician friends, but I can never remember the difference between the bands ELP and ELO. I know, they are very different, and I will probably get mail about this with lots of links to the various hits of each band and why I am a twit, but there you go. We all have our solving weaknesses. The inspiration for this puzzle was the phrase, “I’m tired.” My son Dan is a new father — he and his wife, Emily, don’t get much sleep, so they’re often yawning. Could be my frequent subject of the crosswords I’m constructing, of course, or discussing other people’s grids that blew me away. Emily and Dan are patient with my chatter, but you know how it is — friends and family are either into crosswords or they’re not. But when I realized “I’m tired” could be a phrase said by cars, it was, ahem, off to the races. That would have been the title if this went to a publication that used them, and the revealer would have been something other than TIRE, such as TREAD. I’d been trying to think of something interesting you could do with circles besides highlighting words. I’d played around with various ways to do eyes — dots or dashes — but they weren’t working. Then it struck me it would be a cute theme to have circled letters that look like tires, hence the Os. I usually do tricky, Fireball-type puzzles — it was Will Shortz who saw this could make an early week puzzle with a unique twist. He sent back my first crack because it had MERCURY SEVEN — Will wanted all the car makes to be current. LINCOLN LAW matching GERALD FORD also stalled out, but LINCOLN PENNY / HARRISON FORD finally ran smoothly. I tried various grid designs, making sure to have no bumps in the road (blocks) between the pairs of circled Os. Much appreciation to Joel Fagliano, who was a tremendous help in improving the fill. I’m a retired biology professor, keeping busy now babysitting my 1-year-old granddaughter Adeline, and setting a world record for most novels never published (35 and counting.) Long interested in cryptic crosswords, particularly of the fiendishly difficult British sort, I only recently began constructing American-style grids. I compete each year in A.C.P.T., and play in an over-the-hill soccer league on Sundays. Here’s the answer key to today’s puzzle? In honor of Mr. Coulter’s son and daughter-in-law, please enjoy this song from “Blazing Saddles”: Your thoughts? | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Snipplr - MMDeveloper http://snipplr.com/users/MMDeveloper/tags/url Recent snippets posted on Snipplr.com en-us Fri, 24 Oct 2014 23:08:17 GMT (PHP) obfuscated query string http://snipplr.com/view/9169/obfuscated-query-string/ For those sites/scripts that use the GET method a lot to send information from one page to another, you can use this functionality to obfuscate the data so it's not so easily readable by people, helps prevent tampering of data. Just send the query string to the compressCrypt function and it will return the obfuscated result, for example $obfuscatedQueryString = compressCrypt("string=asdf&page=2&id=1998"); (a href="search.php?$obfuscatedQueryString")link(/a) which would turn into: href="eNorLinKzEu3TSxOSVMrSExPtTVSy0yxNbS0tAAAgnoIsA==" To go back to the original, take the obfuscated string and run it through the other function $unobfuscated = decompressCrypt($encryptedquerystring); or $unobfuscated = decompressCrypt($_SERVER["QUERY_STRING"]); //update I just now noticed that the site stripped out the PHP part in the link
]]>
Tue, 21 Oct 2008 16:11:38 GMT http://snipplr.com/view/9169/obfuscated-query-string/ | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Burma
Burma
Common Names: Golden Teacher, Golden Tops, Cubes
5
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Psychoactive
Medicinal
About
The Burma strain of Psilocybe cubensis is known for its rapid and aggressive colonization and robust growth. Originating from Myanmar, this strain produces large, dense, and potent mushrooms. The caps are typically broad and can vary in color from golden brown to a lighter yellow, depending on environmental conditions. This strain is popular among cultivators for its resilience and the large yields it produces under a variety of growing conditions.
Physical Characteristics
Caps:
50-150 mm in diameter, convex to broadly convex to plane at maturity, smooth, viscous when moist, coloration varies from golden brown to light yellow.
Gills:
Adnate to adnexed, gray to nearly black in maturity, close and crowded.
Cognitive Effects
Enhanced Creativity
May stimulate creative thinking and problem solving.
Psychoactive Effects
Altered Perception
Can alter perception of time, space, and reality.
Helps With
Depression
May alleviate symptoms of depression in some users.
Anxiety
Can reduce anxiety levels and promote relaxation.
Potential Side Effects
Nausea
Can cause stomach discomfort and nausea.
Paranoia
May induce feelings of paranoia or anxiety in some users.
Medicinal Chemistry
Look Alike Species
Psilocybe Subcubensis Mushroom
Specie:
Psilocybe subcubensis
Edibility:
Psychoactive
Differences:Smaller cap and stem, less robust growth.
Mushroom Ratings
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I-V Characteristics of E-mode GaN-based transistors under gate floating
Zhen Wei Qin, Wen Hsuan Tsai, Wei Chia Chen, Hao Hsuan Lo, Yue Ming Hsin
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
This study investigates the I-V behaviors of various E-mode GaN-based transistors under gate floating and zero gate bias. The p-GaN gate high electron mobility transistor (HEMTs), gate injection transistors, and Cascode GaN FETs have been adopted and compared. The high off-state drain current is observed under gate floating except for Cascode GaN FETs based on the measured I-V characteristics. The off-state drain current of p-GaN gate HEMT is up to 0.8 mA under gate floating at a drain bias of 6 V, which is about 107 times larger than zero gate bias. The devices will induce false-turn-on and reverse conduction loss during switching under gate floating due to the capacitance charging effect between the drain and the gate electrodes. The mechanism of the capacitance charging effect is discussed using the equivalent circuit of p-GaN gate HEMTs and confirmed by Silvaco TCAD simulation.
Original languageEnglish
Article number045002
JournalSemiconductor Science and Technology
Volume37
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Apr 2022
Keywords
• GIT
• capacitance charging effect
• cascode
• gate floating
• p-GaN Gate HEMT
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Congress must end the assault on freedom of speech protections | TheHill
As House Republicans debate spending packages and tax cuts, they’re wisely making time to defend our freedoms of speech and association. Nestled in the House’s latest spending proposal is a provision to allow churches and other religious organizations to participate in our political debate without fear of losing their tax-exempt status — a longstanding and noble goal of President Trump’s. The Republican package would also allow businesses to participate in more than one trade association at a time when it comes to representing the policy interests of their employees and customers, while preventing the Internal Revenue Service and Securities and Exchange Commission from restricting the political activities of 501(c)(4) advocacy groups. Judge refuses to dismiss criminal charges for Trump inauguration protesters https://t.co/3v8WOH8ZB1 pic.twitter.com/V6uK1FiRvk While the provisions will surely be criticized by the anti-speech left, they will bring more voices and more ideas into our political debate — a boon to our democracy. While one can bemoan the increased cost of political campaigns, they cost what they cost. Artificially keeping state parties and other political associations out of the political process by suppressing their ability to raise adequate public support to meaningfully participate is the wrong approach. At a time of dwindling voter turnout, Congress can act to remove the barriers currently restricting state parties’ efforts to register, engage, and motivate more voters to participate in the political process. Congress should recognize the vital role state parties play in our political system and increase contribution limits to state parties to match national party limits. And because state parties have many of the same federal election-related costs as national parties, Congress should enable state parties to raise funds into the same kind of segregated account national parties currently use to pay for their buildings, conventions, and legal proceedings (e.g. challenges and recounts). Ben Shapiro to protestors at Berkeley speech: "Go to hell, you pathetic, lying, stupid jackasses" https://t.co/SUB59qCVZo pic.twitter.com/PGMXKlLwQR In pursuing reforms to help state parties, lawmakers should make sure to index contribution limits to inflation — as they have for themselves and national committees — keeping the limits updated without requiring further legislation down the road. There are other pro-speech reforms worth pursuing. For example, Congress should also increase annual contribution limits to PACs — perhaps to $10,000 — and index them to inflation. Today, just one married couple can contribute more to a candidate than an entire grassroots association of many thousands of citizens. Lawmakers should also lift the utterly pointless ban on political parties and their general election nominees “coordinating” — communicating about advertisements the former makes about the latter. Parties exist to elect their candidates. Making it more difficult for them to work together is nonsensical. Unfortunately, removing the obstacles to political expression will not go unchallenged. End Citizens United (ECU), just one liberal “advocacy” political action committee, will spend up to $35 million fighting for campaign finance restrictions in 2018. Some establishment Republicans — fearful of outsider threats to their power — may appease them, sacrificing principle for the expedience of compromise. But the anti-speech movement cannot be appeased. Its goal isn’t to get money out of politics; it’s to get the wrong money out of politics, and to silence any speech that isn’t their own. ECU inherently recognizes their ability to engage in any meaningful speech is an expensive proposition, with a $35 million budget to run TV ads, organize events, and pay the employees and vendors who make ECU’s political expression possible. And there’s nothing wrong with them doing it. That’s the essence of freedom. Agree or disagree with their viewpoint, ECU retains the right to raise the money needed to voice it. But so does everyone else — a point badly missed by ECU’s stunning hypocrisy. American democracy is stronger when our citizens can freely associate with more robust political organizations — liberal or conservative — be they campaigns, committees, or national, state, and local parties. Without free speech and free association, our democracy is unrecognizable. Let’s hope Congress seizes the opportunity to unshackle these freedoms. Dan Backer is founding attorney of political.law, a campaign finance and political law firm in Alexandria, Va. Backer is general counsel for the Great America PAC and other political committees; he has served as counsel to more than 100 campaigns, candidates, PACs, and political organizations. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Jsykes521/sandbox
Cuteness is the subjective term describing the perception an individual has to evaluate another's attractiveness, more commonly seen in adults' perception of infants. The term involves observation of the level of attraction and/or admiration that one exemplifies toward another human being, mammal, object, etc.
Gender Differences
That observation, of the infant, adheres to the gender of the infant and describes the behaviors one exemplifies. Different aspects of cuteness are attached to the sex of the person (e.g. the girl is cute), animal (e.g. the kitten is so cute) or object (the purse is so cute). A strong correlation of cuteness can be associated with female infants than the opposition when it comes to physical attractiveness. In the Koyama et. al (2006) research, female infants are seen as beautiful, adorable, cute by the physical attraction that female infant display more than male infants. Whereas Karraker (1990) research displayed the more involvement of the male infant's protection and the attention of the infant could be solely based on the perception of happiness and attractiveness of the child.
Cultural significance
The perception of cuteness can be culturally diverse. The differences across the many cultures can be significantly associated to the need to be socially accepted. These acuities can be derived from social patterns that appear to be acceptable and are administered to the individuals and/or objects visualized in certain concepts.
Caregiving Correlates to Cuteness
Karraker (1990) believed that “an adult's beliefs about the personality and expected behavior of an infant can influence the adult's interaction with the infant.” This study displayed results that "elicit the stereotype" that caregiver's care can be influenced by the cuteness/attractiveness of a child(ren) through one's beliefs. Also, “that basic cuteness effects may occasionally be obscured in particular infants" where the beliefs of the adult are suggested to the sex of the infant and attractiveness. Karraker (1990) found that more attractive children, positively happy children, and male infants are more desirable in their research. This research found that the interaction an adult has with an infant can be influence solely off the visual availability that the infant possess. Glocker (2008) argued that the cuteness that an infant embodies can motivate the type of care one takes while caring for the infant. As evidence, Glocker allowed individuals to rate the level of attraction of pictured infants and noted the motivation that these participants had upon caring for the infants. The research sought that the physical attraction with the cuteness perception in infants, the higher levels of motivation to care for the infant a caregiver would possess.
Other evidence shows that the bond caregivers provide with the infants are influenced by the attractiveness of the seedling and can employ adverse attachment levels if the desired characteristics are not offered. This evidence provided results that the adult's perception of cuteness that an infant possesses can motivate the protection the caregiver provides, the amount of care and the admiration one illustrates toward the infant. The protection was seen in the male infant's attractiveness; whereas the adult saw the male infant attractive and "the adults’ protective feeling for children appeared to be a more important criterion for the judgment of a boy’s cuteness." | WIKI |
Rogelio Martínez (boxer)
Rogelio Martínez (born 16 July 1974) is a Dominican Republic former professional boxer, who was nicknamed "The Golden Warrior" during his career.
As an amateur, Martínez represented his native country in the light welterweight division (– 63.5 kg), winning a silver medal at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Rated as a middleweight he made his professional debut on 24 April 1997, defeating USA's Darrell Jacobs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He retired after 19 pro bouts (13 wins, 5 losses and 1 draw). | WIKI |
Propeller
A propeller (colloquially often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon a working fluid such as water or air. Propellers are used to pump fluid through a pipe or duct, or to create thrust to propel a boat through water or an aircraft through air. The blades are shaped so that their rotational motion through the fluid causes a pressure difference between the two surfaces of the blade by Bernoulli's principle which exerts force on the fluid. Most marine propellers are screw propellers with helical blades rotating on a propeller shaft with an approximately horizontal axis.
Early developments
The principle employed in using a screw propeller is derived from stern sculling. In sculling, a single blade is moved through an arc, from side to side taking care to keep presenting the blade to the water at the effective angle. The innovation introduced with the screw propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a single blade, but in practice there are nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved.
The origin of the screw propeller starts at least as early as Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BC), who used a screw to lift water for irrigation and bailing boats, so famously that it became known as Archimedes' screw. It was probably an application of spiral movement in space (spirals were a special study of Archimedes) to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by Egyptians for centuries. A flying toy, the bamboo-copter, was enjoyed in China beginning around 320 AD. Later, Leonardo da Vinci adopted the screw principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, sketches of which involved a large canvas screw overhead.
In 1661, Toogood and Hays proposed using screws for waterjet propulsion, though not as a propeller. Robert Hooke in 1681 designed a horizontal watermill which was remarkably similar to the Kirsten-Boeing vertical axis propeller designed almost two and a half centuries later in 1928; two years later Hooke modified the design to provide motive power for ships through water. In 1693 a Frenchman by the name of Du Quet invented a screw propeller which was tried in 1693 but later abandoned. In 1752, the Academie des Sciences in Paris granted Burnelli a prize for a design of a propeller-wheel. At about the same time, the French mathematician Alexis-Jean-Pierre Paucton suggested a water propulsion system based on the Archimedean screw. In 1771, steam-engine inventor James Watt in a private letter suggested using "spiral oars" to propel boats, although he did not use them with his steam engines, or ever implement the idea.
One of the first practical and applied uses of a propeller was on a submarine dubbed Turtle which was designed in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1775 by Yale student and inventor David Bushnell, with the help of clock maker, engraver, and brass foundryman Isaac Doolittle. Bushnell's brother Ezra Bushnell and ship's carpenter and clock maker Phineas Pratt constructed the hull in Saybrook, Connecticut. On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee piloted Turtle in an attack on HMS Eagle (1774) in New York Harbor. Turtle also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described the propeller in an October 1787 letter to Thomas Jefferson: "An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or foot." The brass propeller, like all the brass and moving parts on Turtle, was crafted by Issac Doolittle of New Haven.
In 1785, Joseph Bramah of England proposed a propeller solution of a rod going through the underwater aft of a boat attached to a bladed propeller, though he never built it.
In February 1800, Edward Shorter of London proposed using a similar propeller attached to a rod angled down temporarily deployed from the deck above the waterline and thus requiring no water seal, and intended only to assist becalmed sailing vessels. He tested it on the transport ship Doncaster at Gibraltar and Malta, achieving a speed of 1.5 mph.
In 1802, American lawyer and inventor John Stevens built a 25 ft boat with a rotary steam engine coupled to a four-bladed propeller. The craft achieved a speed of 4 mph, but Stevens abandoned propellers due to the inherent danger in using the high-pressure steam engines. His subsequent vessels were paddle-wheeled boats.
By 1827, Czech inventor Josef Ressel had invented a screw propeller with multiple blades on a conical base. He tested it in February 1826 on a manually-driven ship and successfully used it on a steamboat in 1829. His 48-ton ship Civetta reached 6 knots. This was the first successful Archimedes screw-propelled ship. His experiments were banned by police after a steam engine accident. Ressel, a forestry inspector, held an Austro-Hungarian patent for his propeller. The screw propeller was an improvement over paddlewheels as it wasn't affected by ship motions or draft changes.
John Patch, a mariner in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at Saint John, New Brunswick, but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he was not an American citizen. His efficient design drew praise in American scientific circles but by then he faced multiple competitors.
Screw propellers
Despite experimentation with screw propulsion before the 1830s, few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage, and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another.
In 1835, two inventors in Britain, John Ericsson and Francis Pettit Smith, began working separately on the problem. Smith was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May, while Ericsson, a gifted Swedish engineer then working in Britain, filed his patent six weeks later. Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention, which was demonstrated first on a pond at his Hendon farm, and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in London, where it was seen by the Secretary of the Navy, Sir William Barrow. Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright, Smith then built a 30 ft, 6 hp canal boat of six tons burthen called Francis Smith, which was fitted with his wooden propeller and demonstrated on the Paddington Canal from November 1836 to September 1837. By a fortuitous accident, the wooden propeller of two turns was damaged during a voyage in February 1837, and to Smith's surprise the broken propeller, which now consisted of only a single turn, doubled the boat's previous speed, from about four miles an hour to eight. Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery. In the meantime, Ericsson built a 45 ft screw-propelled steamboat, Francis B. Ogden in 1837, and demonstrated his boat on the River Thames to senior members of the British Admiralty, including Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Symonds. In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour, comparable with that of existing paddle steamers, Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed. The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean-going service, while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently. Following this rejection, Ericsson built a second, larger screw-propelled boat, Robert F. Stockton, and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States, where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the U.S. Navy's first screw-propelled warship, USS Princeton (1843).
Apparently aware of the Royal Navy's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service, Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong. In September 1837, he took his small vessel (now fitted with an iron propeller of a single turn) to sea, steaming from Blackwall, London to Hythe, Kent, with stops at Ramsgate, Dover and Folkestone. On the way back to London on the 25th, Smith's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy. This revived Admiralty's interest and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology.
SS Archimedes was built in 1838 by Henry Wimshurst of London, as the world's first steamship to be driven by a screw propeller.
The Archimedes had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. Trials with Smith's Archimedes led to a tug-of-war competition in 1845 between HMS Rattler (1843) and HMS Alecto (1839) with the screw-driven Rattler pulling the paddle steamer Alecto backward at 2.5 kn.
The Archimedes also influenced the design of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's SS Great Britain in 1843, then the world's largest ship and the first screw-propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean in August 1845.
HMS Terror (1813) and HMS Erebus (1826) were both heavily modified to become the first Royal Navy ships to have steam-powered engines and screw propellers. Both participated in Franklin's lost expedition, last seen in July 1845 near Baffin Bay.
Screw propeller design stabilized in the 1880s.
Aircraft
The Wright brothers pioneered the twisted aerofoil shape of modern aircraft propellers. They realized an air propeller was similar to a wing. They verified this using wind tunnel experiments. They introduced a twist in their blades to keep the angle of attack constant. Their blades were only 5% less efficient than those used 100 years later. Understanding of low-speed propeller aerodynamics was complete by the 1920s, although increased power and smaller diameters added design constraints.
Alberto Santos Dumont, another early pioneer, applied the knowledge he gained from experiences with airships to make a propeller with a steel shaft and aluminium blades for his 14 bis biplane. Some of his designs used a bent aluminium sheet for blades, thus creating an airfoil shape. They were heavily undercambered, and this plus the absence of lengthwise twist made them less efficient than the Wright propellers. Even so, this may have been the first use of aluminium in the construction of an airscrew.
Theory
In the nineteenth century, several theories concerning propellers were proposed. The momentum theory or disk actuator theory – a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller – was developed by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), A.G. Greenhill (1888) and R.E. Froude (1889). The propeller is modelled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation and creating a flow around the propeller.
A screw turning through a solid will have zero "slip"; but as a propeller screw operates in a fluid (either air or water), there will be some losses. The most efficient propellers are large-diameter, slow-turning screws, such as on large ships; the least efficient are small-diameter and fast-turning (such as on an outboard motor). Using Newton's laws of motion, one may usefully think of a propeller's forward thrust as being a reaction proportionate to the mass of fluid sent backward per time and the speed the propeller adds to that mass, and in practice there is more loss associated with producing a fast jet than with creating a heavier, slower jet. (The same applies in aircraft, in which larger-diameter turbofan engines tend to be more efficient than earlier, smaller-diameter turbofans, and even smaller turbojets, which eject less mass at greater speeds.)
Propeller geometry
The geometry of a marine screw propeller is based on a helicoidal surface. This may form the face of the blade, or the faces of the blades may be described by offsets from this surface. The back of the blade is described by offsets from the helicoid surface in the same way that an aerofoil may be described by offsets from the chord line. The pitch surface may be a true helicoid or one having a warp to provide a better match of angle of attack to the wake velocity over the blades. A warped helicoid is described by specifying the shape of the radial reference line and the pitch angle in terms of radial distance. The traditional propeller drawing includes four parts: a side elevation, which defines the rake, the variation of blade thickness from root to tip, a longitudinal section through the hub, and a projected outline of a blade onto a longitudinal centreline plane. The expanded blade view shows the section shapes at their various radii, with their pitch faces drawn parallel to the base line, and thickness parallel to the axis. The outline indicated by a line connecting the leading and trailing tips of the sections depicts the expanded blade outline. The pitch diagram shows variation of pitch with radius from root to tip. The transverse view shows the transverse projection of a blade and the developed outline of the blade.
The blades are the foil section plates that develop thrust when the propeller is rotated The hub is the central part of the propeller, which connects the blades together and fixes the propeller to the shaft. Rake is the angle of the blade to a radius perpendicular to the shaft. Skew is the tangential offset of the line of maximum thickness to a radius
The propeller characteristics are commonly expressed as dimensionless ratios:
* Pitch ratio PR = propeller pitch/propeller diameter, or P/D
* Disk area A0 = πD2/4
* Expanded area ratio = AE/A0, where expanded area AE = Expanded area of all blades outside of the hub.
* Developed area ratio = AD/A0, where developed area AD = Developed area of all blades outside of the hub
* Projected area ratio = AP/A0, where projected area AP = Projected area of all blades outside of the hub
* Mean width ratio = (Area of one blade outside the hub/length of the blade outside the hub)/Diameter
* Blade width ratio = Maximum width of a blade/Diameter
* Blade thickness fraction = Thickness of a blade produced to shaft axis/Diameter
Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles in water near a moving propeller blade in regions of very low pressure. It can occur if an attempt is made to transmit too much power through the screw, or if the propeller is operating at a very high speed. Cavitation can waste power, create vibration and wear, and cause damage to the propeller. It can occur in many ways on a propeller. The two most common types of propeller cavitation are suction side surface cavitation and tip vortex cavitation.
Suction side surface cavitation forms when the propeller is operating at high rotational speeds or under heavy load (high blade lift coefficient). The pressure on the upstream surface of the blade (the "suction side") can drop below the vapor pressure of the water, resulting in the formation of a vapor pocket. Under such conditions, the change in pressure between the downstream surface of the blade (the "pressure side") and the suction side is limited, and eventually reduced as the extent of cavitation is increased. When most of the blade surface is covered by cavitation, the pressure difference between the pressure side and suction side of the blade drops considerably, as does the thrust produced by the propeller. This condition is called "thrust breakdown". Operating the propeller under these conditions wastes energy, generates considerable noise, and as the vapor bubbles collapse it rapidly erodes the screw's surface due to localized shock waves against the blade surface.
Tip vortex cavitation is caused by the extremely low pressures formed at the core of the tip vortex. The tip vortex is caused by fluid wrapping around the tip of the propeller; from the pressure side to the suction side. This video demonstrates tip vortex cavitation. Tip vortex cavitation typically occurs before suction side surface cavitation and is less damaging to the blade, since this type of cavitation doesn't collapse on the blade, but some distance downstream.
Variable-pitch propeller
Variable-pitch propellers may be either controllable (controllable-pitch propellers) or automatically feathering (folding propellers). Variable-pitch propellers have significant advantages over the fixed-pitch variety, namely:
* the ability to select the most effective blade angle for any given speed;
* when motorsailing, the ability to coarsen the blade angle to attain the optimum drive from wind and engines;
* the ability to move astern (in reverse) much more efficiently (fixed props perform very poorly in astern);
* the ability to "feather" the blades to give the least resistance when not in use (for example, when sailing). For large airplanes, if the engine is uncontrollable, the ability to feather the propeller is necessary to prevent the propeller from spinning so fast it breaks apart.
Skewback propeller
An advanced type of propeller used on the American Los Angeles-class submarine as well as the German Type 212 submarine is called a skewback propeller. As in the scimitar blades used on some aircraft, the blade tips of a skewback propeller are swept back against the direction of rotation. In addition, the blades are tilted rearward along the longitudinal axis, giving the propeller an overall cup-shaped appearance. This design preserves thrust efficiency while reducing cavitation, and thus makes for a quiet, stealthy design.
A small number of ships use propellers with winglets similar to those on some airplane wings, reducing tip vortices and improving efficiency.
Modular propeller
A modular propeller provides more control over the boat's performance. There is no need to change an entire propeller when there is an opportunity to only change the pitch or the damaged blades. Being able to adjust pitch will allow for boaters to have better performance while in different altitudes, water sports, or cruising.
Voith Schneider propeller
Voith Schneider propellers use four untwisted straight blades turning around a vertical axis instead of helical blades and can provide thrust in any direction at any time, at the cost of higher mechanical complexity.
Shaftless
A rim-driven thruster integrates an electric motor into a ducted propeller. The cylindrical acts as the stator, while the tips of the blades act as the rotor. They typically provide high torque and operate at low RPMs, producing less noise. The system does not require a shaft, reducing weight. Units can be placed at various locations around the hull and operated independently, e.g., to aid in maneuvering. The absence of a shaft allows alternative rear hull designs.
Toroidal
Twisted-toroid (ring-shaped) propellers, first invented over 120 years ago, replace the blades with a-circular rings. They are significantly quieter (particularly at audible frequencies) and more efficient than traditional propellers for both air and water applications. The design distributes vortices generated by the propeller across the entire shape, causing them to dissipate faster in the atmosphere.
Shaft protection
For smaller engines, such as outboards, where the propeller is exposed to the risk of collision with heavy objects, the propeller often includes a device that is designed to fail when overloaded; the device or the whole propeller is sacrificed so that the more expensive transmission and engine are not damaged.
Typically in smaller (less than 10 hp) and older engines, a narrow shear pin through the drive shaft and propeller hub transmits the power of the engine at normal loads. The pin is designed to shear when the propeller is put under a load that could damage the engine. After the pin is sheared the engine is unable to provide propulsive power to the boat until a new shear pin is fitted.
In larger and more modern engines, a rubber bushing transmits the torque of the drive shaft to the propeller's hub. Under a damaging load the friction of the bushing in the hub is overcome and the rotating propeller slips on the shaft, preventing overloading of the engine's components. After such an event the rubber bushing may be damaged. If so, it may continue to transmit reduced power at low revolutions, but may provide no power, due to reduced friction, at high revolutions. Also, the rubber bushing may perish over time leading to its failure under loads below its designed failure load.
Whether a rubber bushing can be replaced or repaired depends upon the propeller; some cannot. Some can, but need special equipment to insert the oversized bushing for an interference fit. Others can be replaced easily. The "special equipment" usually consists of a funnel, a press and rubber lubricant (soap). If one does not have access to a lathe, an improvised funnel can be made from steel tube and car body filler; as the filler is only subject to compressive forces it is able to do a good job. Often, the bushing can be drawn into place with nothing more complex than a couple of nuts, washers and a threaded rod. A more serious problem with this type of propeller is a "frozen-on" spline bushing, which makes propeller removal impossible. In such cases the propeller must be heated in order to deliberately destroy the rubber insert. Once the propeller is removed, the splined tube can be cut away with a grinder and a new spline bushing is then required. To prevent a recurrence of the problem, the splines can be coated with anti-seize anti-corrosion compound.
In some modern propellers, a hard polymer insert called a drive sleeve replaces the rubber bushing. The splined or other non-circular cross section of the sleeve inserted between the shaft and propeller hub transmits the engine torque to the propeller, rather than friction. The polymer is weaker than the components of the propeller and engine so it fails before they do when the propeller is overloaded. This fails completely under excessive load, but can easily be replaced.
Weed hatches and rope cutters
Whereas the propeller on a large ship will be immersed in deep water and free of obstacles and flotsam, yachts, barges and river boats often suffer propeller fouling by debris such as weed, ropes, cables, nets and plastics. British narrowboats invariably have a weed hatch over the propeller, and once the narrowboat is stationary, the hatch may be opened to give access to the propeller, enabling debris to be cleared. Yachts and river boats rarely have weed hatches; instead they may fit a rope cutter that fits around the prop shaft and rotates with the propeller. These cutters clear the debris and obviate the need for divers to attend manually to the fouling. Several forms of rope cutters are available:
* 1) A simple sharp edged disc that cuts like a razor;
* 2) A rotor with two or more projecting blades that slice against a fixed blade, cutting with a scissor action;
* 3) A serrated rotor with a complex cutting edge made up of sharp edges and projections.
Propeller variations
A cleaver is a type of propeller design especially used for boat racing. Its leading edge is formed round, while the trailing edge is cut straight. It provides little bow lift, so that it can be used on boats that do not need much bow lift, for instance hydroplanes, that naturally have enough hydrodynamic bow lift. To compensate for the lack of bow lift, a hydrofoil may be installed on the lower unit. Hydrofoils reduce bow lift and help to get a boat out of the hole and onto plane. | WIKI |
Talk:Vedic accent
Devanagari samples
Please include some devanagari samples where the accents can be seen. Yes, it is not possible in Unicode, so please use an image file.
* One can use Baraha 7.0 to create texts with accent, i.e.: अ॒ग्निमी॑ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं. I don't know if this is displayed properly on a browser without the Baraha fonts installed, but it appears correctly on one that does. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:17, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
* At this time it is only possible to use the following Vedic marks in Unicode:
* U+0951 Devanagari stress sign udatta ॑ (क॑)
* U+0952 Devanagari stress sign anudatta ॒ (क॒)
* There are plans to include more in later versions of Unicode. In Unicode version 5.2 (to be released the summer of 2009) there are about fifty Vedic marks proposed for inclusion. They might, or they might not, be included at the end of the day. I guess this page will recieve some more attention whether or not they are included, which would be a good thing, as there is much more to say about the various Vedic accents. I know not enough to be editing the main page myself. —Kess (talk) 15:50, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
Sounded?
* How does the svarita actually affect pronunciation? I don't quite understand the term "sounded" here. --Grammatical error 07:19, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* "sounded" is just the literal translation of the term, not an explanation. The exact phonetics of this are a matter of reconstruction (for Vedic times), and a matter of expert scholarship (for the minute variants between shakhas). So far, the only thing the article states is that it was some sort of "release", an automatic glide (falling pitch) following any raised pitch syllable. Sadly, no Rishi ever spent time in a phonetics lab :) dab (ᛏ) 13:33, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* In Indu-European times the udatta had the highest pitch. By Vedic times, the pitch rose through the udatta syllable and started to come back down during the next (= svarita) syllable, perhaps due to delay caused by the momentum of the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx as the pitch was changed. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:59, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
* So, during Indu-European times, was the increasing order of pitch Anudatta<Svarita<Udatta ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vectoraditya (talk • contribs) 12:50, 11 June 2014 (UTC)
Comparison to the pitch accent in ancient Greek
Ancient Greek also had a pitch accent, apparently very similar to the Vedic accent. I don't know enough about IE historical linguistics to give a useful comparison, but it'd be worthwhile. | WIKI |
Dosehra
Dosehra is a town and union council of Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. .It is located at 34°8'37N 71°54'22E and has an altitude of 258 metres (938 feet). | WIKI |
Do antibiotics kill fungus?
Are you one of the people confused about whether antibiotics kill fungus? Well kudos to you for being curious enough to ask this! It’s a common issue because many individuals use these two terms synonymously, without truly understanding their differences.
To clearly answer your question, I’ll break down how antibiotics and anti-fungal medication work or don’t work against fungi.
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are medications utilized to treat bacterial infections in humans (and animals). There are numerous types of bacteria that can cause illness, and each type requires specific antibiotics. These drugs operate by impeding or obliterating bacteria directly. They basically slam the door on the invader while preserving our healthy cells’ safety.
Now picture a game of Whack-a-Mole where the moles represent bad bacteria and your antibiotic pills symbolize mallets – except that all but a selected few moles will be smacked back into oblivion during gameplay.
How do anti-fungal medicines differ from Antibiotics?
Anti-fungal medications have nothing in common with bacteriophages. Whether orally administered as tablets or applied topically onto skin rashes such as athletes foot (yes it is caused by fungus) they specifically target unwelcome fungal intruders rather than proactively eliminating all other living creatures at ground zero (antibacterial warfare).
Fungi come in various types, each necessitates different handling via specially formulated Anti-Fungal Medications (AFMs). A catch-all solution isn’t feasible so let us examine what fungus entails… please read along carefully
What exactly is fungus?
Similar to plants, fungi form an umbilical connection with soil as well multi-celled thread-like structures called hyphae which together constitute mycelium.
Most often overshadowed by germs,the underappreciated organism category known as Fungi consists of multiple species such as Mushrooms, Moulds and Yeasts – which always catches people off-guard being part of this coterie!
How are fungi different from bacteria?
All living things can be categorized into one among five types: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa,multicellular organisms like humans/plants and Fungi.
Let’s compare bacteria with fungus:
Parameters BACTERIA FUNGI
Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Structure Single-celled or colonial Mostly Multi-cellular (exception is yeast)
Reproduction Asexual Sexual as well as asexual
So based on this table it should be clear that the answer to our main question (Do antibiotics kill fungus?) would be “No”. Now let’s move on to other aspects regarding antibacterials.
Why do people misuse antimicrobial medications?
You may have heard someone raving about how their flu symptoms miraculously subsided due to utilizing an antibiotic. However influenza is viral not bacterial so Antibiotics won’t help with disease caused by them. Usage for inappropriate purpose/administration may give rise to an equilibrium- disturbing number of livable drug-resistant microbial strains.
Regular usage messes up your “good” gut microbes too bringing intestinal fungal imbalance i.e., Candidiasis more likely in many cases.
Bonus fact:
Frequent C.diff (Clostridium difficile) infections due to long-term use; these infections cause debilitating bouts of diarrhea resistant even to traditional antibiotics.
So in Summary
Antibiotics specifically kills bad guy bacteria without touching any bystander cells whereas anti-fungal drugs target insidious fungi.
Got It?! Good! Share away with loved ones to get across the myths surrounding Antibiotics. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Add +Post
Uncategorized
November 25, 2018
by M Hasan
Miami Beach, FL, USA
Ever go days suffering from a mild to a severe headache that while dull, still lingers in spite of taking over the counter painkillers? Find yourself getting more cluster headaches and reaching for ibuprofen daily? While this may be an indication of different health problems, if all else has been ruled out like vision or dental problems, or stress – the relief you are seeking may have a simple fix: hydration.
Migraines and cluster headaches are often associated with not drinking enough water. If this is your case, proper hydration can help treat and even prevent recurring episodes of migraines and headaches. If you suffer from chronic headaches, but are not able to drink enough water (either by hectic schedule or your body’s absorption abilities are compromised by medication or physical ailments), IV Hydration Therapy can be a used to boost your fluid intake.
IV Therapy (intravenous therapy), used in hospitals and clinics for decades to treat dehydration and deliver medicines intravenously, can help alleviate and prevent migraines and headaches.
Migraines and Headaches as Signs of Dehydration
For some, even mild dehydration can trigger a terrible migraine episode. A dehydration headache, which is easily treatable and preventable, is caused by not having enough fluid in the body. Dehydration headaches can be relatively mild or as severe as migraines.
If you are not drinking plenty of water throughout the day, your body will trigger a set of physical responses to try to get you to remedy the lack of fluid intake.
1. The first indication is thirst. If your body’s automatic response for wanting more fluids is ignored, or you temporarily satiate your thirst with sugary drinks like sodas or lattes, for example, you can end up even more dehydrated as both sugar and caffeine have been shown to have diuretic properties. This means that consuming drinks heavy in sugar and caffeine will cause you to lose more water from your system than you are taking in leading you to a state of dehydration.
2. Secondly, prolonged dehydration, even mild, leads to headaches. When dehydrated, the amount of fluid available to your brain reduces, causing your brain to temporarily contract and shrink, causing the pain you feel. Once enough water is back in your system, this effect is reversed.
These two signs are a clear indication that your body needs more water. Drinking plenty of water regularly and daily can help you stay healthy. Water is essential – it helps regulate your body’s temperature, lubricates your joints, protects soft tissues, and flushes waste and toxins from your body. Staying hydrated also helps relieve the frequency and intensity of headaches and recurring migraines.
Here are 4 ways in which IV drip therapy can help you:
1. Lessens the Occurrence of Migraines
For some, even mild dehydration can trigger a terrible migraine episode. Migraines are triggered by many different elements, and each sufferer is different. If you suffer from frequent cluster headaches or several migraines a year, it’s important to take note of the factors that are contributing and leading up to your aches and pains. This is a great step to help you avoid and correct any behaviors that may be adding to the frequency of headaches you experience.
2. Fast and Effective Treatment
If you already are suffering from a migraine, you want relief, fast. IV Infusions are the fastest way to get fluids, nutrients, vitamins, and medicine into your system. The fluids are being directed into your bloodstream, which scientifically, is the fastest way to get rebalanced.
3. Nourish your body with electrolytes
IV hydration therapy provides your body with the correct blend of electrolytes needed to function properly. Electrolytes, and not just water alone, are needed to remain properly balanced. These include electrolytes which we usually consume thru our food intakes such as sodium, potassium, and dextrose. Consuming extremely large amounts of water alone (h2o) either by drinking or intravenously can have its own adverse and extremely dangerous effects on the body. That is why the IV solution must be properly balanced and must only be administered by an IV therapist, a highly trained medical professional.
4. Prevention
Prevention is key to avoiding the worst effects of dehydration. IV Therapy is safe to use as a preventative health method to maintain wellness. Since hydration is a building block for wellness, even if you don’t have consistent headaches, you can benefit from added hydration.
Many of us have demanding lives and hectic schedules that sometimes make it difficult to drink the recommended daily eight glasses of water or eat enough fruits and veggies to stay healthy. Chronic dehydration, even mild dehydration, can cause many problems to your health and even affect your energy levels and sleep patterns.
The general recommendation for adults is to drink Eight 8oz glasses of water daily. Apart from water, eating fruits and vegetables is also important. Depending on your age, weight, height, and climate of where you live, the actual amount may vary. For some, this may prove to be a difficult task. Supplementing your fluid intake with regular IV therapy visits is a good alternative for long-term benefits.
So, next time you feel like reaching for a sugary drink, reach for water instead. If you are suffering from constant headaches, and know you’re not drinking enough water, make an appointment with an IV therapist for a hydration IV Drip that is customized to your needs.
IV Division is a Miami Beach-based mobile IV hydration company, providing in-home IV infusions with essential fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and antioxidants, to quickly relieve a variety of conditions – including migraines and severe headaches.
Comments
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Deception Island
Deception Island is in the South Shetland Islands close to the Antarctic Peninsula with a large and usually "safe" natural harbor, which is occasionally affected by the underlying active volcano. This island is the caldera of an active volcano, which seriously damaged local scientific stations in 1967 and 1969. The island previously held a whaling station. It is now a tourist destination with over 15,000 visitors per year. Two research stations are operated by Argentina and Spain during the summer season. While various countries have asserted sovereignty, it is still administered under the Antarctic Treaty System.
Geography
Located within the Bransfield Strait, the island is roughly circular and horseshoe-shaped, with a maximum diameter around 15 km. The highest peak, Mount Pond on the east side of the island, has an elevation of 539 m, while Mount Kirkwood on the west has an elevation of 452 m. Over half (57%) of the island is covered by glaciers up to 10 m thick, ice-cored moraines, or ice-covered pyroclasts. The centre of the island has been flooded by the sea to form a large bay, now called Port Foster, about 10 km long and 7 km wide. The bay has a narrow entrance, just 500 m wide, called Neptune's Bellows. The port is a basin with a flat floor up to 170 m deep with several small submarine cones and domes. The port is rimmed by a shallow coastal shelf with sandy-gravelly beaches. The outer coast of the island is characterized by 30-70 m cliffs of rock or ice.
Raven's Rock, a navigation hazard, lies 2.5 m below the water in the middle of the channel. Just inside Neptune's Bellows lies the cove Whalers Bay, which is bordered by a large black sand beach. Several maars line the inside rim of the caldera, with some containing crater lakes (including one named Crater Lake). Others form bays within the harbour, such as the 1 km wide Whalers Bay. Other features of the island include Mount Kirkwood, Fumarole Bay, Sewing-Machine Needles, Telefon Bay, and Telefon Ridge.
The linear Costa Recta spanning most of the east coast is hypothesised to be a scarp of a retreated submarine fault.
A 2016 study on Ardley Island, 120 km to the northeast, examined lake guano sediments and studied penguin population dynamics over 7,000 years. Three of five population growth phases were terminated by a sudden crash, due to volcanic eruptions from the active volcano of Deception Island. The history of volcanic eruptions is still under investigation, but several larger eruptions happened in the last 10,000 years.
Geology
Deception Island is the exposed portion of an active shield volcano 30 km in diameter. The island is associated with Bransfield Basin seafloor spreading that includes a volcanic ridge and seamounts dating back to the Pleistocene. Deception Island volcanic ash layers have been found on other South Shetland Islands, the Bransfield Strait, the Scotia Sea and in South Pole ice cores. Volcanic tremors are common, originating from depths less than 10 km. Historical eruptions occurred in 1839–1842, 1967, 1969, and 1970. Stratigraphy of the island is characterized by the pre-caldera Port Foster Group and the post-caldera Mount Pond Group, both within the Deception Island Volcanic Complex. The Port Foster Group's principal outcrops are located at South Point, Cathedral Crags near Entrance Point and north of Punta de la Descubierta forming spectacular coastal cliffs along the western portion of the island. The group is composed of the Fumarole Bay Formation consisting of hydrovolcanic tephra, the Basaltic Shield Formation consisting of lavas and Strombolian scoria, and the Outer Coast Tuff Formation consisting of lapilli-tuffs. The Mount Pond Group dominates the surface geology and consists of the pyroclastic Baily Head and Pendulum Cove formations, both formed during hydrovolcanic eruptions, and the Stonethrow Ridge Formation consisting of tuff cone and maar deposits. The caldera collapsed as either a hydrovolcanic eruption of the Outer Coast Tuff Formation, releasing about 30 cubic kilometers of magma, or passively due to regional tectonics, since the island is at the intersection of the Bransfield Strait rift and the orthogonal Hero Fracture Zone.
History
The first authenticated sighting of Deception Island was by the British sealers William Smith and Edward Bransfield from the brig Williams in January 1820. It was first visited and explored by the American sealer Nathaniel Palmer on the sloop Hero the following summer, on 15 November 1820. He remained for two days, exploring the central bay. Palmer named it "Deception Island" on account of its outward deceptive appearance as a normal island, when the narrow entrance of Neptune's Bellows revealed it rather to be a ring around a flooded caldera.
Palmer was part of an American sealing fleet from Stonington, Connecticut, under the command of Benjamin Pendleton, consisting of 6 ships. Port Fisher was used as their operational base from 1820 to 1821. Palmer met Bellingshausen close to the island in Jan. 1821, during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition.
A lighthouse named Surgidero Iquique was built on the island to guide vessels into Deception Station.
Whaling and sealing
Over the next few years, Deception became a focal point of the short-lived fur-sealing industry in the South Shetlands. The industry began with a handful of ships in the 1819–1820 summer season, rising to nearly a hundred in 1821–1822. While the island did not have a large seal population, it was a perfect natural harbour, mostly free from ice and winds, and a convenient rendezvous point. Some men likely lived ashore in tents or shacks for short periods during the summer, though no archaeological or documentary evidence survives to confirm this. Massive overhunting meant that the fur seals neared extinction in the South Shetlands within a few years, and the sealing industry collapsed as quickly as it had begun. Deception was abandoned again in approximately 1825.
Sealing captain Robert Fildes charted Port Foster in 1820–1821, which in 1829 became the first published Antarctica nautical chart.
In 1829, the British Naval Expedition to the South Atlantic under the command of Captain Henry Foster in HMS Chanticleer (1808) stopped at Deception. The expedition conducted a topographic survey and scientific experiments, particularly pendulum and magnetic observations. A watercolour made by Lieutenant Kendall of the Chanticleer during the visit may be the first image made of the island. A subsequent visit by the American elephant-sealer Ohio in 1842 reported the first recorded volcanic activity, with the southern shore "in flames".
The second phase of human activity at Deception began in the early 20th century. In 1904, an active whaling industry was established at South Georgia, taking advantage of new technology and an almost untouched population of whales to make rapid profits. It spread south into the South Shetland Islands, where the lack of shore-based infrastructure meant that the whales had to be towed to moored factory ships for processing; these needed a sheltered anchorage and a plentiful supply of fresh water, both of which could be found at Deception. In 1906, the Norwegian-Chilean whaling company Sociedad Ballenera de Magallanes started using Whalers Bay as a base for a single ship, the Gobernador Bories.
Other whalers followed, with several hundred men resident at Deception during the Antarctic summers and as many as 13 ships operating in peak years. In 1908, the British government formally declared the island to be part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies, thus under British control, establishing postal services and appointing a magistrate and customs officer for the island. The magistrate was to ensure that whaling companies were paying appropriate licence fees to the Falklands government and ensuring adherence to catch quotas. A cemetery was built in 1908, a radio station in 1912, a hand-operated railway also in 1912, and a small permanent magistrate's house in 1914. The cemetery, by far the largest in Antarctica, held graves for 35 men along with a memorial to 10 more presumed drowned.
These were not the only constructions; as the factory ships of the period were only able to strip the blubber from whales and could not use the carcasses, a permanent on-shore station was established by the Norwegian company Hvalfangerselskabet Hektor A/S in 1912 – up to an estimated 40% of the available oil was being wasted by the ship-based system. This was the only successful shore-based industry ever to operate in Antarctica, reaping high profits in its first years. A number of exploring expeditions visited Deception during these years, including the Wilkins-Hearst expedition of 1928, when a Lockheed Vega was flown from a beach airstrip on the first successful flights in Antarctica.
The development of pelagic whaling in the 1920s, where factory ships fitted with a slipway could tow aboard entire whales for processing, meant that whaling companies were no longer tied to sheltered anchorages. A boom in pelagic Antarctic whaling followed, with companies now free to ignore quotas and escape the costs of licences. This rapidly led to overproduction of oil and a collapse in the market, and the less profitable and more heavily regulated shore-based companies had trouble competing. In early 1931, the Hektor factory finally ceased operation, ending commercial whaling at the island entirely.
Scientific research
On 16 November 1928, Hubert Wilkins made the first Antarctic flight from a Whalers Bay ash runway.
Deception remained uninhabited for a decade, but was revisited in 1941 by the British auxiliary warship HMS Queen of Bermuda, which destroyed the oil tanks and some remaining supplies to ensure it could not be used as a German supply base. In 1942, an Argentine party aboard the Primero de Mayo visited and left signs and painted flags declaring the site Argentine territory; the following year, a British party with HMS Carnarvon Castle returned to remove the signs.
In 1944, a British expedition under Lieutenant James Marr established a short-lived base on Deception Island as part of Operation Tabarin, which was carried out during the Second World War to deny safe anchorages to enemy raiding vessels and to gather meteorological data for allied shipping in the South Atlantic. It also had the effect of strengthening British claims to the Falkland Island Dependencies that had begun being challenged by Argentina and Chile. Operation Tabarin would deny use of the area to the Kriegsmarine, which was known to use remote islands as rendezvous points, and address a fear that Japan might attempt to seize the Falkland Islands. Following the end of the war, the research begun by Operation Tabarin continued in subsequent years, ultimately becoming the British Antarctic Survey.
In February 1953, as part of a post-war British effort to exert sovereignty over its claimed Antarctic territories, HMS Snipe (U20) landed a party of Royal Marines on Deception Island to destroy an Argentinian and a Chilean military base; an action known as the Deception Island incident.
In 1961, Argentina's president Arturo Frondizi visited the island to show his country's interest. Regular visits were made by other countries operating in the Antarctic, including the 1964 visit of the US Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Eastwind, which ran aground inside the harbour.
However, the volcano returned to activity in 1967 and 1969, destroying the existing scientific stations. Both British and Chilean stations were demolished, and the island was again abandoned for several years. The final major volcanic eruption was reported by the Russian Bellingshausen station on King George Island and the Chilean station Arturo Prat on Greenwich Island; both stations experienced major falls of ash on 13 August 1970.
In 2000, there were two summer-only scientific stations, the Spanish Gabriel de Castilla Base and the Argentine Decepción Station.
Remains of previous structures at Whalers Bay include rusting boilers and tanks, an aircraft hangar, and the British scientific station house (Biscoe House), with the middle torn out by the 1969 mudflows. A bright orange derelict airplane fuselage, which is that of a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter that belonged to the Royal Air Force, was recovered in 2004. Plans to restore the airplane and return it to the island have been made.
The Russian cruise ship MV Lyubov Orlova ran aground at Deception Island on 27 November 2006. She was towed off by the Spanish Navy icebreaker Las Palmas and made her own way to Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego. She later became a ghost ship in the North Atlantic after the towing line parted during an operation to scrap the vessel in the Dominican Republic.
Tourism
The first commercial cruise ship arrived in January 1966. By 1999, over 10,000 tourists had visited the island.
Aguirre Cerda
President Pedro Aguirre Cerda Station was a Chilean Antarctic base, located at Pendulum Cove on Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, inaugurated in 1955. It was evacuated in December 1967 when volcanic eruptions forced the evacuation of the base.
Deception
Deception Station is an Argentine base located at Deception Island. The station was founded on 25 January 1948 and was a year-round station until December 1967, when volcanic eruptions forced the evacuation of the base. Since then, it has been inhabited only during the summer.
Gabriel de Castilla
Gabriel de Castilla Base is a Spanish research station located on Deception Island. The station was constructed in 1990.
Gutiérrez Vargas Refuge
The Gutiérrez Vargas Refuge, named after an aviation captain who died on 30 December 1955, was located at 1 km from Aguirre Cerda Station and was inaugurated on 12 February 1956. Its purpose was to serve as a refuge for the members of the station in case of fire. On 4 December 1967 the refuge was definitively abandoned, as was the Aguirre Cerda Station, due to a violent volcanic eruption. The remains of the refuge structure can still be seen on the beach where it was located.
Station B
In early 1944, a party of men from Operation Tabarin, a British expedition, established a permanent scientific base named Station B. This was occupied until 5 December 1967, when an eruption forced a temporary withdrawal. It was used again between 4 December 1968 and 23 February 1969, when further volcanic activity caused it to be abandoned.
Environment
Deception Island has become a popular tourist stop in Antarctica because of its several colonies of chinstrap penguins, as well as the possibility of making a warm bath by digging into the sands of the beach. Mount Flora on the Antarctic Peninsula, about 175 km from the island, is the site in Antarctica where fossilized plants were first discovered.
After the Norwegian Coastal Cruise Liner MS Nordkapp ran aground off the coast of Deception Island on 30 January 2007, fuel from the ship washed into a bay. Ecological damage has not yet been determined. On 4 February 2007, the Spanish Gabriel de Castilla research station on Deception Island reported that water and sand tests were clean, and that they had not found signs of the oil, estimated as 500 to 750 L).
Deception Island exhibits some wildly varying microclimates. Near volcanic areas, the air can be as hot as 40 C, and water temperature can reach 70 C.
Antarctic specially protected areas
Eleven terrestrial sites have been collectively designated as an Antarctic specially protected area (ASPA 140), primarily for their botanic and ecological values, because the island has the greatest number of rare plant species of any place in the Antarctic. This is largely due to frequent volcanic activity creating new substrates for plant colonisation:
* Collins Point (site A) contains good examples of long-established vegetation, with high species diversity and several rarities.
* Crater Lake (site B) has a scoria-covered lava tongue with a diverse cryptogamic flora, and exceptional development of turf-forming mosses.
* An unnamed hill at the southern end of Fumarole Bay (site C) has several rare species of mosses that have colonised the heated soil crust close to a line of volcanic vents.
* Fumarole Bay (site D) is geologically complex with the most diverse flora on the island.
* West Stonethrow Ridge (site E) supports several rare mosses, liverworts, and lichens.
* Telefon Bay (site F) has all its surfaces dating from 1967, thus allowing accurate monitoring of colonisation by plants and animals.
* Pendulum Cove (site G) is another known-age site being colonised by mosses and lichens.
* Mount Pond (site H) contains exceptional moss, liverwort, and lichen communities.
* Perchue Cone (site J) is an ash and cinder cone with rare mosses.
* Ronald Hill to Kroner Lake (site K) is another known-age site being colonised by numerous cryptogam species, and with a unique algal community on the lake shore.
* South East Point (site L) supports the most extensive population of Antarctic pearlwort known in the Antarctic region.
In addition, two marine sites in Port Foster have collectively been designated ASPA 145, to protect their benthic communities.
Important bird area
Baily Head, a prominent headland forming the easternmost extremity of the island, has been identified as an important bird area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a very large breeding colony of chinstrap penguins (100,000 pairs). The 78 ha IBA comprises the ice-free headland and about 800 m of beach on either side of it. Other birds known to nest at the site include brown skuas, Cape petrels, and snowy sheathbills. | WIKI |
Rydalmere Hospital
Rydalmere Hospital is a heritage-listed former orphanage, psychiatric hospital and now university campus at 171 Victoria Road, Rydalmere, in the City of Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was formerly known as the Female Orphan School and Protestant Orphan School. It is now the Parramatta South Campus of the Western Sydney University. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
History
When the Rose Hill settlement (Parramatta) was formed Surgeon Thomas Arndell became its resident medical officer. For this service he was granted 60 acres on 16 July 1792. The property was known as Arthur's Hill. This grant was later encompassed by the Orphan School allotment. Arndell established a hut and set about cultivating the land. The combination of poor land and natural disaster (bushfires) may have led Arndell to centre his interests on his Hawkesbury properties at Cattai Creek. As compensation, a site at Baulkham Hills was given to Arndell so that it likely that the Arthur's Hill site was resumed by the Crown rather than sold.
By 1800, it appears that the site had already been selected as the future location of a new orphan institute. Again in 1810 the site was selected for orphanage use. The first plans for the Parramatta Girls' Orphanage were almost certainly prepared by French settler Francis Barrallier. He spent three years in the colony from 1800-1803, as explorer, cartographer, ensign, artillery officer and engineer, aide-de-camp to Governor King, architect and ship designer.
In 1810 tenders for building were called for a Female Orphan School.
An earlier Female Orphan School had been established in Sydney by Governor King in 1801.
1813-1850 Female Orphan School
The foundation stone for the original Female Orphan School was laid by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1813 and construction finished in 1818. The design of the school is likely to have been supplied by Elizabeth Macquarie based on her remembrance of a gentleman's residence, Airds House in Scotland.
Access to the school was gained from the river by means of a stone jetty and ramped gravel drive that cut into the steep slope. Vehicular entry was from Orphan School Lane (now James Ruse Drive). It terminated on a loop laid out on the upper slopes of the hill. This loop is unlikely to have been the current carriage loop which was probably created in the 1840s or 1850s. The buildings encompassed a central three storey block surrounded on the east and west by two single wings linked to the main building. Francis Greenway was asked to submit plans to rectify serious building and joinery faults.
Work on the new facilities commenced in 1820 although the first extensions to the eastern and western wings may have been completed prior to that time. By 1826 the garden was said to consist of six acres and was well stocked with vegetables. However the structures and facilities experienced serious problems. A programme of work was undertaken to repair brickwork and drainage and new verandahs were built. An inspection of the water supply and sewerage were targeted for criticism. John Busby recommended the construction of a pump in the well with a barrel drain to be built to carry the water to the privies. At the same time serious faults were also being found in the administration and care of the orphanage.
During 1829 a new kitchen and store room was constructed. More additions and renovations were made during 1830 and 1831 including rectification of the poor water, sewerage and drainage of the school.
In 1833 the Church and School Lands Corporation was abolished and in the following year the Orphan School became an establishment managed by the state. During the 1830s and 1840s the surrounds were improved through visual contributions such as ornamental flower gardens, shrubs and trees. Plants were also sent from the Royal Botanical Gardens.
Until this time the Male Orphanage operated first at Sydney and then in Cabramatta. Rising costs, fewer children at the two institutions and the distance of the boys' school from Sydney led to the amalgamation of the two orphanages at Rydalmere in 1850. Although they shared the same site, the two schools remained separate and facilities such as bathrooms, dining rooms, school rooms and playgrounds were all replicated and clearly separated.
1850-1887 Protestant Orphan School
From 1850-1887 Protestant Orphan School developed immediately north of the Female Orphan School. It was not until 1854 that the hospital, the first purpose built structure for the combined orphanage, was added to the site. A report from the Inspector of Public Charities in 1865 found Rydalmere to be in need of great repair. Ceilings were falling down, floors had given way, skirtings were dirty and the whole place shabby for want of repainting and replastering. In c. 1868 a new kitchen was constructed and by 1870 a meat shed was attached to its northern side.
During 1870 an extensive programme of additions and renovations was carried out. The hospital gained a verandah on its southern facade and a new bathroom and the west wing a "new" dining room, boys' bathroom and laundry. Another laundry was added to the site. Two shelter sheds were moved to a new location and over their former sites was built the new school building which, in 1877, was described as a "model" building. The Master's residence may have been built at this time. It is shown complete in photographs of 1880. Many other changes and alterations were made to the site during this time.
The west wing housed most of the facilities for the boys' department including dormitories and attendants' rooms in the original section of the building, a dining room in the first extension and the Matron's kitchen and pantry at the rear of the wing. A verandah connected the latter with the main building.
The east wing was largely devoted to the girls' department which had its dining room on the ground floor of the first extension and dormitories above. The original section of this building was used as a servant's dining room, two store rooms and a scullery on the ground floor with an internal connecting stair to the upper floor. The infants' nursery was housed on the ground floor of the most northerly extension of this wing. It had a water closet in the north-western corner and an internal staircase in the south-western corner.
These extensive structural works were complemented by improvements made to the landscape. In 1870 twenty figs (Ficus spp.) and twenty pines (Pinus spp.) were sent to the school from the Royal Botanic Gardens. By this time, a circular carriage loop and gravel drive had been constructed in the foreground of the main entrance. A forty-bed dormitory was constructed on the south-west corner of the western wing during 1882.
Throughout the operational period of the combined orphanage great changes had been made in government policy for both the education and social welfare for destitute children. During the 1870s integration of orphans into the community at large, particularly through means of "boarding out" with foster parents began to be favoured over the austere environment of the "barrack" system used at Rydalmere. In 1882 Henry Parkes moved the passage of the State Children Relief Act. Amongst other provisions this Act created the State Children's Relief Board, inaugurated in 1882. This Board was formed with a specific mandate to foster children within the community. By 1886 in response to these political, administrative and philosophical changes there were only sixty-five children left in the Combined Orphanage at Rydalmere.
1888-1987 Rydalmere Psychiatric Hospital
In 1888 the site was transferred to the Department of Lunacy. The former school then became a branch of the Parramatta Hospital for the Insane.
The formal geometric layout of the working gardens was retained when the site became a psychiatric hospital in 1888. In contrast, the ornamental gardens were re-laid to reflect the more informal designs currently in vogue. This hospital took over the Orphan School complex, growing to the north-east and north in an unusual "village" arrangement of buildings, curved around a green, and what is called the "1900 Ward Range precinct". The period is associated with Walter Liberty Vernon, NSW Government Architect and health care advocates Frederick Manning and Dr Greenup.
When the old orphanage buildings were handed over they were found in be in a bad state. Immediately thirty patients were moved in to prevent further dilapidation and to commence tidying the site. Works carried out on the older structures included the alteration of the school house by infilling the verandahs and the construction of a new verandah in their place. Extensions were made to the old east and west wings and were both used for wards.
The former bakery was used for ward accommodation. A second storey was added to the Master's residence which was then used to house the new Superintendent.
In 1891 the site was granted independent status and renamed Rydalmere Hospital for the Insane. In 1895 a new boat shed and landing stage located on the main north-south axis of the central block was constructed. A Chief Attendant's Cottage was built on the slope leading down to the river frontage in the same year and a path ran from the cottage down to link up with the drive from the jetty and boatshed.
In 1895 the first female patients were admitted to the site. They were housed in purpose built wards constructed for them away from the former orphanage buildings. These new wards expressed evolving theories of patient care and needs.
Development of a new style of landscape emphasised the different nature of the hospital use, particularly towards the northern sections of the study area. Many of the new paths, bridges and plantations emphasised the new alignment away from the traditional visual linkages to the river. In 1893 and 1896 the Royal Botanic Gardens sent trees and shrubs for planting at the hospital site.
In 1905 a new stair block was added to the central block to coincide with the removal of the internal staircases to allow for more space for wards. The connecting passageways to the wings were altered to become two storey, topped by stone balustrades. A second storey was added in two stages to the former school block at this time. A water closet and verandahs were added to the buildings in 1907 and stair and toilet block to the east wing in the same year.
In 1909 a ward was built to adjoin the former Drill Master's residence. This was linked by a wall to a new two storey extension that replaced the former single storey matron's kitchen at the back of the old west wing.
After World War I resources were primarily spent on upgrading existing facilities and services, particularly sanitation and safety features, for example fire stairs. Electricity was brought to the site during this period.
By 1924 the site was considered to be antiquated in terms of contemporary management of mental hospitals. The former hospital was extensively remodelled in 1926 and a verandah and balcony were added to it in 1938. Additions were made to the Master's residence and Chief Attendant's cottage in 1926. 8
Symmetrical and formalised plantation design was expressed again in the inter-war period with the replacement of the federation period flower gardens and shrubs with grassed areas and Jacaranda trees and Camphor laurels.
Post World War II facilities were significantly expanded at Rydalmere in line with changing philosophies of patient care and accommodation. Existing facilities were upgraded or new structures created to take the place of older buildings that were too outmoded to update. Service aspects such as kitchens, factories, substations and workshops were generally located to the north and new administrative and recreational facilities in the centre of the site.
During the 1950s and 1960s additions and alterations were made to some buildings which considerably changed their form and appearance. A day room and ramp was constructed at the corner of the former hospital in 1949. A porch was later added in 1957. The entire southern facade was virtually obscured by the construction of a ward in 1959.
The central building was closed in 1969. Other buildings continued to be used but for storage and minor requirements such as a handyman's store.
During the 1960s and 1970s further planting of a more informal nature was undertaken throughout the hospital grounds. These plantings are particularly represented by a mixture of native plants, principally along the western boundary and partly to the northern boundary of the precinct.
Over the years following 1985 the south campus at Rydalmere was progressively closed. The existing environment both built and vegetated now exhibits a sense of decay.
1993-present Western Sydney University campus
The Parramatta South Campus of UWS was established on the site from 1993. In March 1998 UWS opened classrooms to students. Conservation works and adaptive reuse of parts of the complex have been undertaken by UWS for educational use. New buildings including the auditorium, library and student union have been added and in 2007 some heritage buildings required urgent remediation work.
The Female Orphan School has housed the University Executive administration and the Whitlam Institute since 2000. In June 2012 Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced $7m in federal funding to complete restoration of the Female Orphan School and the Whitlam Institute.
Description
The Rydalmere Hospital area is bounded by Victoria Road to the north, James Ruse Drive to the west, Vineyard Creek to the east and Parramatta River to the South. This area contains a significant number of buildings, landscape features, archaeological sites, natural areas, gardens and vistas.
The original building is a fine symmetrically balanced composition with projecting central bay capped by a simple triangular pediment. It was designed in the Colonial Georgian style and constructed in face sandstock brickwork with sandstone window sills, quoins and string courses. When viewed from the south the principal elevation, which faces towards the Parramatta River is flanked with Palladian style two storey pavilions connected to the central building by two storey wings. The pavilions, which stand forward of the centre, were originally almost square in plan but were subsequently extended to the north in at least two different stages. The early hipped roofs were replaced by brickwork gables and projecting barges.
The Mortuary is a fine example of the Federation Free Style. It has a simple rectangular plan and hipped, ventilated slate roof which is topped by a finely detailed zinc lantern with an oriental character.
The original Orphanage hospital from the 1860s was built as a two-storey domestic style building with two storey verandahs on three elevations. Verandahs later enclosed and interiors gutted to form single open spaces.
The former Head Master's Residence is a large two storey Victorian house with extended rear additions containing service rooms.
The former Chief Attendant's Cottage is a small single storey house. It is clad in horizontal timber weatherboards and has a terra cotta tile roof.
The boatshed is a small single storey timber framed building. It is notable for the external timber stud framing and diagonal bracing supporting a gabled roof with slate covering.
The physical condition of the site was reported as poor as at 28 July 1997, prior to restoration work by the University of Western Sydney. The archaeological potential was regarded as medium.
Modifications and dates
* 1800 & 1810 - The Parramatta site was selected for orphanage use
* 1810 - tender for building called for
* 1813 - the foundation stone laid
* 1818 - construction finished
* 1820 - work on the new facilities commences
* 1826 - the garden was said to consist of six acres and was well stocked with vegetables
* 1829 - a new kitchen and store room constructed
* 1830/1831 - more additions and renovations
* 1830s & 1840s - the surrounds improved
* 1854 - hospital built
* c. 1868 - new kitchen constructed, by 1870 a meat shed was attached
* 1870s - an extensive programme of additions and renovations carried out
* 1870 - twenty figs and twenty pines sent to the school from RBG
* 1882 - forty bed dormitory constructed
* 1888 - site transferred to the Department of Lunacy
* 1891 - site granted independent status and renamed Rydalmere Hospital
* 1895 - new boat shed and landing stage constructed
* 1895 - Chief Attendant's Cottage built
* 1893 & 1896 - Royal Botanic Gardens sent trees and shrubs for planting
* 1905 - new stair block added to the central block
* 1909 - ward built to adjoin the former Drill Master's residence
* 1926 - former hospital extensively remodelled
* 1938 - verandah and balcony added to former hospital
* 1926 - additions made to the Master's residence and Chief Attendant's Cottage
* Post WWII- service building constructed to the north and new administrative and recreational facilities in the centre of the site.
* 1950s & 1960s - additions and alterations made to some buildings which considerably changed their form and appearance.
* 1948 - dayroom built at the corner of the former hospital
* 1957 - porch added to hospital.
* 1959 - southern facade of hospital obscured by the construction of a ward
* 1969 - central building closed
* 1960s & 1970s - further planting of a more informal natives
* 1975/6 National Estate Program funding of $24,000 to restore roof of female orphan school (total cost c$60,000). Restoration of brick work and removal of redundant structures. Preparation of CMP.
* 1985 towards - hospital south campus at Rydalmere progressively closed
* 1993+- the site undergoing refurbishment to house the University of Western Sydney
Heritage listing
The Female Orphan School Precinct as a component of the former Rydalmere Hospital is of outstanding cultural significance, primarily for its continued use and development, between 1813 and 1989 as a public welfare institution for the care and management of the disadvantaged.
As the first purpose built orphan school in the colony, it illustrates a milestone in the establishment of national social welfare and education policies.
The surviving original buildings, constructed between 1813 and 1818, provide evidence of the development policies of Governor Macquarie and illustrates the transfer of 18th century British architectural pretensions into the design and siting of functional buildings in New South Wales. The extant central block is the oldest three storey building in Australia.
The site as a whole, and particularly the Orphan School precinct, has outstanding historical and social significance because of its continuous occupation as an institution since 1814. The original complex and its garden setting have outstanding rarity value. Its landscape is of exceptional significance for its development as a Colonial institution sited within the cultural landscape of the Parramatta River valley and influenced by Elizabeth Macquarie together with the continuing recognition of the heritage values of the place up to the present.
The structure of the built and natural fabric of the place has been conserved despite the constant adaptation by institutional uses and alienation of its peripheral lands. As a complex of parkland landscape character with gardens, built form and remnant indigenous vegetation it demonstrates the evolution of different attitudes towards institutional care in NSW. The groundworks design and siting of the buildings is associated with Elizabeth Macquarie, Samuel Marsden, Francis Greenway and subsequent Colonial and Government Architects (particularly Walter Liberty Vernon) and individuals associated with health care such as Frederick Norton Manning and Dr Greenup.
Rydalmere Hospital was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
It has been almost continually occupied since the early years of European settlement, initially by farming activities, but more importantly, by successive public welfare institutions for the care and management of disadvantaged members of society. It was the first purpose built orphanage in Australia and first combined orphanage to be managed by the state. The original central block is the oldest three storey building in Australia. The actual establishment of the orphanage at Rydalmere is associated with the governorship and development policies of Lachlan Macquarie, with his wife, Elizabeth, who is thought to have provided the design and with Samual Marsden who superintended the construction.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
It is a fine but complex collection of 19th and 20th century institutional buildings set in extensive, landscaped grounds above the Parramatta River. The central two and three storey buildings of the orphanage are a fine example of Old Colonial Georgian architectural design. The extant south elevation, with the symmetrical pavilions, retains a particular clarity of architectural composition, despite subsequent alterations and additions. The same elevation retains a largely uninterrupted visual relationship with the river, sufficient to demonstrate the aesthetic intentions of the original decision to site the orphanage on Arthurs Hill, facing towards the river valley and the contemporary settlement at Parramatta. Surviving external forms of many of the buildings retain sufficient clarity to demonstrate a range of important 19th and early 20th century architectural styles including Old Colonial Georgian, Victorian Regency, Federation Arts and Crafts and Federation Free Style. Remnant flora and site works from successive periods now combine to create a rich and varied landscape.
The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The history of the orphanage illustrates the evolution of interrelationships between private, ecclesiastic and state responsibilities for social welfare and education. The closure of the orphanage in 1888 reflected developing public policies to foster orphaned children into the community. The initial adaptations made to the old orphan school buildings to accommodate the Hospital for the Insane in the late 1880s, represented one of the last examples of a long-standing institutional approach in the care of the mentally ill, that of incarceration rather than hospitalisation. The marked changes of approach to the care of the insane, particularly the reduction in personal confinement, which took place after 1895, is clearly illustrated in the development of buildings and landscape, some of which took place within the Orphan School Precinct.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
For the potential to reveal physical evidence on Aboriginal utilisation of the resources of the region. For the potential to reveal physical evidence on the agricultural aspects of early European settlement in the region. For the potential to reveal physical evidence of former buildings and other structures, living conditions and building utilisation, patterns of land use, planting and pasturage, drainage and water supply systems and other aspects of long term institutional use. For the potential to demonstrate building design, construction and repair techniques throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly from the early decades of the 19th century. For the potential to interpret the role of the Parramatta River as a major form of inland transport and communication in the early decades of European settlement.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
The original, central block of the orphan school is the oldest three storey building in Australia.
The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.
As the first purpose built orphan school in the Colony, it illustrates a milestone in the establishment of national social welfare and education policies. | WIKI |
Rocky III
Rocky III is a 1982 film in which Rocky faces the ultimate challenge from a powerful new contender, and must turn to a former rival to help regain his throne as the undisputed fighting champion. It is the third installment in the Rocky film series.
* Directed and written by Sylvester Stallone.
The legend continues...The Italian Stallion is back!! (taglines)
Rocky Balboa
* You ain't so bad, you ain't so bad, you ain't nothin'. C'mon, champ, hit me in the face! My mother hits harder than that!
* Nothing is real if you don't believe in who you are!
Dialogue
* [Thunderlips makes his entrance into the arena]
* Mickey: Let's get outta here.
* Rocky: Aw, c'mon, Mick. It's for charity.
* Mickey: You're wearin' your anatomy out for charity. Nobody else does this much for charity.
* Rocky: Bob Hope would.
* Mickey: [pauses] That's true.
* [Thunderlips enters the ring]
* Paulie: Rocky, you better call Bob Hope.
* Title announcer: And fans, with us tonight, truly one of the fistic greats. He's coming up from ringside, the Master of Disaster, the King of Sting, the one and only Apollo Creed.
* [Apollo enters the ring and walks up to Clubber]
* Clubber: [slaps Apollo's hand away] Get out my face. Don't need nothin' you ain't got no more. Don't need no has-been messin' in my corner. And ya better get that bad look off ya face before I knock it off! C'mon, you wanna jump, then jump. C'mon! C'mon, Creed! C'mon! Yeah, c'mon! Yeah, just like a chicken, you better run.
* Apollo: [walks away to speak to Rocky] Give everybody a present and drop this chump, all right?
* [the rematch between Rocky and Clubber is about to begin]
* Clubber: Hey, fool! You ready for another beatin'? You should've never came back!
* Apollo: Don't look at him. Let's just be cool.
* Clubber: [to Apollo] Hey, boy. Hey, boy. After I crucify him, you next.
* Apollo: Just stay outta my face, chump.
* Clubber: [furiously] Don't turn yo' back on me, sucka!!
* [he shoves Apollo, and a melee breaks out]
* Nahan: We got a brawl before the bell!
* [the bell rings, and the fight breaks up]
* Clubber: I'm-a get you! I'm-a get you! Let him go! I want him!
* Rocky: I thought you said "be cool"!
* Apollo: That was cool!
* Apollo: [in the ring sparring with Rocky] He's hooking! He's hooking! DAMN, ROCK! COME ON! What's the matter with you?!
* Rocky: Tomorrow. Let's do it tomorrow.
* Apollo: THERE IS NO TOMORROW!! THERE IS NO TOMORROW!! THERE IS NO TOMORROW!!
* [at the statue unveiling, Rocky is considering retirement and the crowd is against it; Clubber Lang appears in the crowd]
* Clubber: Gettin' out while you can?! Don't give this sucker no statue. Give him guts! I told you I wasn't goin' away. You got your shot. Now, give me mine.
* Mickey: Why don't you get the fuck outta there?
* Clubber: Shut up, old man! I ain't goin' nowhere. And why don't you tell all these nice folks why you been duckin' me? Politics, man! This country wants to keep me down. Keep everybody weak. They don't want a man like me to have the title, because I'm not a puppet like that fool up there.
* Rocky: You know, you've got a big mouth. Y'know?
* Clubber: Why don't you come down here and close it, Balboa? C'mon! C'mon!
* Rocky: Anytime.
* Mickey: This guy's crazy. Don't listen to him.
* Clubber: The little man don't wanna come to me, then I'll come to you people and lay out the truth. I am ranked #1. 1! That means I'm the best. But this bum been takin' the easy matches. Fightin' other bums. I'm telling you and everybody here. I'll fight him anywhere, anytime, for nothin'! [crowd shouts] But you people ain't never gonna see that happen, because he's gonna retire. You see, he don't fight no real man. He fight them setups.
* Rocky: What?
* Mickey: You're a disgrace to this sport!
* Clubber: Shut up, old man! You and that chump don't know what I had to come from! Balboa, your family doin' real nice, ain't it? You call yourself a fighter? Prove it now. Gimme that same chance! The way you been duckin' is a disgrace. If he ain't no coward, why don't he fight me, then?
* Rocky: I can't listen to anymore of this bullshit. Hey, anytime you--
* Mickey: I don't care what you're ranked! You don't get no shot and I mean that!
* Clubber: I'm glad you people are seein' this here.
* Rocky: What are you doin'? I wanna fight this guy.
* Mickey: Well, you got him. But you'll fight him without me.
* Rocky: What are you saying?
* Mickey: It's finished. Yes. I'm finished. I don't want no more of this. I don't want no more of it! You understand? None of it! It's over with! [exits through the crowd]
* Clubber: Judge me by my fight record. [to Adrian] Hey, woman! Hey, woman! Listen here. Since your ol' man here ain't got no heart, maybe you like to see a real man. I bet you stay up late at night dreamin' you had a real man, don't ya? I tell you what? Bring your pretty, little self over to my apartment tonight, and I'll show you a real man.
* Rocky: [angrily] YOU WANT IT, YOU GOT IT!
* [after the statue unveiling, Rocky finds Mickey packing his suitcase]
* Rocky: Why did you leave? Why did you walk away like that?
* Mickey: Life's too short, kid.
* Rocky: Where are you goin'?
* Mickey: I'm goin' on a permanent vacation.
* Rocky: What are you talkin' 'bout? We got one more fight.
* Mickey: No, no. Not we, you.
* Rocky: Why you doin' this? [Mickey doesn't answer, Rocky slams the suitcase shut] I said why you doin' this?!
* Mickey: Because you can't win, Rock! This guy'll kill ya to death inside of 3 rounds!
* Rocky: You're crazy.
* Mickey: What else is new?
* Rocky: He's just another fighter.
* Mickey: No, he ain't just another fighter. This guy is a wreckin' machine, and he's hungry! Hell, you ain't been hungry since you won that belt!
* Rocky: What are you talkin' about? I've had 10 title defenses.
* Mickey: That was easy!
* Rocky: What do you mean easy?
* Mickey: They was hand-picked!
* Rocky: Setups?
* Mickey: No, they weren't setups. They was good fighters, but they wasn't killers like this guy. He'll knock ya into tomorrow, Rock!
* Rocky: Jeez, Mick, why'd you do it?
* Mickey: 'Cause the beating that you got from Apollo should have killed you, kid. It didn't. It was my job to keep ya winnin' and to keep ya healthy.
* Rocky: You really don't think I got nothin' left, do you?
* Mickey: Well, Rock, let's put it this way. Three years ago, you were supernatural. You was hard and nasty. You had this cast iron jaw. But then, the worst thing happened to you that could happen to any fighter. You got civilized. Don't worry, kid. You know, presidents retire, generals retire, horses retire, Man o War retired. They put him out to stud. That's what you should've done, retire.
* Rocky: I can't retire knowing all this, Mick.
* Mickey: Don't push it.
* Rocky: You've been carrying me.
* Mickey: We don't need it.
* Rocky: You've been carrying me, though.
* Mickey: I haven't been carryin' ya, I've been protecting you.
* Rocky: Look, I want this fight. Just one more.
* Mickey: No, we don't need it.
* Rocky: I'll live in the gym.
* Mickey: We don't need it.
* Rocky: Mick, I do. I'm askin' you to train me one last time.
* Mickey: No, I can't.
* Rocky: If you don't, I'm gonna tell everybody you ain't bought a new pair of underwear in 10 years.
* Mickey: You would, wouldn't you?
* Rocky: Yeah. Absolutely.
* Mickey: No.
* Rocky: C'mon. One more time, then it's over. Deal? Come on, come on.
* Mickey: It's your head kid. It's your head.
* Rocky: Yeah, it is. Thanks, Mick.
* [after losing the title to Clubber, Rocky sees a dying Mickey]
* Rocky: Mick?
* Mickey: [gasps for air] What? Is it over?
* Rocky: Yeah, yeah it's all over.
* Mickey: Hey, what happened?
* Rocky: It was a knockout.
* Mickey: What round? What round?
* Rocky: Second round.
* Mickey: [thinking Rocky had won] I knew it. That's good. We did it, huh?
* Rocky: We did it. We did it. You don't have to worry about nothing no more. Everything's going to be okay Mick.
* Mickey: Yeah we did it.
* Rocky: You gotta get to the hospital, Mick. You're not as young as you used to be.
* Mickey: You're the winner. We did everything right. I did everything right.
* Rocky: No, no, listen to me. You done everything right. Listen, we got more to do. Mick, whatever you want to do, we'll do it. Okay?
* Mickey: I love you, kid. I love you. [gasps harder] Your instinct... [stops breathing]
* Rocky: Mick? MICK! [sobs] M...Mick? It isn't...Speak to me, goddammit! [breaks down]
* [Rocky walks into Mickey's gym which is now closed down; he punches the speed bag]
* Apollo: That's not the way to do it.
* Rocky: Who's that?
* Apollo: You should hit it straight. Step into it.
* Rocky: Apollo?
* Apollo: Right. I waited at your house for about an hour. Your wife said you might be here.
* Rocky: What are you doin' here?
* Apollo: Business.
* Rocky: If the papers knew we were talkin' like this, they'd think we was crazy. Why you?
* Apollo: Because I'm the best, and you need somebody to teach you different.
* Rocky: Why?
* Apollo: To be honest with you, I don't think you could pull it off without me, Rock.
* Rocky: You still didn't give me the answer, Apollo. What's the real reason?
* Apollo: Listen. It's quiet, isn't it? When you retire, it's too quiet. I mean, we way too young to retire, anyway. Besides, with the right touch, I could promote this thing into the biggest gate of all time. It'd be bigger than ours. Heaven knows I don't mind bein' involved with large numbers. Right?
* Rocky: I don't need this no more. I don't want this no more.
* Apollo: Look, man. When you beat me, I hurt all over, and I didn't wanna know from nothin' or nobody, not even my kids. Hell, every fighter knows that hurt, and we get sick inside trying to live with it. So don't back off now and make it right for yourself or you'll be sorry you didn't. We held the greatest title in the whole world, babe. You lost that fight, Rock, for all the wrong reasons. You lost your edge. All right. I know your manager dying had you all messed up inside. But the truth is, you didn't look hungry. Now, when we fought, you had the eye of the tiger, man. The edge! And now you gotta get back, and the way to get it back is to go back to the beginning. You know what I mean? [laughs] Maybe we can win it back together. Eye of the tiger, man.
* Rocky: Why'd you have to come here?
* Apollo: I have the plan. Get it back, man.
* Rocky: You got me curious.
* Apollo: You got me curious, Rock.
* Adrian: Can I talk to you? I want to ask you something important and I want you to tell me the truth.
* Rocky: What?
* Adrian: Why did you come here?
* Rocky: I just don't want it no more.
* Adrian: If it's over because you want it to be over, I'm glad.
* Rocky: I do.
* Adrian: It's just, you've never quit anything since I've known you.
* Rocky: I don't know what you want me to say. I mean, what happened? How did everything that was so good get so bad?
* Adrian: What's so bad? Tell me, what?
* Rocky: I wrecked everything by not thinking for myself. I mean, why couldn't Mickey tell me where I was really at right from the start? He didn't have to carry me and lie to me and make me think I was better than I really was when I wasn't.
* Adrian: He never lied.
* Rocky: Those fights weren't right. They weren't, Adrian. I never fought anybody who was in their prime. There was always some angle to hold on to the title longer than I should have had it. I mean do you understand what I'm saying here?
* Adrian: I understand, but you've got to understand that he loved you and that was his job--protecting you!
* Rocky: Look, but that protecting don't help nothing. It only makes things worse. You wake up after a few years thinking you're a winner, but you're not. You're really a loser. So we wouldn't have had the title as long. So what?! At least it would've been real Adrian.
* Adrian: It was real!
* Rocky: Nothing is real if you don't believe in who you are! I don't believe in myself no more don't you understand? When a fighter don't believe, that's it! He's finished, it's over, that's it.
* Adrian: THAT'S NOT IT!!
* Rocky: That is it!
* Adrian: Why don't you tell me the truth?!
* Rocky: What are you putting me through, Adrian?! You wanna know the truth? The truth is I don't want to lose what I've got. In the beginning I didn't care about what happened to me. I'd go in the ring, I'd get busted up, I didn't care! But now there's you, there's the kid. I don't want to lose what I've got!
* Adrian: What do we have that can't be replaced? WHAT?! A house, we've got cars, we've got MONEY! We got everything but the truth. WHAT'S THE TRUTH, DAMN IT?!
* Rocky: I'M AFRAID! ALL RIGHT?! YOU WANT TO HEAR ME SAY IT? You want to break me down? All right, I'm afraid. For the first time in my life, I'm afraid.
* Adrian: I'm afraid too. There's nothing wrong with being afraid.
* Rocky: There is. For me, there is.
* Adrian: Why? You're human aren't you?
* Rocky: Look, I don't know what I am. All I know is I'm a liar, and because of that Mickey ain't here no more.
* Adrian: You didn't push him into anything! He was a grown man and he did what he had to do! And you have no right to feel guilty for what happened. You don't! You were a champion, and you did what you were expected to do, and you did what I and everybody else thought you should do. And you wanna tell me that those fights weren't real, that you were carried? Well I don't believe it! But it doesn't matter what I believe because you're the one that's got to carry that fear around inside you, afraid that everybody's going to take things away and afraid that you're going to be remembered as a coward, that you're not a man anymore. Well, none of it's true! But it doesn't matter if I tell you. It doesn't matter, because you're the one that's gotta settle it. Get rid of it! Because when all the smoke has cleared and everyone's through chanting your name, it's just going to be us. And you can't live like this. We can't live like this. Cause it's going to bother you for the rest of your life. Look what it's doing to you now. Apollo thinks you can do it, so do I. But you gotta want to do it for the right reasons. Not for the guilt over Mickey, not for the people, not for the title, not for money or me, but for you. Just you. Just you alone.
* Rocky: And if I lose?
* Adrian: Then you lose. But at least you lose with no excuses, no fear. And I know you can live with that.
* Rocky: How did you get so tough?
* Adrian: I live with a fighter.
* Rocky: I really love you. [they kiss, and Rocky holds her close] I love you. ''
* Apollo: [Rocky keeps getting hit by Clubber] He's getting killed out there!
* Paulie: Oh, no, no. He's not getting killed, he's getting MAD!
* [last lines, Rocky and Apollo are walking into the ring at Mickey's gym after the rematch.]
* Apollo: Come on, come on. We made a deal.
* Rocky: I know but this is extremely crazy.
* Apollo: Yeah, it's mentally irregular, right? But it makes all the sense in the world. Now you owe me a favor.
* Rocky: I know but when did you think of this?
* Apollo: About three years ago.
* Rocky: This is very crazy, Apollo.
* Apollo: Look Stallion, when you won that last fight, you won by one second. You beat me by one second. That's very hard for a man of my intelligence to handle.
* Rocky: But didn't you say after I beat you, you learned how to live with it?
* Apollo: I lied.
* Rocky: Oh, you lied! So now you just gotta prove it to yourself right?
* Apollo: Just myself. No TV, no newspapers, just you and me.
* Rocky: Nothing, just you and me. Age before beauty?
* Apollo: Anything you say, Stallion.
* Rocky: I do all the work. Okay. I'll tell you, Apollo, you'd better go slow cause you ain't as young as springtime no more.
* Apollo: I'm still young enough to whip your butt Stallion.
* Rocky: Oh yeah? How are you going to do that? You taught me everything you know.
* Apollo: Almost everything. You got to remember now, you fight great, but I'm a great fighter. You ready?
* Rocky: Absolutely.
* Apollo: You know, Stallion? It's too bad we gotta get old.
* Rocky: Just keep punching Apollo. Wanna ring the bell?
* Apollo: All right. Ding, ding. [they start circling] Come on Stallion. Come on. Come on.
* Rocky: Boy, you really move good for an older guy.
* Apollo: You're looking good, Stallion. I taught you well.
* Rocky: I think you taught me too good. You can fly.
* Apollo: Look out now. No no you don't want any of this. Come on. Come on.
* Rocky: Maybe I'm in here with the wrong guy.
* Apollo: Watch yourself. You ready? [both throw hooks at each other, and the movie ends with a painting of the freeze-frame]
Taglines
* The legend continues...The Italian Stallion is back!!
* His life is happy, his fights have seemed easy. Now a young upstart is going to make him prove just how far he can still go...
* A Fighter. A Lover. A Legend. The Greatest Challenge.
* The Excitement... The Power... The Man...
* The greatest challenge.
Cast
* Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa
* Talia Shire as Adrian Balboa
* Burt Young as Paulie Pennino
* Carl Weathers - Apollo Creed
* Burgess Meredith - Mickey Goldmill
* Tony Burton - Tony "Duke" Evers
* Mr. T - Clubber Lang
* Ian Fried as Rocky Balboa, Jr.
* Hulk Hogan - Thunderlips | WIKI |
Template:Did you know nominations/Ian Meadows (archaeologist)
The result was: promoted by Cwmhiraeth (talk) 05:27, 27 May 2018 (UTC)
Ian Meadows (archaeologist)
* ... that within two years, Ian Meadows discovered both the first conclusive evidence for viticulture in Roman Britain, and the Anglo-Saxon Pioneer helmet (pictured)? Many sources for both. E.g., Meadows 1996, Scott 2011a/2011b, and Chester Farm for first evidence of viticulture, and Saraceni 1997 for Pioneer helmet.
* Reviewed: John C. H. Lee
5x expanded by Usernameunique (talk). Self-nominated at 09:24, 6 May 2018 (UTC).
* Symbol confirmed.svg New enough (5x expansion began 4 edits ago on 6 May 2018), long enough (2,725 characters "readable prose size"), fully referenced. Hook fine, verified against online source. Image on Commons, has an appropriate licence. Good to go. Hawkeye7 (discuss) 20:40, 6 May 2018 (UTC)
* Looking at this article before promoting the hook, I find a statement about seven vineyards followed by the enumeration of eight. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 05:15, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
* , fixed the math. Would it be overkill for this to run on June 1? That's when Pioneer helmet will be TFA, but I understand if that would be seen as decreasing the diversity of the main page. --Usernameunique (talk) 05:22, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
* I don't see why it shouldn't run the same day, but without the image which will presumably be used with the TFA blurb. I will move the nomination to the special holding area. Incidentally, as we are having quite a few related archaeology hooks, I would tend to only use the image when it is the main subject of the hook rather than peripheral to the hook, so that our readers don't get helmet fatigue! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 05:36, 21 May 2018 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Development Back-end
How Much Does it Cost to Create a Python Application? — QIT
Sep 1, 2023 7 min read
"How Much Does it Cost to Create a Python Application? — QIT"
One of the most well-liked programming languages, Python has a wide range of libraries that are ideal for different applications. Python is currently very important, despite being the oldest programming language. Python has been among the top five most in-demand programming languages over the past five years, with a growth rate of 14.8%, and this number is likely to continue to rise. Python-based web application development has expanded significantly over time. So, how much does Python application cost?
Java and C++ are a couple of the key competitors, however Python has a market share advantage of more than 10% over them. There isn’t a language that is more widely understood.
most popular programming languages
But why is Python an excellent alternative for creating Python-based web applications? How much is python software? How much does creating a web application in Python cost? What factors affect the price of developing a Python application? If any of these questions are bothering you, you need to read this blog.
Python web app development typically costs between $12,000 and $25,000, depending on the kind of program and the amount of work involved. In addition to this, keep reading this blog to gain a greater understanding of the cost and everything.
Why is Python a Great Choice for Developing Web and Mobile Applications?
Python allows us to create maintainable features quickly and with the least amount of developers possible, according to Cuong Do, Software Architect at YouTube.com.
The app developer’s hourly rate is unquestionably higher when a certain programming language is in higher demand. Additionally, there are videos and guides for Python programming that can help devoted app developers when creating Python web applications.
There are numerous programming languages available, and each one has advantages and disadvantages. However, due to its amazing features, Python is regarded by many enterprises as the finest option for developing web apps. Here are the top 8 justifications:
1. Learning Python is Simple
The fact that practically anyone can learn Python is one of its most important advantages. It is simple and easy to do; there is no intricate coding reasoning involved. Additionally, it offers a variety of programming idioms, boosting the popularity of coders. If you are brand-new to this field, it is simple to find information about all the necessary units online.
python is more simple than many other languages
2. Strong for Scripting
Python is also well-known for being an effective programming language that can be used for scripting and web development, so you can quickly create useful apps with its assistance. You don’t need to fully comprehend how it operates because it is made to provide high-level programming features.
3. Large Developer Community
You will find more people who can assist with any challenges or concerns linked to your project because so many major firms utilize Python as their primary development platform. The biggest benefit is that you can discover an expert online who will adapt your code to your needs rather than having to employ one from the start.
Python’s open-source nature guarantees that programmers can update and alter the programming language. The large community offers significant updates and fresh features that might aid in the creation of web applications.
4. Python Is Safer
Python is an interpreted language, which makes faults more evident than in other less popular languages and lowers the likelihood of security problems. Additionally, since it does not use pointer arithmetic, it is impossible to manipulate the memory management, ensuring that you won’t experience any memory leakage or corruption issues.
5. Python Simplifies Testing
Python can save you money if you intend to launch a prototype early because it integrates seamlessly with other languages like C, C++, etc. You can test your application rapidly using it because it can also be used to create an API for web services.
6. Numerous Libraries and Frameworks
Python includes a ton of frameworks and libraries that aid in accelerating the development of Python applications. Flask and Django, the two most well-liked Python frameworks, are renowned for expediting the development process. So, you may anticipate having a Python application that is both well-developed and quick.
Python libraries and frameworks
7. Various Use Cases
The fact that Python isn’t just for creating web applications is one of the main arguments in favor of using it. The Python programming language is useful for game development, data analysis, and machine learning. Whatever your company’s needs may be, developing Python-based web applications may be the ideal option.
Support Automation
The Python programming language can automate operations because it has a large selection of tools and modules. It allows dynamic code, does away with difficulties, and saves time and work. You may anticipate a well-designed Python application that increases revenue and sales with clever automation assistance.
These are a few compelling arguments for why Python is a popular platform for creating mobile applications. In addition, Python is a versatile, object-oriented programming language. With a ton of third-party tools, an open source license, and a ton of support from frameworks and libraries, Python is very flexible. It also has interpreters for all major operating systems. The price of Python programming fluctuates along with demand due to a number of factors, some of which are highlighted here.
Python Application Development Cost Influencing Factors
In order to build and effectively deploy a useful Python application, there are many factors to take into account.
factors that influences python development cost
1. Features & Functions
Each application has a unique mix of features and functionalities, hence there is no single standard assessment for how much it costs to construct a Python web app. Some of the most important elements and functionalities that have a significant impact on the price of developing a Python web app are graphics, functions, platforms, and connectivity.
You won’t pay as much for an app with basic features and functionalities as you would for one with sophisticated features. So initially, decide what features and functionalities your Python program will have. If money is tight, avoid adding sophisticated functionalities.
Want to know how to plan a budget for your custom software project?
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2. Time Needed
One important factor determining the cost of Python software development is the amount of time needed. A basic application with few requirements for mobile app development can be made at a reasonable price. But using AI is necessary for sophisticated applications with extensive functionality, which drives up the price of the Python app even more. As a result, the time needed for development, designing, testing, and other processes also affects the cost factor.
3. App Development & Design
Every time someone hires specialized developers, they are required to buy a domain on the client’s behalf. In addition, storing a large amount of data on the server necessitates high development costs. The design of the Python application follows, and this is decided upon by both clients and developers.
An application’s design costs a little more to create than a simple website design because more work goes into it. So, if you have a limited budget, make the app’s design straightforward and user-friendly.
4. Scalability of Products
Testing is done when the Python application is finished, and the development team then gets the results. If there is a favorable response, the Python application will acquire further features to make it more scalable and user-friendly. This indicates that increased product scalability and new features will result in higher post-production expenses.
5. Application Maintenance
In addition to the design and development of Python apps, maintenance is a crucial factor in determining cost. Professional assistance is necessary for maintenance such as app upgrades, bug fixes, modifications, or new releases, which raises the price of creating an application in Python.
You can finally remove some functionality from your program to make it more manageable, but adequate maintenance and support are necessary to satisfy users. This will also assist you in updating your Python application to reflect the most recent developments.
6. Front-End & Back-End
Python cannot be used to create an app’s web pages because it is a back-end language. Therefore, employing a different script will cost you more if you need to use front-end development services. This contributes to an increase in the price of Python or Django web development. Therefore, it is best to seek the advice of a custom Python web development business, and the experts will help you construct your program.
7. Location
The organization’s location or a Python developer is the final but most important factor impacting the development cost. For instance, hiring a Custom Python web development company in the US is considerably less expensive than in other countries. In the US, a Python developer’s hourly rate typically ranges between $51 and $59 depending on demand and the difficulty of the project.
8. Budget
One of the most important factors that directly affects the success of the Python app development project is budget. Always make sure that the development costs are in line with your budget; otherwise, progress may be delayed.
Businesses that don’t establish their budget at the very beginning of Python web development frequently have to postpone their project because of financial limitations. Therefore, it is best to determine your budget first before utilizing any services.
9. Security
Some Python programs are protected and aid programmers in avoiding the most frequent security blunders. Customer password hashing, CSRF warnings, authorization modules, and authentication are some of the standard Python app security elements that keep the program secure. If extra security measures are added while a Python application is being developed, higher costs will result.
10. Development Cost
The final and most significant expense related to the overall benefit of developing Python applications. It also depends on the project team, including the testers, quality assurance team, front-end architects, and back-end coders. Each member of the development team has a financial stake in the price of creating a Python application. The cost will be lower the simpler the development procedure is.
So, these are some of the key elements that have a significant impact on the price of developing Python applications. You also need to be aware of a few things to take into account when figuring out how much the Python app will cost. This will provide a seamless development process for Python web apps and help you finish your task on time and within your budget.
How Much Does Hiring A Python Programmer Cost?
One factor that affects the choice to employ a Python application developer is pricing. Depending on the employment model, employing a Python programmer can be expensive. Full-time, part-time, or hourly employment are the three types of hiring.
Full-Time$12,000–$25,000For complete project development
Part-Time$40 – $60Per hour
Hourly Basis$20 to $40Per hour
You can choose from any of the above hiring models to engage a web developer and complete your project on time and within your budget, depending on your needs for developing Python apps.
In addition, when people hire experts to design Python apps, they frequently have the following questions in their minds. We have therefore underlined the response to those typical FAQs.
python development rates
FAQ
Do You Recommend Python for Building Web Applications?
Yes, one of the best programming languages for building web applications is Python. It offers a wide range of benefits to improve productivity and user experience. Due to its ease of use and numerous other advantages, programmers nowadays also frequently use it.
How Much Does Python Cost When Developing Web Applications?
Calculating the entire cost of developing a Python web application is difficult. It involves a variety of factors, such as setup costs, testing expenses, etc., and the development stage, where the choice of programming language has a significant impact on the final cost.
What Should Be Anticipated When Using Python?
Numerous advantages, such as enhanced performance and quicker software development, guarantee that businesses have their websites up and operating quickly, which boosts user engagement and increases conversion rates.
To Conclude
Python is a well-liked and widely-used programming language that is used by corporations and experts. The price to build a web application will depend on the type that you need. Furthermore, as already indicated, the math involved is not straightforward. Many different factors are considered.
Well-known digital behemoths like Instagram and Mozilla make large research efforts prior to investing in the Python web application project. To avoid making a mistake, thoroughly consider your options before starting your next Python project. If you do this, you won’t burn a hole in your pocket.
At QIT Software, we are ready to answer any of your questions about Python development, as well as find a skilled seasoned programmer to join your team and build high quality Python applications.
Also, read: Go vs. Python in 2023: Comparing Performance & Features. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Thermal Spray Vs. Cold Spray Technologies
We are going to list a few industries, and have you guess what they all have in common. Here they are:
Can you guess? They all use components that are exceedingly expensive. Those expensive components cost companies even more money due to downtime when they require replacement or repair.
What Is Thermal Spray?
Traditionally, thermal spray processes come to the rescue for these industries. This method can include arc spraying and flame spraying. Since the early 1900s, these modalities have been created to enhance and repair original equipment.
Another method of equipment repair – plasma spraying – arrived in the 1970s, approximately 50 years later than flame spraying and arc spraying.
In the thermal spray process, a surface is sprayed with materials in the form of semi-molten or molten droplets. Through either chemical or electrical means, the materials used are heated. Polymers, ceramics, and metals are typically utilized materials.
Rather than being fused or metallurgical in nature, a thermal spray bond is mechanical. Most critical is the substrate surface’s condition. Before spraying, it must be cleaned and roughened.
Types of Thermal Spray
The following are thermal spray application types:
What Is Cold Spray?
A much more recent development, coal spray processes have gained in popularity. At the forefront of this emerging technology is constantly newer and more improved high-pressure, portable, cold spray equipment.
The coating deposition process referred to as cold spray uses powdered material. At supersonic speeds, the material is accelerated and deposited onto a dissimilar or similar material surface. Using an electronically heated, high pressure carrier gas, these powders reach high velocity. The gas can be helium, nitrogen, or something similar.
To get to these supersonic speeds, the powders and gas go through a nozzle. The nozzle converts the flow’s heat energy to kinetic energy, thanks to its hourglass shape (which is internally asymmetric).
As the material surface is impacted by the high-speed particles, the target surface and particles form a strong bond.
Types Of Cold Spray
Cold spray can be broken down into two types:
• LPCS (low pressure cold spray)
• HPCS (high pressure cold spray)
But between thermal spray and cold spray, which would better apply to your next project? Let’s look at why each of these methods is used to help you determine which is best for your purposes.
Why Is Thermal Spray Used?
Thermal spray offers the advantage of being able to apply coatings at high deposition rates. Rather than chrome plating, anodizing, weld overlay, heat treat processes, nitride, and as an alternative to nickel, thermal spray can be used.
Rather than replacing an expensive part, to repair it, thermal spray can sometimes be utilized. The sensitivity of the component and the type of materials involved will help determine whether or not this is applicable.
With certain limitations, the life of a component can be extended thanks to the wear resistant coating properties of thermal spray. At higher temperatures, however, cold spray may be preferable.
Why Is Cold Spray Used
This type of technology is referred to as “green”. That’s because there are no toxic fumes, and in the process, there is no melting or chemical heating. What’s more, companies can recycle the waste materials. Additionally, CO2 emissions are reduced when you save energy by repairing parts instead of replacing them with newly manufactured ones.
Further favorable characteristics include the elimination of a heat affected zone, minimal substrate area masking, and no combustion product entrapment, alloy decomposition, or oxidation.
Last, but not least, is the cost-effectiveness of cold spray.
At A&A Coatings, we can help with the sometimes-difficult decision as to what protective spray application method is best for you, your company, and your components. Contact us today to speak to one of our knowledgeable representatives.
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Kinetic analysis on the motility of liverwort sperms using a microscopic Computer-Assisted Sperm Analyzing system
Takuya Furuichi, Koji Matsuura
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
3 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Some of the plant species including embryophytes (especially, bryophytes and ferns) utilize the sperms but not pollens for their sexual reproduction. Because sperm motility is one of the most important features for the fertility in human and animals, percentage of motility and the kinetic parameters for swimming and the guidance to eggs (taxis) are well focused in the field of reproductive biology to evaluate and improve the male infertility. However, the nature of plant sperms is rarely known even more than a century has passed since the first microscopic observations of sperms in embryophytes as in the cases in Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta, commonly known as sperm-generating plant species, have been made in the end of 19th century. In the present study, we performed high throughput analysis on the sperm motility in the most common liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L. using a Computer-Assisted Sperm Analyzing (CASA) system. Time-dependent changes in kinetic parameters of Marchantia sperm motility from high to low motility states suggested that amplitude of lateral head displacement, rather than its frequency play key roles in the speed and distance of swimming at high motility state. From the average lifetime of high motility state and the speed of migration, the distance traveled by Marchantia sperms, due to their own motility, are estimated to be less than 3 cm, suggesting that motility of Marchantia sperms might mainly play a key role in the final fertilization step, but not in the long-distance travelling from the patchily distributed colonies of male strains to those of female strains, often being apart by few meters in the field.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)45-49
Number of pages5
JournalEnvironmental Control in Biology
Volume54
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2016
Keywords
• Marchantia polymorpha L.
• Motility
• Sperm
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Agronomy and Crop Science
• Plant Science
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1946 Nebraska lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1946 Nebraska lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1946. Incumbent Nebraska Lieutenant Governor Roy W. Johnson lost to Robert B. Crosby in the Republican primaries after the Nebraska Republican Pre-Primary Convention refused to endorse him for reelection. Thus, the general election featured Robert B. Crosby as the Republican nominee who defeated Democratic nominee Robert J. Swanson.
Candidates
* Roy M. Harrop, lawyer and oil operator from Omaha, Nebraska, who ran on the Progressive Party ticket for the US House of Representatives in 922, received the Progressive Party nomination for Governor of Nebraska in 1926, ran in the Republican primaries for governor in 1928, and ran in the Democratic primaries for governor in 1942
* Robert J. Swanson, attorney from Omaha, Nebraska
Republican primary
Prior to the Republican primaries, the Nebraska Republican Party met in a pre-primary convention to endorse particular candidates. The convention endorsed recent Speaker of the Nebraska Legislature Robert B. Crosby instead of incumbent Nebraska Lieutenant Governor Roy W. Johnson. Some alleged that the reason Johnson was not endorsed was a perception among state legislators that he was not adept at presiding over the Nebraska Legislature or knowing the rules of procedure. Johnson's lack of endorsement by the pre-primary convention was credited with his subsequent loss in the Republican primaries.
Candidates
* Robert B. Crosby, fourth Speaker of the Nebraska Unicameral Legislature and former member of the Nebraska Legislature from what was then District 38
* Roy W. Johnson, incumbent Nebraska Lieutenant Governor
* Mary E. Kenny, former teacher from Lincoln, Nebraska
* Charles J. Warner, first Speaker of the Nebraska Unicameral Legislature and former member of the Nebraska Legislature from what was then District 18 for over 20 years | WIKI |
Hatfield Regis Priory
Hatfield Broad Oak Priory, or Hatfield Regis Priory, is a former Benedictine priory in Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, England. Founded by 1139, it was dissolved in 1536 as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries.
History
The large settlement of Hatfield was well established by the time of the Norman Conquest, and the Domesday Book lists the presence of a Saxon church. At one time a royal manor of Harold I, it fell into the possession of William I at the Norman Conquest. Popular for hunting in the neighbouring forest, the royal estate came to be known as Hatfield Regis (Latin for the king's Hatfield).
The Benedictine monastery itself was founded in or before 1139, one of the five religious communities of that order to be founded in Essex. The priory was a daughter house of the Breton monastery of Notre-Dame-en-Saint-Melaine de Rennes in Rennes, and was dedicated to "God, St Mary, and St. Melanius Redonensis". It was thus considered an "alien priory" as it was subordinate to a monastery outside England.
In around 1230 a fire destroyed part of the priory church, for whose repairs Henry III granted ten oaks each from the forests of Hatfield and Wristle.
John Lydgate, the poet, was elected prior in 1423 but resigned the office a few years later to concentrate on his travels and writing.
Disputes
A dispute over tithes from the royal manor of Hatfield granted to the Augustinian canons of St. Botolph, Colchester, by King Henry I continued for decades. A compromise was established by two clerical commissioners appointed by the pope in 1194, but the issue was not entirely resolved for several more years.
Another dispute arose over the appointment of the prior. Patronage of the priory always belonged to the de Veres, earls of Oxford. The de Vere earls of Oxford and the abbot of St. Melanie both claimed the right, resulting in a series of unpleasant episodes in 1235. The matter was appealed to Rome, and in 1236 Pope Gregory IX ordered commissioners to hear the matter. A final settlement was reached eighteen years later. On the death of the prior, the Hatfield monks were to ask permission of the earl of Oxford to hold an election. The new prior would be presented to the earl, who would request his confirmation by the bishop of London. The prior was to notify the abbot and convent of Rennes of the death of his predecessor and of his own election and confirmation. This is an example of an assertion of practical independence by an English cell of a foreign monastery.
The conventual church was built, or rebuilt, in the first part of the fourteenth century. The priory reached its peak in the first half of the fourteenth century with its great church, 230 feet in length, dominating the local countryside. Roger de Wautham, canon of St. Paul's, London, donated precious vessels for the use of the abbey and of the parish church."Houses of Benedictine monks: Priory of Hatfield Regis or Broadoak.
Dissolution
The priory was dissolved in 1536 by Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. At the time only the prior and four monks lived there, though had thirty servants to attend to their needs. The tithes and patronage were initially granted to Barking Abbey but after Barking was dissolved they were given to Trinity College, Cambridge, by Henry VIII in 1546. The tomb effigy of Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford was reportedly moved from the priory chapel to the parish church at Hatfield.
Some parts of the priory church remain as part of St Mary's parish church. The remaining buildings were dismantled and no trace remains of them above ground where they stood in the field to the north of the church. | WIKI |
User:Ajno 1/sandbox
Albert Jones is a Singer Songwriter with a distinctly british alternative pop sound.
His releases include debut album 'Come Alive' in 2017.
He's toured the UK and Europe with Martin Harley, Marc O'Reilly and Ruarri Joseph (William The Conqueror). | WIKI |
Leetcode - 39. Combination Sum
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문제
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풀이
내 풀이
class Solution:
def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
def get_comb(tar: int, cands: List[int]):
combs = []
if tar in cands:
combs.append([tar])
for idx, cand in enumerate(cands):
if cand is not tar:
for i in range(1, tar // cand + 1):
comb = get_comb(tar - i * cand, cands[idx:])
for com in comb:
combs.append([cand] * i + com)
return combs
combinations = []
for r in get_comb(target, candidates):
if r not in combinations:
combinations.append(r)
return combinations
빠른 풀이
class Solution:
def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
dp = [[] for _ in range(target + 1)]
dp[0].append([])
for c in candidates:
for i in range(c, target + 1):
for combo in dp[i-c]:
dp[i].append(combo + [c])
return dp[target] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Le Chasseur français
Le Chasseur français (French: The French Hunter) is a monthly magazine on hunting and nature published in France. Launched in 1885 it is one of the earliest magazines in this category.
History and profile
Le Chasseur français was started in 1885. The founding company of the magazine was ManuFrance, which went bankrupt in the 1980s. The company was founded by Étienne Mimard and Pierre Blachon in St Etienne and had activities in various business fields.
In 1990 Medianature, a joint company formed by Bayard SA and Emap, acquired the magazine. In 2001 Emap bought the shares of Bayard AS in Medianature, becoming the owner of the magazine. Mondadori is also owner of the magazine, which acquired shares of it in June 2001. In June 2006 the company became the whole owner of the magazine.
Le Chasseur français is published by Mondadori/Emap France on a monthly basis. The magazine offers articles about nature-related hobbies such as fishing, gardening, hunting, mushroom gathering and farm animal husbandry. It supports for positivism, work and production. Antoine Berton is the editor of the monthly.
Circulation
The circulation of Le Chasseur français was about 544,000 copies during the first half of 2001 and 535,000 copies in 2001. It was one of the 20 best-selling magazines in France in 2005 with a circulation of 494,514 copies. The magazine had a circulation of 384,057 copies in 2010. In 2012 the magazine sold 303,380 copies. The magazine sold 215,836 copies in 2019. | WIKI |
Treat Me
"Treat Me" is a song by American singer Chlöe. It was released on April 8, 2022, through Parkwood Entertainment.
Background and release
In 2021, Bailey released her debut solo single, "Have Mercy", which reached number one on the Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart and debuted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. Bailey provided vocals on "You & Me" by Gunna, from the album DS4Ever before she started to promote her next single. Bailey hinted at the release of "Treat Me" with a promotional video, showing the singer vocalizing in a bodysuit with crystals.
On March 31, 2022, Bailey announced the release date of "Treat Me", stating that the single would come out on April 8, through Parkwood Entertainment. The cover artwork for the song depicts the singer in a latex thong and an up-sized black puffer jacket. Her hair consists of sleek bangs, and she wears jewelry around her neck which goes down to her chest area. The song was Bailey's first release of 2022.
Composition
The hook of "Treat Me" contains a sample from "Ms. New Booty", a 2005 song by Bubba Sparxxx and the Ying Yang Twins. The song was produced by Oak. Bailey wrote "Treat Me" while in the process of exiting a relationship. The song contains themes of pride and power.
Critical reception
In a review of Chlöe's debut album In Pieces, Pitchfork's Heven Haile wrote that "the forced strut of her delivery and unimaginative 'Ms. New Booty' sample made 'Treat Me' feel optimized for mainstream radio", characterizing the singer's solo material as "manufactured to the point of sterility."
Music video
The music video for "Treat Me", directed by Diana Kunst, begins with Bailey standing in the middle of the frame, wearing a leather suit as lights flash in the background. After this, the singer dances beside a leopard. The video is inspired by Grace Jones and Janet Jackson. William Ylvisaker and Lukas van der Fecht designed some of the outfits used in the clip. The video's production was handled by Christopher Lopez. The executive producers are Justin Benoliel, Amanda Leya Andrews, and Jill Kaplan. Creative direction is provided by Andrew Makadsi of Parkwood.
Credits
Credits adapted from Spotify.
* Chloe Bailey – performer, songwriter
* Warren Felder – songwriter, producer
* Keith Sorrells – songwriter
* Caroline Ailin – songwriter
* Deonjelo Holmes – songwriter
* Eric Jackson – songwriter
* Michael Crooms – songwriter
* Warren Mathis – songwriter | WIKI |
Medical Issues Ch. 5 Flashcards Preview
Medical Issues in Athletic Training > Medical Issues Ch. 5 > Flashcards
Flashcards in Medical Issues Ch. 5 Deck (42)
Loading flashcards...
1
administration vs. dispensing
administration: physically helping the patient take it
dispensing: handing it to the patient
2
what medications can ATs dispense
only OTCs
3
what needs to be recorded when dispensing?
name
date
reason they're taking it
medication name
dosage/quantity
lot number
initials or signature
4
NSAID
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5
how do NSAIDs work
cyclooygenase (COX) inhibitors
COX enzymes produce prostaglandins
-increase sensitivity to pain
inhibiting COX function leads to inhibiting inflammation
6
two types of COX
COX-1
-regulate bodily functions (platelet production, renal function, etc.)
COX-2
-inflammatory process
-pain
-fever
7
problem with NSAID
inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2, which can lead to GI problems
8
NSAID common uses
acuts and chronic inflammatory conditions
also used as an analgesic and antipyretic (reduces fever)
9
common NSAIDs
ibuprofen
-Addaprin, Advil, Motrin
-400 mg every 4-6 hours
naproxen sodium
-Aleve, Anaprox
-250 mg every 6-8 hours
diclofenac
-Voltaren
-50 mg, tid
celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor)
-Celebrex
-100-200 mg, bid
10
NSAID
-side effects
-contraindications
-interactions
side effects
-GI irritation
renal system side effects
contraindications
-caution with individuals with GI issues
interactions
-NSAIDs should not be taken together
11
corticosteroids
-type
-administration route
anti-inflammatory
multiple forms/uses/routes of administration
12
corticosteroid common indications/drugs
hydrocortisone
-indication: dermatological
-administration: topical
13
dexamethasone indications and admin
dexamethasone
-indication: asthma, chronic inflammation
--admin: tablet/capsule
-indication: asthma
--admin: oral inhalation
-indication: rhinitis (inflammation of the mucus membranes)
--admin: nasal inhalation
-indication: chronic inflammatory conditions
--admin: injection
14
corticosteroid side effects
restlessness
dizziness
sleeplessness
changes in skin color
unusual hair growth
15
analgesic
-what is it?
anything that reduces pain
16
most common analgesic + info
acetominophen
-Tylenol
-625-1000 mg every 4-6 hours
-side effects: increased potential for liver problems
-contraindications: should not be taken with blood thinners
17
analgesic - narcotics and opiates
controlled substances
indications: post-op pain, severe musculoskeletal pain, some cancers
side effects: drowsiness and euphoria
narcotics: OxyContin, Demerol
opiates: morphine, codeine
18
antibiotics function
rids the body of bacterial infection
19
antibiotics classification
-what type of classification?
-classes
classified by their mechanism of action
types
-bacterialcidal: kills the bacteria
--Penicillin
-bacteriostatic: inhibits the growth of bacteria
--Cipro
20
antibiotics side effects and interactions
decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives
21
antihistamines function
used to treat allergies
22
antihistamine physiology
body reacts to an allergen by having the mast cells release histamine
histamine binds to histamine receptors in the nose, eyes, respiratory tract, skin, etc. producing classic allergy signs and symptoms
antihistamines are antagonist drugs
23
H1 antihistamines
first generation: drowsiness is common
-ex.: Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)
-dosage: 25-50 mg every 4-6 hours
second generation: drowsiness is less common
-ex.: Claritin (Loratidine)
-dosage: 10 mg, 1x/day
-example: Allegra
-dosage: 60 mg, bid
24
Bronchodilators
-indication
-how does it work
used for asthma (recommended as first response)
B-adrenergic agonists
25
bronchodilator side effects
tremor
nervousness
dizziness
headache
nausea
tachycardia
26
inhaler use
shake the inhaler
hold inhaler upright
breathe out
place lips around mouthpiece
breathe in and press down on the canister
breathe in as long as you can
hold breath for at least 5-10 seconds
resume breathing normally
27
decongestants
-indications
nasal congestion
-allergic rhinitis
-common cold
28
decongestants how it works
vasoconstriction of blood cells in nasal passages
decreases inflammation of mucous membranes
29
most common decongestant
pseudoephedrine
-Sudafed
-120 mg (1 tablet) every 12 hours
side effects
-nervousness
-headache
-insomnia
-restlessness
contraindications
-hypertension and heart disease
30
Phenylephrine HCl (decongestant)
Sudafed PE
10-15 mg every 4-6 hours
side effects
-nervousness
-headache
-insomnia
-restlessness
contraindications
-use of certain types of anti-depressants
-hypertension and heart disease | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What Everyone is Saying About Portable Air Compressors Is Dead Wrong And Why
Portable air compressors are a versatile and convenient tool for a wide range of applications. They are perfect for both professional use and DIY projects around the home. They are compact, lightweight and easy to transport, making them suitable for professionals and DIY enthusiasts who need to take their equipment to different job sites. One of the biggest benefits of a compressor that is portable is its versatile nature. These machines can be used for a wide range of tasks, including powering pneumatic tools, inflating tires, and running other equipment that uses compressed air.
They can also be used for a variety of applications, such as automotive work, woodworking, metalworking and construction. When choosing a portable air compressor, one of the most important factors to consider is the power output of the machine. lowes dewalt portable air compressor air compressors come in various sizes, with different horsepower ratings. A more powerful machine will be able to handle more demanding tasks and will be less likely to stall under heavy loads. Another important factor to consider is the type of pump used in the air compressor.
There are two types of pumps: oil-lubricated pumps and oil-free pumps. Oil-lubricated pumps are typically more durable and long-lasting, but they require regular maintenance and can be messy to work with. Oil-free pumps, on the other hand, are simpler to maintain and are suitable for environments where oil spills may occur. Noise level is also an important factor the noise level of the compressor. Some compressors can be quite loud, which can be a problem if you’re working in a residential area or if you’re trying to use the machine in a peaceful setting.
Look for compressors with low noise level that would not disturb the environment. Storage is also an important factor to consider. Some portable air compressors come with built-in storage for accessories, while others do not. If you plan to use a variety of different tools with your air compressor, you’ll want to look for https://bookmarkdistrict.com/story13861005/wholesale-tshirt a machine that has ample storage space for your accessories. Additionally, portable air compressors come in different designs, some have wheels and some don’t.
Wheeled compressors are convenient to move around, while non-wheeled compressors are more compact and can be stored in tight spaces. Finally, you may want to evaluate the cost of the compressor. Portable air compressors can vary widely in price, with some models costing several hundred dollars and others costing several thousand dollars. You’ll want to set a budget and then look for a machine that fits within your price range and meets your needs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hypovitaminosis D is an important emerging risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Because vitamin D deficiency is endemic worldwide, vitamin D supplementation offers a potentially high-impact strategy to reduce MS incidence. However, the role of vitamin D in MS risk likely varies by race/ethnicity and genetic background. These important relationships are poorly understood, which prevents a rational approach to developing global vitamin D supplementation policies. We propose to determine whether hypovitaminosis D is a more important risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) in certain subgroups, in particular those with darker skin or those who are genetically predisposed either to MS or hypovitaminosis D. To test these hypotheses, we propose to recruit 1000 individuals with incident MS including 250 African Americans and 330 Hispanics and 1000 matched control subjects from the multi-ethnic population of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) members.
The specific aims of the project are: 1) to determine whether hypovitaminosis D is associated with an increased risk of MS in African Americans and Hispanics;2) to determine whether hypovitaminosis D is associated with an increased risk of MS in individuals who are positive for the main MS susceptibility allele, HLA-DRB1*15 compared with those who are negative for this allele (gene-environment interaction);and 3) to examine whether genetic determinants of hypovitaminosis D increase the risk of MS. The results of this study have the potential to guide global vitamin D supplementation policies and other MS prevention strategies and will improve our understanding of MS pathogenesis.
The aims of this study cannot be addressed with any of the existing MS study populations because they consist predominantly of whites and lack information on vitamin D and/or genotype. This will be the first population-based study to examine the effect of hypovitaminosis D in non-white individuals, test for a gene-environment interaction between the main MS susceptibility allele and vitamin D and the first study to identify high-risk subgroups based on these factors. The proposed research addresses a critical barrier in developing global vitamin D supplementation policies and targeted interventions to prevent MS.
Public Health Relevance
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating neurological disease that affects at least 400,000 people in the United States and over one million worldwide. MS may be prevented in some individuals by taking vitamin D supplements. The goal of the proposed study is to overcome critical barriers in developing global vitamin D supplementation policies by determining whether African Americans and Hispanics and whether people with certain genetic predispositions need more vitamin D supplementation than others to prevent MS.
Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01NS075308-02
Application #
8289410
Study Section
Neurological, Aging and Musculoskeletal Epidemiology (NAME)
Program Officer
Utz, Ursula
Project Start
2011-07-01
Project End
2016-03-31
Budget Start
2012-04-01
Budget End
2013-03-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$613,650
Indirect Cost
$200,046
Name
Kaiser Foundation Research Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
150829349
City
Oakland
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94612 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Siemens CEO deplores admiration for 'pot smoker' after his deputy praised Tesla
FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Siemens (SIEGn.DE) Chief Executive Joe Kaeser on Friday lamented Germans who fail to recognize true visionaries and instead admire pot smokers who talk about space travel, only days after his own deputy praised Tesla’s CEO Elon Musk. “Amusing opinions in our country: When a German chief executive proactively orients his company toward the future, he is regarded as “lofty” and “philosophical”. When a pot smoking colleague in the United States talks about Peterchen’s moon ride, he is an admired visionary,” Kaeser tweeted, referring to a German’s children’s story about traveling in space. Siemens declined to comment on the tweet which comes only days after Siemens Deputy Chief Executive Roland Busch, a German, described Tesla’s (TSLA.O) Musk as a “visionary.” Musk provoked a Twitter storm last year after briefly smoking marijuana on a live web show with comedian Joe Rogan. In September Siemens promoted Busch to become deputy CEO, putting him in pole position to replace Kaeser as head of the German engineering giant. On Oct. 31, Busch tweeted, “Great to meet w/ @elonmusk, a true visionary of our times. Talked about #FutureofMobility, rapid deployment of car charging enabling #electric mobility, advanced manufacturing & rocket engineering. We’re proud @Siemens’ #technology is supporting Elon’s most exciting dreams.” Busch at the company’s annual press conference this week explained that Elon Musk’s electric car maker Tesla and SpaceX, which makes rockets, are big customers for Siemens’ digital industries businesses. Reporting by Edward Taylor, Sabine Wollrab and John Revill, editing by Louise Heavens | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
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