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Thomas Bennet (clergyman)
Thomas Bennet (1673–1728) was an English clergyman, known for controversial and polemical writings, and as a Hebraist.
Life
Bennet was born at Salisbury, Wiltshire, on 7 May 1673, and was educated at a free school there, the City Grammar School. He entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1688, before he was fifteen, going on to take the degrees of B.A. and M.A. by 1694, and was elected a Fellow of his college.
In 1700, by chance, Bennet went to Colchester on the death of a clergyman friend there, John Rayne, and was called on to preach the funeral sermon. He was appointed to succeed Rayne and was instituted on 15 January 1701.
He left Colchester at the end of the decade, and became deputy chaplain to Chelsea Hospital. He preached a funeral sermon at St Olave's Church, Southwark, and was chosen lecturer there. He was appointed morning preacher at St Lawrence Jewry under John Mapletoft, and was also presented by the dean and chapter of St Paul's Cathedral to St Giles Cripplegate. The presentation, however, involved him in disputes over a tithe on peas and beans.
In 1711, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity. In 1717 he married Elizabeth Hunt of Salisbury, and by her had three daughters. He died on 9 October 1728. Thomas Emlyn praised him for his "small respect to decrees of councils or mere church authority".
Works
In 1695, Hebrew verses by Bennet on the death of Queen Mary were printed in the university collection. His first major publication was An Answer to the Dissenters Plea for Separation, or an Abridgment of the London Cases (1699, 5th edition 1711).
In 1701 appeared A Confutation of Popery in three parts. In 1702 he followed up his Answer by A Discourse of Schism. Timothy Shepherd of Braintree answered this work, and Bennet replied in 1703. Bennet found another antagonist in a fellow clergyman in ''A Justification of the Dissenters against Mr. Bennet's charge of damnable Schism, &c. … By a Divine of the Church of England by Law established'', 1705.
Bennet's next book was ''Devotions, viz. Confessions, Petitions, Intercessions, and Thanksgivings, for every day in the week, and also before, at, and after the Sacrament, with Occasional Prayers for all Persons whatsoever''. In 1705 Bennet also published A Confutation of Quakerism. B. Lindley answered this in 1710.
In 1708, perhaps stung by passing gibes at his own printed prayers, Bennet published A brief History of joint Use of precomposed set Forms of Prayer, and A Discourse of Joint Prayer, and later in the same year A Paraphrase with Annotations upon the Book of Common Prayer, wherein the text is explained, objections are answered, and advice is humbly offered, both to the clergy and the laity, for promoting true devotion to the use of it. In 1710 these works were tacitly vindicated by Bennet in A Letter to Mr. B. Robinson, occasioned by his Review of the Case of Liturgies and their Imposition, and in a Second Letter to Mr. Robinson on the same subject (also 1710). In 1711 he published The Rights of the Clergy of the Christian Church.
In 1714, Bennet published Directions for Studying. In 1715 appeared his Essay on the XXXIX Articles. In 1716, he assailed the extruded churchmen of the nonjuring schism in The Nonjurors Separation from the Public Assemblies of the Church of England examined and proved to be schismatical upon their own Principles. In 1718, he published A Discourse of the ever-blessed Trinity in Unity, with an Examination of Dr Clarke's Scriptural Doctrine of the Trinity. Like all his books, these were answered. His idea of the Trinity was Sabellian. In 1726, he gave to the world a small Hebrew Grammar. | WIKI |
In silico design of novel multifunctional hybrid materials composites based on mordenite combined with ionic liquids and silver clusters. Unveiling new processes of capture, separation and elimination of CO2, NO, NO2, H2S, and CH3SH
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Imagem de Miniatura
Data
2023-11-28
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
The project focused on reducing CO2, H2S, CH3SH, SOx, and NOx emissions by developing new composites that capture and/or convert these pollutants. This project had an extensive and ambitious scope, we emphasize that combining the potentialities of Ionic liquids based on functionalized imidazolium cations (Im-ILs) and zeolites type mordenites, new composites with exceptional capacities can be obtained for gas capture. Im-ILs inside the zeolite cavities may introduce interesting modifications affecting the composite's physical and/or catalytic behavior
Descrição
Objectives 1. Study the interaction of the Im-ILs ion-pairs ([M]Cl, Scheme 2) with Na-MOR and H-MOR models to understand the [M]-MOR formation via EI (see reaction 2 in Scheme 2). 2. Analyze the main critical points in conformational PESs for [M]-MOR models to propose confined cation conformational traps into MOR ([M]HB-MOR, [M]-MOR, and TS1-MOR (gas-capture molecular switches). 3. Determine activation parameters (ΔE‡ and ΔH‡) and thermodynamic functions (ΔEisom and ΔHisom) for the rotational isomerization from ([M]HB-MOR (i.e., CO2-CSOFF or R-SH-CSOFF) to ([M]-MOR (i.e., CO2-CSON or R-SH-CSON). 4. Study the interaction of H2, O2, N2, H2S, R-SH, CO2, CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 with the [M]HB-MOR and [M]-MOR to establish capture mechanisms of CO2, H2S and RSH based on conformational traps into MOR. 5. Study the adsorption isotherms and reliable values of external stimuli for the molecular recognition switch of CO2, H2S, and CH3SH on [M]-MOR using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. 6. Study the diffusion of H2, O2, N2, H2S, R-SH, CO2, CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 within the [M]-MOR models by using classical Molecular Dynamic classical (DM). 7. Assess using DFT the structural, electronic and energetic properties of the [Agn]+, [Agn]0 clusters (n from 2 to 10). 8. Study the interaction of H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, NO, N2O, NO2, NH3, CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 with the clusters [Agn]+, [Agn]0. 9. Study the interaction of clusters [Agn]+, [Agn]0 with models of [M]-MOR to design new mechanisms for regulated admission and rejection of silver motifs. 10.Study the interaction of H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, NO, N2O, NO2, CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 with silver-loaded [M]-MOR materials in an environment with NH3 11. Study the interaction of H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, NO, N2O, NO2, CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 with silver-loaded [M]-MOR materials.12. Study the adsorption isotherms and reliable values of external stimuli for the molecular recognition switch of [Agn]+, [Agn]0 on [M]-MOR using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. 13. Study the diffusion of [Agn]+, [Agn]0 within the [M]-MOR models by using classical Molecular Dynamic classical (DM). 14. Study with ONIOM-DFT the main TWC reactions using catalysts based on silver-loaded [M]-MOR materials. 15. Synthesize the best candidates for multifunctional materials based on silver-loaded [M]-MOR and ceramic fibers embedded with silver nanoparticles by an unprecedented theoretical-experimental cooperative association. Bolsa: Edital PROPe 13/2022/ UNESP
Palavras-chave
Zeólita, Líquidos iônicos, Mordenita, DFT
Como citar
IZQUIERDO SOTO, Rodolfo Enrique. In silico design of novel multifunctional hybrid materials composites based on mordenite combined with ionic liquids and silver clusters. Unveiling new processes of capture, separation and elimination of CO2, NO, NO2, H2S, and CH3SH. 2023. 110 f. Relatório de pesquisa (Pós-doutorado) - Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, 2023. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ram-packed
Etymology
, originally (since at least the 1940s) literal, referring to something packed with a ram. (Possibly reinforced by the rhyming synonym .)
Adjective
* 1) Packed by means of high pressure compressing the contents.
* 2) Packed or filled tightly; jam-packed.
* 1) Packed or filled tightly; jam-packed.
* 1) Packed or filled tightly; jam-packed.
* 1) Packed or filled tightly; jam-packed. | WIKI |
Who were the Populists and what did they want?
populist were farmers that came together in the early 1890s. One of the things
they called for is the abolition of the big banks. They claimed that this could
only be achieved if the state purchased more grain as this would allow people
to borrow money at low interest. Another issue that was raised by the populist
was the issue of silver and gold. The populist wanted the government to use
coin silver as they argued that there were a lot of silver compared to gold.
During the period, the government used gold to support the currency. However,
the supply of gold was limited; hence, they opted to print many dollars (Foner 637). The
populist maintained that the United States needed more money so as they could
minimize the interest rate; therefore, they wanted the government to introduce
silver coins. Therefore, the main issue
with the populist was the interest rates. As many of them were farmers, they felt
that the introduction of the Silver coins enable the farmers to borrow money at
low-interest rates. They also assumed that if the government bought more
grains, this would assist in the reduction of the interests.
Define nativism. How did American immigration change between 1880 and 1920? How did Congress respond to nativism?
was a policy that was raised so as to safeguard the natives from the outside
influencers. Between 1880 and 1920, immigrants from various religious groups
started streaming to the United States state, and this caused a huge change of
the country’s immigration. Initially, many immigrants were predominantly
Protestants. However, in the late 1800s, things started to change, and America
began to attract immigrants from other religions. This led to the rise of
immigrants in the state which seemed to cause some conflicts. The immigrants
had different traits from those of the previous immigrants. For instance, most
of them were literate, and they were also relatively wealthy. However, as more
immigrants started to move to the United States, not many of them had similar
traits (Foner 654). Most of
them were Greeks, Italians, Polish, Russia and other countries in Europe. Many of these new immigrants were Roman
Catholics or Eastern Orthodox. The immigrants were also illiterate, and they
could not speak English. The immigrants did not share the same political views
with the Native Americans, and this caused tension between them and the state.
Many of these immigrants settled in various cities in the United States. The
settlers also took up low paying jobs and despite the working conditions they
maintained that it was better compared to where they had come from.
the native Americans felt that the immigrants were taking over the job market
especially in the low-wage sectors. This caused anxiety in the country, and
many of the native wanted the immigrants out of the United States. The Protestants were also uncomfortable with
the new immigrants as they did not share the same religious groups. Therefore,
the religious leaders were at the forefront in the call for the limitation of
the immigrants’ movements into the United States. The Nativism was successfully
established so as to control the flow of the immigrants into the United States
(Foner 654). The
Congress supported nativism, and they took various steps that allowed them to
limit the number of immigrants. One of the steps that were taken by the
Congress was the enactment of the Chinese Exclusion Act. The law was meant to
stop the Chinese movement into the country completely. The Congress also went ahead to restrict the
Japanese. The Congress also went ahead to limit the mentally ill individuals as
well as contract workers. They also introduced the literacy test that every
immigrant was required to take so as to gain admission.
How did the Women’s Christian Temperance Union play a role in the above question. What were their key goals?
Women’s Christian Temperance Union was on the forefront in the call for the
improvement of the lives of many immigrants who lived in the United States. One
way they felt the immigrants’ lives could be improved was the restriction of
alcohol intake. The Union was against the rise in consumption of alcohol in the
United States (Foner
657). Many women argued that the rise in alcohol consumption was misleading
their men, and it also changed many values among the people. They maintained
that it was taking people away from the ways of God and therefore, it had to be
also felt that the rise of alcohol consumption contributed to poverty. The
Union also called for the protection of Children’s rights especially those who
worked in mills and factories (Foner
657). They believed that the immigrants deserved a better education
opportunity; hence, they called for the improvement of public education. The
Union argued that all people required equal access to education including the
immigrants. Another goal of the Union was to secure Women’s rights. During that
time, many women claimed that their alcoholic husbands were abusing them;
hence, the movement felt that it was important to secure their rights. They
wanted to protect them from their abusive husbands and to allow them to work.
Another primary goal of the Union was the prohibition amendment to the
constitution. However, unlike other goals, this was not achieved.
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An
American History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2014.
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Apple's Fall iPhone Event Puts Focus on These ETFs
Apple Inc. AAPL is expected to launch three new versions of iPhone, a new Apple Watch, a revamped iPad Pro and many other products, according to various reports, in its much-awaited annual fall iPhone event.
The new iPhone lineup includes iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max or Plus and iPhone XR. The former two will likely have OLED display with screen sizes of 5.8-inch and 6.5-inch respectively while iPhone XC will come with a 6.1-inch screen and a cheaper LCD display in seven different colors. These devices will run on Apple A12 chip, and be based on iOS 12 (read: Trump's Tariff Threat to Hurt Apple: ETFs in Focus ).
Meanwhile, a new fourth-generation Apple Watch model, which seems to be bigger, will possess a similar design as that of Apple Watch 3. As iPad is struggling to garner investors' interest, Apple is expected to unveil iPad Pro 12.9 -- the first-ever iPad model with Face ID.
Other Apple products might include a new HomePod mini smart speaker, updates to its wireless charging pad AirPower, new MacBook Air with Retina Display, new iMacs and a new Mac Mini, and new AirPods with noise-cancellation, water resistance and wireless charging facilities. The company might also provide some insights to the possible TV streaming service it is expected to debut next year.
Analysts Estimates Revision Ahead of Launch Event
The stock saw no earnings estimate revision over the past 30 days for the current fiscal year (ending September 2018), while its estimates have gone up by couple of cents for the next fiscal year. Apple is expected to post substantial earnings growth of 12.9% and revenue growth of 3.34% for the next fiscal.
The stock has a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy) and a Momentum Score of A. Further, it belongs to a top-ranked Zacks Industry ( top 1% ). Apple became the first U.S. trillion-dollar company on Aug 2 having surged 32.3% so far this year and outpaced the industry returns of 28.7% (read: Spread of ETFs to Taste Apple's Trillion Dollar Market Cap ).
ETFs in Focus
Given this, ETFs that are dominated by this tech titan will be in focus. Below we have highlighted funds having Apple as their top firm with a double-digit allocation each:
iShares Dow Jones US Technology ETF IYW
This ETF provides investors exposure to the broad technology stocks, with 18.4% allocation in Apple. The fund has AUM of $4.3 billion and charges 43 bps in fees and expenses. It has a Zacks Rank #2 with a Medium risk outlook.
Vanguard Information Technology ETF VGT
This fund also targets the broad tech sector with 16.1% allocation in Apple. It has amassed $22.2 billion in its asset base, while charges 10 bps in annual fees. VGT has a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) with a Medium risk outlook (read: Apple Sees an Awesome August: Play the Momentum With 3 ETFs ).
Select Sector SPDR Technology ETF XLK
This most-popular technology ETF has $22.9 billion in AUM and charges 13 bps in fees per year from investors. AAPL makes up for roughly 16% of assets. It has a Zacks Rank #2 with a Medium risk outlook.
MSCI Information Technology Index ETF FTEC
With AUM of $2.3 billion, the product allocates 14.6% in Apple. The ETF has 0.08% in expense ratio and a Zacks Rank #1 with a Medium risk outlook.
iShares Morningstar Large-Cap ETF JKD
With AUM of $985.1 million, this product provides exposure to the large, established U.S. companies with Apple making up for 14.2% of assets. It charges 20 bps in fees per year and has a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold) with a Medium risk outlook.
iShares Global Tech ETF IXN
This ETF provides global exposure to electronics, computer software and hardware, and informational technology companies, with Apple making up for 13.5% share in the basket. It has $2.5 billion in AUM and charges 47 bps in fees per year (read: Tech ETFs Tumble: Should You Buy the Dip? ).
Invesco QQQ QQQ
This ETF provides exposure to the largest domestic and international nonfinancial companies listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market based on market capitalization, with Apple accounting for 12.5% share in the basket. It has $71 billion in AUM and charges 20 bps in fees per year. The fund has a Zacks Rank #1 with a Medium risk outlook.
Tech Guru on FAANGs, AMD, a New Disruptive ETF & More
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Apple Inc. (AAPL): Free Stock Analysis Report
ISHARS-MO LC (JKD): ETF Research Reports
ISHARS-GLB TECH (IXN): ETF Research Reports
VIPERS-INFO TEC (VGT): ETF Research Reports
FID-INFOTEC (FTEC): ETF Research Reports
SPDR-TECH SELS (XLK): ETF Research Reports
ISHARS-US TECH (IYW): ETF Research Reports
NASDAQ-100 SHRS (QQQ): ETF Research Reports
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Zacks Investment Research
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Anıl Demir
Anıl Demir (born 4 November 1996) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Fethiyespor.
Professional career
Demir is a youth product of Pendikspor and Fenerbahçe. He signed a professional contract with Fenerbahçe in 2013, and was assigned to their youth teams. He joined Tarsus İdman Yurdu on loan for the 2017–18 season in the TFF Third League, and helped the team earn promotion. He permanently transferred to Tarsus İdman Yurdu when his loan ended in 2018. On 1 July 2021, he transferred to TFF First League club Ümraniyespor, acting as backup goalkeeper. He helped the club earn promotion into the Süper Lig for the 2022–23 season. He made his professional debut with Ümraniyespor in a 5–2 Süper Lig loss to Beşiktaş on 30 October 2022.
International career
Demir was born in Turkey and is of Serbian descent. He is a youth international for Turkey, having played up to the Turkey U18s. In March 2015 he received an offer to represent Serbia internationally. | WIKI |
House rule
House rules are unofficial modifications to official game rules adopted by individual groups of players. House rules may include the removal or alteration of existing rules, or the addition of new rules. Such modifications are common in board games such as Monopoly and role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons.
Board games
Monopoly is frequently played with slightly different rules to those provided by the manufacturers, to the extent that, according to a reviewer at Computer Gaming World, "virtually no-one plays the game with the rules as written". Some video game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be enabled. In 2014, Hasbro, the publisher of Monopoly, used a Facebook poll to determine the five most popular house rules, then released a "House Rules Edition" of the game incorporating those rules.
Role-playing games
In role-playing games, the term house rule signifies a deviation of game play from the official rules. Game systems may encourage, discourage, or ignore the possibility of house rules entirely. House rules are usually explicitly forbidden in tournament or official settings, but are commonly used in casual settings.
House rules can range from the tiniest of changes or additions to substantial deviations that alter the entire flow of gameplay, depending on the needs of the player group. Most groups have house rules to some extent. In miniature wargaming, house rules may be used to represent equally unofficial miniature conversions or can be used as scenario specific rules.
House rules date back to the earliest days of role-playing: the original edition of Dungeons & Dragons suggested that players should have a copy of the Chainmail historical wargame for measurement and combat rules and, even more confusingly, it presumed ownership of the Avalon Hill game Outdoor Survival (at the time, Avalon Hill was a competitor to D&D's publisher, TSR, Inc.; later, TSR and Avalon Hill would come under the Hasbro/Wizards of the Coast umbrella). Since many players who purchased D&D did not own copies of Chainmail or Outdoor Survival, they simply made up rules to cover the holes in D&D; many of these house rules later became the basis for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons.
Most house rules are made up by the members of a particular group of players and are never published. Generally, the companies that produce wargames allow their use alongside official rulesets as long as it is non-commercial, as is the case with Games Workshop.
Any rule book that is not a part of the core rule books, even if it ultimately comes from the original publishers of the game, could be seen as being house rules.
Legal aspects
In a United States law case. Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc (1957), Great Minneapolis Surplus Store advertised some fur coats for sale for $1 each, "first come first served", then argued (unsuccessfully) that they had a "house rule" stating that bargains were limited to women only. The Supreme Court of Minnesota readily disposed of the store's argument:"The defendant contends that the offer was modified by a "house rule" to the effect that only women were qualified to receive the bargains advertised. The advertisement contained no such restriction. This objection may be disposed of briefly by stating that, while an advertiser has the right at any time before acceptance to modify his offer, he does not have the right, after acceptance, to impose new or arbitrary conditions not contained in the published offer." | WIKI |
Dangerous Deletions
March 6, 2021 0 By S Harachand
Scientific studies reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 virus mutates at a comparatively slower rate. The virus accumulates 1-2 single-nucleotide mutations in its genome per month. This is ½ the rate of the influenza virus and ¼ the rate of HIV. One of the reasons for the ‘slow’ mutation is that coronaviruses have a novel exoribonuclease (ExoN) encoded in their genomes, unlike most RNA viruses.
ExoN corrects many of the errors that occur during replication, researchers suspect. Due to the genetic inactivation of this exonuclease in SARS-CoV and murine coronavirus (MHV), mutation rates in these viruses have increased by 15 to 20 fold, they found.
Nucleotide deletions, unlike substitutions, cannot be corrected by this proofreading mechanism, which is a factor that may accelerate adaptive evolution to some degree.
SARS-CoV-2’s spike (S) protein is 1273 amino acids long. It forms the main target of most of the current COVID-19 vaccines, as well as those in the pipeline.
This portion of its anatomy is very crucial for the virus as it recognises and binds to host cellular receptors and mediates viral entry. SARS-CoV-2 is unable to infect host cells without it.
Mutations in the S gene, particularly those that affect portions of the protein that are critical for pathogenesis and normal function (such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or furin cleavage site) or those that cause conformational changes to the S protein, are therefore critical to the virus’ life cycle. Depending on the specific mutation, addition or deletion occurs.
Mutations may be neutral, beneficial or harmful to an organism. These mutations may provide an avenue for the virus to evade the defenses set up against the original SARS-CoV-2 strain.
D614G, which constitutes the replacement of aspartate (D) with glycine (G) at the 614th amino acid of S protein, is a mutation which was found in nearly all SARS-CoV-2 samples worldwide by the end of June, 2020.
D614G enhances viral replication in human lung epithelial cells and primary human airway tissues by increasing the infectivity and stability of virions.
N-Terminus
Nucleotide deletions in the amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) of the S protein may alter antigenicity. The B.1.1.7 variant, first found in the UK, has a deletion of amino acids 69 and 70. It is likely to cause a conformational change in the spike protein, say researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Deletion of amino acid 144 in B.1.1.7 and amino acids 242-244 in B.1.351 isolated in South Africa have also been associated with a reduced binding capacity of certain neutralising antibodies.
The P.1 variant, found in Brazil, has a number of amino acid substitutions in the NTD that are of still unknown significance.
RBD
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein is composed of amino acids 319-541. It binds directly to ACE2 receptors on human cells.
B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 all possess a mutation that replaces asparagine (N) with tyrosine (Y) at position 501 of the RBD. N501Y has been shown to increase the binding capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to human ACE2 receptors, disrupt antibody binding to RBD and has been implicated in reduced antibody production via weakened T and B cell cooperation.
B.1.351 and P.1 have 2 additional RBD mutations in common, K417N, a lysine to asparagine substitution at position 417, and E484K, glutamate to lysine substitution at position 484. E484K increases the affinity of RBD for ACE2, boosts resistance to SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies, makes the virus less responsive to monoclonal antibody therapy and reduces neutralisation by convalescent plasma.
Furin Cleavage Site
The furin cleavage site of S protein subunits S1 and S2 is essential for membrane fusion of SARS-CoV-2. B.1.1.7 has a proline to histidine substitution at position 681 that is located near the furin cleavage site.
C-Terminus
B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 all have multiple mutations in the C-terminal domain of the S protein that are still of unknown significance. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Edit Article
wikiHow to Improve Your Posture at Work
Three Methods:Testing your PostureErgonomic Office EnvironmentWork Posture TipsCommunity Q&A
Sitting at a desk while you work may enable you to work at a computer and phone, as well as be more efficient; however, bad sitting postures can lead to a number of injuries and illnesses. People who sit at a desk for work can suffer from shorter, tighter muscles that can tense and lead to chronic pain. The best ways to counter the effects are to learn proper working posture and computer ergonomics. Better posture combined with frequent walking around the office can help you feel better and increase your lifespan. Find out how to improve your posture at work.
1
Testing your Posture
1. 1
Learn to recognize good posture. The first step in improving your posture is learning what good posture feels like. Many people have formed bad posture habits over years or decades, so what feels comfortable may not be good posture.
• Stand in front of a mirror facing sideways for the first portion of the test. Put on a belt if you do not already have 1 on already, as it will help you diagnose problems. Stand up as you normally would, so you can accurately assess your posture. Look at your belt to see if it is level all the way around your body. If the back of your belt is higher, then your pelvis is likely tilted forward from sitting regularly. This creates a swayback position that hyper extends your knees and over arches your lower back. To correct this, tilt your pelvis backwards. This is called "tucking your pelvis" and requires you to flex your lower abdominal muscles as you tip your pelvis until your belt is even. Then, bend your knees very slightly.
• Test your shoulder posture. Stand with your back to a flat wall. When your back touches the wall, if only your lower shoulder blades touch the wall, you have slumped shoulders, a condition with computer workers that often results in breathing problems and chronic back and neck pain. To fix this, squeeze your shoulder blades together and drop them down away from your ears. Check that your pelvis and knees are still in the correct position.
• Check your head and neck posture. If the back of your head does not automatically touch the wall as you stand against it, you probably suffer from forward head posture from leaning toward your computer. To correct this, tuck your chin and touch the back of your head to the wall. Pay attention that you do not arch your neck. Tucking your chin should lengthen the back of your neck and force your eyes to automatically look straight across from you.
• Repeat this test 3 to 4 times per day, correcting your posture. Once you know what good posture feels like, you can create a better work environment that will foster better posture.
2
Ergonomic Office Environment
1. 1
Adjust your office chair so your knees are at a 90 degree angle. Your feet should be planted firmly on the ground at a hip's width apart. Your butt should be at the back edge of the cushion.
• If you are short, you may want to invest in a small foot rest on which you can place your feet to create the 90 degree angle.
2. 2
Find a lumbar support. Ideally, all office chairs should have a small curve that fits into the curve on your lower back. If your chair does not include lumbar support, buy a lumbar support cushion to place behind your lower back.
3. 3
Trade your desk chair for an exercise ball for increments of 10 to 20 minutes. Find an exercise ball that allows you to keep the 90 degree angle in your legs and reach your keyboard. 2 or 3 times per day, replace your chair with the ball and sit up straight.
• One of the main elements of good posture is core strength. Exercise balls create an instability that forces your abs and back muscles to work. However, you can overuse a ball very easily, causing muscle fatigue. Start out small with merely 10 minutes of use and work your way up to more minutes and periods on the ball every week. Return to sitting in your normal chair after no more than 20 minutes.
4. 4
Adjust your computer screen. The top third of your computer screen should be at the same level as your eyes, although most people have it much lower. Prop it up on books or reams of paper and make sure it is between 18 and 24 inches (46 to 61 cm) from your face.
5. 5
Ensure your hands rest on your keyboard at a 90 degree angle. Your hands should rest on the keyboard or desk, so if you find yourself holding them up, buy a wrist rest to place in front of your keyboard.
6. 6
Get up and walk around every 20 to 30 minutes. Probably the most overlooked element of office ergonomics and posture, is the necessity of moving around regularly to avoid the shortening of muscle fibers and increase in muscle tension. Walk around the office for a few minutes after 30 minutes of sitting to avoid bad posture.
• Download a timer application, such as TimeMe Timer Stopwatch. Some computer timers can be set to sound an alarm after 30 minutes, while others may momentarily shut down your computer or monitor. Reset the timer each time you return to ensure you get up and walk around regularly.
3
Work Posture Tips
1. 1
Move all of your office materials, such as your pad of paper, pencils, stapler and phone close enough that you don't have to reach or bend forward to use them. This will improve your ability to stay in a straight position throughout the day.
2. 2
Take a moment every 20 minutes to stare at something far away. Refocusing your eyes can help you avoid eye strain or the desire to hunch forward closer to your monitor.
3. 3
Take advantage of your chair's reclining capacity. Recently, researchers have found that there is less stress on the back when you are reclining. If your chair adjusts, move it slightly backward to a 100 degree angle instead of a 90 degree angle.
4. 4
Pretend a string is attached through your back to the top of your head. Frequently imagine pulling that string straight up toward the ceiling. You should aim to move your entire body upward through your center, instead of arching your back.
5. 5
Avoid sitting over 11 hours per day. Studies have shown that people's risk of death increases in the next 3 years if they sit over 11 hours. It is drastically reduced if a person sits for 4 hours or less per day. You can improve your odds by doing active things after and before work, instead of sitting while watching TV.
6. 6
Invest in a sit/stand desk. These desks rely on hydraulics to allow them to move up and down vertically. After 20 minutes of sitting, you can move it to a standing position, where you will improve your posture and your overall health, while working.
7. 7
Attend pilates, or other core stabilization, classes to learn how to strengthen your back and stomach. The best way to improve your posture is to exercise and stretch your core muscles regularly. Pilates classes can teach you how to flex your muscles in a way that will support your spine.
8. 8
Institute a 10 to 20 minute office exercise routine. The University of South Carolina has an excellent set of exercises that you can do with an office chair, wall and small space on the floor. Visit sc.edu/ehs/Ergonomics/Exercises%20-%20Posture%20Exercises.htm to learn the routine.
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Tips
• If you have an office chair that is uncomfortably small for your frame or only extends halfway up your back, ask your employer if you can replace it with an ergonomically-correct version. If your employer will not replace it, you may consider buying yourself a new chair. Better back health is likely to decrease sick days and increase productivity.
• Good posture relieves back pain, reduces headaches, reduces blood pressure, lowers cortisol levels, improves muscular strength, boosts your metabolism and helps your joints. All of these benefits combine to increase your lifespan and make you healthier.
Warnings
• Never place your computer monitor off to 1 side of your desk. Turning your neck constantly is likely to cause pain and tension, as well as continued bad posture.
Things You'll Need
• Mirror
• Wall
• Belt
• Lumbar support cushion
• Wrist support
• Exercise ball
• Books/Monitor stand
• Computer timer
• Sit/stand desk
• Pilates classes
• Office workout
Article Info
Categories: Personal Fitness
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Talk:Muhammad/images/Archive 24
Quranic inscriptions
As mentioned above, we currently don't have a single example of a Quranic inscription on a mosque, despite the fact that there are hundreds of thousands of such inscriptions throughout the Islamic world. The Quran is the message brought by Muhammad. To illustrate the impact he has had, we should at least have one or two such images. Would anyone like to propose one? Many are significant architectural art in their own right. -- J N 466 13:08, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
* Too off-topic for a biography. Would we illustrate Jesus with a similar inscription? One or two would be fine for Quran. We have the name of Muhammad on a mosque (last time I looked) which is more relevant. Johnbod (talk) 15:20, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
* Not sure if that would be considered completely relevant IMO. While he was the founder of the religion he also did other things. In the Islam article it would make sufficient sense, but unless the image was a mosque of the time I don't know if it would make sense, as this isn't the article for the Quran or the religion. Tivanir2 (talk) 15:23, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
* I like this idea. Islam and Christianity are different and should have different images used. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 21:02, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
* They are different but jesus is best known for the bible and scriptures, but it would still be something I consider as almost irrelevent to the biography part of the main article. In the quranic and islamic sections it makes perfect sense and I am all for inclusion but I don't see how it makes sense here. Tivanir2 (talk) 22:14, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
* While I agree with Eraserhead1 that there are differences between Islam and Christianity, I'd posit, as Johnbod and others above did, that such isn't relevant to this article, since this article is not the article on Islam or Christianity - it's a biography. And regardless, I think this article needs less images - not more. Best, R OBERT M FROM LI | TK/CN 23:44, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
* The vast majority of images in Jesus are Christian, we should use at least some of the typical imagery used by Muslims to show Muhammad. That muslims don't have the same artistic traditions as Christians means that calligraphy is appropriate to include. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 08:42, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Some thoughts on that: (1) Calligraphy is NOT an image of Muhammad. It is an image used to avoid depicting how Muhammad looked. (2) Find other images of Jesus. Far as I know, they all look roughly the same. (3) there ARE Muslim images in the article - but the debate used is that they apparently aren't Muslim enough/true Muslim/etc, which isn't for us to say. :-( R OBERT M FROM LI | TK/CN 09:38, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Thanks for that insight, Eraserhead. If you read the 600,000 words on this page (you keep telling us), you will find that most of them are discussing that very point. There is only one non-Muslim image currently in the article (though some people want to increase that). Johnbod (talk) 11:58, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, but I believe all the images currently on the page are of Persian origin, and the Persian/Shia tradition, while important, is only followed by about 10% or so of muslims, it would be like having all our imagery of Jesus at Jesus to be from the Eastern Orthodoxy denomination (about 230-300 million worshippers out of 2.1 billion Christians) - personally I would consider that really quite odd. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 18:47, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Wrong, wrong wrong. See above or actually look at the image files, why don't you? Johnbod (talk) 20:32, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Which images in the current article aren't from the country currently known as Iran? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:34, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Please forget all about religion for a moment. Let's just look at this in purely secular terms. Imagine an author whose book has made such a tremendous cultural impact that quotations from it, in countries spanning about a fifth of the globe, are everywhere to be found on public buildings. For argument's sake, let's imagine that Shakespeare, himself a giant of world literature, had had such a defining influence on English-speaking culture that you could not find a single building devoted to learning anywhere in the English-speaking world whose masonry was not adorned with quotes like "To be or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to suffer The Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune, Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles, And by opposing end them ...", "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate ...", "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts", often reproduced in full chapter length, running around the entire circumference of a building. Would you really argue that showing examples of such adornments, demonstrating the tremendous impact Shakespeare has had on English-speaking culture, would be undue in our biography of Shakespeare? -- J N 466 13:18, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I would start by considering several points: are there other articles which deal with his legacy or "impact on culture", because the primary mission of this article is his biography, making the image less pertinent (mosques and their architecture and adornment is certainly a vast topic, by themselves), generally other topics beside his life, should have limited illustration (perhaps none) and text here, because his life is so important on its own; are there other text or images in the biography, illustrating or explaining the importance of his words or writings, if so, should those be replaced, expanded, or perhaps yoked together, with your preferred image, or else, just annotated in written form about use on structures (this last seems an especially good way to deal with it since we are talking about words); and is there room in the appropriate place or is an appropriate place important enough to be made, here. But first, I would ask for the image, text, RS and placement that is proposed, and if anything is proposed to be deleted. Alanscottwalker (talk) 16:03, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* In the William Shakespeare biography, we have five paintings illustrating scenes from his plays, and two statues of him – and rightly so. It's a featured article. Quranic inscriptions are the direct cultural equivalent in the case of Muhammad, except that they are thousands of times more common than either statues of Shakespeare, or paintings of his plays. -- J N 466 18:16, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Also (I just realized this, sorry if I am a little slow) technically we already have something along those lines in this picture http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sahadah-Topkapi-Palace.jpg as it shows the muslim profession of faith on one of their buildings. So while it has precedence I also would say that one image should be sufficient if we include it to explain that other writings are common on mosques and buildings in Islamic lands. Tivanir2 (talk) 18:57, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Even under the compromise approach above we have 3 images covering the Persian tradition (~10% of Islam) and only 1 covering the other 90%. We should have some imagery from the Arab world, from South Asia, from Malaysia/Indonesia and ideally from China/central Asia at a minimum. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 19:05, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I agree. Note that the Islamic profession of faith is not actually part of the Quran. -- J N 466 19:11, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Shakespere also contains pictures of him and yes, he was a play write (or impostor, if you've seen the movie). Is there a choice between his picture or his plays in his biography? But I doubt your "direct cultural equivalent" argument is sound, whatever you mean by that: the Qur'an are the words of Allah (according to the "culture") not Muhammad (which is why they are on Mosques). Alanscottwalker (talk) 19:41, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* No-one has actually suggested here that we remove all images of Muhammad from the article, just that our illustration is in some vague proportion to how the images are used - if we have 3 Shia images, and 4 non-Shia images we are still being massively bias in favour of the Shia position - given how much discussion there has been over this that is still a reasonable compromise - but as that's the case you can't really legitimately argue that that's unfair to your position. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 19:48, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Eraserhead, you seem to be under the misimpression that the, so-called "Persian Tradition" is Shia and Persian, it is not, or not only, it is (also) Sunni and encompasses many different peoples, who are found in many of those places, you list, further up. Alanscottwalker (talk) 19:57, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I'm sure there are Persians living outside of Persia and Sunni's in Persia. And I'm sure Persia has influence on Islam in central Asia and possibly China, does that really affect the substance of my point? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:04, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I think so, as certain of the images were created for non-Persian peoples, who were Sunni. Alanscottwalker (talk) 20:10, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* The ideas in the Quran were expressed by Muhammad. In assessing his influence as a historic personality, we don't have to get into the question of religious faith, and whether the words in the Quran are God's words, or Muhammad's, or both. Seen in secular terms, the Quran is a work composed by Muhammad. And excerpts from that work are found on thousands and thousands of mosques throughout the Islamic world. Calligraphy, not figurative imagery, is the primary medium of Muhammad's artistic reception. People didn't make statues of him, as they did of Shakespeare, or drew images of events told in the Quran (with some exceptions, we know). They reproduced verses from the Quran, endlessly. Why should that be irrelevant to his biography? Islamic art is different; it has taken a different approach. We are not serving the reader by pretending otherwise. -- J N 466 21:37, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
@Alan, are you arguing that the strength of the Persian influence on Islam is similar to the Catholic influence on Christianity? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:16, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I don't understand the question. Alanscottwalker (talk) 20:18, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* If we go with my "compromise" we'd be having 3 Persian images and 4 non-Persian images, logically to support that position you must think that the Persian influence on Islam is nearly as great as the rest of the Islamic people's put together or something similar to the Catholic influence on Christianity as a whole.
* If you are going to argue that the current position, or the compromise above without any calligraphic representations is appropriate you must therefore logically believe that the Persian influence on Islam is greater than the Catholic influence on Christianity.
* If you don't believe its influence is that great then you need to change your position. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:24, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* What he's saying is that your using "Persian" the way you do is inaccurate bullshit from every angle (and I would add possibly echoing Sunni anti-Shia rhetoric you have picked up somewhere). Is that clear enough for you? Johnbod (talk) 20:29, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* My apologies for my poor choice of words which comes from not being a muslim. Does my poor use of the word "Persian" in any way affect my point that the vast majority of images in the current article come from the country currently known as Iran? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:32, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* No, that's still completely wrong. Johnbod (talk) 20:36, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* In what way? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:40, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Johnbod, please let's try and conduct this conversation civilly. Share your knowledge, and state your sources; don't just tell people they're wrong. -- J N 466 21:16, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* To the best of my knowledge, it's a tradition in Persian literature (which covered a greater area than modern-day Iran, extending to Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of India). However, it's a courtly book miniature tradition; wealthy patrons would have manuscripts illustrated by an artist for their private enjoyment. The images were a niche art form; public art (e.g. in mosques) was aniconic even then. The patrons in question were Mongol-influenced Sunnis. Much of the area concerned converted to Shia Islam later, and in Shia Islam popular images of Muhammad can be found today, whereas they're absent in modern Sunni Islam. Calligraphy is widespread throughout the Muslim world, and the prime means of artistic expresssion. -- J N 466 20:33, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* The best of your knowledge isn't that good Jayen. You don't mention the two Ottoman images. Johnbod (talk) 20:36, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* If we included the two ottoman images, and only kept a single Iranian image, then we'd probably be roughly in cultural balance (other than with a bias towards the Ottomans). Obviously the current article is still untenable and totally out of balance as two ottoman images and one piece of calligraphy still leaves four "Iranian" images, which would only be appropriate if the Iranian influence was as great as that of the catholic church. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:40, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* See page 78–79; page 207–209 -- J N 466 20:41, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* And yes, we have an Ottoman book miniature, and another one from an Ottoman copy of an Ilkhanate (Persian) work. -- J N 466 21:19, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
Sorry. This "cultural balance" standard is imo, untenable, it's not based in any policy, it's grossly imprecise, it mixes terms with a need for very specialized expertise in every reader and editor, it's possibly entirely wrong, it is extremely ad hoc, and I can't imagine it working either here or anywhere else on the project. Alanscottwalker (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Exactly. Johnbod (talk) 22:52, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Wouldn't it be rather bizarre if on Jesus the majority of our imagery was Eastern Orthodox or if the majority of imagery on Buddha was of Tibetan buddhism? All we are suggesting is following the same line we follow at Jesus and the same line that we follow (mostly - though there is probably too much South Asian stuff - but that's where the religion comes from) at Buddha. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 22:29, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Has anyone ever tried to culturally balance images at those articles, and what decisions were made and on what basis? Alanscottwalker (talk) 22:39, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I would imagine it followed from common sense that images from different cultures were needed in balance. If you were taking pictures of churches and someone had taken a lot in the US it would be pretty obvious that some European, Latin American, African and Asian churches were needed as well. The issue with this article is that its way out of kilter with a neutral image balance that covers all of Islam.
* Its so obvious that even non-experts such as myself can see that its completely out of balance. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 22:42, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* But this is a BIOGRAPHY, not a survey of Islam! Actually I think you could make just the same argument for the pictures at Jesus & similar Christian articles. The figurative images (not photos) we currently have are 2 Persian, 2 Turkish, 1 Kashmiri/Indian, 1 Russian. I think we've now lost 2 that were there before. It is agreed that there are many parts of the Islamic world that do not (almost ever) produce images that would be suitable for illustrating this biography. I'm about to go away for 5 days, which is rather a relief. Johnbod (talk) 22:52, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, I agree, it is a biography and we are not limited to any culture in illustrating it. I also found, how Eraserhead imagined they settled it on other pages unhelpful. Alanscottwalker (talk) 23:02, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Well except that one of the Turkish pieces is a copy of a Persian work, and the Kashmiri work has at least some connection with Persia, putting the article text and the French description together leads me to believe it was found in Kashmir, but is actually Persian. And its not as if the rest of Islam doesn't use imagery to show Muhammad, they just use calligraphy instead.
* And lets not forget Jesus and Buddha are biographies too and they seem to have a reasonable range of images. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:06, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* @Alan, other than going against your point of view how was it "unhelpful"? @John, no-one has been uncivil or unreasonable here, I don't know why you are getting so worked up about this. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:07, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Because if someone plowed similar ground before we could look at it, but imagining them doing it I found unhelpful.Alanscottwalker (talk) 23:14, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I'm sure most of the time there would be no controversy about it so it would just get fixed WP:BOLDly - its pretty obvious that we should cover how different Christian traditions view Jesus and how different Buddhist traditions view the Buddha.
* I see no problem with a (slight) bias toward Persian imagery, but we shouldn't have half of our 7 images of Muhammad (including the calligraphy) from a Persian background unless it was as influential as the Catholic church is. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:25, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* So, even assuming that cultural balance has been achieved on those other articles (a big assumption), you posit that it happened organically and was not by prior agreement. Is that the way forward? Alanscottwalker (talk) 23:36, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Well I don't know if it is a good fit but let's see where discussion goes from here. Also as a side note I am not particularly fond of the idea of churches on the article of Jesus since no churches existed until after his death. That is part of the reason why the bible comments on when he would do his sermons in front of temples. Tivanir2 (talk) 23:11, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* We have a lot of religious art on Jesus that's much newer than he was alive - this picture for example is from the 19th century. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:25, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
To this specific dilemma (an "image" of Muhammad for biographical purposes): Frankly, I don't care where people find the images... Persian, Iranian, European, Vulcanian, whatever. I only see two things in this: (1) it's a biography, are we going to have an image/depiction of the subject of the biography? (if yes, proceed to #2) and (2) Is this a person? (No), or does this show how Muhammad was perceieved to look? (NO, it USED to, until it was defaced). Pick an image, from whatever source, that shows an unveiled face and the problems are over. Instead of arguing over where the images were made, simply find a suitable image for this one tiny task... then we can move on to determining what the other images in the article should be.
Now, before this happens, as I know of one or two people who will try this route: I would posit that the first person who now deems we don't need such an image is probably applying a bias based on not wanting an image that depicts how he was perceived to look. A lot of this seems to get right back to that one point. Depictions on other biographies are not problems... but on this biography it's (a) not a problem if it isn't really a depiction, but instead an avoidance of such (such as calligraphy or a defaced image) or (b) suddenly a problem if those aren't being accepted as "substitutes. Again, there's only one or two who I think may try reversing course on this - my opinion on such is thus noted before you choose to take that road. Best, R OBERT M FROM LI | TK/CN 23:43, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* I think having an image showing his face in the biography section is a good idea if we can find one. We can make the other stuff balance around it. If you mean the lead image, well the only argument against it would be offensiveness, which I would be inclined to say shouldn't be added - but it is a weaker argument than that discussed in this section.
* To add to my previous point, at Jesus we have 20 images of Jesus, we could therefore have ~20 images of Muhammad here, the fact that ~14 of them would be calligraphy should be irrelevant. We could easily stick 12 of the pieces of calligraphy in a gallery. There are two issues here for me, offensiveness, and not covering the content properly. If we aren't covering how muslims view Muhammad in some rough proportion we aren't doing the latter, and thats a much more serious charge than offensiveness ever could be.
* If we did that then our 3-4 Persian images would be in about the right ratio - perfect - we'd be at least covering the content properly. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:48, 30 November 2011 (UTC)
* Robert, we've had this discussion, above, in Resolute's compromise proposal, which includes an image that shows Muhammad unveiled. I seem to recall that was a compromise that was acceptable to you, and most everyone else. This section is for discussing whether we should include Quranic inscriptions, given their prevalence throughout the Islamic world. The fact is that Muhammad has been received more through his words than imagined likenesses. We should reflect that; otherwise we're not informing the reader properly about his reception. Cheers, -- J N 466 00:13, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
No one says that we should be limited to Islamic representations of Muhammad. But if we're showing Islamic religious art, just as we're showing Christian religious art in the Jesus article, we will have to show the most representative types. Quranic inscriptions and other calligraphy are the equivalent of religious paintings in Christianity. Figurative images were rare in Islam. And the idea that because this is a BIOGRAPHY we should not show artistic representations of the work that Muhammad is famous for, when such representations exist in their thousands, and we have examples in Commons, is frankly strange. We show images of Shakespeare's works in his article. We show images of how artists imagined Shakespeare's works. We feature quotes from Shakespeare's works in call-out boxes. But the same thing is not supposed to be alright in Muhammad's biography? How about a call-out box with the light verse? It's one of the most famous ones. -- J N 466 00:06, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* As Eraserhead keeps praising the balance at Jesus, I've done a count of the "art" images. I make it: 34 European, 1 Chinese, 1 Armenian, 1 Syrian, 1 (Bible card) unknown. Latin & maybe North America, 0, Africa 0 etc. Not that I think that's a problem. I've seen some lame threads on this page, but this one tops the chart, although we're keeping the daily word count high for sure. Johnbod (talk) 01:21, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* I am frankly puzzled how you can argue that Quranic calligraphy should have no place in Muhammad's biography. Can you explain your thinking? -- J N 466 01:38, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* You find everything puzzling. I have no objections to several images, which we currently have. And that's enough. In fact we currently have nine calligraphic images, which is probably too many (plus 3 more in templates). Including one on a building. I've said above I don't think the choice of Quranic images is very good. They have the obvious disadvantage, in the English Wikipedia, that few people can actually read them! Johnbod (talk) 01:42, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* I make that 6: lead, name, ayah, hilye, shahadah, PBUH. Plus 3 in templates (and we can't really blame Muhammad for those!). It's one of those facts of life that Muhammad wasn't an Englishman, and that his greatest influence is not in the English-speaking world. It doesn't prevent English-language sources on him from showing Arabic writing. Cheers! -- J N 466 01:57, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ok, 8 with the 2 Quran images. So 11 with the templates. It's not a case of blaming, but of whether more are needed, as you seem to think. Different ones I would support in some cases. Not being intellible to most readers seriously reduces the illustrative value of the images, as one should not have to explain. Johnbod (talk)
* Ayah is one of the Quran images. (You probably counted the seal. I wouldn't call that calligraphy, just foreign language writing.) The fact is, these images are popular in English-language sources. Examples: If you go into the Muhammad/Islam section of a bookshop, images like that abound. The calligraphy is beautiful, even if you can't read it. And I can't read any of that writing in the Jesus article either! (I wouldn't mind reducing the size of his name, and the PBUH calligraphy.) Cheers, -- J N 466 02:22, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
As an aside there should be no issue with classing calligraphy as an illustration/art. We live in a world where a pile of sweets on the floor or a dirty bed counts as art, if that's the case then definitely so is calligraphy (For what its worth I think modern art is generally interesting and thought provoking, so I'm not bashing it). -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 18:16, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* As an aside if the consensus is to include the image what area would it go in? Tivanir2 (talk) 21:58, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* Yes T, I guess I need to repeat the questions I stated way, way up, "But first, I would ask for the image, text, RS and placement that is proposed, and if anything is proposed to be deleted." Alanscottwalker (talk) 22:26, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
* I've been wondering that myself. There is no obvious place; in those places where it would relate to the text (sections on the Quran and depictions), we have too much clutter already Frankly, the three large templates on the right are a pain. The design of the Muhammad template is nothing to write home about, to put it charitably. The Quran template is not that brilliant either; the image is nice enough, but the template itself is so-so. The Islam template is the only one that is beautifully designed. But, worst of all, the three nav templates along the right hand margin all have completely different styles that don't go together, and they take up an awful lot of room. In addition, we have the two timelines, also on the right-hand margin. Alanscottwalker suggested collapsing these, and I agree. Maybe we should look at collapsing some of the other templates too, or throwing them out altogether. In terms of content, they are in part duplicated by internal links in the article, and the nav boxes at the bottom. Thoughts? -- J N 466 01:25, 2 December 2011 (UTC)
* The caption would say something to the effect that calligraphy of Quranic verses plays a very important role in sacred Islamic art, equivalent to that played by images of Christ and the saints in churches, sourced for example to page 120 in Wagtendonk. The image wouldn't replace any of the images currently present, or any of those left after implementation of Resolute's compromise proposal (if we end up going down that route), but be an additional image. -- J N 466 01:31, 2 December 2011 (UTC)
* Is there a way to collapse the Quran and Islam boxes to show the main link and image and the rest be a show feature? That might help with space issues and I don't like the idea of shortening or removing them since they pretty much go hand and hand with the biography article but they take up a ton of space. Also do we know if it was common during his life to put inscriptions on buildings or was that something that happened post mortem? If it was more common after he passed away it might do well in the legacy section on impacts. Tivanir2 (talk) 15:00, 2 December 2011 (UTC)
* In HTML terms it's trivial, but we might have to change the templates a bit. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 16:16, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
* There are basically two sections where Quranic inscriptions would fit: the Quran section, and the Legacy section. -- J N 466 06:29, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* Collapsed timelines per discussion with Jayen on Main Talk page. Alanscottwalker (talk) 01:53, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* Thanks. That's better already. -- J N 466 06:27, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
Resolute's proposal
Let's try this differently. Who is opposed to Resolute's compromise proposal? Here is what the proposal would like. It has a total of 4 figurative images in the article, one in the biography section, two in the depictions section, and one in the European reception section. Another European image, like the SCOTUS image, might be added subsequently. Please give a brief reason for opposing. Thanks. -- J N 466 06:25, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* I've been lurking here for the most part. In my view, I don't particularly like having no images whatsoever in the section Muhammad's early life. I also don't want images of significant events removed (examples being the revelation from Gabriel or the black stone episode), regardless of whether their inclusion results in someone perceiving "imbalance" in representation of sources or time periods. If depictions of those events have representation mostly from a certain period or culture, so be it; I am skeptical of the arguments that make an NPOV issue of this. ~Amatulić (talk) 19:23, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* I am not sure that the image for the Black stone episode is up for removal (I personally think it's fine). Perhaps Jayen466 could clarify this. Mathsci (talk) 19:31, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* It wasn't in the version that Jayen linked at the top of this section, even though that version devotes an entire paragraph to the black stone incident. ~Amatulić (talk) 19:43, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* When all of this started, there was no text at all in the article re: the black stone, thus why it was targeted as a potential removal candidate. Obviously that scenario has changed. This was also proposed as a compromise solution - one that probably nobody would be extremely happy with, but which most person could accept. Perhaps the better way of going about this is to decide how many images (including those attached to templates) is the ideal number for the size of this article, then decide how many of each type we want to use, then pick the specific images. Resolute 20:34, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* This isn't a matter for which compromise can be avoided. Half a million words is far too many.
* With regards to the black stone image, maybe there is another image we can use instead? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:59, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well, "avoid" isn't the word I'd choose; "decline" or "reject" would be better. So yes, a proposed compromise can be rejected, your calling for it to be accepted simply because of the volumes of words that one side has used is a bit of a ridiculous assertion. There is now text in the article regarding the Black Stone, so the version that Jayen links to above is pretty much rendered moot at this stage. So, no, I wholeheartedly oppose reverting to that version. Tarc (talk) 21:07, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* No. I am not asking you to accept this exact compromise. Just to accept that you will have to compromise in general.
* And in the post you have just replied to its pretty clear I think that some kind of image for the black stone is important. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 22:16, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* No, eraser, no one has to compromise; no one should be subjected to such an absurd condition if the compromise is inherently unworkable, unjust, or unfair. That is the problem from the outset of this, that there are some, i.e. Ludwigs, who have made blatantly outlandish proposals, and then demand "compromise", which just shifts the goalposts from the the realm of "absolutely out of the question" to "not very likely". Tarc (talk) 01:55, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* From the current status quo you have to compromise. If individual editors have made particularly unreasonable proposals that's different as there would be a strong consensus against their position. If there was a strong consensus for the status quo then there wouldn't have been all this discussion. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 18:49, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* What part of "no" did you find confusing? We do have a strong consensus that is ignored by a couple of loudmouths, is all. Tarc (talk) 20:12, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* I would also note that the current state of the article is a compromise. That there is little appetite for huge changes does not show a lack of flexibility on the part of image-supporters. Quite the opposite, the fact that opponents continue to push shows a lack of flexibility on their part. Resolute 15:48, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* In which case why on earth did you make the compromise proposal if you think those who want to remove images are being unreasonable? It should also be noted that all of those who wanted images removed, including Ludwigs, have gone along with your compromise. The same cannot be said for the other side. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 16:30, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Frankly, my proposal was not meant for the likes of Ludwigs. The easiest, and only, way forward is to remove him from the equasion. I've seen enough of his style to know that he starts off with an extreme position, sets others against him, then moves ever so slightly toward the middle and tries to paint his opponents as unreasonable. If he gets his way, I have no doubt that he will try the very same game again at some point in the future, and will continue to do so until he either gets his way or gets (topic) banned.
* My proposal was meant more for the likes of Anthony and Jayen - reasonable people - as a bid to try and create a framework that can reflect the viewpoints of most editors in some fashion. My personal preference is also for more depictive images, but I also feel there are too many images overall, so tried an idea that I felt had minimal overall impact on the number (and value) of images whilst improving the article's balance. But I respect the viewpoints of those who disagree and evidently prefer something close to the status quo. Given this is already a compromise position, I do not find that disagreement unreasonable in the least. Resolute 00:16, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* And yet Ludwigs, regardless of how much you dislike him, supports your proposal. As do I. Complaining about those who want to reduce the number of images and yet support your proposal is a bit silly. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 10:29, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
@Resolute: There's probably a number of ways a compromise solution could be approached. I think it's important to pick the one that is likely to be the most efficient and is least likely to just end in confusion. So, I don't want to seem like I am backing the process you are suggesting until I have thought about it a bit.
That said, I think what you say seems workable, with the important caveat that the final stage should be an RfC on the proposal that has been worked up, so that the change has the backing of the community. --FormerIP (talk) 21:25, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* Truth be told, I see such an RfC as unnecessary at this point. If we hit on a solution that all of the regular contributors can live with or support, we should be doing alright. If that local consensus is subsequently challenged, then yeah, perhaps an RfC. Resolute 21:53, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well, I think that's a high standard, but if everyone here agrees and no other editor raises any objection, the maybe an RfC will be unnecessary. I'd drop my demand for an RfC if there's an understanding that the first objection will be met with "OK we'll RfC it", rather than, "you're too late, there's already a consensus". --FormerIP (talk) 22:14, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* If we have an RFC what would be a good question? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 22:21, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* If Resolute's method is used, I guess it would be a choice of two options, one of which is the status quo, one of which is the new proposal, and a rationale for each. --FormerIP (talk) 23:11, 5 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well, no. If we're going to have an RfC, then we'll open it up all the way. That's just natural. -- Ludwigs 2 00:25, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* What do you mean "open it up all the way"? What would be the question in that case? You must realise by now that "no faces" has a snowball's chance. --FormerIP (talk) 00:27, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* He's not going to drop the stick until he gets his way or gets topic banned. The best solution at this point is to simply ignore Ludwigs and hope that the reasonable editors can come to an accord. Resolute 00:53, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Robert Resolute, you're being a jackass. stop it.
* FormerIP:
* First, makes you think I want all the images removed? that's what people say about me, not what I've been reaching for.
* Second, this is not about what people want, this is about what's appropriate for the page. You're too much on one side to credibly and effectively evaluate the odds here, so don't waste my time with snowball talk.
* What I meant by 'open it up all the way' is that if this comes to RfC I reserve the right to make the same arguments I've been making all along - that we should only offend well-established religious and cultural mores where there's a clear encyclopedic advantage in doing so - in the belief that the broader community will respond to that common sense approach in a way that the emotionally invested editors here cannot. Maybe they won't, but if they do that may generate outcomes that don't fall between the 'no compromise' and 'mild compromise' positions that have been lain out here. If you want to try to reach some real consensus without an RfC, fine, but don't try to draft up one of those milk-sop RfC that don't address the article issues or offer any choices except the 'pre-approved' ones. -- Ludwigs 2 01:05, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* That sounds reasonable on its face, but I see two problems with that position: (1) offending people should never be a consideration when building encyclopedic content, and (2) there is no agreement on what "clear encyclopedic advantage" means. It could mean anything; such as (a) the image clarifies or supplements the text, (b) the image simply illustrates something in the text, (c) the image is interesting and relevant to the article topic, or (d) breaks up the monotony of a wall of text. Perhaps, if there were an RfC, those two points should be addressed instead, because that's where discussions involving Ludwigs2 always seem to break down. ~Amatulić (talk) 01:34, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* We just had that RfC at WT:NOT, actually. Unsurprisingly, consensus was not in favour of Ludwigs' interpretation. Resolute 01:46, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Honestly, I'm not sitting through yet another tiring round of "we should only offend well-established religious and cultural mores where there's a clear encyclopedic advantage in doing so" bullshit. If that is how this is going to, once again, be kicked off, then this is dead on arrival. Tarc (talk) 01:55, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Agree with that. There no point in an RfC which has no point.
* Ludwigs: Of course, you are entitled to make whatever comment you like when you vote in the RfC. If you dissent from the options given, it's normal practice for there to be a section where you can do that.
* But an RfC question does have to have pre-defined options, because it needs to provide a precise answer which can be clearly understood. Holding an RfC where anything is a valid answer would be like holding a presidential election where there are no candidates but you can write anyone's name on the slip. From a practical point-of-view, the type of discussion you seem to be proposing is one that can only ever be closed as "no consensus". There's no point in even starting that. --FormerIP (talk) 02:14, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well that's fine, but I'm letting you know that I'll be party to the discussion about forming an RfC question, so you're going to have to find some grounds on which to work with me. That's just the way it is. And Amatulić: your point 1 is wrong and your point 2 is a matter to be resolved in discussion. It's no more difficult than any other NPOV discussion, except that some editors are willing to willfully misinterpret things just to confuse matters. that can be dealt with administratively. -- Ludwigs 2 04:11, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* It's simply your opinion that my point 1 wrong. As an analogy, scientists don't consider religious arguments when reaching conclusions via the scientific method. Neither should a secular project consider religious offense when creating encyclopedic content. Consensus is abundantly clear on that point. Point 2 is a valid RfC topic. There's no purpose in having any other RfC about which images are to be included and which are to be removed, unless point 2 can be resolved. ~Amatulić (talk) 04:29, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Amatulić: I'm sorry, but it's not just my opinion. This is the way things work in the real world, where being respectful of others is a norm (one that rarely interferes with work and generally improves everyone's quality of life). If you want to go the scientific route, please note that this is a topic in the social sciences - not the physical sciences you seem to be referring to - and in the social sciences the term 'secular' is never, ever, ever interpreted in a way such that people feel entitled to blithely disrespect the worldviews of other groups of people. Physical scientists may choose to dump on religious viewpoints that conflict with scientific principles, but as a rule even physical scientists don't extend that to general disrespect towards religion as a whole, and social scientists are always circumspect, giving even fairly horrendous worldviews a modicum of respect for the purposes of explication and analysis. This is even the way things work on most pages on Wikipedia, it's only ignored on highly contentious pages like this, where editors have mostly given up being reasonable and just looking for an argument they can swing like a big rock. Unfortunately, it's pages like this that need that kind of circumspection the most.
* I mean, I understand why you say what you do - it's a mindlessly simple mantra that you can toss at people without thinking about it too much, which saves a lot of mental wear and tear if you have to do it a lot. Unfortunately, short cuts like that sometimes miss the mark and interfere, and you need to be able to recognize when that happens: If four years of perpetual conflict doesn't clue you in to the thought that maybe you're misapplying it here, then maybe it's time you started looking at how broadly you have to distort real-world behavior and attitudes in order to make your position make sense. you ought to recognize that if you were getting paid to write an encyclopedia article and expressed a fraction of the attitudes that have been expressed here, you'd be canned in an instant, if only because willfully ignoring the interests of readers would be considered thoroughly unprofessional.
* So, you can continue to hold your belief if you choose, but I know (and you ought to) that you can only maintain that belief by creating an absurd little wiki-bubble where you can assert that odd and unrealistic social rules are actually true. But that makes you far more like a religious fanatic than like a scientist, no? -- Ludwigs 2 06:30, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'm not sure this is a very accurate description of the academic world, particularly not in a major university. On the other hand I don't see the relevance of any of these remarks. A quick glance at the biographies of scholars working in this interdisciplinary area (Islamic history, art and culture) shows that it encompasses a wide range of disciplines within the humanities: here is a list from an international conference held in Clare College, Cambridge a year ago. Mathsci (talk) 08:35, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Mathsci - I agree with your second point, but I think you'd agree that the humanities are even less subject to the dictates of the "Scientific Method" that Amatulić is referring to. A's point (which is perfectly valid as far as it goes) is that when talking about physics or math or chemistry, religious/cultural perspectives don't have a lot to offer and ought to be largely ignored. This is true, but not for the reasons he suggests (that science must programmatically ignore religion), but rather because when we consider religion/culture by the standards of the empirical sciences, they fare badly: they are just not credible theories. It's one thing to suggest that science should ignore creationism as a scientific theory - something almost every academic scientist would agree to without hesitation - but quite another thing to suggest that science should oppose all Christian beliefs in all cases as a matter of principle. Few empirical scientists go to that extreme, and when they do it's usually not as scientists but as social philosophers; other academics almost always refrain. The only time you find this kind behavior in the social sciences, in fact, is where biological sciences have started to creep in in a fringey sort of way: eugenics, The Bell Curve, some of the sillier extrapolations of sociobiology… Otherwise, academics don't put their scholarly reputations on the line over material that's trivial to their academic goals.
* In truth, academics generally use the standard that I've been arguing for: they will quite readily violate any cultural mores or standards when it's a function of their specific thesis - as you point out, you'll find these images used by academics in books and articles that focus on Art History or on the social controversies surrounding the Islamic proscriptions. But academics don't go out of their way to violate mores or standards when it's not necessary for their thesis. They have more sense than to do something pithy and argumentative unless they can leverage a scholarly point out of it.
* I sometimes find myself wondering where any of the proponents of these images would still make these arguments if they had to put their real names and real personal reputations on the line over it. It's one thing to say that we should vainly step on religious precepts when speaking from comfortable internet anonymity, but quite another to have to explain that attitude to your wife, your friends, your colleagues… anonymity is good for freedom of expression, but lends itself to anti-intellectualism. -- Ludwigs 2 13:26, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* I was wondering when you were going to stoop down to the "anti-intellectual/academic" angle, what took you so long? The thing is, again, we do feel it is necessary to show these images in this article. That's your sticking point. As for real identities, I edited and argued under my real name...and at a notoriety level only a few notches below Joel Furr or Kibo...on Usenet from about 1990 til 2000 or so when it started to wane. The internet then was a lot different than it is now; nowadays I prefer anonymity for personal safety. Tarc (talk) 14:30, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Son, I've been harping the anti-intellectual angle all along; what took you so long to notice? And unlike usenet (where everyone is encouraged to turn themselves into proto-FOX-News pundits), Wikipedia is ostensibly trying to be neutral and informative. It's one thing to attach your name to some arrogantly stupid opinion in a realm where arrogantly stupid opinions are the expected norm; it's another thing entirely to attach your name to such where you are trying to build a reputation for accuracy and respectability. Nobody respects anything that's ever been said on usenet - everyone knows it's a dumping ground for every vapid prejudice that's ever come down the pipe. Are you suggesting we turn Wikipedia into a new usenet? -- Ludwigs 2 15:23, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Unless you're about to pull an Anikin, no, you're not my father. The Usenet thing was more of an aside, but at one time discussions on Usenet were quite respectable, as 99% of the users there were either from universities, businesses, or the military. It wasn't until the Endless September that it went to shit...and if we're going to stay in this tangent, then really what you have become is a latter-day Serdar Argic. We fundamentally differ on how to present this topic in a "neutral and informative" manner. This isn't really something to reconcile or compromise on, any more than we would compromise on BLP policy to only let a little bit of unsourced material be used. Tarc (talk) 15:43, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Sorry, you just seemed like you needed some reparenting (just kidding ).
* Look, if you want to go back to 20-year-old internet norms, that would be fine with me. in fact, it would solve our problem immediately: the project would likely be text-only, and our readership would consist almost entirely of computer nerds. But the world has moved on a bit since then: the internet is now pluri-dimensional, polychromatic, and multi-cultural. we have to maintain our reputation within that environment, and we can't maintain that reputation if we close our eyes to the fact that we are stepping on the toes of significant cultural groups. My point still stands: I sincerely doubt that you personally would go into your workplace and tell your boss that the company ought to do X because Muslims are all fanatics and their opinions don't count; I know for a fact that no reputable academic would discount cultural worldviews unless s/he needed to to develop a thesis. so why are you advocating that we do that here? -- Ludwigs 2 16:25, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Cultural groups don't get coddled or catered too when we're writing an encyclopedia. I'm not going to rehash your politically-correct approach to this matter for the nth time, as n-1 was more than enough. Tarc (talk) 20:10, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Yeah, I can tell you were a long-term usenet junkie… Now why don't you give up the emotional rhetoric (because no one gives a fuck whether or not you want to coddle anyone), and let's get back to the point that this is what professionals in the real world do. I get that you're getting your jollies here, but enough of the amateur-hour crap. -- Ludwigs 2 21:06, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* That may be what tree-huggers do when they wish for a world where they think they have a god-given right to be unoffended. But out in the actual real world, that ain't how it works. We are here creating an encyclopedia free of religious twaddle, where an article on pregnancy can have a naked woman...though not necessarily in the lead...and where an article on Muhammad does not have to follow a hadith against showing his face. If that isn't to your liking, then by all means begin your own. MediaWiki is free, after all. Tarc (talk) 22:24, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* This isn't an article about environmentalism, so you've obviously pulled out the term 'tree-hugger' in a desperate attempt to find terminology you think will insult me. Unfortunately, all that really does is demonstrate that you're unable to make an actual argument for your position (or to find a decent insult, for that matter). If you're just tossing out dumb comments in the hopes that one of them will strike a nerve, well, whatever… That's your business. But the more you do it, the more you reaffirm that you're just here to cause commotion and blow smoke up everyone's ass. Keep at it; If this is the best you can do you are sure to lose this debate eventually. -- Ludwigs 2 23:45, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* I think it is unlikely that either of you is going to convince the other. Please agree to disagree. -- J N 466 01:53, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well, I somehow doubt Tarc would agree with me even on that, but… -- Ludwigs 2 02:02, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ludwigs2, the personal attacks you made above are not helping. You have been warned before about this kind of conduct. Thanks, Mathsci (talk) 03:04, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Mathsci, after your last (I think fourth in the last year) effort to get me sanctioned, it is quite obvious that your opinion about me is far from dispassionate and unbiased. Please do yourself a favor and leave these kinds of comments to people whom it is possible to imagine are not slobbering after my blood. thanks. -- Ludwigs 2 04:43, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* "slobbering after my blood", "dumb", "jackass". All of this extreme language is unhelpful, disruptive and against wikipedia policy. On wikipedia the vital thing is to use secondary sources, here and elsewhere. That is the norm for editing (your attempts to edit without using sources on Commodity fetishism were tagged as WP:OR and then later deleted by universal consensus). It is no different when discussing the use of images. Please could you learn to use sources and avoid making self-referential judgements or personalised comments about others? Thanks, Mathsci (talk) 09:17, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Mathsci: I respect you as an editor (always have), but as a person you've made it more than clear that you are carrying an extreme grudge against me. You can deny it all you like, bu your behavior proves otherwise: do you have any idea how many articles I can point to (including this one) where your enter the discussion solely to seek sanctions against me and only start editing after the sanction effort failed? Don't get me wrong, the work you do is good - at lease, I've never found a reason to disagree with you significantly on a content point - but you are so extraordinarily vindictive it almost defies belief.
* Stick to content-points where your contributions are valuable and credible; leave handling me to admins (should any deem that act to be necessary), because your damned-near-stalking and endless carping about me just makes you look maniacal. -- Ludwigs 2 14:51, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
Ludwigs2, please reread what I wrote about secondary sources: that is the core policy on wikipedia which gives a concrete method for evaluating the addition of content or images. That seems to be the central issue here. Otherwise I don't have the slightest clue what you are rabbiting on about. Thanks, Mathsci (talk) 20:08, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Point 1 is the heart of your tendentiousness, honestly; the refusal to accept that this is an accepted reality of thi removed s project. Also, noone has to work with you if you persist in just proposing the same things that have already been soundly rejected. Finally, it would nice if rather than redirecting your dickishness to who you perceive is the proper target, i.e. this edit, it'd be better if you just removed it entirely. Tarc (talk) 04:31, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
I do not see any point in using wikipedia processes like mediation and RfCs in this particular instance. That is a way of creating chaos, muddying the waters. What has emerged is that we follow current scholarship regarding historical images as represented in excellent academic secondary sources. That seems to have been mutually agreed. Whether or not faces are covered in the Persian miniatures, which appear only as thumbnails, seems immaterial. Discussion of images produced between 1300 and 1600 requires some familiarity with the sources used. That is why this topic is inappropriate for an RfC or mediation. I do understand that it's much easier to engage in lively debate when there is no requirement to make reference to those sources, but that's not how we create articles on wikipedia. As for calling other users "jackasses", there is no excuse for poor conduct like that after repeated warnings. Mathsci (talk) 05:01, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* It's not the first time he's done that, and it's not the worst thing he's called people. Honestly, the process most likely to end this is RFC/U. Resolute 05:03, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* I agree that an RfC would not be useful; we've covered a lot of ground over the past few weeks, and bringing everyone who participates up to speed is not likely to be possible. I wouldn't editors coming in and shooting from the hip, as it were; that would render all the discussions we've had null and void. My view about the black stone image is that it isn't necessary in this article; first, the story is more of a legend than historical fact, and the image is already included in six other articles: Black Stone, Muhammad in Mecca, Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Depictions of Muhammad, Kaaba and Jami' al-tawarikh. I think it makes encyclopedic sense to have one image of each of the main types of figurative images – unveiled, veiled, flame; and Resolute's proposal achieves that. At the same time, this may allow us to include one or two culturally more meaningful and iconic images (or failing that, lighten the article up a bit). I've long complained that we don't have a single image of a Quranic inscription on a mosque, despite the fact that such inscriptions are so common and are frequently used as illustrations in reliable sources. I'd much rather have one of those than the Gabriel image in the Quran section, as the style of that image really clashes with the other images there, and a Quranic inscription has more encyclopedic relevance. (The Gabriel image is also included in two other articles already.) An image of muslims at prayer might also be useful in the legacy section; again, an iconic type of image many sources on Muhammad use. -- J N 466 08:55, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Mathsci and Jayen: It would be great to have an RfC process with your participation, but you should bear in mind that it is not something that needs anyone's consent in particular in order to take place. --FormerIP (talk) 11:37, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Jayen, I'm also unclear about your rationale for wanting to remove the Kaaba image. This seems to be an image that editors have expressed a particular desire to keep. Your first reason is that it arguably depicts a legend, but you have previously wanted to include an image depicting the Night Journey, so this doesn't seem at all consistent. Your second reason is that it is in other articles, but I would suggest that is because it is a good image and is all the more reason it should be used here. Do you have any other arguments against this image, because I find the ones you have given to be weak. --FormerIP (talk) 12:44, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Since the historic depiction of Muhammad requires some familiarity with sources, which most wikipedians do not know about, there seems to be no point in an RfC. Plenty of other editors are in agreement with this point of view, so please try not to give the appearance of singling out particular editors. Mathsci (talk) 13:42, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* The night journey images are more relevant, since that was a particularly popular scene in depictions. They're also more accomplished artistically, which is reflected in the amount of interest they're getting from art historians. Ludwigs2 said one true thing a while back: if you have such a narrow focus on one thing, you lose sight of the bigger picture. All our discussion is about something that within the wider world of Islamic art is a distinct minority phenomenon. We have lost sight of the forest for that one tree. -- J N 466 17:19, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
Responding to the initial question in this section, I said the first time we brought this proposal up that I have no overweening objection to the two images, proposed for the Islamic Depiction section; I do object to the proposal if it's take it or leave it in total: Alanscottwalker (talk) 13:11, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* It is too radical removing multiple images with limited participation, and without consideration for individual images in their sections.
* This is the biography of a man, and the multiple images proposed to be removed fit that purpose, and several are images used across the project in many different languages for this purpose.
* Again this is a biography, and three of the four images proposed are in ancillary sections, not his biography.
* It removes all images from some sections of the biography.
* The single image (at right) proposed for his biography sections (the purpose of the article) is an image of an event, with multiple people and other subject matter, in which it is very difficult to see anything related to Muhammad.
* The objections to the images proposed to be removed, that they are religiously insensitive or culturally unbalanced I find unpersuasive, and the considerations standardless and unworkable.
* It appears, that the images proposed for the Islamic depiction section are being held captive to decisions in other sections -- this is unfair to that section and those images.
* The intent was never a "take it or leave it" scenario. Rather, an attempt at a workable framework to move this process forward. If you feel the general idea is sound, but would like to see more of one type of images, or in certain locations, please share them. Resolute 14:14, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Thank you for that, as it has been represented otherwise. As to the framework, my understanding is that it generally seeks to represent four "Islamic Depictions" (calligraphy, no face, face, and fire) of Muhammad, throughout the article (except in the western/other section). The first word, Islamic, apart from any policy issues (although there have been lots of words on that for many reasons), is not what this article is about. The second word, depictions, is also not what this article is about (except in the small squibs to other articles). I am sorry, i have to leave and don't have time right now to create a gallery here of all images and their sections but I will (sometime later) if as this progresses that would be helpful. Alanscottwalker (talk) 16:36, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* As a side note in the legacy section I would actually support the idea of the quranic inscriptions (it is something notable that he definitely had major influence on.) If possible can we go through pictures individually? This I think would make it a lot easier for people to weigh in and explain positions for whether or not they find the picture useful and also whether it should stay or depart the article. Tivanir2 (talk) 18:05, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* We obviously feature a number of Islamic images, besides others like those of the geography. My concern is that, to the extent that we do feature Islamic art, that selection of images should be balanced and neutral, focusing on the most common types of Islamic art. It is a fact that figurative images of Muhammad were rare, especially in public contexts; there is no mainstream figurative iconography of Muhammad in Islamic sacred art. By featuring so many of the images we are creating an impression in the reader that is at odds with the historical reality. -- J N 466 19:50, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* @Alan, I apologise for any lack of clarity on my part in my (extensive) comments here about the compromise only being a framework - that was certainly obvious to me. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 22:12, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* The problem Jayen is that this is an article on Muhammad, not Muslim depictions of Muhammad. We are not constrained by the latter when writing about the former. Tarc (talk) 22:28, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* To the extent that we use Muslim art to illustrate this article, we should show it in proportions that correspond to the real world. In the depictions article, it is quite appropriate for figurative images to dominate, because the article title goes that way. -- J N 466 01:53, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* And obviously the majority of our art should be muslim as we do for every other religious figure. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 08:03, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Obviously, both of you are full of it, concocting an extra provision for this article that exist in no other article is not going to fly. Tarc (talk) 13:33, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Tarc, we're showing typical Christian art in Jesus. We're not showing typical Muslim art in Muhammad. The problem is obvious. -- J N 466 22:55, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Perhaps the Jesus article needs more images from other perspectives then, but that is a topic for that talk page, not this one. We're talking about Muhammad here. Stay on-topic, if you would. Tarc (talk) 23:05, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Oh for God's sake, Tarc. The same is true about the Krishna and the Buddha article. This one is the only exception. What's so special about this one that we have to do something different from what we normally do? -- J N 466 23:14, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* The more appropriate question to pose is "why is this article subjected to a higher and more exacting level of scrutiny than the others?", to which the obvious answer is that "only Islam has a bee in its bonnet about images of its prophet". This is the underlying motivation to shed images from this article; I can give praise to Ludwigs for at least admitting that offense is a motivating factor, something that you cannot. Their faith dictates to them how they depict their prophet. We are under no such restriction or obligation. Surely there are things that adherents of other faiths find objectionable in their respective articles, and we would not bow to their demands, either. Tarc (talk) 23:26, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* The reason this article attracts scrutiny is the same reason any article attracts scrutiny in Wikipedia: because it's not NPOV. It goes out of its way to show something other than mainstream art. -- J N 466 00:25, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* It is quite in line with NPOV. You're stuck in this intellectually devoid argument of "Muslims don't use pictures, so if we use pictures ,that isn't neutral." You're wrong. You have been told that you're wrong many times on this angle, and been shown and explained why you are wrong, yet you persist in the same claim. Over and over and over. Tarc (talk) 02:48, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* I want to use pictures, but I want to use typical pictures. I want us to use pictures in due proportion to their prevalence. I don't want us to use a bunch of images that are rare, just to demonstrate to the world that we can. Jimbo made that point very clear, but it obviously eludes you. We're not here to make a statement about censorship or the rights and wrongs of Islamic aniconism, we're simply here to write an encyclopedic article on Muhammad that represents matters in accurate proportions. -- J N 466 19:56, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* We're using them because a consensus of editors have determined that they are not incidental, not superfluous, are germane to the topic, assist the reader in understanding the subject matter, and they satisfy WP:NFCC. Your wish to add another criteria. We get that. That proposal isn't exactly setting the project on fire, your fallacious argumentum ad Jimboem notwithstanding. Tarc (talk) 20:25, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Consensus can change. A majority of editors have supported, or are fine with, Resolute's proposal, which does open the possibility of adding picture that are less incidental, more germane to the subject matter, and better inform the reader (without misinforming them) about Muhammad's artistic reception. Educational value should be paramount. The images add very little of that to the descriptions of the events in the text. We should have some, so the reader knows there are some, and can see the different artistic conventions, but that's about all. -- J N 466 21:51, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Muhammad is a historical figure. You cannot view him in the lens of Islam alone. Resolute 15:50, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* So is every other similar religious figure. Your point? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:48, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* "Muslim art"? It's art. I can't imagine any policy that restricts the use of art, on the basis of the artist's religion. Alanscottwalker (talk) 12:46, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* So the images at Jesus aren't Christian. 4 serious? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 16:30, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* The images on any page are not restricted to any one culture or religion as a matter of policy. There's one image on the Jesus page that is doesn't seem to come from Christian culture. It's appropriate and likely that the Mohammed page should gravitate towards images produced by Muslims, but there is no rule about it or any logical reason why it absolutely has to be the case. --FormerIP (talk) 16:59, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Point to a religious figure that doesn't have the vast majority of its imagery from that religion on Wikipedia. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:48, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
sigh… Eraserhead, do you see the dimensions of this problem? Tarc, Resolute, FormerIP, et al are standing on the principle that Muslims should not be allowed to 'make a statement' by removing images, but they refuse to acknowledge that they themselves are 'making a statement' by adding so many images. They keep trying to cast this as a dire dichotomy in which we must choose between Muslim advocacy and Secular advocacy, when in fact Wikipedia should simply not be 'making a statement' either way. This whole round-n-round is simply the politics of saving face: cognitive dissonance keeps them from ever admitting that they have been using the project to 'make a statement', and so progress becomes impossible. Badgering them out of it is not going to work (that will simply reinforce the cognitive dissonance), and I don't see any way to coax them out of it, so… -- Ludwigs 2 17:09, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* There are not "so many" images - a number have been removed already and several editors have withdrawn from the argument, presumably satisfied. There are only a fraction of those at Jesus, and they only start "below the fold". Johnbod (talk) 17:17, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* @ Johnbod: I'll admit it's getting better; frankly I'm close to being satisfied myself. but there's an issue of rationales here that I am trying to address to keep this problem from resurfacing in the future.
* @ Amatulić: In what way is this a misrepresentation? Saying that we cannot allow Muslim perspective to dominate image choice is reasonable. saying that we must oppose those who are 'ignorant of their own faith' is advocacy (who the hell are you to judge who is ignorant of Islam?). Asserting that a well-known and well-sourced principle of the Muslim worldview doesn't matter and doesn't apply is advocacy. If you want to argue that some images need to remain because they are pertinent to particular content points that is perfectly valid. However, if you want to argue (as several editors here have argued) that we must retain some full-faced images otherwise we look like we're 'giving in' to Islam - that is advocacy. If you think that because you're on the side of secularism and science you can't be an advocate, think again: people can be fanatical about any belief system.
* 16 archives of complaints puts the lie to your assertion that we are not being disrespectful to Islam. Reliable sources put the lie to your statement that we are not being disrespectful to Islam. The only way you can continue to assert that you are not being disrespectful to Islam - which is what everyone on this page does (and you've done just above) - is to claim that anyone who objects is some dumb fanatic who shouldn't be listened to. But trust me, there is no surer sign of advocacy than that endless need to marginalize and demonize all disagreement.
* I don't actually mind that you're advocates; we have NPOV to help us balance differing points of advocacy when they arise. But if you don't ever recognize that you're an advocate, it becomes impossible to apply NPOV (as has been amply demonstrated here). -- Ludwigs 2 18:25, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* NPOV helps us to handle differing or contradictory statements in reliable sources. It isn't really able to operate in the case of differences of opinion between editors. In that case, it's about WP:CONSENSUS and WP:DR. --FormerIP (talk) 20:26, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Regarding the "16 archives" bit, I'd say about 15.5 of that is the garden variety "Remove images of our prophet Muhammad (PBUH)" nonsense by SPAs and one-off IP editors, i.e. nothing that we'd pay the slightest bit of attention to or in any way see as a valued contribution to the project. Ludwigs continues to incorrectly equate "volume of complaint" with "credibility of complaint". Also, to my knowledge no one here has ever argued that we MUST retain images to avoid "giving in" to fanaticism. I certain;y have not made that argument. Tarc (talk) 20:44, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Given the large number of IP editors aren't sock puppets why on earth wouldn't we pay attention to what they say? WP:HUMAN applies. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:48, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* We do. We tell 'em to read the FAQ. The problem with those requests is that they present no arguments that the FAQ does not already address. I'll give Ludwigs2 credit for being more creative in that regard. ~Amatulić (talk) 21:04, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Even so, even if they are arguing against policy their points should have as much weight as an established editor arguing against policy. Additionally if enough people are arguing against a policy, established or not, then WP:IAR comes into play. Lots of people raising the same point over a large period of time should not be dismissed outright. Additionally saying that IP editors opinions should be dismissed outright is an argument in favour of the class system. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 21:08, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* As far as I am concerned, their opinions don't count for squat. Not just because their are IP editors, but because they come here not for the purposes of building an encyclopedia, but rather to demand that we make this page adhere to their religious beliefs. And the demands are not "can you remove some images" or "can you remove this image" or "can we move this image to another section"; they are invariably "remove ALL images NOW, they OFFEND me". That type of IP editor does not count for a damn thing in terms of discussing this topic. None. Tarc (talk) 21:18, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Do you have a policy or guideline to point at to backup your point? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 21:24, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Do you have a thoughtful and relevant response, or is your fallback always the non sequitur? Tarc (talk) 23:05, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Eraserhead1, have you looked at the archives or the FAQ? The relevant policies (WP:NOTCENSORED, WP:CONSENSUS, WP:NPOV, etc.) are continually pointed out to these drive-by requesters, and polices are also mentioned in the FAQ. Requests that demand we violate our core policies in favor of a religious viewpoint do not count for anything in terms of discussing this topic, as Tarc already said. If someone wants to argue for a change in policy, the place to do that is over at the Village Pump, not here. But we don't get policy arguments from the drive-bys, only requests to remove the images because someone chooses to be offended by them. ~Amatulić (talk) 00:16, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Right, and if they are arguing against policy, especially NPOV, then that would mean their argument would be significantly weaker. I also think that arguments that aren't backed up by policy are weaker than those that are. I think it's perfectly reasonable question to ask - especially given how insistent you are that IP editors points are backed up by policy. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 11:23, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ludwigs2, it's bad form to reply to something that was self-reverted immediately after posting it. I'll give you the benefit of the doubt that it was an edit conflict.
* And once again, there are so many things wrong with what you wrote that it's rather pointless to point them out to you over and over again. Who the hell am I to judge? You don't even know what the "well-known and well-sourced principle of the Muslim worldview" actually is. The Quran does not prohibit images, and actually says that anything not forbidden is permitted. Some Hadith forbid the creation of images but say nothing about viewing them. Every Muslim I know realizes this, including the ones who have participated in these endless debates you have involved yourself in. And again, you are blatantly mischaracterizing those who oppose you as engaging in "advocacy", using false assertions that we must keep all the images, as well as misguided logic that an absence of religious advocacy, or ignoring a point of religious dogma in editorial decisions about a biography, must automatically imply some sort of secular advocacy. The community has recognized how ridiculous that position is in many more articles than this one. That is why I self-reverted my earlier comment; it's pointless to repeat these things.
* Many archives of complaints mean only that some vocal folks are offended. So what? It means nothing. If the volume of complaints bother you, you are free to ignore them and contribute elsewhere. There are even longer archives over at Talk:Intelligent Design. So what? Does that mean we should rewrite the article in a creationist POV because a bunch of vocal creationists got all bent out of shape over it? Ridiculous.
* I have no problem with removing some images (and I have done so in the past). I also have no problem with including more. I do have a problem with your flawed rationales for removing them, however. If you want to characterize me as an "advocate" simply because I disagree with you, as you have been doing, it makes further discussion pointless. ~Amatulić (talk) 21:01, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* If I go to somewhere like the Islamic art museum in Kuala Lumpur, they say that Islamic art doesn't include visual representations and includes patterns and calligraphy instead. You can hardly argue that a) the Islamic art museum in Kuala Lumpur isn't a serious museum and b) that Malaysia isn't a moderate muslim country. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 21:05, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* That may well be correct, but it's just not very relevant. This isn't an article about or curated by the Islamic art museum in Kuala Lumpur. --FormerIP (talk) 21:29, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* (ec) Also, I don't think anybody ever said those things. I certainly didn't. The references (particularly 11 and 12) in our Islamic art article would disagree with your assertion about what the museum would tell you about Islamic art. Historical Islamic art does contain many depictions of Muhammad. I would defer to Jonbod for a more adequate reply to this, as he appears to have greater expertise in this area. ~Amatulić (talk) 21:32, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* @Former IP, except that it does as its muslim and its an authority, in the same way that the Hermitage, the British Museum, the Louvre and the Met are (though admittedly at a slightly lower level).
* @Amatulic With regards to Islamic art, as a generalisation I doubt that what you say is correct - especially with regards to Muhammad - the only reason we have as many images as we do is by taking a subset of a subset of Islamic art. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 21:36, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Again. Figurative images of Muhammad are rare in Islam. They are largely restricted to the private medium of book miniatures created for wealthy patrons many centuries ago, and some Muhammad postcards and posters you can buy in Iran. Apart from that, zilch. -- J N 466 23:08, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Jayen, your understanding of this is over-simplistic and, on a factual level, not accurate. If you want to go into it, I would suggest opening a new section. However, I don't think it matters, because it misses the point. That an image is of a relatively rare kind does not mean we may not include it in an article. If an image is of good quality, informative and interesting that is enough. --FormerIP (talk) 23:45, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* Of course an image being of a relatively rare kind does not mean we cannot include an example or two. But to fill the article with images of this rare kind, to the point where we have no space left in the article to show the common, iconic kinds of images is just nuts. -- J N 466 00:29, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Fill the article? Are we looking at the same thing? If "an example or two" of relatively rare images of Muslim depictions of Mohammed's face is OK, why so much contention over an article which contains three?
* I also don't think there is such a thing as a "common, iconic" representation of Mohammed. Islam is largely an aniconic religion, isn't it? --FormerIP (talk) 02:33, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* We're obviously not looking at the same thing. I see six figurative images, not three. Figurative images as a whole are rare, and the ones showing his face are a minority within that rare type. And it's the minority within the minority that we have most of. Nuts.
* As Jesus is omnipresent in churches, so Muhammad is omnipresent in mosques. But while Jesus is omnipresent in images and crucifixes, Muhammad is omnipresent through his words. Abundant calligraphy of his words and names takes the place of images. That's the iconic representation of Muhammad throughout the Islamic world, even though it's aniconic. -- J N 466 02:54, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Amatulić: sorry, that was an edit conflict, and I haven't been on project (except momentarily) since. but to the point:
* In the third line of your response above you are interpreting the Quran in order to support your position. So far as I know you are not a Muslim, nor are you a Quranic Scholar, and you've provided no sources (except 'every Muslim you know'). And yet somehow you feel more qualified to dictate what 'proper' Islamic beliefs are than any of the people who come to complain about your interpretation. How is that not advocacy?
* Don't suggest I am mischaracterizing the opposition here when I have diffs like the following (I just grabbed a few - there are ten times this number if you want me to dig), ,,. The one most prominent argument made in this discussion is that Muslims are not allowed the simple privilege that editors have anywhere else. I could go right now to the Apple page and start removing or changing images, and as long as I was reasonable about it the changes stand a good chance of sticking, and there certainly wouldn't be discussion of this magnitude over it. But here that privilege is revoked, specifically because editors here make the bad faith assumption that all objections are advocacy.
* I didn't say it automatically implied Secular Advocacy; I said people here were engaged in Secular Advocacy. My exact quote was: "Saying that we cannot allow Muslim perspective to dominate image choice is reasonable. saying that we must oppose those who are 'ignorant of their own faith' is advocacy." NPOV does not mean deciding which sides are wrong and squelching them.
* Don't get me started on Intelligent Design (which is another pugnacious article that needs a serious rewrite - but the people dogging that page are even worse than the people dogging this one). Between this comment and the comment I pointed out int he line above, you seem unable to comprehend that there is any middle ground between attacking a POV and surrendering to it. that's just sad. If you cannot see this middle ground, then you do not understand NPOV, and if that's the case you're just getting in the way of writing a good encyclopedia.
* Clear? -- Ludwigs 2 02:25, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Oh my. I've been away from this page for a few days and see this. Yet again, another response full of so much wrong there's almost no point addressing it.
* I don't interpret the Quran. It says what it says. You would not be able to find a Muslim who claims it says something else that what I stated. And yet, you want to twist this simple fact into "advocacy" somehow. Incredible.
* And still you mischaracterize your opponents. Incredible. Not a single one of those diffs you linked support your assertion that "Muslims are not allowed" to remove images. They are. They come here for the purpose of doing so on a weekly basis. And they are reverted, as you would be if you started removing or changing images on Apple. If the rationale is reasonable, the change will stick, and images have been removed on reasonable grounds in the past. "It offends me" is not a reasonable argument. There are ample means for you to avoid seeing images that offend you.
* Your assertion that people here are engaged in secular advocacy is so off the deep end that it doesn't deserve a response. Evidently you are incapable of seeing the difference between "advocating secularism" and advocating that religious dogma be ignored in editorial decisions. As an analogy, it is one thing to say "God does not exist." It is quite another to take the scientist's position that "God's existence is irrelevant to what we do." Similarly, advocating that we include images with intention to offend is quite different from what we're actually advocating: that the article be illustrated by legitimate historical artwork respectful of the subject, regardless of fundamentalist religious views. And you don't see the difference. Incredible.
* Your own words apply to you more than anyone else: You seem unable to comprehend that the current state of the article already sits on the middle ground between, as you say, "attacking a POV and surrendering to it." It just sad that you cannot see this middle ground, that you clearly do not understand NPOV, and that you're just getting in the way of writing a good encyclopedia.
* I have written to you in the past that your reasoning, while giving the appearance of being reasonable, nevertheless amounts to sophistry. You have refused to accept that a community who disagrees with you might actually have a point. You have failed to assume good faith in your misguided personal perceptions of others (hint: a neutral position may appear bigoted in the same way as neutral news reporting is perceived as "liberal" to the far right). I'm done for now, at least for several more day. ~Amatulić (talk) 18:34, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* What is clear is that you, and Jayen for that matter, fundamentally and absolutely misunderstand and misuse NPOV as you try to apply it to this situation. It is not achieved by simply splitting the difference between two points of view, this is a common misunderstanding found in new editors, but the two of you should know better. Tarc (talk) 02:52, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* You have not given any good reason why we should choose to show many examples of a rare and unrepresentative type of art, while neglecting to show common types of art that have abundant cultural meaning. -- J N 466 03:01, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Quite frankly, I do not need to. Tarc (talk) 14:42, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* So we are back to flogging the deceased four legged mammal? If possible is there any way to go through each picture so we can make sure we have a good consensus if we need to change anything? I figure that a review of the images would be a good way to get some editing done and arrive at a good idea of which pictures should stay or leave the article (please also note I said all pictures not just the muhammad ones.) Tivanir2 (talk) 15:51, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Also if I may be so bold we aren't worried so much about cultural impacts since this is the biography article. This article should deal more with life impacts and legacy impacts of the individual (though I think it is key we explain how the aniciosm he inspired lead to an abundance of calligraphy representations of him.) Though on that same note pictures depicting Muhammad should also be retained since they are images of the subject. Just my 2 cents. Tivanir2 (talk) 16:37, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* LMAO: see, this is exactly what I'm talking about - you guys are pure unadulterated advocates. Tarc doesn't feel the need to explain his position but argues for it endlessly regardless, Tivanir2 wants to recast an article as a pure biography just to avoid dealing with cultural issues, Amatulić bases his argument on interpretation of scripture and refuses to allow any other interpretation to be considered. If I had to judge solely by your behavior I'd have to think you were died-in-the-wool religious fanatics determined to cast your faith in the 'correct' light. I'll grant that you've gotten a lot of milage by confusing people with the term secularism (most people don't recognize that secularism is a belief system of its own, one which can be pursued as fanatically as any other belief system), but the more you guys speak, the more obvious it becomes that you are operating out of ideological absolutism. It's hilarious!
* Well, I guess we'll keep at it. The problem with advocacy is that advocates are constantly forced to extreme positions; that sours the milk for mild advocates (those who don't want to be associated with extremism) and forces the staunch advocates into ever-more outlandish statements. Reason almost always wins out in the long run even where people are being desperately unreasonable, because reason simply takes less energy. It's just a matter of inertia, and time… -- Ludwigs 2 17:04, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* If we're going round and round in circles then its time we got Resolute's compromise closed by an uninvolved administrator. If the proposal is closed as no consensus or that consensus is unable to be implemented then its time to escalate. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 17:51, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* The problem is Ludwigs, I think most here see you as the extreme advocate. The notion that secularism is itself a belief system is beyond the pale. Tarc (talk) 18:02, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Yes Tarc, I know that's how you see me (and I know that you've put a huge effort into casting me in that light), but that's irrelevant. Factually, I have been proposing the moderate, reasonable solution all along, and just diligently marking time while you and Robert and Resolute jump through all the emotive hoops of trying (and failing) to paint me as a sanctionable editor, and trying (and failing) to paint this as a non-problem that should be closed. Do you think I don't recognize those administrative gambits for what they are? Do you think you're the first editors to try them on me?
* You should know that for all of the turmoil that surrounds me on project, I get something close to the goals I want a good 80% of the time. That's because as unreasonable as I may be as a person at times, my goals and attitudes are always impeccably reasonable. It's an unfortunate fact of Wikipedia life that sometimes suggesting the reasonable thing generates a freakout among entrenched, embattled editors, and after that happens there's nothing to do except keep plugging away at the reasonable thing until the freakout turns into burnout. When sufficient emotional burnout has set in, reason will prevail. It's dumb that what should actually be nothing more than a three day reasoned discussion requires a three-month drama-fest just to drain all the emotional cathexes first, but there's nothing I can do about that. Really, the only 'problem' I represent for you is that I have a knack for weathering these kinds of emotional shit-storms intact; but that's not really a problem for the article, is it? -- Ludwigs 2 19:04, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
Done. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 17:54, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Actually it isn't reasonable or moderate the viewpoint you push is conservative and to attempt censorship for a groups benefit. This is a biography regardless of what individuals may think about it. I am not trying to avoid cultural issues, they just don't matter to the biographical part of this article. Did he create islamic teachings and influence muslims world wide? Yes. However that goes into the legacy portion of the article and not into the main portion. The main points of this article is what he did during his life, which has significant impact on multiple areas within the region referred to as the middle east. And again I point out when the argument doesn't hinge on "we are offending people" I will more than happily debate all points just like I debated the idea of whether or not the citation of the quran on buildings would be relevent (note: I actually support it in the legacy section now a sign I can actually change my tune unlike some.) I don't try to avoid anything but repeatedly trumping out we offend people and we shouldn't isn't an argument that can win based upon what we do here in this project per WP:NOTCENSORED. Tivanir2 (talk) 19:24, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* NPOV comes first, NOTCENSORED second. If we can see our way clear to showing images in proportion to their prevalence, as per Resolute's proposal, and then someone complains about the images, that is the time to invoke NOTCENSORED, not now, when we are clearly off-NPOV. -- J N 466 19:39, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* @Tivanir2, who are you replying to? I presume it isn't me. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 19:50, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* No, he's replying to me, he just put his response in an odd place.
* @Tivanir2: If you want to treat this as a biography without any religious input, then let's delete the article. No one knows much of anything about Muhammad except what comes to us from the Quran or Hadith or through the Muslim tradition; few works independent of Muslim tradition exist; no scholarly sources exist which do not draw heavily on religions traditions. Muhammad is simply not notable for what we know of him as a living, breathing human being; his entire notability comes from his position as founder of a world religion. The biographical portion of this article is inseparable from the religious portion, because in fact the notable events of his life all revolve around the creation and establishment of Islam.
* Also, it was you who raised the cultural issue: "if I may be so bold we aren't worried so much about cultural impacts since this is the biography article". re you changing your mind?
* That being said, and giving you credit for the valid aspects of your point, there is nothing about writing a biography that mandates we include pictures that offend Muslim religious beliefs
* Images are not mandated on project, anywhere
* These images are not actually of Muhammad
* These images are not actually of the events of Muhammad's life, not in any credible sense
* You seem to be arguing that it's necessary to include images of things that have very tenuous relationships to Muhammad the person, because it's a biography. That's an odd statement in the first place - why would a biography need images not closely related to the subject? - and it's an apparent overstatement. I could understand 'desirable' - it is desirable to have such images in some ways - but necessary? That is an unreasonable assertion. so are you going to drop the 'necessary' bit and go with 'desirable' now? -- Ludwigs 2 20:21, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* First I am onboard with removing some images as we have a copious amount in the article as it stands. I never once said anything about removing the religious points on the article since they pertain to him. What I have objected to is the idea of removing all the pictures since the reason to do so is people are offended. as for the talking points 1.) no pictures aren't mandatory but they are encouraged since it helps some readers understand things better. 2.) Red herring argument, the pictures on the Jesus article aren't accurate either as can be claimed of almost every article before the invention of the photograph. 3.) These are suppose to be images of important events in muhammad's life. They have as much relevence as any other historic figure in any other article when showing events that were important to the person. Trying to say I am flip flopping on issues when I point out time and time and time again that I am being consistent in my arguments is your problem and I don't even have to address it. Tivanir2 (talk) 19:10, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
Break
Jayen, there's absolutely no case for your suggestion that the article has some sort of crisis of "too many images". The guidance at WP:LAYIM is that there are too many (or not enough text) "if there are so many images in a section that they strip down into the next section at 1024×768 screen resolution". We're nowhere near that here, and there is a large portion of the article with no images at all. So, at present, it is false to suppose that any type of image is being included in the article at the expense of any other type of image. I'm also confused as to why you have below proposed an additional figurative image if you think there are too many. --FormerIP (talk) 14:38, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Calligraphy is an image too... -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 15:56, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, that's true. --FormerIP (talk) 15:57, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* I don't think anyone has argued against calligraphy at any point though so the statement is kind of moot. Tivanir2 (talk) 16:11, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* I would like to add images of calligraphy of Muhammad's name, present in many mosques, of Quranic inscriptions, perhaps one or two of the relics of Muhammad, a couple of call-out boxes with the two most famous verses of the Quran (the Throne Verse and the Light Verse), and there is no room for them. Partly that is due to the presence of three large nav templates along the right-hand margin, but it's true nonetheless. We have had major text flow problems because of the sheer number of images, templates, and fold-out boxes. Even that apart, we simply have too many images of a rare variety of a rare type of image. Hence the proposal to show one figurative image of each of the major types. The picture below is gorgeous, and I've added it to two other articles, but I wouldn't particularly like to add it here in this article. -- J N 466 19:30, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* We already have two (is it) images of calligraphy of Muhammad's name, two (not very good) images of the Quran. I see no one else supporting this extra rash of calligraphy, which very few readers can understand. Johnbod (talk) 22:00, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Except they can as its just art... Its quite clear Muslims overwhelmingly use this kind of art - so we should uses it in the majority of our illustrations to satisfy WP:NPOV.
* And its not just Jayen466. I believe Tivanir2, who is pretty strongly in favour of freedom of speech and WP:NOTCENSORED, has stated he is in support of including some further calligraphy. I certainly support it as well.
* And people listen to music in English or companies have English brand names - even if they don't speak English natively. On branding JR and CRH are two notable examples from Asia. All calligraphy in arabic is is the reverse. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 22:04, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
* Using it in our article because "Muslims overwhelmingly use this kind of art" is the exact opposite of NPOV. And you are completely mistaken in believing it is "just art". It can be appreciated in a rather superficial way if you don't read Arabic, but the meaning of the text is always the most important thing. The article currently has eleven calligraphic images (including the tops of templates) which is already rather too many in my view. Johnbod (talk) 00:59, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* It's not just Muslims, Johnbod. Western, incl. English, books on Muhammad also feature calligraphy heavily, because it is the predominant art form. Mosque inscriptions are a popular motif. The Thuluth example is rather plain and dispensable perhaps, and I would class neither the first image of the Quran as "calligraphy" (you can't see the text on its pages), nor Muhammad's seal, which is an item of more historical than artistic interest. And by all means, if there are more satisfying Qur'an images in Commons, let's find them. -- J N 466 02:05, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* Some English books don't want to feature images of Mohammed even though they are writing about him. So they use calligraphy, pictures of a sunset, pictures of Muslims praying, pictures of random mosques and various other forms of clipart in order to break up the text. This is not an example we should follow. --FormerIP (talk) 02:13, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* Some of those books are among the most reputable sources available. You don't get to pick and choose your sources that way. -- J N 466 02:16, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* It doesn't matter how reputable they are, and it has nothing to do with NPOV. They are responsible for their policies on the matter and we are responsible for ours. In terms of trying to get Wikipedia to conform to standards of censorship applied elsewhere, it is time to drop the stick. --FormerIP (talk) 02:23, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* You still don't understand that WP:NOTCENSORED does not overrule WP:NPOV. WP:NOTCENSORED specifically says so, and always has done. But it's good that you have made it clear that you want us to follow your POV – if need be, against the sources. That discredits your position in my eyes. It's incompatible with fundamental project policy. The idea that WP:NPOV has "nothing to do with" reputable sources is contradicted by the first line of that policy, and almost every one that follows. -- J N 466 05:14, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* John, come on... You are effectively saying: "I suspect these otherwise very reputable sources of censorship, therefore we can't use them". You've gone beyond overwrought and rigidly literalistic application of NOTCENSORED that most advocates use and are asserting NOTCENSORED as some principle we have to impose on the real world. You want to actively censor sources that you suspect of censorship, with no proof or evidence that any actual censorship exists. Is it time for us to start invoking NOTCENSORED to keep you from blocking reliable sources that go against your personal beliefs? Because (frankly), that would amuse me endlessly. -- Ludwigs 2 14:26, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
@Johnbod, he's a muslim, so what the muslims think is very important as they make up the bulk of opinion on him - just like its very important what Hindus think at Krishna, and the Christians think at Jesus. If this wasn't the case we wouldn't use religious imagery there. I'm sure western sources generally follow the same standard. With regards to WP:NPOV its the only policy that's non-negotiable, unlike all the others. You cannot in good faith not follow it. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 07:32, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* As I say, what you are proposing is not following NPOV at all; you are instead proposing to give extra weight to the holders of one view. How do Muslims "make up the bulk of opinion on him"? They may care more, but most people, and most of our readers, are not Muslims, and are still able to have an "opinion". Can I add that I find your permanent condescending tone, paired with a very superficial grasp of the issues, extremely irritating. I'm sure I'm not the only one. Johnbod (talk) 12:38, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* That is the essence of the problem here; some are interpreting NPOV one way and seeing the current treatment as a violation, while (most) others see it that NPOV is being adhered to right now. This is a wiki-philosophical difference that will never be bridged by article talk page discussions. Tarc (talk) 14:16, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* Back to topic like I said I do consider the inclusion of additional images (like the quranic inscriptions on buildings in the legacy section.(side note I missed that section the first time when I said I don't think it pertains)) as relevent and useful since it illustrates impacts he still has today. Muhammad's words were the basis for the Quran which now has passages on a lot of buildings so I see it as an A to B to C connection as an impact we still see today about his life. Also I am far less leary about including additional things than removing items unless there is a clear reason to do so. Tivanir2 (talk) 19:16, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* So I presume you are happy to accept Resolute's compromise? In which case I suggest we all just agree to disagree with you about why you've come to that position and your exact view on image inclusion in general. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 09:26, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* (Above includes late edit). -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 12:18, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
Parable of the Ship of Faith
Here are two images from Firdausi's Shahnameh of the Parable of the Ship of Faith, one from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the other from the British Library. The image available from the Met is of very high quality and is from their Houghton Shahnameh. The scholar Raya Shani has written extensively on these and other images, some of them in collections in Iran. The face of the Prophet is veiled in a halo of flames. Either of these images would be good, but the miniature from the Met is exceptionally fine on detail. Mathsci (talk) 08:12, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Agree the Met one is particularly fine. Gorgeous colours. We have an embarrassment of riches. (I've added it to the Shanameh article.) -- J N 466 09:09, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* These look good. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 19:36, 6 December 2011 (UTC)
* Do they have any advantages over existing images? They do not show a biographical incident. Johnbod (talk) 13:50, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* This is a "biographical incident" in the same sense as the Night Journey on Buraq with the archangel Gabriel. But to answer the question, the Shahnameh has a fundamental significance in Persian culture. The Houghton Shahnameh is one of the finest existing examples illustrating the epic of Firdausi. There is alas no wikipedia biography of Alfred Houghton: on the one hand he was criticized in his obituary for separating ths Shahnameh manuscript into separate sheets and then dispersing the collection at auction (one was acquired for close to a million dollars by the Aga Khan); on the other he exposed the corruption of the Getty collection in its method of acquisition of art pieces after Getty's death. Mathsci (talk) 14:02, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'm not sure you're right there. The Mi'raj is recounted in the Quran, though Islamic opinion divides as to whether it should be interpreted as a physical event or a vision or revelation. I can't see the ship parable is Quranic at all - references please if I'm wrong. Johnbod (talk) 14:34, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* Not that it necessarily excludes the image, but the ship story appears to pretty obscure. --FormerIP (talk) 16:03, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
It comes from Firdausi's epic poem and is in fact discussed in the literature. The epic poem Shahnameh is not a peripheral rarity: it occupies an unchallenged position in Persian culture and is still actively studied by academics. Like the medieval "Books of Hours", supreme examples of Western art, these exquisite manuscripts were produced for the rulers of Persia and reflected the culture of the times. I am not sure that any scholars have discussed art for the general public (whatever that might mean) during the period 1300-1600 in secondary sources. Probably, like the Dark ages in Europe, not enough has survived from that period for scholars to make any meaningful statements. (It is worth remembering that, during that period, it was the Islamic libraries in the Iberian peninsula that preserved most Western texts from classical antiquity for posterity.) Unfortunately that does not seem to prevent editors making anachronistic comments about images which normally could not be made about textual content. Mathsci (talk) 13:38, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* My understanding is that the "Parable of the Ship of Shi'ism" concerns this passage in Firdausi's prologue to the Shahnameh, often left untranslated in Western versions, presumably for religious reasons:
It's worth remembering that this text dates from 1010 or earlier. Mathsci (talk) 18:57, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* That's what I thought! It's 400 years after Muhammad lived, & not biographical, as I said. It's much less relevant than the Mi'raj and the scenes we have. Johnbod (talk) 20:31, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
Mediation 2.0
The discussion is going round and round in circles and no-one is willing to close the existing discussion. Lets at least give mediation a try as a way forward. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 07:35, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* I don't think mediation is the way forward and I don't think Eraserhead1 has identified the problem here. There does seem to be a growing consensus between a a core of editors, who were not necessarily in agreement in the beginning, about the highly nuanced way we add images to this specific article (which is really a very special case). The discussion above, in answer to Resolute's question, was dissrupted by a few agenda-driven individuals. Perhaps a solution is that this talk page is placed under article probation so that willful disruption and poor conduct can be dealt with on the spot by designated uninvolved administrators. Mathsci (talk) 08:14, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
I'm not convinced this page is a special case, or that mediation is appropriate. At the top it says Muhammad. It seems like it's on people who want to remove pictures of Muhammad to make the case. Their arguments so far, and for many years now, have been unpersuasive. Tom Harrison Talk 14:25, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* While you may not be pursuaded by the arguments there have been a hell of a lot of them (500k words). Additionally the discussion isn't reaching a conclusion.
* Definitely some level of escalation is appropriate - whether that step is mediation is up for agreement.
* If the arguments against change are truly unpersuasive then mediation or any other escalation won't make any changes - but they will draw a line. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 15:27, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* IMO the line is already drawn; you have failed to achieve anything even remotely resembling a consensus for your point of view on the matter. What you are seeking is ultimately a novel approach to NPOV interpretation, which requires religious precepts to be acknowledged when writing an article connected to that religion. In other words, the POV held by some Muslims that prohibits Muhammad's face being shown must be reflected in how many images of such we can use in this article. This is a fundamental policy shift that'd at the very least necessitate wider community input, i.e. Centralized discussion. You can't mediate your way into a policy change. Tarc (talk) 15:37, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* As I've said above, there has already been significant change, and several editors appear satisfied & have withdrawn - I note even Ludwigs says above he is nearly satisfied. The recent "more calligraphy" arguments above are in fact a new angle, not I think represented in the lengthy earlier discussions. Again, a number of calligraphic images have been added recently, but eleven is apparently not enough for one or two editors. Johnbod (talk) 15:48, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* The 'calligraphy' has popped up several times in the discussion (I know, because I myself have 'popped it up' at least three or four times). However, it takes time for an argument to develop traction in an IDHT environment like this; such arguments need to go through several cycles of blanket dismissal before editors start to feel uncomfortable about continuing to ignore it. And incidentally, the issue is not 'more calligraphy', but rather a source-appropriate balance between different kinds of representation (as people keep saying, calligraphic representations are by far the norm). -- Ludwigs 2 15:55, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* ... but are much less use to most of our readers, and in any case now outnumber figurative images nearly two to one. Jayen's issue can very clearly be summarized as "more calligraphy" - see above. Johnbod (talk) 16:01, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* John, that makes no sense:
* In reliable sources (not to mention the real world) abstract depictions outnumber figurative images by far more than 2:1. that implies there should be fewer figurative images.
* In what way are they of 'much less use' to our readers? Assumedly our readers know that Muhammad was a human being (as opposed to a dolphin or a horse), and these images tell us nothing more about Muhammad than that.
* I understand that you believe that these images are more common and useful, but I see no real reason to believe that's true, and a whole lot of evidence to think it's false. -- Ludwigs 2 17:21, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* A pitcure of a person is a lot more useful than a calligraphical picture when talking about a human. I for one would be ok with reducing the quantity of pictures (As per the original resolution we were trying to work on before it got side tracked again) just like I am ok with more calligraphy as long as it brings something new to the table (we don't have a quranic text on a building yet and would do well in the legacy area.) Tivanir2 (talk) 19:30, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* Tivanir2: That's ridiculous. We do not put pictures of random people on biographies just because we think biographies need pictures. Should we start going through all of the biographies on project where we do not have images of the actual person available and add stock images of male/female models? that's basically what you're suggesting we do with this article. nonsense. -- Ludwigs 2 22:52, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* It's clearly not remotely what he is suggesting. Your constant extrapolations of what people actually say are one reason that talk pages you are involved in mushroom in size without going anywhere. Johnbod (talk) 23:19, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* These aren't random pictures, these are depictions of Muhammad used in the article on Muhammad. Tarc (talk) 23:20, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* They are no more pictures of Muhammad than a stock image of a male model is a picture of me; it's silly to suggest otherwise. I will grant that they are artistic representations of Muhammad, but then calligraphic drawings are also artistic representations of Muhammad (that's how they are used in Islamic culture), and calligraphic drawings are far more prevalent in reliable sources and the real world than figurative images.
* John, if you think Tivanir2 is suggesting something else, pray tell what would that be? his intent seems pretty clear from "A picture of a person is a lot more useful than a calligraphical picture when talking about a human". Since they are not depictions of Muhammad, how is that sentence anything other than silly? -- Ludwigs 2 23:40, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ahh, so you've moved on to a "they're not real pictures" argument. I guess File:Napoleon in His Study.jpg, File:Crispus Attucks.jpg, and File:AlexanderTheGreat Bust.jpg will have to be removed from their respective articles. After all, they're just "artistic representations" that we can't prove is really who the artist said it is, right? Tarc (talk) 23:53, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
* (ec with Tarc) Let me try to clarify what Ludwigs2 said further. There are two criteria that justify using a picture depicting a person in the person's biography:
* A. The picture looks like the subject (e.g. a photography or painting by a painter who met the subject).
* B. The picture gives information about the cultural reception of the subject: How did artists imagine and depict the subject? What do most people imagine the subject to look like, regardless of accuracy?
* Of course there can be degrees here. In the case of A: While we probably know nothing about Muhammad's facial features, I guess something will be known about whether he actually wore a beard, or a turban, etc.
* It's important to distinguish A and B: A biography is primarily about the person, so images of type B must not overwhelm an article when enough pictures of type A are available. E.g., the Albert Einstein article has plenty of photographs (perfect case of A) but not a single painting (less good for A but better for B). That's OK. It would be better to have one or two pieces of art depicting him, including popular art such as stickers showing Einstein with protruded tongue. (I think the reason we don't have that is copyright.) But more than two would be overkill, even though depictions of Einstein generally resemble the historical person.
* For older subjects we have no photographs, of course. It's relatively easy to see how well an image falls under B, but whether it falls under A is often something that even experts don't agree on. In these cases we should generally use those images that appear to satisy A best, plus those that appear to satisfy B best, in some reasonable relation to be determined by editorial consensus.
* In cases such as Charlemagne, Buddha, Jesus, King Artus etc., there are no depictions that come even close to fully falling under A, but again we can determine how typical an image is for the general reception of the person. That's our situation here as well with Muhammad. The depictions of Muhammad almost certainly don't look like him in any reasonable sense, so it makes no sense to allocate a quota for images of type A. All our image slots will be filled by images that satisfy criterion B. And we must give appropriate weight to the different reception traditions. Hans Adler 00:19, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* That is, unequivocally, bullshit; a standard for images that you are trying to apply to this article and no other, for no other reason than the "some Muslims don't like it". I find it hard to believe that in yet another thread...one calling for mediation, no less...that the same handful of anti-image activists are trotting out the same talking points that have tried and tried and tried and failed to carry the day over the last, what, 2 months now? This is beyond tendentious. Tarc (talk) 01:11, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Rubbish. What I described is the standard that we are applying everywhere when articles come under scrutiny, although of course the encyclopedia is unfinished and most articles don't follow these standards yet. If you don't believe me, let's ask on the talk page of WP:FAC what the regulars there think. Maybe they will put things a bit differently to account for situations I didn't consider, but the result will ultimately be the same in most cases and also in this case. In this particular article the images have come under scrutiny because some silly religious rules make them contentious. And because they are under scrutiny, we will do the right thing here.
* Come to think of it, making this a featured article might be the best solution. Because it guarantees scrutiny by competent and experienced editors, and once the article has passed only after certain changes to the images, you will find it very hard to get a consensus for reverting the article to a state where it would be demoted. Hans Adler 01:25, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* This last post of yours is proof positive that your approach to this article is done in EXTREME bad faith, as you you desperately try to grasp onto whatever possible tool available to get your way. This is like watching a bad political ideologue who has already made up his mind on a position try prop up the flimsy evidence to support what has already been decided". Tarc (talk) 02:23, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Interesting move. Would you have chosen it if you saw any chance that the article would get through FAC in a state in which it looks like the inside of a Catholic church? Hans Adler 17:48, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Tanivir2 is correct in adhering to Wikipedia norms. WP:Images states "Images are primarily meant to inform readers by providing visual information. Consequently, images should look like what they are meant to illustrate, even if they are not provably authentic images."
* Calligraphy of a name is informative as to calligraphy of a name. Only to those who are inclined to give it religious meaning can it be more informative of any meaning other than calligraphy of a name. But we can not assume readers are so inclined. Alanscottwalker (talk) 00:35, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Quranic inscriptions have a more direct link to Muhammad than a Persian or Ottoman miniature. In many of these miniatures, every human figure looks much like the next, reflecting drawing styles more than they do the historic personage. That's quite different from an antique bust of Caesar or Cicero, because these actually looked like the person they represented. A Quranic inscription has the virtue of representing words that Muhammad actually spoke at some point in time. There is a reality-based link to his person. It's not as good as a voice recording, but as good as you'll get for something that happened nearly 1500 years ago.-- J N 466 02:07, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* (edit conflict) Alan, neither you nor Tavinir has actually thought the issue through. Start with "images should look like what they are meant to illustrate".
* First we ask: "Do these images look like Muhammad?" Obviously they don't - there is no evidence that these images look any more like Muhammad than you or I do.
* Since we have no verifiably accurate depictions of Muhammad, then we ask: "How is Muhammad conventionally depicted?" And of course, Muhammad is conventionally depicted in abstract form (veiled, as a flame, in calligraphy).
* The point is (though Hans put it more eloquently above) that we choose images either because they are factually accurate or culturally typical, not because they look like what we think the thing ought to look like. We are not illustrating simple physical properties - this is not some children's picture book where we have to show a picture of a human being so that our readers will understand what a human being is - we are illustrating the founder of one of the world's major religions, and in the absence of of faithful reproductions ought to stick with typical presentations. Figurative illustrations are not typical. -- Ludwigs 2 02:14, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Oh for pity's sake. Koranic inscriptions are obviously not a depiction of anyone. --FormerIP (talk) 02:26, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Neither are those miniatures. If you look at a file like File:Maome.jpg, half of them look like twins (or identical triplets, rather). -- J N 466 02:48, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* They are certainly depictions, though it may be your opinion that they are not good ones. Johnbod (talk) 02:51, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Identical sextuplets ... :) Yes, they are depictions, of a very rare type restricted to the private and elite medium of book miniatures, and wholly unrepresentative of Muhammad's artistic reception. -- J N 466 02:56, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* I am certain both Tanivir and I have thought this through. There are physical descriptions of the man, Muhammad. People drew the man, Muhammad. We do have verifiable images of the man, Muhammad -- no one claims they were drawing someone else; in fact, all agree that they were drawing the man, Muhammad. Calligraphy of a name is not a man. As to whether Roman or Greek art is better, that's beside the point, the images do look like what they are suppose to represent, sufficient for someone, as you say, who lived 1500 years ago. Alanscottwalker (talk) 03:10, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* The images are not even based on the descriptions available in the ahadith. Instead, they show stock characters reflecting the traditions the artists came from (in many, there is a clear Mongol influence, in both the landscape painting style and the dress and facial depictions of the people shown, because the Ilkhanids were recently converted Mongols). -- J N 466 03:22, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* They knew he was THAT man (as do we); someone told them that. Alanscottwalker (talk) 03:28, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Who is they? These were illustrations for private manuscripts, commissioned by wealthy people for their own enjoyment. These miniatures weren't public art. Such manuscripts might have been shown to important house guests, but their existence remained unknown to the general population. Public art in mosques etc. was aniconic then, too. -- J N 466 03:35, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* They are based on the hadith, but by modern Western standards not very competently. Please spare us your insights on "Mongol influence" - what would that be? In fact Persian figures usually have a somewhat Mongoloid appearance to Western eyes for a long time before and after the Mongol invasion. Your speculations about the "privacy" of the manuscripts are off the mark too, as some are described as propaganda by scholars. One of the distinctive features of medieval Islamic art is that almost all surviving works, including mosques, were commissioned by the court, to a far greater extent than in Europe. Johnbod (talk) 03:40, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* The mongol influence was clearly great enough that when the Timurid's went on to rule India in the 16th century that they called themselves the Mughals - that's probably also why that piece of Persian/Mongol art landed up in Kashmir. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 09:20, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* "Who is they?" -- The people who made and captioned pictures of the man, Muhammad. Alanscottwalker (talk) 03:44, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* There are sources attesting to the private function of the miniatures, and to Mongol influence, e.g. . If you have sources to the contrary that I am unaware of, do post them, I'd be interested, but everything I've read on this pretty much says the same. I'd have to dig around to find the other sources. At any rate, mosques did not contain such images, even then. (Just for reference, the Ilkhanids ruling Persia when these images first appeared were Mongols, who converted to Islam in the late 13th century.) -- J N 466 03:58, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* The point of the images being private rather than public art is mentioned here by Carl W. Ernst: Similar comment by F. E. Peters here: "Such illustrations were not for public consumption, however; they were the valuable commissioned property of wealthy connoisseurs. Ordinary muslims had simply to imagine the prophet.". -- J N 466 04:14, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* No one has to imagine anymore what these images looked like. More importantly, this article is still not about art and not about public and private things. The images are all in the public domain. Alanscottwalker (talk) 04:47, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Of course they are in the public domain. But our illustrations should focus on the types of images that have broad cultural relevance. It is certainly relevant that images of Muhammad existed, and therefore we should show some, even here in this article, per the compromise proposal by Resolute that a good number of editors here, myself included, felt they could sign up to. But other than that, they are simply not mainstream illustrations for this article. We have too many to be encyclopedically useful, and they are taking the space that more relevant images could take. -- J N 466 05:03, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Alan: again, you're not making sense. The 'physical descriptions' of Muhammad we have boil down to saying he was a tall, good-looking, bearded guy with a dynamic personality - that covers everyone from Keanu Reeves to Alec Guinness to the current Old Spice spokesmodel to my uncle Bob. So ok, we've excluded Danny DeVito, Jon Stewart, and everyone else's uncle Bob, but still, we still don't have anything like an accurate portrayal. What we have is a bunch of images that are archetypal more than anything else - you might as well insist that the picture in the Sistine Chapel is what God actually looks like.
* You are going to ridiculous extremes to defend this point, and one has to start wondering why. Look at what you're doing:
* You're insisting that a biography needs to have images (which is nowhere written in policy)
* You're choosing depictions that are comparatively rare and atypical, and over-representing them in the article
* You're insisting that a biography needs to have human-like images, even if they are not accurate depictions of the person being discussed (which is just a patently bizarre move)
* You are insisting specifically on full-faced images (the only ones which go directly against Muslim precepts); veiled human-like images are apparently not acceptable to you
* You are making ridiculous arguments like "It's an image of Muhammad because the artist said he was drawing an image of Muhammad", as though simply drawing a squiggle on a page and saying it's X makes it an accurate depiction of X
* I suspect - as I've suggested all along - that you are not actually thinking about the article at all, but rather are caught up in your own internal dialog about censorship. You're going to these odd extremes not because they make sense in terms of this article (they don't), but rather because you don't want to lose a beachhead in a bigger war against some imagined foe. Would it surprise you to hear that that kind of behavior offends me?. -- Ludwigs 2 05:34, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Firstly it would be entirely dishonest to use an extreme case (which this clearly is given the amount of discussion) as a policy example.
* Secondly any change to WP:NOTCENSORED would for an extremely large part be just following the status quo - even the most extreme change is only going to affect at most 500 articles, and unless we remove all the amateur sex images its going to be much much smaller than that, probably a few dozen articles at most - or 1 in a hundred thousand articles or something. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 09:20, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Eraserhead is correct. It is an editorial discussion about this article not other articles. I and others maintain that these images are better at doing their job than abstract images, and I, personally, am not insisting on any particular number of them, others may be. As to whether articles have images, that is also policy. So, there does not appear to be a dispute (for most here) that this article will have such images, but is a matter of placement.Alanscottwalker (talk) 12:08, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'm pleased we agree on this :).
* Furthermore if you're prepared to go along with the framework of Resolute's compromise lets agree to disagree on the details of our exact views relating to this article as it isn't really achieving anything of value for the article - which is why we should be discussing this. I'm absolutely sure that placement of images is something that can be compromised on and discussed further. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 12:17, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well, I was about to supplement my comment before you agreed, so I will write the rest here. :) It does become a matter that is deeply troubling, for me, when editors argue, here, we cannot use art because of the religion of the artist, or the religion of the reader. Alanscottwalker (talk) 12:30, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Indeed. I have no insistence on any particular number; what I do insist on is that removal is based on criteria other than "offense to religion" or "use/frequency of images in the Muslim world". If there's too many images that crowd the text, pare it down. if there's an image that adds no value to the reader, consider its removal. Simple offense is never a consideration. Tarc (talk) 12:51, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* You all seemed to have missed my point: I was talking specifically about this article. read what I wrote again.
* Alan, Tarc: that's not what anyone has been arguing. we've been saying that the article should follow the conventional forms of depiction of Muhammad in sources rather than some artificial standard hacked up by wikipedia editors. Does that still trouble you? why? You have both been arguing that we cannot follow the balance found in reliable sources because reliable sources are (to your mind) biased and censored by deference to Islam. But that's an assumption that flies in the face of everyday experience and the project's core principles; We don't second-guess sources that way just because they are not doing what we want them to do. -- Ludwigs 2 13:49, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* We can't guess what their reasons are, we can only know our reasons (eg., we do know that other formats limit images for economic reasons:Academic Freedom Abridged at Yale Press, a consideration that does not apply to us). Others' editorial processes and decisions are not our editorial processes and decisions. We can only edit, in light of policy and reason, based on consensus: images should inform the reader about the text in a multimedia presentation. Editors will disagree, how policies are best served by editorial decisions on a wiki.Alanscottwalker (talk) 14:53, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Alan, as a general principle we don't exclude certain sources from discussion because you don't like them. If you want to exclude Yale, on the grounds that they have been criticised on academic freedom grounds I'm not that fussed. Unless you can provide proof of that level for each source you wish to exclude we must include them. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 15:09, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Huh? I was referring to this comment by the head of the APA, not about Yale: "Publishers often refuse to print color illustrations to save money or limit the number of black and white illustrations to reduce the length of a book" Alanscottwalker (talk) 15:18, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* So? They could then use black and white imagery of the kind of their choosing instead. I don't see how it makes a difference to the ratio of the number of calligraphic and the number of non-calligraphic images published in reliable sources. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 15:21, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* So, their considerations should not be guessed at. Alanscottwalker (talk) 15:25, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Alan, that's great: If we should not 'guess at' the considerations that sources use, then we should not 'guess' that they are for some reason deferring to Muslim sentiments, and so we should do what they do and avoid using full-faced images, except where strictly needed. problem solved! -- Ludwigs 2 15:56, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* It doesn't follow that we should avoid anything, based on considerations we know nothing of. Alanscottwalker (talk) 16:15, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* If physics textbooks don't mention the time cube, we don't assume they are censored, or that there are considerations we know nothing of. We simply follow the presentation in the most reputable sources. -- J N 466 16:22, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Jayen: exactly. If reliable sources do X in most cases and only do Y in a few, then we should follow suit. the fact that X might be negative (i.e., that in most cases they do not show such images) is irrelevant; it's still what they most commonly do. -- Ludwigs 2 19:00, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ludwigs makes a good point here. If we aren't considering religion then we should simply follow the standard set by our sources, regardless of their religious background. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 13:56, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* I agree it's not a matter of whether we have some examples of Muhammad images in this article – we'll have some – but a matter of number, placement and due weight in this article. Resolute's proposal solves this admirably. -- J N 466 14:04, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Another virtue of Resolute's proposal is that it introduces mi'raj images. These have encyclopedic justification, because they were a popular motif. The right-hand one of the two is on at least two book covers. . Another book with a mi'raj image on the cover: . The Quranic inscription of the Dome of the Rock is on this book cover: . Stone work comparable to the Delhi example above is depicted on book covers like these: . We are well within precedent of reliable sources by including these images, and they can be defended against objections, by pointing to sources using them. -- J N 466 16:55, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Jayen, I'm really not certain who is still objecting to Resolute's proposal, or why. maybe we should take a straw poll and reassess? -- Ludwigs 2 19:03, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Lets do it. That's a good step forward. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 19:06, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Me for one. I think the current state of the article now about right, after considerable changes. Any poll should try to allow for the fact that most long-term editors here dropped out with the recent very heavy trafiic (largely going round in circles). Most of the people commenting in recent days are very new to the page. If "consensus" is limited to them, it may not last long-term. Johnbod (talk) 20:35, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
What are these "considerable changes"? -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:05, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'm sorry but it is entirely dishonest to claim there have already been "considerable changes". There are exactly the same number of figurative images (6) now as there were on 1st August 2010 and 1st August 2009 and exactly the same number of unveiled images (3). -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:18, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
Eraserhead, if you think there are no objections to Resolute's proposal, you must have blinked during the part when it wasn't implemented.
There is a community consensus, which could hardly be any clearer, that the Mohammed article is not in any way exempt from NOTCENSORED. That isn't a consensus simply against removing all images that someone might find offensive. It is also a consensus against any proposal that seeks to minimise the risk of the article causing offence. Moreover, changes to the images in the article should only be undertaken on the basis of uncontroversial interpretations of existing policy, not on the basis of novel rationales which are really just proxies for censorship. --FormerIP (talk) 23:38, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ridiculous. there is no such consensus, as the discussion on this page and elsewhere shows amply. If that's your only argument, then you don't really have anything to add to this discussion, do you? -- Ludwigs 2 00:03, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
Black stone image
Can someone please tell me what important information imparts to the reader? --Anthonyhcole (talk) 23:02, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* Happy to have that discussion, Anthony, but you are starting out on a misleading premise, IMO. The information doesn't have to be important, only pertinent. I don't think any of the images in the article give out important information.--FormerIP (talk) 23:05, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* Image use policy says images should be relevant and increase readers' understanding of the subject matter. Relevant means . Again, can someone please tell me what important information this image conveys to the reader? --Anthonyhcole (talk) 23:12, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* Usually your approach to this topic has been reasonable, but here I find your one-sentence "justify this image usage" demand to be (Redacted) by not referencing the November discussion as well as the March straw poll. Points raised back then noted the Britannica also covering the event and that it may be one of the earliest depictions of Muhammad, among others. Tarc (talk) 23:19, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'd like you to withdraw that "disingenuous" comment before I continue. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 23:29, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* Let's break AC's comment down: 1) "Image use policy says images should be relevant and increase readers' understanding of the subject matter." - quotes Wikipedia policy. 2) "Relevant means ." - says some obscure internet dictionary. 3) "Again, can someone please tell me what important information this image conveys to the reader?" - Slyly imports the word "important" from the web-dictionary, as though it is part of the WP policy, which it isn't. Johnbod (talk) 23:36, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'd like to address your points but would you please withdraw the "slyly" comment first? --Anthonyhcole (talk) 23:47, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* We've already discussed this. Even the Muslim contributors to this talk page agreed that this image should be kept. See Talk:Muhammad/images/Archive 20. The image illustrates an exceptionally significant (i.e. important) event in the traditionally-believed history of Muhammad's life. ~Amatulić (talk) 23:54, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
* The whole subject matter of the image is relevant to the early life of Muhammad, the Arabia that Muhammad came from, and the Arabia that he left. See, Kaaba see also articles on pre-Islamic and post-Islamic Arabia, see text of article and sources. The image contains so much relevant information, it's difficult to begin. Alanscottwalker (talk) 00:01, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Thanks Amatulic and Alan. I will respond to your comments, and those of Tarc and Johnbod, but I've been insulted by both of those editors and can't reasonably be expected to engage further here until they've withdrawn their insults. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 00:03, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'm sorry you felt insulted, but I do not feel you initiated this discussion in a very fair manner. (Redacted) I'd simply like to know why this is is suddenly a big issue? The previous discussion didn't come to a firm conclusion one way or the other, but it was at least amicable. Tarc (talk) 00:53, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
Shall we just hat this? I don't think it's going anywhere that anyone is going to find useful. --FormerIP (talk) 00:31, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* What we should have instead is a photograph of the Kaaba, given (1) the prevalence of photographs of the Kaaba in reliable sources on Muhammad, and (2) the multiple mentions of the Kaaba in the text. -- J N 466 02:43, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* That would be far better. -- Ludwigs 2 02:46, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* We don't have another image of Muhammad in the pre-Islamic Kaaba, which is what this section of the biography refers to. Alanscottwalker (talk) 03:05, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
I won't be participating here for the time being in light of the arbitration comments. Alanscottwalker (talk) 04:39, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
Elverskog's grasp of Persian chronology
I removed "but it [depiction of Muhammad] was limited in time to the period of the Ilkhanides and their Timurid successors; many of the images were subsequently defaced by later generations", referenced to Elverskog, as blatently untrue, as it is well known, and well covered on this page, that such images continued throughout subsequent Persian/Iranian history to the present day, and most of the best known images are Safavid. To my surprise, he does indeed say something like this on his page 167, immediately adding "(figure 26)" google books. His figure 26, a couple of pages later, has the caption: "Princely Feast, from the Khamsa of Nizami, Iran, 1574-75, with later iconoclastic alterations [then copyright & catalogue info]." Since the date given for the original MS, with the images of Muhammad, is 75 years into the Safavid period (they took over in 1501), he disproves his own assertion by his illustration of it! I suppose it's out of his period, but even so it's a remarkable howler. Johnbod (talk) 02:25, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* You're absolutely right. Thanks for catching it. (Thinking about it, the confusion may have arisen because the full-faced depictions created in the Ilkhanid and Timurid periods were generally replaced with veiled or flame ones from the 16th century onwards.) -- J N 466 06:22, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* I'm not that familiar with the "Princely Feast" image, but are we sure that it is of Muhammad? There's a difference between depictions of figures and depictions of Muhammad. Just because Islamic art of a time period was moving to representational art (pictures of people), doesn't mean that Muhammad was one of the people being represented. --Elonka 07:58, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* There was bit of confusion in that paragraph. The last part is from p. 167 which is about images of Muhammad. The middle part is about representational art in general during the period, and it was initially cited from p. 164. But JN changed the footnote for no apparent reason to a page range (164-169), which added to the confusion. The sentence has seen a bit too many cooks (myself and JN mostly). But it appears to me that you are substituting your judgement for what is usually a WP:RS (academic publisher, etc.) Please show some source that contradicts him, especially on the "images were subsequently defaced by later generations" part. There are several manuscripts in Turkey in that state dating from back then. I can find more precise citations about that. Stay tuned. ASCIIn2Bme (talk) 09:46, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* The defacing, especially in Arabic-speaking areas, is not disputed, and of course there was undoubtedly much unrecorded outright destruction, which next to nothing is known about. I can't see the image on google, but whichever way you look at it the end of the Timurids led to an increase in figurative miniatures rather than the opposite. Jayen is correct about the veiled Muhammad becoming predominant at the same point, but I can't see from the book that is what Elverskog meant. Whether blanking with a "veil" a painted face of Muhammad is best described as "defacing" is an issue - this is the alteration that is most common in surviving images, AFAIK. Johnbod (talk) 12:05, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
Archival of this page seems extremely messed up
For example, archive 21 has a thread from July, followed by one from November, followed by one from October; all of them 2011. Archive 22 has some threads from May-July followed by another from November. They seem completely random. It's impossible to follow any archived discussion in any semblance of a chronological order. ASCIIn2Bme (talk) 11:07, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* I would not object if you wanted to re-sequence the more recent archived threads according to their start dates. I'd offer but I'm a bit sick at the moment and don't trust myself not to stuff it up. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 11:55, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* Is it because some threads here go on for, well, ever, and others don't? If they are logically sequenced by last, rather than first posts, I'd say leave them. Johnbod (talk) 12:08, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* Almost certainly. Sequencing them according to start date, though, makes it much easier for readers of the archives to follow the flow of the discussion, particularly but not only when one thread refers to the "previous" thread. I don't really care. I can remember the sequence of events. But it would be a kindness to readers new to the discussion. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 12:30, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* No objection is someone wants to refactor. Johnbod (talk) 19:50, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
* Go for it. I thought it was confusing as well when I took a look. Some attempt to standardise the archive sizes might be good too if that isn't asking for the moon on a stick. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 20:15, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
* Seems like a lot of busy work to me. The better solution would be to prevail upon the author of the archiving bot to archive old conversations by start date rather than the date of the most recent post. Otherwise you'll be fighting the bot every time it does something.
* If you look at the MiszaBot config template at the top of this page, you'll see there is some standardization of sizes, limiting archive size to 200 kilobytes. Of course this can be exceeded if the size is less than 200K and archiving a large thread brings it over that. Once it goes over, a new archive is started next round. ~Amatulić (talk) 22:19, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
"The better solution would be to prevail upon the author of the archiving bot to archive old conversations by start date rather than the date of the most recent post." - I hadn't thought of that, yeah that makes any better archiving very hard. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:07, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
I think part of the problem is what just happened today: people move here threads from the main talk page, which probably screws any chance of orderly archiving. ASCIIn2Bme (talk) 23:25, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
Arbitration case
An arbitration case related to the conduct of editors involved with this topic has been opened. Anyone interested in participating may wish to offer evidence or opinions at the Workshop page. --Elonka 01:35, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
Paper covering the transition from unveiled to veiled
Cited as the definitive source on the topic by Boozari. Free on-line: http://umich.academia.edu/ChristianeGruber/Papers/1240999/When_Nubuvvat_Encounters_Valayat_Safavid_Paintings_of_the_Prophet_Muhammads_Miraj_ca._1500-50 ASCIIn2Bme (talk) 20:50, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
Edit request on 15 December 2011
please remove the pictures of prophet Muhammad please i don't know how and who should i ask help but it is totally inappropriate to draw pictures of him or to use these pictures if i had money i would pay for that but all i can do is to ask politely thank you
Masdiamond (talk) 10:45, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* ❌ Choyoołʼįįhí:Seb az86556 > haneʼ 10:54, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* Masdiamond, if you are concerned about the images, you may wish to comment at Rfar. -- J N 466 08:50, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* He might, but "remove the images because they offend my religion" has no basis in policy, and would be an easily rejected argument. Resolute 14:15, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* I for one would be interested in hearing what Masdiamond has to say. We know the images are controversial, and in deciding how to apply the principle of least astonishment, as we have been asked to by the board, it is vital that we understand reader expectations across the varied demographics we serve. Besides, he was polite about it, and I would like us to be polite in return. -- J N 466 18:55, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* I for one have no interest in hearing from him. For to long we've respected relgious belief. If I'd asked you (politely) Jayen466 to remove an image on our article on iguanas because they offend my belief you'd have none if it. There is no controversy. Religious people are simply in need of education to set them free. Pedro : Chat 21:26, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
* If the images are truly that offensive to Muslims, I say they should be removed. I mean, they're not really serving much of a purpose in the article anyways. Zenkai251 (talk) 20:46, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Wikipedia is a secular encyclopedia and we are not censored. Policy specifically prohibits considering religious beliefs when deciding content. N o f o rmation Talk 02:11, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
* This current request for comment addresses the point you've just made, Zenkai251. You may wish to add your thoughts. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 02:53, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
In Support
* 1) -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 23:22, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* 2) -- J N 466 04:45, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* 3) --Anthonyhcole (talk) 05:04, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* 4) (modulo some tweaking of images, the number not being absolutely fixed) Mathsci (talk) 05:10, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* 5) Probably. But the discussion got disrupted to the point that I am not sure what the proposal is saying precisely, when all later modifications (if any) are factored in. Hans Adler 14:09, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* 6) Support: -- Ludwigs 2 16:34, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* 7) It took me awhile to read and figure out just what Resolute's compromise is (since it's not linked in this section), but if this diff is an example of the way that images would be used, then I'd be willing to support this. I'm still not thrilled with the Gagarin image (since it's not mentioned anywhere in the text), but the rest looks reasonable. --Elonka 17:22, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
Opposed
* 1) As above Johnbod (talk) 16:44, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* 2) There is too much calligraphy; the landscape (File:Taifroad.jpg) and the open Qur'an (File:Opened Qur'an.jpg) are unengaging and of little value to the reader; but as it is now, the images are mostly appropriate and well chosen. Tom Harrison Talk 17:06, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
Margarine
This is not an appropriate venue to attempt to vote down a very clear community consensus. --FormerIP (talk) 23:33, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
* Per Ludwigs, above. This is highly contentious. No consensus here. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 05:11, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
Plain margarine? Yuk, Brummel & Brown is the way to go for butter substitute. But anyways, I think "Resolute's proposal" is moot at this point in time. Reading back now through that section shows that what was proposed was already partially obsolete by the time Jayen posed the question, viz. the Black Stone. Calling for a straw poll on something as convoluted as this has become is meaningless. Tarc (talk) 00:00, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Did you know that it is apparently no longer possible to buy margarine in the UK? I wonder if that is in our article on margarine? Perhaps it is just not true. If it exists over here, Brummel and Brown is not called that. But I am willing to respect your culture. My favourite spread is Bertolli. Do you get that where you are? --FormerIP (talk) 00:09, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* The olive oil-based one? --Anthonyhcole (talk) 05:07, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Yes. I'm thinking of switching to something healthier, but I haven't done my research yet. Maybe one of those you can get with anti-cholesterol additives. But I don't know if they are really effective. --FormerIP (talk) 17:29, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* While we're off topic, editors here may have a view on this Jimbo talk page thread. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 05:34, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* I think it would help to disregard the specific images in my proposal, especially given subsequent discussion re: black stone and others. But instead, look at the overall framework. I guess the questions can be simplified as follows: The idea of two images each in the depictions and Western sections, is it sound? Yea or nay? And then look at the main article body and decide how many and what types of images we wish to present. My proposal was for an overall reduction to five depictions on the basis of an overall image reduction. If we can eliminate some sections of the article for discussion by agreeing to what types of depictions/images we use in those sections, we can narrow the focus on the remainder. Resolute 06:25, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* That was somewhat the purpose of my parenthetical remark above. The Black stone image is early 14th century, so there is a case for it because of its antiquity and the accompanying text; and I think having 2 pictures of the Night Journey with and without veil is somewhat pointless. It may as well be one unveiled Night Journey and one veiled Ship of Shi'ism. But, as you say, these are minor points, which would essentially just be tweaking, once the framework has been established. Mathsci (talk) 06:39, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* I have no issue with the exact images being switched round. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 09:32, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Guys if you don't support the change put your vote down in the oppose section. This section is basically one to attempt to filibuster progress. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 08:51, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Eraser, learn your place, and do not instruct others on how or where to post. I am opposed to the very concept of deciding something like this by straw poll, which by chance just gets input form editors wandering by. Tarc (talk) 14:30, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* None of the editors who have voted have just wondered by. All of them have been involved in the previous discussion. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 14:49, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* I see this straw poll as deciding nothing. I already know the re is no consensus. The value of this poll is, it will show arbitrators and others new to the discussion, what the numbers are. We all pretty much know who stands where with regard to Resolute's excellent original compromise proposal but no one else does, without first having to do a lot of reading. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 14:59, 11 December 2011 (UTC).
* As I already noted, the the version cited as the "compromise version" is no longer relevant, as subsequent decisions have added text to support the use of the Black Stone image. If you are calling for an article without that image, i.e. the version that Ludwigs edit-warred over I will vigorously oppose that. If you have a modified proposal that incorporates that image and text, I will listen. Tarc (talk) 15:25, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* My understanding is that the Black stone text and image will stay in the article. The 14C image is appropriate to the text and can be found in WP:RS. Perhaps somebody else could clarify. Mathsci (talk) 16:40, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Personally, I'm opposed to it being here because it adds nothing to the readers' understanding (nothing) but is offensive to many of our readers. Tell me one thing it tells the reader. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 16:58, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* No result this poll reaches is likely to reflect a stable consensus. We need involvement from the wider community, with succinct and neutrally worded proposals that are clear in their effects. Tom Harrison Talk 17:07, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* I think I agree with that. --Anthonyhcole (talk) 17:16, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Sounds reasonable enough. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 18:11, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Absolutely fine. I guess that would either mean an RfC or for editors opposed to mediation to reconsider. --FormerIP (talk) 18:30, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* It seems a mediation aimed at developing an RfC, could be a good way forward. A wide RfC, that reaches a conclusion would tend to stability. My prior reluctance to mediation was that I was not clear on what proposition was to be mediated, and it appeared as a threat for people to be sanctioned. Alanscottwalker (talk) 18:48, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Alan, my understanding of mediation is that it is just not possible for it to end in sanctions, except maybe in the case where an editor proposes sanctions against themself. For one thing, if a mediator appears to be supporting sanctions against an editor, the editor can just pull out and the process stops right there. --FormerIP (talk) 19:17, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* I would not support mediation about article content. As someone observed elsewhere, image use in the article is already a product of compromise. If not for that, we'd have a picture of Muhammad at the top of the page, like de.wikipedia. Getting a mediator or other neutral party to help craft an RfC might be useful. Tom Harrison Talk 19:57, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
* Guys, the straw poll was never intended to reach a consensus, just to establish who was/wasn't still for/against the revision. Too much cross-chatter - it's hard to keep track of where people are standing. -- Ludwigs 2 18:58, 11 December 2011 (UTC)
I will not put my comment in the "support" or "oppose" sections because I do not believe such a poll has value. I have been a regular contributor here, but I am looking at this page less and less as time goes on, because, frankly, I am weary of it.
I commend Resolute's herculean effort to come up with a compromise. The proposal advocates removing images based on two reasons: layout and religious representation. I note with interest that aesthetic considerations (using an image to break up a wall o' text) have already been rejected by those opposing images of Muhammad. This cuts both ways; therefore, aesthetics (e.g. layout) isn't a reason to remove them either. Rearranging the existing images would be preferable, IMO.
As for religious representation, I don't see this as a compelling argument to remove yet more images beyond those that have already disappeared (Muhammad burning in hell, feminine-appearing Gabriel appearing to Muhammad, and some others). The removal of these has resulted in a good balance, a compromise (using Ludwigs2's phrasing) between opposing a POV and surrendering to it. Why change it? If we are to discuss removal of images, we should be talking about those that don't depict Muhammad at all. ~Amatulić (talk) 01:01, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* It's not a question of religious presentation. It's a question of what reliable sources use. I've pointed out many times that to date we have not a single Quranic inscription in this article, in stark contrast to reliable sources on Muhammad, where such inscriptions of his words on buildings are common illustrations – far more common than figurative depictions of Muhammad. At the same time, we are giving a lot of weight to a rare subcategory of a rare type of figurative depiction, for no source-based reason that I can discern. Certainly, none has been presented here in recent discussions. Instead, we've heard an acknowledgement that yes, we depart from sources, and we're right to do so. But WP:DUE weight is policy, and applies to all types of content, including images. -- J N 466 02:15, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Certainly, I have no objection to including images of Quranic inscriptions. But no compelling argument has been given that the addition of those must come at the expense of losing other valuable images. ~Amatulić (talk) 18:22, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well, I doubt any valuable images will be removed, just the unnecessary and un-NPOV ones. so I guess we're in agreement? -- Ludwigs 2 18:37, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
Proposing to replace Plas1987 as source on images with Safi
It's a short and poorly written paper, which absurdly tries to speak of Muslims as a monolithic entity and to present general truths which are immediately contradicted by details from any of the other more detailed sources. It's also 25 years old, so rather unsuitable to present the current attitudes. And being the poor source that it is, it makes no time or space references. It almost reads like "Muslims, forever and everywhere"; LOL. Compare with what Omid Safi says:
Historically, the bulk of the images were produced by Sunni artists, though today one finds them more common in Shi'i Iran and Sunni Turkey. For reasons that are hard to explain, in the Arab context there was never a rich tradition of produced pictorial representations of the Prophet. Instead, the creative energy of Muslims in that context was channeled toward a rich poetic tradition in praise of the Prophet.
Falls in line perfectly with the other historical sources and fills in the gaps. Later:
Whenever Iranians and Turks came to our home, they would recognize the image as a common one they had seen on posters in Iran. But something strange would happen when we invited to our home Sunni Muslim friends from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Egypt, who experienced a cognitive dissonance of sorts: how could a pious Muslim not only make an image of the Prophet but also display it proudly in his home? Once a dear friend from Pakistan came to our home for dinner, and we shared a wonderful meal. A great lover of Islamic arts, he admired the many examples of Islamic calligraphy around our home, and we had a lovely time deciphering the Arabic inscriptions. He finally came to pause in front of the image of the Prophet and politely asked who the image was depicting. I was surprised that this learned friend, very knowledgeable about Islam, would not have immediately identified the very common image of Muhammad; I stated that, of course, it was the Prophet. My friend's complexion changed from disbelief to offense, and he proceeded to emphatically state that it could not be, because "Muslims do not depict the Prophet."
Also covers the current geographical split in attitudes relatively well. So I think it's a vastly superior substitute to the platitudes from Plas87. By the way, can someone find the source for the statistics (80% or so among Sunnis, 15% or so among Shi'a)? It's not Plas87, I checked. Some surveys would be better than the anecdotal data from Sufi. ASCIIn2Bme (talk) 20:11, 27 December 2011 (UTC)
* It's by a notable scholar of Islam (Kees Wagtendonk) and takes a more high-level view than Safi. That's perfectly fine for an overview; we are using Safi well now to document the exceptions. (Thanks for the additions.) -- J N 466 16:58, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
* For percentages, see e.g. -- J N 466 17:11, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
* Jayen, you should have explained what "Plas1987" was, especially as you have just removed him from the article! ref name="Plas1987"> Johnbod (talk) 17:36, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
* No, John, he's still there. -- J N 466 21:36, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
* Can someone find Kees Wagtendonk's home page? Or a bio sketch about him? I'm having trouble finding any of that. ASCIIn2Bme (talk) 04:09, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
* Dutch, taught Islam at the University of Amsterdam, but retired some time ago. . -- J N 466 10:13, 31 December 2011 (UTC) | WIKI |
2012–13 Torneo Argentino A
The 2012–13 Argentine Torneo Argentino A was the eighteenth season of third division professional football in Argentina. A total of 25 teams competed; the champion was promoted to Primera B Nacional.
South Zone
1 Play their home games at Estadio José María Minella.
Zone A
Racing (C) was ineligible for the Second Round, as it was involved in relegation.
Overall standings
The overall standings for the seven teams of Zone A include the regular season and the first round of the Reválida. The bottom team relegates to the Torneo Argentino B, while the next-to-last team plays the relegation play-off with a team from such category. Those two teams cannot qualify for the second round of the Reválida.
Overall standings
The overall standings for the seven teams of Zone B include the regular season and the first round of the Reválida. The bottom team relegates to the Torneo Argentino B, while the next-to-last team plays the relegation play-off with a team from such category. Those two teams cannot qualify for the second round of the Reválida. | WIKI |
Page:Handbook for Boys.djvu/337
316 each boy carrying a Chinese lantern on top of his staff. If in a building all lights, of course, would be turned down. A usual fault is that the exercise is kept on too long, till it wearies both audience and performers.
Games in Path-finding Instructor takes a patrol in patrolling formation into a strange town or into an intricate piece of strange country, with a cycling map. He then gives instructions as to where he want to go, makes each scout in turn lead the patrol, say, for seven minutes if cycling, fifteen minutes if walking. This scout is to find the way entirely by the map, and points are given for ability in reading.
Mountain Scouting
This has been played by tourists' clubs in the lake district, and is very similar to the "Spider and Fly" game. Three hares are sent out at daybreak to hide themselves about in the mountains: after breakfast a party of hounds go out to find them before a certain hour, say 4 o'clock If they find them even with field-glasses, it counts, provided that the finder can say definitely who it was he spotted. Certain limits of ground must be given, beyond which any one would be out of bounds, and therefore disqualified.
Knight Errantry
Scouts go out singly, or in pairs, or as a patrol. If in a town, to find women or children in want of help, and to return and report, on their honor, what they have done. If in the country, call at any farms or cottages and ask to do odd jobs—for nothing. The same can be made into a race called a "Good Turn" race.
Unprepared Plays
Give the plot of a short, simple, play and assign to each player his part, with an outline of what he has to do and say, and then let them act it, making up the required conversation as they go along.
This develops the power of imagination and expression on points kept in the mind, and is a valuable means of education.
It is well before starting to act a play in this way to be a little less ambitious, and to make two or three players merely | WIKI |
Mohammad Mozammel Haque
Rear Admiral Mohammad Mozammel Haque OSP, NUP, ndc, psc is a retired two-star admiral in Bangladesh Navy who served as the Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Personnel). Prior to join here, he was Commander of Chattogram Naval Area (COMCHIT). Prior to assumption of the Commander Chattogram Naval Area on 4 February 2020, he served as Chairman of Mongla Port Authority.
Early life and education
Haque joined Bangladesh Naval Academy as Officer Cadet on 15 April 1982. and successfully commissioned in the Executive Branch in Bangladesh Navy on 15 April 1985. He also obtained B.Sc. (Hons.) from Behria University, Lahore, Pakistan and Masters in Strategic and Development Studies (MSDS) from Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) both with 1st Class. He completed PSC from Defence Services Command and Staff College and NDC from National Defence College (NDC) Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Career
Mozammel Haque served as the commander of Khulna Naval area, another important appointment before he joined at Mongla Port Authority as of its chairman. This was his first appointment after being promoted to Rear Admiral from Commodore. He became chairman of Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA) on 1 March 2015. | WIKI |
Liposuction Vs SculpSure: Which Treatment Is Best for You?
Latest News
published:
December 20, 2023
Words:
Reza Ghalamghash MA. PhD. DOMP.
No items found.
Introduction
In the journey of body contouring and fat reduction, the dilemma of choosing between Liposuction and Sculp Sure is a common one. As someone who has pondered over this decision, I want to share my perspective to help you decide which treatment might be the best fit for your needs.
Understanding Liposuction
Liposuction is a procedure that is all about precision. It's designed to trim away targeted fat deposits from nearly anywhere on the body. The versatility of liposuction is impressive, addressing areas like the upper arms, back, waistline, thighs, and even delicate regions like the face and neck.
Liposuction Procedure Details
The procedure although invasive can be less daunting than it sounds. Performed on an outpatient basis, it typically uses local anesthesia. The process begins with the injection of a fluid that eases the removal of fat cells and minimizes fluid loss. A cannula then loosens and suctions out the fat. The idea of having a small tube inserted might make you uneasy, but the recovery time is relatively short. The results are long-lasting, as long as you maintain a healthy lifestyle post-procedure.
Discovering SculpSure
While exploring more options, I was drawn to the innovative approach of SculpSure. It's a non-invasive treatment that employs laser energy to heat and destroy fat cells under the skin. Importantly, it doesn't harm the skin's surface. Primarily used for the midsection, SculpSure has demonstrated significant fat reduction in clinical studies, leading to high patient satisfaction.
SculpSure Procedure Details
The ease and comfort of SculpSure are what initially caught my attention. The procedure lasts just 25 minutes, and most patients report little to no discomfort. The concept of heating fat cells while keeping the skin cool and comfortable is quite appealing. Moreover, the absence of recovery downtime means you can get right back into your daily routine. The results, which take a few weeks to manifest, are also enduring, contingent on maintaining a healthy weight.
Which Treatment is Best for You?
Choosing between Liposuction and SculpSure depends on your specific needs and goals. If you are like some and have more significant fat deposits, then liposuction might offer more dramatic results. On the other hand, if your goal is more about refining and contouring, SculpSure could be the ideal choice.
In my experience, consulting with a medical professional is essential. They can help you understand your body's unique needs and guide you toward the most suitable procedure. Remember, it's not just about losing fat, it's about gaining confidence and comfort in your own skin. A consultation can help you guide to the best procedures and personalize the experience based on your body contouring aspirations.
Conclusion
whether you lean towards the transformative journey of Liposuction or the modern, non-invasive approach of SculpSure, the decision is deeply personal. Reflect on what you hope to achieve, and consult professionals, like Dr Reza at Premium Clinic who will help you to choose the right path that aligns with your body goals and lifestyle. It's not just about changing your body, it's about embracing a more confident and comfortable you.
In Store Now
No items found. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Sonianaibaho/sandbox
Topic Choosing
There are so many countries who can't afford a proper education for it's people due to their economic conditions, and for that, I believe that we need to know the wise spending on education. South Korea is a country that is well known for it's entertainment since years ago and it make a great contribution to their economy conditions. So I would like to know more about their education especially for the entertainment sector and how they manage their economy and spending for it.
Annotated Bibliography
1. South Korea - Government Education expenditure
https://countryeconomy.com/government/expenditure/education/south-korea
This data shows education expenditure nominal, GDP percentage, and expenditure per capita of South Korea from 1970–2018 but can only show budget expenditure percentage from 1999 – 2011. This information is important since we need to know how much money Korea spend for its education. This is an article I find on internet.
2. South Korea Administration, Finance, & Educational Research
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1404/South-Korea-ADMINISTRATION-FINANCE-EDUCATIONAL-RESEARCH.html
“Education in Korea is funded largely by the central government from tax revenues, but also by local government and private or school foundations. Funds also come from private sources, mostly from parents but also from private organizations.” This information needed to understand more about administration and finance in the educational system in Korea. This is an article I find on internet.
'''3. Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea'''
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12564-009-9061-9
“The findings suggest that the government intervention by reducing disparities among schools and competition for entering a particular school makes a difference in shadow education spending.” This is an article talking about the policy in education spending which is needed so we can understand the government role in Korean education. This is an article I find on the internet.
4. The Korean Wave: From PSY to BTS -The Impact of K-Pop on the South Korean Economy
https://www.asiascot.com/news/2021/01/22/the-korean-wave-from-psy-to-bts-the-impact-of-k-pop-on-the-south-korean-economy/
“K-Pop is making a major contribution to the South Korean economic system. According to Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange, the “Korean Wave” of K-Pop, TV dramas, and games contributed USD 9.5 billion to the Korean economy in 2018. This is only likely to grow.” The Korean wave has been a trend for several years. We know that this trend has given much impact on the South Korean economy that is also one of the funding for Korean education system. This is an article I find on the internet.
5. The Korean Wave
https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/26/the-korean-wave/
“The expansion of South Korea’s cultural industries has boosted its domestic economy. The nation’s export of cultural goods and services has grown exponentially: a forty-time increase from $188.9 million in 1998 to $7.5 billion in 2018.” This is also an article showing how big the Korean wave industry impact on Korean economy for this several years. This is an article I find on the internet.
Draft Wikipedia Article
South Korea Domestic Resource Mobilization and Spending on Education
South Korea is one the of the leading country in education system. According to a recent September 2018 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), South Korea has recently been ranked first in having the most educated young people in the world in having the most educated young people. 70% of young people between the ages of 25 and 34 in the Republic of Korea have completed tertiary education or higher education such as a university.
In this case, economy must play an important role on the education system in South Korea. One indicator that can be used to see their domestic resource mobilization is from looking at their source of funding and how they spend their money for education purposes which will be covered in this article by three parts:
1. Education Funding
This part will be cover South Korea’s fund for their education which known from 2 main sources: government and independent resources.
a. Government
This pat will cover how the governance of the education system is shared between central and local authorities. This share is affecting their workload where local authorities are responsible for primary to upper secondary education, and central authorities are responsible for university and university college education. The difference are also seen from their funding:
- The education budget of the central government is supported by funds from the nation’s taxes.
- Education budgets of local governments comes primarily from subsidies disbursed by the central government.
b. Independent Resources of private school
Other sources of funding in South Korea education system is from independent resources of private school.
- Public school do not have to pay a tuition fee, but private school requiring student to pay their tuition fee
- Private school are still relying or have their major source of funding from tuition payment and entrance fees from parents
- Other sources for are from contributions from donors, entrepreneurs or private organizations remain negligible
2. Education Spending
This part will mostly talk about how much South Korea spend for their aeducation system and how they divide their spending.
- The central government’s education budget provides funding for education offices which control primary and secondary school education, the operating funding of national universities, some support for private universities, and for educational administrative and research organizations.
- The budget for the Ministry of Education consists of the general fund, financial loan special fund, state-owned property special fund, special fund for the management of special taxes for rural areas, special fund for local education fund transfer management, and the special fund for organizational management.
- Education budgets of local governments comes primarily from subsidies disbursed by the central government.
- This part will also cover how South Korea spend more of its GDP for education over years.
3. Spending difference on Public and Private School
This part will cover how public and private school get a different amount of money from the government and how different they spend the money.
- There are more public school in South Korea
- The prices for private school in South Korea is higher than public school
- Public school get more money from the government than the private school
- Most funding for private school is from the independent resources
- public and private school has a different kind of teacher and teaching materials that affect their spend on education.
Sources:
South Korea - Government Education expenditure
https://countryeconomy.com/government/expenditure/education/south-korea
This data shows education expenditure nominal, GDP percentage, and expenditure per capita of South Korea from 1970–2018 but can only show budget expenditure percentage from 1999 – 2011. This information is important since we need to know how much money Korea spend for its education. This is an article I find on internet.
South Korea Administration, Finance, & Educational Research
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1404/South-Korea-ADMINISTRATION-FINANCE-EDUCATIONAL-RESEARCH.html
“Education in Korea is funded largely by the central government from tax revenues, but also by local government and private or school foundations. Funds also come from private sources, mostly from parents but also from private organizations.” This information needed to understand more about administration and finance in the educational system in Korea. This is an article I find on internet.
'''Does policy matter in shadow education spending? Revisiting the effects of the high school equalization policy in South Korea'''
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12564-009-9061-9
“The findings suggest that the government intervention by reducing disparities among schools and competition for entering a particular school makes a difference in shadow education spending.” This is an article talking about the policy in education spending which is needed so we can understand the government role in Korean education. This is an article I find on the internet.
EDUCATION POLICY OUTLOOK KOREA
https://www.oecd.org/education/Education-Policy-Outlook-Korea.pdf
Here is written South Korea’s education policy from it’s equity and quality, preparing students for the future, school improvement, evaluation and assessment, the high outonomy for institutions and the funding. This is needed to know more about the policy used in South Korea. I find this on the internet.
Peer Review
User talk:Azaciel/sandbox
User talk:Huang sun choi
Comment on Peer Review
Thank you so much for all the helpful reviews. I do agree with the review saying that there is still not much substantial content in the article. I was mainly focused on writing about the structure of the article. So, after this, I will try to elaborate on the content. I also need to write the statement written along with the sources. I will also give a lot of thoughts on the structure so the flow of the article will be more pleasant to read.
WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE: South Korea Domestic Resource Mobilization and Spending on Education
South Korea is one of the leading countries in the education system. South Korea has recently been ranked first in having the most educated young people in the world in having the most educated young people. About 70% of young people between the ages of 25 and 34 in the Republic of Korea have completed tertiary education or higher education such as a university.
In this case, the economy must play an essential role in the education system in South Korea. One indicator that can be used to see their domestic resource mobilization is looking at their source of funding and how they spend their money for education purposes.
Funding
South Korea's education is divided into public school and private school.
The education budget for South Korea is made up of funds from the central government, local government, and the independent resources of private schools. The central government and local government also cover different levels of education in South Korea. Public schools will get total funding from the government based on their education level. Central governments are responsible for university and university college education. Local governments are responsible for primary to upper secondary education. Meanwhile, private education has its own authority on funding and spending its money. The private school will receive less funding from the government.
Central Government
The central government received their funds mainly from the nation's taxes. The most significant source of income for education is from the education tax. In 1982, a supplemental education tax was put in place, and it was made permanent in 1991. In 1999, it made up 26.2 percent of the MOE's budget.
Any person in one of the following list, needs to pay for education tax based on the standard tax rates.
Local Government
Another funding for education in South Korea comes from the local government. The local government's budget comes primarily from subsidies disbursed by the central government. The next biggest funding for education by the local government comes from the local education tax.
The local education tax is received from the registration tax, the leisure tax, per capita inhabitant tax, property tax, tobacco consumption tax, and automobile tax. Any person in one of the following categories needs to pay for local education tax based on the standard tax rates.
Independent Resource
Private schools receive a little amount of money from the government. Public schools mostly receive their funds from local, state and federal funds. The major source of funding for private schools are from tuition payment and entrance fees from parents. The other contributors for private school are donors, entrepreneurs or private organizations remain negligible.
Expenditures
South Korea Government Education Expenditures
Government expenditures for education in South Korea can be seen from the diagram. South Korea expenditures on education fluctuate overtime. In 2018, South Korea spend 4.46% from the total GDP for education, about 76,918.4M USD.
Total expenditures for public school is more significant than private school. Total expenditure on primary to tertiary public schools in South Korea is USD 14,536 per student. This number is more significant compared to USD 10 365 on private schools.
The expenses are also breakdown into some school levels. For primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, South Korea spent USD 13,794 per student. At the tertiary level, Korea spent USD 11 290 per student. In total, South Korea spent 5.1% of its GDP on primary to tertiary educational institutional or equal to USD 9,504 in 2018. The share shows that South Korea spends more money on primary to tertiary education than the average OECD country.
Capital cost at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level is 15% of total spending on educational institutions, 7 percentage points above the OECD average. Capital costs represent 10% at the tertiary level, slightly lower than the average across OECD countries of 11%.
South Korea also spent the expenditures on teachers and other staff employed in educational institutions. The spent for teachers and other staff employed in educational institutions is the largest share of current spending from primary to tertiary education. In 2018, Korea allocated 71% of its current expenditure to staff compensation.
South Korea Participation in ODA
South Korea started to join official development assistance (ODA) in 2010. By then, South Korea's ODA had expanded more than 20 times. Currently, South Korea is the 16th-largest donor country on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD's) Development Assistance Committee (DAC). In 2020, South Korea spend US$2.2 billion on official development assistance (ODA). As a percentage of its gross national income (GNI), South Korea gives 0.14 percent of its money to DAC. This share makes South Korea the 27th-largest DAC donor in terms of its size.
Further Readings
OECD. “EDUCATION POLICY OUTLOOK KOREA.” Oecd.org, OECD, Nov. 2016, [https://www.oecd.org/education/Education-Policy-Outlook-Korea.pdf. https://www.oecd.org/education/Education-Policy-Outlook-Korea.pdf.]
Ministry of Strategy and Finance. The Budget System of Korea. 2014, https://english.moef.go.kr/images/TheBudgetSystemofKorea.pdf
Ho-Jeong, Lee. “Record Budget Spends 12% More on Jobs.” Koreajoongangdaily.joins.com, 11 Dec. 2019, [https://Koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2019/12/11/economy/Record-budget-spends-12037-more-on-jobs/3071397.html. koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2019/12/11/economy/Record-budget-spends-12037-more-on-jobs/3071397.html.]
POPULATION and GEOGRAPHY. | WIKI |
Tympanometry
A range of researchers have looked to address this question, with resonant frequencies of the human middle ear often reported informally as typically falling between 800 and 1200 Hz (Shanks, 1984). More specific estimations are available, such as Valvik et al. (1994). These authors reported a mean resonant frequency of 1049 Hz (SD = 261) based on 100 non pathological ears. More recently, Polat et al (2015) described normative data from 110 normally hearing individuals from the Turkish population using Wideband Tympanometry (WBT). The mean resonant frequency reported in this study was 965 Hz (SD = 234).
References and caveats
Polat, Z. et al (2015) Wideband Tympanometry Normative Data for Turkish Young Adult Population. The Journal of International Advanced Otology, 11 (2), pages 157 - 162.
Shanks, J.E. (1984) Tympanometry. Ear and Hearing, 5, pages 268-280
Valvik, B-R. et al (1994) Multifrequency tympanometry. Audiology, 33, pages 245-253
February 2017
When we refer to the admittance of the outer and middle ear system (i.e. its ability to convey sound energy) then we can consider the spring elements that compress and expand (like a spring) including some soft tissues and the air in the ear canal and middle ear. We can also consider the components of the outer and middle ear that move without compressing much, primarily the ossicular bones.
For different probe tone frequencies (or frequency components of the click stimuli used in WBT) the middle ear will be either spring dominated (sometimes called stiffness dominated) or mass dominated.
Mass resists high frequency oscillations and stiffness more easily accepts high frequency oscillations (and vice versa), meaning admittance of the middle ear to acoustic energy is mostly opposed by spring (stiffness) elements with low frequency probe tones (stiffness dominated), while admittance of the middle ear is mostly opposed by the mass elements with high frequency probe tones (mass dominated).
The (lowest) frequency at which the spring and mass elements of the outer and middle ear structures contribute equally to the admittance is the resonant frequency.
The resonant frequency will move upwards or downwards according to outer and middle ear pathologies that affect the mass and stiffness differently. An increase in stiffness increases the resonant frequency whereas an increase in mass decreases the resonant frequency.
Therefore, one major advantage of WBT is easy identification and analysis of the resonant frequency, for example via the absorbance display.
There are several ways in which resonant frequency can be calculated. In admittance terminology (Y,B and G components of the tympanogram), the method used in the Titan relates to analysis of susceptance (B) at peak pressure (i.e. pressure where absorbance is highest). The B component tympanogram should be zero mmhos when the stiffness elements (which produce positive mmhos) and mass (negative mmhos) are equal. Hence the lowest frequency at which B is zero mmohs (at peak pressure) is the resonant frequency.
For a review of these concepts, please see Shanks (1984)
Another major advantage of WBT is that the admittance tympanogram at resonant frequency is easily obtained. With single-frequency tympanometry it would be a time consuming process to obtain this.
n.b. the resonant frequency tympanogram is clinically relevant because the resonant frequency tympanogram should be sensitive to middle ear disorders affecting both mass and stiffness.
References and caveats
Shanks, J.E. (1984) Tympanometry. Ear and Hearing, 5 (5), pages 268-280
November 2016
The ‘wideband’ part of the name Wideband Absorbance (WBA) refers to the stimulus, which is a click i.e. a broadband sound. The ‘absorbance’ part of the name refers to how effectively the energy from a click sound is transmitted through the middle ear system. WBA is measured on a scale from 0 to 1, where 0 is no incident sound energy absorbed, and 1 is all incident sound energy absorbed. So, WBA is a measure of the effectiveness of the middle ear (to absorb sound) as a function of frequency. It has been shown that measuring middle ear function across frequencies (instead of just at a single frequency, or a handful of frequencies as in traditional tympanometry) can give clinicians a greater understanding of how certain disease processes affect the middle ear.
An overview of historical and recent developments in the field of wideband absorbance measurements can be found in the proceedings of the 2012 Eriksholm Workshop on Wideband Absorbance Measures of the Middle Ear, published in Ear and Hearing 2013, as a supplement to volume 34.
References and caveats
Lilly, D.J. and Margolis, R.H. (2013) Wideband acoustic immitance measurements of the middle ear: Introduction and some historical antecedents. Ear and Hearing, 34, Supplement 1, 4S – 8S.
For a brief description of absorbance please watch this video tutorial
For a more in-depth discussion please watch this webinar by Dr Lisa Hunter
September 2015
Want to know more about our products or arrange a demonstration? Contact an Interacoustics sales office, call 45-6371-3555, or find a distributor.
Features and/or functions may not be available for all countries or all areas and product specifications are subject to change without prior notification.
Copyright © 2019 Interacoustics A/S. All rights reserved. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Kevin Godley
Kevin Michael Godley (born 7 October 1945) is a British singer-songwriter, drummer and music video director. He is known as the singer and drummer of the art rock band 10cc and later as part of collaboration duo Godley & Creme with Lol Creme.
Early life
Kevin Michael Godley was born on 7 October 1945 in Prestwich, Lancashire, England, to a Jewish family, and went to North Cestrian Grammar School in Altrincham.
While attending art college in Manchester Godley met future creative partner Lol Creme. Godley and Creme joined the R&B combo the Sabres.
10cc and Godley & Creme
They became involved in a number of bands such as the Mockingbirds, Hotlegs and later 10cc. As part of the bands Godley was a songwriter, lead vocalist, played drums, percussion and keyboards. Godley and Creme recorded four studio albums with 10cc. In 1977, early in the recording of the band's fifth studio album Deceptive Bends, unimpressed with the songs by bandmates Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman and eager to work on other projects outside of the band, Godley and Creme left. Both Godley and Creme briefly 'reunited' with their former 10cc bandmates Stewart and Gouldman on the band's tenth studio album ...Meanwhile (1992). Following ...Meanwhile, Godley and Creme went their separate ways again, having experienced difficulties together as early as 1988.
Later work
Godley later again reunited with Gouldman to form the band GG/06. Together they recorded a self-titled extended play (EP), which was made available for free via their website. Since then Godley has several times joined Gouldman's iteration of 10cc in concert, and was featured on the live and video album Clever Clogs (2008).
More recently Godley moved into developing a music platform for the iPad, one that combines audio and video to create a global recording studio in the cloud called "WholeWorldBand". The company was nominated for the SXSW Music Accelerator Award in 2013, and was one of eight finalists selected from a pool of over 500.
In 2017, Godley publicly invited musicians to send him music to work on his debut solo studio album, titled Muscle Memory with the idea being that he would take the rough ideas and turn them into a finished song. The album was originally supposed to be released in 2018 through campaign on pledgemusic.com, but due to its closure the release was postponed. In 2021, Kevin Godley's album Muscle Memory was completed and released by The state51 Conspiracy after the project stalled as a PledgeMusic campaign.
In 2018, Godley was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Arts by Staffordshire University. In 2021, Godley joined "Group of Humans" a globally distributed community of creative leaders and change architects as Creative Director. He currently lives and works in Wicklow, Ireland with his wife Sue, and hopes to direct a film based on Orson Welles' time in Ireland.
Discography
Studio albums As featured artist
* Muscle Memory (2020)
* "The Bad & the Beautiful" – Hog Fever (2016)
* "Confessions" – Hog Fever (2016)
* "Expecting a Message" – Before During After: The Story of 10cc (2017)
With GG/06 10cc (See full discography at 10cc discography) Godley & Creme (See full discography at Godley & Creme)
* GG/06: EP - 1 (2008) | WIKI |
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103. Abies DC.—The Fir.
Sex. Syst. Monoecia, Monadelphia. (Oleo-resinae.)
Botany. Gen. Char.—Flowers monoecious. Males: catkins solitary, not racemose; the scales staminiferous at the apex. Stamens two; the anthers 1-celled. Females: catkins simple. Ovaries 2. Stigmas glandular. Scales of the cone imbricated; thin at the apex, rounded (neither thickened, angular, nor umbilicated on the back). Cotyledons digitato-partite. Leaves solitary in each sheath (Bot. Gall.).
Species.—1. Abies excelsa, DC.; A. communis, Hort.; Pinus Abies, Linn.; the Norway Spruce Fir.—Leaves tetragonal. Cones cylindrical; the scales rhomboid, flattened, jagged, and bent backwards at the margin (Bot. Gall.)—A native of Germany, Russia, Norway, and other parts of Europe; also of the northern parts of Asia. Commonly cultivated in England. Flowers in May and June. A very lofty tree, growing sometimes to the height of 150 feet. It yields by spontaneous exudation common frankincense (abietis resina; thus, L. D.), from which is prepared Burgundy pitch, D. (pix burgundica, L. E. pix abietina).
The leaf-buds (gemmae seu turiones abietis) of this species of Abies, as well as of the Silver Fir (Abies Picea), are used on the continent, in the form of decoction or beer; or, with the woods of guaiacum and sassafras, and juniper berries, in the form of tincture (tinctura pini composita, Ph. Bor.). They are employed in scorbutic, rheumatic, and gouty complaints.
2. Abies Balsamea, Lindley; Pinus balsamea, Linn., Lambert; the Canadian balsam Fir; Balm of Gilead Fir.—Leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, subpectinate, suberect above. Scales of the flowering cone acuminate, reflexed.—An elegant tree, seldom rising more than 40 feet. Inhabits Canada, Nova Scotia, Maine, Virginia, and Carolina. Yields Canadian balsam (Terebinthina canadensis, L.; Balsamum canadense, E. D.).
3. Abies canadensis, Lindley; [Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants.] Pinus canadensis, Linn., Lambert; (the Hemlock Spruce Fir.—Said to yield an oleo-resin analogous to Canada balsam.
4. Abies Picea, Lindley; Abies pectinata, DC; Pinus Picea, Linnaeus; (the Silver Fir.—Mountains of Siberia, Germany, and Switzerland. Yields Strasburgh turpentine.
5. Abies nigra, Michaux; Pinus nigra, Lambert; the Black Spruce Fir.—The concentrated aqueous decoction of the young branches is essence of spruce, used in the preparation of spruce beer. [United States Dispensatory.]
Essence of spruce (essentia abietis) is prepared by boiling the young tops of some coniferous plant (in America, those of Abies nigra, or black spruce, are used) in water, and concentrating the decoction by evaporation. "It is a thick liquid, having the colour and consistence of molasses, with a bitterish, acidulous, astringent taste." [Ibid.] It is used in the preparation of spruce beer.
Spruce beer (cerevisia abietis) is thus prepared: "Take of Essence of Spruce half a pint; Pimento (bruised), Ginger (bruised), Hops, of each four ounces; Water three gallons. Boil for five or ten minutes; then strain, and add, of Warm Water eleven gallons; Yeast a pint; Molasses six pints. Mix, and allow the mixture to ferment for twenty hours." [Ibid.] It is sometimes taken as an agreeable and wholesome drink in summer. It is diuretic and anti scorbutic, and is, in consequence, employed in long sea-voyages as a preventive of scurvy.
The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Vol. II, 3th American ed., was written by Jonathan Pereira in 1854. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What is an Industrial Glass Thermometer?
Many industrial processes and systems generate heat and need to be monitored. Controlling the temperature doesn’t just control the environment but also helps preserve the physical integrity of the products being manufactured. You need a reliable thermometer to keep an eye on the temperature changes in such environments. Unfortunately, just any household thermometer won’t work in such environments; you need an industrial glass thermometer for the job. In this article, we discuss what this tool is and what its features are.
What is an Industrial Glass Thermometer?
This instrument is an accurate, resilient, and reliable tool to measure the temperature of an environment. It is specifically designed for industrial use and has a reinforced body that can withstand harsh conditions. They’re much more durable than laboratory instruments and their sensors can be bimetal, gas, liquid, electric, or infrared based on the product you choose.
Some of the most commonly used thermometers are liquid or gas-filled. They have been used for hundreds of years and are quite reliable. Here’s a look at how they work:
• When the thermometer is exposed to heat, the liquid or gas in the chamber expands.
• As the compound expands, it fills the empty space in the chamber, which has a temperature indicator alongside it.
• The liquid or gas will stop expanding once it reaches a certain point, which indicates the temperature.
You just have to see where the liquid had stopped to understand the temperature of the environment around the sensor. As long as the liquid or gas is in good shape and the sensor is not damaged, the thermometer will keep providing accurate readings of the environment.
What Are The Features of The Industrial Glass Thermometer?
An Industrial glass thermometer is a reliable tool that measures temperature accurately. It doesn’t rely on fancy technology, just pure chemistry, and science to provide the readings. Here are some of the biggest benefits of this thermometer:
• It can read temperatures in all industrial conditions and provide accurate information.
• They record readings in both Fahrenheit and Celsius, which means they can be used in all kinds of industrial environments and people from all over the world can understand the readings.
• These thermometers can be attached to the reading site at a 90° angle or connected to a bottom piece. The position will not have an impact on the readings and will allow you to move the instrument in order to see the reading clearly.
• The clear glass body makes it easier for people to read the temperature. The body is made from a resilient glass compound so you don’t have to worry about it breaking in the harsh industrial environment.
• The case and liquid temperature indicator have contrasting colours, which also makes it easier to read the temperature.
If you’re looking for a reliable thermometer that won’t just last long in industrial conditions, this is the right tool for you. The instrument is ASME B40.200 compliant so you can expect great accuracy. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Fintelligens
Fintelligens is a hip hop group from Helsinki, Finland. The band is formed of two MCs: Elastinen and Iso H. The band has released three albums and one compilation, all selling more than 150,000 copies.
Career
In the early 1990s the Finnish hip hop scene was dominated by more humorous acts, such as Raptori. For many years afterwards, Finnish hip hop was strongly seen as some kind of joke. When Fintelligens released their debut album Renesanssi in 2000, it was the first more serious mainstream record to emerge. Renesanssi was a success and went gold with hit singles Voittamaton, Kellareiden Kasvatit and a collaboration with Swedish MC's Petter and Peewee called Stockholm-Helsinki. The album started a boom in Finnish hip hop as record companies endeavored to sign their own rap artists.
In 2001 Fintelligens released the albums Tän Tahtiin and Kokemusten Summa in 2002, both creating hit singles and certified gold. Fintelligens also made the theme song to the 2003 Ice Hockey World Championships, titled Kaikki peliin. The song was a huge hit in Finland. In the same year they released a compilation album and both started to make solo albums.
Fintelligens were pioneers in creating a Finnish style of rap, and many other artists have been influenced by their style of rapping. Both Elastinen and Iso H produce beats also. Renesanssi included a couple of beats by both MCs, Tän tahtiin was mostly produced by Elastinen, and on Kokemusten Summa he provided all of the production. At the beginning of their careers, Elastinen and Iso H were heavily inspired by French hip hop.
The members of Fintelligens, together with Kapasiteettiyksikkö, are the founders of the Finnish independent hip hop record label Rähinä Records.
In 2008 Fintelligens released a new album titled "Lisää".
Albums
* Compilation albums | WIKI |
Anthony Hidden
Sir Anthony Brian Hidden (7 March 1936 – 19 February 2016) was a British barrister and judge, known for chairing the enquiry into the 1988 Clapham Junction rail crash.
Biography
Anthony Hidden was educated at Reigate Grammar School becoming head boy in 1954, and graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1957. He served with the Royal Tank Regiment, and was called to the Bar 1961. He was made a Queen's counsel in 1976, appointed as a recorder in 1977, and for four years served as presiding judge on the South-East circuit.
Anthony Hidden was a member of the Cornerstone Barristers practice. He acted as prosecuting counsel in the trial of Lester Piggott for tax evasion. He was appointed a High Court Judge in 1989, and received a knighthood in the same year. An early controversial case in which he presided was to ascertain whether compensation for post-traumatic stress disorder should be awarded to individuals who witnessed on television their relatives in distressed states during the Hillsborough disaster. Hidden ruled for the claimants, but the finding was reversed upon appeals at the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords.
He suffered a stroke in 2000, and after a later second stroke was confined to a nursing home for the last ten years of his life.
Clapham Junction rail crash enquiry
At the invitation of Paul Channon, the Secretary of State for Transport, Hidden chaired an enquiry into the causes of the 12 December 1988 Clapham Junction rail crash, in which 35 people died and nearly 500 were injured. He won praise for his unrelenting approach throughout the 56-day hearing, and for the thoroughness of his report. The enquiry report (known as the Hidden Report ) made 93 recommendations for safety and other improvements, including the adoption of the Automatic Train Protection system. Although his recommendations led to major improvements in rail safety and safety culture in the UK, equally, a number of the recommendations – including ATP, on-train data recorders and cab radios – were not acted on, or implemented only after great delay or partially. | WIKI |
Padamati Yaleru
Padamati Yaleru is a village in Atmakur mandal of Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.
We are also recognized as one of the 3 villages in India that has 100% literacy for the year of 2012. The award is presented on 8 September 2012. | WIKI |
Spice Girls probe charity T-shirts over 'abuse' in Bangladesh
LONDON, Jan 21 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - British pop band the Spice Girls said they will fund an investigation into a Bangladesh factory over its treatment of women who make T-shirts for a charity campaign backing equality. Factory workers making the tops in Gazipur, Bangladesh, earned as little as 35 pence (45 cents) an hour, were forced to work up to 16 hours a day and suffered insults and harassment, according to an investigation by the Guardian newspaper. The T-shirts, which were commissioned by the Spice Girls and retail for about 20 pounds, aim to raise money for a campaign by British charity Comic Relief championing gender justice. The group topped charts in the 1990s with a “girl power” mantra that appealed strongly to young women, selling the idea that girls from ordinary backgrounds could make it big. The slogan ‘#IWannaBeASpiceGirl’ appears on the front of the tops, while the phrase ‘gender justice’ is printed on the back. A spokeswoman for the Spice Girls - who announced in November that they would reunite for a tour of Britain this year - said they were “deeply shocked and appalled by the claims”. “The girls will personally fund an independent investigation into the working conditions of this factory,” the spokeswoman said. “Equality and the movement of people power has always been at the heart of the band.” Comic Relief said both the charity and the band had carried out ethical sourcing checks on the online retailer commissioned to make the T-shirts, Represent, but that it had subsequently changed manufacturer without their knowledge. Represent could not be reached for comment, but Comic Relief said the retailer had taken full responsibility for its choice of supplier, and that it would refund customers on request. Workers making the T-shirts told the Guardian they were forced to do overtime, made to work despite poor health, and verbally abused with insults such as “daughter of a prostitute”. Low wages and trade deals with Western countries have turned Bangladesh’s garment sector into a $30 billion industry accounting for 80 percent of the country’s exports. Bangladesh has been hit by violent demonstrations in recent weeks after thousands of workers took to the streets demanding better pay. Garment owners agreed to raise wages last week but many workers rejected the pay hike and launched fresh protests. From clothes and cosmetics to shrimp and smartphones, major brands face rising regulatory and consumer pressure to ensure their supply chains are free of labour abuses as the world looks to meet a United Nations goal of ending modern slavery by 2030. Yet consumer trust seems to be at an all-time low, according to Joanna Ewart-James of the anti-slavery group Freedom United, who highlighted the irony of a T-shirt intended to back gender equality being produced by women in a exploitative workplace. "All buyers - charities as well as companies - must take contractual responsibility for ensuring decent working conditions in their supply chain," the executive director of the global campaign group told the Thomson Reuters Foundation. (Reporting by Kieran Guilbert, Editing by Lyndsay Griffiths. Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, women's and LGBT+ rights, human trafficking, property rights, and climate change. Visit news.trust.org) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Citations:regulation
* 1813 — Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice.
* "Yes, vanity is a weakness indeed. But pride — where there is a real superiority of mind, pride will be always under good regulation." | WIKI |
Gor Factory
Gor Factory is a European textile company founded in 1985 in Murcia (Spain). There it has its general headquarters. It has been regarded as one of the most outstanding companies for Murcia region economy and its economic growth and international expansion have been honoured by the German Chamber of Commerce (AHK) in 2013, during Stuttgart Fair (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). Its brand Roly has had its own slot in the popular TV TecStyle Vision and it has been highlighted because of its leadership in the textile market intended for professional and sports use, as well as its responsibility in the textile industry. Its goods have the OEKO-TEX Standard 100 Certificate which recognises both, its responsibility in the industry and textile trade and the certification of harmless textiles. | WIKI |
Tuesday, December 11, 2012
OpenERP steps for Pentaho Kettle/PDI
Pentaho Kettle / PDI is a powerful tool to transfer data between systems.
If you're running OpenERP in together with other applications, and need them to share data, this should be the first place to look at. Data is extracted using "input steps", transformed and then loaded using "output steps".
Kettle has specialized steps for OpenERP, that interact with the OpenERP server in the proper way - through the XML-RPC API. Unfortunately these steps are not yet available in the stable version.
You try them out using the latest development version. The development versions, however, are not well suited for usage in a production environment. Wouldn't it be nice if you could install these OpenERP steps in a Kettle stable version?
Well, I gave a try at this, and got them working with the 4.3.0-stable version. Here's the recipe:
Download the trunk version and copy the following files to the stable version:
• from \data-integration\plugins\kettle-openerp-plugin\*, and
• from \data-integration\libext\webservices, the files:
• ws-commons-util-1.0.2.jar
• xmlrpc-client-3.1.3.jar, and
• xmlrpc-common-3.1.3.jar
Now (re)start Spoon and a "!BaseStep.Category.OpenERP!" will be available containing three new steps: Delete, Input and Output.
Note that for some reason the "Test" button in the "Database Connection" dialog doesn't work correctly: it reports an error when testing the OpenERP server connection, even though the connection is correct. I believe that this is a bug that has been fixed in later development branches.
A big advantage for using the OpenERP API instead of the direct access to the database tables is the requests go through the ORM, so you get improved data consistency and take advantage of the ORM's create() and write() logic, and model default values.
On the downside, these steps don't handle XML Ids, only database (integer) ids, so you need to set your own strategy to identify records, such as using "reference" or "code" fields. If your record identification relies on XML Ids, then import_data() base tools, such as import_sqlpush, may still be a good option.
11 comments:
1. I have had to alter your procedure considerably in order to achieve the same result with PDI 4.4.0-stable under Ubuntu 12.04 LTS.
Like you, I get the latest snapshot from here: http://ci.pentaho.com/view/Data%20Integration/job/Kettle/
From it I was able to obtain only the directory "kettle-openerp-plugin" and the jar "xmlrpc-common-3.1.3.jar". The latter was in a directory "lib", rather than "libext", as you indicate.
In order to get the others I had to use http://www.findjar.com/. I got:
http://mirrors.ibiblio.org/maven2/org/apache/ws/commons/util/ws-commons-util/1.0.2/ws-commons-util-1.0.2.jar
http://mirrors.ibiblio.org/maven2/org/apache/xmlrpc/xmlrpc-common/3.1.3/xmlrpc-common-3.1.3.jar
With those in place I get as far as defining a connection to my server and specifying a model name. At the moment of exiting the "Model Name" field I am hit with:
NoClassDefFoundError: com/debortoliwines/openerp/api/RowCollection
It turns out that the corresponding jar is no longer in the directory "kettle-openerp-plugin". I found a jar "/lib/openerp-java-api-1.0.0.jar" and put that in my "libext" directory.
With that done I am at last able to attempt to work with plugin without it failing.
Unfortunately, I still have not been able to do anything useful, due to a reported error in my data.
Unexpected error
org.pentaho.di.core.exception.KettleException:
Failed to commit batch:
Unknown database identifier '0'
Row :{}
I have no idea what that could mean.
ReplyDelete
2. I also experienced a failure when trying to test the connection OpenERP. I fixed it by copying (not moving) the jar "kettle-openerp-plugin-TRUNK-SNAPSHOT.jar" from the directory "plugins/kettle-openerp-plugin/" to the directory "libext". Apparently the class loader for connections testing doesn't look in the classpath of the corresponding plugin.
ReplyDelete
3. @MHJBramwell Thanks for sharing.
ReplyDelete
4. Do you have any idea how I can get past this . . . ?
Unknown database identifier '0'
Row :{}
I happens after launching the transformation.
ReplyDelete
5. It seems to be that the plugin is for OpenERP V6.1 and earlier.
ReplyDelete
6. You can implement the following fix to orm.py in V7 for the plugin to work:
--- openerp/osv/orm.py.orig 2013-03-20 22:21:17.892445229 +1100
+++ openerp/osv/orm.py 2013-03-20 22:05:12.474594534 +1100
@@ -1499,7 +1499,9 @@ class BaseModel(object):
except ValueError:
# in case of overridden id column
dbid = record['.id']
- if not self.search(cr, uid, [('id', '=', dbid)], context=context):
+ if dbid == 0:
+ dbid = False
+ elif not self.search(cr, uid, [('id', '=', dbid)], context=context):
log(dict(extras,
type='error',
record=stream.index,
I couldn't get the indentation to work in this comment. You can download the same diff file with better indentation from here
ReplyDelete
7. Thank you! I will look into it when I can. Lacking a way forward with Pentaho I've instead made my own explicit Google Spreadsheet to OpenERP V7 data pump.
https://github.com/martinhbramwell/GData_OpenERP_Data_Pump
Any comments greatly appreciated.
ReplyDelete
8. Hy,
Thanks for your work. I would like to add some little comments :
First, I read carefully the link here : http://wiki.pentaho.com/display/EAI/OpenERP+Object+Output
It is written : If no key value fields are specified, all incoming records are treated as new.
Unfortunately, if I don't use any key values fields, I have this issue : http://pastebin.com/k29yzgkZ
On a second part, if I want to precise a company_id it's not possible. So for multiple_company environment, how will it work?
ReplyDelete
9. I made some little proposals for improvements :
* http://jira.pentaho.com/browse/PDI-9816
* http://jira.pentaho.com/browse/PDI-9814
* http://jira.pentaho.com/browse/PDI-9813
Hope it could help
ReplyDelete
10. Joaquin: you can find in the latest development build, at http://ci.pentaho.com/view/Data%20Integration/job/Kettle
ReplyDelete | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hello Folks,
We have seen below topics as of now:
1. Introduction of Page Object Model
2. Plain Page Object Model
In this post we will see inbuilt page object model in selenium webdriver.
Selenium webdriver has inbuilt Page Object Model called Page Factory. It provides @FindBy annotation to create object repository.
What is @FindBy annotation?
• Annotations in java are used to provide additional information.
• @FindBy annotation is used to locate web element using any locators available in selenium webdriver (id, xpath, css etc).
• It is used to mark a field on a Page Object to indicate an alternative mechanism for locating the element or a list of elements.
• It is used in conjunction with PageFactory this allows users to quickly and easily create PageObjects.
Syntax: You can use @FindBy annotation in two ways:
1. Direct way:
@FindBy(LocatorStrategy=”Locatorvalue”) WebElement elementName;
Where LocatorStrategy may be any one from Id, name, className, tagName, css, xpath, linkText, partialLinkText.
Example:
@FindBy(id=”someID”)
@FindBy(name=”someName”)
@FindBy(className=”someClassName”)
@FindBy(tagName=”sometagName”)
@FindBy(xpath=”someXpath”)
@FindBy(css=”someCSS”)
@FindBy(linkText=”someLinktext”)
@FindBy(partialLinkText=”somePartialLinktext”)
2. Using “how” and “using”:
@FindBy(how = How.<LocatorStrategy>, using = “<Locatorvalue>”) WebElement elementName;
Example:
@FindBy(how=How.id, using=”someID”)
@FindBy(how=Howname, using=”someName”)
@FindBy(how=HowclassName, using=”someClassName”)
@FindBy(how=HowtagName, using=”sometagName”)
@FindBy(how=Howxpath, using=”someXpath”)
@FindBy(how=Howcss, using=”someCSS”)
@FindBy(how=HowlinkText, using=”someLinktext”)
@FindBy(how=HowpartialLinkText, using=”somePartialLinktext”)
You can use any syntax as per your convenience.
Same way we can use @FindBy annotation for same list of web elements as shown below:
@FindBy(tagName = “a”) List<WebElement> links;
@FindBy(how = How.TAG_NAME, using = “a”) List<WebElement> links;
How to initialize page objects(web elements) defined using @FindBy annotation?
• We initialize page objects using PageFactory class. It is factory class to make using Page Objects simpler and easier.
• It has overloaded static methods called “initElements” which is used to initialize page objects.
• Overloaded methods are as below:
• We will see behavior of below methods:
1. public static <T> T initElements(WebDriver driver, java.lang.Class<T> pageClassToProxy)
2. public static void initElements(WebDriver driver, java.lang.Object page)
1. It instantiates an instance of the given class/page object, and set a lazy proxy for each of the WebElement and List<WebElement> fields that have been declared.
2. By default, the element or the list is looked up each and every time a method is called upon it. This is the reason it is called lazy initialization. It looks for the element when a method is called on it. It also helps in handling staleElementReferenceException as it looks up for web element each and every time a method is called upon it. So, if page gets refreshed or reloaded.
3. We can change the above behavior by mentioning another annotation called CacheLookup as shown below:
4. After mentioning CacheLookup , initElements will cache web element once it is located and will not search again and again when required.
5. Suppose you have a page class named HomePage.class, you can use any above method in below ways:
OR
OR
If you try to use first and second way in a constructor you will get exceptions java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException and java.lang.StackOverflowError.
6. An exception will be thrown if the class cannot be instantiated.
We will convert example of last post in PageFactory as shown below:
HomePage.java:
LoginPage.java:
TC_001.java:
That’s it guys. Hope, concepts will be clear. It is internal logic of working of PageFactory.
We will see some interesting things about PageFactory in upcoming posts. Stay tuned.
If you have any doubt, feel free to comment below.
If you like my posts, please like, comment, share and subscribe.
#ThanksForReading
#HappySelenium
Author: Amod Mahajan
My name is Amod Mahajan and I am an IT employee with 6+ years of experience in Software testing and staying in Bengaluru. My area of interest is Automation testing. I started from basics and went through so many selenium tutorials. Thanks to Mukesh Otwani as his tutorials are easy and cover basics to advance. I have habit of exploring concepts by deep diving. I used to make notes. I thought of sharing my knowledge through posts and now I am here. #KeepLearning #ShareLearning
4 thoughts on “Page Factory In Selenium Webdriver: Inbuilt Page Object Model Of Selenium
1. Local driver is assigned to global using this.driver=driver to ensure same driver is used throughout program.
If you do not use this keyword, local will be used.
Leave a Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Miranda Otto - Venice Film Festival 2015 - CBS News
Watch CBSN Live Model Alessandra Ambrosio poses during a photo call at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sept. 3, 2015. The 72nd edition of the festival runs until Sept. 12. Credit: Andrew Medichini/Invision/AP Cast member Jake Gyllenhaal attends the red carpet for the movie Everest at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Cast member Jake Gyllenhaal signs autographs during the red carpet for the movie Everest at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actress Diane Kruger, a member of the jury, attends at the opening ceremony of the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actor Josh Brolin and Kathryn Boyd attend the red carpet for the movie Everest at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actress Elizabeth Banks a member of the jury, attends the opening ceremony of the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini American actor Mark Ruffalo poses during the photocall for the movie Spotlight at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 3, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Italian model and actress Elisa Sednaoui poses for photographers a day before the 72nd Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, September 1, 2015. Sednaoui will be hosting the opening and closing ceremonies of the film festival. Credit: Reuters/Manuel Silvestri Mexican film director Alfonso Cuaron and president of the jury at the 72nd Venice Film Festival attends the opening ceremony of the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Diane Kruger and Elizabeth Banks smile as they attend at the opening ceremony of the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini American actor Mark Ruffalo and his wife Sunrise Coigney attend the red carpet for the movie Spotlight at the 72nd Venice Film Festival in northern Italy, Sept. 3, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Spanish actress Paz Vega, a member of the jury, attends the opening ceremony of the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini American actor Stanley Tucci poses during the photocall for the movie Spotlight at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 3, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Cast memberJason Clark attends the red carpet for the movie Everest at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Italian actress Maria Grazia Cucinotta attends the opening ceremony of the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 2, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Johnny Depp arrives for the press conference of the film Black Mass at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Sept. 4, 2015. Credit: Andrew Medichini/AP Actors Johnny Depp and Dakota Johnson arrive before a photocall for the movie Black Mass at the 72nd Venice Film Festival in northern Italy, Sept. 4, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Manuel Silvestri Actress Dakota Johnson poses during the photocall for the movie Black Mass at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 4, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Director Scott Cooper poses during a photocall for the movie Black Mass at the 72nd Venice Film Festival in northern Italy, Sept. 4, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actress Radha Mitchell attends the red carpet for the movie Looking for Grace at the 72nd Venice Film Festival in northern Italy, Sept. 3, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actor Johnny Depp and his wife Amber Heard arrive for the red carpet event for the movie Black Mass at the 72nd Venice Film Festival in northern Italy, Sept. 4, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actress Dakota Johnson attends the red carpet event for the movie Black Mass at the 72nd Venice Film Festival in northern Italy, Sept. 4, 2015. Credit: Reuters/Stefano Rellandini Actress Odessa Young The Daughter) poses for portraits at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Domenico Stinellis/AP Actress Miranda Otto (The Daughter) poses for portraits at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Domenico Stinellis/AP Actress Kristen Stewart poses during the photocall for the movie Equals at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actor Eddie Redmayne poses during the photo call for the movie The Danish Girl at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Andrew Medichini/AP Actress Amber Heard poses during the photocall for the movie The Danish Girl at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actress Berenice Bejo poses during the photo call for the movie, The Childhood of a Leader, at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Andrew Medichini/AP Young actor Tom Sweet poses during the photo call for the movie The Childhood of a Leader, at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Andrew Medichini/AP Actress Stacy Martin poses during the photo call for the movie The Childhood of a Leader, at the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Andrew Medichini/AP Actress Juliette Binoche poses during the red carpet premiere for the movie L'Attesa (The Wait) at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actress Lou de Laage attends the red carpet premiere for the movie L'Attesa (The Wait) at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Kristen Stewart poses for photographers at the premiere of the film Equals during the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Joel Ryan/Invision/AP Actress Kristen Stewart attends the red carpet event for the movie Equals at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actress Amber Heard attends the red carpet premiere of her film, The Danish Girl, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actress Amber Heard and her husband Johnny Depp attend the red carpet premiere of her movie, The Danish Girl, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 5, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Johnny Depp and Amber Heard kiss at the premiere of the film, The Danish Girl, during the 72nd edition of the Venice Film Festival in Venice, Italy, Saturday, Sept. 5, 2015. Credit: Andrew Medichini/Invision/AP Actress Dakota Johnson attends the photocall for the movie, A Bigger Splash, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 6, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters Actor Ralph Fiennes attends the photocall for the movie, A Bigger Splash, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 6, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters Director Luca Guadagnino (left), actress Tilda Swinton and actor Ralph Fiennes attend the photocall for the movie, A Bigger Splash, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 6, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters Actress Tilda Swinton attends the red carpet premiere of the movie, A Bigger Splash, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 6, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters Actor Ralph Fiennes attends the red carpet premiere for the movie, A Bigger Splash, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 6, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters German actress Nastassja Kinski attends the red carpet premiere for the movie, A Bigger Splash, at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 6, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters Actress Crystal-Donna Roberts, center, director Olivier Hermanus, left, and actor Nicolas Duvachelle attend the red carpet event for the movie The Endless River at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 7, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actress Einat Weizman attends the red carpet event for the movie Rabin, The Last Day at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 7, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Actress Jennifer Jason Leigh attends a photocall for the movie Anomalisa at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy September 8, 2015. REUTERS/Stefano Rellandini Credit: REUTERS Cast member Tom Noonan attends the red carpet for the movie Anomalisa at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 8, 2015. Credit: Manuel Silvestri/REuters Actress Lidiya Liberman attends the red carpet for the movie Blood of my Blood at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 8, 2015. Credit: Lidiya Liberman/Reuters Director Laurie Anderson attends the photocall for the movie Heart of a Dog at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 9, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Cast member Paulina Chapko attends the photocall for the movie 11 Minut (11 Minutes) at the 72nd Venice Film Festival, northern Italy, Sept. 9, 2015. Credit: Stefano Rellandini/Reuters Copyright 2020 CBS Interactive Inc.All rights reserved. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Abraham Lincoln’s ancestry has been the subject of much speculation and debate. Some believe that he may have had Melungeon ancestry, while others contend that this is nothing more than a myth.
So, what is the truth? Was Abraham Lincoln a Melungeon?
There is no definitive answer, but there is certainly evidence to suggest that it is possible. For example, Abraham Lincoln’s great-grandfather was reportedly born in Virginia to parents who were “of unknown parentage.” This raises the possibility that Abraham Lincoln’s ancestors may have been Melungeons – people of mixed European and African descent who were often discriminated against and marginalized in society.
Of course, without definitive proof, we may never know for sure whether Abraham Lincoln was a Melungeon. But the evidence does suggest that it is possible, and that Abraham Lincoln’s ancestors may have been part of this often-misunderstood community.
Is there any truth to the Melungeon claim? Some researchers think that Abraham Lincoln was born an illegitimate son to Abraham Enloe and Nancy Hanks. It is conceivable that Abraham Lincoln inherited his Melungeon ancestry, both of his parents, from it. Many historians are divided about Lincoln’s heritage, but many believe he is a direct descendant. The question of his parentage has generated a lot of interest and speculation surrounding this famous President’s background.
Abraham Lincoln was born February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky. At the time of his birth, Abraham’s father Thomas was 28 years old and his mother Nancy was only 18. The young couple had been married for three months when Abraham was born.
Abraham’s grandparents were also of interest. His paternal grandfather Abraham Enloe was said to have fought in the Revolutionary War. His maternal grandfather Abraham Hanks was a Baptist minister who had migrated from Virginia to Kentucky.
There are many qualities that Abraham Lincoln possessed which creates suspicion that he may have been part Melungeon. These include: light skin color, blue or gray eyes, high cheekbones, and a thin nose. Abraham Lincoln also shared many of the same personality traits with other Melungeons, such as a love of learning, a quick wit, and a knack for storytelling.
Whether or not Abraham Lincoln was actually Melungeon still remains a mystery. However, there is no denying that he possessed many of the qualities that are associated with this unique group of people.
Abraham Lincoln has long been rumored to have Melungeon ancestry, but there is no concrete evidence to support this claim. Some say that his ancestors were among the original Melungeons who migrated from Portugal to North America in the 1600s. Others believe that Abraham Lincoln’s mother, Nancy Hanks, was herself a Melungeon. However, there is no way to know for sure since there are no records indicating her ethnicity.
Whether or not Abraham Lincoln was of Melungeon descent, the fact remains that he was a tri-racial individual. And like many other tri-racial Americans, he faced discrimination and exclusion from both the white and black communities. In a time when racial categories were rigid and clearly defined, Abraham Lincoln’s mixed heritage made him an outsider in both societies.
Despite the lack of evidence, the rumor that Abraham Lincoln was of Melungeon descent has persisted for centuries. And while it is impossible to know for sure whether or not this is true, one thing is certain: Abraham Lincoln was a complex man with a complex heritage.
To be considered a Melungeon, it was necessary to be “Nobody at all.” What did it mean for Abraham Lincoln, a “self-educated” downhearted man who was born in a one-room shack with unmarried parents, to be labeled a Melungeon? Would the American people have voted for him? Was Lincoln’s commitment to emancipating the slaves rooted in his Melungeon heritage? We may never know… Was Abraham Lincoln, Melungeon or Myth?
It’s widely believed that Abraham Lincoln had Melungeon ancestry, but there’s no concrete evidence to support this claim. Some people believe that Lincoln’s passionate spirit to “free the slaves” was deeply rooted in his Melungeon heritage. However, we may never know for sure. Abraham Lincoln was a self-educated man born in a one room cabin to illegitimate parents. To be legally classified as a Melungeon would have meant that he was “nobody at all.” Classifying Lincoln as a Melungeon could have potentially prevented him from being elected president of the United States.
The term “melungeon” has been a term of hatred and abuse for many generations in Appalachia. Melungeons, who are a mix of European, African, and Native American ancestors, have been despised and had their fundamental rights violated. They have been forced off prime real estate. They have been prevented from voting.
But Abraham Lincoln, it is said, had Melungeon blood. And that gives some members of the group a sense of pride – even if they can’t prove it.
“The fact that Abraham Lincoln was possibly part Melungeon is empowering to us,” said Bonnie Collins, president of the Melungeon Heritage Association. “It gives us a connection to someone who is an American icon.”
There is no DNA evidence linking Lincoln to the Melungeons. And most historians say the claim is dubious at best. But that hasn’t stopped some people from believing – or from using Lincoln as a rallying point for their cause.
“We have always been looked down upon and treated badly,” said Collins. “Lincoln is someone we can look to as an example of what we can achieve.”
The Melungeons have a long and complex history. Their origins are murky, but they are believed to be the descendants of early settlers in Appalachia – including some who came over from Europe during the 1600s.
Over the years, the Melungeons have been variously described as a “tri-racial isolate group,” a “mixed-race group” and a “ethnic group with ambiguous ancestry.” Whatever their label, they have always been considered outsiders.
In 1813, Abraham Lincoln’s father, Thomas, moved his family from Kentucky to Indiana. It was around this time that stories began circulating that Thomas Lincoln was of Melungeon descent.
There is no definitive proof that Thomas Lincoln was Melungeon. But there are some tantalizing clues. For one thing, Abraham Lincoln’s great-grandfather, Abraham Enloe, was known to have Melungeon ancestry. And Abraham Lincoln’s cousin, John Hanks, was also said to be of Melungeon heritage.
Some historians believe the stories about Abraham Lincoln’s Melungeon ancestry were started by his political enemies during his presidential campaign. They say the rumors were used to try to discredit him and paint him as a man of dubious character.
Whatever the case may be, the fact that Abraham Lincoln – one of the most revered figures in American history – might have had Melungeon blood has given some members of the group a sense of pride.
” Abraham Lincoln is someone we can look to as an example of what we can achieve,” said Collins. “He shows us that anything is possible.” | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:List of Legendary Television programs
What Does "Passed Projects" Mean?
Is this simply a typo? Or, are these projects that were pitched or in development and ultimately passed on or that went into turnaround? Should this section be renamed to "In Turnaround"? Or, should it be deleted entirely? If they are projects in turnaround, it would be odd to list them - as this is specialized information which is not useful or relevant. Likewise, if they were pitched and passed on, the section is even less relevant. If they are "past projects," shouldn't the listings be moved to the titles section?WirmerFlagge (talk) 21:24, 27 January 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
GOOG Stock: Is 2017’s Cable-Killer the X Factor for Alphabet Inc?
InvestorPlace InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
Alphabet Inc ( GOOG , GOOGL ) isn't much for tradition. Its Google X Labs notoriously toyed with developing commercial hoverboards, and seriously considered the feasibility of a Wonka-esque space elevator. GOOG stock, however, may actually be impacted by its newest harebrained idea.
YouTube (a division of Alphabet's keystone portfolio company Google), plans to offer a streaming TV package called "Unplugged" in 2017 for less than $35 a month, according to an exclusive Bloomberg report.
This, given the prevalence of "cord-cutting" in recent years, could be a meaningful new revenue stream for Alphabet - and work wonders for GOOG stock.
Where GOOG Stock Could Get a Boost
Alright, so let's get to the math behind this thing, to show what kind of impact this could have on the GOOG stock price. As recently as the second quarter of 2015 , the cable TV industry was seeing a loss of nearly 500,000 subscribers on a year-over-year basis.
Conservatively, let's assume that rate remains stable. I happen to think cord-cutting will pick up as the years go by and an increasing percentage of the population becomes comfortable with new technology, but that's just me.
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Now, let's assume YouTube's "Unplugged" package gets about 50% of these cord-cutters to convert to its service. Aggressive? Perhaps, but given my conserve approach to the previous variable, I don't feel bad about it, okay?
Basically, GOOG stock owners will reap the benefit of 250,000 cord-cutters per year. That's 250,000 x $35, or $8.75 million. Multiply that by 12 to annualize it, and you get $105 million in additional revenue per year from this new venture.
Alas, we haven't taken into consideration the prospect of advertising revenue, which obviously further sweetens the pot for GOOG stock owners. Let's assume YouTube Unplugged can monetize subscribers at the same rate that traditional cable can. Taking Time Warner Cable Inc ( TWC ) as an example, we see that it made $1.03 billion from advertising on a total subscriber base of 10.8 million people , which works out to above $95 a head.
That's $95 x 250,000 subscribers, or about $24 million annually. Adding that to the $105 million figure, GOOG stock owners see an additional $130 million annually in revenues simply fall into their lap.
Even More Ammo for GOOG Bulls
Now, for a company expected to grow revenue by $12.1 billion this year, that's only about a 1% annual improvement, so it's not exactly a game-changer in the short-term. Longer-term, it's not crazy to assume that economics become more favorable.
5 Growth Stocks That Are Better Than Apple
As I said earlier, cord-cutting is likely to accelerate, not remain stagnant. Those 500,000 cord-cutters per year could accelerate to 1 million per year within the next five years or so. YouTube's share of those defectors could rise over time as well: eMarketer projects YouTube will have 185 million unique viewers by 2018 , or 67% of all internet users. That gives an awfully large population to market its Unplugged product to.
Plus, one can easily imagine YouTube delivering greater advertising revenue per user than current cable providers, given the increasingly targeted nature of online ads in contrast to cable TV ads.
And probably the biggest point to be made is that all the math above only factors in U.S. subscribers. There's a whole world out there, you know.
I also expect YouTube Unplugged to enjoy greater profit margins than typical cable cos. YouTube won't have to splurge on capital expenditures, maintenance or even sales and customer care costs to the extent that cable TV providers do. Just take a few more servers live and put a promo on the YouTube (or even better, Google) homepage.
The greatest costs will be programming costs, and to be clear, GOOG hasn't gotten Comcast Corporation 's ( CMCSA ) NBC Universal, Viacom, Inc. ( VIA ), CBSCorporation ( CBS ), or Twenty-First Century Fox Inc ( FOX ) to ink deals yet. That ultimately has been the failure of Apple Inc. 's ( AAPL ) Apple TV as well, so they need to get the ball rolling on that.
But I have no doubt that YouTube has the willpower to get it done. When YouTube Unplugged does go live next year, it'll be the beginning of an exciting (but long-term) new catalyst for GOOG stock.
As of this writing, John Divine did not hold a position in any of the aforementioned securities. You can follow him on Twitter at@divinebizkidor email him at editor@investorplace.com.
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The post GOOG Stock: Is 2017's Cable-Killer the X Factor for Alphabet Inc? appeared first on InvestorPlace .
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
অঙ্কস্থ
Etymology
Structurally, from.
Adjective
* 1) situated on the lap
* 2) very close, proximate
* 3) under control, under possession | WIKI |
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Reservoir Sampling with bash
So I have a fairly extensive .bashrc file, and one thing you might notice while scrolling through it, is that I have a whole bunch of “step-in” functions. These are functions that replicate some other command for some reason. Primarily this is because I work on both Linux and Solaris, and Solaris is rather lacking. Usually these functions are there to prop up other functions, and quite often I’ll evaluate and rebuild some of the code. Usually I might look at my code and think “what the fuck was I doing? It’d be better to do it this way”, or I might learn a new trick that I immediately merge in while it’s fresh in memory (unintentional pun).
Now, I get that a lot of people would rather split their functions out into separate scripts and maybe use some form of dotfile management. This doesn’t work for me, sadly, as I’m talking about work i.e. client servers with no internet access. And you can’t just login to a random HP-UX host and git clone your dotfiles. If you can do that, then you can already install things, and you may as well just install the GNU coreutils and go on with your life. Dotfile management is a cool concept, don’t get me wrong, but it’s not so useful for a corporate/enterprise level *nix sysadmin – the better option IMHO is the one that I use: a monolithic .bashrc that acts as my digital toolbox.
Recently, I made major performance gains with my passphrase generator, genphrase. I realised that my previous approach was a bit stupid. For example:
n=0
while (( n < PphraseNum )); do
wordArray=( "${SeedWord}" )
for line in $(rand -N "${PphraseWords}" -M "$(wc -l < ~/.pwords.dict)"); do
wordArray+=( $(printline "${line}" ~/.pwords.dict | capitalise) )
done
for word in "${wordArray[@]}"; do
printf '%s\n' "${RANDOM} ${word}"
done | sort | awk '{print $2}' | tr -d "\n"
printf "\n"
((n = n + 1))
done | "${PphraseCols}"
There’s a lot going on here, but basically we’re taking a seed word (or not) and adding it to an array. Then we’re randomly selecting some words from a dictionary and capitalising them. Then we’re assigning a number to each word using $RANDOM, followed by a sort and then straightening everything out. Rinse and repeat for any number of words. Churning through a loop like this is expensive, especially with multiple calls to rand, printline, capitalise, sort, awk and tr. Not to mention opening and closing the dictionary multiple times. This is really stupid – in my defence, though, genphrase was initially written to be compatible down to bash 2.04 on Solaris 8, so a lot of stupid workarounds were implemented.
I realised that if we know how many passphrases we want, and we know how many words we want in each passphrase, well… then we can simply use two arrays. Our dictionary file is small enough to easily fit into memory, and mapping it into an array is near-instant. Then we generate another array with sufficient random integers between 1 and the size of the dictionary file. Then simply walk through the array of random integers and pluck out the relative elements from the dictionary array. A simplified version looks something like this:
mapfile -t dictArray < ~/.pwords.dict
mapfile -t numArray < <(rand -M "${#dictArray[@]}" -r -N "${totalWords}")
loWord=0
hiWord=$(( PphraseWords - 1 ))
while (( hiWord <= totalWords )); do
{
printf '%s\n' "${RANDOM} ${SeedWord}"
for randInt in "${numArray[@]:loWord:PphraseWords}"; do
printf '%s\n' "${RANDOM} ${dictArray[randInt]^}"
done
} | sort | awk '{print $2}' | paste -sd '\0' -
loWord=$(( hiWord + 1 ))
hiWord=$(( hiWord + PphraseWords ))
done | "${PphraseCols}"
And the difference was dramatic. 1000x 3-word phrases went from 38 seconds to 5 seconds using the above bash method. Even more dramatic was on a test Solaris host, where the same test went from approximately 48 minutes (!!!) down to 1 minute 30!
This is relevant to the post title, I promise.
Right now, I’m working on upgrading my shuf step-in function. It was half-arsed, rubbish, slow and lacked most of the arguments. It was nowhere near a drop-in alternative to the real thing. And, crucially, it was incapable of handling n-size inputs, where n is either too large for memory or unknown.
Unfortunately, my brain is overloaded like a busy train station with Dad stuff and work stuff, so when I look at examples of Reservoir Sampling, even Wikipedia’s effort, my eyes just glaze over. I really struggled to wrap my head around it, so instead I took the approach of going with the Knuth/Fisher-Yates family of shuffling algorithms, which I’m already familiar with, and tacking on a reservoir. Now, that in and of itself isn’t too hard, but the issue I’ve had has been with how to handle either stdin or a file. Usually, you’d use this form:
while read -r line; do
something
done < "${1:-/dev/stdin}"
For those who haven’t seen that kind of variable in bash before, it essentially means “use $1, and if it’s not assigned, default to /dev/stdin.” But in our case, we’re grabbing the first chunk of the input using mapfile to quickly fill our reservoir. Then we’re following up with a while read loop until the input is exhausted. This works fine with stdin, but with a file, you have to manage it in two chunks – the first chunk to fill the reservoir and the second chunk for the while read loop, starting at reservoir size + 1.
I tried multiple ways to get this to work and they were all fragile, and then I remembered a trick from my rand script: cat - will stream its stdin, so we can very simply group our mapfile and while read loop, and then cat either a file or stdin to that group of commands. So a proof of concept script for this approach looks like this:
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
cat "${1:--}" | {
mapfile -n 5 -t lineArray
while read -r inLine; do
randInt=$(rand -M "${#lineArray[@]}")
(( randInt-- ))
printf '%s\n' "${lineArray[randInt]}"
lineArray[randInt]="${inLine}"
done
randArray=( $(rand -M "${#lineArray[@]}" -N "${#lineArray[@]}") )
for randInt in ${randArray[@]}; do
(( randInt-- ))
printf '%s\n' "${lineArray[randInt]}"
done
}
Walking through it; cat either a file or stdin to our group of commands. mapfile grabs the first 5 lines and puts it into lineArray[@] (this is our ‘reservoir’, I’ll reference them interchangeably). Because it’s a test script we’ll give it small inputs, so 5 elements in the array is fine. And, as an example, let’s feed it the alphabet.
After the reservoir is filled, lineArray[@] looks like this:
'([0]="a" [1]="b" [2]="c" [3]="d" [4]="e")'
In bash, arrays are indexed starting at 0, so index 0 is the letter a (i.e. [0]="a"), index 1 is the letter b (i.e. [1]="b") and so on. The while read loop takes over, we generate a random integer between 1 and the size of lineArray[@], in this case 5. So let’s say that random integer is 3, we subtract 1 from it to compensate for the 0-starting point of the array, and we obviously get the number 2. Then we print out that index from the reservoir, i.e. [2]="c". Next we insert the next line of input, which is obviously the letter f. lineArray[@] now looks like this:
'([0]="a" [1]="b" [2]="f" [3]="d" [4]="e")'
Rinse and repeat until the stream is exhausted. Now, once the stream is exhausted, we still have elements in our reservoir, so we spin up another array of random integers the same size as our reservoir and… you can see where this is going? Told you my genphrase backstory was relevant 🙂
Ok, so let’s demonstrate this proof of concept script, which I’ve called readtest. First, I’ll generate a test file with the letters of the alphabet, to prove that file reading works:
$ printf '%s\n' {a..z} > alphabet
I’ll use paste here to put the output all on one line for your readability:
$ readtest alphabet | paste -sd ' '
c d g h a f j i e b m n l o s p r v k x y t u w z q
And the same, but using stdin:
$ readtest alphabet < <(printf '%s\n' {a..z}) | paste -sd ' '
b a g h f j d c e i m n l o p t k q v x y s r w u z
And it gives different results:
$ readtest alphabet < <(printf '%s\n' {a..z}) | paste -sd ' '
d a b g f c h i m j o l q k e p u r t s y w z x n v
It’s obvious even at this low scale that the reservoir size of 5 is insufficient, as the letters tend to be nearer to their actual location in the alphabetical order. If we put the reservoir size up to 10, we get more pleasing results:
$ readtest alphabet < <(printf '%s\n' {a..z}) | paste -sd ' '
a d e g i c k p o n h u v q x b w j z l m y r f t s
$ readtest alphabet < <(printf '%s\n' {a..z}) | paste -sd ' '
e b c h a k n l g r s q j u m i y d w f x v o z p t
Obviously this needs a little bit more work – one issue to contend with is the pipe buffering, and I don’t know if this completely/technically classifies as reservoir sampling per se, or simply a Fisher-Yates variant + a reservoir. This has allowed me to complete the first draft of my shuf function though, and as I’ve found no other shell based instances of reservoir sampling, I figured it’s best to put this out there.
Enjoy!
UPDATE: cat is an external tool and generally you should try to avoid calling external tools. The approach for not-cat‘ing this is to use a file descriptor. One of my rules-of-thumb for shell scripting is that if you’re reaching for a custom file descriptor, you should probably reach for another language. Example implementation as follows, it doesn’t seem to have any appreciable performance difference, however:
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
if [[ "$1" ]]; then
exec 6< "$1"
else
exec 6<&0
fi
mapfile -u 6 -n "${2:-100}" -t lineArray
while read -r -u 6 inLine; do
randInt=$(rand -M "${#lineArray[@]}")
(( randInt-- ))
printf '%s\n' "${lineArray[randInt]}"
lineArray[randInt]="${inLine}"
done
randArray=( $(rand -M "${#lineArray[@]}" -N "${#lineArray[@]}") )
for randInt in "${randArray[@]}"; do
(( randInt-- ))
printf '%s\n' "${lineArray[randInt]}"
done
exec 0<&6 6<&-
Probably the performance impact is caused by repeated calls to rand...
Categories: Geeking Out Lunix Lunacy
rawiri | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Erotemic Erotemic - 1 year ago 514
C++ Question
Using openmp on windows with mingw. Cannot find -lpthread
I have a CMake project which is using OpenMP and works on linux.
When I went to compile it on my windows machine it looked like CMake was having trouble finding the openmp flags for mingw's gcc.
I decided to try a smaller test case and just compile main_openmp.c
#include <omp.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
int id;
#pragma omp parallel private(id)
{
id = omp_get_thread_num();
printf("%d: Hello World!\n", id);
}
return 0;
}
Then when I try to compile
gcc -o OpenMPTest2 main_testomp.c -fopenmp
I get
>>> gcc -o OpenMPTest2 main_testomp.c -fopenmp
c:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/mingw32/4.8.1/../../../../mingw32/bin/ld.exe: cannot find -lpthread
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
I attempted to find the solution online and tried variants of -lgomp, -lpthreadgc2, and -lpthreadvc2, with no improvement.
I searched my C:\MinGw directory recursively for any filenames containing lpthread and got this:
C:\MinGW\bin\pthreadgc2.dll
C:\MinGW\bin\pthreadgce2.dll
C:\MinGW\var\cache\mingw-get\packages\pthreads-w32-2.9.1-1-mingw32-dll.tar.lzma
C:\MinGW\var\lib\mingw-get\data\mingw32-pthreads-w32.xml
I'm not sure if I'm missing a flag, or a package, or what I'm doing wrong. For good measure here is the output of gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=c:/mingw/bin/../libexec/gcc/mingw32/4.8.1/lto-wrapper.exe
Target: mingw32
Configured with: ../gcc-4.8.1/configure --prefix=/mingw --host=mingw32 --build=mingw32 --without-pic
--enable-shared --enable-static --with-gnu-ld --enable-lto --enable-libssp --disable-multilib --ena
ble-languages=c,c++,fortran,objc,obj-c++,ada --disable-sjlj-exceptions --with-dwarf2 --disable-win32
-registry --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs --with-gmp=/usr/src/pkg/gm
p-5.1.2-1-mingw32-src/bld --with-mpc=/usr/src/pkg/mpc-1.0.1-1-mingw32-src/bld --with-mpfr= --with-sy
stem-zlib --with-gnu-as --enable-decimal-float=yes --enable-libgomp --enable-threads --with-libiconv
-prefix=/mingw32 --with-libintl-prefix=/mingw --disable-bootstrap LDFLAGS=-s CFLAGS=-D_USE_32BIT_TIM
E_T
Thread model: win32
gcc version 4.8.1 (GCC)
Any idea what's wrong?
Answer Source
I was finally able to get things working.
First, using mingw-get I installed mingw32-pthreads-w32
This allowed me to use the -fopenmp flag with gcc.
But when using CMake I had to include the lines:
message(STATUS "Checking OpenMP")
find_package(OpenMP)
IF(OPENMP_FOUND)
message("Found OpenMP! ^_^")
# add flags for OpenMP
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} ${OpenMP_C_FLAGS}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${OpenMP_CXX_FLAGS}")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} ${OpenMP_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS}")
set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} ${OpenMP_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS}")
ELSE()
message("Missed OpenMP! x_x")
ENDIF()
as normal, but I also had to make sure I had the OpenMP_CXX_FLAGS in my target_link_libraries command
set(SOURCE_FILES
src/foo.cpp
src/bar.cpp
src/baz.cpp)
add_library(<mylib> SHARED ${SOURCE_FILES})
target_link_libraries(<mylib> ${OpenMP_CXX_FLAGS}) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Proof of Age
A Proof of Age was a mechanism during the Middle Ages in England by which heirs proved themself of legal age for inheritance purposes.
History
In medieval law, males reached legal adulthood when they were 21, and females at 14; the discrepancy lies in the fact that girls were more likely to marry when wards. This was a period where mandatory certification of birth was not a legal requirement, yet knowing when heirs to feudal estates were born was of great importance, as it could impact financially. If a person's father died before they were old enough to inherit, then they could be taken into wardship by the king and his estates into royal escheat. As such, proving one's age accurately was, according to Sue Sheridan Walker, "of the utmost legal, social and economic significance" in the efficient working of land law. Because there was no requirement to record births in writing, it was necessary to rely on living memory.
The earliest surviving Proofs of Age date from 1272, either at the very end of Henry III's reign or the beginning of Edward I's. In the early days, there was no fixed oversight for the hearing, and while the escheator and his staff was holding them from the start, so also was the Court of King's Bench, the curia regis and the peripatetic eyre courts. Likewise, witnesses' evidence was often not recorded, which means that for these we know that they remembered a birth or baptism, but not necessarily why. The mechanism as it was to remain appears to have been codified by the late 14th century. Proofs of Age inquiries, when being held into major landowners and scions of the nobility could involve at its greatest extent hundreds of officials, thousands of jurors, over many counties and multiple jurisdictions being involved.
Proof of Age hearings
The purpose of a Proof of Age inquisition was to establish the date of birth and thence the age of a feudal tenant-in-chief, often as part of the overall Inquisition post mortem legal process, which would establish whether he should be taken into ward. A supplicant to an inheritance had to apply to the escheator of his county of birth to prove his age, that is, that he had reached the age of majority. To do this, he, or someone on his behalf, submitted a writ de etate probanda into chancery; this effectively said, "it is about time". He would usually have his hearing, or inquisition, relatively promptly, possibly less than two months later. If there were no doubt in the matter, the escheator would generally accept the claim. If he doubted his eyes, the escheator might ask for certification as proof, although it is unknown what form this took. Medievalist Sue Sheridan Walker suggests that "written proof obviously was highly regarded and was used where it was at all possible"; Rosenthal states it holds a "privileged position" in the evidence, including not just the written document but a statement swearing it had been so recorded. Finally, the escheator could summon a jury of 12 men, all, by the nature of the proceeding, over 40 years old and knowing the supplicator, to decide the matter. The supplicator would swear his case before them—they were his "supported memories"—at a hearing. It is unknown whether witness depositions were taken individually or collectively, nor is it known whether they were themselves cross-examined. Witnesses performed a dual role. They both provided the evidence on which the litogant based his claim and adjudged the weight of the evidence and the cases outcome. Although a clear conflict of interest, it never appears to have been viewed an issue. This panel could comprise relatives and neighbours. If the litigant was a ward of the king, the supplicant would appear in chancery, and his witnesses would be examined under oath: sub sacramentum. For example, they may be asked not only if they know the age of the litigant but also why they remember. The witnesses would provide their own names and ages and testify with personal experience, to date the birth—and why they remember it—with examples of then-current events. The historian Joel Rosenthal has described the event as a "routinized and pro forma exercise", intended to elicit memory in favour of a would-be heir; it was both a legal mechanism—the hearing itself—and then a written record of the outcome of that mechanism. In the broad context of late medieval inheritance law, historian Michael Hicks has described proofs of age as "an indispensable mechanism for succession to land and for the administration and termination of feudal, and especially royal, wardships".
Rosenthal notes that by the 15th century, it was uncommon for such hearings to find against the supplicant; indeed, Walker has suggested that when a witness did oppose a claimed age, they were generally ignored. This had financial consequences for whoever had held the land during his minority, as they had to release the lands. Rosenthal notes, however, that the wardship holder rarely objected to this and was often acquiesced to without comment and without leading to subsequent lawsuits. Indeed, although custodians were invited to the hearing procedurally, they rarely did so, although they may have sent legal representation. It was also possible to take seisin of one's estates early or, as in the case of John, Duke of Suffolk in 1462, without needing to prove one's age at all. A fine could be paid by those born abroad in respite of proving their age. Proof of Age hearings could also be overturned at a later date, as was that of Thomas, Lord de Ros in 1427. This was granted on the grounds that his brother's IPM—from whom Thomas was inheriting—had misdated his birth in one county.
Testimonies
The escheator's first question to a witness was to establish "how he remembers this after so long a lapse of time". The vast majority of witnesses based their knowledge of the child's birth by the fact of their attendance at the subsequent baptism. This almost always took place the day after birth, and at the latest three days later. Witnesses often discussed the birth in detail; not simply place and date, for example, but also the priest's service, details of its preparation and anything else of significance. The information may not have always been first-hand; there is evidence of witnessing describing what they had been told, possibly by the family, the midwife or nurse, and even servants, especially to the supplicant's family, such as his nurse. In either case, whether they witnessed the event or not, they connected a baptism with something memorable, either of a personal or natural nature; pilgrimage is frequently a touchstone by which dates are remembered. Historical dates might also aid recollection; the coronation of Edward II and the witness's return from the Battle of Stirling Bridge were both given as reasons of remembrance. Other historical events might be of a more domestic nature; a fire in one witness's kitchhen was caused by the priest holding his first mass feast there on the day of a birth. Another witness recalled that he had been so badly beaten in school that he left education the next day, when the birth took place.
Sometimes, witnesses were not themselves present at a baptism but were in the surrounding area, where they might have witnessed the procession to or from the church. They may also recall the recording of the birth rather than the birth itself. Testimonies also provide examples of normal social interaction between neighbours that took place but were not necessarily directly related to the hearing itself. Witnesses may also have been responsible for reporting the news to others, for example, a local lord, especially as they were doubtlessly rewarded for bringing it. This might also apply to those delivering the good news to the baby's father, who would not be with the mother at the birth.
Disputes
Although the vast majority of Proof of Age inquisitions went off smoothly, there are occasional anomalies in the records. Some cases are far longer than might be expected. These can sometimes be accounted for by the necessity of performing—possibly multiple—IPMs before an heir can be established. There are other occasions, says Christine Carpenter, which would seem to indicate that "sinister motives were at work". For example, in the case of the Sumpter and Armburgh family of Warwickshire, there were repeated delays to every stage of an inquisition, which indicate now-invisible machinations, says Carpenter. Further up the social strata, although Henry, Earl of Somerset had died in 1418 at the Siege of Rouen, his IPM was not ordered for another seven years—and likewise neither was his brother and heir's Proof of Age. Carpenter speculates that "it was apparently again the impending majority of the heir" that provoked the law to take action. The legal delay to an inheritance of someone so close to the king could not have been accidental, she argues and was almost deliberately paused, per primer seisin, until no longer possible because the Beaufort estates were in the hands of John's mother Margaret. Although apparently uncommon, some supplicants are known to have been wholly fraudulent, although these are generally only known about when they were later charged with "maliciously, through suborned testimony, established a false age". Discovery appears to have been equally rare.
Use to historians
Proof of Age records can provide a valuable source of information to historians. They can reveal the mentality of often lower-class people whose thoughts would otherwise never make their way into the records. They can cast light on what people chose to remember, often years later, thus suggesting what they found important at the time. In Rosenthal's words, they "open a window on aspects of ordinary and everyday life", on people's "assumptions, habits and expectations". The precision and detail of many testimonies also tell against customary views of medieval people as being vague and perhaps slow thinking. They did not, Rosenthal notes, often refer to supernatural or mystical occurrences: the information testimonies provided was factual and "as it was—or at least as it might have been". This could include names—certainly a forename and often a surname too (rarely just "a man from the village”, for example), a felony, sometimes down to the time of day. This is information often not to be found elsewhere. However, statements were often marked by their brevity, and as such, the records record them formulaically, repeating language when someone had effectively the same recollection; what Hicks calls "snatches of memory". Even if only a sentence long, they can reveal both the commonplace and the exceptional in everyday medieval life, particularly those of the litigant's age, whose activities were often age-specific. They also demonstrate a degree of sophistication also cast light on the witnesses' own families, and a common point made is that the baptism ties in with a major family event, such as a pregnancy, birth, death or injury. One witness, for example, could confirm the date of a baptism on account of how "Margery his wife cried like an owl and broke her right shin". Witnesses' testimony may also cast light on their own economic circumstances particularly if they gifted the baby, or its mother, at the baptism. Conversely, parent may fix the date of a baptism in a witness's mind by presenting gifts, often with the deliberate intention of passing a future inqusition (in one example, a witness was given "a cartload of wood to witness and bear in mind the age of his son John", while in another, a "white greyhound to bear in mind his son's age" was gifted). Other business matters, such as the day a contract was taken out or expired, or a purchase or sale, could date the event.
The proofs occasionally mislead. In some cases, they are characterised by circular reasoning ("I remember Richard being born because my Isabelle is the same age", for example). Sometimes the testimonies might almost be fictitious, particularly those that are near-identical. These can not be disproven, however, by the nature of being unsubstantiated by evidence. Hicks gives the example of one Walter, son of Thomas Howse of Thorpe-le-Soken in Essex. At Walter's Proof of Age hearing one of the witnesses stated he remembered Walter's baptism because he was driving a hay cart the same day when he fell and broke his left arm. This says Hicks, on its merits as evidence, "seemed promising—until, inevitably, other such accidents with hay carts materialised, in all of which it was the left arm that was broken". Walker has described witnesses as "accident prone" earlier in life, commenting that these mishaps "harmed the body but sharpened the memory". Such mishaps often involved falling from horses and breaking the right leg; she also comments on the frequency with which the left arm was broken. Rosenthal concludes that escheators were "readilly convinced". However, Hicks concludes that to maintain credibility, the records had to be predominantly realistic, or no proof of age could ever have been established. The records may occasionally have been confused, particularly due to the speed with which baptisms occurred after birth. For instance, names of godparents expected to have been recorded by have been replaced by others if, for example—and appears to have been relatively frequent, says Deller—those planned for the role had not arrived in time. Also, by its nature, many years had passed, usually between 14 and 21, between the birth and the recollection.
Rosenthal has argued that Proof of Age testimonies allow historians to hear the voices of that rarely recorded medieval personage, the woman, "on whom so many of those male memories rely": memories that men garnered from their female relatives, midwives and other local woman. There are several Proofs that are submitted by women | WIKI |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 52.djvu/12
Shebbeare writer in 1754, with 'The Marriage Act,' a novel, dedicated to John, duke of Bedford, one of the chief opponents of Lord Hardwicke's reform. The author was imprisoned for his reflections on the legislature, but his book was reissued in 1755 as 'Matrimony,' and reappeared in 1766. Shebbeare followed up his success in 1756 by an attack on the Duke of Newcastle in the form of 'Letters on the English Nation, by Batista Angeloni, a Jesuit resident in London,' of which he professed to be the translator only. This political satire, modelled on Bolingbroke's writings against Walpole, alone entitled Shebbeare (in the opinion of Boswell) to a respectable name in literature. Meanwhile he attacked the ministry directly in the 'Monitor' and the 'Con-test,' as well as in a series of outspoken pamphlets entitled 'Letters to the People of England,' having, it was said, determined to write himself into a post or into the pillory (, Mem. George II, p. 153).
At the close of 1757, after Pitt's dismissal, Shebbeare issued his sixth letter, 'in which is shown that the present grandeur of France and calamities of this nation are owing to the influence of Hanover on the councils of England.' On 12 Jan. 1768 a general warrant was issued against the author, printer, and publisher. On 23 Jan. all copies of a seventh 'Letter' were seized and suppressed. On 17 June Shebbeare was tried for libel on an information laid against him by the attorney-general, Pratt, who on this occasion admitted the right of the jury to judge of the law. During the trial, as Walpole laments, Mansfield laid it down that satires on dead kings were punishable. In summing up he declared that the 'Letter' nearly approached high treason. On 28 Nov. Shebbeare was sentenced to a fine and three years' imprisonment, besides having to find security for good behaviour for seven years. He was also to stand in the pillory at Charing Cross on 5 Dec. Owing to the friendship of Beardmore, the under-sheriff, he was allowed to stand upright between the upper and lower boards of the pillory, while an Irish chairman held an umbrella over his head. At the end of an hour he retired amidst the cheers of the crowd, who had been invited by printed bills to come and see 'the British champion.' Beardmore was afterwards punished for his conduct (cf. Churchill's 'The Author,' quoted in Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 91). An anonymous squib appeared under the title 'Memoirs of the Pillory; being a consolatory Epistle to Dr. Shebbeare.' While in prison Shebbeare received subscriptions for a history of England, and actually composed one volume, which was not published. When attacked on the subject in a letter in the 'Public Advertiser' of 10 Aug. 1774 he excused himself chiefly on the ground of debts incurred in consequence of a lawsuit against Francis Gwyn, who had been concerned with him in the publication of an edition of Clarendon's 'History of the Reign of Charles II.' The book, for which Shebbeare wrote a strong tory introduction, was suppressed by an in- ' junction m chancery at the instance of the Duchess of Queensberry, and, though Shebbeare recovered expenses from Gwyn, half the sum went in costs. Notwithstanding his position, he refused to avail himself of the Insolvent Act. On his release he advocated peace with France, and attacked Wilkes. On 29 Feb. 1764 a memorial signed by several members of parliament was presented to George Grenvule in his favour,and Shebbeare was granted a pension of 200l. a year. The king, in reply to Sir John Philips, who made the application, is said to have spoken of Shebbeare 'in very favourable terms.' Almon's statement that a pension of 400l. had been previously granted by Bute seems doubtful (cf. Grenville Papers, ii. 271). Henceforth Shebbeare became a steady advocate of the measures of the court, and even assailed his old favourite, Pitt.
His most elaborately written work was 'The History of the Excellence and Decline of the Institutions, Religion, Laws, Manners, and Genius of the Sumatrans, and of the Restoration thereof in the reign of Amurath the Third,' 2 vols. 1763. It is a skilful exposure of the weak points in whig policy and administration, followed by a panegyric on George III and his ministers. In style it is a colourable imitation of Bolingbroke.
On 3 Aug. 1764 Walpole sent Lord Hertford a pamphlet written by Shebbeare under Grenville's direction, adding the remark, 'We do not ransack Newgate and the pillory for writers.' He speaks of him as engaged with Carteret Webbe, solicitor to the treasury, in writing against Pratt, the lord chief justice, in a paper called 'The Moderator" (Mem. George III, ed. Barker, i. 262). In 1766 Shebbeare offered to John Beard [q. v.], the manager of Covent Garden, a play he had written in early life, and its non-production led to the publication of the correspondence between them (1767). In 1768 he wrote for three months the reviews of books in the 'Political Register.' In 1770 Shebbeare published an 'Eighth Letter to the People of England.' He defended the American policy of George III against Price and Burke in the 'Public Advertiser' and elsewhere. The | WIKI |
Albin Köbis
Albin Köbis (18 December 1892 – 5 September 1917) was a German sailor executed in 1917 for incitement to rebellion in the Imperial German Navy.
Life
Köbis was born in Reinickendorf which was incorporated into Berlin in 1920. He worked as a mechanic and as a sailor on merchant ships until he enlisted as a volunteer in 1912. In the Imperial German Navy he served as a stoker on the battleship Prinzregent Luitpold. In the summer of 1917, he became one of the leaders of a movement among sailors in the imperial fleet, whose complaints about food and other conditions soon developed into agitation against the war. He was arrested and condemned to death for incitement to rebellion on 26 August 1917 as a main ringleader along with Max Reichpietsch and three other sailors. The sentences on the other three were commuted to penal servitude, but Köbis and Reichpietsch were executed by firing squad on 5 September 1917.
These executions were denounced as naval judicial murders by Marxist politicians and newspapers, and helped trigger the Naval Mutinies of 1918, which led to the German Revolution of 1918–1919. This has made Köbis and Reichpietsch heroes of the German socialist movement.
Commemoration
After World War II the name of a street in Berlin-Tiergarten was renamed Köbisstrasse.
A television play about the case, Marinemeuterei 1917, was shown on West German television in 1969, directed by Hermann Kugelstadt and starring Dieter Wilken as Köbis and Karl-Heinz von Hassel as Reichpietsch. | WIKI |
Bipolar Disorder Side Effects, Severity and Treatment
In order to fully understand bipolar disorder, and develop a true sense of how the disease can inform a person’s life, consider the case of Vincent van Gogh. The artist experienced periods of profound creativity, where he spoke incessantly, wrote hundreds of letters and completed multiple paintings each day. Those periods of mania were quickly followed by deep valleys of depression, when van Gogh found it hard to eat, sleep or relax. While the disease provided the artist with moments of intense pleasure, and his increased energy levels may have allowed him to create some of the most beautiful images in all of Western art, this productivity came at a high price. In fact, experts believe he died at his own hand at the end of such a depressive episode.
Today, over 10 million people in the United States have bipolar disorder, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. These people may face many of the same symptoms felt by van Gogh, and they may be at high risk of damage due to their disease, but each year scientists learn more about the disease. In fact, there are many treatments available that can ease symptoms and allow someone with bipolar disorder to live a normal life.
Mania and Depression
Cycling between periods of happiness (known as mania) and periods of depression, regardless of what is happening in the person’s life, is the hallmark of bipolar disease.
Everyone experiences a bit of mood cycling during the day. A person might wake up feeling happy and relaxed, and then become tense and angry during their morning commute. This is all quite normal. People with bipolar disorder, by contrast, may experience deep and significant mood cycles for no reason at all.
During the manic phase, the person might feel:
• Elated and happy
• Motivated to achieve goals
• Impulsive and likely to drink too much or spend too much money
• Grandiose or powerful
• Extremely chatty
• Very energetic
• Sexually charged
• Unable to concentrate
During the depressive phase, by contrast, the person might feel:
• Profoundly sad and hopeless
• Sluggish and sleepy
• Anxious or worried
• Guilty or ashamed about deeds done during mania
• Painful
• Unable to eat
• Irritable
• Isolated and alone
The disease can vary quite a bit from person to person. Some find that the depression is of major concern, while others are concerned about their behavior during manic episodes. Some people seek out help on their own, during the moments when they feel relatively stable and calm. Others never seek treatment.
Severity of the Disease
Typically, doctors place people with bipolar disease into one of four groups:
• Bipolar I. People with this form of the disease swing wildly between mania and depression, and they have significant difficulty staying in relationships, performing in school or holding down jobs.
• Bipolar II. This form of the disease is somewhat more mild. People may be able to hold down jobs or stay in relationships, but they may struggle with depression periodically.
• Cyclothemia. This is the mildest form of bipolar disorder. Here, people may have disruptions in their lives due to the disease, but they may not feel extreme highs or lows.
• Rapid cycling. People with this form of the disease may move between the two states incredibly rapidly, sometimes even moving between euphoria and depression in the same day.
Without treatment, the disease tends to become more severe with time. Often, the disease begins in childhood and it can be difficult for doctors to spot the disease in people who are young. Children with bipolar disorder may experience symptoms such as explosive anger, long periods of weeping and inability to focus. These nonspecific symptoms are easy to pass off as common childhood moodiness.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, at least half of all people who are diagnosed with bipolar disease developed the illness when they were younger than 25.
Without treatment, the periods of mania and depression may come closer together. Symptoms might also become more severe. Instead of just feeling powerful, for example, a manic person might become convinced that she is famous and loved by fans, and she might try to hug strangers and give autographs. During the depressive phase, this same person might find it hard to get out of bed.
Side Effects
People who have bipolar disorder often have difficulty controlling their weight. In fact, according to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58 percent of bipolar people studied were overweight, 21 percent were obese and five percent were extremely obese. Because of their additional weight, these patients had higher rates of arthritis and high blood pressure. The disease might make it simply too difficult for the people to care for their physical health as they should.
Having bipolar disease is a significant risk factor for suicide. During a depressive episode, when the world seems hopeless and the person has an inability to believe that things will get better, suicide may seem like a valid option. A study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry demonstrated a clear link between bipolar disorder and suicide, but interestingly, researchers also found that the death rate from any cause was higher in people who had bipolar disorder than people who did not. In other words, having bipolar disorder had such a profound impact on those studied that they died at higher rates from any cause, not just suicide. The disease seems to make it impossible for people to care for themselves properly and avoid premature death.
During a period of mania, some people with bipolar disease commit crimes or acts of violence. They have become detached from reality during these episodes and they may be completely unable to tell right from wrong. They may hurt others during these periods, and face significant law enforcement intrusion as a result, or they may be hurt during these episodes during fierce battles with bystanders or police. Injuries during psychosis are a real and terrible problem for people with bipolar disorder.
Risk Factors
Almost anyone can get bipolar disorder, but it does seem to be a disease that runs in families. It could be that there is a genetic marker that researchers could find that would help explain why some people develop bipolar disorder and others do not, and that research is still ongoing.
Currently, scientists do know that certain parts of the brain look different in people with bipolar disease. One study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry found that people who had bipolar disorder had an enlargement in the part of the brain called the amygdala. This part of the brain is concerned with regulating mood, and it’s possible that people with bipolar disorder are receiving too many signals of this sort from this swollen part of their brain. The researchers report that the amygdala changes were the same across the study sample, regardless of how long the patients had been living with bipolar disease, and this suggests that the amygdala changes somehow caused, rather than were caused by, the bipolar disorder. More research must be done in this area to make the connection clear.
Some people suggest that there must be some sort of trigger that causes bipolar disease. The people may be born with a genetic propensity to develop the disease, but with the propensity in place, they need some sort of push to actually progress the symptoms of the disorder. Experiencing a traumatic event, such as being the victim of an assault, might be enough of a trigger to cause symptoms.
Treatment Options
Living with someone who has bipolar disorder can be stressful and confusing. You might wonder what has happened to propel the person into a deep depression, and you might be confused when the person is unable to articulate the cause for the depression.
During a manic phase, you might be worried for your own safety or the safety of your children, and you might feel guilty for these feelings. In short, living with someone with bipolar disorder can be both confusing and dangerous, and it’s not a situation that should be allowed to continue. The person can get better, and the whole family can heal, if the person enters a targeted treatment program for bipolar disorder.
Medications often form the cornerstone of treatment for people with bipolar disorders. These medications can help soothe the connections between the brain, helping the person to stay calm during mania and stay positive during depression. Some people may simply never cycle again once they begin treatment, and this could be real and incredible help. Getting help early in the disease is key, however, as the longer the disease progresses, the harder it seems to be to reverse. Often, this means family members must step in and help the person access needed treatment. We can help you have that conversation. Call us today to find out more about real treatments that can help the person you love. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Template talk:Caribbean topics
The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands, and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America. Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:49, 5 March 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
ETFs Could Be Ideal ESG Vehicles for New Investors
It’s the recipient of much derision, but environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing has plenty of supporters. It’s also piqued the interest of an increasingly large number of values-driven market participants, many of whom are new investors.
Those investors, plenty of whom are younger and part of the Millennial and Gen Z demographics, can be considered ESG-interested. They’re also in need of some ESG education and best practices for accessing this investment style. Enter exchange traded funds such as the Invesco ESG Nasdaq 100 ETF (QQMG) and the Invesco ESG NASDAQ Next Gen 100 ETF (QQJG).
Both QQMG and QQJG provide investors, including newbies, with appropriate and tangible ways to access the sustainable investing umbrella while helping to clarify some of the confusion surrounding ESG investing.
“Under the sustainable umbrella you’ll find strategies that remove a few ‘bad actor’ companies from otherwise broad indexes, as well as funds that invest in companies they see as furthering a particular environmental goal, such as providing clean water,” reported Ryan Ermey for CNBC.
QQMG, QQJG -- ESG Options for New Investors
Speaking of ESG confusion, it lingers in the marketplace today. As this style of investing evolves, experts are pointing out important differences between ESG and sustainability, socially responsible investing (SRI), and impact asset allocation.
As noted above, ESG is broad. Sustainability often focuses on environmental and climate issues, while SRI can encompass some elements of ESG. It’s a lot for any investor, especially a novice, to digest. Those issues speak to the advantages of broad, efficient approaches such as those offered by QQJG and QQMG.
“Funds with an ESG framework typically seek to invest in companies that score highly on environmental, social and governance criteria. That typically means they’re working to reduce their environmental impact, treat employees and customers well, value corporate diversity and align their policies with the interest of shareholders,” according to CNBC.
Another benefit of QQJG and QQMG is that the point that these are passive funds adhering to index’s ESG methodology. That can minimize greenwashing. Conversely, some active fund managers may take liberties in an effort to position a fund as “ESG credible.” That can create scenarios in which there’s too much of a good thing or not enough ESG credibility.
Bottom line: More investors are interested in embracing ESG, but they need a foundation with which to do so. Some ETFs, including QQJG and QQMG, can provide that support.
For more news, information, and analysis, visit the ETF Education Channel.
Read more on ETFtrends.com.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Tutorial: Device Change Check
Device Change Check
Feature Description
Starting from v4.6.2, the SDK can detect camera and mic connection/disconnection based on the browser's native devicechange event and automatically resume stream capturing and push at appropriate points of time. Below is the specific logic:
1. If a camera/mic that is currently pushing a stream is disconnected, the SDK will try to use the remaining available media devices to resume stream capturing and push.
2. If there are no available media devices after the camera/mic is disconnected, the SDK will detect device connection. When a new available media device is connected, the SDK will try to use it to resume stream capturing and push.
3. If resumption fails, the error DEVICE_AUTO_RECOVER_FAILED will be thrown.
This document describes how to detect device connection/disconnection based on the browser's native devicechange event and remind the user to check devices at appropriate points of time.
Implementation Process
1. Use TRTC.getDevices to get a device list.
2. Listen for the browser's native event: devicechange.
3. Get anthor device list again when devicechange event fired. And then, compare it with the device list obtained in the first step, you will get the list of added/removed devices.
4. Use LocalStream.getVideoTrack and MediaStreamTrack.getSettings() to get the camera deviceId of LocalStream, and compare it with the list of removed devices obtained in step 3 to determine whether the currently used device has been removed.
Sample Code
Getting Lists of Added and Removed Devices
When a device changes, the devicechange event will be triggered. By comparing the device lists before and after the devicechange event, you can detect the added or removed devices.
// 1. Save a device list
let prevDevices = await TRTC.getDevices();
// 2. Listen on the device change event
navigator.mediaDevices.addEventListener('devicechange', async () => {
// 3. Get the changed device list after a device changes for comparison with `prevDevices`
const devices = await TRTC.getDevices();
// 4. List of added devices
const devicesAdded = devices.filter(device => prevDevices.findIndex(({ deviceId }) => device.deviceId === deviceId) < 0);
// 5. List of removed devices
const devicesRemoved = prevDevices.filter(prevDevice => devices.findIndex(({ deviceId }) => prevDevice.deviceId === deviceId) < 0);
if (devicesAdded.length > 0) {
handleDevicesAdded(devicesAdded);
}
if (devicesRemoved.length > 0) {
handleDevicesRemoved(devicesRemoved);
}
prevDevices = devices;
});
Processing Lists of Added and Removed Devices
function handleDevicesAdded(devicesAdded) {
devicesAdded.forEach(device => {
if (device.kind === 'audioinput') {
// Notify the user of the detected newly connected mic. If the user wants to switch to the new device, call the `localStream.switchDevice` API for switch
} else if (device.kind === 'videoinput') {
// Notify the user of the detected newly connected camera. If the user wants to switch to the new device, call the `localStream.switchDevice` API for switch
}
});
}
function handleDevicesRemoved(devicesRemoved) {
devicesRemoved.forEach(device => {
if (device.kind === 'audioinput') {
// Notify the user of the detected disconnected mic
if (isCurrentMicrophoneRemoved(device.deviceId)) {
// The currently used mic is disconnected
}
} else if (device.kind === 'videoinput') {
// Notify the user of the detected disconnected camera
if (isCurrentCameraRemoved(device.deviceId)) {
// The currently used camera is disconnected
}
}
});
}
Checking Whether the Currently Used Device Is disconnected
You can use the MediaStreamTrack.getSettings() method to get the deviceId currently used by LocalStream and compare it with deviceId in the devicesRemoved list to check whether currently used device is disconnected.
// Check whether the currently used mic is disconnected
// `microphoneIdRemoved` is the `deviceId` of the disconnected mic
function isCurrentMicrophoneRemoved(microphoneIdRemoved) {
const audioTrack = localStream.getAudioTrack();
if (audioTrack && audioTrack.getSettings().deviceId === microphoneIdRemoved) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
// Check whether the currently used camera is disconnected
// `cameraIdRemoved` is the `deviceId` of the disconnected camera
function isCurrentCameraRemoved(cameraIdRemoved) {
const videoTrack = localStream.getVideoTrack();
if (videoTrack && videoTrack.getSettings().deviceId === cameraIdRemoved) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
UPDATE 1-India's HDFC AMC soars in blockbuster trading debut
* Shares surge 67 pct in first day of trading after $408 mln IPO * Investors bullish on mutual fund managers amid record inflows (Adds details, background) By Tanvi Mehta and Devidutta Tripathy BENGALURU/NEW DELHI, Aug 6 (Reuters) - HDFC Asset Management Co Ltd’s shares soared 67 percent on the first day of trading on Monday after a $408 million initial public offering last month, reflecting bullish investor sentiment on Indian mutual fund managers who have seen record inflows in recent months. HDFC AMC, the second-biggest mutual fund manager by assets under management, and its peers in the $344 billion sector have benefited from Indians moving away from traditional investment avenues such as real estate and gold to financial savings. A shock scrapping of high-value banknotes in November 2016 has also helped boost inflows for mutual fund managers whose assets under management doubled in the three years to March 2018. HDFC AMC, which is the most profitable in the 43-player sector, also stands out because of its higher proportion of equity assets. “It’s been a fairy tale right from the word go,” said Jagannadham Thunuguntla, senior vice president and head of research (wealth) at Centrum Broking, of the HDFC AMC IPO. “It is a top-of-the-league AMC with a strong brand name and parentage. It is a clear proxy to Indian financialisation,” he said, adding that the stock’s strong trading debut should help the IPO market going forward. By 0549 GMT, HDFC AMC shares were trading at 1,808 rupees, 64 percent higher than the IPO issue price of 1100 rupees, after having risen to a peak of 1,835 rupees. The IPO, which closed on July 27, was subscribed 83 times, indicating a strong market debut. The AMC’s parent, Housing Development Finance Corp , and group company HDFC Bank are among investor favourites. Another group company, HDFC Standard Life Insurance, listed last November and is up nearly 68 percent from its IPO price. Including the HDFC AMC IPO, Indian companies have raised $4.8 billion from primary markets so far this year, following a record $11 billion initial share sales in 2017. HDFC AMC’s two biggest shareholders - mortgage lender Housing Development Finance Corp Ltd and Standard Life Aberdeen Plc - sold a combined 12 percent stake in the IPO. Last year, HDFC AMC’s smaller rival Reliance Nippon Life Asset Management Ltd raised 15.42 billion rupees in an IPO that also saw strong interest from investors. ($1 = 68.6075 Indian rupees) (Reporting by Tanvi Mehta and Devidutta Tripathy; Additional reporting by Gaurav Dogra in Bengaluru; Editing by Subhranshu Sahu) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
In our last article, we looked at two of the most famous women in mathematics–Hypatia of Alexandria and Sophie Germain– in terms of defining strength and wisdom for the many women mathematicians that would follow in the decades and centuries to come.
And, so many did follow. What we would like to do in this article is to mention just some of our favorites women in mathematics, and the contributions they have made to illuminate mathematics and promote its deep inquiry and fascination.
Of the nine mathematicians in our Missions, the most popular activity in our platform, two are prominent women mathematicians. One is Sophie Germain, and the other is Ada Lovelace.
If any time you have downloaded some electronica, you may want to remember Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace (1815–1852).
Now that is a name that automatically demands attention! But Ada Lovelace was more than a name of nobility, she was a brilliant thinker, whose insights helped make the world’s first calculating machine, the Analytical Engine–a precursor to modern computers. In fact, it was her mother that encouraged her to study mathematics and not the poetry legacy that was in her family. Luckily for the world, she took her mother’s advice!
Julia Robinson’s (1919–1985) early education was interrupted more than once by illness. One bout of rheumatic fever required a year of recuperation and would continue to affect her health. When Robinson returned to school in the ninth grade, she developed an interest in math. She graduated high school with honors in math and science classes, then eventually attended Berkeley. Julia Robinson’s career was illustrious, and she spent a good chunk of her life working on one of the 23 Hilbert problems. The Hilbert problems were proposed in the summer of 1900 by David Hilbert, and were a call to the mathematical community to have all of these solved by the end of the 20th century. The problem that Robinson worked on was the Tenth problem, and it took her and a team of three other mathematicians over twenty years to solve it. That is persistence! Her lasting legacy is that a math festival in her name was created in 2007 to spread the joy of K to 12 mathematics.
Thankfully, due to Hollywood and the movie Hidden Figures, the world now knows about the astounding work that was done by women of color in helping NASA early on its space program. When Katherine Johnson (born 1918) wanted to study math, she faced a big obstacle. White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, where she lived, did not offer schooling for black students past eighth grade. So, her father drove his family 120 miles so she could attend a high school in another town, leaving Katherine and her mother there while he continued to work in White Sulphur Springs. The math prodigy graduated by the age of 14. Just like a young Sophie Germain had been blocked by her parents to study math, Katherine Johnson faced obstacles as well–but only bigger and more systemic. Her knowledge of the field of mathematics called analytic geometry was so impressive that she was assigned to an all-male flight research team, and helped calculate the trajectory of Alan Shepherd’s first trip into space.
Mary Jackson (1921–2005) grew up in Hampton, Virginia, graduating with honors from high school and receiving a bachelor’s degree from Hampton Institute in mathematics and physical science. She was hired as a research mathematician at the NACA campus in Langley, and was eventually promoted to aerospace engineer, specializing in aerodynamics. While she reached her pinnacle as an engineer, she devoted the rest of her career in helping minorities accessing their full potential with mathematics.
As a girl, Maryam Mirzakhani (1977-2017) was not very interested in math, and dreamt of being a writer. “I never thought I would pursue mathematics until my last year in high school,” Mirzakhani told The Guardian. This is important to share as it shows that mathematical light can come to anyone at anytime.
The choice turned out to be a wise one: In 2014 she became the first woman and the first Iranian honored with the prestigious Fields Medal, awarded for her work on hyperbolic geometry—a non-Euclidean geometry used to explore concepts of space and time.
Unfortunately, the light of Maryam Mirzakhani was gone in 2017, as she succumbed to the cancer that had already made her weak when she won the Fields Medal. Her passing was so tragic and significant, that she made the front page of every single Iranian newspaper.
We hope that the stories of these women in mathematics and so many others inspire all students to see the extraordinary achievements that can be achieved even with hardships, discrimination, and sadly, even illness. We believe that all mathematics is available to all, and everyone involved in math education should work hard in communicating that idea everyday! | FINEWEB-EDU |
Z11
Konrad Zuse. Biography. Contributions. Zuse-Companies. Z3r. Tour-Zuse-Computer. Z23 Crosses Altlantic. Early Computers. Neumann vs Konrad Zuse. Impressum and Contact. Professor Dr.-Ing. habil.
Horst Zuse
Z11
First machine of the Zuse KG in serial production. Manufactured in Neukirchen Kreis Huenfeld.
In 1955 it was a machine with relays and stepwise relays. The programs for the consolidation of farming were implemented by the hardware (stepwise relays).
Later, from 1957, the Z11 was freely programmable by punchtapes.
It was a very successful machine and was sold 48 times. And was the financial base for the development of the Z22.
Z11 (German)
Zuse-Computer (German)
Z1.
Goto the Z22 ...
Name of Machine
Z11 (1955-61)
Implementation
Realys and stepwise relays.
Frequency
10-20 Hertz, mechanically
Arithmetic Unit
Floating point arithmetic, 27 bits word length incl. Mantissa and expoent.
Average calculation Speed
Input
Punchtape (from 1957) and decimal numbers.
Output
Decimal numbers
Word Length
27 bits
Elements
654 relays and 28 stepwise relays.
Memory
Relays, ca. 20 numbers.
Power Consumption
2000W
Weight
800KG
Area of Application
Consolidation of farming, optical industry, insurance companies
Sold
48 pieces.
Costs
120.000 DM
Links
Zuse-Computer (English)
Zuse-Computer (German)
Konrad Zuses Work on a DVD
Cpmments
First in a serie produced computer in Germany. In 1957 followed the freely programming facility via a punch tape. Before this time the formulas were programmed by the hardware via stepwise relays. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Does the surface (grit-blasted, plasma-sprayed, porous metal, porous beaded and hydroxyapatite (HA) coated) of uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) components influence the rate of subsequent surgical site infections/periprosthetic joint infections (SSIs/PJIs)?
Does the surface (grit-blasted, plasma-sprayed, porous metal, porous beaded and hydroxyapatite (HA) coated) of uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) components influence the rate of subsequent surgical site infections/periprosthetic joint infections (SSIs/PJIs)?
Authors: Valentin Antoci, Constantinos Ketonis
RECOMMENDATION: The surface roughness, including porosity size, geometry and symmetry determines biocompatibility. Several studies have shown that the surface material influences bacterial adherence, with an ideal pore size dependent on bacterial size. Too small a pore size does not allow bacterial lodging. In recent studies, nanotexture of material has been found to be important with some surfaces with nanotubules showing anti-infective properties.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Limited
DELEGATE VOTE: Agree: 61%, Disagree: 20%, Abstain: 19% (Super Majority, Weak Consensus)
hk33
%d bloggers like this: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Kievan Rus'
The modern nations of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus’ as their cultural ancestor.
Only Ukraine is the cultural successor of Kievan Rus. Back then, there were no states like today's Belarus or Russia. Kyivan Rus is also known as Rus' or the Land of the Cossacks. The Cossacks were Ukrainians. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:27, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
* Would be much better if you could provide reliable sources supporting your claims. 2A00:1FA0:4300:8A1C:17A8:85A7:642:FD95 (talk) 02:00, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
* I believe Plokhy’s The Origins of the Slavic Nations talks about in what ways this is true, and the limits in how meaningful it is, in the context of competing national claims. Probably his Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History too. —Michael Z. 03:29, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
* Plokhy is arguing that Ukraine is the only cultural successor of Kievan Rus'? Can you provide pages where he makes such claim? Marcelus (talk) 08:17, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
* re: Plokhy is arguing that Ukraine is the only cultural successor of Kievan Rus'?, I don't think that is what Michael was saying this, he's pretty clear in his comment, talks about in what ways this is true, and the limits in how meaningful it is. I'm not seeing anything that indicates he is stating the above. // Timothy :: talk 09:26, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
* Plokhy says "none of the three", which is definitely a non-orthodox position. There are other positions, such as one by Mykhailo Hrushevsky (same link). But it is true that all of them "claim". There is no problem on the page. My very best wishes (talk) 19:58, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
* The article says not a word about this besides the lede, which strikes me as weird. Don't we say that a lede is a summary of article text? And while writing this, I noticed that the article does not have section "Culture". We do have Culture of Kievan Rus'. How about a couple of words here, following Summary style? And speaking about cultural ancestry, it looks like uk-wikipedians don't feel it: we have Культура Древней Руси and Культура Старажытнай Русі, but there is no article uk:Культура Київської Русі. - Altenmann >talk 03:58, 12 January 2024 (UTC)
* Compare maps of Kievan/Kyivan Rus' from the 9th to 13th century, the period of it's existance under the name(s), and modern maps of our countries. Geographically, Kievan/Kyivan Rus' was in the place of many sections of modern countries, not entirely composing of any of them. Since Kievan/Kyivan Rus' did not strictly develop into anything we have now, as it was fragmented during & after the Mongolian Invasion, it should be resonable to assume that the people of Kievan/Kyivan Rus' ended up seperated. With the seperation of the people, the culture that was once the entirety of Kievan/Kyivan Rus' would now be in multiple different locations that would eventually go on to be what we have now. I sincerely doubt every single tradition and the generations of people who practiced them somehow migrated over to where Modern Ukraine currently resides.
* And the comment of the Cossacks... Where is the evidence for this claim? Additionally, what does that have to do with Kievan/Kyivan Rus'? The area was significantly larger than where it is thought the Cossacks originated. Culture could have still been carried by other groups of people as well... Dasymutilla (talk) 00:15, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
* But it is misunderstanding of what Kyivan Rus' was. It was like any empire, with an ethnic core which was in Central Ukraine. Only tribe in Central Ukraine called themself Rus', no other slavic tribe called themself Rus', they were conquered by this Ukrainian tribe and payed tribute, war contribution to Kyiv. After Mongol invasion, western Ukrainian will identify themself as Kingdom of Rus', as considering themself as one nation with Central Ukrainians. That's how Kyivan Rus' became Ukraine. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:14, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
All of this is off-topic. Talk pages are WP:NOTFORUM. NLeeuw (talk) 15:17, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
Article Incorporation
I suggest the articles Kievan Rus' law, Kievan Rus' ornament, Culture of Kievan Rus', Christianization of Kievan Rus', and Architecture of Kievan Rus' all be incorporated into the main article. I am not about to argue about semantics, and it is my understanding that all articles refer to roughly the same period of the same geographic location. If this suggestion is not agreed with, why does this article not have the extent of information contained in the others? This is especially true for the Culture of Kievan/Kyivan Rus' (by which I refer to the nation mentioned in this article), which would be considerably important information for those seeking the information without warranting confusion. Dasymutilla (talk) 00:26, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
* Wikipedia is not a paper book to put everything into a single text. In Wikipedia we split big subjects into reasonably-sized subtopics. Please read WP:Summary style. - Altenmann >talk 00:33, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
* Fair enough, although the ladder section is still being asked. Why is the Culture of Kievan/Kyivan Rus' not even mentioned? The WP:Summary style mentions tying the information to a "parent article", which would be the primary article of whatever sub-topic relates to/came from, which doesn't exist in this article. There is a reference to Culture of Kievan Rus' for "further reading" in the #Society section but the category does not really mention any relation to cultural aspects. It's the same with each of the other articles proposed: Where are the references to the seperate information in the main article? Dasymutilla (talk) 01:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
* Why is the Culture of Kievan/Kyivan Rus' not even mentioned? It is: Kievan Rus'. Per WP:TOOLONG, the current article is almost too long with 12,514 words. If it grows beyond 15,000 words, it Almost certainly should be divided or trimmed. If you think the current text does not mention enough about culture, you should trim it elsewhere to make room for it. Trimming may only be done if it is unnecessary or WP:UNDUE material. Please be careful. NLeeuw (talk) 15:15, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
Kyivan, not kievan.
Kyivan, not kievan. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:32, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
* Sorry, no. Historical, well established names in English sources cannot be changed, per wikipedia policies. - Altenmann >talk 20:33, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
* If I got a euro for every time someone posted a message on this talk page saying it should be Kyivan instead of Kievan, I could buy a train ticket to Kyiv by now. The WP:COMMONNAME is not gonna change any time soon (even though trends have been observed in that direction recently, they are not significant enough yet). NLeeuw (talk) 05:13, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
Adding the historical, triangular red banner of Kievan Rus according to frescoes from the chronicles to the article
Vbokivs (talk) 07:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
* That is wp:or. Medieval polities did not have flags in the modern sense.—-Ermenrich (talk) 12:42, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
* It's a banner, though. Shouldn't it be uploaded nonetheless? Vbokivs (talk) 12:45, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
* No it shouldn't be. It's just a random banner, nothing indicates it was used by Kievan Rus' princes. On the second picture it's clearly used by two sides. Also those pictures are from 15th century. Marcelus (talk) 13:11, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
* Ermenrich and Marcelus are correct. Unless you can show a banner, flag or coat of arms to have been used historically, probably in roll of arms / armorial, it is mere speculation to suggest that a simple monocoloured flag used by multiple sides was "the" banner of all of Kievan Rus'. NLeeuw (talk) 14:25, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
* It is not a random banner at all. My sources are the miniatirues from a very significant source called the Primary Chronicle - "Radziwiłł Chronicle" and an icon called «Богоматерь Знамение» (Битва новгородцев с суздальцами). The triangular flag was the most common type of battle flag of Rus (so in the plural the inhabitants of Kievan Rus' were called). The banner marked the middle of the army. It was guarded by banner bearers. From afar it was visible - whether the squad was defeated (the banner fell down) or the battle was successful (the banner ‘stretched like clouds’). The shape of the banner could also be in the form of a trapezoid, and also with three or two triangular wedges of cloth. Vbokivs (talk) 06:24, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* [[File:Victory of the bogatyr of Russia over the Pecheneg warrior; flight of the Pechenegs from the army of Vladimir Svyatoslavich.png|thumb]]
* Another fragment from the Primary Chronicle. Vbokivs (talk) 06:29, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* Historical chronicles describe and depict the flags of Russia as triangular red cloths of different lengths. Even if the miniatures are from 15th century, they depict events that happened during Kievan Rus' existence. In Rus, instead of the words ‘flag’ and ‘banner’ the word ‘styag’ was used, because the army was pulled together under it. Nonetheless, it is the same as a flag. Vbokivs (talk) 06:40, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* We need a source that explicitly says that the red triangle was the banner of Rus'.
* The ru-wiki article actually says that banners of various colours were used, but unfortunately there is no inline citation. Alaexis¿question? 08:23, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* I mean, they appear red in all of the miniatures, why does that not count as a source? Vbokivs (talk) 10:23, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* The colour of the Rus' military banners was predominantly red, but rarely also blue and green. Vbokivs (talk) 10:41, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* It was, factually, the symbol that represented Rus'. Vbokivs (talk) 10:42, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* The part about multiple colours you are referring to from the article is related to the beginning of Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov's rule. So it is not about Kievan Rus, but rather Tsardom of Russia. Vbokivs (talk) 10:45, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.09,_p.302_-_Battle_of_the_Vozha_River_(1378).png#/media/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.09,_p.302_-_Battle_of_the_Vozha_River_(1378).png
* Here is another miniature from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, but it doesn't depict something that happened in the Kievan Rus', but rather a conflict that happened between the Moscow Principality in 1378 and the Golden Horde. They are using that exact red triangular banner because the Rus' army used it even before the Mongol invasion and the Moscow Principality continued this. Vbokivs (talk) 10:54, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* This is still all original research. You can’t use your own interpretation of primary source images to add material to Wikipedia. Please review our policies on wp:reliable sources and wp:original research.-Ermenrich (talk) 11:06, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* Nothing other than the last part is my interpretation. I've looked at the miniatures from the chronicles. Vbokivs (talk) 11:21, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* Everything you've said is original research. You have no source stating that the Rus' used a red triangular banner, only your own observation of primary source images that were made hundreds of years after the end of Kievan Rus.--Ermenrich (talk) 12:39, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* Seconded. I was going to write the same: we need scholarly sources that say what this triangle was. - Altenmann >talk 15:42, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* Agreed. No scholars mention flag of "Kievan Rus". - Altenmann >talk 18:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
On a side note, what did this long narrow triangular banner mean? - Altenmann >talk 18:01, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
* "Tasty ice-cream for sale at the shop around the corner! Now at a discount of 23 grivny apiece! Check out our new flavour "Vladislav, Baby Don't Hurt Me!"
* Seriously though, I haven't got a clue. Seems like the illustrator of the Radziwiłł Chronicle just used the most vivid colour on his palette to paint some but not all of these flags with. Red tends to be best noticeable from a distance in all kinds of weather conditions. It's one of the leading theories of why the Dutch Prince's Flag, originally orange white light-blue, changed to red white dark-blue at sea (which in turn inspired the modern Russian white blue red flag) so that it was better recognisable in the distance, regardless of sun glare, fog, mist, or cloudy skies.
* Отсечение руки Боголюбского.jpg'' miniature, Andrey Bogolyubsky's left arm is cut off by his assassins, although the texts claim his "right hand" was cut off. A 1965 autopsy of Andrey's body confirmed the left arm showed many cut marks.]]
* There is no reason to believe the illustrator got everything right. For example, the Radziwiłł Chronicle, Suzdalian Chronicle (Laurentian text) and Kievan Chronicle all agree that shortly before Andrey Bogolyubsky was murdered, "Peter cut off his right hand." Yet, the adjoining illustration shows his left arm being cut off. I kid you not. Read the details at Andrey Bogolyubsky. We really, really can't take these illustrations in the Radziwiłł Chronicle at face value, no matter how beautiful and unique they are. NLeeuw (talk) 21:37, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* I agree that the color may be fake, but I don't think the overall shape of these long narrow triangles were invented.... and finally I found these in wp: Pennon and Oriflamme. - Altenmann >talk 22:57, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
* Yeah, I agree, the color might be fake, and no studies I know of explicably state that it was THE color of Rus' banners. But if it were so so, it would make even more sense that both the Novgorod Republic and the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the future had used red, triangular banners Vbokivs (talk) 07:32, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
* Oh, hey, on the ruwiki article (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Знамя) there is some info. Styag or fringes - a military banner in ancient Russia in the form of a pole with a bundle of horse hair, a wedge of brightly coloured cloth, an animal figure or other object fixed on it. The most important characteristic of a flag is to be clearly visible from afar. And then this image is attached, Червленый стяг XII в.png with the description "Scarlet styag of the Russian druzhina. XII century. Chronicle drawing". Vbokivs (talk) 07:59, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
* Used a translator to translate the Russian text. Rus'*, not Russia. Vbokivs (talk) 08:00, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
* Also found this on the Ruwiki (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Стяг_(знамя): ‘Styag is an Old East Slavic derivation from styagati - “to pull down”. Styag literally means ‘that which pulls down’ (cf. dial. styag - ‘a pole, which is used to pull down hay on a cart’).
* Later on the styag began to fasten large pieces of brightly coloured fabrics in the shape of a wedge. On the upper end of the styag was set a metal spike. The image of the Life-Giving Cross was stitched on the cloth, and a quiff, coloured with bright paint, was tied under the quiff. The ends of the styag, except for the wedge-shaped form, could have two or three tails, which were called plaits, slopes, klintsy or yalovtsy. During campaigns the flag was removed from its shaft and transported in the wagon together with weapons and armour. The princely druzhina guarded the styag. The styag was put on the shaft only before the battle. In antiquity the styag could be of huge size and its installation required considerable time. In chronicles sometimes occurs the expression ‘do not put up the flag’, which could mean ‘a sudden attack of the enemy’, ‘to be taken by surprise’. The expression ‘to put up the flag’ meant to declare war. During a battle, the flag was usually placed in the centre of the army, on a hill. The fall of the flag caused confusion in the army, so special soldiers - flag bearers - were installed to guard the flag. The enemy, on the contrary, threw the main forces at the flag. The most heated battles took place under the flags. Chronicles, when describing the battle, follow the flag: the flag's braids ‘extend like clouds’ meant a successful course of the battle; defeat was described as ‘the flag undercut’. Vbokivs (talk) 08:09, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
* Also from the Ruwiki: Styag - a military banner in Kievan Rus' in the form of a pole with a bundle of horse hair, a wedge of brightly colored cloth, an animal figure or other object clearly visible from a distance.
* If the banner was meant to be visible from a distance, then it makes sense to make it red, since it is the most visible color. Vbokivs (talk) 08:13, 5 June 2024 (UTC)
* Ok I'm not wasting any more time on this pointless conversation. This is all WP:Original research, we are not going to add any flag or banner or standard to this article whatsoever based 21st-century Wikipedians' interpretations of illustrations of chronicles written centuries later. NLeeuw (talk) 16:52, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
* Here, I found a source: it is a video lecture by the Doctor of Historical Sciences named Medinsky, Vladimir Rostislavovich (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm4EhNpk71U, 24:48)
* In the case of the national flag, everything is more complicated. There were no national flags before either, but there were princely military banners with symbols. Why were they needed at all? Some philologists still believe that the Russian word styag, or banner, is related to the verb ‘to pull together’. It is as if there is a princely styag and the commanders must pull together their units and rally around it. Therefore, a styag was just a tall pole, on top of which something noticeable or bright was attached, so that it could be seen from distance. Originally, it could be tufts of grass or a horse's tail, but over time, bright pieces of cloth began to be used. What colour does immediately catch the eye? Red, therefore, a princely styag was a tall pole with red ribbons, which eventually became triangular, rectangular or other, more complex shapes. As the strips of fabric grew bigger in size, they began to be embroidered with symbols or images of what was especially dear, such as the image of the Virgin, the face of the Saviour, cherubim and seraphim, the sun and the moon. And the person who carried the banner and was responsible for its safety became very important, because as long as the banner stood up on the battlefield, it meant that the Prince was alive and his men had to fight to the death. But if the banner fell, then something happened to the Prince, and in the morality of that time it implied that vassals were thus freed from their vassal oath, because back then they swore allegiance not to the state, but personally to the Prince. As it was written in the ‘Tale of Igor's Campaign’, "... and Igor's banners fell." Styag was later also called znamya, from the word ‘a sign’ - it was a banner on which something related to faith was embroidered, for example, the face of the Saviour. Znamya, unlike styag, was necessarily consecrated by some church hierarch or a priest before the battle. The one who carried znamya was called znamenosets, or a standard-bearer, the one who carried horugvi in the Cossack troops was horunzhiy, or a cornet, and the one who carried prapor was praporshik, or an ensign, these are all synonyms. All in all, it was a very responsible and important mission. Banners were mostly red, because it is clearly visible from afar and thence red is considered the commander's colour. However, there is a mystery - do you know what colour Dmitry Donskoy's banners were on Kulikovo Field, as many historians believe? They were black and holy images were embroidered on them with gold and silver thread. Afterwards, in the 19th century, a dispute broke out in society, because if Dmitry Donskoy had black flags, this confirmed that the imperial colours, black-yellow-white, were historical and ancient, but if they were red, then it would be advisable to advocate for the tricolor, i.e. red-blue-white. And so, such a theoretical dispute broke out on this score among historians that they even argued that the chronicler, describing the Mamai massacre, had made a spelling mistake and in fact the flags were not cherny, or black, but chermny, or scarlet, that is, red. Following this logic, it turns out that the chronicler made a mistake in one piece of text, i.e. missed one letter, four times, and since this scroll counts about five hundred re-writes of it, all the scribes also, respectively, made a mistake in all five hundred copies. I don't know, let's assume that this is a historical mystery and perhaps some of Dmitry Donskoy's banners were really black. In any case, it is officially known that after, all the banners of Ivan the Terrible were red. Vbokivs (talk) 05:06, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
* The video even depicts an image of the red, triangular flags that fall under the description in the lecture itself that I just forwarded (at 28:09). Vbokivs (talk) 05:34, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
* tl;dr -- You just wasted your and our time preaching to the choir. We know very well there were military banners. But you did not provide any proof that there was an official flag/banner of Kievan Rus as a state. - Altenmann >talk 05:55, 13 June 2024 (UTC)
In the 14th-century Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms, the flag of Roxia (Russia) is a red banner with a city/castle on it. See here. Srnec (talk) 20:39, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
* This is not what we are discussing here. (Please remind me, what we are discussing. Maybe I spaced out). Yes, some Russian cities have similar coats of the arms even today. So what? - Altenmann >talk 23:40, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
* That's just Novgorod. File:Banner of the Novgorod Republic (c. 1385).svg. File:Coat of arms of the Novgorod Republic (c. 1385).svg. NLeeuw (talk) 04:23, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* And that's from suspicious book Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms, most probably fictional, as the introduction to the modern translation say ([read this for a good laugh). Novgorod Republic didn't have reputably attested flags either. I will have to look into this. - Altenmann >talk 05:29, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* That might be the reason why the banner and coat of arms have been removed from the Novgorod Republic article? Other Wikipedias still feature them (in fact, I recently added them to nl:Republiek Novgorod). NLeeuw (talk) 05:41, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
The slavic tribe of Rus'
This article criticaly overlooked the role of Polanian tribe in Kyivan Rus'. Even if, as this article suggests, vikings were the first to be called "Rus'", Kyivan Rus' was centered around Polanian tribe, Rus' vikings were representatives of Polanian tribe, all their conquerings in Eastern Europe became Polanian conquerings, all tribute they gathered from Northern slavic tribes was coming to Polanian center of Kyiv, and Polanians themself started to call themself Rus' in 852 as the chronicle suggests. Other slavic tribes like Ilmen Slavs or Kriviches never called themself Rus', they were using this name for Polanians, yet you mentioned them like equals. Polanians were basically metropoly of Kyivan Rus'. I'm not sure if anyone here cares about this article, but if you do - please put this as the suggestion. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:51, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
Kyivan Rus'
The naming has changed. Modern sources tend to use Kyivan Rus. Even Magocsi in his latest works - Ukraina Redux: On Statehood and National Identity - Ukrainian World Congress - Ukrainian World Congress. We should start adopting the change. ManyAreasExpert (talk) 18:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
* One example proves nothing, I can just as easily find many recent books which use the current title (A History of Russian Economic Thought (2023), Orthodox Mercantilism Political Economy in the Byzantine Commonwealth (2023), The Ukraine War & the Eurasian World Order (2024) etc). In any case there is no policy that says that only sources published in the last few years should be used when determining the name. Alaexis¿question? 21:24, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
* Well of those sources which do use "Kyivan", whose write that as "... also known as Kyivan ..." ? ManyAreasExpert (talk) 21:28, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
* Not sure I understand your point. Are you saying that any of the books I've mentioned predominantly uses "Kyivan Rus"? Alaexis¿question? 21:36, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
* No. It's our article that uses "... also known as Kyivan Rus". ManyAreasExpert (talk) 21:39, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
* You still aren't being clear. Why would a source that uses "Kyivan" say "also known as Kyivan"? --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 13:36, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
* The question is - why does the wiki article uses such a wording. ManyAreasExpert (talk) 13:39, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
* The article is titled "Kievan Rus'", in accordance with what has been determined to be the most widespread usage. However, "Kyivan Rus'" is used in some sources for the same thing. The phrase "also known as Kyivan Rus'" serves to let people know that these two names refer to the same thing. This is REALLY simple stuff. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 13:45, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
* We don't need a source so say "also known as Kyivan Rus". If we have a majority of sources using one name and a minority using the other one, then it's totally legitimate to say X also known as Y. Alaexis¿question? 13:39, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
* If we have a majority of sources using one name and a minority using the other one But we don't.Even Magocsi has changed his terminology. ManyAreasExpert (talk) 13:40, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
* And? Magocsi is just one source. You were already given several sources that use Kievan. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 13:47, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
First capital
The article mentions the Varangians, notably Rurik, establishing their center of power in Novgorod by 862 from where they expended Russia southwards. By 882 Kiev was conquered and made capital of Russia. Therefore, the capitals list should include Novgorod for 862 - 882 and only afterwards Kiev. 2A02:8108:8A80:753A:D5A6:4021:71B1:ED37 (talk) 14:08, 19 July 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Nmunoz26
Hello, my name is Nancy Munoz and my majors include: Sociology and Women & Gender Studies. | WIKI |
Simple ASP.NET Performance Tuning Tips
Performance of your ASP.NET web application is important. There is a lot of evidence to suggest that slow loading times and clunky interaction will drive customers elsewhere. Even in the case of internal applications where the users have no option but to use the application, their satisfaction is tightly coupled to speed.
There are a ton of ways to improve the performance of a website, let’s look at fifteen of them.
1. Measure everything
The first thing to do is gather a baseline of your application’s performance. Sometimes you’ll make a change to the site, thinking it will improve performance, but it will actually reduce performance. Although not quite a black art, performance tuning gives you unexpected results. Measuring performance should be a holistic exercise measuring server, JavaScript, and loading performance. Put away your stopwatch: there are some great tools for measuring performance such as Prefix.
Prefix will allow you to highlight slow queries, large JavaScript files, and more. The measurements should give you an idea of which of these optimizations might help you the most. Make yourself a list, and order it from largest impact to smallest. You’ll often find that the items at the bottom of the list aren’t important enough to worry about until far down the road.
2. Pick the low-hanging fruit first
Once you have your list, then pick the item with the largest impact first. If you can show a large impact on your users right away, then it will give you some great political capital to continue optimizing and you’ll feel fantastic. Items which are global (JavaScript loading, CSS loading, and their ilk) will likely have a larger impact than changes to a single page.
The rest of this blog post is arranged in a rough order of things that have a large impact to those with a small impact. Obviously, this will vary slightly from site to site so be sure to take it with a grain of salt.
3. Enable compression
The HTTP protocol is not a particularly efficient protocol and, by default, there is no compression of the content. Some web resources are already compressed, especially images, but HTML, CSS and JavaScript are typically transferred as text. Even the most archaic of browsers support compression of HTTP content using the gzip algorithm. The savings from using gzip compression on an HTML file are around two thirds; that is to say that a 100kb uncompressed file will end up being 33kb over the wire. This is a stunning savings!
4. Reduce HTTP requests
Every time the browser needs to open a connection to the server there a tax that must be paid. This tax is in the form of TCP/IP connection overhead. This problem is especially noticeable in scenarios with high latency where it takes a long time to establish these new connections. Add to this the fact that browsers limit the number of requests they will make to a single server at once, and it becomes apparent that reducing the number of HTTP requests is a great optimization.
Aside: Latency vs. bandwidth
When optimizing web page loading, it is important to understand the difference between latency and bandwidth. Let’s imagine that you have twenty donkeys you need to move from Banff to the Grand Canyon (two popular donkey hotspots). To get the donkeys moved as quickly as possible, you need to optimize two things: how many donkeys you move at once, and how long it takes to move a donkey.
Bandwidth is how many donkeys you can move at once – in high bandwidth scenarios, you can move a lot of donkeys at once in your cattle hauler. In low bandwidth scenarios, you can only fit one donkey in the passenger seat of your 2001 Honda Civic, and that one donkey insists on listening to Destiny’s Child the whole way.
Latency is how quickly you drive between Banff and the Grand Canyon. High latency means there are lots of delays along the way, slowing down the transit time. The low-latency donkey move means that you drive straight through the night, and don’t stop at all at any of the donkeys’ favourite tourist sites. Ideally, you want to move as many donkeys at a one time and avoid any stops along the way.
Tooling
Depending on the type of the resource being requested from the server, there are a few different approaches to reducing the number of requests. For JavaScript, concatenating the scripts together into a single file using a tool like webpack, gulp or grunt can bundle together all the JavaScript into a single file. Equally, we can combine CSS files into a single file using tasks in the same build tools we use for JavaScript.
For images, the problem is slightly more difficult. If the site uses a number of small images, then a technique called CSS Spriting can be used. In this, where we combine all the images into a single one and then use CSS offsets to shift the image around and show just the single sprite we want. There are some tools to make this process easier, but it tends to be quite manual. An alternative is to use an icon font.
This brings us to HTTP 2.
5. HTTP/2 over SSL
The new version of HTTP, HTTP/2, introduces a number of very useful optimizations. First, the compression we spoke of in #3 has been extended to also cover the protocol headers. More interestingly, the connection with the server can transfer more than one file at a go using a mechanism known as “pipelining”. This means that the reduction of HTTP requests by combining files is largely unnecessary. The difference is quite spectacular.
Most every browser has support for some version of HTTP/2 but ironically, the limitation tends to be more on the server side. For instance, at the time of writing, Azure Web Apps do not have support for HTTP/2.
The server can now make intelligent decisions about the page content and push resources down before they are even requested. So if the index page contains a JavaScript file that won’t be discovered until the browser has parsed the entire page, the server can now be instructed to start the transfer of the file before the browser has realized it needs it.
SSL is part of this tip because all browsers that support HTTP2 require that it be served over HTTPS.
6. Minify your files
Compression is a great tool for reducing the amount of data sent over the wire, but all the compression algorithms used to send HTML, CSS and JavaScript are lossless compression algorithms. This means that the result of doing compress(x) => decompress(x) always equals x. With some understanding of what it is that is being compressed, we can eek out some additional gains in size reduction. For instance, the JavaScript
function doSomething(){
var size_of_something_to_do = 55;
for (var counter_of_stuff = 0;
counter_of_stuff < size_of_something_to_do;
counter_of_stuff++) {
size_of_something_to_do--;
}
}
is functionally equivalent to
function doSomething(){var a=55;for(var b=0;b<a;b++){a--;}}
This is because the scope of the variables is entirely private and the whitespace largely unnecessary. This process is called minification. Similar compression techniques can be applied to CSS and even to HTML.
7. Load CSS first
Load the CSS content of your site first, preferably in the head section of the page.
To understand the reasoning here, you need to understand a little bit about how browsers achieve their incredible speed. When downloading a page, the browser will attempt to start rendering the application as soon as it has any content. Often what it renders is something of a guessing game because the browser doesn’t know what content on the page may invalidate the guesses it has made. When the browser realizes that it has made an incorrect guess about how the page should be rendered, then all the work that was done needs to be thrown out and started over again. One of the things which causes one of these reflows is the addition of a new stylesheet. Load style sheets first to avoid having a style that alters an already-rendered element.
8. Load JavaScript last
JavaScript is a complete about-face from CSS, and should be loaded last. This is because we want the page to render as quickly as possible, and JavaScript is not typically necessary for the initial render. Users will typically take a moment to read the page and decide what to do next. This window is be used to load scripts in the background and light up the page’s interaction.
Let’s attach a caveat to this rule: if your site is a heavy user of JavaScript, for instance, such as an Angular or React application, then you may find that loading JavaScript last is actually detrimental. You may wish to investigate loading only the JavaScript necessary to bootstrap the application, and loading more in the background. If speed is really important, you can even investigate what are called isomorphic or universal applications. The pages in these applications are rendered on the server side, and then the JavaScript application attaches to the already-rendered HTML and takes over from there. Thes applications have the advantage of being fast to load without giving up the seamless nature of single page applications.
9. Shrink images
In an ideal world, your site would contain no images at all. It is typically a lot more efficient to use inline-SVG or CSS tricks to create vector art for your pages because they are far smaller than raster images. However, it is unlikely that you’ll be able to do this, so instead work on shrinking images. Figuring out the right encoding settings can be difficult, but there are some really impressive services to do it for you. I quite like this tinypng service, and only just a little bit because it has a cool panda for a logo.
10. Check your queries
ORMs (object-relational mappers) have been highly beneficial in increasing developer productivity, however they provide a layer of abstraction that can introduce sub-optimal queries. Prefix will highlight times when you might have n + 1 select errors, or are retrieving too much data from the server. It is surprising how easy it is to fix these problems by using eager loading over lazy loading, and examining projections. Microsoft has some more in-depth recommendations available to optimize how EF (Entity Framework) calls SQL.
11. Cache your pages
Very frequently, the data on your pages changes at a slow pace. As an example, the hot questions page on Stack Overflow could be updated in real time, but the data changes are not significant enough to bother re-querying the database. Instead of taking a hit going to the database and re-rendering a complex looking page, we can shove the page into a cache and serve subsequent requests using that data.
If you happen to be using ASP.NET MVC caching, the response from an action is as simple as adding a single attribute to the action.
[HandleError] public class HomeController : Controller {
[OutputCache(Duration=10, VaryByParam="none")]
public ActionResult Index() {
return View();
}
}
Caching the entirety of a page may not be exactly what you want, in which case tip 12 is for you.
12. Cache parts of your pages
You may want to cache only part of your page; this is colloquially known as donut hole caching. It is a useful approach when you have user-specific data mixed with general data on the same page. The user data varies by the user, while the rest of the page is the same for all users. In MVC 5 applications, this is done using partial views, and in MVC Core using caching tag helpers.
13. Content delivery network (CDN)
The speed of light is 300000 km/s, which is pretty jolly quick; but despite this high speed, it actually helps to keep your data close to your consumers. There are a ton of content delivery networks, which have edge nodes very close to wherever your users might be.
14. Shrink your libraries
If you’re making use of libraries like jQuery, consider that you may not be using all the functions and can use a smaller, more focused library. Zeptojs is a library which supports many of the features of jQuery, but is smaller. Other libraries like jQuery UI provide for constructing personalized packages with features removed. If you’re on Angular, then the production build performs tree shaking to remove entire chunks of the library that aren’t in use for your project. This reduces the payload sent over the wire, while preserving all the same functionality.
15. Avoid client-side redirects
The final tip is to avoid redirecting users through the use of client-side redirects. Redirects add an extra server trip that, on high-latency networks like cellular networks, is undesirable. Instead, leverage server-side redirects – these don’t add the extra server trip. One place where this won’t work is redirecting users to an SSL version of your page. For that scenario, HTTP Strict Transport Security and a preload list is your ticket. Adding your site to this preload list will automatically direct traffic to the SSL version of your site.
These tips should give you a real leg up on improving the performance of your website and, hopefully, make your users very happy.
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6 writers on why we need art now
It’s Saturday, and usually that means I round up all of the week’s best writing about books and related topics for you. But this is an odd week for thinking about books: As much of the country reels in the wake of an extremely contentious presidential election, it can feel pointless at best, and actively destructive at worst, like fiddling while Rome burns. So I’m going to use this space to collect some thoughts from writers about why art is important, and why it’s especially important now, when so much feels so uncertain and so dangerous to so many. We need art more than ever, and here’s why. This is precisely the time when artists go to work. There is no time for despair, no place for self-pity, no need for silence, no room for fear. We speak, we write, we do language. That is how civilizations heal. I want to remind us all that art is dangerous. I want to remind you of the history of artists who have been murdered, slaughtered, imprisoned, chopped up, refused entrance. The history of art, whether it’s in music or written or what have you, has always been bloody, because dictators and people in office and people who want to control and deceive know exactly the people who will disturb their plans. And those people are artists. They’re the ones that sing the truth. And that is something that society has got to protect. But when you enter that field, no matter whether that’s Sonia’s poetry or Ta-Nehisi’s rather startlingly clear prose, it’s a dangerous pursuit. Somebody’s out to get you. You have to know it before you start, and do it under those circumstances, because it is one of the most important things that human beings do. We all are born with a certain package. We are who we are: where we were born, who we were born as, how we were raised. We're kind of stuck inside that person, and the purpose of civilization and growth is to be able to reach out and empathize a little bit with other people. And for me, the movies are like a machine that generates empathy. It lets you understand a little bit more about different hopes, aspirations, dreams and fears. It helps us to identify with the people who are sharing this journey with us. What makes the humanities absolutely necessary is, if you’re not a metaphysical and a spiritual person, you can use the word soul in a secular way, right? The humanities is the only set of traditions — and the arts, the humanities understood broadly — is the only set of traditions that we have that educates the soul. Nothing else does so. You can take all the engineering and computer classes you want, but I can tell you that what consistently helps us understand what it means to be human, and offers us spaces where we can contemplate the improvement of that condition, has always been the humanities and the arts. And so therefore it’s absolutely essential. The creative impulse is such a fragile thing, but we have to create now. We owe it to ourselves to do the work. I want to encourage you. If you aspire to write, put aside all the niceties and sureties about what art should be and write something that makes the scales fall from our eyes. Forget the tired axioms about showing and telling, about sense of place—any possible obstruction—and write to destroy complacency, to rattle people, to help people, first and foremost yourself. Lodge your ideas like glass shards in the minds of everyone who would have you believe there’s no hope. And read, as often and as violently as you can. If you have friends, as I do, who tacitly believe that it’s too much of a chore to read a book, just one fucking book, from start to finish, smash every LCD they own. This is an opportunity. There’s too much at stake now to pretend that everything is okay. My position is that serious and good art has always existed to help, to serve, humanity. Not to indict. I don’t see how art can be called art if its purpose is to frustrate humanity. To make humanity uncomfortable, yes. But intrinsically to be against humanity, that I don’t take. This is why I find racism impossible, because this is against humanity. Some people think, Well, what he’s saying is we must praise his people. For God’s sake! Go and read my books. I don’t praise my people. I am their greatest critic. … Art should be on the side of humanity. I think it was Yevtushenko talking about Rimbaud, the Frenchman who went to Ethiopia and came back with all kinds of diseases. Yevtushenko said of him that a poet cannot become a slave trader. When Rimbaud became a slave trader, he stopped writing poetry. Poetry and slave trading cannot be bedfellows. That’s where I stand. As long as we have presidents who lie to us — who use language as irresponsibly as President Reagan uses it — we’ll be political just by using language clearly. But I’m getting tired of blaming Reagan for being Reagan; the American people have to take responsibility for this man — they wanted him; they wanted him twice. He is never held accountable. … Do Americans simply forget what the man’s first, terrible instincts were? They do appear to forget what he, literally, said. This is very troubling to writers; we couldn’t have a president as irresponsible as this if the American people paid attention to language. The news is: language doesn’t matter. But writers make language matter; we describe exactly. You see? Even caring about language becomes “political.” Let’s get to work. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Documentation
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Plot Functions
What Is A Plot Function?
The PlotFcns field of the options structure specifies one or more functions that an optimization function calls at each iteration to plot various measures of progress while the algorithm executes. Pass a function handle or cell array of function handles. The structure of a plot function is the same as the structure of an output function. For more information on this structure, see Output Functions.
You can use the PlotFcns option with the following MATLAB® optimization functions:
The predefined plot functions for these optimization functions are:
• @optimplotx plots the current point
• @optimplotfval plots the function value
• @optimplotfunccount plots the function count (not available for fzero)
To view or modify a predefined plot function, open the function file in the MATLAB Editor. For example, to view the function file for plotting the current point, enter:
edit optimplotx.m
Example: Plot Function
View the progress of a minimization using fminsearch with the plot function @optimplotfval:
1. Write a file for the objective function. For this example, use:
function f = onehump(x)
r = x(1)^2 + x(2)^2;
s = exp(-r);
f = x(1)*s+r/20;
2. Set the options to use the plot function:
options = optimset('PlotFcns',@optimplotfval);
3. Call fminsearch starting from [2,1]:
[x ffinal] = fminsearch(@onehump,[2,1],options)
4. MATLAB returns the following:
x =
-0.6691 0.0000
ffinal =
-0.4052
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Tables (Visual Database Tools)
A database consists of one or more tables. A table is a collection of data, arranged in rows and columns. For example, you might have a table for author information called authors. Each column would contain a certain type of information, such as the author's last name. Each row would contain all the information about a specific author: first name, last name, address, and so on.
In a database, you might have a number of tables, each devoted to a specific topic. For example, the pubs database might contain tables for authors, titles, and so on. Using a separate table for each topic can eliminate duplicate data, make data storage more efficient, and reduce data-entry errors.
To determine the structure of a new table, you need to decide:
• What type of data the table will contain.
• What columns you need in the table and the data type (and length, if required) for each column.
• Which columns should accept null values. For information about data types, allowing null values, and other column properties, see Working with Columns.
• Whether to use constraints and if so, where. For more information, see Working with Constraints.
• What types of indexes you need, where you need them, and which columns should be the primary key and foreign key. For more information, see Working with Indexes and Working with Keys.
After you decide on the structure of your table, you can create the table and define its columns with the Table Designer. When you save your table, it is created in your database.
If you know exactly what you want in a table, it is often most efficient to define everything you need at the beginning, including the table's data restrictions and additional properties. However, in many cases, you will do best to first create a basic table and save it so it is created in your database. You can then add some test data to the table and experiment with the table to fine-tune its design. Through experimentation, you can determine what types of data are frequently entered and queried and then redesign your table accordingly.
When you change a table's design, any data that is stored in the table is preserved to the extent possible. When you are satisfied with your basic design, you can add constraints, indexes, and any additional columns that you require. For more information, see Designing Tables.
For information about
See
Adding new tables to your database.
How to: Create Tables
Creating a new table that contains some of the same columns as an existing table in your diagram
How to: Duplicate Tables
Deleting a table from a database
How to: Delete Tables from a Database
Changing the name of a table in a database
How to: Rename Tables
Adding or deleting columns in a table, or changing column property settings
Working with Columns
Community Additions
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Air War (game)
Air War, subtitled "Modern Tactical Air Combat", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1977.
Description
Air War is a wargame that details air combat in the 1970s. The game has been called "the most complex wargame ever." The description on the 1st edition box uses the term "ultra complex".
Components
The game contains:
* 700 die-cut counters
* 48-page rules booklet
* 16-page booklet of additional rules & scenarios
* 72-page chart booklet
* eight 8-1/2" x 11" maps scaled at 500 ft (152 m) per hex
* various play aids.
Gameplay
Each player takes control of a 1970s-era combat airplane and tries to destroy opposing aircraft. The game contains ten scenarios, with each turn representing 2.5 seconds of game time.
Publication history
Air War was designed by David C. Isby, with art and graphic design by Redmond A. Simonsen, and was published by SPI in 1977 in either a flat box with counter tray or a bookcase box. A second edition with revised rules was published in 1979 using the same cover art.
Air War '80, an expansion that added 15 aircraft and 14 scenarios, was published by SPI in 1979.
When SPI was unexpectedly taken over by TSR in 1982, TSR tried to quickly get some of their money back by repackaging and republishing some of SPI's more popular titles. Air War was one of these, with new cover art by Rodger B. MacGowan.
In 1985, Hobby Japan published another expansion, Super Tomcat, that added 52 aircraft, and several rules revisions.
Reception
Roger Musson reviewed Air War for Imagine magazine, and stated that "Air War is definitely not a game for the novice. It requires a lot of effort just to fly your plane, let alone shoot another one down .... but for an experienced gamer who wants the best simulation of modern air combat available, this is it."
In Issue 13 of Phoenix (May–June 1978), Dave Millward noted as a way of illustrating the complexity of the game that the control panel sheet for each aircraft was 21 inches (53 cm) long. He enjoyed Air War "partly because of its complexity — there is always something new. However, I guess you've gotta be an aeronut like me because it does require commitment to master it all."
In his 1980 book The Best of Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer commented "Air War sets out quite simply to simulate modern air combat as accurately as possible." Palmer noted the extreme complexity of the game, but thought that "it is gradually possible to become familiar with all the concepts." He concluded by giving the game a below average "excitement" grade of only 40%, a rules clarity grade of 75% and the maximum complexity rating of 100%, saying, "Air War is far and away the best game for anyone wanting realistic air combat simulation and willing to invest the time needed to become at home with the rules."
In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman found the game ridiculously complex, saying, "There is apparently no absurd extreme to which SPI will not go in its quest for realism (or the appearance thereof) for which it will not have a small but vocal coterie shouting huzzahs at the results. [...] Many of the systems are unnecessarily complex and unwieldy, even for the intended level of realism." Freeman concluded by giving the game an Overall Evaluation of "For fanatics only", saying, "There are some nice features here, but most people will do better to await their adoption by less ambitious efforts."
In the March 1981 edition of The Space Gamer (No. 37), Craig Barber reviewed the expansion Air War '80 and thought that only those who were attracted to modern air combat should buy the game, saying, "As a simulation, AirWar '80 is of high quality. If you have the cash and the interest in jet combat, you might buy it. Anybody else should skip this one."
In Issue 25 of Phoenix (May–June 1980), Mike Stoner reviewed the expansion Air War '80 and admitted "Air War is a game you either love or hate." He was an admirer of the original game and liked the new additions in rules, aircraft and scenarios. For the game's fans, Stoner advised that "If the game is to your liking it'll give you innumerable hours of pleasure."
In Issue 34 of Phoenix (November–December 1981), R.K. Jordan reviewed Air War and its expansion, Air War '80, and concluded that the game was so complex, the best way to play was as a team of several players, each handling one airplane function, aided by a computer and lots of time. He pointed out that in his experience, one turn representing 2.5 seconds could take two and a half weeks to play.
In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Richard Rydzel found the game to be unsuitable for classroom use, saying, "This game is far too complex for the usual gamer and cannot be used in a normal classroom situation. It is a very thorough and interesting game, but due to its complexity it will be played only by air war enthusiasts."
Awards
At the 1978 Origins Awards, Air War was a finalist for "Best Tactical Game of 1977".
Other reviews
* Casus Belli #33 (June 1986)
* Fire & Movement #10 and #18
* Wargamer Vol. 1, #31
* Ann Arbor Wargamer #11
* Pursue & Destroy Vol. 2, #6
* The Grenadier #25
* Games & Puzzles #73 | WIKI |
Today is the feast day of French saint Joan of Arc, considered a national heroine of France for her role at the young age of 18 in the Siege of Órleans helping to provide a decisive victory over the British. An awe-inspiring woman who led armies and died for her faith, Joan of Arc was a martyr – burned at the stake as a heretic by British and their French collaborators. More than 500 years after her death, she was canonised by Pope Benedict XV as Roman Catholic Saint Joan of Arc on the 16th of May 1920.
Since the very first Christian martyr Jesus of Nazareth, people have been sacrificing themselves for their faith. Whether religious, political, or social, Christian martyrs have a powerful sway over the public’s imagination. Their sacrifices give their messages power and meaning, and give them a life far beyond their tragic ends. Ireland throughout its bloody history has has its fair share martyrs and what could be more inspiring than sacrificing yourself so that others may observe be free to observe their religion?
However, there are countless stories of martyrdom that never receive due recognition. There are many well-known martyrs such as Joan of Arc but what about Irish martyrs? Little is known about the Irish martyrs of the 16th and 17th centuries. In a time of widespread religious persecution spanning over two centuries only 17 Irish people became beatified. Why? What made these people so special? What made them worthy of canonisation?
Former President Mary McAleese has delved into Irish history to answer just that. Her new book, The 17 Irish Martyrs highlights the real lives these people led and what made them so special. Historically, Ireland’s shores have been no stranger to bloodshed for faith, here is an extract from McAleese’s book detailing the lives of Patrick O’Healy, O.F.M. and Conn O’Rourke, O.F.M. martyred in 1579.
History is selective about the memories it cherishes. Generations of young Catholic Irish people today are familiar with the story of the martyrdom of St. Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, who was executed at Tyburn in 1681. Yet in many ways his was the end of a much longer story, for he was the last Irish Bishop to die for his faith during more than a century of violent religious repression. The first was
Patrick O’Healy, Bishop of Mayo.
It is sobering to reflect that if Patrick O’Healy were to find himself suddenly transported to twenty-first century Europe, he would have little difficulty in updating himself on certain contemporary problems. From the Troubles in Northern Ireland, to the assertion of Catalan identity, there would be little that would be unfamiliar to his eyes. For this holy man of outstanding intellect and spirituality was as much at home in the harsh wilds of County Leitrim as he was in the opulence of the Spanish Church.
Experts differ on the precise place and date of Patrick O’Healy’s birth, but he entered the world around 1543, probably in County Sligo in north-western Ireland, where the O’Healy clan (O’hEllidhe in Gaelic) was strong. Patrick O’Healy was destined to become one of the most celebrated of the martyred recusants. He entered the priesthood shortly after Elizabeth became Queen and he had few illusions about the difficult life he was undertaking. O’Healy was drawn inexorably into the climate of intrigue. A committed and educated Counter-Reformationist, he saw Ireland as an important battleground and he wanted to play his part. He was a passionate man of exceptional rhetorical skills. He began to put them to use for Ireland. By 1575, he was actively involved in trying to persuade the Spanish king and the Pope to help the cause of Catholics in Ireland. In Paris he found the travelling companion who was to accompany him all the way to martyrdom, Conn O’Rourke.
Whether accident or design brought these two men together is impossible to say. Conn O’Rourke remains one of the most mysterious and enigmatic of the martyrs. Like O’Healy, he was from the Province of Connacht and had joined the Franciscans in Dromohaire some years after O’Healy had left for Spain. He was about six years younger than O’Healy but would certainly have heard of the latter during his novitiate at Dromohaire.
Following in the footsteps of O’Healy, Conn O’Rourke had gone abroad to continue his studies. With so much in common, and with O’Healy’s hunger for up-to-date information about his homeland, it is possible to imagine the bond which developed between the two men. O’Healy had been away from home for many years. Here was a confrere right up to date on the situation and presumably with knowledge of the many friends O’Healy had left behind in Dromohaire and in Sligo.
The two priests were taken to Limerick where they were subjected to a series of heavily biased interrogations by Drury, acting under martial law they were easily apprehended and quickly imprisoned in Kilmallock. Only weeks after their capture and death, the Earl of Desmond was writing to the Tudor authorities, claiming the full credit for having had them arrested and interrogated. They were asked to acknowledge Elizabeth as Supreme Head of the Church, but both refused to do so, insisting that the Pope alone was head of the Church. The interrogation went beyond robust questioning. Bishop O’Healy was severely tortured. Drury offered to give him full recognition as Protestant Bishop of Mayo, with all the financial and social benefits which would follow naturally from such an appointment, if he would deny the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. O’Healy replied that he would accept death rather than turn his back on his faith.
Shortly before the hour of execution, Bishop O’Healy asked if he and Fr Conn O’Rourke could be given permission to pray together. It was granted. Beneath the gallows they devoutly recited the litanies and then gave each other absolution.
Inevitably, as the first Irish bishop to die for the faith in Ireland, O’Healy became a legend. Over the centuries his story was told and retold in histories and martyrologies, never quite the 17 Irish Martyrs fading into oblivion. Four centuries later a new generation of Catholics re-examined his life and found a story worth retelling in an Ireland still trying to heal the legacy of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. These two men were the first of the seventeen Irish martyrs. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Summary: Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for osteoarthritis. For the weight-bearing joints, the combination of increased load and changed joint biomechanics could be regarded as underlying principle for this relation. This systematic review of the literature focused on the differences between obese and normal-weight subjects in biomechanics of the hip, knee and ankle joint during every day movements to summarize differences in joint load due to both higher body weight and differences in movement patterns. A systematic search, up to November 2010, was performed in the Pubmed and Embase databases. This review showed that obese individuals adjust their movement strategy of every day movements. At self-selected speed, obese individuals walked slower, with shorter and wider steps, had longer stance duration and had a greater toe-out angle compared with normal-weight individuals. Obese sit-to-stand movement was characterized by less hip flexion and greater foot displacement. Obese individuals showed altered biomechanics during every day movements. These altered biomechanics could be related to the initiation of osteoarthritis by a change in the load-bearing regions of the articular cartilage in the weight-bearing joints. © 2011 The Authors. obesity reviews
Additional Metadata
Keywords Biomechanics, Obesity, Osteoarthritis
Persistent URL dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00916.x, hdl.handle.net/1765/34336
Citation
Runhaar, J, Koes, B.W, Clockaerts, S, & Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M. (2011). A systematic review on changed biomechanics of lower extremities in obese individuals: A possible role in development of osteoarthritis. Obesity Reviews, 12(12), 1071–1082. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00916.x | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pharaohs' Golden Parade
The Pharaohs' Golden Parade (موكب المومياوات الملكية, موكب المميات الملكيه, Ϯϫⲓⲛⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ ⲛ̀ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲃ) was an event held in Cairo, Egypt on 3 April 2021, during which twenty-two mummies belonging to Kings and Queens of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt were moved from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Fustat.
This event was broadcast live through the country's major television channels, and was covered by some major world news agencies.
Background
The twenty-two mummies that were moved were discovered in two locations, the Royal Cache in Deir el-Bahari and the tomb of Amenhotep II, in 1881 and 1898, respectively. Since their discovery, they had been moved multiple times, until they were finally placed at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir Square. Over the years, due to the increasing number of archaeological discoveries, the Egyptian Museum started to lose its ability to fully show the artefacts placed in it, which led the government to plan new museums including the Grand Egyptian Museum and the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NMEC). Ahead of the event, the Egyptian government began renovating Tahrir Square by restoring a broken-up Obelisk from Tanis that was built by King Ramesses II and putting it in the middle of the square, surrounded by four Sphinxes that were restored and brought from the Karnak Temple in Luxor, in addition to lighting work done in buildings overlooking the square.
Event
Before the event started, several roads had to be closed and traffic to be rerouted for the rest of that day. It is unclear if Cairo Metro's Sadat station was closed or not.
In order to be transported, the mummies were placed in containers with a nitrogen atmosphere. The containers were transported in vehicles that were made by Egypt exclusively for the parade and were designed and fitted with decoration based on Egyptian funerary boats. They also made Egyptian funerary boats for the event, which appeared several times during the event on the lake in front of the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization.
The diplomatic corps in Cairo was summoned to attend a viewing party in the main hall of the NMEC, newly inaugurated by President el-Sisi, which was also attended by a variety of dignitaries, including the Director-General of UNESCO and the Saudi Arabian and Greek ministers of tourism.
The parade started at 6:30 PM local time. It included a concert by the Egyptian United Philharmonic Orchestra led by Egyptian maestro Nader Abbassi, and composed by Egyptian composer Hesham Nazih. Production design was by Mohamed Attia and direction by Aahmad al Morsy. The concert included chants in the Ancient Egyptian language sung by Egyptian soprano Amira Selim. The lyrics of the hymn performed by Amira Selim, "A Reverence for Isis", were taken from inscriptions on the walls of the Deir el-Shelwit temple in Luxor. Other Ancient Egyptian lyrics that were sung during the parade came from the Book of the Dead and the Pyramid Texts. Two more songs in Classical Arabic and Egyptian Arabic were performed by Reham Abdel Hakim and Nesma Mahgoub, respectively.
Multiple recordings were shown during the parade, including one of Egyptian actors and actresses in many Ancient Egyptian archaeological sites, as well as a video of Egyptian actor Khaled El Nabawy touring many sites around Egypt that have been restored in the past few years, and the Egyptian actress Yousra appeared crowned on one of the Egyptian funerary boats that were made for the event. During the parade, roads leading to or near the two museums were closed and under heavy security. At the door of the NMEC, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi received the convoy, which was met with a 21-gun salute by the Republican Guard.
Egyptian president el-Sisi tweeted: "This majestic scene is evidence of the greatness of the Egyptian people, the guardians of this unique civilization extending deep into the depths of history."
Reception
Egyptian government-controlled news sources claimed that the parade caused an upswell of national pride, and the Egyptian ministry of finance issued commemorative Egyptian one pound and one hundred pound coins carrying the name and the official logo of the Pharaohs' Golden Parade, to symbolize this historic cultural event. The logo of the event was based an ancient Egyptian scarab beetle motif, which symbolized eternity and afterlife. The Egyptian ministry of communications and information technology (MCIT) issued QR Code commemorative stamps carrying the name and the official logo of the Pharaohs' Golden Parade, as well as ones carrying the pictures of the kings and the queens who were transported in the parade.
The parade route from the Egyptian Museum to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization was about 5 km (3.1 miles) long.
The parade was criticized by some international spectators. Barriers along the route were erected to keep more impoverished areas of Cairo out view, and several informal settlements along the route were demolished and covered with sand. Egyptian historian Khaled Fahmy criticized the militarized aspect of the parade as indictive of the Egyptian regime's "true priorities." Most Egyptians watched the parade on TV, as no vehicles or spectators were allowed along the route.
Mummies moved
The carriages moved in chronological order of their reigns:
* King Seqenenre Tao
* Queen Ahmose-Nefertari
* King Amenhotep I
* Queen Meritamun
* King Thutmose I
* King Thutmose II
* Queen Hatshepsut
* King Thutmose III
* King Amenhotep II
* King Thutmose IV
* King Amenhotep III
* Queen Tiye
* King Seti I
* King Ramesses II
* King Merenptah
* King Seti II
* King Siptah
* King Ramesses III
* King Ramesses IV
* King Ramesses V
* King Ramesses VI
* King Ramesses IX | WIKI |
What is Bard
Definitionbard
Bard is a conversational artificial intelligence system created by Google, designed to compete with ChatGPT. Based on Google’s LaMDA language model, it aims to provide a conversational AI tool to users that allows them to get complete and general answers to their queries using natural language, thus improving online searches.
This Google AI is in constant connection to the internet, allowing you to get up-to-date, high-quality answers from various online sources in seconds. In addition to answering questions, Bard has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications, from explaining concepts to children to helping users create personalized workout routines.
How Bard works
Although full details on how Bard works have not yet been provided, some clues have been revealed about how this conversational artificial intelligence will work. Here’s a general rundown of how Bard is expected to work:
1. Internet connection: Unlike other conversational AI models, such as ChatGPT, Bard will be constantly connected to the internet. This will allow you to provide answers based on up-to-date and relevant information.
2. Gain insights: Bard will search for information online, analyze content, and use that data to generate high-quality responses to user queries. AI will use its natural language processing capability to understand questions asked in a natural language and answer appropriately and accurately.
3. Integration with Google: Bard will be integrated as a search feature within Google, allowing users to easily use it while searching on the platform. Although the full scope of Bard’s features is unknown, it is expected to be versatile and useful for a wide range of purposes.
Difference between Bard and ChatGPT
Although all the details about Bard have not yet been revealed, some key differences can be identified between Bard (Google’s conversational artificial intelligence) and ChatGPT (developed by OpenAI). Here are some notable differences:
1. Internet connection: Bard will be constantly connected to the Internet, allowing you to provide answers based on up-to-date and relevant information. On the other hand, ChatGPT is not constantly connected to the internet and may provide outdated information in some cases.
2. Integration into search platforms: Bard will be integrated directly into Google’s search function, allowing users to make queries and get answers from AI without leaving the search engine. ChatGPT, although being implemented in Bing by Microsoft, is an OpenAI product and is not directly integrated into the Google search engine.
3. Underlying technology: Bard is based on LaMDA, an experimental language model developed by Google specifically for dialogue applications. On the other hand, ChatGPT is based on OpenAI’s GPT architecture, which is different from LaMDA in terms of design and approach.
4. Purpose: Although both AI systems aim to provide conversational and accurate answers to users’ questions, Google has mentioned that Bard can also be used to foster creativity and satisfy users’ curiosity in different contexts. ChatGPT, while also versatile, focuses primarily on answering questions and performing specific tasks.
Related Terms
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¡Mantente al día con noticias del sector! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Yes, that’s normal! Why? Because of how Angular does change detection under the hood!
To better understand how the async pipe works, let’s create our own from scratch!
Let’s call it SubscribePipe in order for to differ it from the original one.
Also, we want our pipe to check this points:
• Work with Observables (we won’t handle Promises in this post)
• No over-subscribing
• Work with OnPush change detection
• No memory leaks
And use it like this, ex:
typescript
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div *ngIf="show">
Value: {{ obs$ | subscribe }}
</div>
`,
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule, SubscribePipe],
// changeDetection: ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush // <-- after we handle it we should uncomment this
})
export class AppComponent {
show = true;
obs$ = interval(500).pipe(
tap((x) => {
if (x === 10) {
this.show = false;
}
})
);
}
Create a pipe (standalone)
typescript
import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';
@Pipe({
name: 'subscribe',
standalone: true
})
export class SubscribePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform() {}
}
We want our pipe to accept an Observable type, that means we need to handle Observables, Subjects, BehaviorSubjects and ReplaySubjects.
Let’s create a Subscribable type that includes all of them (that will be a generic type).
typescript
type Subscribable<T> = Observable<T> | Subject<T> | BehaviorSubject<T> | ReplaySubject<T>;
Now that we know what our pipe accepts, let’s refactor the pipe to use it! Because we want to infer the type of the subscribable we will convert the pipe class to be generic.
Also, one other thing, we can also pass undefined or null to our pipe.
typescript
export class SubscribePipe<T> implements PipeTransform {
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null | undefined) {}
}
Subscription handling
First we need to check if the observable is not null or undefined, and if it is we just return null;
typescript
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
if (!obs) {
return null;
}
}
Now, let’s subscribe to the observable and store it’s last value and return it directly.
typescript
latestValue: T | null = null;
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
if (!obs) {
return null;
}
obs.subscribe(value => {
this.latestValue = value;
});
return this.latestValue;
}
This won’t work! Why?
Because when change detection runs, the pipe will check the parameters in the transform method and if they haven’t changed, it will return the last value that it had cached before.
I’ve explained it more deeply in my previous post: It’s ok to use function calls in Angular templates! , where I explain how pipes memoization works and how we can do the same thing too when using normal functions.
This is the moment where we opt-out of pipe memoization by using the pure: false flag.
typescript
@Pipe({
name: 'subscribe',
standalone: true,
pure: false // <-- It is true by default
})
The moment we set the pure option to be false, we tell Angular that we want to handle the transform method memoization by ourself.
If we run the code we will see something like this:
The reason why it does that is because every time change detection runs, the pipe will subscribe to our observable and let the other subscription in memory, and of course create a memory leak!
How can we fix that? By doing a simple equality check!
We will save the current observable reference, and every time the transform method is called, we will check if it’s equal with our current one, and if that’s true, we will just return that latest value.
typescript
private currentObs: Subscribable<T> | null = null;
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
if (!obs) {
return null;
}
if (obs === this.currentObs) { // <-- simple equality check
return this.latestValue;
} else {
this.currentObs = obs; // <-- save current observable to a class field
obs.subscribe((value) => {
this.latestValue = value;
});
}
return this.latestValue;
}
If we check the app now, we will see that it works fine! But it’s not finished!
Because we still cause a memory leak, because we never unsubscribe from the observable! Let’s do it!
Unsubscription handling
Just like we stored the latestValue and currentObs, we will also store the current subscription and assign the observable subscription to it!
typescript
private sub: Subscription | null = null;
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
...
this.sub = obs.subscribe((value) => {
this.latestValue = value;
});
...
}
Good! Now we need to unsubscribe on ngOnDestroy, but not only there 💡. How so? Because we need to unsubscribe also on cases where we change the observable reference to be another observable or set it to null.
For example:
typescript
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div *ngIf="show">{{ obs$ | subscribe }}</div>
`,
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule, SubscribePipe],
})
export class AppComponent {
show = true;
ngOnInit() {
setTimeout(() => {
this.obs$ = of(20000);
}, 2000);
setTimeout(() => {
this.obs$ = null;
}, 4000);
}
obs$ = interval(500).pipe(
tap((x) => {
if (x === 10) {
this.show = false;
}
})
);
}
So, we need to dispose the subscription also on these cases! Otherwise, we cause a memory leak!
Let’s create a dispose() method that has the unsubscription logic in order to re-use it!
typescript
private dispose() {
if (this.sub) { // <-- first we check if we have a subscription
this.sub.unsubscribe(); // <-- unsubscribe from the observable
this.sub = null; // <-- remove the subscription reference
}
}
Now, let’s use this method!
First, on ngOnDestroy() and then in the other cases mentioned above!
typescript
ngOnDestroy() {
this.dispose();
}
typescript
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
if (!obs) {
this.dispose(); // <-- if we have a current sub and change the obs to be null we need to dispose it
return null;
}
if (obs === this.currentObs) {
return this.latestValue;
} else {
this.dispose(); // <-- before subscribing to a new observable, we need to dispose the existing one
this.currentObs = obs;
this.sub = obs.subscribe((value) => {
this.latestValue = value;
});
}
return this.latestValue;
}
If we see the app, it will still work without any issue! And now without memory leaks 🎉 yay!
Are we done? Not yet, because our pipe doesn’t work with OnPush ChangeDetection!
On, your editor, try to enable the changeDetection OnPush on your component and see the app! It won’t show anything!
But, how can we fix it? Just like any other time when we try to fix change detection issues 😈😄, put a cdr.markForCheck() after you update the value and we’re done!
typescript
private cdr = inject(ChangeDetectorRef); // <-- inject CDRef here
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
...
this.sub = obs.subscribe((value) => {
this.latestValue = value;
this.cdr.markForCheck(); // <-- mark the component as dirty here, after we have updated the latestValue
});
...
}
That’s it!
Code refactoring
Let’s move the subscription handling in a method (and also throw when we get an error), set cdr, currentObs to null in ngOnDestroy (to remove it’s reference and not cause any memory leak) and change the way code is handled in the transform method for better readability.
typescript
private subscribe(obs: Subscribable<T>) {
this.currentObs = obs;
this.sub = obs.subscribe({
next: (res) => {
this.latestValue = res;
this.cdr.markForCheck();
},
error: (error) => {
throw error;
},
});
}
typescript
transform(obs: Subscribable<T> | null): T | null {
if (!obs) {
this.dispose();
return null;
}
// here we check if the obs are not the same instead of checking if they are the same
if (obs !== this.currentObs) {
this.dispose();
this.subscribe(obs); // <-- use the method we extracted above
}
return this.latestValue;
}
typescript
ngOnDestroy() {
this.dispose();
this.cdr = null;
this.currentObs = null;
}
Recap
Find the whole source code here, and see that async pipe itself is built almost the same way!
We have handled almost all the cases that Angular’s async pipe handles except the promises (but also that can be done easily)! And understood why Angular async pipe is not pure, and why that is not an issue at all!
I hope you liked this post and learned something from it!
Thank you for reading! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Seki1949
Introduction
Masters Degree in History, University of California, Santa Barbara - Emphasis Russian/Soviet and eastern European History, 1800 to Present
Seki1949 (talk) 00:47, 27 June 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Kojiro Takano
Kōjirō Takano is a Japanese politician who served as a member of the House of Councillors of Japan.
Biography
He was elected in 2013 and in 2019 for Tokushima, Kochi Prefecture. In June 2023, he resigned after confessing he had assaulted his secretary. | WIKI |
Source code for process.process_mdout
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Module containing the ProcessMDOut class and the command line interface."""
import argparse
import shutil
from pathlib import Path, PurePath
from biobb_common.generic.biobb_object import BiobbObject
from biobb_common.configuration import settings
from biobb_common.tools import file_utils as fu
from biobb_common.tools.file_utils import launchlogger
from biobb_amber.process.common import *
[docs]class ProcessMDOut(BiobbObject): """ | biobb_amber.process.process_mdout ProcessMDOut | Wrapper of the `AmberTools (AMBER MD Package) process_mdout tool <https://ambermd.org/AmberTools.php>`_ module. | Parses the AMBER (sander) md output file (log) and dumps statistics that can then be plotted. Using the process_mdout.pl tool from the AmberTools MD package. Args: input_log_path (str): AMBER (sander) MD output (log) file. File type: input. `Sample file <https://github.com/bioexcel/biobb_amber/raw/master/biobb_amber/test/data/process/sander.heat.log>`_. Accepted formats: log (edam:format_2330), out (edam:format_2330), txt (edam:format_2330), o (edam:format_2330). output_dat_path (str): Dat output file containing data from the specified terms along the minimization process. File type: output. `Sample file <https://github.com/bioexcel/biobb_amber/raw/master/biobb_amber/test/reference/process/sander.md.temp.dat>`_. Accepted formats: dat (edam:format_1637), txt (edam:format_2330), csv (edam:format_3752). properties (dic - Python dictionary object containing the tool parameters, not input/output files): * **terms** (*list*) - (["ETOT"]) Statistics descriptors. Values: VOLUME, TSOLVENT, TSOLUTE, TEMP, PRES, ETOT, ESCF, EPTOT, EKTOT, EKCMT, DENSITY. * **remove_tmp** (*bool*) - (True) [WF property] Remove temporal files. * **restart** (*bool*) - (False) [WF property] Do not execute if output files exist. Examples: This is a use example of how to use the building block from Python:: from biobb_amber.process.process_mdout import process_mdout prop = { 'terms' : ['TEMP','VOLUME','DENSITY'] } process_mdout(input_log_path='/path/to/ambermd.log', output_dat_path='/path/to/newFeature.dat', properties=prop) Info: * wrapped_software: * name: AmberTools process_mdout * version: >20.9 * license: LGPL 2.1 * ontology: * name: EDAM * schema: http://edamontology.org/EDAM.owl """ def __init__(self, input_log_path: str, output_dat_path: str, properties, **kwargs): properties = properties or {} # Call parent class constructor super().__init__(properties) # Input/Output files self.io_dict = { 'in': { 'input_log_path': input_log_path }, 'out': { 'output_dat_path': output_dat_path } } # Properties specific for BB self.properties = properties self.terms = properties.get('terms', ["ETOT"]) # Check the properties self.check_properties(properties)
[docs] def check_data_params(self, out_log, err_log): """ Checks input/output paths correctness """ # Check input(s) self.io_dict["in"]["input_log_path"] = check_input_path(self.io_dict["in"]["input_log_path"], "input_log_path", False, out_log, self.__class__.__name__) # Check output(s) self.io_dict["out"]["output_dat_path"] = check_output_path(self.io_dict["out"]["output_dat_path"],"output_dat_path", False, out_log, self.__class__.__name__)
[docs] @launchlogger def launch(self): """Launches the execution of the ProcessMDOut module.""" # check input/output paths and parameters self.check_data_params(self.out_log, self.err_log) # Setup Biobb if self.check_restart(): return 0 self.stage_files() # Command line self.cmd = ['process_mdout.perl ', self.io_dict['in']['input_log_path'] ] # Run Biobb block self.run_biobb() # Copy files to host self.copy_to_host() if len(self.terms) == 1: shutil.copy('summary.'+self.terms[0], self.io_dict['out']['output_dat_path']) else: ene_dict = {} for term in self.terms: with open("summary."+term) as fp: for line in fp: x = line.split() if x: if (len(x) > 1): ene_dict.setdefault(float(x[0]), {})[term] = x[1] with open(self.io_dict['out']['output_dat_path'],'w') as fp_out: fp_out.write("# TIME ") for term in self.terms: fp_out.write(term + " ") fp_out.write("\n") for key in sorted(ene_dict.keys()): fp_out.write(str(key) + " ") for term in self.terms: fp_out.write(ene_dict[key][term] + " ") fp_out.write("\n") # remove temporary folder(s) if self.remove_tmp: self.tmp_files.extend(list(Path().glob('summary*'))) self.remove_tmp_files() return self.return_code
[docs]def process_mdout(input_log_path: str, output_dat_path: str, properties: dict = None, **kwargs) -> int: """Create :class:`ProcessMDOut <process.process_mdout.ProcessMDOut>`process.process_mdout.ProcessMDOut class and execute :meth:`launch() <process.process_mdout.ProcessMDOut.launch>` method""" return ProcessMDOut( input_log_path=input_log_path, output_dat_path=output_dat_path, properties=properties).launch()
[docs]def main(): parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Parses the AMBER (sander) MD output file (log) and dumps statistics that can then be plotted. Using the process_mdout.pl tool from the AmberTools MD package.', formatter_class=lambda prog: argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter(prog, width=99999)) parser.add_argument('--config', required=False, help='Configuration file') # Specific args required_args = parser.add_argument_group('required arguments') required_args.add_argument('--input_log_path', required=True, help='AMBER (sander) MD output (log) file. Accepted formats: log, out, txt, o.') required_args.add_argument('--output_dat_path', required=True, help='Dat output file containing data from the specified terms along the MD process. File type: output. Accepted formats: dat, txt, csv.') args = parser.parse_args() config = args.config if args.config else None properties = settings.ConfReader(config=config).get_prop_dic() # Specific call process_mdout( input_log_path=args.input_log_path, output_dat_path=args.output_dat_path, properties=properties)
if __name__ == '__main__': main() | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Rectify finale: this is one of the most emotionally acute shows in TV history
Why does Rectify work? The Sundance drama follows a man named Daniel Holden (Aden Young), who is released from death row after 19 years, and the family that tries to make room for him in their lives after all that time. It ended its run Wednesday, December 14 with a terrific, soulful finale, filled with perfectly realized moments and the sense of life moving ever forward. Not everything is resolved, because that’s not how life works. In reality, a story doesn’t end when you tell it to. The show has been, throughout all four of its seasons, one of TV’s best. It’s taken big storytelling chances and embraced a ruminative quality in its performances and visuals. But that ruminative quality can also make it trying at times, especially if you’re not 100 percent on board with the show’s internal, emotion-driven stories. So much of what happens takes place inside the characters’ heads. In many scenes, we’re bearing witness as they change the way they think about a certain idea, or how they come to an understanding with someone they don’t always agree with. Rectify has its plottier elements — especially when it digs into whether seemingly sweet-tempered Daniel actually committed the rape and murder he was convicted for — but those elements are often among its clunkiest. So why does Rectify work? The series finale offers some hints. The characters on Rectify sometimes speak as if they’re discovering their emotions all at once. They knew those emotions were there, but they took great pains not to examine them too closely. In a sense, that’s what the show is about. It can be easy to ignore many of your less pleasant feelings when nothing really challenges your status quo, as was the case for Daniel’s family when he was in prison. Yes, their lives had been shattered by his conviction, sentence, and imprisonment. But then they spent 19 years living with his incarceration, getting used to it and coming to understand it. Daniel’s release served as a kind of jolt to the system, a sudden shock that sent the characters spinning off course and made them realize how much unhappiness they’d been living with. Thus, Rectify isn’t really about Daniel’s release — it’s about how his release affects both him and his family, emotionally. And over the course of its run, the show neatly mirrors itself. Season one was mostly about Daniel’s immediate reaction to reentering the outside world in the form of his hometown of Paulie, Georgia, and season four is essentially all epilogue about his family. Daniel has moved from Paulie to Nashville (though we still check in on him), but his family is left behind trying to make sense of what they’ve been through. Before the finale, Young, who fostered such brilliant chemistry with every single one of his castmates, had only shared screen time with two of them in season four, and the finale only offered screen time with one other (though he shared a series of phone calls with a few more). The season focused on the other characters taking stock of how their lives had changed in Daniel’s handful of months spent in Paulie after getting out of prison. Marriages ended. Businesses closed. New loves blossomed. None of this was the sort of high-stakes, pulse-pounding TV that tends to dominate headlines. It was quiet and small, driven by the innermost self. But the more you watch of Rectify’s fourth season, the more you realize that the show’s central idea is to probe everything its writers know about the characters’ emotions and help them find a way to speak about their feelings. Watching season four is like watching a dam burst, as each character experiences some sort of major revelation about what they want in life, then finds the words to express it. There are few shows as wise about the inner workings of our minds as this one, and Rectify season four has been next level in that regard. This is especially true for Daniel himself. In a vacuum, stranding your protagonist in a completely different city, hundreds of miles away from every other character on the show, doesn’t seem like the smartest idea. Daniel might not have been the world’s most traditional main character, prone as he was to waxing on about philosophy in a quiet rumble, but he was the glue holding the show together. If the family had shattered in the wake of his release, he was diligently trying to put the pieces back together and carve out a place for himself among them. But sending Daniel so far away forced him to do something he hadn’t really had to do in the previous three seasons: confront himself. Oh, sure, he spent plenty of time in season two (the series’ best) trying to figure out whether he had committed the crimes he was convicted of. (He had been using drugs at the time and had no memory of what happened.) But when he mentioned being sexually assaulted in prison way back in season one, references to this central horror in his life more or less stopped there, only alluded to going forward in brief bursts of his rage. In Nashville, however, Daniel can’t escape either himself or his memories. He’s trapped with his own PTSD from his time on death row, and while he avoids therapy at first, the handful of people he befriends in Nashville aren’t terribly well-suited to helping him find stability. The scenes where Daniel finally, finally finds a therapist to talk to — and then resolutely, almost clinically works his way through his worst memories — feature some of Young’s finest work. Daniel doesn’t suddenly become whole again over the course of the finale. That would be impossible; it’s not how people’s psychologies work. But by its end, we start to see how he might find peace with himself and what’s happened to him. The last 10 minutes of the finale, sweet and sad and wise, ensure as much. If there’s one thing Rectify knows, it’s that every new day is a gift. That sounds — as one of the characters might put it — "corny as shit," but it’s something the show deeply, fundamentally believes. If you’re on this Earth for however long, you might as well use the time to make it a better place for others and to understand and accept yourself. Nobody on Rectify gets all the way there, because none of us do. But they’re a little closer when the series ends than they were when it began. And that’s a start. Prior seasons of Rectify are available on Netflix. This season is on Sundance’s website. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Joseph Steven Ekwere/sandbox
Joseph Steven Ekwere is an Indigen of AKwa ibom state,Nigeria to be precise He is also the The Head of Jonells' blog. He is 18 years old old he was born in the year 2002 March 31
He attended FAANSS secondary School Cross river, Calabar and has lived in Calabar for so many years..so one can say he is Acquainted with the state... Presently among many others he is a student of The CROSS RIVER UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (Crutech) and is currently studying Mass communication as he aspires to be a Broadcaster.. He is the first Son of his parents along his Four (4) sisters... Stephanie, Mitchell and Blessing | WIKI |
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* Trivia: I've upload 57 airmail stamp images to Commons, about half of the total 113 that exist | WIKI |
katulong
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) domestic helper; maid; houseboy; housegirl
* 2) helper; assistant
* 1) helper; assistant
Adjective
* 1) working with another; helping another | WIKI |
Talk:Thomas Digby (rower)
Digby & threes
Seems to me that: for three years he was in the Abingdon senior VIII, then three years in the Yale senior VIII. He raced at three junior world championships, then three U23 world championships and has won three Grand Challenge Cups at Henley. With the Olympics in 2024, it's a shame we have to wait till 2025 to see if he can win three successive senior world championship titles. Original research ? Maybe but still spooky ! Sticks 66 12:31, 11 October 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Acidfree Inline Filter
Acidfree offers a built-in inline filter for inserting Acidfree elements into the body of other elements. This allows you to write a story about your latest camping trip and include small photos from the trip in with your text. First, you must enable the filter for each input type (html, php, etc.) at admin -> input types (admin/filter) and clicking on 'configure' for each input type you want to have [acidfree:nnn] tags enabled for. Then make sure the 'acidfree inline filter' is checked and hit save. Now you can add [acidfree:nnn] tags in the body of other elements.
There has evidently been some confusion about what the nnn in the tag is. The nnn stands for the node ID of the Acidfree node you want to appear.
It is possible to change the way the [acidfree:nnn] tags look by adding a few name/value pairs. Note that any value that has spaces in it must be quoted either with single quotes ' or with double quotes ". Currently, the choices are:
• title: use this string as the caption (Note that you can have the node title be the default caption by modifying the setting in admin/settings/acidfree)
• align: {left,right}
• size: {M, WxH} where M=max dimension and WxH=WidthxHeight
• link: 'none' or relative or absolute url e.g. http://www.google.com or node/59. If set to none, thumbnail will not be a link
• popup: any value. If set, it will cause the link to be a popup link
• style: CSS style information for the image
• class: additional class for the image
Examples
• [acidfree:1234 size=300 align=right] - right aligned thumbnail of node 1234 with max dimension of 300 pixels
• [acidfree:4321] - left aligned thumbnail of node 4321 (default thumbnail size)
• [acidfree:3241 align=left size=320x240] - right aligned thumbnail of node 3241 with size = 320x240
• [acidfree:3241 title='This is a different title' size=320 popup=true link="http://mysite.dom/"] - left aligned thumbnail of node 3241 with a title set, size = 320x240, link pointing to mysite.dom and target=blank_ set in the anchor
• [acidfree:3241 link=none class='my-image your-image' style="border: 2 px grey inset;"] - left aligned thumbnail of 3241, default size, class set and new style info
Themes
Like the rest of Drupal, Acidfree was designed with theming in mind. Almost all of Acidfree drawing routines can be themed.
The two main drawing routines theme_acidfree_print_thumb_{$class} and theme_acidfree_print_full_{$class} are defined for each class (currently album, photo and video).
Let's assume you are writing a new theme called 'blowfish.' The first thing you should do is copy the acidfree.css from the modules/acidfree directory into your theme directory. This copy in the theme dir will override the default css file. Feel free to modify it to suit your theming needs. Then in your blowfish.theme file, you need to define each of the default Acidfree theme functions you want to override. The current list of themeable functions in Acidfree are as follows:
<?php
function theme_acidfree_album_contents($form) { /* show 'Album Contents' view for mass edits */ }
function
theme_acidfree_print_full_album($node) { /* show the full album */ }
function
theme_acidfree_print_thumb_album(&$node) { /* the an album thumbnail */ }
function
theme_acidfree_print_full_photo(&$node) { /* show a full photo */ }
function
theme_acidfree_print_thumb_photo(&$node, $parent=null) { /* show a photo thumbnail */ }
function
theme_acidfree_exif_data(&$node) { /* theme exif data for a photo */ }
function
theme_acidfree_print_full_video(&$node) { /* show a full video */ }
function
theme_acidfree_print_thumb_video(&$node, $parent=null) { /* show a video thumbnail*/ }
function
theme_video_quicktime_control(&$node) { /* theme the quicktime control */ }
function
theme_video_realmedia_control(&$node) { /* theme the realmedia control */ }
function
theme_video_windowsmedia_control(&$node) { /* theme the wm control */ }
?>
Of all of these, the most common to theme are theme_acidfree_print_thumb_album, theme_acidfree_print_thumb_photo, and theme_acidfree_print_thumb_video. Some people may want to theme theme_acidfree_print_full_album, but really all it does is draw the thumbnails of its contents in a table. So most people can get what they want simply by modifying the CSS for the rest of the drawn elements.
So you will need to create the following functions in your blowfish.theme file:
<?php
function blowfish_acidfree_print_thumb_album(&$node) { /* the an album thumbnail */ }
function
blowfish_acidfree_print_thumb_photo(&$node, $parent=null) { /* show a photo thumbnail */ }
function
blowfish_acidfree_print_full_video(&$node) { /* show a full video */ }
?>
Keep in mind that a lot of the theming can be done simply by changing the CSS of the existing theme. You can do this by copying the acidfree.css to your theme dir and then modifying it. One other advantage of this is that your theme will not be overwritten when you upgrade Acidfree in the future.
theming to reorder a CCK and call back to acidfree hooks
Ok, this may be more of a CCK theming question, but having added CCK fields to my acidfree album to allow more album meta data, I now wish to reorder the placement of CCK/acidfree fields. To achieve this, I've created my node-acidfree.tpl.php, but I'm finding that I'm having to recreate a lot of stuff, not just the fields I added.
How can I theme all my cck fields then add the acidfree album thumb as an acidfree theme call?
something but not quite like:
[code]
?php print $field_some-field[0]['view']; ?
?php print theme_acidfree_album($node); ?
[/code]
please help? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1916 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1916 Norwegian Football Cup was the 15th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for 1916 local association leagues (kretsserier) champions. Frigg won their second title, having beaten Ørn in the final.
First round
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|9 September 1916
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|13 September 1916
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|13 September 1916
* }
* Kvik (Fredrikshald) had a walkover.
Second round
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|17 September 1916
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|Replay: 29 September 1916
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|Replay: 29 September 1916
* }
* Lyn (Gjøvik) had a walkover.
Semi-finals
* colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|3 October 1915
* } | WIKI |
Police handling of protests needs national overhaul, says review | UK news | The Guardian
Paul Lewis, Sandra Laville and Peter Walker Tuesday 7 July 2009 09.04 EDTLast modified on Tuesday 19 July 2016 17.20 EDT There should be a national overhaul of the policing of protests that reasserts the state's obligation to allow lawful demonstrations, a scathing report into how the Metropolitan police handled the G20 protests recommended today. Advocating major reforms in the way such marches are handled, Denis O'Connor, the chief inspector of constabulary, said national tactics for policing protest were inadequate and belonged to a different era. What the review [of policing protest] identifies is that the world is changing and the police need to think about changing their approach to protest, O'Connor said. The impact of kettling, or containment policies that trap thousands of people inside police cordons for several hours, should be moderated by providing officers on the ground with greater discretion to allow peaceful protesters and bystanders more freedom of movement. Commanders appeared not to properly understand basic human rights laws or the legal requirements surrounding the use of kettling, the report said. However, O'Connor said this was the case for only some senior officers, and refused to identify those at fault. The Metropolitan police immediately promised its own review of protest tactics and training, and conceded that not acting on recommendations would result in a loss of confidence in the force. The 60-page report, Adapting to Protest (pdf), was commissioned after condemnation of the Metropolitan police's handling of the London demonstrations in April, which ended in the death of the newspaper vendor Ian Tomlinson. It said police were currently failing in their human rights obligations, and described public order policing guidance issued by the Association of Chief Police Officers (Acpo) – adopted by all forces across England and Wales – as insufficient. The national policy should be overhauled, it said, to demonstrate explicit consideration of the facilitation of peaceful protest. O'Connor said the G20 demonstrations were a watershed moment that highlighted the failings in how protests are policed: On that day during the G20 all of these issues crystallised together. For better or worse, we have taken a view today that it's time to change and move on. His report made a number of recommendations, including that officers should wear identification badges at all times and that police communication – with protesters, the media and members of the public – should urgently be improved. The report said that, contrary to claims by senior Met officers before the demonstrations, there was no specific intelligence which suggested any planned intention to engage in co-ordinated and organised public disorder. Despite that, senior commanders gave no consideration to the idea that the protests might be peaceful and planned how to deal robustly with unlawful activity. Scotland Yard described the report as a sound framework, with Assistant Commissioner Chris Allison, in charge of central operations, saying it would look into ways to improve the use of containment and other tactics. Sir Hugh Orde, the incoming Acpo president, told its annual conference in Manchester today that the organisation would examine any recommendations relevant to it. From his experience policing marches in Northern Ireland, Orde said, he believed the G20 problems might not have arisen if human rights had been put at the centre of operational decisions. He also warned police forces to be aware of how their actions appeared in an age of worldwide media and instant communication: Police actions will travel around the world at a velocity we have never seen before, and the judgments that go with it. Senior Met officers had lobbied hard to retain kettling, arguing that it prevents widescale disruption spreading throughout a city. The technique was used extensively at the G20 protests, and resulted in repeated clashes with demonstrators who wanted to leave cordoned areas. Today's report noted that a significant number of complaints about the G20 protests concerned the way kettling was apparently indiscriminate, containing people in a small area for an unknown period of time, without sufficient access to food, water and toilets. In the future, protesters should know about containment plans in advance and officers should be given more scope to allow distressed or vulnerable people to pass through police cordons, it said. O'Connor said his recommendations should be implemented urgently, expressing hope that some measures would be in place in time for protests planned for the end of the summer. He said: If these recommendations are not adopted I would expect there will be more disruption in our lives, potentially. There will be very problematic incidents and police will be challenged in the courts. The public will become progressively aware of it, and consent will be withdrawn. It won't necessarily be a cliff face, but another sad erosion of the faith in British policing. Sign inor create your Guardian account to join the discussion. This discussion is closed for comments. We're doing some maintenance right now. You can still read comments, but please come back later to add your own. Commenting has been disabled for this account (why?) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Barbara FINCH, individually, on behalf of Manny Moe and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Carol Jordan, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, and Barbara Ortiz, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. NEW YORK STATE OFFICE OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES; John A. Johnson, individually and in his capacity as the Commissioner of the New York State Office of Children and Family Services; the City of New York, Administration for Children’s Services; William C. Bell, individually and in his capacity as Commissioner of the Administration for Children’s Services of the City of New York; Dave R. Peters, individually and in his capacity as Director, State Central Register, New York State Office of Children and Family Services, Division of Development and Prevention Services; Jane Doe 1, individually and in her capacity as a Supervisor of the State Central Register; Jane Doe 2, individually and in her capacity as an employee of the State Central Register; John Doe 1, individually and in his capacity as a Supervisor of Administration for Children’s Services; and John Doe 2, individually and in his capacity as an employee of Administration for Children’s Services, Defendants.
No. 04 Civ. 1668 (SAS).
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
March 5, 2012.
Thomas Hoffman, Esq., Law Offices of Thomas Hoffman, P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiffs.
Robert L. Kraft, Assistant Attorney General, New York, NY, for State Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
SHIRA A. SCHEINDLIN, District Judge:
1. INTRODUCTION
On February 24, 2004, plaintiffs brought a class action lawsuit against, inter alia, the New York State Office of Children and Family Services (“OCFS”); John A. Johnson, Commissioner of the OCFS; and Dave R. Peters, Director of the Statewide Central Register of Child Abuse and Maltreatment (the “SCR”) (collectively the “State Defendants” or “defendants”). Plaintiffs alleged that the inordinate delays in the scheduling of administrative hearings-in which class members could challenge their listing as subjects of “indicated” reports of child abuse/maltreatment in the SCR-violated their due process rights. After this Court certified a class, which was subsequently divided into two subclasses (Subclass A and Subclass B), the parties settled all outstanding claims. Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988 (“section 1988”), plaintiffs now move for the following attorneys’ fees and costs: $711,781.25 in attorney’s fees and $16,343.10 in costs relating to the Subclass A litigation; $50,000.00 in attorneys’ fees and $639.00 in costs for first year monitoring services rendered with regard to the Subclass B litigation; $18,685.42 in attorneys’ fees incurred in recovering attorneys’ fees and costs under section 1988; and $7,554.87 for additional fees and costs incurred in recovering fees and costs under section 1988. For the following reasons, plaintiffs’ motion is granted but not in the amounts requested.
II. BACKGROUND
This case was originally assigned to the Honorable Richard C. Casey, who died on March 22, 2007. While under the supervision of Judge Casey, plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint on June 14, 2004. The State Defendants moved to dismiss the First Amended Complaint in its entirety while plaintiffs cross-moved to have New York Social Services Law § 422(6) (“N.Y. SSL § 422(6)”) declared unconstitutional. Although these motions were fully submitted as of April 8, 2005, they were not decided until after the case had been reassigned to my docket on May 25, 2007.
In an Opinion and Order dated July 3, 2007, the motion to dismiss was decided and the following claims were dismissed: “(1) all claims against the OCFS; (2) all claims brought under the Ninth Amendment of the United States Constitution; (3) claims for money damages against the individual State defendants in their official capacities; (4) claims for money damages against the individual State defendants in them individual capacities; and (5) claims seeking injunctive relief for past conduct.”' Any claims against the State Defendants based on state statutory violations were .also dismissed. Plaintiffs’ cross-motion seeking declaratory relief was withdrawn and deemed moot. Thus, only the claim for prospective injunctive relief against the individual State Defendants survived the motion to dismiss.
Plaintiffs then moved for class certification. On August 11, 2008, this Court certified the following class:
all persons: (1) who are working or desire to work or to be licensed in the childcare field; (2) who are now, or in the future will be, listed on the Statewide Central Register as subjects of indicated reports of child abuse that were investigated by and indicated by a designated investigative agency; (3) who timely requested amendment of the indicated reports; and (4) whose requests for amendment have not been disposed of.
Plaintiffs then moved, and the State Defendants cross-moved, for summary judgment. Both motions were denied in a Memorandum Opinion and Order dated December 18, 2008.
Plaintiffs filed their Third Amended Complaint on August 17, 2009. The Third Cause of Action in the Third Amended Complaint defined the claims of persons whom the parties later designated as members of Subclass B. In the Stipulation of Partial Settlement of Class Action (“Stipulation of Settlement”), signed by the Court on February 5, 2010, the members of the class previously certified in this action were designated as members of Subclass A and a separate Subclass B was certified with regard to persons who were incorrectly classified by the OCFS as having waived the right to an administrative hearing. After a fairness hearing was held on April 20, 2010, the Subclass B Stipulation of Settlement was finally approved. Class counsel was appointed to monitor compliance.
After the Subclass B settlement was approved, the parties resolved the issue of attorneys’ fees and class counsel was paid $400,000.00 for work done on behalf of the Subclass B members through the effective date of the Stipulation of Settlement. The Stipulation of Settlement further provided that class counsel could seek additional attorneys’ fees for work done monitoring the State Defendants’ compliance with the terms of the settlement. Monitoring fees for the first year of monitoring were capped at $50,000.00.
The remaining causes of action in the Third Amended Complaint applicable to Subclass A members were scheduled to go to trial on October 27, 2010. On the eve of trial, the parties informed the Court that they intended to settle the two remaining causes of action (the First and Second Causes of Action). Accordingly, the parties entered a Stipulation of Settlement of Class Action, dated November 4, 2010 (the “State Settlement Agreement”). A fairness hearing was scheduled for February 7, 2011, to evaluate the fairness, reasonableness and adequacy of both the State and City settlements. At the fairness hearing, no one objected to the proposed settlements. On February 17, 2011, the Court gave its final approval of the State Settlement Agreement, thereby resolving the Subclass A members’ outstanding claims. The instant motion followed.
III. LEGAL STANDARD
A “prevailing party” in a civil rights action is entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. Furthermore, a prevailing party is also entitled to reimbursement for time reasonably expended in preparing his attorneys’ fee application. A “prevailing party” is a party who achieves a “ ‘material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties’....” District courts are afforded considerable discretion in determining the amount of reasonable attorneys’ fees in any given case. The methodology to be used in determining those amounts is the “lodestar” approach. In addition, “the fee applicant bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an award and' documenting the appropriate hours expended and hourly rates.”
The Supreme Court has endorsed the “lodestar” approach as the superior method to be used in determining attorneys’ fees, describing it as “ ‘the guiding light of ... fee-shifting jurisprudence.’ ” Disfavoring the Johnson approach and its twelve, case-specific factors as being too subjective, the Supreme Court has stated that “there is a ‘strong presumption’ the lodestar figure is reasonable[.]” In applying Perdue, the Second Circuit has stated:
Both this Court and the Supreme Court have held that the lodestar — the product of a reasonable hourly rate and the reasonable number of hours required by the case — creates a “presumptively reasonable fee.” While the lodestar is not always conclusive, its presumptive reasonability means that, absent extraordinary circumstances, failing to calculate it as a starting point is legal error. A detailed explanation of the lodestar calculation is unnecessary, but compliance with the Supreme Court’s directive that fee award calculations be “objective and reviewable,” implies the district court should at least provide the number of hours and hourly rate it used to produce the lodestar figure.
According to the Supreme Court,
the lodestar method produces an award that roughly approximates the fee that the prevailing attorney would have received if he or she had been representing a paying client who was billed by the hour in a comparable ease. [Furthermore], the lodestar method is readily administrable; and unlike the Johnson approach, the lodestar calculation is “objective,” and thus cabins the discretion of trial judges, permits meaningful judicial review, and produces reasonably predictable results.
The aim of section 1988 “is to enforce the covered civil rights statutes, not to provide ‘a form of economic relief to improve the financial lot of attorneys.’ ” Thus, “a ‘reasonable’ fee is a fee that is sufficient to induce a capable attorney to undertake the representation of a meritorious civil rights case.” There is a “strong” presumption that “the lodestar method yields a fee that is presumptively sufficient to achieve this objective.”
“In determining what fee is reasonable, the court takes account of claimed hours that it views as ‘excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.’ ” In doing so, “the district court does not play the role of an uninformed arbiter but may look to its own familiarity with the case and its experience generally as well as to the evidentiary submissions and arguments of the parties.” “In reducing the ‘lodestar’ amount, the court may exclude the excessive and unreasonable hours from its calculation by making an across-the-board reduction, or percentage cut, in the amount of hours.”
There is no rule requiring proportionality between the amount of fees requested and the damages recovered. The Second Circuit has stated:
While a court may, in exceptional circumstances, adjust the lodestar, it may not disregard it entirely. Especially for claims where the financial recovery is likely to be small, calculating attorneys’ fees as a proportion of damages runs directly contrary to the purpose of fee-shifting statutes: assuring that civil rights claims of modest cash value can attract competent counsel. The whole purpose of fee-shifting statutes is to generate attorneys’ fees that are disproportionate to the plaintiffs recovery. Thus, the district court abused its discretion when it ignored the lodestar and calculated the attorneys’ fees as a proportion of the damages awarded.
“Reasoning that a rule calling for proportionality between the fee and the monetary amount involved in the litigation would effectively prevent plaintiffs from obtaining counsel in cases where deprivation of a constitutional right caused injury of low monetary value, [courts] have repeatedly rejected the notion that a fee may be reduced merely because the fee would be disproportionate to the financial interest at stake in the litigation.”
“ ‘[T]he most critical factor’ in a district court’s determination of what constitutes reasonable attorney’s fees in a given case ‘is the degree of success obtained’ by the plaintiff.” “Hours spent on unsuccessful fee-shifting claims, like those spent on claims wholly ineligible for fee-shifting, must be excluded from the reasonable hours spent on the case when calculating the lodestar.” As recognized by the Supreme Court, where
a plaintiff has achieved only partial or limited success, the product of hours reasonably expended on the litigation as a whole times a reasonable hourly rate may be an excessive amount. This will be true even where the plaintiffs claims were interrelated, nonfrivolous, and raised in good faith. Congress has not authorized an award of fees whenever it was reasonable for a plaintiff to bring a lawsuit or whenever conscientious counsel tried the case with devotion and skill. Again, the most critical factor is the degree of success obtained.
The “degree of success” inquiry “is not limited to inquiring whether a plaintiff prevailed on individual claims.” “Both the quantity and quality of relief obtained, as compared to what the plaintiff sought to achieve as evidenced in her complaint, are key factors in determining the degree of success achieved.” Accordingly, “a district judge’s authority to reduce the fee awarded to a prevailing plaintiff below the lodestar by reason of the plaintiffs ‘partial or limited success’ is not restricted either to cases of multiple discrete theories or to cases in which the plaintiff won only a nominal or technical victory.”
“The reasonable hourly rate is the rate a paying client would be willing to pay.” In determining the reasonable hourly rates to be applied, courts should look to the market rates “ ‘prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.’ ” “The relevant community to which the court should look is the district in which the case was brought.” To compensate for the delay in payment, the hourly rates to be used should be “ ‘current rather than historic hourly rates.’ ” In sum, in determining a reasonable hourly rate, courts “should bear in mind that a reasonable, paying client wishes to spend the minimum necessary to litigate the case effectively.”
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Counsel’s Hourly Rate
Thomas Hoffman is the plaintiffs’ lead attorney. He works in a very small law firm and has forty-two years experience in the fields of civil rights and family law. Plaintiffs seek to compensate Hoffman at the rate of $550 per hour, citing DeCurtis v. Upward Bound International, Inc. for the proposition that “rates awarded to experienced civil rights attorneys over the past ten years have ranged from $250 to $600 ...,” Defendants object to this rate as unreasonably high. Defendants point to E.S. v. Katonah-Lewisboro School District, where the hourly rate for a managing partner of a three-attorney law firm was reduced from $415 to $350 per hour. In making this reduction, the court relied, in part, on Heng Chan v. Sung Yue Tung Corp. stating as follows:
Although courts in this jurisdiction have awarded hourly rates exceeding $400 to attorneys in civil rights cases, such awards are only warranted in “unusually difficult and complex” cases. The plaintiff in Heng Chan was represented pro bono by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher and Flom, LLP, one of the largest and most well-regarded law firms in the world. Lead counsel was a partner with over sixteen years of litigation experience. Moreover, the case involved “a host of witnesses and parties, numerous boxes of documents, and depositions and investigations conducted in four languages.” Lead counsel received a fee award of $450 per hour.
Defendants also point to Davis v. City of New York, a recent decision where this Court approved of a rate of $425.00 per hour for the plaintiffs’ most senior attorney, who had thirty-one years of experience.
In determining reasonable hourly rates for civil rights attorneys, this Court has stated it is appropriate to determine whether the billing attorneys are “more like members of a large New York City law firm than they are like members of a nonprofit organization or a two to three-person obscure law firm.” Here, Hoffman’s billing practices reflect the fact that he operates, in large part, as a solo practitioner. Although plaintiffs argue that the requested rate of $550 per hour is “substantially less” than the rates charged by partners in large law firms, it is not that much less than the maximum rate, $600 per hour, cited by courts in this Circuit. And unlike large law firms, where less demanding tasks are delegated to junior associates, Hoffman did most of the work himself. However, there is something to be said for solo practitioners and very small firms that avoid the often duplicative billing that is found when junior and senior attorneys work together and both bill for tasks that one attorney could have handled.
Rates of $550 per hour or more are reserved for extraordinary attorneys held in unusually high regard by the legal community. The $550 hourly rate was previously applied by this Court only once, in Scott v. City of New York. In Scott, the plaintiffs sought attorneys’ fees for a well-known attorney with uniquely strong trial skills. Although the Second Circuit approved the hourly rate previously determined by this Court, it vacated the fee award on other grounds. Furthermore, the rate of $450 per hour was charged by Hoffman in monitoring defendants’ compliance with the Subclass B settlement. I cannot discern a valid reason for the discrepancy in the rates charged for Subclass A and Subclass B. To give plaintiffs the requested rate of $550 per hour for Hoffman’s time would inflate the fee award beyond what a reasonable, paying client— “wishing] to spend the minimum necessary to litigate the case effectively”— would be willing to pay. Therefore, I agree with the hourly rate proposed by the defendants and find that Hoffman should be compensated at the rate of $450 per hour. The net effect is an overall reduction in fees in the amount of $123,742.00.
B. Unsuccessful Claims
1. Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
The State Defendants filed a motion to dismiss and, in the alternative, for summary judgment. Plaintiffs opposed this motion and cross-moved to have N.Y. SSL § 442(6) declared unconstitutional, a claim that was later withdrawn. The State Defendants prevailed in large part as the Court dismissed all claims for money damages as well as claims seeking injunctive relief for past conduct and claims based on violations of state statutory law. The only claim that survived was plaintiffs’ claim for prospective injunctive relief. Plaintiffs propose an across-the-board percentage reduction and a dollar-for-dollar reduction for time incurred by counsel on unsuccessful claims.
In Addendum 3, plaintiffs quantified the amount of fees incurred in opposing the State Defendants’ motion to dismiss. The total amount of time is 78.67 hours, all of which is for Hoffman. Thus, the total amount of fees, adjusted for the decrease in Hoffman’s hourly rate, is $35,401.50. Plaintiffs propose either no adjustment or a reduction of fifteen percent which plaintiffs compute to be $7,355.00. However, given that the State Defendants prevailed on the vast majority of claims asserted by plaintiffs, I find that only forty percent is compensable. In other words, sixty percent of the adjusted total of $35,401.50 is not subject to fee-shifting due to plaintiffs’ lack of success. The net adjustment is a reduction in fees in the amount of $21,240.90.
Similarly, both sides have identified particular time charges incurred for time spent by plaintiffs pursuing claims for money damages. Plaintiffs have summarized some of these charges in Addendum 2, while the defendants merely identified the dates of entries to which they are objecting. The total amount in Addendum 2 is 19.50 hours, which includes all of the entries identified by defendants except for the entry on 10/24/2004. That entry, which was for research regarding personal involvement, represents four hours which, at Hoffman’s reduced hourly rate, translates to $1,800.00. Thus, the reduction in fees for time spent researching unsuccessful claims is $10,575.00 ((19.50 hours x $450/hour) + $1,800). In addition, defendants object to the inclusion of fees regarding plaintiffs’ unsuccessful cross-motion for summary judgment. The total time charges for that motion amount to 30.17 hours. At Hoffman’s adjusted hourly rate, the total dollar amount is $13,576.50. It is plaintiffs’ position that only half of this amount should be deducted because “the same research was later used in trial preparation and in negotiating the terms of the final settlement.” Because I agree with plaintiffs, compensable fees will be further reduced by $6,788.25. Thus, the reduction in fees for specifically identified, non-eompensable entries is $17,363.25, while the total combined reduction for plaintiffs’ unsuccessful claims is $38,604.15.
C. Overlapping Claims
1. Research and Drafting the Complaint
The original Complaint filed on February 27, 2004, included claims against both the State Defendants and the City Defendants. Plaintiffs have summarized these charges in Addendum 1. The total number of hours for drafting the Complaint, all of which were incurred by Hoffman, is 20.50 hours. At Hoffman’s adjusted hourly rate of $450 per hour, the total dollar amount is $9,225.00. Plaintiffs argue that the State claims predominated over the City claims in the Complaint and suggest a proposed reduction of fifty percent. As with plaintiffs’ mostly unsuccessful opposition to defendants’ motion to dismiss, I find that sixty percent of the adjusted total is noncompensable. Accordingly, a reduction in the amount of $5,535.00 is appropriate for this issue.
2. E-mails to Counsel for the City of New York and Others
Defendants object to those time charges relating to e-mails and telephone calls to Abby Goldenberg counsel for the City Defendants. Defendants have identified two entries, one on 7/11/2007 (0.33 hours) and the other on 8/20/2007 (0.17 hours). Plaintiffs have agreed they will not seek compensation for this time. However, in reviewing Hoffman’s detailed time sheets, I found several more entries reflecting communications with Goldenberg. On 3/11/2008, Hoffman billed 0.17 hours for reviewing an e-mail from Goldenberg. He billed the same amount (0.17 hours) the next day, 3/12/2008, for e-mails to and from Goldenberg. On 11/10/2008, there is a time entry for a telephone conversation with Goldenberg for 0.17 hours. The total reduction for Hoffman’s correspondence with counsel for the City of New York is 1.01 hours which translates at $450 per hour to $451.01.
3. Inadvertent Billing for Mystery Reply Memorandum
Defendants have identified time charges in June 2005 for the research and drafting of a reply memorandum of law unrelated to this ease. Plaintiffs concede that this reply memorandum was related to the litigation against the City Defendants and should be excluded. The total time charges amount to 11.00 hours, resulting in a reduction of $4,950.00.
4. March 2004 Discovery
In 2004, Hoffman billed for his work in drafting interrogatories and a notice to produce. These entries are dated 3/4/2004 (1.25 hours), 3/5/2004 (1.25 hours), and 3/8/2004 (2.00 hours). This discovery addressed both State and City claims. Furthermore, the notice to produce and interrogatories were not served because discovery was stayed pending defendants’ motion to dismiss. However, the drafts were used as the basis for plaintiffs’ final discovery demands, which were served upon the State Defendants. Plaintiffs suggest a reduction of fifty percent for this matter. I will therefore reduce the fees by $1,012.50.
5. Supplemental Complaint
Defendants argue that work done in connection with the “First Supplemental Complaint” should be excluded. The associated time entries are dated 12/17/2004 (1.00 hour); 12/20/2004 (0.50 hours); and 12/21/2004 (1.00 hour). Although not filed electronically, the First Supplemental Complaint was indeed served upon the State Defendants. Plaintiffs state that the failure to file the First Supplemental Complaint electronically was “inadvertent” and therefore object to excluding this item. If this item were excluded, a reduction in the amount of $1,125 would be warranted. Because the amount of the adjustment is de minimus, and in light of all the other adjustments made, I will not further reduce the compensable attorneys’ fees in this case.
D. Subclass B Monitoring
Class counsel was appointed to monitor defendants’ compliance with the terms of the Subclass B settlement. Although the fees for the first year of monitoring totaled $77,551.77, there is a $50,000 cap on the amount of fees to be reimbursed. Accordingly, plaintiffs are hereby awarded $50,000.00 in fees and $639.00 in costs for the first year of Subclass B monitoring.
E. Costs
An award of costs under section 1988 “normally includefs] those reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the attorney and which are normally charged fee-paying clients.” “The rationale for this rule is that attorney[s’] fees include expenses that are ‘incidental and necessary’ to the representation, provided they are ‘reasonable.’ ” Accordingly, “[[Identifiable, out-of-pocket disbursements for items such as photocopying, travel, and telephone costs are generally taxable under § 1988 and are often distinguished from nonrecoverable routine office overhead, which must normally be absorbed within the attorney’s hourly rate.” Here, plaintiffs seek costs, exclusive of non-taxable expert witness fees, in the amount of $17,014.05, for photocopying, mailing, court fees, etc. Because this amount is reasonable given the length of this litigation, plaintiffs are awarded full costs.
y. CONCLUSION
In sum, plaintiffs seek $787,989.59 in attorneys’ fees and $17,014.05 in costs. A reduction in the amount of $123,742.00 was made to adjust Hoffman’s hourly rate. A combined reduction of $38,604.15 was made to reflect plaintiffs’ unsuccessful claims. Further reductions to account for plaintiffs’ overlapping claims were made in the total amount of $11,948,51. Accordingly, plaintiffs are hereby awarded total attorneys’ fees of $613,694.93 and total costs of $17,014.05,- for a combined award of $630,708.98. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close plaintiffs’ motion for attorneys’ fees and costs (Docket Entry # 111).
SO ORDERED.
. Both individual defendants have since retired. Gladys Carrion is now the Commissioner of the OCFS and Linda Joyce is now acting Director of the SCR. The "City Defendants" include the City of New York, the Administration for Children’s Services, and William C. Bell, individually and in his capacity as Commissioner of the Administration for Children's Services. The claims against the City Defendants were severed from the instant action and were resolved independently.
. Plaintiffs’ counsel incurred another $7,522.92 in attorneys’ fees and $31.95 in costs in replying to the State Defendants’ opposition to the instant motion. See Addendum 4.
. N.Y. SSL § 442(6) states that "the record of the report to the statewide central register shall be expunged ten years after the eighteenth birthday of the youngest child named in the report.”
. There was no activity by plaintiffs’ counsel during this more than two year gap.
. Finch v. New York State Office of Children and Family Servs., 499 F.Supp.2d 521, 539-40 (S.D.N.Y.2007).
. See id. at 525, n. 6.
. See id. n. 7.
. See id. at 540.
. Finch v. New York State Office of Children and Family Servs., 252 F.R.D. 192, 194 (S.D.N.Y.2008).
. See Finch v. New York State Office of Children and Family Servs., No. 04 Civ. 1668, 2008 WL 5330616, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 2008).
. See 7/21/10 Letter from Thomas Hoffman to Robert L. Kraft, Ex. 1 to the Declaration of Robert L. Kraft in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for Attorneyfs'] Fees ("[A]ssuming we can resolve the outstanding fee request, in the interest of arriving at an amicable resolutions, I would agree to a cap of $50,000 for the first year of monitoring.”).
. The claims against the City Defendants were resolved in a separate Stipulation and Order of Settlement and Discontinuance, signed by the Court on Miay 20, 2011.
. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) (stating that “the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs” in civil rights actions). See also Raishevich v. Foster, 247 F.3d 337, 344 (2d Cir.2001) ("Although a district court typically has wide discretion in choosing whether to deny attorneys' fees, ... this discretion is narrowed by a presumption that successful civil rights litigants should ordinarily recover attorneys' fees unless special circumstances would render an award unjust.”).
. See Weyant v. Okst, 198 F.3d 311, 316 (2d Cir.1999) ("[A] reasonable fee should be awarded for time reasonably spent in preparing and defending an application for § 1988 fees.”).
. Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dep’t of Health and Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 604, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001) (quoting Texas State Teachers Ass’n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792-93, 109 S.Ct. 1486, 103 L.Ed.2d 866 (1989)).
. See Millea v. Metro-North R.R. Co., 658 F.3d 154, 166 (2d Cir.2011) (stating that district courts' discretion in awarding fees is not "unfettered”); LeBlanc-Sternberg v. Fletcher, 143 F.3d 748, 758 (2d Cir.1998) (“The district court retains discretion to determine ... what constitutes a reasonable fee.”).
. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983).
. Perdue v. Kenny, - U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 1662, 1672, 176 L.Ed.2d 494 (2010) (quoting Gisbrecht v. Barnhart, 535 U.S. 789, 801, 122 S.Ct. 1817, 152 L.Ed.2d 996 (2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). In Perdue, the issue was whether an attorney’s fee award could be increased (enhanced) based on the attorney’s superior performance.
. Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir.1974). The twelve Johnson factors are: "(1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion of employment by the attorney due to the acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys; (10) the ‘undesirability’ of the case; • (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 430, n. 3, 103 S.Ct. 1933.
. See Perdue, 130 S.Ct. at 1671-72. “This method, however, 'gave very little actual guidance to district courts. Setting attorney's fees by reference to a series of sometimes subjective factors placed unlimited discretion in trial judges and produced disparate results.' ” Id. at 1672 (quoting Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986) ("Delaware Valley I ”)).
. Id. at 1673.
. Millea, 658 F.3d at 166-67 (citations omitted).
. Perdue, 130 S.Ct. at 1672 (citations omitted, emphasis in original).
. Id. at 1673 (quoting Delaware Valley I, 478 U.S. at 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088).
. Id. at 1672 (citing Delaware Valley I, 478 U.S. at 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088 ("[I]f plaintiffs ... find it possible to engage a lawyer based on the statutory assurance that he will be paid a ‘reasonable fee,' the purpose behind the fee-shifting statute has been satisfied.”); Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 897, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984) ("[A] reasonable attorney’s fee is one that is adequate to attract competent counsel, but that does not produce windfalls to attorneys.” (ellipsis, brackets, and internal quotation marks omitted))).
. Id. at 1673.
. Bliven v. Hunt, 579 F.3d 204, 213 (2d Cir.2009) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933).
. DiFilippo v. Morizio, 759 F.2d 231, 236 (2d Cir.1985).
. T.S. Haulers, Inc. v. Cardinale, No. 09 CV 0451, 2011 WL 344759, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2011) (citing Green v. City of New York, 403 Fed.Appx. 626, 630 (2d Cir.2010) (stating that district courts are authorized “to make across-the-board percentage cuts in hours 'as a practical means of trimming fat from a fee application' ") (quoting In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig., 818 F.2d 226, 237 (2d Cir.1987) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted))).
. Millea, 658 F.3d at 169 (citation omitted, emphasis in original).
. Kassim v. City of Schenectady, 415 F.3d 246, 252 (2d Cir.2005) (citing cases).
. Barfield v. New York City Health and Hosps. Corp., 537 F.3d 132, 152 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 114, 113 S.Ct. 566, 121 L.Ed.2d 494 (1992)).
. Millea, 658 F.3d at 168.
. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436, 103 S.Ct. 1933.
. Barfield, 537 F.3d at 152.
. Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
. Kassim, 415 F.3d at 256.
. Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. County of Albany and Albany County Bd. of Elections, 522 F.3d 182, 190 (2d Cir.2008).
. Gierlinger v. Gleason, 160 F.3d 858, 882 (2d Cir.1998) (quoting Blum, 465 U.S. at 896, n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541).
. Marisol A. ex rel. Forbes v. Giuliani, 111 F.Supp.2d 381, 386 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (citing In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig., 818 F.2d at 232).
. Gierlinger, 160 F.3d at 882 (quoting Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 284, 109 S.Ct. 2463, 105 L.Ed.2d 229 (1989)).
. Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 190.
. The Law Offices of Thomas Hoffman, P.C. consist of Thomas Hoffman, two paralegals/secretaries, and associate attorneys hired for short periods of time.
. DeCurtis v. Upward Bound Int’l Inc., No. 09 Civ. 5378, 2011 WL 4549412, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
. Defendants do not oppose the rates for the other attorneys (ranging from $175 to $325 per hour) or Hoffman’s paralegal ($125 per hour).
. No. 03 Civ. 6048, 2007 WL 1373118 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2007).
. E.S. v. Katonah-Lewisboro School Dist., 796 F.Supp.2d 421, 430 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (citing and quoting Heng Chan).
. Davis v. City of New York, No. 10 Civ. 699, 2011 WL 4946243, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 18, 2011) (the rate approved for the next most experienced attorneys, with twenty-four and twenty years of experience, was $400.00 per hour).
. Wise v. Kelly, 620 F.Supp.2d 435, 446 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (citing cases awarding rates between $350-$430 per hour for experienced civil rights litigators).
. The size of the law firm is a significant factor in determining the relevant market rates. See, e.g., Reiter v. Metropolitan Transp. Auth. of State of New York, No. 01 Civ. 2762, 2007 WL 2775144 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 25, 2007) (”[T]he fact is that the large firms listed on the [National Law Journal] survey have acquired a reputation that allows them to command high rates in the market. Many other firms, in particular smaller firms that may be providing equally capable services, simply do not command anywhere near such rates
. “Consistent precedent in the Southern District reveals that rates awarded to experienced civil rights attorneys over the past ten years have ranged from $250 to $600, and that rates for associates have ranged from $200 to $350, with average awards increasing over time.” Mugavero v. Arms Acres Inc., No. 03 Civ. 5724, 2010 WL 451045 at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 9, 2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
. Hoffman charged a total of 1,237.42 hours (approximately 85%) where the four other attorneys, combined, charged 160.50 hours (approximately 11%) and the paralegal charged 64.33 hours (approximately 4%). These hours encompass the hours spent on the Subclass A litigation (1,410.16 hours) plus the hours spent recovering attorney's fees (52.09 hours) and exclude those hours spent on monitoring Subclass B compliance. Indeed, plaintiffs concede that "[t]he attorney staffing was kept to a minimum.” Reply Memorandum to Defendants!’] Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Request for Legal Fees (“Reply”) at 9.
. There are only a handful of civil rights cases within the Southern District of New York where an attorney was awarded $500 per hour or more. See, e.g., Rozell v. Ross-Holst, 576 F.Supp.2d 527, 546 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (awarding $600 per hour in an employment discrimination case to senior partners at Out-ten & Golden, LLP, a recognized leader in the field of employment law); Robinson v. City of New York, No. 05 Civ. 9545, 2009 WL 3109846, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2009) (granting plaintiffs' request for attorneys' fees in employment retaliation case at a rate of $500 for a partner at McLauglin & Stern, LLP, a firm comprised of more than eighty attorneys having a particular expertise in, inter alia, employment law).
. Scott v. City of New York, No. 02 Civ. 9530, 2011 WL 867242 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2011), vacated on other grounds by 643 F.3d 56 (2d Cir.2011).
. "Puccio's requested hourly rates, which ranged from $750 to $ 1,000 per hour, were reduced to $550 per hour for all time charged.” Scott, 2011 WL 867242, at *1 n. 6.
. See 643 F.3d at 59.
. See Declaration of Thomas Hoffman in Support of Motion for Award of Legal Fees and Costs ("Hoffman Decl.”), Ex. B.
. Arbor Hill, 522 F.3d at 190.
. $7,355 is approximately seventeen percent of the total ($7,355/$43,266.67). Plaintiffs' math error is of no moment as their suggested percentage reduction is rejected.
. 3/2/12 E-Mail from Hoffman to the Court.
. Defendants list the date of this entry as 8/21/2007, but the description of the entry actually coincides with the entry dated 8/20/2007.
. See Reply at 4.
. Id.
. See Hoffman Decl., Ex. B.
. See supra n. 10.
. Because Hoffman billed at $450 per hour for the Subclass B monitoring, no adjustment is needed to reduce his hourly rate.
. Reichman v. Bonsignore, Brignati & Mazzotta P.C., 818 F.2d 278, 283 (2d Cir.1987) (citation marks and citation omitted). Accord Weyant, 198 F.3d at 316 (stating that “a reasonable fee should be awarded for time reasonably spent in preparing and defending an application for § 1988 fees”) (citing cases).
. Id. (quoting Northcross v. Board of Educ., 611 F.2d 624, 639 (6th Cir.1979)).
. Kuzma v. I.R.S., 821 F.2d 930, 933-34 (2d Cir.1987) (citing cases).
. This figure is comprised of $16,343.10 for costs relating to the Subclass A litigation, plus $639.00 in costs relating to the Subclass B litigation, plus $31.95 in additional costs incurred in replying to defendants' opposition to the instant motion.
| CASELAW |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 32 Part 1.djvu/674
608 F IFIYY SEVENTH CONGRESS. Sess. I. Ch. 1352. 1902. authorized to be used for completing the stable in the rear of _Number Eight Engine House on North Carolina avenue between Sixth and Seventh streets southeast; In all, forty~three thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars. Q umm department. · HEALTH DEPARTMENT. 8******- For health officer, three thousand five hundred dollars; chief ins ctor and deputy health officer, one thousand eight hundred dollars; thilrteen sanitary and food inspectors, at one thousand two hundred dollars each; sanitary and food inspector, who shall also inspect dairy roducts and shall be a practical chemist, one thousand eight hundred · dollars; sanitary and food inspector, who shall be a veterinary surgeon and act as inspector of live stock and dairy farms, one thousand two V hundred dollars; inspector of marine plroducts, one thousand two hundred dollars; chief clerk and deputy ealth officer, two thousand two — hundred dollars; clerk, one thousand four hundred dollars; four clerks, two of whom may act as sanitary and food inspectors, at one thousand two hundred dollars each; two clerks, at one thousand dollars each; clerk, six hundred dollars; messenger and janitor, six hundred dollars; pound master, one thousand five hundred dollars; laborers at not exceeding forty dollars per month, one thousand nine hundred and twenty dollars; ambulance driver, four hundred and eighty dollars; sanitary and food inspector, who shall be a veterinary surgpon, nine hundred dollars; six sanitary and food inspectors, two of w om shall be veterinary surgeons, to assist in the en orcement of the milk and pure-food laws and the regulations relating thereto, at nine hundred do lars each; 1 in all, forty-six thousand nine hundred dollars. i _ Rem- Mrsonnnarmousz For rent of stable, one hundred and twenty dollars. { _Pr¤ve¤¤<>¤¤f¤<>¤¤¤· For the enforcement of the provisions of the Act to prevent the § °°i¤l$_qi6S?;l°€§;, spread of scarlet fever and diphtheria in the District of Columbia, { v¤1.2s.p.•sss. approved December twentieth, eighteen hundred and ninetv, and the Q Act to prevent the s read of contagious diseases in the District of 3 Columbia, approved lidarch third, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven,. under the direction of the health officer of said District, including purchase and maintenance of necessary horses, wagons and harness, twenty thousand dollars. . ”*”‘”’°°‘*”¥’°"‘°°· For maintaining the disinfecting service, including urchase and rlnzaipgenance of necessary horses, wagons and harness, hve thousand 0 s. Qzgwlgzg ¤{2{,<>*¤· For emergency fund for the enforcement of the provisions of section '`four of an Act to provide for the drainage of lots in the District of Columbia, approved May nineteenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, two thousandpfive hundred dollars. FM •d¤****¤*’°¤¤- For special services in connection with the detection of the adulteratlitan of drugs and of foods, including candy and milk, one hundred 0 lars. “*"‘ *“’P°°‘*°"- s For the necessary traveling expenses of sanitary and food inspectors while traveling outside of the District of Columbia for the purpose of inspecting dairy farms, milk, and other dairy products, one thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary. ,,g:{°°· ¤'°-· ’¤¤P°°· For contingent expenses incident to the enforcement of an Act to Vol.28,p.709. regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes, approved March second, eighteen hundred and ninety-five; V°'- W P- 2** an Act relating to the adulteration of foods and drugs in the District of Columbia, approved February seventeenth, eighteen hundred and V°*·3°· P·”8· ninety-eight, and) an Act to prevent the adulteration of cand in the · District of Columbia, approved May fifth, eighteen hundred aud, ninety- Sigpt, and for the maintenance of a chemical laboratory, one thousand o ars. | WIKI |
Theorem 1. (von Neumann, 1936) The center of a regular ring R is regular.
Proof. Let a be a central element of R and let x \in R be such that a=axa=a^2x. So a^2x is central. Let z \in R. Then a^2xz=za^2x and hence xa^2z=a^2zx, i.e. a^2z commutes with x and so it commutes with x^3. Therefore a^2x^3z=za^2x^3, i.e. y=a^2x^3 is central. But, since a^2x^2=ax, we have y=ax^2 and clearly aya=a^2x^2a=axa=a. \Box
Remark. In a commutative regular ring R every prime ideal P is maximal. To see this, let a \in R \setminus P and r \in R be such that a=ara. Then a(1-ra)=0 \in P and so 1-ra \in P. Therefore P+Ra=R and hence P is maximal.
Notation. Let M be a maximal ideal of Z(R), the center of R. The localization of R at M is denoted by R_M.
Lemma. If R is a commutative regular ring and M is a maximal ideal of R, then R_M is a field.
Proof. The unique maximal ideal of R_M is M_M. So, to prove that R_M is a field, we only need to show that M_M=\{0\}, i.e. for every a \in M, there exists some s \notin M such that sa=0. This is easy to see: we have a=xa^2, for some x \in R, because R is a commutative regular ring, and thus (1-xa)a=0 and clearly s=1-xa \notin M because a \in M. \ \Box
The converse of the lemma is also true and we will prove it in a more general setting in part (3). This result that a commutative ring R is regular if and only if R_M is a field for any maximal ideal M of R is due to Kaplansky.
Theorem 2. (Armendariz, 1974) Let R be a ring with the center Z(R). If Z(R) is regular, then R/MR \cong R_M for any maximal ideal M of Z(R).
Proof. Let f: R \longrightarrow R_M be the natural homomorphism defined by f(x)=1^{-1}x, for all x \in R. Let S=Z(R) \setminus M.
1) f is surjective. To see this, let s^{-1}x \in R_M. Since Z(R) is regular, there exists some c \in Z(R) such that s=cs^2. Hence s(1-cs)=0 and therefore f(cx)=1^{-1}cx = s^{-1}x.
2) \ker f = MR. To see this, let f(x)=1^{-1}x=0. That means sx = 0 for some s \in S. Since Z(R) is regular, there exists some c \in Z(R) such that s(1-cs)=0 \in M. Thus 1-cs \in M because s \notin M. Therefore x=(1-cs)x \in MR. This proves \ker f \subseteq MR. For the other side of the inclusion, we first apply the above lemma to Z(R) to get 1^{-1}a=0 for all a \in M. Thus for every a \in M and x \in R we have f(ax)=1^{-1}ax = 1^{-1}a 1^{-1}x = 0. So ax \in \ker f and therefore MR \subseteq \ker f. \ \Box
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Comments
1. 23051982 says:
“if aR is projective then aR is direct summand of R” can you help me?
• Yaghoub says:
let I be the right annihilator of a in R and consider the following short exact sequence of right R-modules:
0 \longrightarrow I \longrightarrow R \longrightarrow aR \longrightarrow 0.
since aR is projective, the sequence is split and hence R \cong aR \oplus I.
the above is true for any ring R. if R is regular, then aR is always projective because it can be generated by an idempotent (see von Neumann regular rings (1)).
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Connecting to %s | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
React Example Login Page
Javascript Programming
React is a powerful JavaScript library that allows us to build interactive and dynamic user interfaces. One common use case for React is building login pages for websites or applications. In this article, I will walk you through an example of creating a login page using React, and I’ll add some personal touches and commentary along the way.
Setting up the Project
First, let’s set up our React project. We can use Create React App, a tool that sets up a new React project with all the necessary configurations. Open your terminal and run the following command:
npx create-react-app login-page-example
This will create a new directory called login-page-example and install all the necessary dependencies. Once the installation is complete, navigate into the project directory:
cd login-page-example
Building the Login Page
Now that our project is set up, let’s start building our login page. In the src directory, create a new file called LoginPage.js. This file will represent our login page component.
Open LoginPage.js and import React at the top of the file:
import React from 'react';
Next, let’s create a functional component called LoginPage:
const LoginPage = () => {
// Component code goes here
}
Inside the LoginPage component, we can start building our login form. We’ll use the useState hook to manage the form data. Add the following code:
const [username, setUsername] = React.useState('');
const [password, setPassword] = React.useState('');
Now, let’s create the form JSX:
return (
<form>
<label htmlFor="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" value={username} onChange={(event) => setUsername(event.target.value)} />
<label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" value={password} onChange={(event) => setPassword(event.target.value)} />
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
);
Our login form is now complete! It consists of two input fields for the username and password, along with a submit button. The input fields are connected to their respective state variables using the value and onChange attributes.
Styling the Login Page
Now that we have the basic structure of our login page, let’s add some styles to make it visually appealing. We’ll use CSS-in-JS for this example.
First, let’s install the styled-components library:
npm install styled-components
Next, import the necessary functions from styled-components at the top of LoginPage.js:
import styled from 'styled-components';
Now, let’s add some styles to our login form. Add the following code below the component declaration:
const Container = styled.div`
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
height: 100vh;
background-color: #f2f2f2;
`;
Replace the return statement with the following code:
return (
<Container>
<form>
<label htmlFor="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" value={username} onChange={(event) => setUsername(event.target.value)} />
<label htmlFor="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" value={password} onChange={(event) => setPassword(event.target.value)} />
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
</Container>
);
Now our login page will be centered on the screen and have a light gray background. Feel free to customize the styles further to match your preferences!
Conclusion
In this article, we took an in-depth look at creating a login page using React. We learned how to set up a new React project, build a login form component, and add some styling to make it visually appealing. By leveraging React’s powerful features and ecosystem, we can easily create robust and user-friendly login pages for our applications. Happy coding!
Feel free to try out this example and explore more React concepts to enhance your login page further. You can find the complete code for this example on GitHub. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of Google April Fools' Day jokes
From 2000 to 2019, Google frequently inserted jokes and hoaxes into its products on April Fools' Day, which takes place on April 1. The company ceased performing April Fools jokes in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not performed them since.
2000
Google's first April Fools' Day hoax, the MentalPlex hoax, invited users to project a mental image of what they wanted to find while staring at an animated GIF. Several humorous error messages were then displayed on the search results page, all listed below: An additional error message was included which converted all navigation text to German, but was scrapped after user complaints.
* 1) Error 005: KUT Weak or no signal detected. Upgrade transmitter and retry.
* 2) Error 666: Multiple transmitters detected. Silence voices in your head and try again.
* 3) Error 05: Brainwaves received in analog. Please re-think in digital.
* 4) Error 4P: Unclear on whether your search is about money or monkeys. Please try again.
* 5) Error 445: Searching on this topic is prohibited under international law.
* 6) Error CKR8: That information is protected under the National Security Act.
* 7) Error 104: That information was lost with the Martian Lander. Please try again.
* 8) Error 007: Query is unclear. Try again after removing hat, glasses and shoes.
* 9) Error 008: Interference detected. Remove aluminum foil and remote control devices.
* 10) Error: Insufficient conviction. Please clap hands three times, while chanting "I believe" and try again.
* 11) Error: MentalPlex™ has determined that this is not your final answer. Please try again.
2002
Google reveals the technology behind its PageRank Systems—PigeonRank.Pi. Google touts the benefits of this cost-effective and efficient means of ranking pages and reassures readers that there is no animal cruelty involved in the process. The article makes many humorous references and puns based on computer terminology and how Google PageRank really works, (for example, a chart showing the pigeons' consumption of linseed and flax, represented as the "lin/ax kernel," a pun on the Linux kernel).
* Pigeon Rank
2004
Fictitious job opportunities for a research center on the moon. Copernicus is the name of a new operating system they claimed to have created for working at the research center.
* Google Job Opportunities: Google Copernicus Center is hiring
Google also announced Gmail on April 1, with an unprecedented and unbelievable free 1 GB space, compared to e.g. Hotmail's 2 MB. The announcement of Gmail was written in an unserious jokey language normally seen in April Fools' jokes, tricking many into thinking that it was an April Fools' joke. In reality, it was a double fake, in that the announced product was serious.
2005
Google Gulp, a fictitious drink, was announced by Google in 2005. According to the company, this beverage would optimize one's use of the Google search engine by increasing the drinker's intelligence. It was claimed this boost was achieved through real-time analysis of the user's DNA and carefully tailored adjustments to neurotransmitters in the brain (a patented technology termed Auto-Drink; as the "Google Gulp FAQ" suggests, partly through MAO inhibition). The drink was said to come in "four great flavors": Glutamate Grape (glutamic acid), Sugar-Free Radical (free radicals), Beta Carotty (Beta-Carotene), and Sero-Tonic Water (serotonin). This hoax was probably intended as a parody of Google's then invite-only email service called Gmail. Although ostensibly free, the company claimed the beverage could only be obtained by returning the cap of a Google Gulp bottle to a local grocery store: a Catch-22. In the Google Gulp FAQ, Google replies to the observation, "I mean, isn't this whole invite-only thing kind of bogus?" by saying, "Dude, it's like you've never even heard of viral marketing."
* Google Gulp
* Google Gulp FAQ
2006
On April Fools' Day 2006, Google Romance was announced on the main Google search page with the introduction, "Dating is a search problem. Solve it with Google Romance." It pretends to offer a "Soulmate Search" to send users on a "Contextual Date". A parody of online dating, it had a link for "those who generally favor the 'throw enough stuff at the wall' approach to online dating" to Post multiple profiles with a bulk upload file, you sleaze in addition to Post your Google Romance profile. Clicking on either of these gave an error page, which explained that it was an April Fool's joke and included links to previous April Fools' jokes.
* Google Romance
* Google Romance FAQ
* Google Romance Tour
Gmail Paper
At about 10:00 pm, Pacific time (where Google has its headquarters) on March 30, 2007, Google changed the login page for Gmail to announce a new service called Gmail Paper. The service offered to allow users of Google's free webmail service to add e-mails to a "Paper Archive", which Google would print (on "94% post-consumer organic soybean sputum") and mail via traditional post. The service would be free, supported by bold, red advertisements printed on the back of the printed messages. Image attachments would also be printed on high-quality glossy paper, though MP3 and WAV files would not be printed. The page detailing more information about the service features photographs of Ian Spiro and Carrie Kemper, current employees of Google. Also featured are Product Marketing Managers of Gmail Anna-Christina Douglas and Shane Lawrence.
* Gmail Paper Index
* Gmail Paper Announcement
* Gmail Paper Program Policies
Google TiSP
Google TiSP (short for Toilet Internet Service Provider) was a fictitious free broadband service supposedly released by Google. This service would make use of a standard toilet and sewage lines to provide free Internet connectivity at a speed of 8 Mbit/s (2 Mbit/s upload) (or up to 32 Mbit/s with a paid plan). The user would drop a weighted end of a long, Google-supplied fiber-optic cable in their toilet and flush it. Around 60 minutes later, the end would be recovered and connected to the Internet by a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)". The user would then connect their end to a Google-supplied wireless router and run the Google-supplied installation media on a Windows XP or Windows Vista computer ("Mac and Linux support coming soon"). Alternatively, a user could request a professional installation, in which Google would deploy nanobots through the plumbing to complete the process. The free service would be supported by "discreet DNA sequencing" of "personal bodily output" to display online ads that relate to culinary preferences and personal health. Google also referenced the Diet Coke-and-Mentos reaction in their FAQ: "If you're still experiencing problems, drop eight mints into the bowl and add a two-liter bottle of diet soda." They also claim that Enterprise plans will include support in the event of backup problems, brownouts and data wipes.
* Google TiSP
* Google TiSP FAQ
* Installation page
* Press Release page
* Not found page – April Fools' version
Blogger "Google Weblogs (beta)"
The Blogger dashboard featured an announcement for Google Weblogs, or "GWeblogs," or "Gblogs," the next revolution in personal publishing. Features include algorithms putting the user's best content at the top of the user's blog (rather than publishing by reverse chronology), automatically populating the blog's sidebar with the most relevant content, posting directly into Google search results for maximum visibility, blog headers refreshed with images from Google's team of artists for anniversaries of a scientific achievement (similar to Google Doodle), and automatic content generation ('Unsure of what to post about? Just click "I'm Feeling Lucky" and we'll "take care" of the rest!')
The announcement was followed by a link to a video tour of the product, which actually led to Tay Zonday's cover of Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up."
* Blogger Buzz: The Official Buzz from Blogger at Google: Announcing Google Weblogs (beta)
Dajare
Google Japan launches Dajare, with the mission of "organizing the world's laughter."
Day
Google announced Day in Australia, a new beta search technology that will search web pages 24 hours before they are created. The name is a play on the phrase "g'day".
* gDay
Gmail Custom Time
Gmail's sign-in page and a banner at the top of each Gmail inbox announced a new feature, called Gmail Custom Time, that would allow its users to "pre-date" their messages and choose to have the message appear as "read" or "unread". The new feature uses the slogan "Be on time. Every time."
Around 11:00 pm EST March 31, 2008, on the newer and older version of Gmail, but not in the basic HTML version, in the upper right corner, next to Settings, a link appeared labeled, "New! Gmail Custom Time". The link led to a 404 error until April 1, when it led to the full Gmail Custom Time hoax page. Clicking any of the three links at the bottom of the page brought the user to a page stating that Gmail Custom time was, in fact, their April Fools' Day joke.
Google Book Search Scratch and Sniff
Google Book Search has a new section allowing users to "scratch and sniff" certain books. Users are asked to "...please place your nose near the monitor and click 'Go'", which then "loads odors". When clicking on "Help", users are redirected to a page in a book that describes the origins of April Fools' Day.
* Inside Google Book Search Blog: "Google Book Search now smells better"
Google Calendar is Feeling Lucky
Google added the "I'm Feeling Lucky" button to its calendar feature. When a user tries to create a new event, the user was given the regular option of entering the correct details and hitting "Create Event", and also the new option of "I'm Feeling Lucky" which would set the user up with an evening date with, among others, Matt Damon, Eric Cartman, Tom Cruise, Jessica Alba, Pamela Anderson, Paris Hilton, Angelina Jolie, Britney Spears, Anna Kournikova, Johnny Depp, George W. Bush, or Lois Griffin.
Google Manpower Search
Google launched Manpower Search (谷歌人肉搜索) in China (google.cn). The feature was presented as being powered by 25 million volunteers who conducted searches around the clock. When the user entered a keyword, volunteers would search any possible answers from a mass of paper documents as well as online resources. The user was expected to get the search result within 32 seconds. The "search" button would avoid the user's cursor.
Google Saturi Translate
Google Korea announced that 'Google Saturi (사투리, Korean dialect) Translate' had been opened on April 1, 2008. When the user tried to use this translator, a message appeared, explaining that it was an April Fools' Day event and was not executable.
Google Talk
Google announced plans to, on April 22, 2008 (Earth Day), shorten all conversations over Google Talk thereby reducing the energy required to transmit chats in an effort to reduce carbon output.
* Google Talk Goes Green
Google Wake Up Kit
Google launched their "Wake Up Kit" as a calendar notification option. The 'wake up' notification uses several progressively more annoying alerts to wake one up. First it will send an SMS message to their phone. If that fails, more coercive means will be used. The kit includes an industrial-sized bucket and is designed to be connected to their water main for automatic filling. In addition, a bed-flipping device is included for forceful removal from their sleeping quarters.
Virgle
Google announced a joint project with the Virgin Group to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars. This operation has been named Project Virgle. The announcement includes videos of Richard Branson (founder of Virgin Group) as well as Larry Page and Sergey Brin (the founders of Google) on YouTube, talking about Virgle. An "application" to join the settlement includes questions such as:
I am a world-class expert in: 1. Physics
2. First Aid
3. Engineering
4. Guitar Hero II
After the user submitted the application, the site notifies the user that the user is not fit for space, or that the user's application is fine and "all you have to do is submit your video" [as a response to their video on YouTube]. As a result, an open source Virgle group has been established, OpenVirgle. On the FAQ page, the final question is "Okay, come on – seriously. Is this Virgle thing for real?" The reply links to a page that tells the user it's an April Fools' joke, and then mentions that the user "Dragged us out of our lovely little fantasy world, to crush all our hopes and dreams."
* Virgle Application Page – Virgle: The Adventure of Many Lifetimes
Yogurt
Google's Orkut displayed its name as yogurt.
YouTube
On April 1, 2008, all featured videos on the UK and Australian homepages, and later, all international homepages, of Google-owned YouTube linked to a video of Rick Astley's song "Never Gonna Give You Up", causing all users of the website who clicked on featured videos to be Rickrolled.
This was the first year YouTube participated in Google's April Fools' Day tradition.
Google runs on Microsoft Windows IIS/3.0
google.com.au reported as if it ran on IIS/3.0 and google.com on Apache/0.8.4 (on Linux).
CADIE
The announcement of CADIE, meaning "Cognitive Autoheuristic Distributed-Intelligence Entity", was made on 31 March 2009 11:59 pm by the CADIE Team, not on April 1. The announcement on the Google blog was made at 2009/04/01 12:01:00 am.
The introduction page and all of the references to CADIE in Google's Products were taken down on April 2, replaced with a message stating'
We apologize for the recent disruption(s) to our service(s).
Please stand by while order is being restored.
However the technology page describing the technical capabilities of the software remained at: Technical Description
When using Google Books or GMail, a user would come across an announcement dated March 31, 2009, at 11:59:59, declaring a new "Cognitive Autoheuristic Distributed-Intelligence Entity". CADIE is also mentioned on the gBall FAQ page: "Google's new CADIE technology will interpret the data obtained from each ball to provide useful tips to owners". There was also a link on Google's Homepage for CADIE, and a blog entry in Google's official blog.
CADIE technology is also used to generate "senryu" (a type of Japanese poem similar to haiku) based on search terms for certain Japanese queries.
The Google Search homepage had a link to the CADIE announcement, stating that "For several years now a small research group has been working on some challenging problems in the areas of neural networking, natural language and autonomous problem-solving. Last fall this group achieved a significant breakthrough: a powerful new technique for solving reinforcement learning problems, resulting in the first functional global-scale neuro-evolutionary learning cluster." The page links to the blog below.
On mobile devices, a link shows up to Brain Search, which uses CADIE technology to "index your brain".
Gmail
When one is using the Gmail service, they will notice that it has a new option, named "Gmail Autopilot" in which the service would analyze an email. On that page it says under the FAQ section,"You can adjust tone, typo propensity, and preferred punctuation from the Autopilot tab under Settings." However, if a person logs into their Gmail account and goes under the Settings tab they will notice that there is no Autopilot tab. The program could be customized to contain certain types of grammatical or spelling errors, as well as complexity and length of the sentence. It also has a way of responding to relationship related messages, such as if someone spoke aggressively, even in a humorous way, the system would "terminate relationship."
gBall
Google Australia announced the development of a ball that will change how Australian Football is played the world over. The newest football technology—"gBall" —is a prototype ball for use in the Australian Football League with GPS.
Google Australia announced ("New! Get the newest football technology – gBall.") that they are developing a prototype ball for use in the Australian Football League with GPS. Apparently, the ball will measure the location, force, and torque of a kick, and "vibrate if player agents or talent scouts want to speak to you". Google claimed that the ball will cost $10 with a cost-per-kick set of payments in addition to the basic fee.
Google Analytics
A blog post to the Google Analytics Blog investigates the analytics reports of CADIE's activities.
Google Maps
Google's CADIE has a recommended places to visit using Google Maps. Viewing "CADIE's recommended places for humans" one will see each of her suggested places listed, that, when clicked, displays a photo and humorous commentary.
There is also a "CADIE's recommended places for humans" link in Google Maps, which leads to the "Panda Mapplet" and includes several marked locations with "CADIE's" commentary. Under Redmond, Washington a link is listed which will Rickroll the viewer.
Blogger
CADIE's personal blog/homepage
Google Chrome with 3D
A version of Google Chrome was offered rendering web pages in Anaglyph 3D, "powered" by CADIE. A 3D effect was actually possible with this browser, but it only made the window appear to be sunken into the monitor.
* Introducing Google Chrome with 3D
Google Earth Powered by CADIE
Google announced a new Google Earth powered by CADIE, which claimed to allow the user to see ocean terrain imagery from the world's most advanced submarine, explore the deep sea, soar with CADIE in real time, view CADIE's Recommended Summer Vacation, and chat with CADIE, among other options.
Google Code
The Google Code Search homepage is featuring LOLCODE examples.
CADIE is set to write code by itself based on specified features; however all that is returned is bad code or witty criticisms of the user's request and choice of programming language, recommending the use of INTERCAL.
CADIE's source code was supposedly uploaded to Google Code, but she changed her mind and replaced it with a "fun program" consisting of 31 lines of INTERCAL. When executed, this program prints out the message "I do not feel like sharing."
Google Book Search
CADIE recommends some books at Google Book Search homepage. Also, when viewing a book, there is a "Generate book report" button. When clicked, it says "Gotcha! It's April Fools' Day! Sorry, but you'll have to actually read the book yourself."
Google Docs on Demand
Google has announced new Google Docs features enhanced by CADIE
Add subliminal messages and images to documents.
If a person makes a new presentation and looks for the subliminal message and image buttons under the insert menu they will notice it is not there.
Google Mobile
Google Mobile has a link to "Brain Search". The instructions are to "Put phone to forehead for brain indexing" and "Think your query". When the user clicks "Try Now", a page loads with "Brain indexing" status. When indexing is complete, a button comes up with "search me". By clicking this button, the user is directed to fake search results. There are several possible results:
* What's the name of that woman by the window? She's my boss's boss, but, oh man, is it Suzanne? Susan? Blanche?
* Should I order the pizza? I don't remember if it makes me gassy.
* Wow, cute guy. Should I go up to him?
* Why is everyone looking at me so strangely?
* When is Mom's birthday? I should send her a card.
Google Knol
Knol was updated so that all of the featured articles were about Artificial Intelligence, with a message from CADIE indicating that this "improvement" was for the good of mankind.
HTTP Headers
In keeping with the CADIE theme Google has altered the server HTTP header to contain the name of various AI entities, including HAL 9000, WOPR, and GLaDOS.
Other server HTTP headers found were IIS/Bob (a reference to Microsoft Bob), IIS/Clippy (a reference to Clippy), IIS/3.0, Netscape iPlanet, Chrome/3.0, Google Operating System (BETA), CERN/3.0 (a reference to CERN HTTPd), Apple (a reference to Apple II), IRIX, MCP, Apache/0.8.4, Conficker, and Skynet.
Oil Tanker Data Center
During the last minutes of Google's Data Center Efficiency Summit, Urs Hoelzle presented in a "special topic": Google had bought an oil tanker, the "M/S Sergey", where Google's data center containers were being submerged in oil tanks to enable extremely high-efficiency cooling. The presentation can be seen in, and includes slightly customized Wikipedia images from the article Oil tanker, including a retouched photo of commercial oil tanker AbQaiq and the oil tankers side view graphic.
Even though Google did apply for a US patent to build data centers on cargo ships and oil cooling is an existing technology, summit attendee James Hamilton believed this topic to be an April Fools' joke. The ship's name "M/S Sergey" is also likely to be a pun on Google's co-founder Sergey Brin.
YouTube upside down
On April Fools 2009, watch pages of YouTube appeared upside down.
Google and Topeka, Kansas, Switch Places
In early March, the city of Topeka, Kansas, temporarily changed its name to Google in an attempt to capture a spot in Google's new broadband/fiber-optics project. Then, on April 1 (April Fools' Day), Google jokingly announced that it would be changing its name to Topeka, to "honor that moving gesture" and changed its home page to say Topeka in place of the Google logo.
Google Books available in Anachrome 3D
Google books introduced a feature which allows any book to be read in 3D, assuming the viewer has appropriate glasses. It was enabled by clicking the "View in 3D" button in the menu bar above the book. This feature was removed after April 1, but on June 29, 2010, Google announced its restoration. Google also released the latest form of 3D glasses, similar to the pairs one would use today when seeing a film.
Store anything on Google Docs
Google announced that Google Docs will have the capacity to upload anything, including physical objects like keys, remote controls, etc. The site declared that one could use this to find items like keys using CTRL-F and send objects around the globe by "uploading" and "downloading" them, at the low price of $0.10 per kg.
Search results generated in different units
Google's search results page displayed the time taken to load the results in different units from seconds. Several of these are pop culture references, as with 1.21 gigawatts, while others refer to slang:
* at warp X.XX
* 0.XX centibeats
* 0.XX centons
* X.XXe-15
* 0.0X femtogalactic years
* 1.21 gigawatts
* X.XX hertz
* XX.XX jiffies
* 0.XX microfortnights
* 0.XX microweeks
* 0.XX nanocenturies
* 11.90 parsecs
* 0.XXe+43 Planck times
* 23.00 skidoo
* 2.00 shakes of a lamb's tail
* 0.XX times the velocity of an unladen female swallow
* dhaka time
YouTube ASCII video filter
The logo of YouTube was overlaid with ASCII text repeating the character "1". The YouTube logo was a reference to some videos having a new quality setting, namely "TEXTp". According to a notice underneath the videos, viewing the video with this quality setting enabled allowed YouTube to save one US dollar ($1) per second on bandwidth costs. The notice also remarked on the source of this new "feature," wishing the reader a happy April Fools' Day.
However, in accordance with the announcement, the video quality on many videos was indeed able to be set to 'TEXTp' and video output was rendered through an ASCII filter. This feature was removed on April 2, 2010.
Animal Translator BETA
Google placed a link on the main page, advertising a new Google Animal Translator service to add to their Language Translator service. Clicking the link would take the user to a page advertising an app for Android phones for the translator, with the tagline being "Bridging the gap between animals and humans".
* Google Translate for Animals
Once the app is installed on an Android phone, it provides some amusing translations depending on the animal selected.
Standard Voicemail Mode for Google voice
Google placed a New! Standard Voicemail Mode link in the Google Voice main page.
Evil Bit
Google added an "evil bit" to their AJAX APIs, to aid in generating an appropriate response to nefarious deeds. If an evildoer is "detected", the code returns with, among other things, "For Great Justice", a quotation from the video game Zero Wing. Conversely, setting the evil bit to 'false' will return the Google Search results for 'April Fools' encoded in JSON.
Wave Wave Notifications
Google Wave can be set to have a human being waved at by the user to notify the user of a change to a Google Wave. The user can also select the volume of the human notifier from a list of silent, medium, loud and vibrate. They can also select which human notifier they want, including Ashton Kutcher, Dr. Wave, Grandma, Werner Heisenberg, and Puppy. Clicking on any of the links on the new notifications page redirected the user to a Google help page, alerting them that it was an April Fools' joke, but also that email notifications are possible.
Google Annotations Gallery
The Google Annotations Gallery ("GAG") is an exciting new Java open source library that provides a rich set of annotations for developers to express themselves.
Disemvoweling on Gmail
The English-language home page of Gmail, including its logo, was disemvowelled. A post on the Gmail blog was created to address the issue, claiming that they had encountered a server error which firstly made the data centers fail to render the vowel 'a' before failing to render the vowels, and were working on the problem. They also claimed to be investigating whether the letter 'y' was impacted.
Chrome Sounds (Google Chrome Extension)
Google created a new extension, Chrome Sounds, after "months deep in psychoacoustic models, the Whittaker-Nyquist-Kotelnikov-Shannon sampling theorem, Franssen effects, Shepard-Risset Tones, and 11.1 surround sound research". The extension provides audio for actions performed within the Google Chrome web browser. For a few interesting sounds, try going to different countries' localized Google pages. The full list of sounds that this extension makes can be found by going to the Chrome Tools menu, choosing Extensions, turning on developer mode, and viewing the source of the extension.
Google Analytics Goes Back to Hits
Google decided that hits really is the only metric for tracking web site usage.
Life sized Picasa
Google offered an option which allows the user to print life-size cardboard cutouts of all of their photos.
ReaderAdvantage Program
Google announced a reward program for Google Reader, known as ReaderAdvantage, in which they would assign points to users depending on the number of items read on Google Reader. The rewards were different badges.
Wingdings in AdSense
Wingdings was announced as a new font option for AdSense users.
YouTube
A button was added to the video player which, when clicked, would apply a video filter to the video and replace the audio with a recording of Rhapsody Rag, a piece typically played as background music to silent movies in 1911. If subtitles are enabled when watching the video, intertitles will be displayed containing the dialogue. The upload page also featured an option to "send a horse-drawn carriage to me to pick [the video] up". In addition, a few videos were made parodying several viral videos, such as the "Flugelhorn Feline".
Gmail Motion
A body gesture oriented way to send and view mail through Gmail. In the "How it Works" Section it reads "Gmail Motion uses your computer's built-in webcam and Google's patented spatial tracking technology to detect your movements and translate them into meaningful characters and commands. Movements are designed to be simple and intuitive for people of all skill levels." An overview video presented by Gmail product manager Paul McDonald explains Gmail Motion's "language of movements that replaces type entirely" while a mime artist performs the full-body Gmail actions.
Upon clicking the "Try Gmail Motion" button, it explains to the user about the prank, and says "Gmail Motion doesn't actually exist. At least not yet..." The page also offers a preview of the features of Google Docs Motion.
* Gmail Motion
* Google Docs Motion
Google Docs Motion
Using Gmail Motion's technology, Google has promoted the BETA version of Google Docs Motion which "will introduce a new way to collaborate – using your body" in their Documents, Spreadsheets, Presentations, Drawings, and Document List tools.
Autocompleter Job
A YouTube video was posted by Google showing a "Google Autocompleter" employee explaining the job. Also, a job opening was featured for an "Autocompleter." Clicking on the "Add to job cart" or "View cart" links to a Google search for "google April Fools' Day pranks".
* Autocompleter Job
Chromercise
Google Chrome launched a new website called "Chromercise", which aims to increase people's hands' strength and dexterity while browsing the web faster, and also allowing their hands to fit "into sleeker, sexier gloves". On the website, they also gave away free Google Chrome finger sweatbands for a limited time.
Japan
Due to the large-scale devastation from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, in lieu of a traditional April Fools' hoax, Google Japan featured many never-before featured drawings from its 2009 Google Doodle competition, themed "What I Love About Japan" drawn by Japanese schoolchildren, saying "We promised that only the top prize winners would be featured on Google, but as this is the only day where lies are forgiven, we have obtained the other children's understanding." As a small concession to the usual festivities, the Google Blog mentioned, "This year's April Fools' joke has been postponed until next year. Next year's April Fools' joke has been postponed until the year following that."
Google 穿越搜索
Google teleport 穿越搜索 is a service that allows user to time travel. The site is written in Simplified Chinese. It claims that it can take the user on a journey through time and space in first-person.
Search
Searching for "helvetica", "comic sans", or "comic sans ms" temporarily changed the entire webpage's font to Comic Sans.
Comic Sans for Everyone
Announcement that Comic Sans will become the default font for all Google products. Google also created a Google Chrome extension which changes the font to Comic Sans on all webpages.
Google Cow
The Google Body homepage appeared as Google Cow, where a cow's body can be examined in 3D. There was a toggle button that switched to human models.
Google Maps
Google Maps used to display a dragon in Germany's biggest forest, the 'Pfälzer Wald'. Also a shark in the Netherlands' lake called IJsselmeer, East of Amsterdam was featured. When viewed in Earth Mode or Google Earth, these can be rendered in 3D. There is also a narwhal in the Thames in London, outside Millbank Tower. The Loch Ness monster also makes an appearance in 'Loch Ness'. A giant red lobster sits atop the Zakim Bridge in Boston, as well as a pink elephant at "Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA".
Google Translate for Animals
Google UK reportedly offered a version of Google Translate which could be used to talk with animals.
Adwords
AdWords announced a new format, Google Blimp Ads, that would be flying over major cities starting in May.
Google I/O
The announced sessions for the Google I/O conference for software developers were changed to include talks featuring technologies from the late 1990s.
Contoso has gone Google
On the Google Enterprise Blog, Google announced that Contoso (a fictional company used by Microsoft in Microsoft's product documentation materials) has switched from Microsoft Office and Microsoft Exchange to Google Apps. The post included references to 2007's TiSP and 2011's Gmail Motion jokes.
Meow Me Now Mobile
On the Google Mobile Blog, Google announced a new mobile-based search option for Android and iOS devices which locates kittens near the user's current location.
Blogger
The blogging service Blogger announced that it was being acquired by Google, even though it has been part of Google since 2003.
Google Maps 8-bit for NES
Google partnered with Square Enix and announced an "NES version" of their Google Maps service, to be released "as soon as possible". The version would be released in NES and Famicom versions (the Famicom version would feature voice input by using the second controller's microphone). In the meantime, Google added a "Quest" layer to the Maps website, which features 8-bit tile-based graphics and sprites on landmarks, both made by Google and by Square Enix (using the Dragon Quest game series' graphics).
Improved Japanese Input System
Google's proposed improved keyboard based on the experience with Japanese input system from 2010.
The YouTube Collection
YouTube added a small disc on the right side of the YouTube logo, which when clicked leads to a page about a service called "The YouTube Collection". It claimed to be an at-home experience of YouTube and made everything from videos to comments physical, including a postal mail commenting service. At the bottom of the website, it had a fake shipping form which after filled said "Your order has been placed. Due to heavy demand, your anticipated delivery date is: JUNE 16, 2045" and in small grey text at the bottom said "Also, April Fools'."
Google Street Roo
Google announced they will deploy a 'roo force' of more than 1,000 big red kangaroos who will capture up to 98% of the Australian bush within the next three years.
Underwater Image Search
An underwater image search experience developed by Google China.
Google Weather Control
Google added weather control to its weather search.
Chrome Multitask Mode
Chrome Multitask Mode makes it possible to browse the web with two or more mice at the same time. Clicking the "Try Multitask Mode" button initially creates one fake mouse that moves around the screen, and over time adds several more and at one point a giant cursor even appears. Clicking the "Exit Multitask Mode" button shows an April Fools' message.
Elegantizr
Google introduced the Elegantizr framework. To use it, one just needs to insert the following line of HTML:
Upon insertion, every text begins with APRIL FOOL and an emoticon, before moving on to the regular text.
Piano & Guitar Analytics Playback
Google Analytics allows the user to playback their website statistics on piano and guitar.
Google Racing
Google announced a partnership with NASCAR to help create self-driving vehicles to compete in stock car racing. The "I'm Feeling Lucky" button on Google's site was also changed to "I'm Steering Lucky."
Gmail Tap
Gmail Tap for Android and iOS doubles typing speed with a revolutionary new keyboard. The system involves a keyboard with three keys: Morse code "dash" and "dot", and a spacebar (along with backspace). Shortly before midnight, on March 31, 2012, added Gmail Tap – Android and iOS Application utilizing Morse Code instead of onscreen keyboard. Selecting Download App for Your Phone produces the message: "Oops! Gmail Tap is a bit too popular right now. We suggest you try downloading it again on April 2nd." Clicking the Retry button will produce "It's still April 1st, 2012. You'll have to wait till April 2nd to download Gmail Tap." After clicking the retry button the page will say "Still trying to download Gmail Tap? Check back next April 1st to see if it is available...you never know.". On Gmail's Facebook page, they also posted about a Morse keyboard. Finally, at the Google I/O 2018, Google announced that they will be adding morse code input to its mobile keyboard. The company announced the new feature at Google I/O after showing a video of Tania Finlayson.
Really Advanced Search
A link on the bottom of search results pages titled Really Advanced Search takes users to a search page where they can filter their search results by, among other things, subtext or innuendo, page font (Comic Sans or Wingdings), loanword origin, or future modification date. Clicking on the "Advanced Search" button to actually run the search query redirects users to search results for "April Fools'".
Click-to-Teleport Extensions
Click-to-Teleport extensions allow potential customers to instantly teleport to the business location directly from a search ad in a matter of seconds. This teleportation technology shortens the "online-to-store" conversion funnel by providing searchers with an easy way to visit any business and convert. On average, advertisers using Click-to-Teleport extensions have seen their offline sales increase by 3600%.
GoRo
Solving the increasingly frustrating problem of accessing mobile internet on rotary phones across the US, Google is announcing GoRo. GoRo aims to fix the problem that 100% of people using rotary phones have trouble accessing a website
Jargon-Bot for Google Apps
Jargon-Bot instantly recognizes business terms and provides real-time, in-product jargon translation into plain English.
Google TV Click
Innovative remote control application for phone and tablet lets users interact with shows and movies as they are playing.
Google Voice for Pets
Google introduced special Voice Communication Collars that fit around animal necks and use a series of sensors to record audio directly from animal vocal cords. Using a WiFi network, audio messages are uploaded to Google Voice within seconds. Alternately, a tiny micro-LED emitter built into the collar can project a keyboard onto the floor, so the animal pet can tap its front paws to send text messages. To understand animal language, Google took their voicemail transcription engine and combined it with millions of adorable pet videos from the Internet, training it to translate cat meows or dog growls into English.
$1 Google Offer for Parking Karma
Google Offer for unlimited good parking karma $1 takes the stress and guesswork out of finding a good spot by providing the following service:
* 1) prime spots when you need them,
* 2) repels parking tickets,
* 3) includes 1 space buffer on each side,
* 4) shopping cart protection plan,
* 5) no parallel parking for first 6 months.
Canine Staffing Team
Google revealed that dogs at Google offices go through the same detailed recruitment and hiring process by Canine Staffing Team as human Googlers do before being welcomed to the Googleplex.
Analytics Interplanetary Reports
While currently users can only get a partial picture of website visitor location, Google Analytics is expanding beyond Earth by announcing new Analytis Interplanetary Reports to help users understand visitor activities from neighboring stars and planets. Users will also be able to drill down on each planet to see greater detail, e.g. which colony or outpost visitors came from, similar to the city drill down available for Earth today.
"Did you mean: Beyonce" and Kanye West in the Play Music Store
Kanye West bugdroid appeared in the Play Music Store. While searching anything, "Did you mean: Beyonce" came up every time.
Google Edible fiber
Google released a video on YouTube claiming it invented an edible fiber which could "take feedback from the body, determine which nutrients are needed and target delivery to the specific organs that need those nutrients". The video actually links to Google Fiber, a broadband internet service by Google.
YouTube contest for the best video
In YouTube's sixth April Fools' prank, YouTube joined forces with The Onion, a newspaper satire company, by claiming that it will "no longer accept new entries". YouTube began the process of selecting a winner on April 1, 2013, and would delete everything else. YouTube would go back online in 2023 to post the winning video and nothing else. After that, on April 1, 2013, YouTube briefly repeated the "YouTube Collection" joke from April 1, 2012. They also broadcast a live ceremony in which two "submission coordinators" continuously read off the titles and descriptions of random videos (the "nominees") for twelve straight hours, claiming they would do hold the same ceremony every day for the next two years.
Treasure Hunt on Google Maps
Google Maps allows the user to start a treasure hunt by selecting the "Treasure" view from the top right. Google Maps notes that the "system may not be able to display at higher resolutions than paper print" and that the user should "take care when unfolding the map to avoid ripping it." Also, the user is warned to 'beaware [sic] of pirates'. In reference to the TV show Portlandia, an image of a bird was placed on Portland, Oregon. While in this mode, Pegman is replaced with a telescope, thus giving the effect of looking through an old telescope when using Street View.
* Explore Treasure Mode with Google Maps
Improved Google Play Developer Console
The addition of an "Add new awesome application" button.
Google Japanese Input Patapata Version
Google introduces a new Japanese input system. Users repeatedly tap a single button to cycle through different letters. A brief pause confirms the current letter and advances the cursor to begin entering the next one.
The name "Patapata" likely references a Japanese word for Split-flap display, onomatopoeically dubbed "Patapata-shiki" for its distinctive fluttering sound when updating. Another possibile explanation is then the video game Patapon, "Pata" is one of the sounds made with a drum.
Gmail Blue
Gmail is now the color blue. Coincidentally, Google would eventually go on to release Inbox by Gmail which features a similar interface to Gmail, only blue.
Google SCHMICK (Simple Complete House Makeover Internet Conversion Kit)
Google SCHMICK allows the user to redesign his or her street viewed house so that the user can "fly the Australian flag" outside the user's house
Google Fiber Poles
Google Fiber to the Pole provides ubiquitous gigabit connectivity to fiberhoods across Kansas City. This latest innovation in Google Fiber technology enables users to access Google Fiber's ultra fast gigabit speeds even when they are out and about.
Google Wallet Mobile ATM
Google announced the release of the Google Wallet Mobile ATM. The mobile ATM device easily attaches to most smartphones and dispenses money instantly and effortlessly – forever ending the user's search for the nearest bank or ATM. The Google Wallet Mobile ATM technology allows the user to enter the amount of money they want to withdraw directly to a phone or use voice-activated dispenser. Unlike traditional ATM's, the Google Wallet Mobile ATM even dispenses rare two and fifty dollar bills, as well as more practical one dollar bills.
Levity Algorithm in Google Apps
Google introduces the Levity Algorithm in Google Apps to help users spice up even the most boring of work days.
Updated Export and Send-To features on Google Analytics
Google updated the Export and Send-To features for Google Analytics to give users even more options and support some of our favorite legacy technology: 3.5" floppy, CD-ROM, papyrus, sticky note, carrier pigeon, fax, telegram, telegraph.
Self-Writing Code Program
Google developed self-writing code program. Now that Google engineers are not spending their time at the desk programming, they have plenty of time to collaborate with teammates, attend talks and events on campus, go for a workout at the gym or try out a new cafe. Google always encourages employees to have a full life outside of the office and now Google employees have tremendous work-life balance.
Google Search Cold Trends
The least searched topics on Google, "Cold searches" is the way to discover new unique things that nobody else is into.
Google Nose
Google announces a new "Google Nose" feature, which adds scents to items in the Google Knowledge Graph. Users can click a "Smell" button on select items to experience scents directly through their existing desktop computer, laptop, or mobile device.
Software Dogengineer
Google created an entry in their careers page looking for a dogengineer.
Google Maps Pokémon Challenge
Google joined forces with The Pokémon Company, Game Freak, and Nintendo to develop a new Google Maps app for the iOS and Android, which allowed users to capture Pokémon while exploring the real world using Google Maps. The concept of the app would later be refined and released as Pokémon Go in 2016.
Gmail Selfie
Based on the popularity of adding pictures of oneself as a Gmail custom theme, Google launches a feature to share that custom theme (of one's self) with their friends.
Nest + Virgin
After acquiring Nest Labs in early 2014, Google teamed up with Virgin Airlines about the latest in-flight feature. Passengers on the Virgin Airlines aircraft have the ability to change their personal temperature on the plane using their latest Total Temperature Control.
Google Japanese Input: Magic Hand Version
There are many problems with inputting Japanese on a mobile device using one's finger – so Google has introduced the *Magic Hand* to solve them.
Emojify the Web
Google Translate support for Emoji is built directly into Chrome for Android and iOS. One can now read all their favorite Web content "using efficient and emotive illustrations, instead of cumbersome text." Google's translation algorithm interprets not just the definition of the words on a webpage, but also their context, tone, and sometimes even facial expression in order to convert them into symbols. "Not only does this pictorial and theatrical language allow us to communicate complex emotions, it's also far more compact. One Emoji symbol can easily replace dozens of characters, improving efficiency and comprehension on the go. It turns out the best way to communicate in the future is to look to the past: the ancient Egyptians were really onto something with their hieroglyphs."
Auto-Awesome Photobombs with David Hasselhoff
Google announced on the Official Google Blog that they would randomly insert David Hasselhoff into Google+ photos via the Auto-Awesome feature.
WazeDates
'WazeDates' uses the same crowdsourcing technology designed to help drivers around the world outsmart traffic, while creating a new space for people to meet and fall in love.
Upcoming Viral Video Trends
YouTube announced that they write, shoot, and upload all of the world's most popular viral videos, and that this year they're accepting viral video ideas from YouTube users.
AutoAwesome for Resumes
Google announced that it's rolling out special effects for Resumes on Google Drive.
Qwerty Cats Chrome Extension
The Chromium team releases a QWERTY virtual keyboard for cats on the Chrome Web Store.
Coffee to the Home
Google Fiber launches Coffee to the Home (CTTH) program for Kansas City residents; delivering made-to-order coffee drinks straight to users at fiber speeds—through the same fiber jack that delivers 100 times faster Internet.
AdBirds
Google AdWords team now released AdBirds, a new way to show ads. The user has six birds (Sparrow, Duck, Owl, Pigeon, Eagle and Penguin) to choose from, and they add in a little bit of text before setting the bird free into the world, for everyone to see their ad.
Google Apps for Business Dogs
Google announced that they're launching a suite of features to make Google Apps more useful for Dogs in the workplace. Features include Dmail with translation, Hangouts with Bark Enhancement, and paw recognition technology.
Google Analytics Academy: Data-less Decision Making
Google announced a web course on how to "make uninformed business decisions on a whim by following gut instincts and applying simple guesswork techniques."
Helpouts by Google: Helpouts from a Pirate
Scowlin' Guideon Scabb the Beardless helps one hone their pirate vocabulary 1 on 1 over live video.
AdSenses on planets and moon
Now interplanetary IP addresses are interpreted. "With our recent discovery of the interplanetary IP address repository, you'll have access to even more reports that can help you improve user engagement on your site. For example, if you notice a lot of traffic coming from Mars, try adding more pages in Martian to engage with those audiences."
Google Play Signature Edition
Signature Apps lets developers ship their work directly to customers on a thumbdrive inside a special package ready for unboxing, preferably "using natural sources of locomotion such as biking and walking" to reduce the environmental impact. The dev console includes settings for shipping apps, an explanation of the value add, and a reminder to sign apps on a piece of paper or electronically to give them more authenticity. Unfortunately, hitting the Save button doesn't work.
Chromecast for squirrels
Google says it is working with "developers of 'paw-friendly' apps to build Chromecast support into more of the apps and websites both humans and squirrels love."
Pac-Maps
Google added a "Pac-Man View" to Google Maps, allowing users to play Pac-Man along real world streets. The bell and key were replaced by the map marker and the Street View "pegman" respectively. Created by John Tantalo, a software engineer at Google, and his wife Mary Radcliffe, an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Washington, Pac-Maps remained available for about ten days.
Ingress Pacman
Niantic Labs, a startup internal to Google, added Pacman to the Ingress scanner.
#ChromeSelfie
Google added a "Share a reaction" button to the Chrome mobile app menu, which lets the user take a half-selfie, half-screenshot picture of the current-viewing site and then share it, offering to use the Hashtag #ChromeSelfie.
Smartbox by Inbox by Gmail by Google
Google announced a Smart Mailbox for a user's physical mail, with auto-sorting folders, push notifications, temperature control, spam protection and more.
com.google
Google launched com.google, a version of Google Search in which the site is reflected horizontally. This was the company's first usage of the .google top-level domain. The site is no longer active.
Google Fiber Dial Up Mode
Google Fiber launched dial up mode which slows a user's life down, "to pause and take care of the little things".
Darude – Sandstorm
On many song-related searches on YouTube and Twitter, it suggests Sandstorm by Darude. It also adds its button to any video that plays its sequence. This joke was a reference to the Internet phenomenon associated with the song.
Google Panda
Product manager for Google Search launched Google Panda, a panda plush toy aimed to 'change the face' of Google Search. State of the art emotional and conversational intelligence allows the panda to respond to their human and answer any question just as a user would on Google Search or Google Now using the voice search feature.
Equator Slipping: Australia to become Northern Hemisphere
Google Maps engineers from the Google Sydney office 'discovered' that the Earth's equator was slipping south at a rate of 25 km per year. This was backed by evidence from Veritasium's Derek Muller, measuring the movements of the Milankovitch cycles, which predicted "the northernmost point of Australia, Cape York could enter the Northern Hemisphere as soon as 2055."
Google Actual Cloud Platform
The Google Actual Cloud Platform is the world's first public cloud running on servers in the troposphere.
Google Keyboardless Keyboard
Google Japan announced a keyboard shaped like a party horn that a user blows in order to type.
Quantum Code Testing
The Google testing blog announced that it has radically simplified software testing by being able to model every possible state of a software application by employing quantum superposition techniques.
Gmail Mic Drop
A new feature was added to Gmail called "Mic Drop", which archived the email message as soon as it was sent and inserted a GIF of a Minion from the Despicable Me film series. However, the feature immediately caused backlash. Many people complained about accidentally sending the GIF to people at businesses, which resulted in some people being dropped from job consideration or even being fired. Google removed the feature not long after, citing those reasons and a bug that caused the GIF to be sent after hitting the regular send button.
Google Cloud Style Detection API
Google Cloud announced a new Machine Learning API called Style Detection, which allowed automatic identification and categorization of the fashion metadata in a given image. The YouTube video featured several members of the Google Cloud team and was shot in the Spear St. San Francisco office. Obviously, there are still details to iron out.
Searchable Socks
Google Australia announced a new product called Searchable Socks, a pair of socks which if lost could be found using the Google app. When the user taps the beacon on the Google app, the sock would then play the Trololo song.
Google Maps Disco
Google Maps features a video with the Pegman from Street View disco dancing.
Parachutes by Google Express
As stated in the description of the YouTube video Google uploaded promoting this service: "Google Express offers fast delivery of things you need from stores you love. With our new delivery technology, packages will arrive even faster and land anywhere you want them – whether at the beach, in the woods, or even on a run."
Google Cardboard Plastic
Google announced a transparent plastic version of the Google Cardboard viewer without a smartphone slot, making a user see real life through it instead.
YouTube SnoopaVision
YouTube launched the SnoopaVision feature, which allows users to watch videos in 360 degrees. The feature gets its name from Snoop Dogg, who was hired by Google to sponsor the project by appearing on announcements, but ended up being a "true leader" of it.
Google Self-Driving Bike
Google Netherlands announced Google Self-Driving bike inspired by their self-driving cars. Deputy mayor Kajsa Ollongren of Amsterdam also made an appearance in the video.
Physical Flick Japanese Input
Google Japan announced that it had been working hard to bring the flick actions of its virtual Japanese input to the real world.
Inbox by Gmail Emoji Smart Reply
The Gmail team announced it had added "sass" to Inbox by Gmail's smart reply feature, now including emoji in its one-click responses.
Interplanetary app publishing
In the app publishing process the "Pricing & Distribution" section contained a blue box entitled "DISTRIBUTE TO THESE PLANETS" containing a list of planets from Mercury through to Pluto. Pluto had been crossed out and a note appended which read "No longer supported." A "Learn more" caption was provided which linked to a blog post by Lily Sheringham.
Google X New Chief Compression Officer
Google X announced that they hired Richard Hendricks (from HBO's TV show, Silicon Valley) as their Chief Compression Officer, in order to solve compression challenges they were facing.
Google Play RealBooks
Google announced RealBooks, a new form of ebook for those who miss having physical copies of books. These books were essentially a smartphone with every feature removed except the ability to read a single ebook. The video was removed at a later date for unknown reasons.
Ms. Pac-Maps
Google has partly revived new Pac-Maps to allow users to play the popular video game Ms. Pac-Man along the streets of the world. Although, this time, instead of turning the player's current location into the game level, the player is taken to a random spot in the world. The mobile app for Maps also displays a button to play Ms. Pac-Maps.
Google Wind
Google Netherlands says that "Holland is one of the greatest countries to live in, but the biggest downside is that it rains 145 days a year". They also stated that "it uses Machine Learning to recognize cloud patterns and orchestrate the network of windmills when rain is approaching. Test results look very promising." On April 1, they would be able to ensure clear skies for everyone in Holland. This is an example of an attempt to control the weather locally.
Google Japanese Input Puchi Puchi Version
A version of Google Japanese Input using bubble wrap. Also, on the website they gave at the end of the video, there was a bubble wrap at the end of the page.
Haptic Helpers
Google claims that "it takes the virtual reality world to the next level" by implementing the missing three senses of older VR technology: taste, touch, and smell. When one tries to sign up however, the sign-up button become the words,"APRIL FOOLS!"
Google Cloud Platform Expands to Mars
Google announced the creation of a datacenter on Mars, nicknamed "Ziggy Stardust," which would open in 2018 starting with a new Mars location in Google Cloud Storage. Part of Google's announcement included the ability to walk-through their new datacenter in Google Street View.
Mobile Accessories for Chromebook
Google announced a wide range of accessories for the Chromebook that are only available for mobile phones, such as the "Chromebook Groupie Stick," "Chromebook Cardboard," and "Chromebook Workout Armband."
Google Translate for Heptapod B
Google announced Heptapod B (the fictional language of "Story of Your Life" and the motion picture based on it) as the 32nd language to be supported in Word Lens.
Google Gnome
Google announced a new Google Assistant product designed for the yard called "Google Gnome". It has some of Google Home's features, except that it is intended to be used outdoors. According to Google, it can report about the environment and the outdoors. It only responds to voice and is hand-free. It can also mow the lawn, acting as a lawnmower. The announcement video was edited in countless memes, in a similar fashion to the announcement video of Amazon Echo.
Google Now for Dogs & Cats
Google announced a new force 3D touch action on the Google app for iOS that would open a special experience for cats or dogs.
Google Play for Pets
Google announced a new Google Play category for Pets with games, apps and training tools to keep a pet stimulated.
Google Cloud Hummus API
Google Israel launched a "hummus API" to organize information, even hummus. It attempts to store their favorite type of hummus as information.
Gboard Physical Handwriting Board
Google Japan, from the Google Japanese Input team, proposed a physical handwritten version of Gboard. The device was developed "to realize intuitive character input". It was also said in the video to stretch the feature to beyond keyboards, such as an abacus and even corn.
Where's Waldo on Google Maps
Five classic Where's Waldo scenes were hidden over Google Maps. Finding Waldo in each scene rewarded the player with a hint as to finding the next one. Completing all the levels unlocked a secret sixth scene on the Moon, which could be accessed by zooming out in Satellite view.
Bad Joke Detector
Google announced that its file management app Files Go would use a "custom-built deep neural network" to free up storage by deleting bad jokes from the user's device.
Googz
Google Australia made a redesign of Google for Australian citizens called "Googz". Google asked Aussie designer Jazza to make a convincing video about the new adaption of the word Googz. They conducted "surveys" which showed some false results on how "80%" of Australians commonly refer to Google as Googz.
Recrawl Now
Google Search Console made a site recrawl feature that instead rickrolls the user.
Sssnakes on a map
Google Maps had a feature to play Snake in several cities. During the week of April Fools' Day, this was accessible in the app. Many cities were available, such as Cairo, London, San Francisco, São Paulo, Sydney, and Tokyo, and even the world. There was also a standalone site at snake.googlemaps.com.
Google Tulip
Google Nederland released a video on YouTube about a new app allowing communication with a tulip.
Google Calendar
Google Calendar invites a user to clear their schedule, one meeting at a time, with laser-sharp precision. Click the Gear icon, then select Play a game (alternatively, deep link is: https://calendar.google.com/?playagame)
Gboard Spoon Bending
Google Japan followed up 2018's physical handwriting board with 2019's Spoon Bending version, a special, smart spoon that allows users to type Japanese characters in Gboard by bending it. This invention allows the user to type almost effortlessly anytime, anywhere, allowing the user greater flexibility in their writing. Allegedly they are also developing other bending technologies, such as an "outdoor version" consisting of a fishing rod and a "hands off" version where the spoon will be bent telepathically.
Google Assistant
If the user writes "April Fools" to Google assistant, it will now offer a random April Fools' prank in history.
Google Colab
"Power Mode - rack up combos and see sparks fly". It introduced a new mode that, when activated, causes sparks to fly out from the cursor when typing, and shows an animated "combo counter".
Gmail
To commemorate the 15th anniversary of the email client’s release, the Gmail logo featured balloons and a party hat on April 1.
YouTube
After a two year hiatus YouTube returned to making April Fools' pranks. This year they had an ad on the top of the home page for an Aquaman 2 movie, but instead of the playable video being a trailer for it the video was for the Shazam! trailer instead.
Files App: Screen Cleaner
Google released a video about Screen Cleaner with an "Activate" button that when pressed, dirt and stains magically poof away. Then the phone vibrates, creating a non-stick shield "With a fresh pineapple scent."
Cancellation
Google canceled its 2020 April Fools' jokes for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic, urging employees to contribute to relief efforts instead.
Since the cancellation in 2020, Google has not participated in April Fools. However in 2020, April 1st was celebrated with the anniversary of Jean Macnamara's birthday.
Post-Cancellation
On October 1, 2021, Google Japan resumed its annual tradition of creating novelty keyboards, and has subsequently released new novelty keyboards annually on October 1. Given the release occurring exactly half a year after April 1, it has been described as an April Fools' Day in October. As with all novelty keyboards produced by the team since 2012, the schematics of these devices are available as open source.
* 2021: Gboard Yunomi, a keyboard with the form factor of a traditional Japanese teacup, with keycaps representing traditional fish used in the preparation of sushi.
* 2022: Gboard Bar Version, a single-row keyboard spanning 5.25 feet.
* 2023: Gboard CAPS, a large key-shaped hat which one can select a letter by rotating and transmit a keypress by pressing down on the hat.
Real April Fools' Day product launches
Google has chosen April Fools' Day and the day before it to announce some of their actual products, as a form of viral marketing.
* Shortly before midnight on March 31, 2004, Google announced the launch of Gmail. However, it was widely believed to be a hoax, since free web-based e-mail with one gigabyte of storage was unheard of at the time.
* In 2005, Google increased Gmail storage to two gigabytes and released Google Ride Finder.
* On March 31, 2010, YouTube implemented its new video page design, which had been revealed two months earlier.
* On April 1, 2010, Google Street View received a new feature to toggle anaglyph 3D images. It was available by clicking on the icon depicting "pegman" wearing a pair of red/cyan glasses. The icon was present until April 8, when it was removed.
* Google Japan has open sourced the "firmware, circuit diagrams, and design drawings" for all of its novelty input devices, beginning with Google Japanese Input Morse version on April 1, 2012, to allow anyone to build their own versions of the devices.
* On April 1, 2013, Google announced Google+ Emotion. Google+ can now 'plumb the emotional depths of everyone in the photo, then summarize their feelings with a beautifully crafted, emotion icon'
* On April 1, 2014, Google announced Shelfies (Shareable Selfies), which allows one to add pictures of oneself as a Gmail custom theme and share that custom theme (of one's self) with their friends. The first version of Brotli compression format specification was published.
* On April 1, 2016, Google introduced a new feature for Google Photos, allowing users to search their photos using emojis. | WIKI |
1
I configured two MariaDB instance in Master-Slave configuration. As a test, I tried to see what happens when I manually purge binlogs. To my amazement, I have seen that even if I get an error message on the slave, the replica still works! Is this normal? This is the status after the show slave status command:
Master_User: root
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 10
Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 2314
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000004
Relay_Log_Pos: 535
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: No
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 2314
Relay_Log_Space: 1119
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 1236
Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from
binary log: 'binlog truncated in the middle of event; consider out of
disk space on master; the first event 'mysql-bin.000001' at 2314, the last
event read from 'mysql-bin.000001' at 2314, the last byte read from
'mysql-bin.000001' at 2317.'
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
As far as I can see Slave_SQL_Running is still active as opposed to Slave_IO_Running. Is he the one still running the replication? What happens if I don't reset Slave_IO_Running correctly and how can I possibly reset it?
Thank you in advance!
2 Answers 2
1
Purging the last binlog on the Primary is risky.
The data in the replication stream is sent to the Replica(s) at the same time it is added to the last binlog on the Primary.
If the network goes down, the binlog is vital for providing the replication stream to the Replicas when the network comes back up.
I like to keep enough binlogs to hold a week's worth of data, and hope that a human can get involved in time to repair whatever is broken within a week. That way, the Replicas, though delayed, won't be missing any data.
0
Yes, replicas function fully even though they aren't replicating.
"IO" is the communication with the master where new binary logs are fetched. "SQL" is the application of these fetched binary logs on the tables and everything in the server.
At the moment you have lost everything beyond the master 'mysql-bin.000001' at 2314.
If what is after that point isn't significant you can use CHANGE MASTER TO to the binary log file/position on the master that does exist:
STOP SLAVE;
CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000002',
MASTER_LOG_POS=4;
START SLAVE;
MASTER_LOG_POS=4 just skips the few bytes of the header.
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31 January 2015
The American Dream is an idea in which many skilled workers migrate from their homeland for the search of a better life and wage and has been going on since the foundation of the country. The book “The Jungle”, by Upton Sinclair, portrays the lives and the conditions in which many of these workers have to go under during the Gilded Age, early 1900’s. The Gilded
Age in paper has a nice ring to it but in reality has an abundant amount of major flaws. Problems of the Gilded Age included things such as corruption and working conditions.
To begin with, the Gilded Age had many problems such as monopolies, women’s rights, tariffs, living conditions, working conditions (Unions), pollution, and new immigrants. All of these problems are presented in the book that occur to the characters. Jurgis, the protagonist, is an immigrant from Lithuania is the perfect example how each worker was and treated. In the
Gilded Age the health and sometimes the hopes of the workers were destroyed by the working conditions they had and this was no exception in Packingtown, the setting of the book. Ona is
Jurgis’s wife and she is the representation of the struggle of the typical woman in that age.
Furthermore, one of the major things that occurred in the Gilded Age was corruption everywhere in business, politics, and in society. Regulations what's that? The workers in the
Gilded Age could try to complain about their conditions they worked but many times it just ended up in fruitless efforts and Sinclair shows this in his book as he writes “
All of these agencies of corruption were banded together, and leagued in blood brotherhood with the politician and the
police; more often than not they were one and the same person...
” Like Jurgis stated all the people
who could potentially help give them better conditions are all tied to in corruption so this makes this a one sided system. Jurgis lived in the system where there has to be a miserable low class so that the upper class in this case politicians could live a life of a princess, so the more miserable they were and less regulations the easier, cheaper it would be to get workers. In one of the chapters Jurgis is tricked in a political scam where they are payed to accompany someone to a voting booth by paying them like in his case 2 dollar but this was not the only way politicians got votes they also bribed with posh government jobs. Bribes were given out to bosses so that contractors and suppliers could stay in business by giving the boss kickbacks making a fortune from them. Just as Sinclair backs up in his book, “There were scores of such tricks ; and sometimes it was the owners who played them and made fortunes, sometimes it was the jockeys and trainers, sometimes it was outsiders, who bribed them…” The book mentions many cases of bribery and it was pretty much a daily thing and it could be for anything and thus creating such a broken system without regulations. If there were any regulations to begin with it would not of matter, bribes would terminate any inspectors.
Following corruption, the working conditions of many workers were not only sometimes hazardous but also extremely strict. For example the book mentions if a worker was late 1 minute late they would lose an hour of pay in if the worker was twenty minutes late they would be fired which would make them wait at doorways for hours for up to weeks just to get another job men, women, and children the same just to get miserable wage. In many cases the fact you were sick meant nothing or like in the case of Ona, she died after going to work after giving birth and the poor health. Ona’s death is similar to that of many workers many would go to work
regardless in fright of losing their job even if the cause of their illness was the actual work. Many times workers would get sick simply because it was unsanitary just like Jurgis's job. | FINEWEB-EDU |
User:Deshaparna007/sandbox
=BIODATA=
Dr.Aparna Deshpande
* Librarian B.Ragunath college, Parbhani.
* Education : M.Lib. & Isc. Ph.D
* Experience : 18 years.
* Research Guide in SRTMUN, Nanded.
* one Minor Research Project completed by UGC.
* Twelve Research papern published.
* area of intrest : Digital Library | WIKI |
Lois Wolk
Lois Wolk (born May 12, 1946) is an American politician and former member of the California State Senate. A Democrat, she represented the 3rd Senate District, which encompasses the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta region and portions of the North Bay.
Wolk was a member of the California Legislative Jewish Caucus. Before being elected to the State Senate in 2008, she served in the California State Assembly, where she represented the 8th Assembly District, and the 5th Assembly District after the 2010 redistricting. She is also a former member of both the Yolo County Board of Supervisors and the Davis City Council.
Early life
Wolk was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She earned a B.A. from Antioch College in 1968, and an M.A. from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in 1971. She has taught history, Social Studies and French in grades 7 through 12 in both public and private schools. Wolk lives in Davis, California with her husband, Bruce Wolk, formerly a Professor of Law at UC Davis Law School. They married in 1968 and have two sons, Adam and Dan. Dan is the former mayor of Davis, California.
Political career
Wolk won a seat on the Davis City Council in 1990, and served two terms as Mayor from 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998. She then served as Yolo County Supervisor from 1998 to 2002, chairing the Board in 2000.
Wolk was elected to the California State Assembly in 2002, and won re-election in 2004 and 2006.
Wolk was Chair of the Assembly Water, Parks and Wildlife Committee and she served on Assembly Committees on Budget, Local Government, and Natural Resources, as well as the Budget Subcommittee on Transportation and Information Technology. In addition, Wolk served on numerous Select Committees including Biotechnology; California Children's School Readiness and Health; Domestic Violence; Growth and Infrastructure; Ports; Water, Infrastructure and the Economy; Rural Economic Development; and Wine.
In her five years in the Assembly, Wolk succeeded in authoring 56 new laws. In 2007, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed many Wolk-authored bills including legislation to improve flood protection in flood-prone areas of California's Central Valley; improve safety on a treacherous stretch of State Highway 12; require more planning for state parks and recreation opportunities for the Central Valley; and provide the Department of Fish and Game with the authority to control highly invasive species that threaten California's water delivery and natural ecosystems.
Wolk has been honored by many organizations for her public service, including the Planning and Conservation League, which named Wolk its 2007 Legislator of the Year for her leadership in water policy and legislation, and for championing a landmark package of flood protection bills to strengthen flood protection in California's Central Valley and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region.
In 2007, both the Highway 12 Association and Solano Transportation Authority honored Wolk for her tireless work to develop a Highway 12 safety package with the California Department of Transportation and California Highway Patrol, and for authoring legislation to establish a safety enhancement double fine zone on a dangerous stretch of State Highway Route 12.
Wolk termed out of the Assembly in 2008 and was succeeded by Mariko Yamada.
In 2008, Wolk ran for the California State Senate in the 5th district, the seat held by Michael Machado. Wolk defeated her Republican opponent, fellow assembly-member Greg Aghazarian of Stockton.
In 2015, Wolk co-sponsored, with Bill Monning, the SB-128 California End of Life Option Act which allows residents of California who meet strict criteria to exercise their right to die through medical aid in dying.
Wolk was termed out in 2016 and was succeeded by Bill Dodd.
Work, who is Jewish, is a member of the California Legislative Jewish Caucus. | WIKI |
Page:Democracy in America (Reeve).djvu/865
tors of a great portion of the world, i. 462. General view of the whole subject, i. 465.
Combinations of Americans, their great achievements, ii. 167.
Commanders, military, in a democracy, their disinclination to war, ii. 289.
Compassion, the feeling of, in the Americans, as contrasted with their egotism, ii. 176.
Competition among the Americans, ii. 262.
Comprehensive view of men and things, ii. 354.
Compulsory enlistment preferred to voluntary recruiting in a democracy, ii. 287. Its inequality of burden on a community, 287.
Concentration of power in democratic nations, why approved, ii. 308.
Condition of the Americans, a cause of their unsettled opinions, ii. 74.
Confederated governments, the tendency of all nations of this age to become, ii. 315.
Conjugal authority, the respect paid to, by the women of America, ii. 225.
Conjugal tie, respect paid to, in the United States, ii. 251.
Congress, members of, addicted to frequent speaking, ii. 97.
Congress of the United States, the influence of its debates on the people, ii. 98.
Connecticut, the state of, its code of laws promulgated in 1650, i. 37.
Constitution, a, can only be logically said to exist, in the early stages of a nation, its effects, &c., i. 123. Conventional rules of society, how affected by the prmciple of democracy, ii. 207.
Conversation, confidence in, by American women, ii. 210.
Constituted powers, their apparent decline, ii. 335.
Contempt of forms, characteristic of a democratic age, ii. 347. The dangers to which it exposes, ii. 347.
Counties in America, administrative duties of, how performed, ii. 345.
Counties, the, of New England, compared with those of France, i. 71.
Courage, among the Americans, regarded as the highest virtue, ii. 252.
Court of sessions, in New England, its authority and influence, i. 77.
Courts of justice, in the United States, their great extent of power, i. 105. Precautions of the legislature to prevent its abuse, i. 106.
Courts of the Union, their right fixing their own jurisdiction, i. 149. In what respect this rule attacks the portion of sovereignty reserved to the several states, i. 149. Choice of the people, and instinctive preferences of the American democracy, i. 214. Talented people in the United States rarely placed at the head of public affairs, i. 215. Envy of the lower orders against the higher, a democratic sentiment, i. 216. Why distinguished men seclude themselves from the public | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:Scripts++/Issue 3
New, improved, updated, revamped, etc scripts
* Could you include User:RhinosF1/StatusChange.js Taht I've just created? RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 17:19, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* It doesn't seem to work with the 2010 wikitext editor, only the old one, which you have to enable in your preferences. Maybe change line 37 to be ? I'm note sure if I want to include it in its current form, but if you fix that it ~should~ be good to go. Thanks, --DannyS712 test (talk) 18:32, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* - Can you fill out an issue report at https://github.com/RhinosF1/StatusChanger? RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 18:37, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* ✅ --DannyS712 (talk) 18:41, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* , I'm not seeing any issues. RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 18:44, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* oops, misclicked something. Check the pull requests now --DannyS712 (talk) 18:45, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* , ✅ RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 19:31, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* the script works, but for some reason it only saves when I have the console open . I think its saving the page before its changing the content... --DannyS712 (talk) 19:42, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* , I can't see any issue for me. It's based of User: Enterprisey's, can you try that?. If not, post a issue report at GitHub and I'll investigate. RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 19:46, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
* Idk, nvm --DannyS712 (talk) 05:37, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
* , Is it going on the newsletter then? RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 07:30, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
* yeah --DannyS712 (talk) 07:31, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
* , Great!! RhinosF1(chat) (status)(contribs) 07:31, 24 February 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
Have you ever noticed both or one of your baby’s eyes appearing light red or pink when they wake up in the morning? I faced a similar situation with my 4-year-old child recently, and I would like to share my experience with you. In this article, I will discuss everything about conjunctivitis in kids, including its symptoms, types, medications, how to take care of your child, and prevention.ur child, and prevention.ur child, and prevention.
What is Conjunctivitis?
Conjunctivitis is a condition where the thin, transparent membrane between the eyeball and eyelid, known as the conjunctiva, becomes inflamed or red. There is a common myth that conjunctivitis spreads simply by looking into the eyes of an infected person, but this is not true. The infection spreads only if the virus or bacteria present in the infected person’s eye comes in contact with you by sneezing, coughing, touching the infected person’s eye, or if the infected person rubs their eyes and then shakes hands with you without washing them. It can take one to two weeks to fully recover from conjunctivitis. There are three types of conjunctivitis: viral, bacterial, and allergic. The bacterial type is the most contagious and requires prompt and accurate treatment.
Viral conjunctivitis is a common eye infection that affects both children and adults. It is caused by the same virus that causes colds and coughs. This infection is highly contagious and can easily spread in crowded places like schools and offices. Its symptoms include itchiness, burning sensation, eye pain, watery discharge, and a noticeable red spot in one or both eyes. It is common for children to rub their eyes frequently when they have this infection.
Bacterial conjunctivitis:- This is the most dangerous form of conjunctivitis. It is very contagious and needs timely treatment. Its symptoms are red eye, white or milky discharge from the eye, eye pain, burning sensation, itchiness, and swollen eyes. It can affect one eye or both eyes. Symptoms may vary from person to person. It is always a good idea to get your eyes checked whenever you feel your eyes are not normal like before.
Allergic conjunctivitis is not very common in people. It affects those who have a family history of allergy to dust, microbes, animal fur, pollution, smoke, and other pollen particles present in the air. Its symptoms include irritation, itchiness, eye pain, little watery discharge, rubbing of the eyes more often, cold, and cough. This can also affect only one eye or both eyes. This is not contagious and doesn’t spread to others.
Viral and allergic conjunctivitis can be cured on its own without any eye drops or ointments. But still, doctors give some eye drops to stop itchiness and eye pain. Bacterial conjunctivitis should be cured with antibiotic eye drops. It may take 15 to 20 days to get completely cured. Your doctor will give you eye drops that you should use properly on time for 10 to 15 days.
- Limit screen time.
- Wash your hands and face properly excluding your eyes whenever you come home.
- Clean your eyes with soft wet cotton or cloth daily.
- Give your eyes rest as much as possible.
- Avoid going to school or the office if you have viral or bacterial conjunctivitis as there is a chance of spreading to others.
- Avoid eye makeup or applying kajal when your eyes are infected.
- Stop using contact lenses till you recover fully.
- Avoid bright and colorful lights.
My Kids Story:-
My son was 4 years old when he got his first conjunctivitis. It was a rainy season and everyone in my neighborhood was getting conjunctivitis. My kid was also going to school every day. Their school also gave us a notice that if any student gets conjunctivitis, please don’t send them to school and also told us how to take care of it. Days passed and when I thought that conjunctivitis was gone now my kid came from school with a light red left eye. Since only his one eye was red we thought this could be due to his allergy to dust and pollution in school. At night my kid started rubbing his eyes and told me that it was paining. We thought maybe it was due to continuous screen time. The next day he went to school. His eye was the same. The next morning when he woke up, his eye was completely red and it looked very scary to me. There was also a little watery discharge in the morning when he woke up. We didn’t send him to school that day and went straight to the eye hospital. The doctor said that he had conjunctivitis and we shouldn’t send him to school for one week. He also gave me 3 different eye drops to use for 5 days for bacterial conjunctivitis and told me to come again on 6th day. Those were:-
- TOBRAWIN LP – 4 times a day.
- HYDRAKEM – 3 times a day.
- BEPIREX – 2 times a day.
Putting eye drops in kid’s eyes is itself a very difficult task. They don’t cooperate with us and cry a lot as if we are doing something to their eyes. But still, since it’s very important to put eye drops, I had to scold him and put eye drops in his eyes forcefully for one week. After one week he got used to it and didn’t cry when I put eye drops in his eyes. After 5 days of its use, his red eye decreased a bit but didn’t cure completely. On 6th day when we went to the doctor, he told us that conjunctivitis was still there and told us to continue the same drops for 10 days. During this visit, he also told us that our kid might have some eyesight and he needs to wear spectacles. This news shocked us. It shook us more than the conjunctivitis infection. Though me and my husband both have eyesight, we didn’t want our kid to have eyesight at such a small age. He said he needs to check his eyesight after he gets completely cured of conjunctivitis. We thought that this doctor might have gotten something wrong because there was no chance of our kid getting eyesight because his immunity was strong, his screen time was limited, he didn’t play games on his phone, and he never complained about eye pain. So we decided to get his eyes checked in a very big and well-known eye hospital in Hyderabad called LV Prasad Eye Hospital after his conjunctivitis. We booked the appointment and got our appointment after one month.
After one month when he was completely cured and his eyes were normal, we went to the hospital. After one hour of detailed checking of my kid’s eyes, they concluded that there was no sign of any conjunctivitis or eyesight. His eyes were normal and healthy. Though it took us 4 to 5 hours for his eye checkup, traveling to the hospital, waiting in line, and being patient, it was all worth it as our kids were completely normal. They just told us to use REFRESH eye drops once every week to lubricate the eyes as the eyes may get dry very often due to reading, writing, and screen time.
After 3 months, my kid again had a red eye. It was very light for the first 2 days and slowly increased on the 3rd day. He was also rubbing his eyes a lot but didn’t have any eye pain or discharge. We got the appointment after 2 days. Till that time doctor told us not to use any drops and can use refresh drops to lubricate his eyes and keep them clean. After 2 days when we went to the hospital, after a clear examination, the doctor told us that this was allergic conjunctivitis. It was caused due to dust or pollution. He gave us some eye drops to prevent itchiness and inflammation and told us to come back after one month to check again.
After a few days of using these drops, his eyes were normal again. But since one year, he has a light red color small spot in his left eye on the cornea. When I asked the doctor about it, he said it was normal and nothing to worry about. The eyes are off course a very delicate organ of our body and we need to take care of it properly. Washing your eyes with cold water is one habit that me and my kid do every day. And whenever you have stressed your eyes a lot, it’s better to put refresh eye drops before sleeping. This will lubricate your eyes and keep them cool. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Missouri, Kansas & Texas R’y Co. vs Elliott.
Opinion Delivered June 8, 1899.
1. Continuance — Stipulation for by one of Several Plaintiffs.
Where there are a number of plaintiffs, a stipulation by one of them for a continuance, will not work a continuance of the cause to the inconvenience and annoyance of the others.
2. Continuance — Motion for — Diligence.
Where the motion for a continuance does not show that any diligence has been used to prepare for trial, does not state what evidence could be produced by a continuance, nor the names of the witnesses, and the case has been pending for over four years, the motion was properly denied.
j. Jurors — Not Disqualified.
It was not error to overrule challenges by the railroad company as to jurors who had previously had actions pending against the company, when they had none at the time, and testifiéd on their examination that their minds were free from bias or prejudice.
4. Deposition of Witness Residing out of Territory — Objection To.
The court properly overruled objection to the reading of depositions of witnesses who resided in Denison, Texas, without the District in which the case was tried, or an adjoining district, and more than 30 miles from the place of trial, although it was shown that the witnesses were in the Territory, and within the jurisdictiion of the court almost daily.
5. Train Order — Secondary Evidence of
Where it is shown that train orders, about which witnesses are testifying have either been lost or destroyed, or are in possession of the railroad company, and it refuses to produce them, it is not error to permit the witnesses to testify as to their contents.
6. Train Despatcher— Who is — Evidence.
It was not error to permit the engineer running a train, and the chief train despatcher to testify that there was a train de-spatcher at a certain point, who he was, and what his duties were.
7-Train Order — Evidence—Admissibility.
It was not error to admit a train order which the witness, who was engineer of the train, testified was the order given him by the train despatcher.
8. Written Instrument — Notice to Produce — Secondary Evidence.
A notice to defendant to produce books and papers at time of trial is sufficient notice to permit the giving of secondary evidence.
p. Wages of Fireman — Evidence of Competency.
Testimony of a station agent, who possesses a schedule of the wages of the employees of a railroad, and of one who deceased has told the amount of wages he received, is competent to establish the wages of firemen in general.
io. Record of Railway Company — When Secondary Evidence Admissible.
Where the records of a railway company are without the jurisdiction of the Court and the company fails to produce them in response to a notice therefor, secondary evidence may be introduced to prove their contents.
n. Habits and Customs of Deceased — Evidence.
The testimony of the father-in-law of deceased is competent to show his habits, his customs' in regard to providing for his family, and the amount of wages he received.
12. Pleading — Denial of Incorporation — Insufficient.
An answer denying that defendant is a “corporation duly created under the laws of the state of Missouri,” without stating any further facts is a negative pregnant and does not require proof by plaintiff to sustain the allegation of incorporation.
/?. Fellow Servants — Train Despatcher and Fireman Not.
A train despatcher and a fireman on a locomotive are not fellow servants so as to relieve a railroad company from liability for injuries sustained by a fireman through negligence of a des-patcher.
1‡. Fellow Servants — Telegraph Operator and Fireman Are.
A telegraph operator who has no authority to direct the movements of a train is a fellow servant of a fireman on a locomotive.
15. Death by Wrongful Act — Survivor of Action.
A right of action for death by wrongful act survives in the widow and heirs.
Appeal from the United States Court for the Northern District.
William M. Springer, Judge.
Action by Georgia C. Elliott and others against the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company. Judgment for plaintiffs. Defendant appeals.
Affirmed.
This is an action brought by Lydia J. Elliott, the widow, and Georgia C. Elliott and Nannie P. Elliott, the minor children, of William H. Elliott, deceased, to recover damages of the appellant for the alleged wrongful killing of the said William H, Elliott, who, at the time of his death, was employed as a fireman upon one of the engines operated upon the line of the appellant’s railway between the town of Muskogee, in the Indian Territory, and Denison, in the state of Texas. The complaint was filed on the 9th day of April, 1898. Verdict was rendered in favor of the appellees on the 29th day of November, 1897, for the sum of $7,500. Motion for new trial was overruled, and appeal prayed, and allowed by this court.
The attorney for the appellant, in his “Specifications of Error,” alleges that 101 errors were committed in the trial of this cause by the lower court. The first error alleged by appellant in his brief in this cause is as follows: “No. 1. The district court erred in refusing to grant a continuance of this case in accordance with the stipulation between ap-pellee Lydia J. Elliott and appellant, and, after declining to grant continuance on stipulation, in further declining to either grant continuance or postponement of this case,' to enable appellant to prepare for trial.”
Clifford L. Jackson, for appellant.
William T. Hutchings and Preston C. West, for appellees.
Thomas, J.
We have carefully examined this alleged stipulation, and also the motion for a continuance filed by the appellant, and the exhibits attached thereto, and it is our opinion that the appellant had no right to a continuance of this cause on either. This cause has been upon the docket for more than four years. The venue had been changed by the appellant from South McAlester, on the 1st day of February, 1894, and the record does not disclose that between that date and the month of November 1897 this case had ever been reached for trial. There were other parties plaintiff in this case, the minor heirs, who were present in person and by their attorneys, pres~ing for trial, and we do not think that a stipulation signed by the attorney for the appellant and by only one of the appellees, the widow, should have worked a continuance, to the inconvenience and annoyance of the other appellees. The court also had a right to insist that this case, which had been on the docket for such a length of time, should be taken up and disposed of, and a stipulation of this kind certainly would not compel the court to continue the case to the detriment, perhaps, of other suitors. The motion for continuance did not state legal grounds for a continuance, and discloses that the appellant rail'~vay company for over five years had had an opportunity to investigate the case and circumstances surrounding the killing of Elliott. It further shows that the attorney for the minor appellees had written a letter to the attorney for the appellant a month before the day of the trial, offering to compromise the case, and also stating that if the proposition was not accepted, they would be ready for trial, and would press for a trial, when the case was called. There seems to have been no diligence used by the railway company to secure testimony which they infer in their motion for a continuance that they could procure, nor do they even intimate what witnesses they would have secured, or what their testimony would have been. And, even if there had been diligence on the part of the defendant railway company in this respect, the appellees would have had the right, under the statute (had the railway company given the names of its witnesses and what they expected to prove by each), to have admitted that such absent witnesses would, if present, have testified as claimed by the appellant in its motion for continuance, and the appellees would have then been entitled to an immediate trial. Section 5107, Mansf. Dig., provides that "the trial in each action shall be in the order in which it stands upon the docket.” And section 5108 provides that [ta motion to postpone a trial on account of the absence of evidence shall, if required by the opposite party, be made only upon affidavit showing the materiality of the evidence expected to be obtained, and that due diligence has been used to obtain it; and, if it is for an absent witness, the affidavit must show what facts the affiant believes the witness, will prove, and not merely the effect of such facts in evidence, and that the affiant himself believes them to be true. If, thereupon, the adverse party will admit that on the trial, the absent witness, if present, would testify to the statement contained in the application for a continuance, then the trial shall not be postponed for that cause: provided, that the opposite party may controvert the statement so set forth in the said motion for continuance by evidence. ”
Jontinuance. ~tipu jation.
Diugencel106"
“(2) The court erred in refusing to allow appellant’s challenges to jurors Murphy, Bramstetter, and Whiteside.” The record shows that the juror Murphy had had several claims against the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company; that some of them had never been settled; but, when asked by the court the question, “Are they still pending?” he answered, “They have been dropped, ” He stated that he had not had any claim against the railway company since the year 1889, except such as had been settled by the railway company, with one exception, and that was a small fire, which burned a few hundred rails for him, and that that had occurred in 1884 or 1885, and that he had never brought suit. He was further asked by the court the question: “Is there any reason why you cannot try this case now according to the law and the evidence, without any bias or prejudice whatever on account of your previous relations with the company?” Answer: “That would cut no figure in the case pending, nor in any other case.” Question: “Your mind, then, is perfectly free from y bias or prejudice against the company?” Answer: “Yes, sir.” The juror Bramstetter testified that he did not have a claim of any kind against the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company; that he lost a son at Pryor Creek recently; that his son was killed by a car on a railway; that he never had any intention of instituting suit against the company for the killing of his son; and that he would try the case fairly and impartially, without prejudice or bias in any way. The juror Whiteside testified that he lived in the district; was a cattleman; that he did not have any claims at that time against the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Company; that he had had; that all claims which the company did not pay he had dropped; that the last claim which he had had against the company was about a year and a half ago; and that he could try the case according to the law and the evidence, without any bias or prejudice as to the rights of the defendant. The appellant’s attorney challenged the jurors Murphy and Whiteside because they had once had claims against the company, and the j uror Bramstetter because his son had been killed by a railway car at Pryor Creek. As none of these jurors at that time had any claims against the defendant railway company pending or in course of suit, and as Murphy and Whiteside both testified that they had dropped any and all claims which they ever had, and the juror .L~ram-stetter testified that he had never had any intention of bringing suit for his son, and all swore that their minds were free from bias or prejudice, and that they could try the case according to the law and the 'evidence, we think that the lower court did not err in overruling the appellant’s challenges for cause. We are not willing to declare the law to be that all persons who have ever had claims against the railway company are forever thereafter disqualified from acting as jurors in any cause where the railway company may be a party.
ju]~or. Not Disqualified.
“(3) The district court erred in overruling appellant’s objection to the introduction of any evidence under the complaint in this cause.” This alleged error will be fully considered upon the appellant’s specification of alleged error of the court in holding that the plaintiff’s complaint stated a cause of action, and in refusing to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the appellant.
“(4) The district court erred in overruling appellant's objection to the reading of the depositions of witnesses Andrews, Thoman, and Smythe.” The record discloses that all three of these witnesses resided at the city of Deni-son, in the state of Texas; that they were or.had been in the employ of the defendant railway company; that the witness Andrews was, at the time his deposition was taken, a conductor for the Missouri, Kansas-& Texas Railway Company; that the witness O. E. Thoman, at the time his deposition was taken, was a locomotive engineer for the defendant railway company; and that the witness John Smythe, at the time his deposition was taken, was a fireman for the defendant railway company. And the record further discloses that the appellant was present, and cross-examined these witnesses, at the time these depositions were taken: The objection to the reading of these depositions was that all three of these witnesses, although they resided in the state of Texas, were frequently within the jurisdiction of - this court, as they were employed by the defendant railway company upon its division running from Muskogee, Ind, T., to Denison, Tex. At the time these depositions were taken, although the appellant was present and cross-examined the witnesses, no objection was made to the taking of the depositions for the reasons now urged; nor was there any objection made by the appellant until this case was called for trial and the jury sworn. Sections 2954-2956, Mansf. Dig., read as follows:
“Sec. 2954. Exceptions to depositions shall be in writing, specifying the grounds of .objection, filed with the papers of the case, and noted on the record.
Deposition.
•‘Sec. 2955. No exceptions, other than to the competency of the witness, or to the relevancy or competency of the testimony, shall be regarded, unless filed and noted on the record before the commencement of the trial.
“Sec. 2956. The court, on the motion of either party, shall decide upon the exceptions before the commencement of the trial, ”
The first and fourth paragraphs of section 2921 read as follows:
“Sec. 2921. They [meaning depositions] may be used on the trial of all issues in any action in the following cases: First. Where the witness does not reside in the county where the action is pending, or in an adjoining county, or is absent from the state, or in the military service of the United States, or of this state. Fourth. Where the witness resides thirty or more miles from the place where the court sits in which the action is pending, unless the witness is in attendance upon the court. ”
We are therefore of the opinion that the objection of the appellant to the reading of the depositions of these witnesses was properly overruled by the court, because the witnesses did not reside in the district or in an adjoining district, and resided more than 30 miles from Muskogee, where this action was pending; and we are also of the opinion that, even if this objection had been well taken, it was made too late by the appellant, the trial of the cause having commenced, and this objection not having been made as required by the statute.
“(5) The district court erred in admitting the evidence complained of in the specifications of error 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 31, 32, 33, 35,.37, and 38.” The appellant objected to the witnesses named in the specifiea-tions of error as above, each testifying to the contents of certain writings. We think the court properly overruled these objections.
Train Order. Secondary Evidence.
The witness J. F. Andrews testified that he was the conductor of the south-bound train which collided with the north-bound train; that he had received orders for the running of his train, which were issued from the train dispatch-office, which was located at McAlester, Ind. T., at that time; that-he received various orders at different stations between Muskogee and McAlester; that he received his last order at Eufaula station; that this order was in writing, and that he had torn it up or destroyed it. As this order had been destroyed, it certainly was not error for him to testify what the order was.
The witness O. E. Thoman produced the order about which he was testifying, identified it, it was made a part of his deposition, and it was clearly admissible; and as the record shows that all the testimony as to the contents of these writings was admitted either because the writings themselves had been destroyed or lost, or, being in the possession of the defendant railway company, it refused to produce them at the trial, as it had been notified to do by the attorneys for the appellees on the 24th day of September, 1897, we are of the opinion that the appellant’s objections were properly overruled.
As to the alleged errors urged by the appellant in its paragraph 6, on page 61 of its brief, that the court erred in admitting the testimony of the witnesses Thoman, Smythe, and Sullivan, stating that the man Barton was a train dispatcher, and in further stating what the duties of a train dispatcher were, we are of the opinion that the court properly admitted this testimony. All of those witnesses were in the employ of the defendant, railway company. Two of them were employed as engineers, running on this Choctaw division, and the witness Sullivan was the chief train dispatcher of the defendant railway company. We certainly think that the chief train dispatcher of the defendant railway company would be presumed to know that the defendant railway company had a train dispatcher’s office at McAlester at the date of this collision, and that Barton was the train dispatcher at that point; and that the other two witnesses, who were engineers, and received orders from this train dispatcher at McAlester, would certainly be presumed to know that Barton was the train dispatcher of the defendant railway company at McAlester, and that the defendant railway company maintained a dispatcher’s office at that point. The court properly refused to charge the jury, as requested by the appellant, that they could not find that this man Barton was a train dispatcher from the mere fact that these witnesses called him so'. All of the testimony on this point was that Barton was a train dis-' patcher as distinguished from an ordinary telegraph operator, and there was no testimony in this case that would have justified the jury in finding that Barton was only an ordinary telegraph operator, and therefore a fellow servant of the deceased, and for that reason that the jury should return a verdict for the defendant. We think that, if there was any one witness who could have been produced by the appellees in this caseto have testified as to whether or not the defendant railway company maintained a train dispatcher’s office at McAlester at the time of this collision and to testify as to who that train dispatcher was, the chief train dispatcher of the appellant railway company, at that time was the one witness who was, of all others, competent to testify as to these facts.
Train Dispatcher. Who ib? Evidence.
As to the errors alleged and urged by the appellant in paragraph 7, on page 62 of its brief, the court properly admitted the order attached to the deposition of Thoman, because he swore that it was the order issued to him by the train dispatcher, was identified by him, and made a part of his deposition. The court properly admitted the testimony of the witness Smythe as to the contents of the train order which was delivered to him, because the proof showed that ■ this order had been destroyed or misplaced, and could not be produced. The testimony of the witness Andrews, as to the contents of the order which was delivered to him by the train dispatcher, was properly admitted, because the witness Andrews testified that the original order had been torn up or destroyed by him. It appears from the testimony in this case that the train dispatcher at McAlester delivered to the engineer of the north-bound train a copy of this order, and also delivered to the conductor of that train a copy of the order, and retained a copy himself. We do not think that it was incumbent upon the appellees to have produced the copy retained by the train dispatcher, and which most probably was in the possession of the defendant railway company. The contention of the appellant that the notice given by the appellees, to-wit, to produce books and papers at the time of the trial, was not such a notice as would permit the appellees to offer secondary evidence as to the contents of the writings referred to in the testimony, in our opinion is not tenable. If the contention of the appellant was correct, it would be in its power to withold or destroy writings of this character; and as, under the section referred to by the appellant, the only remedy which the appellees would have would be to strike out the defendant’s answer, this would clearly work a great injustice, and would prevent the proof of negligence of this character, if the appellees were compelled to prove the contents by the writings themselves. We think that this notice to produce these writings and records, which were in the possession of the defendant railway company, was sufficient to permit the appellees to prove the contents of these writings by secondary evidence.
Train Order. Admissibility
Written In-truroent. Notice to produce.
Wages of Deceased. ~vi-donco.
As to the eighth assignment of error urged on page 65 of appellant’s brief, “that the court erred in admitting the testimony of the witnesses Powers, Morton, and Broyles as to the compensation and salary of firemen in general, and as to the deceased, ” we are of the opinion that this testimony was properly admitted. Morton was the station agent of the defendant railway company at Muskogee, and Powers was a fireman in the employ of the defendant. Morcon testified that he had in his possession a schedule showing the amount paid firemen, and we think that both of these witnesses were competent to testify as to the amount received by firemen on defendant’s line of railway, and the testimony of the witness Broyles, who stated that the deceased told him the amount received by him, we believe was competent testimony.
As to the error alleged in specification No. 9, on page 71 of appellant’s brief, that “the court erred in permitting the witness Sullivan to testify as to the contents of certain records in the train master’s office, ” we think the testimony was competent. The testimony shows that all of these records were kept in the state of Texas, outside of the jurisdiction of this court. It would be an impossibility to have them produced by a supoena duces tecum, and the contents of those records could be proved-.First, by the production of the records themselves; second, when the writing is in the hands or power of the adverse party, as in this case, the notice served upon the adverse party to produce the writing at the trial is sufficient to lay the foundation for the introduction of secondary evidence as to the contents of the document or record. See 2 Greenl. Ev. (13th Ed.) § 560. It appears from the record in this case that this notice was served upon the defendant railway company, that they failed to produce the records called for, and therefore the appellees had the right to prove their contents by secondary evidence.. The statute of the United States referred to by appellant (section 724, Rev. St. U. S.), and the statute of Arkansas, also referred to by counsel for appellant, do not apply. These statutes simply provide the manner in which the courts may compel the production of books and papers by a party to a suit, and the penalty to be imposed for a failure to comply with the court’s order. The appellees might have proceeded under the statute of Arkansas, and, in that event, a failure on the part of the railway company to produce the books and papers called for would have been punished by striking its answer and defense from the files; but the notice served upon the defendant railway company was sufficient to lay the foundation for the introduction of secondary evidence.
Record of Railway Co. Secondary Evidence of.
Habits and Custom of Deceased. Evidence.
The alleged error complained of in paragraph 10, on page 73 of appellant’s brief, in our opinion, is without merit. The witness Broyles was the father-in-law of the deceased; was acquainted with him, and had been for a number of years, and certainly was qualified to testify as to his habits and custom with reference to providing for his family; and we think that his testimony with reference to the wages received by the deceased as railway fireman was admissible. It is probable that no witness, except an official of the railway company, who kept the account of the deceased as fireman, or the paymaster,’ who paid him monthly, could have testified exactly as to the amount of wages received by the deceased. While the appellant infers that it could have proved that Elliott was in his private life a profligate man, it did not attempt to give the narhe of any witness by which this proof could be made, and we are of the opinion that, if the deceased had been the character of man claimed by counsel for the appellant, he would not have been in the employ of defendant railway company as a fireman.
Pleading. Denial o~ In-corporatiotL
There are three other questions raised by the appellant’s brief which we deem necessary to consider. The first is that the plaintiffs allege in their complaint that the defendant was a private corporation, “duly incorporated under the laws of the state of Missouri. ’ ’ The defendant’s answer upon that proposition is as follows: “Defendant denies that it is a private corporation, duly incorporated under the laws of the state of Missouri. ” Appellant claims that the court should have directed the jury to return a verdict for it, because the plaintiff failed to prove the allegation as charged. This contention is not well taken. It was the duty of the appellant, if it had intended to deny that it was a corporation, or that it was a Missouri corporation, or that, if it had been a corporation, the corporation had been dissolved, or if it intended to plead misnomer, to have also stated the facts. In the case of Express Co. vs Haggard, 37 Ill. 465, the defendant was sued as a corporation, which was in fact a limited partnership, and the denial in its answer was as follows: “It denies that the defendant is, or ever was, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of England.” The court held that this was a negative pregnant,-pregnant with the admission that the defendant was a corporation,-and that it consequently raised no issue. The plea of the defendant admitted that it was a corporation, and, by answering the pleading as such, it waived this objection. See 6 Thomp. Corp. §§ 7677, 7678.
The second question to be considered is a proposition contended for by counsel for appellant that the train dispatcher Barton was a fellow servant of the deceased, and therefore that the appellees could not recover for that reason, and that the court below should have directed a verdict for the appellant. The case of Railroad Co. vs Barry, 58 Ark. 198, 23 S. W. 1097, was a case very similar to the one at bar. In that case a fireman was injured in a railway collision, and sued the railroad company, claiming that his injury was caused by the negligence of the train, dispatcher in ordering the movement of trains. The question as to whether or not the train dispatcher was a fellow servant of the fireman was directly passed upon. The court in that case refused to instruct the jury that the train dispatcher was a fellow servant of the fireman; and the court in that case also held that the negligence of the train dispatcher was the negligence of the company, and that the plaintiff was entitled to recover for the damage, citing Railway Co. vs Ross, 112 U. S. 377, S. Sup. Ct. 184; referring to which case we find that Justice Field, speaking for the court, quotes many English and other authories to the effect that employes engagedby the same corporation or employer in carrying on the usual business of the corporation or employer were fellow servants, notwithstanding the fact of their being engaged in the performance of different duties and work in different departments of the same business, and that one employe could not recover damages from the corporation or employer growing out of the negligence of his fellow servant. He then proceeds to show that this cannot be regarded as a general rule applicable alike to each case arising from the negligence of a co-laborer or employe, and cites the case of Coal Co. vs Reid, 3 Macq. 266, and Same vs McGuire, Id. 300, decided in 1858, in which some of the exceptions to the rule are stated. Lord Chancellor Chelmsford, who gave the principal opinion in the latter case, referring to previous cases in which the master’s exemption from liability had been sustained, said: “In the consideration of these cases, it did not become necessary to define with any great precision what was meant by the words ‘common service’ or ‘common employment,’ and perhaps it might be difficult beforehand to suggest any exact definition of them. It is necessary, however, in each particular case, to ascertain whether the servants are fellow laborers in the same work, because, although a servant may be taken to have engaged to encounter all risks which are incident to the service which he undertakes, yet he cannot be expected to anticipate those which may happen to him on occasions foreign to his em-ploytnent. Where servants, therefore, are engaged in different departments of duty, an injury committed by one servant upon another by carelessness of his peculiar work is not within the exemption, and the master’s liability attaches in that case in the same manner as if the injured servant stood in no such relation to him.” The lord chancellor also commented upon some decisions of the Scotch courts, among others that of McNaughton vs Railway Co., 19 Sess. Cas. Scot. (2d Series) 271, and said that it might be “sustained without conflicting with the English authorities, on the ground that the workmen in that case were engaged in totally different departments of work; the deceased being a joiner or «arpenter, who, at the time of the accident, was engaged in repairing a railway carriage, and the persons by whose negligence his death was occasioned were the engine driver and the persons who arranged the switches.” And in the same case Lord Brougham, after mentioning the observations of the judge of the Scottish courts that an absolute and inflexible rule releasing the master from responsibility in every case where one servant is injured by the fault of another was utterly unknown to the law of Scotland, said that it was also utterly unknown to the law of England, and added: “To bring the case within tÓe exemption, there must be this most material qualification: that the two servants must be men in the same common employment, and engaged in the same common work, under that common employment.” Later decisions in the English courts extend the master’s exemption from liability to cases where the servant injured is working under the direction of a foreman or superintendent, the grade of service of the latter not being deemed to change the relation of the two as fellow servants. Thus, in Wilson vs Merry, decided in the house of lords in 1868, on appeal from the court of sessions of Scotland, the submanager of a coal pit, whose negligence in erecting a scaffold which obstructed the circulation of air underneath, and led to an accumulation of fire damp, which exploded and injured a workman in 1he mine, was held to be a fellow servant with the injured party. And the court laid down the rule that the master was not liable to his servant unless there was negligence on the master’s part in that which he had contracted with the servant to do, and that the master, if not personally superintending the work, was only bound to select proper and competent persons to do so, and furnish them with adequate materials and resources for the work; that when he had done this he had done all that he was required to do; and, if the persons thus selected were guilty of negligence, it was not his negligence, and he was not responsible for the consequences. L. R. 1 H. L. Sc. 326. In this case, as in many others in the English courts, the foreman, manager, or superintendent of the work by whose negligence the injury was committed was himself also a workman with the other laborers, although exercising a direction over the work. The reasoning of that case has been applied so as to include, as contended here, employes of a corporation in departments separated from each other; and it must be admitted that the terms “common employment,” under late decisions in England, and the decisions in this country following the Massachusetts case, are of very comprehensive import. It is difficult to limit them so as to say that any persons employed by a railway company, whose labors may facilitate the running of its trains, are not fellow servants, however widely separated may be their labors. See Holden vs Railroad Co , 129 Mass. 268. But, notwithstanding the number and weight of such decisions, there are, in this country, many adjudications of courts of great learning restricting the exemption to cases where the fellow servants are engaged in the same department, and act under the same immediate direction, and holding that, within the reason and principle of the doctrine, only such servants can be considered as engaged in the same common employment. It is not, however, essential to the decision of the present controversy to lay down a rule which will determine, in all cases, what is to be deemed such an employment, even if it were possible to do so. There is, in our judgment, a clear distinction to be made, in their relation to their common principal, between servants of a corporation, exercising no supervision over others engaged with them in the same employment, and agents of the corporation, clothed with the control and management of a distinct department, in which their duty is entirely that of direction and superintendence. A conduct- or, having the entire control and management of a railway train, occupies a very different position from the brakeman, the porters, and other subordinates employed. He is in fact, and should be treated as, the personal representative of the corporation, for whose negligence it is responsible to subordinate servants. This view of his relation to the corporation seems to us a reasonable and a just one, and it will insure more care in the selection of such agents, and thus give greater security to the servants engaged under him, in an employment requiring the utmost vigilance on their part, and prompt and unhesitating obedience to his orders. The rule which applies to such agents of one railway corporation must apply to all, and many corporations operate every day several trains over hundreds of miles, at great distances apart, each being under the control and direction of a con ductor especially appointed for its managements. We know, from the manner in which railroads are operated, that, subject to the general rules and orders of the directors of the companies, the conductor has entire control and management of the train to which he is assigned. He directs when it shall start, at what speed it shall run, at what stations it shall stop, and for what length of time, and everything essential to its successful movements, and all persons employed .on it are subject to his orders. In no proper sense of the terms is he a fellow servant with the fireman, the brakeman, the porters,, and the engineer. The latter are fellow servants in the running of the train under his direction, who, as to them and the train, stands in the place of and represents the corporation. As observed by Mr. Wharton in his valuable treatise on the Law of Negligence: ‘Tt has sometimes been said that a corporation is obliged to act always by servants, and that it is unjust to impute to it personal negligence in cases where it is impossible for it to be negligent personally. But, if this be true, it would relieve corporations from all liability to servants. The true view is that, as corporations can act only through superintending officers, the negligence of those officers, with respect to other servants, are the negligences of the corporation. ” Section 232a. The author, in a note, refers to Brickner vs Railroad Co., decided in the supreme court of New York, and afterwards affirmed in the circuit court of appeals, and to Malone vs Hathaway, decided in the latter court, in which opinions are expressed in conformity with his views. These opinions are not, it is true, authoritative, for they do not cover the precise points in judgment, but were rather expressed to distinguish the questions thus arising from those then before the court. They indicate, however, the disposition to engraft a limitation upon the general doctrine as to the master’s exemption from liability to a servant for the negligence of their fellows, when a corporation is the principal and acts through superintending agents. Thus, in the first case, the court said: “A corporation cannot act personally. It requires some person to superintend structures, to purchase and control the running of cars, to employ and discharge men, and provide all needful appliances. This can only be done by agents. When the directors themselves personally act as such agents, they are the representatives of the corporation. They are then the executive head or master. Their acts are the acts of the corporation. The duties above described are the duties of the corporation. When these directors appoint some person other than themselves to superintend and perform all these executive duties for them, then such appointee, equally with -themselves, represents the corporation as master in all those respects. And though, in the performance of these executive duties, he may be and is a servant of the corporation, he is not in those respects a ‘co-servant,’ a ‘co-laborer,’ a ‘co-employe,’ in the common acceptance of those terms, any more than is a director who exercises the same authority.” 2 Lans. 516, affirmed in 49 N. Y. 672. And in Malone vs Hathaway, in the court of appeals, Judge Allen says: “Corporations necessarily acting by and through agents, those having the superintendence of various departments, with delegated authority to employ and discharge laborers and employes, provide materials and machinery for the service of the corporation, and generally direct and control, under powers and instructions from the directors, may well be regarged as the representatives of the corporation, charged with the performance of its duties, exercising the discretion ordinarily exercised by principals, and, within the limits of delegated authority, the acting principal. These acts are in such case the acts of the corporation, for which and for whose neglect the corporation, within adjudged cases, must respond, as well to the other servants of the company as to strangers. They are treated as the general agents of the corporation in the several departments committed to their care. 64 N. Y. 5-12. See, also, Corcoran vs Holbrook, 59 N. Y. 517. In Railroad Co. vs Stevens, the supreme court of Ohio held that where a railroad company placed the engineer in its employ under the control of a conductor of its train, who directed when the cars were to start and when to stop, it was liable for an injury received by him caused by the negligence of the conductor. 20 Ohio, 415. There a collision between two trains occurred in consequence of the omission of the conductor to inform the engineer of a change of places in the passing of trains ordered by the company. Exemption from liability was claimed, on the ground that the engineer and conductor were fellow servants, and that the engineer had in consequence taken, by his contract of service, the risk of the negligence of the conductor, and also that public policy forbade a recovery in such cases. But the court rejected both positions. To the latter it very pertinently observed that it was only when the servant had himself been careful that any right of action would accrue to him, and that it was not likely that any would be careless of their lives and persons or property merely because they might have a right to recover for injuries received. ‘ ‘If men are influenced, ” said- the court, “by such remote considerations, to be careless of what they are likely to be most careful about, it has never come under our observation. We think the policy is clearly on the other side. It is a matter of universal observation that, in any extensive business where many persons are employed, the ca,re and prudence of the employer is the surest guaranty against mismanagement of any kind. ” In Railroad Co. vs Keary, 3 Ohio St. 201, the same court affirmed the doctrine just announced, and decided that when a brakeman in the employ of a railroad company, on a train under the control of a conductor having exclusive command, was injured by the carelessness of the conductor, the company was responsible; holding that the conductor in such case was the sole and immediate representative of the company, upon which rested the obligation to manage the. train with skill and care. In the course of an elaborate opinion, the court said that, from the very nature of the contract of service between the company and the employes, the company was under obligation to them to superintend and control with skill and care the dangerous force employed, upon which their safety so essentially depended. ‘ ‘For this purpose,” said the court, “the conductor is employed, and in this he directly represents the company. They contract for and engage his care and skill. They commission him to exercise that dominion over the operations of the train which essentially pertains to the prerogatives of the owner, and in its exercise he stands in the place of the owner, and in the discharge of a duty which the owner, as a man and a party to the contract of service, owes to those placed under him, and whose lives may depend on his fidelity. His will alone controls everything, and it is the will of the owner that his intelligence alone should be trusted for this purpose. This service is not common to him and the hands placed under him. They have nothing to do with it. His duties and their duties are entirely separate and distinct, although both are necessary to produce the result. It is his to command, and theirs to obey and execute. No service is common that does not admit a common participation, and no servants are fellow servants when one is placed in control over the other.” In Railroad Co. vs. Collins, 2 Duv. 114, the subject was elaborately considered by the court of appeals of Kentucky. And it held that in all those operations which require care, vigilance and skill, and which are performed through the instrumentality of superintending agents, the invisible corporation, though never actually, is yet always constructively, present through its agents who represent it, and whose acts, within their representative spheres, are its acts; that the rule of the English courts, that the company is not responsible to one of its servants for an injury inflicted from the neglect of a fellow servant, was not adopted to its full extent in that state, and was regarded there as anomalous, inconsistent with principle and public policy, and unsupported by any good and consistent reason. Iu commenting upon this decision, in his treatise on the Law of Railways, Redfield speaks with emphatic approval of the declaration that the corporation is to be regarded as constructively present in all acts performed by its general agents within the scope of their authority. “The consequences of mistake or misapprehension upon this point, ’ ’ says the author, ‘ ‘have led many courts into conclusions greatly at variance with the common instincts of reason and humanity, and have tended to interpose an unwarrantable shield between the conduct of railway employes and the just responsibility of the company. We trust that the reasonableness and justice of this construction will at no distant day induce its universal adoption. ” 1 Redf. R. R. 554. There are decisions in the courts of other states, more or less in conformity with those cited from Ohio and Kentucky, rejecting or limiting, to a greater or less extent, the master’s exemption from liability to a servant, for the negligent conduct of his fellows. We agree with them in holding, and the present case requires no further decision, that the conductor of a railway train, who commands its movements, directs when it shall start, at what stations it shall stop, at what speed it shall run, and has the general management of it, and controls over the persons employed upon it, represents the company, and therefor that for injuries resulting from his negligent acts the company is responsible. If such a conductor does not represent the company, then the train is operated without any representative of its owner.
If, now, we apply these rules of the relation of a train dispatcher of railway trains to the company and to the subordinates on the trains under his direction, the objections urged to the rulings of the court below will be readily disposed of. The purport of the court’s rulings touching the liability of the company is that the train dispatcher and fireman, though both employes, were not “fellow servants,” in the sense in which that term is used in the decisions; that the former was the representative of the company, standing in its place and stead in the running of its trains, and that the latter was, in that particular, his subordinate; and that for the former’s negligence, by which the latter was injured, the company was responsible.
Fellow Servants. Train Dispatcher and Fireman not.
Fellow Servants. Telegraph Operator and Fireman are.
It was not disputed on the trial below that the collision which caused the death of the fireman was the result of the negligence of the train dispatcher, and hence was attributable to the negligence of the appellant company. See Sheehan vs Railroad Co., 91 N. W. 332; Smith vs Railway Co., 92 Mo. 359, 4 S. W. 129; Darrigan vs Railroad Co., 52 Conn. 285; Railroad Co. vs. McLannan, 84 Ill. 109; Railroad Co. vs McKenzie, 81 Va. 71; Cooley, Torts, 564. In the case of Railroad Co. vs Camp, 13 C. C. A. 233, 65 Fed. 952, this question was involved and directly passed upon. The court, in substance, held as follows: A train dispatcher, who has complete control of all trains on a division of a railroad, is not a fellow servant of an engineer of a train running on such division, either at common law or under the statute of Ohio. Judge Taft delivered the opinion of the court in that case, and the conclusion was that a person who was merely a telegraph operator, and who has no authority to direct the movement of trains, is a fellow servant of a-fireman or engineer; but that a train dispatcher, wbo has the power and authority, acting in the name of the superintendent, to direct the movement of trains, would not be a .fellow servant, and the railroad company would be liable for his negligence.
The third and last question raised by the appellant in its brief is that the right of survivorship of actions by the widow and heirs against one who wrongfully killed the husband and father does not exist in the Indian Territory, and that for that reason the court should have directed a verdict for the railroad company. As this question has been directly passed upon by the United States circuit court of appeals for the Eighth circuit in the case of Coal Co. vs Bevil, 10 C. C. A. 41, 61 Fed. 757, which court holds that the right of action does survive in the widow and heirs, this coul’t is bound by the decision of the circuit court of appeals. No errors appearing in the record in this case, the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
Aouon01 oi
Clayton and Townsend, JJ., concur. | CASELAW |
UTCTimeOfFirstEvent Property
Provides access to the date and time that the first event that raised an alert occurred. This property is most useful when used with consolidated alerts.
Syntax
ScriptContext.Alert.UTCTimeOfFirstEvent
ScriptContext.CreateAlert.UTCTimeOfFirstEvent
Access
Read Only When used with an alert provided to the script by the Microsoft Operations Manager 2000 (MOM) product.
Read/Write When used with a new alert created with the ScriptContext.CreateAlert Method.
Return Type
Date.
Example
To create a new alert and set the UTCTimeOfFirstEvent property, enter:
Dim MYalert
Dim MYevent
set MYalert = ScriptContext.CreateAlert
set MYevent = ScriptContext.Event
set MYalert.UTCTimeOfFirstEvent = MYevent.Time
This example sets the UTCTimeOfFirstEvent property based on the event that caused the MOM product to invoke the script. The UTCTimeOfFirstEvent property is set to the time that the event occurred. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Newvisitnepal2020
My name is Kiran & I am from Nepal. I love to contribute on wikipedia. Love to learn & Love to edit. Thank you | WIKI |
Drainage Report
Drainage (from a building, as opposed to within a building) is invariably underground and can only be seen at inspection chambers (manholes). Out of sight usually means out of mind and so it tends to be ignored until it misbehaves.
Operation Test
Often referred to as a 'simple drains test' (SDT). This is often carried out by the Surveyor at the same time as a Homebuyer Survey or Building Survey. It simply involves lifting manhole covers and running water through the drain runs from the taps within the property, whilst observing the flows throughout the drainage system. This allows the Surveyor to check if the drains are running free, or if there are blockages, and will also indicate any severe leakage.
Water Test (WT)
Leaking drains very often go undetected for years or decades, but if close to the building, the ground beneath the foundations can be weakened by the water, resulting in subsidence. It is for this reason that Surveyors may request a drainage report when they have seen cracking or other indications of foundation movement.
In these cases, a water, or hydraulic, test is required. This involves plugging the drain at the lower end, filling it up with water, then waiting to see if it holds the water or if it leaks away. When the plug is removed, the water should flow away rapidly to indicate that the drain is not blocked. There may be several sections of the drainage, each of which will require testing separately.
CCTV Survey (CCTV)
CCTV surveys involve passing a small camera through the drains. The operator watches the picture as the camera progresses, so that any features can be closely examined and identified, and a video recording is usually made for later reference.
A CCTV survey will not determine that a drain is watertight, but it will show and locate areas of damage or blockage. A CCTV survey can also be useful in determining the layout of a drainage system and identifying unknown / abandoned branches.
Drains can be tested and surveyed quite easily if there are adequate inspection chambers, and if they are not blocked. However, especially with older properties, there may be few or no inspection chambers. In these cases, the only way to test and survey the drains is to dig holes and break into the pipes - this gets expensive! We often find drains are blocked, or are backing up from overfull cess pits or septic tanks. In these circumstances, there is little which can be done until the system has been unblocked, cleared or emptied - again an expensive operation.
A drainage report would normally include a plan showing the layout of the drains, along with details of pipe diameters, depths below ground, results of water tests, and findings of CCTV surveys.
So that we can provide you with an estimate of the cost of a Drainage CCTV Report, please fill in the following form to request an estimate. We will then email you a list of Experts in your area, together with an estimate of their costs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Szigetszentmiklós
Szigetszentmiklós ( ] ; German: Nigglau) is a city in Pest County, Hungary, with around 40,000 inhabitants.
Name
* Sziget – island: Szigetszentmiklós is a town on Csepel Island
* Szent Miklós – Saint Nicholas, who is the patron saint of Szigetszentmiklós
Location
Szigetszentmiklós is located south of Budapest in the Csepel Island on the Danube in Ráckeve Region.
History
After the Árpád dynasty was established, the region of today's Ráckeve belonged to the Hungarian king. Szigetszentmiklós became a town in January 1986.
It mentioned in official document in 1264 the first time.
Ethnicity
* Hungarian: 91.3%
* German: 0.6%
* Slovak: 0.6%
* Romani: 0.5%
* Bulgarians: 0.2%
* Ukrainian: 0.1%
* Other/Undeclared: 8.5%
Religious denomination
* Roman Catholic: 35.9%
* Greek Catholic: 2.2%
* Calvinist: 21.4%
* Lutheran: 1.0%
* Other denomination: 2.1%
* Non-religious: 20.7%
* Undeclared: 16.6%
Twin towns – sister cities
Szigetszentmiklós is twinned with:
* 🇵🇱 Busko-Zdrój, Poland (2003)
* 🇷🇴 Gheorgheni, Romania (1996)
* 🇧🇬 Gorna Oryahovitsa, Bulgaria (2004)
* 🇲🇰 Kočani, North Macedonia (2004)
* 🇫🇮 Oulu, Finland (1992)
* 🇮🇹 Specchia, Italy (2003)
* 🇩🇪 Steinheim, Germany (2003)
* Sveti Martin na Muri, Croatia (2004)
* Auce, Latvia (2024)
Notable people
Artist János Nádasdy was born here in 1939. | WIKI |
R ichard I, better known as Richard the Lionheart or Richard the Lion-Hearted, was one of the Middle Ages' most celebrated and romantic figures. He was immortalized in the tales of Robin Hood and in countless legends, and centuries later in the novel Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott. Yet when one studies his actual career and character, it is hard to understand why.
Richard deserves a place among England's worst kings, though perhaps he cannot be judged in those terms since he spent all but six months of his ten-year reign away from England. In fact he cared much for France, his homeland, and for his wars in faraway places, most notably the Third Crusade (1189–92). Despite the fact that he was a sometimes talented military leader—one of his few actual merits—the crusade was a disaster, and for Richard it ended with his being kidnapped by a noble he had insulted. He allowed the English people to pay his ransom, a sum that has been estimated as the equivalent of $100 billion in today's dollars.
Richard was the son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine (see entry), both of whom were French by birth, and throughout his lifetime he remained more emotionally attached to France than to England. Not only did he hold the title "duke of Aquitaine" (Aquitaine was a region in France), but his first language was French, and some historians maintain that he despised his adopted country, England—the country he hoped one day to rule.
Richard was one of four brothers, all of whom fought constantly with one another; thus when his younger brother John (see box in Eleanor of Aquitaine entry) later seized the throne in Richard's absence, he was only carrying on a family tradition. Richard's fortunes were helped by the death of his two older brothers, Henry and Geoffrey, and this left him with only one other significant male rival: his father.
In his early twenties, Richard allied himself with a contemporary, Philip II Augustus of France (ruled 1179–1223) against Henry. By the time he was thirty-two, in 1189, Richard had his father on the run, and chased him across France. Forcing his father to surrender, he demanded that the latter declare him his rightful heir, and when Henry died a few weeks later, Richard mourned little. (It should be noted that Henry was no saint: in 1170, he had ordered the murder of Thomas à Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury [see English Scholars, Thinkers, and Writers entry], and had treated Eleanor so badly that she became his sworn enemy.)
Setting off for the crusade
More than ninety years before, armies from Western Europe had subdued parts of the Holy Land in the Middle East, declaring that the birthplace of Christ had finally been placed under Christian rule. In fact Jesus, with his message of love and compassion, would hardly have recognized his alleged followers' "Christian" behavior, which included looting and murder. In the years since, European gains in the Holy Land had slowly melted in the face of a growing Muslim resistance, and in Richard's time the Saracens (as Europeans scornfully called Muslims) had an especially formidable leader in Saladin (see entry). The latter had scored a particularly humiliating victory against the crusaders in 1188, and this sparked the Third Crusade.
From the moment he heard about the crusade, Richard wanted to take part; but as with many another crusader, he was motivated more by worldly aims than by spiritual ones. Richard was a gifted if sometimes reckless warrior, and he longed for the glory of battle. Therefore he began setting his affairs in order, preparing to leave. He placed John in charge during his absence, and began raising money wherever he could find it. Richard's upkeep would prove costly for the English people, particularly the country's sole ethnic minority, the Jews. The latter were taxed heavily by Richard, and it was an ill omen for his reign that his coronation on September 3, 1189 sparked a wave of anti-Semitic riots that lasted for half a year.
Finally Richard was prepared to leave for the crusade, in which he would be joined by Philip and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (see Holy Roman Emperors entry). The latter drowned on his way to the Holy Land, however, and Duke Leopold of Austria—a man who was destined to figure heavily in Richard's future—took his place.
The journey to Acre
Philip arrived in Palestine ahead of Richard, who had taken a couple of detours on his way. Traveling by sea, he stopped in Sicily to visit the king there, an unwise move that angered Barbarossa's successor, Henry VI, a foe of Sicily; and he also managed to get married. His bride was Berengaria (bayr-un-GAR-ee-uh), daughter of the king of Navarre (nuh-VAHR) in Spain, and this too was an unwise political move. Richard had promised Philip that he would marry a French princess, and Philip rightly saw that intended marriage—kings in the Middle Ages usually married for power, not love—as a means of strengthening his power base.
Richard also took time to fight a war on the island of Cyprus, but finally he arrived in Palestine—just in time to catch a case of malaria that rendered him too sick for battle. Philip was in the middle of a siege, or a sustained assault, on the city of Acre (AHK-ruh), and Richard had to be carried to the siege on a litter, a decorated contraption resembling a stretcher.
By mid-1191, Richard had recovered from his illness sufficiently to lead the troops, and he was rightly given much of the credit when the city fell to the crusaders on July 12. But now it was Philip's turn to get sick, or at least that was what he claimed. He made a hasty retreat to France, where he spread rumors that Richard was living a life of ease in the Holy Land. Worse, he began plotting with John to help the latter take the English throne.
Richard and Saladin
Richard, meanwhile, created more troubles for himself when he insulted Leopold of Austria. In his view, the latter was a mere duke, and not qualified to place his standard, or royal flag, alongside that of a king; therefore Richard ordered that Leopold's standard be flung down into the mud. He would later regret his haughty action, but in the meantime he faced another formidable enemy: Saladin.
Many legends would later circulate concerning these two great leaders, though in fact they never actually met. They fought several battles, and at the city of Arsuf Richard scored a brilliant victory against Saladin's much larger force. He also displayed his ruthlessness in killing Muslim prisoners, reasoning that since they were "infidels" or ungodly people in his view, the same rules did not apply to them as to Christians.
Richard's war in Palestine was as much a matter of negotiation as it was of battle. His dealings were with Saladin's brother Saphadin (sah-fah-DEEN), to whom he took a liking. At one point he even suggested that his sister Joan marry Saphadin, a highly unorthodox move since she was a Christian and he a Muslim. But neither was willing to convert, so the idea was dropped.
A hasty retreat
Like many another crusader, Richard hoped to attack the holy city of Jerusalem, but as he prepared for his assault, he met with a number of problems. His most trusted lieutenant, Conrad of Montferrat (mawn-fay-RAHt), was killed by the Assassins, a fanatical sect of Islamic terrorists. Then an
epidemic spread among his men, who were not accustomed to the climate in Palestine; and finally, he learned about Philip and John's plot against him. He gave up his plans for the attack, and began preparing to return home.
The Third Crusade had ended in disaster, and Richard, who had managed to make even more enemies among his allies than among the Muslims, needed to make a hasty retreat. He paid a group of pirates from Romania to smuggle him out, but on the way they were shipwrecked on the Adriatic Sea, which lies between Italy and the Balkan Peninsula. In Vienna, Austria, he became aware that his old foe Duke Leopold was in pursuit, but by then it was too late: Leopold's soldiers had captured him.
Kidnap and ransom
Leopold turned Richard over to Henry VI, the emperor, who had him imprisoned. His kidnappers sent word to England demanding a ransom of 100,000 marks (the German currency) and 200 hostages. If the estimate of $100 billion is to be believed, this would be the equivalent of a foreign power kidnapping the U.S. president and demanding to receive more than half of all the income tax paid by corporations to the federal government, or more than a third of the total defense budget, in the late twentieth century—an almost inconceivable sum.
Richard, however, seems to have never been in doubt that his subjects would pay the ransom, which of course meant raising their already high taxes. "I am born of a rank which recognizes no superior but God," he told the emperor. Meanwhile John tried to seize the throne, but Eleanor prevented him; and Richard, who had made friends with the emperor, ensured that Henry would give no aid to John. Henry was so taken with Richard, in fact, that after receiving the first installment of the ransom money, he released him.
An expensive ruler
One reason for his early release was the fact that Henry knew Richard would make war on the French, enemies of the Holy Roman Empire—and this is in fact what Richard spent the six remaining years of his life doing. He built a huge network of castles across England and France, and when he had trouble raising a fighting force among the knights of England, he employed mercenaries (soldiers who will fight for whoever pays them) to help him.
All of these measures proved extraordinarily costly, and placed additional burdens on his people. Normally the English king received 30,000 pounds (the English unit of money) in a year—but Richard spent 49,000 pounds one year just on building castles. Richard placed ever-increasing demands for money on England, and these only stopped when he died from a battle wound that developed gangrene.
The legend and the reality
Handsome and dashing, Richard was in some ways ideally suited to become a figure of legend, as he did. But his character could not be more different from that of the noble, valiant knight that the legends made him. It was particularly ironic that he was linked with Robin Hood, the fictional robber who took from the rich and gave to the poor.
Actually, Robin Hood may not have been so fictional: a headstone on the grave of Robert, Earl of Huntington (died 1247), proclaims that he was the "real" Robin Hood. But this Robin Hood was as different from his legend as Richard was from his: Robert stole from both the rich and the poor, and gave to himself.
For More Information
Jessop, Joanne. Richard the Lionhearted. Illustrated by Martin Salisbury. New York: Bookwright Press, 1989.
Storr, Catherine. Richard the Lion-Hearted. Illustrated by Peter Gregory. Milwaukee, WI: Raintree Children's Books, 1987.
Suskind, Richard. The Crusader King: Richard the Lionhearted. Illustrated by William Sauts Bock. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1973.
Löwenherz, Richard. "Richard Lionheart." [Online] Available http://www.ping.at/kessler/index1.html (last accessed July 26, 2000).
"Richard the Lion Heart." [Online] Available http://intranet.ca/~magicworks/knights/richard.html (last accessed July 26, 2000).
In the popular imagination today, Richard is a national English hero, the valorous warrior and glorious crusader who struggled against all the odds to come within an ace of recapturing Jerusalem from the equally legendary Saladin on the Third Crusade. On returning from crusade, he was shipwrecked and captured by Duke Leopold of Austria, who shamelessly sold him on to Emperor Henry VI. This allowed John, Richard's evil brother, to scheme with Philip II of France. But Richard so impressed his imperial captor by his courtesy, dignity, bearing, and self-possession that he was soon released—to turn the tables on his enemies at home. The massive bronze statue of Richard in Westminster Palace Yard captures superbly the Ricardian qualities admired for centuries. A powerfully muscular Richard, imposing and magnificent, sits on horseback, in full armour and wearing a crown, his sword triumphantly raised aloft.
Yet English Richard was not, nor even Anglo-Norman. Although born in Oxford, he briefly visited England just twice before his accession in 1189. As king, he spent a mere six months in England. He was born of French parents, Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and only from Edith (Matilda), his great-grandmother, wife of King Henry I, did he derive any ‘English’ blood. Richard spoke no English; his vernacular tongue was the French of Poitou, in which he composed troubadour poetry. He willed his body for burial in Fontevraud abbey (Poitou), his heart for interment in Rouen cathedral (Normandy). He was French through and through.
Despite this, most modern historians have judged him from an Anglocentric viewpoint. He might have been a warrior second to none, they argue, but he was an utterly irresponsible king of England, who plundered English wealth in pursuit of his own glory in France and the Holy Land, and who recklessly endangered the security and stability of his island realm. In lighter vein, but just as telling, are the words of Sellar and Yeatman: ‘he went roaring about the Desert making ferocious attacks on the Saladins and the Paladins, and was thus a very romantic king. Whenever he returned to England he always set out again immediately for the Mediterranean and was therefore known as Richard Gare de Lyon.’
Since 1948 another legend has grown up. This was when J. H. Harvey, in his book The Plantagenets, sought to prove that Richard was homosexual. His claims have come to be widely accepted, and it is as a homosexual that Richard appears in many modern novels, films, and plays, and even in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Gillingham has effectively demolished Harvey's claims, but this one has taken deep root.
Modern scholarship is at last beginning to reveal another Richard, more balanced and credible. This has only become possible by considering him as not first and foremost an English king, but rather the lord of the French-based Angevin empire which he inherited as a whole in 1189; by allowing for the international pull of the crusade and the duty to participate therein, an imperative acknowledged by contemporary western princes; and by examining carefully Richard's political and diplomatic skills. His military reputation remains intact. Indeed, it has been enhanced. The inspired battlefield commander of tradition, and brilliant tactician—as evidenced, for example, by the march from Acre to Jaffa and the battle of Arsuf (1191)—is increasingly seen as a master of planning and logistics. His crusade, involving the raising, fitting out, and dispatch of a fleet from northern waters to the east Mediterranean, is a superb example of administrative efficiency. His campaigns in France on his return, to undo the damage wrought by his treacherous brother John in concert with Philip II, reveal not just military competence of the highest order, but also a very sure sense of strategy backed up by effective diplomacy. For Richard set about constructing an international coalition against Philip, designed to enable him to concentrate on the struggle in the crucial heartland of the Angevin empire.
It has also become apparent that had Richard not been shipwrecked and captured, he would have returned home to find the governmental structure of the Angevin empire intact as he had established it before departure for the crusade in 1190. Far from setting out on crusade without a care for the security of his various dominions, England included, Richard did what he could in the short time available to him. In brief, he was one of the ablest men to have sat on the throne of England.
S. D. Lloyd
Gillingham, J. B. , Richard the Lionheart (2nd edn. 1989);
—— Richard Coeur de Lion: Kingship, Chivalry and War in the Twelfth Century (1994).
Richard I (1157-1199), called the Lion-hearted, reigned as king of England from 1189 to 1199. He is famous for his exploits on the Third Crusade.
Born on Sept. 8, 1157, Richard I was the third son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. From an early age he was regarded as his mother's heir and from 1168 lived with her in her duchy, chiefly at Poitiers. He was enthroned as duke in 1172; in the next year he and his brothers allied with the king of France against their father in a wide-ranging conspiracy. They were defeated, but Henry left Richard in Aquitaine, where he made his reputation as a soldier suppressing local risings. The death of his elder brother (1183) made Richard heir to the throne. He resisted by force his father's proposed transfer of Aquitaine to his brother John, being determined to keep for himself all his father's French lands. In November 1188 he did homage for them to Philip II of France and campaigned with him against Henry II. Henry was defeated and had to grant all their demands before his death (July 6, 1189).
Richard succeeded his father without difficulty; he was installed as Duke of Normandy (July 20) and crowned king of England on September 3. His principal object was now to raise money for a crusade; everything was for sale, including offices and privileges, and Richard even released the king of Scots from vassalage for 10,000 marks.
Leaving England to a council of regency, Richard set out in 1190, traveling through Sicily. There he recognized Tancred as king, offending Emperor Henry VI, who was claiming the throne in the right of his wife. On his way east Richard seized Cyprus from its Greek ruler and there married Berengaria of Navarre. Richard twice defeated Saladin, at Arsuf (Sept. 7, 1191) and Jaffa (July 1192), and twice got within 12 miles of Jerusalem, but his military skill was offset by his quarrels with the other leaders. The crusade failed to reestablish the Latin kingdom, and Richard, deeply disappointed, left Palestine (September 1192) after concluding a truce that gave the Christians a narrow coastal strip and access as pilgrims to the holy places. On his way home he was captured and handed over to the Emperor, who demanded £100,000 as ransom and kept him a prisoner till February 1194, when a large part of the money was handed over.
The last years of Richard's life were spent in France, meeting the attacks of the King. Philip made no headway against Richard's superior generalship, but Richard's early death (April 6, 1199) in a minor foray opened the way for the conquest of Normandy and Anjou a few years later.
The standard biography of Richard I is Kate Norgate, Richard the Lion Heart (1924). A popular account is by Philip Henderson, Richard Coeur de Lion (1959). Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. 2 (1952), describes Richard's crusade. A contemporary account is translated by Merton Jerome Hubert, The Crusade of Richard Lion Heart, by Ambroise (1941). A short account of Richard's activities in France by F.M. Powicke is in The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6 (1929); and Austin L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta (1955), describes the government of England. □ | FINEWEB-EDU |
Publication Date
1-14-2019
Abstract
[Excerpt] A high-pressure injection injury involves air, fluid, or solids forced into the skin by high pressure. Typically these occur when we feel for leaks with our fingers, such as when air or hot hydraulic fluid is forced into the skin by high pressure from a leak in a high-pressure line. Another example is the painter using a paint gun with so high of a pneumatic pressure that it twisted around in his hand and injected paint and solvents into his abdomen. So many of these injuries happen in the hands and fingers when feeling for leaks, but there have been cases such as someone searching for leaks with the tongue (ouch!), or listening for leaks producing an injury into the side of the face, or being struck by a detached hydraulic hose whipping around in the air.
Comments
Required Publisher Statement
© Cornell University. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.
Recommended Citation
Brown, N. J. (2019). Preventing high-pressure injection injury: A hazard of hydraulics and pneumatics [Electronic version]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Workplace Health and Safety Program.
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| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
European Equity Benchmarks Slump With French Index Leading Losses
The broad-based major European indices closed lower in Friday trading, paced on the downside by French stocks, as equities in the US tumbled.
In economic news, the European Central Bank's (ECB) Survey of Professional Forecasters for Q4 estimates that annual Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) inflation will average 1.7% for each of 2018, 2019 and 2020. These results are unchanged from the previous (Q3 2018) survey round. Average longer-term inflation expectations (which, like all other longer-term expectations in this SPF, referred to 2023) remained stable at 1.9%.
SPF respondents' expectations for growth in euro area real GDP averaged 2.0%, 1.8% and 1.6% for 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. This represents downward revisions of 0.2 percentage points for 2018 and 0.1 percentage point for 2019, but no change for 2020. Average longer-term expectations for real GDP growth remained unchanged at 1.6%.
Unemployment rate expectations were revised slightly down by 0.1 percentage point for each of the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 to stand at 8.2%, 7.8% and 7.5%, respectively. Average longer-term expectations for the unemployment rate remained unchanged at 7.5%.
Meanwhile Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, reported that household income per capita in real terms in the euro area increased 0.4% in Q2 after an increase of 0.3% during the previous quarter. Household real consumption per capita increased 0.3% in Q2 after an increase of 0.4% in Q1.
In the EU28 household real income per capita increased by 0.4% in the second quarter of 2018, after remaining stable in the previous quarter. Household real consumption per capita increased by 0.3% in the second quarter of 2018, after remaining stable in the first quarter of 2018.
The European Commission reported that the flash estimate of the consumer confidence indicator in October gained 0.2 points in the euro area, and 0.1 point in the EU. At -2.7 points in both the euro area and EU, the indicators are well above their respective long-term averages of 12.1 in the euro area, and -11.1 in the EU.
And in France, producer prices in industry for the French market grew 0.3% in September, according to the Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE), which it attributed to increases in prices of mining and quarrying products, energy and water, and in manufactured product prices.
INSEE also reported that French households' opinion concerning their future financial situation remained virtually unchanged in October, although it still remains below its long-term average. Household's balance of opinion on their past personal situation has also been stable and stands below its long-term average. The share of households considering it is a suitable time to make major purchases has been virtually unchanged, and has remained above its long-term average since January 2016.
In equities, mining company Rangold Resources was a big gainer in the FTSE, rising 3.5%, along with gambling giant Paddy Power Betfair, which closed up 2.3%. Metals company Evraz led decliners, falling 6.3%, while grocery retailer Ocado Group slumped 5%.
In Frankfurt, medical device maker Fresenius Medical Care closed 2% higher, while property owner Vonovia climbed almost 1%. Luxury automaker BMW also rose to end the week, gaining 0.7%. Among stocks closing lower, software and IT company Wirecard fell 3.4%. Banking giant Deutsche Bank also ended the week on a down note, falling 3.4%.
In Paris, technology company Atos climbed 4.5% and construction materials firm Saint-Gobain rose 1.5%. Automaker Peugeot climbed 1.2%. Auto part maker Valeo led the CAC-40 on the downside, tumbling 21%, while oil and gas services company TechnipFMC fell 5.3% and Dassault Systemes slipped 3.4%.
The FTSE closed down 0.92%. The DAX declined 0.94%, while the CAC-40 tumbled 1.3%.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
Copyright (C) 2016 MTNewswires.com. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Changes You Can Expect through the Aging Process
Our bodies change inevitably as we age, changing in many ways that affect the function of both individual cells and organ systems.
These changes happen slowly yet progressively over time. However, the rate of this progression can vary from person to person. Research in aging is beginning to find out these changes and the factors that control them.
Aging of cells
As we grow old, our cells change in function. For instance, the rate at which cells multiply tends to slow down as we age. Certain cells important for our immune system also decrease with age.
In addition, these cellular changes are responses to environmental stresses or exposures like ultraviolet light, heat, lack of oxygen, poor nutrition, and toxins among others.
Physical changes
Our bodies normally change in appearance as we age. We begin to lose height once we reach our late forties for up to two inches by age 80. This is due to changes in posture and vertebrae growth, compression of the discs between the vertebrae, decreased joint space, increased curvature of the hips and knees, flattening of the arches, etc.
We also experience increased body weight until mid-fifties, which then decreasing until the late sixties and seventies, as well as an increase in body fat percentage due to decrease in muscle mass.
Changes in the regulation of body systems
The way our body regulates certain systems changes with age. Your body would have less control on its blood pressure, could not regulate its temperature normally, has decreased amount of body fluids, among others.
These are caused by natural and external causes such as cigarette smoking, low nutritional intake, stress, etc.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Kneeling NFL players should stand up and work with President Trump to achieve their goals
Miami Dolphins defensive lineman Robert Quinn raises his fist during the national anthem.
(AP) As a black woman, I am well aware that inequalities exist in America. I am well aware that the rate of poverty, imprisonment and unemployment of black Americans is higher than for white Americans. I don’t need NFL players who disrespectfully kneel when our national anthem is played to inform me of all this. The fact that Sunday is the one-year anniversary of the march by neo-Nazis and other white supremacists in Charlottesville, Virginia – and that the awful day is being marked by another gathering of white racists in Washington – is yet one more reminder that racial discrimination and other forms of hatred have not disappeared. While I firmly believe America is the greatest nation on Earth, it would be silly to claim we are perfect and that no problems exist. I understand the argument – though I disagree with it – that when football players began kneeling or raising a fist during the playing of “The Star-Spangled Banner” two years ago they felt they were making some white Americans aware of the problems of racial discrimination. But at this point – after two years of protests, after NFL owners committed to donating $90 million over seven years to social justice causes, after the announcement of transformative prison reform, and after many arguments between family and friends – do we really need the kneeling and the fist-raising to continue? What is this all accomplishing? Are we going to have to endure yet another football season marred by these pointless and divisive protests? The players say they don’t disrespect the American flag, don’t disrespect our national anthem, and don’t disrespect military veterans like me who stepped forward to serve our country. Well, I say they do! Who’s right? Do we continue with this tug-of-war with no end in sight? Do we continue to draw straws to figure out who is more victimized? Who is poorer? Who is more privileged? Americans are exhausted from all of this arguing. We can all complain about problems black people face and problems people of other races face. We can complain about problems America faces. But at some point we need to focus on actually solving these problems by working together as brothers and sisters, all created equal. Get off your knees. You have made everyone aware. Now it’s time to partner with those who have the ability and the resources to make the changes you keep talking about. And the person who has the greatest ability to help you is President Trump. Arguably, President Trump – the most powerful man in the world – has been made aware of the issues plaguing the black community and has made a huge conciliatory gesture of goodwill towards some of his most ardent critics – black NFL players. A little over two months ago, President Trump invited NFL players to give him the names of people they believed were unjustly imprisoned and ask him to grant pardons. Most Americans may think the president’s offer was too good to pass up. However, it’s been over two months since the offer was first made. How many NFL players, specifically those who are kneeling, submitted a name to the president? Time will tell if these self-appointed burden bearers will take the president up on his offer and speak with him. But if past results are indicative of future performance by those within the black community who have a strong dislike (to put it mildly) for this president, I suggest we don’t hold our breaths. Remember rapper Meek Mill, who was released earlier this year from prison after violating his probation and who also accused the prison system of treating him unfairly? He presents himself as a staunch advocate for prison reform and he initially accepted an invitation to attend a prison reform summit at the White House. After receiving a phone call from friend and fellow rapper Jay-Z, who has never concealed his dislike for the current administration, Meek issued a statement declining the White House invitation . In an interview with the Rev. Al Sharpton, Meek said he knows exactly how to fix the problems we see in the inner city. He just needs the right support to make it happen. Here was Meek’s big chance to speak directly to the president of the United States to share his solutions and his experiences. Ultimately, peer pressure outweighed any of his public proclamations to help heal the black community. In a very real sense, NFL players like Malcolm Jenkins, Michael Bennet, Kenny Stills, Albert Wilson, Robert Quinn and Terrell Suggs – maybe even former quarterback Colin Kaepernick – have in their hands the power to radically change the lives of people they believe are wrongly imprisoned. They have it within their grasp to make a real tangible difference in someone’s life. Instead, it appears they would rather fight against President Trump than fight on behalf of the people they claim to be working to help. There are so many more productive things these millionaire players could do to help the black community than kneeling. How about donating 10 percent of their huge salaries to help those in need with college scholarships and job-training programs? How about partnering with some of their high net worth friends to invest in inner city businesses to create jobs for black people? How about taking their celebrity into inner cities like Chicago and Detroit to shine a spotlight on the failed liberal policies that are decimating those communities? How about working constructively with police departments and the black community to increase the number of black police officers? I could list dozens of “how abouts.” The point is, there are many things NFL players could be doing to accomplish more to fight racism and to help black people build better lives than kneeling and raising their fists. And to the protesting players, I say: A good place to start would be to get off your knees. You have made everyone aware. Now it’s time to partner with those who have the ability and the resources to make the changes you keep talking about. And the person who has the greatest ability to help you is President Trump. I understand many of the protesting NFL players never voted for President Trump and never will. I understand they have fundamental disagreements with many of the things he does. But like it or not, Donald Trump is the duly elected president of the United States. He has the power to help black Americans, if we work with him rather than against him. My question for the protesting NFL players is this: Are you more interested in staging protests for show, or in changing things for the better in our country? Get up off your knees already and work to make America a better place for black Americans and all Americans. It may sound sappy, but as the old folksong goes: “This land is your land and this land is my land.” This is our home. Let us now move beyond just raising awareness of problems to offering real solutions. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charu Asopa
The result was no consensus. No consensus after two relistings. No strong arguments either way. MelanieN (talk) 00:36, 17 April 2016 (UTC)
Charu Asopa
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Relevance unclear. Laber□T 22:40, 22 March 2016 (UTC)
* Comment: This looks like it was transwiki'd from somewhere; I'll do some digging and see if the source Wiki has any RS that might go to prove notability here. Failing that or other forthcoming sourcing, this seems an inevitable delete. S n o w let's rap 03:20, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. /wiae /tlk 04:03, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. /wiae /tlk 04:03, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
* Keep film and television actress with easily verifiable press coverage. Biwom (talk) 04:43, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
* , I think you are probably right, but could you please provide those sources if you are certain of their existence. I looked through several Indian-language wikis and could not find an article on miss Asopa, nor significant leads on sources, though I continue to feel as if this article was transwiki'd from somewhere. On the other hand, in the Indian English press I did find a handful of articles mentioning her, but they were usually incidental mentions in articles more concerned about the shows she has worked on at large, and thus not going to establish her notability through in-depth coverage. Still, I tend to think it highly likely that sources do exist out there in other languages (and maybe some in English which I have not turned up) which would establish her notability. Can you point us towards some? S n o w let's rap 21:52, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
* Delete as questionable enough for WP:ENTERTAINER. SwisterTwister talk 06:07, 24 March 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 01:18, 26 March 2016 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Keep as the actress has received coverage in reliable sources such as The Times of India and and passes WP:BASIC Atlantic306 (talk) 19:50, 28 March 2016 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 06:51, 30 March 2016 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 05:25, 9 April 2016 (UTC)
| WIKI |
User:Jjack2
While chicha is most commonly associated with maize, the word is used in the Andes for almost any homemade fermented drink, and many unfermented drinks. Many different maize landraces, grains or fruits have been and can be used to make chicha in different regions. The way in which chicha is made and defined is likely to change depending on the region.
Etymology and Related Phrases
The exact origin of the word chicha is debated. One belief is that the word chicha is of Taino origin and became a generic term used by the Spanish to define any and all fermented beverages brewed by indigenous peoples in the Americas. It is possible that one of the first uses of the term chicha was from a group of people who lived in Colombia and Panama, the Kuna .. However, according to the [[Real Academia Española and other authors, the word chicha comes from the Kuna word chichab, or "chiab" which means maize. Furthermore, according to Don Luis G. Iza it comes from the Nahuatl word chichiatl, which means "fermented water"; the verb chicha meaning "to sour a drink" and the postfix -atl meaning water. (Note that these etymologies are not mutually exclusive.)
The common Spanish expression Ni chicha ni limonada (neither chicha nor lemonade) is roughly equivalent to the English "neither fish nor fowl". (Thus, it is used when something is not easily placed into a category.) | WIKI |
ambilevous
Alternative forms
* ambilævous
* ambilaevous
Etymology
First attested in English in 1646 : from ( + ), a calque of from +.
Adjective
* 1) Having equally bad ability in both hands; clumsy; butterfingered.
Synonyms
* ambisinistrous
Antonyms
* ambidextrous | WIKI |
How to access WiFi password on Windows 11
access WiFi password on Windows 11
Have you forgotten your WiFi password and want to access it on your Windows 11? You only have to enter your WiFi password for the first time while accessing the network. However, each time after that it will connect automatically when it is in range as long as you won’t change the password.
Furthermore, it happens often that you forget your WiFi password, and you want to assist someone to join the same wireless network, you want to use it on other devices.
There are several ways you can locate your Wi-Fi password for the access point you’re currently connected to or saved networks on Windows 11.
How to access WiFi password on Windows 11
In this guide, we will explain to you different and quick ways to access your WiFi password on Windows 11. Each of the below methods is helpful depending on your preference and how much access you have to the PC settings.
Read next: How to fix Windows Update Pending Install Issue
Access WiFi Password on Windows 11 via Control Panel
While the Settings app does not provide a way to view this information, you may utilize Control Panel. The WiFi password is stored on Windows 11 locally and users can access it any time they want.
1. Connect to the WiFi network you want the password for.
2. Open Control Panel.
3. Select Network and Internet.
4. Go to Network and Sharing Center.
5. Now, double-click on your connected Wi-Fi network.
6. Choose the Wireless Properties button.
7. In the window that opens, navigate to the Security tab. Enable the ‘Show characters’ option and authenticate with the admin password.
Access WiFi Password on Windows 11 Using Command Prompt
By using Control Panel you can only access the password for the network you are currently connected to.
You will need to utilize Command Prompt to view your current password as well as previously saved WiFi networks. These instructions will work in PowerShell as well.
1. Open Command Prompt by searching for it in the Start menu.
2. Run this command: netsh wlan show profile
3. Type the correct name of the WiFi network that you want to find the password for.
NOTE: Make sure the name is enclosed in double-quotes.
4. Run this command: netsh wlan show profile “WiFi network name” key=clear.
5. Scroll down and you can find the WiFi password under the Security settings next to the Key Content option.
Repeat for the other networks.
Access WiFi Password on Windows 11 Using PowerShell or Windows Terminal
You may use the Network Shell (Netsh) command in the PowerShell or Windows Terminal to examine a variety of information about your network, including its password.
The instructions for Command Prompt can work on PowerShell or Windows Terminal as well. Here’s how:
1. Select Windows Terminal (Admin) by right-clicking on the Start menu button.
2. Type the following command to determine the Wi-Fi password for a particular network: netsh wlan show profile “WiFi network name” key=clear
NOTE: Make sure the name is enclosed in double-quotes.
3. Scroll down and you can find the WiFi password under the Security settings next to the Key Content option.
Access WiFi Password on Windows 11 via Third-party apps
You can also use third-party apps to help you see all your saved networks and their passwords in one place. If you often need your WiFi password, it is useful to use a third party app because you can see all the data with one click.
1. WirelessKeyView
Although there are many applications for this purpose, WirelessKeyView is mentioned here because its interface is simple and completely free.
The software is provided as a .zip file, so you need to unzip it first. After launching the program, it will automatically search and list all saved WiFi networks and use your password in the Key (Ascii) section. You can also double-click a network to view all its details.
2. WiFi Password Revealer
If for some reason you don’t like the WirelessKeyView, you can also use the WiFi Password Revealer app, An installable program that allows you to view passwords for all stored networks and quickly copy them in large numbers.
After you download it, simply install and run it.
Conclusion
We are hopeful that these trips might be useful for assisting others in connecting to the same network and reconnecting after resetting your network connections.
Follow us for more tech articles.
Leave a Comment
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
一致
Adjective
* 1) in agreement; identical; in unanimity; in chorus; consistent; same
Adverb
* 1) unanimously; without exception; consistently
Verb
* 1) to agree with; to be consistent with
Noun
* 1) agreement; coincidence; unanimity; consistency
* 2) agreement; grammatical agreement; concord
Noun
* 1) agreement, harmony, unity
* 2) cooperation
* 1) cooperation
Verb
* 1) to agree, to be in unison
* 2) to cooperate | WIKI |
Page:Edward Prime-Stevenson - The Intersexes.djvu/358
the wood-work cracking in the coridors. A thin smoke began to fill the room, the perfume in the idol grew ranker, with a sulphurous smell; little jets of flame filtered through the strong trap-door.
"I—I have confidence in Jorgon" stammered Paul-Eric naively.
"Jorgon is dead—at least I hope so, for his sake," replied the elder brother, rocking the lad to and fro in his arms, against his broad chest. "Burns, dearest, are not really very painful—just press your nails here and there along my shoulder, and I shall not feel any thing that hurts. Why, it's enough only to think of something else—of my love."
Reutler did not cease smiling; he was perfectly happy.
"Oh, you seem to be very well entertained" cried Paul, starting up in terror. "But take care to eittertain me, or I shall call for help! Oh, I—I—am choking—I am going to be afraid—I am going to be afraid! Reutler, do something to make me lose my reason! I am afraid of being afraid—don't you understand?"
With a vehement gesture, the young man tore away the silk from his bosom. The white skin—those two points of rose—they piqued the eyes of the tall Hercules who, looked down at them, with a strange look.
"That is what Marie did!" he murmured, with a sigh. ".. Look here, Eric, you are not behaving well. Real beauty, real, isn't—that!" Reutler held up the robe around the young man's haunches, that it might not slip downward; then he carefully drew up the folds of what was to be so elegant a winding-sheet, draped it about the lad's bosom; and finally put his hands about that slender throat. Eric's face turned away from his own. "Yes—I love you! Don't call anyone, for it is useless! Dont think of anything now, except of the happiness it is that we are together—free. Put your head closer to mine. My agony will be much more terrible than yours—but I shall be looking all, the longer at you, and I shall not feel the other burning. Do you remember, Eric, my boy, the words 'I have made Nature herself the scene for my Will?' Look me straight in the face! Open your eyes wider—kiss me, for I want to drink-in your very soul. Yes—we are gods …!"
Only the first pressure of those powerful hands!—Reutler had strangled him.
The mad force of the flames forced up the trap-door; one single, enormous red flame mounted up, as if to devour the very sky.
"Too late, my little sister!" cried out Reutler proudly, to the fire, "I am still master in my own house!" And his calm face | WIKI |
Talk:Shizuko Hoshi
Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 11:53, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
Table tennis player?
I searched around a bit, but wasn't able to find any sources that directly confirm that the actress Shizuko Hoshi is the same woman as the two-time US Open table tennis champion described in the article. This particular article does describe her as attending USC following graduation from a Tokyo university (as mentioned in the wikipedia article), and her table tennis playing days are not inconsistent with someone born in 1935 (as some sources indicate for the actress). It's certainly content worthy of inclusion in the article, if it can be verified that the table tennis player in the article is the same as the actress in this wikipedia article. Let me know if someone has better luck finding some confirming or denying sources.—Myasuda (talk) 23:12, 6 September 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Restoring cpanel accounts without backups (rm -Rf in root ? Silly You.)
Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by FuelledHosting, Sep 21, 2011.
1. FuelledHosting
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Right, if for some reason someone managed to rm -Rf your root or etc directory,
this may help you to restore a fair amount of your cpanel files. back into cpanel.
The process basically involves copying the old files into a new installation of cpanel (same ip as the license from the previous, or just replace the license afterwards)
Then, copying over old mysql files / folders, and using cpanel to package up what files i thinks it can find into a cpmove,
then restoring the cpmove folder back again to pull all the data back into cpanel properly.
THIS IS NOT RECCOMENDED IF YOU ALREADY HAVE ANY CPBACKUP OR CPMOVE FILES.
I accidentally restored one or two of these which turned out to be old onmes, and obviously, all the old data was imported back in and overwritten the new data.
So either restore them using cpanel normally, or move the old cpbackup / move files elsewhere.
cpadduser.sh contents: (DEF$1 is the password, so for user cake, the password would become DEFcake. to manually add passwords when running the script, change DEF$1 to $2.)
Code:
---------------------
#!/bin/bash
set -u
if [ "$1" = "-help" ]
then
echo "Use: ./cpadduser.sh username"
else
/scripts/adduser "$1" /home DEF$1
/scripts/pkgacct $1
/scripts/restorepkg --force /home/cpmove-$1.tar.gz
chown -R $1:nobody /home/$1
chmod -R 0755 /home/$1/public_html
/usr/local/cpanel/bin/rebuild_phpconf 5 none dso 1
/scripts/updateuserdomains
exit 0
fi
---------------------
1:
use rysnc from the old home to the new home to preserve as much as possible in terms of permissions etc.
if you want secure rsync across servers, then ensure to use ssh.
e.g below:
/home/oldhomefiles is my files from home directory,
/home/otherfiles is any other files/folders that cpanel uses.
do not worry if you do not have all of the folders/files that i put in /home/otherfiles/ to sync to the new installation, i didnt have all of them either.
Code:
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/oldhomefiles/* USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/homersync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/usr/local/cpanel USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/usr/local
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/var/lib/mysql USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/var/lib
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/var/cpanel USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/var
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/usr/share/ssl USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/usr/share
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/var/ssl USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/var
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/mailman USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/var/log/bandwidth USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/var/log
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/usr/local/frontpage USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/usr/local
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/var/spool/cron USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/var/spool
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/usr/local/apache/conf USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/usr/local/apache
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/var/named USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/var
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/root/.my.cnf USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/root
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh /home/otherfiles/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf USER@SE.RV.ER.IP:/etc/httpd/conf
cd to the old etc directory:
Code:
cd /otherfiles/etc
And copy some files from here:
Code:
rsync -vrplogDtH -e ssh secondarymx domainalias valiases vfilters exim* proftpd* pure-ftpd* passwd* group* *domain* *named* wwwacct.conf cpupdate.conf quota.conf shadow* *rndc* ips* ipaddrpool* ssl hosts /etc
2:
Code:
/scripts/upcp/scripts/updatenow/scripts/sysup/scripts/exim4
/scripts/easyapache/scripts/securetmp/scripts/fixeverything
/scripts/mysqlup --force/usr/local/cpanel/bin/updatephpmyadmin --force
/scripts/upcp --force/usr/local/cpanel/cpkeyclt
3:
Code:
/scripts/restartsrv httpd
/scripts/restartsrv cpanel
/scripts/restartsrv mysql
/scripts/restartsrv named
/scripts/restartsrv exim
4:
copy cpadduser(above) into a new file (cpadduser.sh)
use cpadduser.sh to restore accounts.
Code:
./cpadduser.sh
passwords can be set by altering the cpadduser script to take a second variable for password.
5:
If permissions are rather broken, try some / all of the following:
any directories requiring 777 (e.g. whmcs templates_c) will have to have the permissions changed back again afterwards.
Code:
[I]
/scripts/postsuexecinstall
/scripts/chownpublichtmls
cd /home find -perm 777 -exec chmod 755 {} \; -print
find -perm 666 -exec chmod 644 {} \; -print
/scripts/fixsuexeccgiscripts[/I]
Hopefully this has been of some help to some people, after spending over 19 hours solid trying to restore 120 accounts this is what i managed to come up with.
Not everything may run, some files may not be found etc, but it might get you somewhere.
I take no responsibilty for any dataloss or currupt cpanel accounts from anyone using this,
however with most people when you say "my root drive is broken, how do i restore my cpanel accounts, my backups are old / nonexistent?" they say "You Can't!"
Good luck! If anyone would like to make this process easier, or knows a way to restore account passwords, or a better way for this process, please contact me at support@ganey.co.uk.
Thanks.
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Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008/001
1
* 1) "Wooden Sword" Ryu (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) .hack//4 Koma (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) .hack//AI buster 2 (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) .hack//AI buster (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) .hack//G.U.: The World (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) .hack//Gift (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) .hack//Legend of the Twilight (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) .hack//Liminality (Talk | Low | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) .hack//Roots (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) .hack//Sign Original Soundtracks (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
2
* 1) .hack//Sign (Talk | Mid | GA | Update assessment)
* 2) .hack//Xxxx (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) .hack//Zero (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) ~refrain~ The songs were inspired by Evangelion (Talk | ??? | ??? | Update assessment)
* 5) +Anima (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) ± Junkie (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) …But, I'm Your Teacher (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) 009-1 (Talk | Low | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) 07 Ghost (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) 1+2=Paradise (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
3
* 1) 100 Anime (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) 13 Nichi wa Kin'youbi? (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) 17 Sai Hajimete no H (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) 2/3 Ai no Kyōkaisen (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) 2001 Nights (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) 20th Century Boys (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) 3.3.7 Byooshi!! (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) 3×3 Eyes (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) 3rd Base 4th (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
4
* 1) 4Kids Entertainment (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 2) 4koma Manga Kingdom (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) 5 Centimeters Per Second (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) 6 Angels (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) 7 Seeds (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) 8 Man (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) 801 T.T.S. Airbats (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) 801-chan (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) 81diver (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) 888 (manga) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
5
* 1) A Bad Boy Drinks Tea (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) A Baoa Qu (Gundam) (Talk | Low | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) A City with No People (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) A Cruel Angel's Thesis (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) A Decoy in Space (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) A Dog of Flanders (1975 anime) (Talk | Low | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) A Fairytale for You (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) A Fateful Encounter (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) A Little Snow Fairy Sugar (Talk | Low | C | Update assessment)
* 10) A Six Feet Girl (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
6
* 1) A Spy on Board (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) A Tree of Palme (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) A Wind Named Amnesia (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) A Wish of War Orphans (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) A, A Prime (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) A.D. Police Files (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) A.D. Police: To Protect and Serve (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) A.D. Police (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) A.D. Vision (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) A.I. Love You (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
7
* 1) A-1 Pictures (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Abara (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) Abh (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 4) Abi-Hime (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) Absolute Boy (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Absolute Boyfriend (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) Abu-san (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Ace o Nerae! (video game) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Ace o Nerae! (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) Acetylene Lamp (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
8
* 1) Acheron Charon (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) Achika Masaki (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Acrobunch (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) Across the Atlantic Ocean (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) AD Vid-Notes (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Adachi-ga Hara (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Addicted to Curry (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Adenaur Paraya (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) Admiral Tianem (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Admiral Watkins (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
9
* 1) Adolf (manga) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) Adrian Gecko (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Advancer Tina (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) Adventure Kid (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) Adventures in Voice Acting (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) Adventures of the Little Mermaid (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Aeolia Schenberg (Talk | Low | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Afghanis-tan (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) Afro Ken (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Afro Samurai (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
10
* 1) After Colony (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) After School Nightmare (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) After the Long Goodbye (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) After War Gundam X: Under the Moonlight (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) After War Gundam X (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Afternoon (magazine) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) A-ga (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Age of Adventure (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) Âge (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
11
* 1) Ageha Ohkawa (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Ageha100% (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Agent Aika (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) Agharta (manga) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) Agon Kongo (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Ah! My Goddess (TV series) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) Ah! My Goddess: The Movie (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) Ahoge (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) Ai Kobayashi (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Ai Kora (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
12
* 1) Ai Maeda (seiyū) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Ai Morinaga (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) Ai Nagano (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) Ai no Gakko Cuore Monogatari (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) Ai no Kusabi (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Ai Nonaka (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Ai o Torimodose!! (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Ai Orikasa (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Ai Shimizu (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Ai Shinozaki (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
13
* 1) Ai Shite Knight (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) Ai Uchikawa (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) Ai Yazawa (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) Ai Yori Aoshi (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) AIDA (.hack) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) Aiguille Delaz (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) AIKa R-16: Virgin Mission (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) Aiko Mori (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Ai-Kon (Talk | Low | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) Aina Saharin (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
14
* 1) Aion (Chrono Crusade) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) Air (film) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Air (visual novel) (Talk | Low | GA | Update assessment)
* 4) Air Gear (musical) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) Air Gear (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Air Master (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 7) Air Trecks (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) Ai-Ren (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) Airi Masaki (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 10) Aishiteruze Baby (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
15
* 1) Aji Ichi Monme (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Ajia-do Animation Works (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Akagi (manga) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) Akakage (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 5) Akako Koizumi (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Akane Higurashi (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) Akane Maniax (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) Akane Omae (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Akane Tendo (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 10) Akane-chan Overdrive (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
16
* 1) Akaneiro ni Somaru Saka (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 2) Akari Hibino (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) Akari Unryu (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) Akatsuka Award (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) Akatsuki!! Otokojuku (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) Akatsuki-iro no Senpuku Majo (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Akaya Kirihara (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 8) Akazukin Chacha (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 9) Akeginu (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 10) Akemi Kanda (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
17
* 1) Akemi Matsunae (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Akemi Miyano (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Akemi Okamura (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) Akemi Satō (seiyū) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) Akemi Takada (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) Akeno Watanabe (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Aki Daitō (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Aki Hinata (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Aki Shimizu (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Akiba-kei (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
18
* 1) Akifumi Endō (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Akiha Tohno (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Akihabara@DEEP (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 4) Akihiro Ito (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) Akihiro Yamada (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 6) Akihito Yoshitomi (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Akikan! (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Akiko Hatsu (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Akiko Higashimura (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Akiko Hiramatsu (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
19
* 1) Akiko Kawase (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Akiko Kimura (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 3) Akiko Kobayashi (voice actor) (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) Akiko Koike (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) Akiko Nakagawa (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) Akiko Yajima (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 7) Akimi Yoshida (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 8) Akimine Kamijyo (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 9) Akimitsu Takase (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Akino Arai (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
20
* 1) Akinobu Uraka (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 2) Akio Chiba (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 3) Akio Ohtsuka (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 4) Akio Suyama (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 5) Akio Watanabe (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 6) Akira (character) (Talk | Unknown | Start | Update assessment)
* 7) Akira (film) (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 8) Akira (manga) (Talk | Unknown | C | Update assessment)
* 9) Akira Amano (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment)
* 10) Akira Furuya (Talk | Unknown | Stub | Update assessment) | WIKI |
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