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Israel's Strauss Group CEO Lesin steps down due to illness
TEL AVIV, July 9 (Reuters) - Strauss Group Chief Executive Officer Gadi Lesin will step down for medical reasons and Giora Bardea, who has been leading the company in recent months, will serve as acting CEO, the Israeli foodmaker said on Monday. Lesin has been CEO since 2009, during which time the company’s market value has more than doubled to 8.65 billion shekels ($2.4 billion), sales rose to 8.5 billion shekels in 2017 and its international operations have been significantly strengthened. Bardea previously served as deputy CEO of Strauss, the second-largest company in the Israeli food and beverage sector. Strauss is one of the market leaders for roast and ground coffee in central and eastern Europe and Brazil. $1 = 3.6213 shekels
Reporting by Tova Cohen; editing by Jason Neely | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
2017-10-17T22:47:52Z http://toc.ui.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=3929
2017-06-01 10.22108
Transactions on Combinatorics Trans. Comb. 2251-8657 2251-8657 2017 6 2 On numerical semigroups with embedding dimension three Farhad Rahmati Ali Mahdavi Let $fneq1,3$ be a positive integer. We prove that there exists a numerical semigroup $S$ with embedding dimension three such that $f$ is the Frobenius number of $S$. We also show that the same fact holds for affine semigroups in higher dimensional monoids. Frobenius number Frobenius vector Numerical semigroup simplicial affine semigroup 2017 06 01 1 6 http://toc.ui.ac.ir/article_20736_f17d7b141a073f2b8afd89a9f3d6327d.pdf
2017-06-01 10.22108
Transactions on Combinatorics Trans. Comb. 2251-8657 2251-8657 2017 6 2 Full edge-friendly index sets of complete bipartite graphs Wai Chee Shiu Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph. An edge labeling $f:Eto {0,1}$ induces a vertex labeling $f^+:VtoZ_2$ defined by $f^+(v)equiv sumlimits_{uvin E} f(uv)pmod{2}$ for each $v in V$, where $Z_2={0,1}$ is the additive group of order 2. For $iin{0,1}$, let $e_f(i)=|f^{-1}(i)|$ and $v_f(i)=|(f^+)^{-1}(i)|$. A labeling $f$ is called edge-friendly if $|e_f(1)-e_f(0)|le 1$. $I_f(G)=v_f(1)-v_f(0)$ is called the edge-friendly index of $G$ under an edge-friendly labeling $f$. The full edge-friendly index set of a graph $G$ is the set of all possible edge-friendly indices of $G$. Full edge-friendly index sets of complete bipartite graphs will be determined. Full edge-friendly index sets edge-friendly index edge-friendly labeling complete bipartite graph 2017 06 01 7 17 http://toc.ui.ac.ir/article_20739_045d1f054d5254d803c8df777bac0d71.pdf
2017-06-01 10.22108
Transactions on Combinatorics Trans. Comb. 2251-8657 2251-8657 2017 6 2 Adjacent vertex distinguishing acyclic edge coloring of the Cartesian product of graphs Fatemeh Sadat Mousavi Massomeh Noori Let $G$ be a graph and $chi^{prime}_{aa}(G)$ denotes the minimum number of colors required for an acyclic edge coloring of $G$ in which no two adjacent vertices are incident to edges colored with the same set of colors. We prove a general bound for $chi^{prime}_{aa}(Gsquare H)$ for any two graphs $G$ and $H$. We also determine exact value of this parameter for the Cartesian product of two paths, Cartesian product of a path and a cycle, Cartesian product of two trees, hypercubes. We show that $chi^{prime}_{aa}(C_msquare C_n)$ is at most $6$ fo every $mgeq 3$ and $ngeq 3$. Moreover in some cases we find the exact value of $chi^{prime}_{aa}(C_msquare C_n)$. Acyclic edge coloring adjacent vertex distinguishing acyclic edge coloring adjacent vertex distinguishing acyclic edge chromatic number 2017 06 01 19 30 http://toc.ui.ac.ir/article_20988_dc6050dc4f36dd95fd12e657ff895814.pdf
2017-06-01 10.22108
Transactions on Combinatorics Trans. Comb. 2251-8657 2251-8657 2017 6 2 A new proof of validity of Bouchet's conjecture on Eulerian bidirected graphs Narges Ghareghani Recently, E. M'{a}v{c}ajov'{a} and M. v{S}koviera proved that every bidirected Eulerian graph which admits a nowhere zero flow, admits a nowhere zero $4$-flow. This result shows the validity of Bouchet's nowhere zero conjecture for Eulerian bidirected graphs. In this paper we prove the same theorem in a different terminology and with a short and simple proof. More precisely, we prove that every Eulerian undirected graph which admits a zero-sum flow, admits a zero-sum $4$-flow. As a conclusion we obtain a shorter proof for the previously mentioned result of M'{a}v{c}ajov'{a} and v{S}koviera. Nowhere zero flow in bidirected graphs zero-sum flow Eulerian graphs 2017 06 01 31 35 http://toc.ui.ac.ir/article_21362_d500cc0139aaa06f9bbb49637cdb9ec2.pdf
2017-06-01 10.22108
Transactions on Combinatorics Trans. Comb. 2251-8657 2251-8657 2017 6 2 The site-perimeter of words Charlotte Brennan Aubrey Blecher Arnold Knopfmacher Toufik Mansour We define $[k]={1, 2, 3,ldots,k}$ to be a (totally ordered) {em alphabet} on $k$ letters. A {em word} $w$ of length $n$ on the alphabet $[k]$ is an element of $[k]^n$. A word can be represented by a bargraph which is a family of column-convex polyominoes whose lower edge lies on the $x$-axis and in which the height of the $i$-th column in the bargraph equals the size of the $i$-th part of the word. Thus these bargraphs have heights which are less than or equal to $k$. We consider the site-perimeter, which is the number of nearest-neighbour cells outside the boundary of the polyomino. The generating function that counts the site-perimeter of words is obtained explicitly. From a functional equation we find the average site-perimeter of words of length $n$ over the alphabet $[k]$. We also show how these statistics may be obtained using a direct counting method and obtain the minimum and maximum values of the site-perimeters. words bargraphs site-perimeter generating functions 2017 06 01 37 48 http://toc.ui.ac.ir/article_21465_6b2d0d7534fbdaeab5e1760bad7055c7.pdf | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
NFL Week 4 AFC East Picks: 'If Miami Can Win Turnover Battle, Could Pull Upset' Against Seahawks Says SportsLine's Kenny White – CBS Baltimore
(CBS Local)- Week 4 of the NFL season kicks off tonight with the Denver Broncos visiting MetLife Stadium to take on the New York Jets. Another week of games means another week of opportunities for fans to pick up some wins while their team does. And to help do so, we've brought in SportsLine analyst and Wizard of Odds Kenny White to break down all of the games from the AFC East with his analytical eye. All times listed are Eastern Denver Broncos @ New York Jets (-1), Thursday @ 8:25 p.m. NFL Network The Broncos and Jets each enter this game at 0-3, and neither team has looked overly impressive in their first couple of outings. Both rank in the bottom three of the league in points per game. The Jets are dead last averaging 12.3 points per outing, while the Broncos are 30th in the league at 15 points per game. (The other New York team, the Giants, is in between them at 12.7). It is that lack of firepower that has White looking at the point total of just 41 and thinking the under is the best play. Last week, the average total was 51 points, and here we have a total of 41, said White in an interview with CBS Local's Katie Johnston. But, I like an under. It's going to be a low-scoring game. Sam Darnold and the Jets are very sluggish on offense, the Broncos defense has been great, so my play is under. Sooner or later, the scores have to start coming down a bit. Looking more long-term for the two teams, the playoffs seem like a far-fetched idea, as only six teams ever have started the season 0-3 and made the postseason. But, there is some recent history of it with the Houston Texans accomplishing the feat in 2018. With Broncos quarterback Drew Lock set to come back in the coming weeks and the aforementioned solid defense, White sees Denver as having the better chance of making the postseason. The Broncos right now 10-1 to make the playoffs. You can get 20-1 on the Jets though, said White. The Broncos have the better chance of making the playoffs at that 10-1 price. Seattle Seahawks @ Miami Dolphins (+6), Sunday @ 1:00 p.m. FOX This game would appear, on paper at least, to be an easy win for the Seahawks. Seattle has one of the leading candidates in the MVP discussion in Russell Wilson and they enter with a 3-0 record against Miami's 1-2. But, White sees some value in the Dolphins this Sunday because of the long trip that the 'Hawks have to make for this one. They come in off a win but they're making Seattle travel. Seattle to Miami is the longest travel of any NFL team to another NFL team, said White. Plus, that 3-0 start by the Seahawks, they played some really good football teams. They may be overlooking the Dolphins a little bit. And in those games, they were very fortunate. So, if Miami can win the turnover battle in this game or just stay even, I think they can stay close and maybe pull an upset here. An upset Sunday would be surprising, though it wouldn't be the first time we've seen a West Coast team falter after making the long trip to the East Coast for a 1 p.m. start. Either way, White has been very impressed by the play of Russell Wilson, calling him his favorite to win MVP over Patrick Mahomes. Russell Wilson has played amazing and I think Russell Wilson has the edge right now. I can't believe the games he's had. All the touchdown passes, he's had five touchdown passes back to back weeks. Mahomes has numbers as well but not quite as good as Russell Wilson's, said White. New England Patriots @ Kansas City Chiefs (-6.5), Sunday @ 4:25 p.m. CBS We've seen this matchup before, but this year is not quite the same. The Patriots enter with a new quarterback under center in Cam Newton, following Tom Brady's departure for Tampa Bay. New England also had several players opt out of the season including a couple of key leaders on the defensive side of the ball. Still, the Patriots are 2-1, and that's good enough to earn them a B+ grade from White. Good start to the season, I'm going to say a B+. Can't give them an A because they did lose a game, but I'll give them a B+ because they have lost a lot of pieces, said White. The defense is down a little bit, the offense is still trying to get to know each other, but here we have Bill Belichick 2-1 out of the gate, so B+. Bill would probably rate them lower than that, and he's going to try and get them to an A. He's a great coach, the Patriots have a good chance to make the playoffs. While the Patriots are considered among the playoff contenders, their opponent is currently considered to be in a higher tier. Patrick Mahomes and company are 3-0 following last Sunday's 34-20 win over the Baltimore Ravens, and they are the favorites to make a clean sweep of their team objectives this year. 4-1 right now to win the Super Bowl, +220 basically 2-to-1 to win the AFC, and to win their division? -1300, so you'd have to put up $130 dollars to win $10, so, yeah, they're big favorites to win all three, said White. Buffalo Bills @ Las Vegas Raiders (+3), Sunday 4:25 p.m. CBS If the Patriots were to make the postseason, as of right now they'd be a Wild Card team, because the Buffalo Bills have gone undefeated through three weeks. It hasn't been easy, or necessarily good for Bills' fans blood pressure, but the team stands 3-0. The question, however, is whether or not observers can trust this team considering they held off the Dolphins 31-28 and then needed a late drive to beat the Rams last week after giving up a 28-3 lead. Still, it was that poise shown by Josh Allen to bring the Bills back late against the Rams that has White believing the Bills are for real. The amazing comeback last week against the Rams, I was really shocked about that, because when you relinquish a lead like that 28-3 and the opponent comes back to take the lead, 31-28, it's hard to come back and win a game like that. But, Josh Allen did. He took his team right down the field. That has to be great for confidence, said White. They have a great defense and Josh Allen has been impressive. The Bills are for real this year, they are going to be a fun team to watch all the way down the stretch. What picks can you make with confidence in Week 4, and which Super Bowl contender goes down hard? Visit SportsLine now to see which NFL teams are winning more than 50 percent of simulations, all from the model that is up over $7,500 on its top-rated picks. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Draft Constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia.djvu/5
We, the Delegation of the Republic Indonesia and the Delegation of the Federal Consultative Assembly, in our meeting held on Saturday the twentyninth October nineteen hundred and fortynine at Scheveningen;
Having considered and agreed to the views on constitutional affairs as formed by our Constitutional Committees in several joint meetings held at Scheveningen and the Hague during August, September and October 1949;
Fully respecting all the unanimous decisions of the Inter-Indonesian Conference during its meetings at Djocjakarta and Batavia in July and August 1949;
Having examined and considered the draft of the Constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia,
to agree with the text of the Provisional Constitution, called Constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, as attached to this Charter of Agreement.
We, the Delegations, as a proof thereof, have further initialled this Charter of Agreement, God Almighty bearing witness of the true inclination and the earnest desire of the Indonesian People and Country to bring about the draft of the Constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia:
a.For the Republic Indonesia,
b.For the territories cooperating in the frame of the F.C.A.,
(Sultan Hamid II) Chairman of the F.C.A.
Delegate of Indonesia Timur, (Ide Anak Agoeng Gde Agoeng) First deputy Chairman of the F.C.A.
Delegate of Madura, (Dr. Soeparmo) Second deputy Chairman of the F.C.A. | WIKI |
Attigliano
Attigliano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Terni in the Italian region Umbria, located about 70 km south of Perugia and about 30 km west of Terni. Attigliano has the lowest elevation of any municipality located in Umbria.
Attigliano borders the following municipalities: Amelia, Bassano in Teverina, Bomarzo, Giove, Graffignano, Lugnano in Teverina.
The 1995 film Castle Freak was shot on location in a local castle. | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 8.djvu/248
236 TREATY WITH SWEDEN. 1816. paid for the said vessels, or for the cargoes, any higher or other duties, imposts, or charges, whatsoever, than those which would be paid by vessels of the United States in the same circumstances, with an addi. tion only of ten per centum on the said duties, imposts, and charges, and no more. In order to avoid all uncertainty in respect to the duties, imposts, or charges, whatsoever, which a vessel belonging to the citizens or subjects of one of the contracting parties ought to pay, on arriving in the ports of the other, with a cargo consisting partly of articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture, of the country to which the vessel belongs, and partly of any other merchandize, which the said vessel is permitted to import by the preceding articles, it is agreed that, in case a cargo should be thus mixed, the vessel shall always pay the duties, imposts, and charges, according to the nature of that part of the cargo which is subjected to the highest duties, in the same manner as if the vessel imported this sort of merchandise only. ARTICLE 5. Consuls, &.c. The high contracting parties grant mutually the liberty of having in the places of commerce and ports of the other, consuls, vice consuls, or commercial agents, who shall enjoy all the protection and assistance Proceedings necessary for the due discharge of their functions. But it is here ex- ·ka¤i¤Sé_¢05¤i$¤lS» pressly declared, that in case of illegal or improper conduct in respect ag:},;,?, ng to the laws or government of the country to which they are sent, the laws. said consul, vice consul, or agent, may be either punished according to law, dismissed, or sent away, by the offended government, that govern- Archives, &,e. ment assigning to the other the reasons therefor. It is, nevertheless, i¤"l°l¤*°· understood, that the archives and documents relative to the affairs of the consulate shall be protected from all examination, and shall he carefully preserved, being placed under the seal of the consul and of the authority of the place where he shall have resided. Cgnsuls and The consuls and their deputies shall have the right, as such, to act
* ‘l;°;I;;l§l;Eg°¤ as judges and arbitrators in the differences which may arise between
Hgh,,,, m,,,,, the captains and crews of the vessels of the nation whose affairs are judges, $2,::. entrusted to their care. The respective governments shall have no right t,}:"!",*_:2°“ °f to interfere in matters of this kind, except the conduct of the captain ng and crew shall disturb the peace and tranquillity of the country in which the vessel may be, or that the consul of the place shall feel himself obliged to resort to the interposition and support of the executive authority to cause his decision to be respected and maintained. It Rights reserv· being, nevertheless, understood, that this kind of judgment, or award, $*:8**; shall not deprive the contending parties of the right which they shall ,,,j,,, d,,c,,,,,,,,,,_ have, on their return, to recur to the judicial authorities of their own country. (° This article ARTICLE 6. * n°H°"6°d°) In order to prevent all dispute and uncertainty in respect to what may be considered as being the growth, produce, or manufacture, of the contracting parties respectively, it is agreed, that whatever the chief or intendant of the customs shall have designated and specified as such, in the clearance delivered to the vessels which depart from the European ports of his Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway, shall be acknowlodged and admitted as such in the United States; and that, in the same manner, whatever the chief or collector of the customs in the ports of the United States shall have designated and specified as the growth, produce, or manufhcture, of the United States, shall be acknowledged and admitted as such in the territories of his Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. The specification or designation given by the chief of the customs in | WIKI |
Page:Complete Works of Count Tolstoy - 01.djvu/11
Portrait of Tolstóy
Etched by W. H. W. Bicknell from Photograph | WIKI |
Does Whitening Teeth Damage Enamel? A Complete Guide
teeth whitening enamel
One common method for getting a more confident smile is teeth whitening. Concerns over its effect on enamel, our tooth’s outer layer of protection, are common, nevertheless. We will examine how teeth whitening in Hawick affects enamel in this post and offer you with the knowledge you need to make an educated choice about your dental health.
Comprehending Teeth Whitening
Let’s examine how tooth whitening works first, before discussing if it harms enamel. In order to have a whiter smile, teeth whitening entails using whitening treatments or products to lessen stains and discolouration. These preparations often include substances that penetrate the tooth’s surface to remove stains, such as carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide.
The Concern: Enamel Damage
When thinking about teeth whitening, one of the main worries individuals have is whether it would damage the enamel. Since enamel is crucial for preventing decay and harm to our teeth, it is imperative that this issue be fully addressed.
The Verdict: Teeth Whitening and Enamel
When done properly, professional teeth whitening does not intrinsically harm enamel. But there are subtleties to take into account. The kind and concentration of whitening solutions used have a major impact on enamel safety.
Understanding Enamel
The enamel, which is the strong outer covering of our teeth, is essential for protecting teeth from environmental elements including heat, cold, acids, and germs. Though strong, the material is not unaffected by harm.
Whitening of Teeth and Enamel
When used improperly or excessively, several teeth-whitening solutions, especially those with high whitening ingredient concentrations, might damage enamel. The reason for this weakening is that the chemicals in these treatments may temporarily soften the enamel even if they are successful in removing stains.
How to Keep Your Enamel Safe While Whitening Your Teeth
Observe these crucial recommendations to guarantee that your enamel stays healthy during teeth whitening:
Consult a Dentist: It is best to speak with a dentist before starting any teeth-whitening procedure. They are able to evaluate your dental health and decide whether teeth whitening is a good option for you.
Make Use of ADA-Approved Items: Seek for teeth-whitening solutions that have earned the endorsement of the American Dental Association (ADA). The efficacy and safety of these products have undergone extensive testing.
Observe the directions: The manufacturer’s directions should always be followed while using whitening products. Steer clear of overusing the items or keeping them on your teeth for longer than is advised.
Avoid Over-the-Counter Risks: When using over-the-counter whitening solutions, use caution as some of them could contain hazardous substances. Safer alternatives may be suggested by your dentist.
Control Your Sensitivity: Some sensitivity is common during or after tooth whitening procedures. If that happens, think about using toothpaste made for sensitive teeth or giving teeth whitening a break.
Professional vs. Over-the-Counter Whitening
When a dentist performs professional teeth whitening procedures, better whitening solutions with regulated concentrations are usually used. This lowers the chance of damaging enamel in contrast to over-the-counter products, which could have different quality standards.
Alternative Options for Stained Teeth
There are other ways to make your teeth seem better if you’re worried about damaging the enamel or aren’t a good candidate for teeth whitening. These include dental bonding and veneers, which may treat discolorations and stains without harming enamel.
Conclusion
Teeth whitening shouldn’t damage enamel if done properly. But before beginning any teeth-whitening procedure, it’s essential to use care and see a dentist. Because enamel is our teeth’s most valuable layer of protection, keeping it intact is crucial to sustaining oral health. You may have a whiter smile without endangering the condition of your enamel by listening to expert guidance and utilising reliable products.
Keep in mind that keeping proper oral hygiene—which includes regular dental exams and a balanced diet—makes a big difference in how long your enamel lasts and how excellent your oral health is overall. So, when you’re ready to brighten your smile, choose the safest and finest teeth-whitening solution by speaking with your dentist at GK Dental Hawick NHS Family Dental Practice. Your brilliant grin is here to greet you!
Can teeth whitening make my teeth more susceptible to staining in the future?
Some individuals are concerned that after getting their teeth whitened, they may be more susceptible to discoloration. An explanation on how to preserve the outcomes and stop stains in the future would be beneficial.
Is teeth whitening suitable for people with dental restorations like veneers or dental implants?
Because dental restorations might have colours that are different from natural teeth, it’s important to discuss if and how teeth whitening is appropriate for those who have these types of restorations.
What about teeth sensitivity from cold or hot foods after whitening?
Temporary sensitivity is discussed, but particular sensitivity to hot or cold meals and drinks should also be included, along with management advice.
Are there any age limitations for operations involving tooth whitening?
It would be helpful to clarify whether there are any age limits for teeth whitening, such as those that apply to teens.
Is it possible to get better outcomes by combining teeth whitening with other cosmetic dentistry procedures?
For a full smile makeover, some people may choose to consider complimentary treatments like dental bonding or contouring in addition to teeth whitening.
What effect does teeth whitening have on the thickness of tooth enamel?
talking about the possible effects of teeth whitening on enamel thickness and how it can influence dental health in general.
Are there natural or home remedies for teeth whitening that are enamel-friendly?
For teeth whitening, some individuals choose natural techniques. It would be instructive to discuss any natural or safe home cures or medicines that are safe for enamel.
Can severe interior stains or discolorations be treated with tooth whitening?
Although the article noted that internal causes of grey staining may not react well to whitening, it would be helpful to provide further information on treatment choices for internal stains that are difficult to remove.
Donna
As the editor of the blog, She curate insightful content that sparks curiosity and fosters learning. With a passion for storytelling and a keen eye for detail, she strive to bring diverse perspectives and engaging narratives to readers, ensuring every piece informs, inspires, and enriches. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hasan Ahmed (politician)
Hasan Ahmed is an Indian politician belonging to INC. He was elected twice as an M.L.A. from Mustafabad constituency in Delhi, defeating Yogender Kumar Sharma (BJP) by 983 votes in 2008 and Jagdish Pradhan (BJP) by 1,896 votes in 2013. He lost to Jagdish Pradhan in 2015 by 6031 votes. Ahmed was born in small town of Uttar Pradesh in Rasoolpur Dhaulri.
Political career
Hasan Ahmed was elected for the Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi in 2008, defeating Yogender Kumar Sharma (BJP) by 983 votes. In 2013, he was elected again for the Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi by defeating Jagdish Pradhan (BJP) by 1,896 votes.
Attack on Hasan Ahmed during Press Conference at Lucknow
Once Hasan Ahmed went to attend a press conference in Lucknow. Suddenly 15-20 youths entered the hotel premises, where Hasan Ahmed was attending press conference and he was allegedly attacked by that group of youths. Later on, one of the attackers who was named Naqi said he is here to talk against Kalbe Jawwad (s Shia cleric), that is why we attacked him. Hasan Ahmed filed a FIR against all of them after the whole incident. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2032 Olympic Games
The result was delete. Ron Ritzman (talk) 12:56, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
2032 Olympic Games
* – ( View AfD View log ) •
Way too early (there are a few others like this created lately) Shadowjams (talk) 09:43, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Add to this AfD: 2036 olympic games, Cross reference Articles for deletion/2032 olympic games, and Articles for deletion/2032 Summer Olympics (2nd nomination). Shadowjams (talk) 09:46, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Also add: 2026 Winter Olympics Shadowjams (talk) 19:55, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Delete them all WP:BALL Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 11:56, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sports-related deletion discussions. -- • Gene93k (talk) 13:02, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Delete. "If preparation for the event is not already in progress, speculation about it must be well documented. Examples of appropriate topics include the 2012 U.S. presidential election and 2020 Summer Olympics. By comparison, the 2020 U.S. presidential election and 2036 Summer Olympics are not appropriate article topics if nothing can be said about them that is verifiable and not original research."--hkr Laozi speak 13:09, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Speedy delete as crystal ball. ApprenticeFan work 13:24, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Delete Pure speculation subject to WP:CRYSTAL. Peridon (talk) 15:03, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Apart from which, the world ends in 2012. It does, doesn't it? Peridon (talk) 15:04, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Snow Delete crystal C T J F 8 3 chat 18:41, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Note - I'm adding 2026 Winter Olympics to this list too (was originally at RfD, but after a questionable non admin closure, it's much simpler to bring it here) (please object if you find one different from the others). Shadowjams (talk) 19:55, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Comment - I carried out the "questionable non admin closure". Redirecting a page then immediately asking for the redirect to be deleted via RFD is bad procedure since it doesn't allow the underlying page to be considered and, equally importantly, there is no bar to recreation. Oh, and Delete all. Bridgeplayer (talk) 20:41, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Comment: Articles for deletion/TBD 2032 is this same article before it was moved to the current name. Nine deletes and no other opinions. (AFD on "2032 olympic games" above is a different article on this same topic.) I'm neutral myself to avoid offending the Ghanaians. :D JJB 21:11, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Delete, but let's hope we're all alive to watch them.--Milowent • talkblp-r 21:25, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
* Delete all Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Armbrust Talk Contribs 14:41, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
* Crap like this should be speedied, despite what WP:HOAX says. "British Arctic Territorial Olympic Committee"?? All the recent articles of Special:Contributions/Ekil are speculative nonsense. — Andrwsc (talk · contribs) 01:44, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Blue Zone (song)
"Blue Zone" is a song recorded by Japanese singer Shizuka Kudo for her fourteenth studio album, Full of Love. It was released through Pony Canyon as the album's lead single on April 7, 1999. The song featured on TV commercials for Toyo tires. A song titled "I.n.g" was originally slated to be released in place of "Blue Zone". Since it does not appear on Full of Love, it is unclear whether the song was scrapped or if "I.n.g" was simply an alternate title. "Blue Zone" is the third and last in a trilogy of singles with "Blue" in the title: "Blue Zone" is preceded by "Blue Velvet" and "Blue Rose", respectively.
As well as being the last single released in Mini CD single format, "Blue Zone" was the last single Kudo released with Pony Canyon, until signing anew with the label in 2005 and releasing "Lotus (Umareshi Hana)".
Background
The song was written by Shizuka Kudo, under the pseudonym Aeri, and composed by Takashi Tsushimi. It is the first single with lyrics by Kudo since "Kama Sutra no Densetsu". The song is composed in the key of G major and Kudo's vocals span from A3 to B4. Lyrically, the song deals with the initiation of an inexperienced lover.
Cover version
Kumi Koda performed "Blue Zone" when auditioning for the second generation of Morning Musume., broadcast on the TX talent search show Asayan.
Chart performance
The single debuted at number 28 on the Oricon Singles Chart, selling 9,000 copies in its first week. It fell to number 45 the following week, with sales of 4,000 copies. "Blue Zone" charted in the top 100 for four weeks, selling a total of 20,000 copies. | WIKI |
Drapetomania
Drapetomania was a fake mental illness that, in 1851, American physician Samuel A. Cartwright hypothesized as the cause of enslaved Africans fleeing captivity. This hypothesis was based on the belief that slavery was such an improvement upon the lives of slaves that only those suffering from some form of mental illness would wish to escape.
Cartwright specifically cited the tendency of slaves to flee the plantations that held them. Since slaves happy with their condition would not want to leave, he inferred that such people had to be sick, impervious to the natural order of things. He published an article about black slaves' illnesses and idiosyncrasies in De Bow's Review. Contemporarily reprinted in the South, Cartwright's article was widely mocked and satirized in the northern United States. The concept has since been debunked as pseudoscience and shown to be part of the edifice of scientific racism. A slave's desire for freedom is not pathological.
The term derives from the Greek δραπέτης (drapetēs, 'a runaway [slave]') and μανία (mania, 'madness, frenzy').
As late as 1914, the third edition of Thomas Lathrop Stedman's Practical Medical Dictionary included an entry for drapetomania, defined as "vagabondage, dromomania; an uncontrollable or insane impulsion to wander."
Description
Cartwright described the disorder—which, he said, was "unknown to our medical authorities, although its diagnostic symptom, the absconding from service, is well known to our planters and overseers" —in a paper delivered before the Medical Association of Louisiana that was widely reprinted.
He stated that the malady was a consequence of masters who "made themselves too familiar with [slaves], treating them as equals".
"If treated kindly, well fed and clothed, with fuel enough to keep a small fire burning all night—separated into families, each family having its own house—not permitted to run about at night to visit their neighbors, to receive visits or use intoxicating liquors, and not overworked or exposed too much to the weather, they are very easily governed—more so than any other people in the world. If any one or more of them, at any time, are inclined to raise their heads to a level with their master or overseer, humanity and their own good requires that they should be punished until they fall into that submissive state which was intended for them to occupy. They have only to be kept in that state, and treated like children to prevent and cure them from running away."In Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race, Cartwright says that the Bible calls for a slave to be submissive to his master, and by doing so, the slave will have no desire to run away: "If the white man attempts to oppose the Deity's will, by trying to make the negro anything else than 'the submissive knee-bender' (which the Almighty declared he should be), by trying to raise him to a level with himself, or by putting himself on an equality with the negro; or if he abuses the power which God has given him over his fellow-man, by being cruel to him, or punishing him in anger, or by neglecting to protect him from the wanton abuses of his fellow-servants and all others, or by denying him the usual comforts and necessaries of life, the negro will run away; but if he keeps him in the position that we learn from the Scriptures he was intended to occupy, that is, the position of submission; and if his master or overseer be kind and gracious in his bearing towards him, without condescension, and at the same time ministers to his physical wants, and protects him from abuses, the negro is spell-bound, and cannot run away."
Prevention and remedy
In addition to identifying drapetomania, his feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented". In the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"—a warning sign of imminent flight—Cartwright mentioned "whipping the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure".
Contemporary criticism
While Cartwright's article was reprinted in the South, in the northern United States it was widely mocked. A satirical analysis of the article appeared in a Buffalo Medical Journal editorial in 1855. Renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, in A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), observed that white indentured servants had often been known to flee as well, so he satirically hypothesized that the supposed disease was actually of white European origin, and had been introduced to Africa by traders.
The contemporary southern intelligentsia regarded Cartwright as a fringe figure. Stephen Jay Gould identified Cartwright as "a prominent Southern physician" with the caveat that Cartwright's defenses of slavery constituted "an extreme within the range of 'scientific argument'" that was not typical and likely paid little attention by "many intelligent Southerners." | WIKI |
As You Were (film)
As You Were is a 1951 American service comedy film directed by Bernard Girard and Fred Guiol and starring William Tracy, Joe Sawyer and Russell Hicks. Released by the low-budget Lippert Pictures, it is considered a B movie. It was one of eight films featuring Tracy as Sergeant Dorian "Dodo" Doubleday, and features footage from the production team's previous 1941 film Tanks a Million.
Plot
An infusion of WAC beauties adds to the fun when ex-G.I. "Dodo" Doubleday (William Tracy), now a hotel clerk, impresses Army brass with his memory and considers going back into the military. But recruiting station sergeant Bill Ames (Joe Sawyer), remembering how Tracy jinxed him back in WWII days, begs him not to re-enlist.
Cast
* William Tracy as Sgt. Dorian 'Dodo' Doubleday
* Joe Sawyer as Sgt. Ames
* Russell Hicks as Col. Lockwood
* John Ridgely as Captain
* Sondra Rodgers as WAC Captain
* Joan Vohs as Sgt. Peggy P. Hopper
* Edgar Dearing as Sgt. Monahan
* Chris Drake
* Ruth Lee
* Margie Liszt
* Roger McGee
* John Parrish
* Maris Wrixon
* Roland Morris as Soldier
Production
Robert L. Lippert intended to make a series of films with Hal Roach Jr.'s R and J Productions, including 12 films for television, and As You Were was their first collaboration. However, because of Lippert's difficulties with the Screen Actors Guild, only this film and Tales of Robin Hood were made.
The film was originally titled Present Arms. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Hasteur/WikiBombing
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was keep. Salvio Let's talk about it! 00:30, 6 July 2011 (UTC)
User:Hasteur/WikiBombing
Silly essay on de minimis topic that does not advance the goals of Wikipedia in any way. The author should perhaps get to work writing some articles instead of spending his time on this claptrap.Brad Wingo (talk) 21:39, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
* Keep I don't recognize "silly" as one of the acceptable delete rationales.-- SPhilbrick T 01:24, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
* Keep. This essay was created by Hasteur as a proposal regarding Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Wikibombing, which is still ongoing and very much divided in terms of consensus, so this nomination is a bit out of line. Oh, and yes, "silly" is not a proper rationale - frankie (talk) 02:20, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
* Keep - This nomination is rather disruptive given the WP:SEOBOMB MFD. Also, WP:SOCK anyone? Reaper Eternal (talk) 20:44, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
* Delete - seems redundant to WP:Wikibombing (SEO), a much better and more developed essay on the same topic (discussed below). Robofish (talk) 13:17, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
* It is unusual to see objections to keeping variations of Wikipedia essays in userspace. Copies of articles, no. Copies of policy, probably problematic. Essays, though,are different. Users are well encouraged to write their personal wikipedia-related essays in their own userspace. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:24, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
* delete per WP:BEANS. As one participant in the other MfD noted, let google do their job of being a search engine, let us do ours of being an encyclopedia. In addition there is no consensus against this behavior on its own if no other policy is broken, we have OTHER criteria that will remove wikibombing attempts (WP:UNDUE and WP:N are two that come to mind). HominidMachinae (talk) 16:13, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
* Keep the material is relevant to Wikipedia operations. jorgenev 15:30, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
| WIKI |
map – Simple dictionary in C++
map – Simple dictionary in C++
You can use the following syntax:
#include <map>
std::map<char, char> my_map = {
{ A, 1 },
{ B, 2 },
{ C, 3 }
};
If you are into optimization, and assuming the input is always one of the four characters, the function below might be worth a try as a replacement for the map:
char map(const char in)
{ return ((in & 2) ? x8a - in : x95 - in); }
It works based on the fact that you are dealing with two symmetric pairs. The conditional works to tell apart the A/T pair from the G/C one (G and C happen to have the second-least-significant bit in common). The remaining arithmetics performs the symmetric mapping. Its based on the fact that a = (a + b) – b is true for any a,b.
map – Simple dictionary in C++
While using a std::map is fine or using a 256-sized char table would be fine, you could save yourself an enormous amount of space agony by simply using an enum. If you have C++11 features, you can use enum class for strong-typing:
// First, we define base-pairs. Because regular enums
// Pollute the global namespace, Im using enum class.
enum class BasePair {
A,
T,
C,
G
};
// Lets cut out the nonsense and make this easy:
// A is 0, T is 1, C is 2, G is 3.
// These are indices into our table
// Now, everything can be so much easier
BasePair Complimentary[4] = {
T, // Compliment of A
A, // Compliment of T
G, // Compliment of C
C, // Compliment of G
};
Usage becomes simple:
int main (int argc, char* argv[] ) {
BasePair bp = BasePair::A;
BasePair complimentbp = Complimentary[(int)bp];
}
If this is too much for you, you can define some helpers to get human-readable ASCII characters and also to get the base pair compliment so youre not doing (int) casts all the time:
BasePair Compliment ( BasePair bp ) {
return Complimentary[(int)bp]; // Move the pain here
}
// Define a conversion table somewhere in your program
char BasePairToChar[4] = { A, T, C, G };
char ToCharacter ( BasePair bp ) {
return BasePairToChar[ (int)bp ];
}
Its clean, its simple, and its efficient.
Now, suddenly, you dont have a 256 byte table. Youre also not storing characters (1 byte each), and thus if youre writing this to a file, you can write 2 bits per Base pair instead of 1 byte (8 bits) per base pair. I had to work with Bioinformatics Files that stored data as 1 character each. The benefit is it was human-readable. The con is that what should have been a 250 MB file ended up taking 1 GB of space. Movement and storage and usage was a nightmare. Of coursse, 250 MB is being generous when accounting for even Worm DNA. No human is going to read through 1 GB worth of base pairs anyhow.
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
I Am My Own Woman
I Am My Own Woman (German: Ich bin meine eigene Frau ) is a 1992 German semi-documentarian film directed by Rosa von Praunheim. The film attracted international attention and was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival and the Toronto Film Festival in 1993, for example.
Plot
The trans woman Charlotte von Mahlsdorf recounts incidents from her eventful life. Now elderly, she runs the Gründerzeit Museum, fulfilling her dream of living as a woman from the turn of the 20th century. Scenes of her life are dramatized. Two actors play the young and middle-aged Charlotte and she plays herself in old age.
Life was difficult for Charlotte, growing up as Lothar Berfelde in Nazi Germany during World War II. An effeminate boy, Lothar enjoyed cleaning and dusting at the home of a benevolent great uncle; an early desire to live as a woman finally found an outlet on a vacation to Eastern Prussia in the household of "aunt" Luise, a transgender man, who allows the youth to try out female outfits and dress at home as a girl, and giving Lothar the book The Transvestite by Dr Magnus Hirschfeld to read. Luise also respects the youth's privacy when he finds him having sex in the barn with a farm boy.
Back in Berlin, after the death of a great uncle, the young Lothar is found at the complete mercy of his brutal father. Trying to save his mother and himself from his father's punishments and threats, Lothar bludgeons his father to death, a crime for which he is psychiatrically evaluated and imprisoned. The defeat of Germany during the war and the Allied invasion sets the boy free. Wandering through the street of Berlin, he barely escapes being killed as a deserter by German soldiers.
By 1946 Lothar has come to identify herself as a feminine being in a masculine body. She lives now full-time as a woman under the name Charlotte von Mahlsdorf, "Charlotte" or "Lottchen" being similar to Lothar, and Mahlsdorf referring to the section of Berlin where she lives. She moves into the destroyed Friedrishfelde castle and spends years and a lot of hard work trying to restore it. But eventually, she is expelled by the East German authorities. Working as a domestic in the household of Herbert von Zitzenau, an elderly equestrian officer, she is seduced by her employer and they start a sexual relationship. She explains that she preferred older lovers feeling protected by them the way women do. That affair lasted several years until Zitzenau's health declined and death.
Even though life for gays is difficult under the communist regime of East Germany, they find their way around. Cruising a public restroom, Charlotte meets Joechen, a lover with whom she could be a real woman. Their relation with sadomasochistic role-playing last for 27 years until Joechen's death.
For more than 30 years Charlotte manages to live her life as a woman in East Germany. She preserves the entire contents of East Berlin's first (and only for many years) gay bar, after the DDR government closed the bar, and moved to demolish the building. Its contents were transferred to the Gründerzeit Museum in Mahlsdorf run by Charlotte and a lesbian couple. In 1989 the elderly Charlotte, very much active, takes a role in the first East German gay film: Heiner Carow's Coming Out. Its premiere coincides with the fall of the Berlin Wall. But even in a unified Germany Charlotte has to face many problems. The German government takes the Gründerzeit Museum and its contents from Charlotte's hands and she and her gay friends are attacked by neo-Nazis during the first joint East–West gay and lesbian gathering. In 1992 her labor is recognized when she receives the Cross of the Order of Merit from the government for furthering the cause of sexual freedom.
Cast
Two actors play the young and middle-aged Charlotte, and she plays herself in the later years.
* Charlotte von Mahlsdorf - Herself
* Jens Taschner – Lothar age 15-17
* Ichgola Androgyn - Charlotte age 20-40
* Robert Dietl - Herbert von Zitzenau
Awards
1993: FIPRESCI Award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam
Reception
"A moving picture." (Cinema Journal, 1992) "A celebration! Powerful, dramatic and original!" (Gay Times) "Anything but conventional!" (New York Times) | WIKI |
How Are a Broken Cylinder or Broken Gasket Related to Coolant Problems?
Coolant leakage may occur due to breakage of the head gasket that seals a cylinder head in an engine, or can be due to cracks in the coolant jacket surrounding the cylinder. Both kinds of leaks may cause the engine to gradually lose coolant and eventually overheat, potentially causing severe damage. In addition, coolant leaks due to cracked gaskets or cylinders can allow coolant to leak into other parts of the motor and damage critical components of the engine.
Coolant leaks due to cylinder or gasket cracks are among the most dreaded types of coolant leaks, since they are not usually externally obvious. This gives the leak the potential to persist long enough to dangerously reduce engine coolant levels and cause overheating before there is any sign of a problem. In addition, fixing a cracked head gasket or cylinder leak is often an expensive proposition due to the extensive labor required to find and fix the problem. However, it is possible to repair some leakage issues caused by small cracks, by using a sealant material containing sodium silicate, also known as liquid glass.
Damage from coolant leaks into the interior of the engine often takes the form of corrosion damage. Which parts of an engine are at risk largely depends on whether the leak is due to a cracked gasket or cracked cylinder. Gasket cracks can allow coolant to dilute oil and foul spark plugs, resulting in white smoke and bearing damage. Cracks in a cylinder cooling jacket can allow coolant to damage the pistons, cylinder rings, or even the crankcase of the engine, depending on the location of the leak. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Archie Siswick
1924 Yorkshire Cup final?
The Archie Siswick article states that he "…played in Wakefield Trinity's 9-8 victory over Batley in the 1924 Yorkshire Cup final during the 1924–25 season at Headingley Stadium on Saturday 22 November 1924." However, in the the 1924 Yorkshire Cup article, Archie Siswick's name is absent from the Wakefield Trinity team list. Best regards DynamoDegsy (talk) 13:07, 10 February 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
Condor International, Inc., n.k.a. Applied Resources, Inc., Petitioner
v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent James E. Welsh and Nancy S. Welsh, Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent
Docket Nos. 37194-87, 39983-87.
Filed February 26, 1992.
William A. Seligmann, for petitioners
James M. Kamman and Alice Harbutte, for respondent.
The instant case is the first case tried in a group of cases in a project known as “Virgin Islands 28(a)”.
Briefs amici curiae were filed for E.C. Development Corp., Falstone, Inc., Pinetta & Hong Kong, Ltd., and Taconic Plastics, Ltd. by Michael Savage; St. Christine, Inc. and Jebadabe International, Inc., by 'William Bruce Voss; and by Arthur P. Generaux, Jr., who has entered appearances for taxpayers in 67 other cases in the project.
WELLS, Judge:
In the instant consolidated proceedings (the instant case) respondent determined the following deficiencies in and additions to petitioners' Federal income tax:
Condor International, Inc.
_Additions to tax_
Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec.
Year Deficiency 6661(a)(1) 6653(a)(1) 6653(a)(2) 6655 6661(a)
1984 $1,462,800.62 $365,720.16 $73,144.03 $78,218.87 $365,720.16
James E. Welsh and Nancy S. Welsh
_Additions to tax_
Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec.
Year Deficiency 6651(a)(1) 6653(a)(1) 6653(a)(2) 6661(a)
1983 $808,659 $201,461 $41,096 $202,165
Unless otherwise noted, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
After concessions and stipulations between the parties, the issues remaining for our decision in the instant case are: (1) Whether petitioner, Condor International, Inc., n.k.a. Applied Resources, Inc. (Condor), was an inhabitant of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) within the meaning of section 28(a) of the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands during the taxable year ending May 31, 1984; (2) whether the period of limitations with respect to Condor's taxable year ending May 31, 1984, expired prior to the issuance of the notice of deficiency to Condor by respondent for such taxable year; (3) whether sections 1275(b) and 1277(c)(2) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2085, 2598, 2601, create a retroactive tax or violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment; (4) whether Condor is a personal holding company; (5) whether Condor is subject to the alternative minimum tax; (6) whether Condor must report the gain on a sale of certain stock or whether the individual petitioners James E. Welsh and Nancy S. Welsh (the Welshes) must report the gain on such sale; (7) whether the Welshes are entitled to deduct their share of a distributive loss from Executive CoachCraft Limousine Division limited partnership; and (8) whether petitioners are liable for the additions to tax determined by respondent.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been stipulated for trial pursuant to Rule 91. The stipulations and accompanying exhibits are incorporated in this opinion by this reference.
Petitioners
Condor was incorporated under the name Condor International, Inc., but is now known as Applied Resources, Inc. At the time its petition was filed, Condor's principal place of business was located in California. The parties have stipulated that venue for the purpose of appeal of the instant case lies with the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
The Welshes are husband and wife. At the time their petition was filed they resided in Rolling Hills, California.
Condor International, Inc.
The Welshes organized Condor under the laws of Delaware on August 18, 1981, with a $1,000 cash contribution for 1,000 shares of stock. During all relevant periods, the Welshes, together with their children, were the beneficial owners of 100 percent of Condor's issued and outstanding stock. The Welshes intended to make the USVI Condor's principal place of business.
Prior to the organization of Condor, the Welshes had several discussions with their attorney about Condor and the tax treatment they thought it would receive as a USVI inhabitant. The Welshes' attorney advised them of what he determined to be the advantages and risks involved in conducting transactions through a USVI inhabitant corporation, including the possibility that the IRS might determine deficiencies in taxes, interest, and additions to tax if Condor were found not to be an inhabitant of the USVI. The Welshes' attorney also advised them of the existence of Rev. Rui. 80-40, 1980-1 C.B. 175 (obsoleted by Rev. Rui. 88-91, 1988-2 C.B. 257), in which the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ruled that a taxpayer in a situation similar to Condor's would be liable for a deficiency in taxes because the taxpayer had tax obligations to the United States as well as to the USVI. The Welshes' attorney, however, convinced them that the ruling was contrary to law and would not be upheld in court.
Soon after organizing Condor, Mr. Welsh obtained a second opinion from a certified public accountant concerning Condor's potential tax liability. The C.P.A. advised Mr. Welsh to file a U.S. income tax return for Condor. The C.PA.'s advice was based on an opinion of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Rev. Rui. 80-40.
Condor is an investment company that acquires, holds, and manages securities. Condor, however, was inactive from the time of its organization in 1981 until June 1983. Although Condor had a mailing address in Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI, it never engaged in a trade or business, owned equipment, or rented office space in the USVI. Condor's entire income was U.S. source income, except for $1,152 of interest income from a $20,000 certificate of deposit in a USVI bank.
Although many of Condor's records were prepared in the office of its attorney in Los Angeles, California, its records were located in St. Croix at its director's office. Condor did not keep a general journal or general ledger. Condor's records consisted of a minute book, bank statements, canceled checks, a checkbook, monthly account summaries from investment managers, and a few miscellaneous invoices.
The Welshes discussed with their attorney the advisability of obtaining the services of Hortense Rowe in connection with Condor. Ms. Rowe resided in the USVI and conducted an accounting and business advisory service known as Caribbean Consulting Services, Inc. Ms. Rowe served as an officer and director of a number of companies seeking to establish USVI residency. The Welshes, as the shareholders of Condor, elected Ms. Rowe as its sole director in 1981. With the exception of the period between the time Ms. Rowe resigned in February 1982, until she was reelected in June 1983, Ms. Rowe remained the sole director of Condor from her election in 1981 until she was removed in March 1987, for embezzling funds from Condor. Ms. Rowe was also Condor's president and treasurer for such period. At various times, one or the other of Ms. Rowe's two brothers served as Condor's secretary until March 1987.
In June 1983, a checking account was opened in Condor's name at the Christiansted, St. Croix, branch of Banco Popular de Puerto Rico. Ms. Rowe and one of her brothers jointly had the sole signature authority over the checking account which served as Condor's commercial banking account from June 1983 until March 1987, when an account was opened at a southern California bank.
Additionally, in June 1983, two discretionary investment counsel accounts were opened in Condor's name at Van Deventer & Hoch (Van Deventer) in Glendale, California. The account agreements gave Van Deventer full discretion to deal with Condor's securities and did not require Van Deventer to consult the Welshes prior to making any investment decisions on behalf of Condor.
The Welshes occasionally authorized Van Deventer to distribute funds to pay Condor's expenses. After authorizing Van Deventer to make such distributions, the Welshes also directed Ms. Rowe to authorize the payments. Had Ms. Rowe declined to authorize the payments, Mr. Welsh would have replaced Ms. Rowe with someone who was more cooperative.
Condor's certificate of incorporation requires the stockholders' annual meeting and meeting to elect directors to be held in the USVI. Minutes of the shareholders reflect the fact that such meetings were conducted in 1984, 1985, and 1986, in the USVI. The record does not contain evidence that any shareholder meetings took place prior to 1984, although Condor was incorporated in 1981.
The certificate of incorporation requires all meetings of the board of directors to be held in the USVI. Minutes of the board reflect the fact that such meetings took place in 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, and early 1987 in the USVI.
Condor attempted to make an investment located in the USVI, the primary purpose of which was to strengthen Condor's presence in the USVI and to give Condor additional credibility in claiming inhabitant status, but the investment never materialized. Condor did not locate any investments in the USVI, except for a $20,000 certificate of deposit described below.
During 1987, after the Welshes discovered that Ms. Rowe was embezzling from Condor and after the change in the USVI tax laws, Condor's principal place of business was relocated from the USVI to California. Ms. Rowe and her brothers were relieved from their positions as Condor's officers and director, and the Welshes were elected as Condor's officers and director. Until Condor's principal place of business was relocated to California, neither of the Welshes served as an officer or director of Condor.
Condor filed its corporate income tax returns with the USVI Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) for taxable year ending May 31, 1984, reporting income from sources within the United States exceeding $4 million but claiming the income was exempt from tax. Condor filed such return on August 14, 1984.
Sale of Arlon Products
Mr. Welsh created Arlon Products, Inc. (Arlon), in 1958, to manufacture products using pressure-sensitive adhesives. Prior to July 1983, the Welshes owned approximately 75-80 percent of Arlon's stock. Four additional shareholders owned the remaining Arlon stock.
From the early 1970s, the Arlon shareholders received offers for the purchase of their Arlon stock. The Welshes met with all of such offerors. From the time they created Arlon, the Welshes intended to build a company which eventually could be sold.
During 1983, the Arlon shareholders located Keene Corp. (Keene), a potential buyer for the Arlon stock. Negotiations with Keene took place in the United States. No director or officer of Condor participated in the negotiations for the sale to Keene. On June 29, 1983, an agreement entitled “Stock Purchase Agreement Between Keene Corporation and Welsh Family Trust, William D. Roy, Richard Griffin, Glen Turner and James Welsh” (the stock purchase agreement) requiring a closing date of July 6, 1983, was signed. Neither Condor nor anyone acting on its behalf signed the stock purchase agreement. The stock purchase agreement provided for Keene to purchase the Welshes' Arlon stock. The purchase price for such stock was $3,375,000 to be paid at closing by cash in the amount of $3,300,000 and a note in the amount of $75,000.
By letter dated June 22, 1983, the Welshes' attorney directed Ms. Rowe to execute an original and a copy of minutes for a special board of directors meeting in which Condor approved the sale of the Arlon stock to Keene. On June 30, 1983, Ms. Rowe executed a “Stock Assignment Separate from Certificate” on behalf of Condor to transfer the Arlon stock to Keene. On July 1, 1983, the Welshes' attorney sent Ms. Rowe revised minutes of the board meeting and directed her to substitute the new minutes in Condor's minute book. On July 6, 1983, a stock certificate representing all of the Welshes' Arlon stock was issued to Condor, and a new certificate representing all outstanding shares of Arlon was issued to Keene.
On July 6, 1983, the Welshes signed a statement assigning to Condor the right to receive the consideration required to be paid to them under the purchase agreement. On July 13, 1983, Keene wire transferred $3,300,000 to Condor's bank account in the USVI. Subsequently, $3,280,000 was wired from Condor's checking account to a New York account Van Deven-ter managed for Condor and the remaining $20,000 was used to purchase the USVI certificate of deposit in Condor's name.
The Welshes filed a joint Federal income tax return for taxable year 1983 on October 17, 1984. On April 13,1984, the Welshes filed Form 4868, “Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File a U.S. Individual Tax Return”, to extend the due date for their 1983 return to August 15, 1984. On August 14, 1984, the Welshes filed Form 2688, “Application for Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return”, approved by the IRS and extending the due date for such return to October 15, 1984. The Welshes did not report the gain from the sale of the Arlon stock on their 1983 Federal income tax return. Respondent determined that the gain on the sale of the Arlon stock is taxable to the Welshes for the taxable year in issue.
Partnership Deduction
During 1982, Mr. Welsh invested in Executive CoachCraft, Inc., Limousine Division (Executive), a California limited partnership. As a limited partner, Mr. Welsh contributed $10,000 to the capital of Executive. During 1983, Mr. Welsh, along with his sons, who were also limited partners, attempted to withdraw from the partnership. Subsequently, Mr. Welsh decided to purchase his sons' interest in Executive for a price equal to the amount his sons had initially contributed. During 1984, Executive's general partner filed for bankruptcy. Mr. Welsh filed a claim as a creditor in Executive's bankruptcy proceeding. The Welshes claimed a distributive loss from Executive on their return for taxable year 1983, and respondent disallowed the loss.
OPINION
The USVI “mirror” system of taxation issues involved in the instant case are similar to issues that have been considered by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit on appeals from District Court cases involving deficiencies determined by the BIR. Accordingly, a brief discussion of the USVI mirror system of taxation and the Third Circuit cases interpreting such system will be helpful to an understanding of the instant case.
The USVI Mirror System
Through the Naval Appropriations Act, ch. 44, 42 Stat. 122 (1921), Congress made the U.S. income tax laws applicable to the USVI. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d 618, 620 (3d Cir. 1987); Miller v. Quinn, 792 F.2d 392, 394 (3d Cir. 1986). The Naval Appropriations Act of 1921 created a separate territorial income tax which the USVI Government would collect by applying the U.S. income tax laws with the necessary changes where appropriate. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, 892 F.2d 1163, 1165 (3d Cir. 1989); Great Cruz Bay, Inc. v. Wheatley, 495 F.2d 301, 303 (3d Cir. 1974). A “mirror” system of taxation was created by substituting “Virgin Islands” for “United States” in the Internal Revenue Code. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra. To satisfy a USVI tax obligation, a corporation inhabiting the USVI was required to pay the same amount of taxes to the BIR as a domestic U.S. corporation would be required to pay to the IRS under the same circumstances. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra.
The Naval Appropriations Act required some corporations to file two returns. For example, a domestic U.S. corporation doing business in the USVI would have to file a return with the IRS declaring its worldwide income, as well as a return with the BIR declaring its USVI source income. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra.
Section 28(a) of the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, ch. 558, 68 Stat. 508 (1954) (Act section 28(a)), amended the Naval Appropriations Act regarding the dual return requirements. To eliminate dual returns, Act section 28(a) provided as follows:
The proceeds of customs duties, the proceeds of the United States income tax, the proceeds of any taxes levied by the Congress on the inhabitants of the Virgin Islands, * * * shall be covered into the treasury of the Virgin Islands, and shall be available for expenditure as the Legislature of the Virgin Islands may provide: Provided, that the term “inhabitants of the Virgin Islands” as used in this section shall include all persons whose permanent residence is in the Virgin Islands, and such persons shall satisfy their income tax obligations under applicable taxing statutes of the United States by paying their tax on income derived from all sources both within and outside the Virgin Islands into the treasury of the Virgin Islands * * * [Emphasis added.]
Thus, the foregoing quoted provisions, known as the “inhabitant rule”, allowed USVI inhabitants to file one return and report all income earned, both USVI and non-USVT, to the BIR and satisfy their obligations to the IRS by paying the appropriate taxes on all such income to the BIR. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra at 1165; Great Cruz Bay, Inc. v. Wheatley, 495 F.2d 301, 303 (3d Cir. 1974). U.S. citizens who did not permanently reside in the USVI were still required to file two tax returns, one reporting and paying taxes to the USVI on USVI income and another reporting and paying taxes to the United States on income from all sources, with a credit for taxes paid to the USVI. Great Cruz Bay, Inc. v. Wheatley, supra.
Although the inhabitant rule defined inhabitants as all persons whose permanent residence was in the Virgin Islands, the statute did not define the term “permanent residence”. In Vitco, Inc. v. Virgin Islands, 560 F.2d 180 (3d Cir. 1977), the court decided that a corporation that was chartered and maintained a post office address in the USVI was a USVI inhabitant. In Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d 618 (3d Cir. 1987), the court held that Danbury, Inc. (Danbury), a corporation organized under the laws of Nevada, was a USVI inhabitant. Danbury, however, was headquartered and maintained its only office in the USVI, maintained all corporate documents in the USVI, maintained a bank account in the USVI, and held all shareholders' and directors' meetings in the USVI. The court found significance in the fact that Danbury's only presence was entirely within the USVI. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra.
Danbury claimed that it was a foreign corporation for purposes of USVI taxation because it was not organized under the USVI laws and that it was a USVI inhabitant because it maintained its headquarters in the USVI. Danbury argued that a large portion of its income was not taxable by either the USVI or the United States. Danbury's argument was that, as the consequence of Danbury's USVI inhabitancy, Danbury would be required to pay tax on its worldwide income to the USVI under Act section 28(a), but as a foreign corporation Danbury would be taxed only on income derived in the USVI under section 882. As a foreign corporation whose income was wholly generated from non-USVl sources, Danbury argued that it owed no tax to the USVI. Additionally, Danbury claimed that its U.S. tax obligations were satisfied under Act section 28(a) by filing a single return with the BIR, and therefore it was not required to file a return or pay any tax to the United States. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 627 F. Supp. 513, 515 (D.V.I. 1986), revd. 820 F.2d 618 (3d Cir. 1987). The USVI District Court agreed with Danbury's arguments. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra at 519.
Reversing the District Court, the Third Circuit held that Act section 28(a) required a USVI corporate inhabitant to pay its total tax liability on both USVI source income and non-USVl source income to the USVI. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 622. Although the Third Circuit agreed with the District Court that Danbury was an inhabitant of the USVI, it held that Danbury was a domestic U.S. corporation with respect to the tax laws of the United States and a foreign corporation with respect to the tax laws of the USVI. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 622. Consequently, in addition to owing the USVI tax on the income it derived within the USVI, Danbury was required to satisfy its tax obligations to the United States by paying the tax it would have owed to the United States to the BIR. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 623.
Between the time of the District Court's decision in Danbury and the decision of the Third Circuit on appeal, Congress enacted the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2085 (TRA 1986). Section 1275(b) of TRA 1986 repealed the inhabitant rule and returned the USVI tax system to the pre-1954 system requiring a foreign corporation doing business in the Virgin Islands to file two returns. Business Ventures International v. Olive, 893 F.2d 641, 644 (3d Cir. 1990); Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, 892 F.2d at 1166-1167. Under section 1275(b) of TRA 1986, a U.S. corporation that is an inhabitant of the USVI is required to file two returns, one return with the IRS reporting its worldwide income and a second return with the BIR reporting its USVI income. Business Ventures Interna tional v. Olive, supra at 644; Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra at 1166-1167; Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra at 625.
Section 1277(c)(2) of TRA 1986 specifies the tax years to which section 1275(b) of TRA 1986 applies, and consequently, the tax years for which the IRS is entitled to collect taxes due it from USVI inhabitants. Business Ventures International v. Olive, supra at 644; Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 626. For taxable years ending prior to 1987, if on October 22, 1986 (the date of enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986), the applicable periods of limitations on assessment had not expired, the IRS is empowered by section 1275(b) to assess deficiencies against U.S. taxpayers inhabiting the USVI. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 626. If, however, the applicable limitation periods for assessment of such deficiencies had expired on October 22, 1986, the right to collect taxes that USVI inhabitants owe to the United States remains with the BIR. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra.
USVI Inhabitancy
The first issue we must decide is whether, during its taxable year in issue, Condor was an inhabitant of the USVI. As explained above, Act section 28(a) and the applicable amendments contained in TRA 1986 apply only to “inhabitants” of the USVI. Thus, if Condor was not an inhabitant of the USVI, it would not qualify for the single filing rule and would therefore have been required to file an income tax return with the United States for its taxable year ending May 31, 1984, regardless of the amendments to Act section 28(a) made by TRA 1986.
The inhabitancy issue is a question of fact. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 620; Vitco, Inc. v. Virgin Islands, 560 F.2d 180, 183 (3d Cir. 1979). In deciding whether a corporation is an inhabitant of the USVI, the Third Circuit has considered such factors as the location of: Incorporation, corporate office, corporate documents, bank accounts, mailing address, and shareholders' and directors' meetings. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 620, 622; Vitco, Inc. v. Virgin Islands, supra at 183. We consider such factors in the instant case.
Although Condor is incorporated in Delaware, its certificate of incorporation states that its principal place of business is the USVI. During its taxable year in issue, Condor maintained its mailing address in Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI. Ms. Rowe, an officer of Condor and its only director, resided in the USVI and her actions as director took place in the USVI. A checking account was opened in Condor's name in St. Croix. The annual stockholders' meetings and the meetings to elect the director were held in the USVI. Condor's corporate records were maintained in USVI. After considering the entire record in the instant case, we find that Condor's only material presence was in the USVI. Consequently, we hold that Condor was an inhabitant of the USVI. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra; Vitco, Inc. v. Virgin Islands, supra.
Period of Limitations
We turn next to the issue of whether the period of limitations on assessment of taxes against Condor by the IRS has expired.
On August 14, 1984, Condor filed its return for its taxable year in issue with the BIR. On September 8, 1987, the IRS mailed the notice of deficiency in issue in the instant case to Condor. Condor contends that the 3-year period of limitations under section 6501(a) expired on August 15, 1987, and that, consequently, the notice of deficiency was not timely issued.
Respondent contends that Condor's taxable year in issue is a “pre-1987 open year”, under section 1277(c)(2)(C) of TRA 1986 and that Condor was required to file two returns for the taxable year in issue, one with the BIR reporting its USVI income tax obligations and one with the IRS reporting its Federal income tax obligations. Respondent argues that, because Condor did not file the required return with the IRS, the notice of deficiency was timely. We agree with respondent.
Section 1277(c)(2)(C) of TRA 1986 provides that the term “pre-1987 open year”, for the purpose of applying section 1275(b) of TRA 1986, is any taxable year beginning before January 1, 1987, if on the date of the enactment of TRA 1986, the assessment of a deficiency of income tax for such taxable year is not barred by any law or rule of law. The date of enactment of TRA 1986 was October -22, 1986.
As noted above, in Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 625-627, the Third Circuit interpreted Act section 28(a) to require that USVI inhabitants pay tax on all of their worldwide income. In order to decide which agency, i.e., the IRS or the BIR, was the proper agency to collect such tax, the court was required to interpret the provisions of section 1277(c)(2) of TRA 1986.
In its interpretation of section 1277(c)(2), the Third Circuit reached several holdings relevant to the instant case. It held that the “relevant actor”, regarding whether an assessment could be made on October 22, 1986, is the IRS. “The clear purpose of Section 1277(c)(2) is to specify the tax years for which the United States can, under section 1275(b), collect the taxes due it from Virgin Islands inhabitants.” Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 626.
The Third Circuit also considered the obvious bar to assessment, namely, the time bar. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 626. The Third Circuit concluded that, until its repeal, Act section 28(a) required USVI inhabitants to file a single return with the BIR to satisfy both USVI tax obligations and U.S. tax obligations. Consequently, the only measuring date on which to base a decision as to whether any period of limitations bars the IRS from assessing a tax is the date the inhabitant filed a return with the BIR. The Third Circuit reasoned as follows:
Were we to accept the Internal Revenue Service's[] argument that subsection 6501(c)(3) does apply to this case, every tax year since 1935 for every Virgin Islands inhabitant would be an open year. Congress obviously did not intend such a result. If it had, the complex time provisions of Section 1277(c)(2) would not have been enacted; Congress would have simply declared Section 1275(b) to be effective for all tax years. [Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 627; fn. ref. omitted.]
The Third Circuit concluded that because Danbury's return was filed more than 3 years before October 22, 1986 (the date of enactment of TRA 1986), the years before the court were not “pre-1987 open years”, unless Danbury filed a false return or willfully attempted to evade tax. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra at 627.
Applying the Third Circuit's analysis to the instant case, we first note that Condor filed its return for taxable year ending May 31, 1984, with the BIR on August 14, 1984. Under the general rule of section 6501(a), no tax assessment against Condor could be made after August 14, 1987. Accordingly, an assessment of tax could be made against Condor on October 22, 1986. Consequently, we hold that Condor's taxable year in issue is a “pre-1987 open year”.
Having concluded that such year is a pre-1987 open year, we must decide the effect that section 1275(b) of TRA 1986 has on the instant case. As noted above, section 1275(b) of TRA 1986 eliminates the inhabitant rule for taxpayers having pre-1987 open years. As a result of such elimination, Condor was required to file a return reporting its worldwide income with the IRS for the taxable year in issue, i.e., a pre-1987 open year. Business Ventures International v. Olive, 893 F.2d at 644; Bizcap v. Olive, 892 F.2d at 1166-1167; Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 625-626 (each case holding that TRA 1986 required foreign corporations that were USVI inhabitants to file a return for any pre-1987 open year with the IRS reporting their worldwide income). As Condor failed to file such a return with the IRS for the taxable year in issue, the period of limitations with respect to such year was open on September 8, 1987, the date respondent issued the notice of deficiency to Condor. Sec. 6501(c)(3). Consequently, we hold that the notice of deficiency issued to Condor in the instant case is timely.
Retroactive Tax Legislation and Equal Protection
Petitioner and amici curiae argue that sections 1275(b) and 1277(c)(2) of TRA 1986 create a retroactive tax in violation of the U.S. Constitution. The Third Circuit has held that such provisions of TRA 1986 do not retroactively tax USVI inhabitants because the amount of tax owed by any taxpayer is not altered; the only question affected by the changes in TRA 1986 is who should collect taxes from USVI inhabitants. Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, 820 F.2d at 626 n.4. We agree with the Third Circuit that no retroactive taxation is created by the provisions of TRA 1986 that repealed the inhabitant rule.
Petitioners and amici curiae also argue that section 1277(c)-(2) of TRA 1986 violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. They base their argument on two limited exceptions found in TRA 1986 section 1277(c)(2)(D) and (E) that exclude certain taxpayers from the changes under TRA 1986. They argue that their right to due process has been violated because the exclusions do not apply equally to all taxpayers. In Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, 892 F.2d at 1167, the Third Circuit interpreted the exception found in section 1277(c)(2)(D) of TRA 1986. The court found that the exception effectively treated Bizcap as though TRA 1986 “had never been enacted for those years which are pre-1987 open years.” It held, however, that while the exception exempted only Bizcap, Inc. (Bizcap) from the changes under TRA 1986, Bizcap remained liable to the BIR for taxes on its worldwide sources of income. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra. Consequently, although Bizcap was exempt from filing a return with the IRS reporting its worldwide income, Bizcap nevertheless was required to pay tax to the BIR on its worldwide sources of income, including its non-USVT source income. Bizcap, Inc. v. Olive, supra. In the instant case we have held that Condor was required to file a return with the IRS reporting its worldwide income. Consequently, the only difference between Bizcap and Condor is the agency to which each must pay income tax. Thus, the only effect of the exception under section 1277(c)(2)(D) of TRA 1986 was to require Bizcap to report its income and pay its tax to the BIR as opposed to the IRS. We do not find such circumstance to violate the Due Process Clause of the Constitution.
Personal Holding Company
The next issue for us to decide is whether Condor is a personal holding company liable for purposes of applying the personal holding company tax under section 541. The notice of deficiency is presumed correct, and petitioners bear the burden of proving that Condor is not liable for the tax. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. Ill (1933).
Section 542(a) provides that a corporation is a personal holding company if it meets two requirements. The first requirement is met if at least 60 percent of its “adjusted ordinary gross income (as defined by section 543(b)(2))” is personal holding company income. Sec. 542(a)(1). The second requirement is met if at any time during the last half of the taxable year more than 50 percent in value of its outstanding stock is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for not more than five individuals. With respect to the personal holding company issue, petitioners assert:
First, as a USVI inhabitant and a foreign corporation, Condor did not have any taxable income under VIIRC section 882(b) and consequently did not have any personal holding company income. Second, as required by VIIRC section 541(a)(2), fifty percent in value of Condor's stock was not owned, directly or indirectly, by or for not more than five individuals during the last half of its fiscal year ending May 31, 1984.
Petitioners, however, have not offered any evidence to support their assertions. Rules 142(a) and 151(e) require that petitioners do more than make bare assertions in order to sustain their burden of proof. Furthermore, we have held above that Condor was subject to the literal United States Internal Revenue Code because the taxable year in issue is a pre-1987 open year. Consequently, we find petitioners' argument that as a USVI inhabitant Condor did not have any taxable income and therefore that Condor had no personal holding company income to be totally without merit. Accordingly, we hold that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of proving that Condor is not liable for the personal holding company tax. Rule 142(a).
Alternative Minimum Tax
Respondent determined in the notice of deficiency that Condor was subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of section 56. Petitioners' sole arguments regarding the alternative minimum tax issue are as follows:
First, as a USVI inhabitant and a foreign corporation, Condor did not have any taxable income subject to the alternative minimum tax under section 882(b). Second, as a foreign corporation inhabitant in the USVI, Condor was not subject to United States income tax for its taxable year ending May 31, 1984.
As with petitioners' bare assertions regarding the personal holding company issue, petitioners have failed to support their position with either facts or authority. Furthermore, as we have held above that Condor was subject to the literal United States Internal Revenue Code because the taxable year in issue is a pre-1987 open year, we find petitioners' argument to be totally without merit. Accordingly, we hold that Condor is liable for the alternative minimum tax. Rule 142(a).
Sale of the Arlon Stock
The next issue for decision is whether Condor is liable for the tax on the gain from the sale of Arlon stock to Keene or whether the Welshes are liable for such tax. Petitioners have the burden of proof. Rule 142(a).
The incidence of taxation depends upon the substance of a transaction. Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331, 334 (1945). As the means employed to transfer legal title are not solely determinative of the tax consequences arising from a sale of property, “Transactions must be viewed as a whole, and each step, from commencement of negotiations to the consummation of the sale, is relevant.” Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., supra at 334. “A sale by one person cannot be transformed for tax purposes into a sale by another by using the latter as a conduit through which to pass title.” Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., supra at 334 (citing Higgins v. Smith, 308 U.S. 473 (1940); Griffiths v. Commissioner, 308 U.S. 355 (1939); Minnesota Tea Co. v. Helvering, 302 U.S. 609 (1938); Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465 (1935)). If we were to permit formalities that exist solely for the purpose of altering tax liabilities to disguise the true nature of a transaction, the effectuation of Congress' tax policies would be seriously impaired. Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., supra at 334.
In Court Holding Co., a corporation owned an apartment building which was transferred to its shareholders in the form of a liquidating dividend. In form, the shareholders conveyed the apartment building to a purchaser who originally had negotiated the purchase of the building from the corporation. The Supreme Court decided that the corporation was properly taxable on any gain from the sale. Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., supra at 322.
The Supreme Court relied on numerous facts in attributing the gain on the sale to the corporation. The corporation had legal title to the property when the negotiations for the sale took place. An oral agreement had been reached with respect to the terms and conditions of the sale which the parties intended to reduce to writing. The corporation's attorney intervened in the sale because the sale would have resulted in a large income tax on the corporation. Subsequently, the property was transferred to the shareholders of the corporation who entered a new sales contract with the same purchaser on substantially the same terms and conditions that the corporation had previously agreed upon.
The facts of the instant case are not materially distinguishable from the facts of Court Holding Co. In the instant case, the shareholders, not the corporation, had legal title to the property when the negotiations for the sale took place, as opposed to the factual setting in Court Holding Co., involving the corporate ownership of property distributed for sale by the shareholders. We, however, do not find such difference to be material. Consequently, we apply the principles of Court Holding Co. to the instant case. Although petitioners contend that the Welshes contributed their Arlon stock to Condor in early June, the record does not support their contention. Mr. Welsh testified at trial that no reason existed for the contribution of the Arlon stock to Condor until the negotiations with Keene were finished and the deal was certain to be completed. Moreover, the stock purchase agreement was signed by the Welshes individually, but it was not signed by or on behalf of Condor. Finally, the Welshes originally intended to have the Welsh Family Trust receive the proceeds from the sale of the Arlon stock, but when the closing date arrived the Welshes signed a statement designating Condor to receive the consideration for sale of the Arlon stock.
Considering such circumstances, we are convinced that the Welshes attempted to transform their sale of the Arlon stock into a sale by Condor, using Condor as a conduit through which to pass the title of the stock. Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., supra at 334. Thus, in substance the Welshes sold the Arlon stock to Keene, not Condor. Accordingly, we hold that the Welshes are liable for the tax on the gain from the sale of such stock.
Partnership Loss
Respondent determined that the Welshes are not entitled to any distributive loss from Executive because the Welshes had not established that they had sustained a loss. The notice of deficiency is presumed correct, and petitioners have the burden of proving that the notice is incorrect. Rule 142(a).
Petitioners' sole contention is that they are entitled to the Executive loss because they were the owners of the partnership interest. Petitioners have not offered any evidence to support their entitlement to the loss, and they have not cited any authority in support of their position. Consequently, we hold that petitioners have failed to meet their burden of establishing their right to deduct the loss. Rule 142(a).
Additions to Tax
Respondent determined additions under section 6651(a)(1) against Condor and the Welshes. To avoid the addition for failure to file a return on its due date, the taxpayer bears the burden of proving (1) that the failure did not result from “willful neglect”, and (2) that the failure was “due to reasonable cause”. United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241, 245 (1985). The taxpayer must demonstrate that he exercised ordinary business care and prudence and was nevertheless unable to file the return within the prescribed time. Sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Willful neglect includes a conscious, intentional failure or reckless indifference in timely filing a return. United States v. Boyle, supra at 245.
We have held above that under TRA 1986 Condor was required to file a return with the IRS because Condor's taxable year in issue was a pre-1987 open year. Inasmuch as Condor failed to file such a return, petitioners must demonstrate that Condor's failure was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect.
Petitioners claim that they relied on the advice of counsel in not filing a return with the IRS. Reasonable cause is established when a taxpayer shows that he reasonably relied on an accountant or attorney's advice that filing a return was not necessary, even when such advice turned out to have been mistaken. United States v. Boyle, supra at 250.
When Condor was created in 1981, the Welshes were advised by counsel that Condor would neither have to file a return with the IRS nor pay income tax on its U.S. source income. Petitioners, however, received a second, conflicting opinion advising them to file a return for Condor with the IRS and report and pay tax on its worldwide income. Petitioners elected not to heed that advice and have failed to explain why they proceeded contrary to such advice. Moreover, petitioners have failed to explain why, after the change in the inhabitant rule by TRA 1986, advice of counsel was not sought with respect to their decision not to file a return for Condor with the IRS for the taxable year in issue. In the absence of such explanations, we are unable to find that Condor's reliance on counsel was reasonable or that its failure to file was due to reasonable cause. Accordingly, we hold that Condor is liable for the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1).
With respect to the Welshes' liability for the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1), respondent determined in the notice of deficiency that the automatic extension request that the Welshes filed for taxable year 1983 was invalid because they did not properly estimate their income.
An automatic 4-month extension is valid if the taxpayer files a signed Form 4868 on or before the date the individual's return is due with the internal revenue office with whom the return is required to be filed, the application shows the full amount properly estimated as the taxpayer's tax, and the full amount properly estimated as tax which is unpaid as of the date of filing accompanies the application. Sec. 1.6081-4, Income Tax Regs.
In the instant case the Welshes filed a. Form 4868 and subsequently filed a Form 2688, which the director of the Fresno Service Center approved. An automatic extension, however, is void if the foregoing regulatory requirements are not satisfied, even though a second extension has been approved. Crocker v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 899 (1989); Cannata v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-502; Perry v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-228.
For purposes of deciding whether an automatic extension is valid, a taxpayer is treated as having properly estimated his tax liability when the taxpayer makes a bona fide and reasonable estimate of the tax liability based on the information available at the time the request for extension is made. Crocker v. Commissioner, supra at 908.
In the instant case, petitioners have offered no evidence that the Welshes' estimate of their taxes for taxable year 1983 was reasonable. Accordingly, petitioners have failed to prove that their automatic extension was valid. Because the automatic extension was invalid, the Welshes' tax return for taxable year 1983 was required to be filed on April 15, 1984. As the Welshes' return was not filed until October 17, 1984, petitioners must establish that the Welshes' failure to file a timely return is based on reasonable cause and not willful neglect in order for the Welshes to avoid liability for the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1). United States v. Boyle, supra at 245. Petitioners, however, have offered no evidence that the Welshes' failure to file was the result of reasonable cause and not the result of willful neglect. Consequently, we hold that the Welshes are liable for the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1).
Respondent determined additions to tax against Condor and the Welshes for negligence under section 6653(a)(1) and (2). Negligence is a lack of due care or a failure to do what a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person would do under the circumstances. Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934, 947 (1985). Petitioners bear the burden of proving error in respondent's determination of the addition to tax under section 6653(a). Bixby v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 757, 791-92 (1972).
We have held above that, due to the change in the inhabitant rule by TRA 1986, Condor was required to file a return with the IRS for the taxable year in issue and that it did not file such a return. We also have held that Condor and the Welshes have not shown that their failure to timely file their return was the result of reasonable cause as opposed to willful neglect. In the absence of any showing that their failure to timely file was reasonable or that they acted with ordinary prudence, petitioners are liable for the additions to tax for negligence under section 6653(a)(1) and (2) for the taxable years in issue. Emmons v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 342 (1989), affd. 898 F.2d 50 (5th Cir. 1990).
Respondent also determined an addition to tax under section 6661(a) against Condor and the Welshes. An addition is required under section 6661(a), if petitioners substantially understated their income tax for the taxable years in issue. The amount of the addition is 25 percent of the amount of any underpayment attributable to such understatement. Pallottini v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 498 (1988).
Section 6661(b)(2)(B) provides that the amount of the understatement shall be reduced by that portion of the understatement which is attributable to the taxpayer's treatment of any item for which substantial authority existed for such treatment or any item with respect to which the relevant facts affecting the item's tax treatment are adequately disclosed in the return or in a statement attached to the return. Petitioners do not claim that their returns adequately disclosed the facts affecting the tax treatment of the items in issue.
In evaluating whether a taxpayer's position regarding the tax treatment of an item is supported by substantial authority, the weight of authorities in support of the taxpayer's position must be decided using the same analysis that the court would follow in evaluating the treatment of the item. Antonides v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 686, 702 (1988), affd. 893 F.2d 656 (4th Cir. 1990); sec. 1.6661-3(b)(3), Income Tax Regs.
Petitioners have the burden of proving respondent's determinations under section 6661 are incorrect. Weis v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 473, 490 (1990). Petitioners, however, have not cited any authority that supports their respective positions. Consequently, we hold that petitioners are liable for the addition to tax for substantial understatement of their taxes for the years in issue.
The final issue we must decide is whether Condor is liable for the addition to tax under section 6655, which provides for an addition to tax when a corporation makes an underpayment of estimated tax.
Condor contends that it is not liable for the addition to tax under section 6655 citing as authority section 1543 of TRA 1986. That section provides the following:
No addition to tax shall be made under section 6654 or 6655 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to failure to pay estimated tax) for any period before April 16, 1987 (March 16, 1987, in the case of a taxpayer subject to section 6655 of such Code), with respect to any underpayment, to the extent such underpayment was created or increased by any provision of this Act.
Section 1543 of TRA 1986 was enacted at the same time the inhabitant rule was repealed. On its face, the provision gives relief from the addition to tax for underpayment for estimated taxes caused by the repeal of the inhabitant rule, which repeal was retroactive to the extent of pre-1987 open years under section 1277(c)(2) of TRA 1986. The General Explanation of TRA 1986 section 1543, however, would apparently limit such relief to situations in which the taxpayer has filed a return on or before April 15, 1987. The General Explanation provides in part:
The Act makes several changes that increase tax liabilities from the beginning of 1986. Consequently, the Act allows individual taxpayers until April 15, 1987, and corporations until March 15, 1987 (the final filing date for calendar year returns), to pay their full 1986 income tax liabilities without incurring any additions to tax on account of underpayments of estimated tax to the extent that the underpayments are attributable to changes in the law made by [the] Act. [Emphasis added.]
Staff of Joint Comm, on Taxation, General Explanation of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, at 1296 (J. Comm. Print 1987). Because Condor never filed a return with the United States, the general explanation appears to interpret section 1543 of TRA 1986 as not providing relief from the addition. On its face, however, section 1543 of TRA 1986 applies to Condor. The plain meaning of the provision is clear, namely, that no addition shall be made under section 6655 for any period before March 16, 1987. The provision is not conditioned upon filing a return. While the general explanation is entitled to great respect, it is not a part of the legislative history of the statute it explains and, consequently, should not be relied upon to contradict the plain words of the statute. Zinniel v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 357, 367 n.12 (1987). We therefore hold that Condor is not liable for the addition to tax under section 6655.
We have considered all of petitioners' other arguments and those of amici curiae and find all such arguments lacking in merit.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.
50 percent of the interest due on the deficiency.
50 percent of the interest due on the deficiency.
Rev. Rule 80-40,1980-1 C.B. 175, discusses the circumstances under which a U.S. manufacturing corporation that has its principal office in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) is treated as a USVI inhabitant and therefore able to satisfy its U.S. income tax obligation by paying tax on its income from all sources to the USVI.
Sec. 882, as amended by Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, ch. 558, 68 Stat. 508 (1954), provides in part:
SEC. 882(a). IMPOSITION OP TAX—
(1) IN GENERAL. — A foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the Virgin Islands during the taxable year shall be taxable as provided in section 11, 55, 59A or 1201(a) on its taxable income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the Virgin Islands.
The problem of double taxation is avoided by application of the foreign tax credit or, for those corporations which qualify, the possession tax credit of sec. 936, made available to corporations operating in the Virgin Islands by Pub. L. 99-514,100 Stat. 2085 (1986). See Chyatte, “Taxation Through the Looking Glass: The Mirror Theory and the Income Tax System of the U.S. Virgin Islands Before and After the Tax Reform Act of 1986”, 6 International Tax & Bus. Law. 170, 193 (1988).
Sec. 1277(c)(2) of Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514,100 Stat. 2085,2601, describes which taxpayers are responsible, at the time of enactment of 1275(b), for filing two returns. Sec. 1277(c)(2) provides in part:
(A) In general. — The amendment made by section 1275(b) shall apply with respect to—
(i) any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1986, and
(ii) any pre-1987 open year.
'!* H* H*
(C) Pre-1987 open year. — For purposes of this paragraph, the term “pre-1987 open year” means any taxable year beginning before January 1,1987, if on the date of the enactment of this Act the assessment of a deficiency of income tax for such taxable year is not barred by any law or rule of law.
In Danbury, the deficiency was determined by the BIR, in contrast to the instant case, which arises out of a deficiency determined by the IRS.
Clearly, the phrase “barred by any law or rule of law” does not include the inhabitant rule itself because that is the very rule sought to be eliminated by the enactment of section 1275(b) of TRA 1986. To hold otherwise would require that we interpret the statute in a manner that would give it no effect, in violation of the rule of interpretation set forth by the Supreme Court in D. Ginsberg & Sons v. Popkin, 285 U.S. 204, 208 (1932). See Business Ventures International v. Olive, 893 F.2d 641, 644 (3d Cir. 1990) (rejecting a similar argument made by the BIR in an attempt to assert that the BIR, rather than the IRS, was the proper agency to collect the tax).
The IRS filed an amicus curiae brief in Danbury, Inc. v. Olive, supra.
Sec. 1277(c)(2)(D) and (E) provides:
(D) EXCEPTION. — In the case of any pre-1987 open year, the amendment made by section 1275(b) shall not apply to any domestic corporation if—
(i) during the fiscal year which ended May 31, 1986, such corporation was actively engaged directly or through a subsidiary in the conduct of a trade or business in the Virgin Islands and such trade or business consists of business related to marine activities, and
(ii) such corporation was incorporated on March 31, 1983, in Delaware.
(E) Exception for certain transactions.—
(i) IN GENERAL. — In the case of any pre-1987 open year, the amendment made by section 1275(b) shall not apply to any income derived from transactions described in clause (ii) by 1 or more corporations which were formed in Delaware on or about March 6,1981, and which have owned 1 or more office buildings in St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, for at least 5 years before the date of the enactment of this Act.
(ii) DESCRIPTION OF TRANSACTIONS.' — -The transactions described in this clause are—
(I) the redemptions of limited partnership interests for cash and property described in an agreement (as amended) dated March 12, 1981,
(II) the subsequent disposition of the properties distributed in such redemptions, and
(III) interest earned before January 1,1987, on bank deposits of proceeds received from such redemptions to the extent such deposits are located in the United States Virgin Islands.
(iii) Limitation. — The aggregate reduction in tax by reason of this subparagraph shall not exceed $8,312,000. If the taxes which would be payable as the result of the application of the amendment made by section 1275(b) to pre-1987 open years exceeds the limitation of the preceding sentence, such excess shall be treated as attributable to income received in taxable years in reverse chronological order.
| CASELAW |
GLY 1102 Topic 8
At their maximum, Cretaceous seas covered approximately half of the present land area of the Earth
False (1/3)
For most of the Mesozoic, __ occurred along the western margin of North America causing the formation of volcanic arcs and numerous collisional events of volcanic arcs and microcontinents
subduction
Closer toward the margins of Pangaea, __ climates of altering wet and dry seasons were common
monsoonal
Higher average temperatures cause some expansion of ocean waters and raise sea levels
True
Although Pangaea was beginning to rift apart in the __, the still-connected continents facilitated widespread dispersal of the dinosaurs
Triassic
If the average rate of seafloor spreading increases on a global basis, ridge volume decreases
False (increase)
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The Connecticut River Valley was a Mesozoic __ containing abundant dinosaur footprints
rift basin
By the Middle Jurassic, sea level began to rise again, continuing to a high level in the __
Late Cretaceous
Dry and hot desert conditions persisted in many interior continental areas of Pangaea during the Early and Middle Jurassic
True
Rocks of the Upper Jurassic contain more diverse and abundant dinosaur fossils then those of the earlier Jurassic
True
The Late Jurassic partial breakup of Pangaea and higher sea level increased the proximity of large land areas to the moisture of the ocean; as a result, climate become more continental (warmer with less seasonality) and drier
False
Monsoons are caused by seasonal differences in temperatures and atmospheric pressure between oceans and continents
True
During the Cretaceous, cool temperate forests covered the polar regions where there was seasonal snowfall and thick ice sheets
False
The lack of global glaciation would case sea level to be:
higher than today
At the peak of Mesozoic warmth, in the Cretaceous, the pole-to-equator temperature gradient was probably no more than __ degrees C
20
The continued warm climate of the Late Cretaceous, combined with higher than average seafloor spreading rates, resulted in the highest sea level of the Mesozoic
True
During the Early Cretaceous, conifers became dominant over cycads
True
During the Triassic, Gondwana was north of the equator
False
Higher Late Jurassic sea level flooded the low-lying portions of continents creating __ sea
An epicontinental
Plate tectonic events inhibited early dinosaur dispersal
False
During the Late Jurassic, an interior seaway called the __ Sea formed in North America, extending from the Arctic almost to the Gulf of Mexico
Sundance
Flowering trees and grasses evolved during the Middle Triassic
False
During the Jurassic, western North America was covered by expansive eolian sands
True
Late Cretaceous lea level was so high that it flooded the entire Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of the US
True
The average elevation of physiographic regions of the ocean basins can change over time, as a consequence of changes in the rates of __
Seafloor spreading
During the Late Cretaceous, forests grew in coastal Antarctica and in Canada as far north as 85 degrees N latitude
True
The Tethys Seaway divided Africa from Europe in the Middle Jurassic, separating African dinosaurs from their cousins to the north
True
The three geologic periods of the Mesozoic are, from the oldest to youngest,
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
The rise of the Late Jurassic sea level continued into the Cretaceous
True
Most sea level change during more recent ( last 2 million years ) geologic time has been the result of
changes in glacial ice volume | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How Can Smoking Affect Your Sperm Count – HowFlux
How Can Smoking Affect Your Sperm Count
How Smoking Damages Sperm
Male sperm play an important role in making a female fertilized. When a female becomes fertilized, she is much more likely to give birth to a baby and thus to have a good sperm count means a sure fortune to become a father. Within a single shot of semen, there are millions of sperm that enter the female body, but just one of them is able to win the race of fertilization, making the female fertilized and when you are habitual of smoking, the sperm count in your body gets reduced and thus your sperms meet a pause or damage. The ways in which smoking habit damages your sperms can be explained as follows:-
How Can Smoking Affect Your Sperm Count
How Can Smoking Affect Your Sperm Count
1. Reduces Sperm Count As Well as Quality and Motility:-
Smoking affects your sexual health very much badly. It affects both, your sperm count (sperm quantity) and motility (how fast those swimmers can reach an egg). All of these situations act as a kind of damage for your sexual health as well as your sperm count and thus affect your days of physical intimacy with your partner as well.
2. Dangerous If You Have a Low Sperm Count:-
If you have a low sperm count, it is dangerous for your sexual cycle. Low sperm count means less chances to make your female partner fertilized during reproduction and thus when you have a low sperm count, your chances to become a father are also reduced.
3. Smoking Makes Your Sperms less Capable to Fertilize Eggs:-
Let me make you understand the process of female fertilization first. A female contains eggs or ova which get fertilized when the male sperm enter the female reproductive organ and once her egg get fertilized, she is able to give birth to a baby. When you have a less sperm count, she is less likely to be fertilized and hence less likely even to become a mother.
4. Even the Studies Support this:-
Even the studies support that when you have a less sperm count, you are both unable to satisfy your female partner. This creates distance and disturbance in your physical relationship and thus creates about a kind of distance amongst you as well as your partner.
5. Smokers Are Rather Less Active During Sex:-
It has also been noted down time and again that a person who smokes will always be less active during sex. He will be less active and slow. He won’t be able to satisfy his partner and she will also experience a kind of exhaustedness when you make sex with her. It makes you a part of loss of self-esteem when your partner is not satisfied with you.
6. Reduced Level of Protamine and More Chances of DNA Damage:-
There are two small highly charged proteins in a human sperm cell. These can be named as protamine 1 and protamine-2. A balance needs to be created this with sperms as well as sperm cells and when we smoke, the level of protamine -2 charged proteins gets reduced in our body which makes us experience lack of sexual health and thus keeps us at a drawback.
About the Author: Editorial Team
Hello from your friendly Editorial Team at HowFlux.com. We thank you for visiting our website and hope you find our articles both fun and educational. We try to cover a wide range of topics and have over 3,000 articles posted for you to enjoy. Thank you again for being a loyal reader! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Social Victorians/People/Beraud
Also Known As
* Family name: Béraud
* Jean Béraud
Demographics
* Nationality: French
Family
* Jean Béraud (12 January 1849 – 4 October 1935)
Timeline
1872, Béraud exhibited at the Salon.
1889, Béraud exhibited at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris.
1897 July 2, Jean Béraud attended the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball.
Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball
At the Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball, Mr. Jean Béraud (at 312) was dressed as Cinq Mars among the Visitors to the Court of Savoia in the 17th-century procession. | WIKI |
Is It Bad To Read With A Flashlight? Best Guide
Have you ever been told that reading with a flashlight can harm your eyes? It’s a standard warning we’ve all heard at some point, but is there any truth to it?
Reading with a flashlight in the dark can strain your eyes. LED Flashlight torches, emitting cold light, may cause reflective glare, which is harmful to the eyes. Opt for alternatives like a reading lamp, minimizing the risks associated with reading in the dark with a flashlight.
Let’s delve into the fascinating world of ocular health and uncover the reality behind the popular myth: Is it bad to read with a flashlight? Prepare to shed light on this intriguing topic and gain insights that may surprise and enlighten you.
Is It Bad To Read With A Flashlight?
To read with a flashlight is not advisable. The strong and close light source can quickly tire the eye nerves, leading to images being received by the cornea without a reaction. Repeatedly doing this may result in short-sightedness or an increase in the required prescription.
Using a flashlight to read doesn’t necessarily harm your eyes, but thinking about a few things is essential for eye comfort. Ensure the area where you’re reading is well-lit to reduce strain, position the flashlight to avoid glare, keep a comfortable distance from the material, and use a flashlight with adjustable brightness.
Taking breaks and dealing with any discomfort can help keep your eyes healthy. While reading with a flashlight can be handy, it’s crucial to focus on good lighting for maximum comfort and less strain on your eyes.
How Reading At Night With Flashlight Affects Your Eyes?
Using a flashlight to read at night can impact your eyes in various ways, both positively and negatively. Let’s explore how reading at night with flashlight can affect your eyes:
Positive Effects
Controlled Lighting: Reading with a flashlight gives you direct control over the lighting conditions, allowing you to adjust the brightness to a comfortable level and reduce strain on your eyes.
Reduced Blue Light Exposure: Some flashlights emit warmer light tones that produce less blue light than electronic devices like phones and tablets. This can help mitigate the adverse effects of blue light exposure on sleep patterns.
Negative Effects
Eye Strain: Reading in low-light conditions, even with a flashlight, can cause eye strain as insufficient lighting may force your eyes to work harder to focus on the text, leading to discomfort, headaches, or fatigue.
Decreased Blinking: In dark environments, people tend to blink less frequently than in well-lit areas, contributing to dry eyes and discomfort.
Limited Peripheral Vision: The focused beam of a flashlight may restrict your peripheral sight, and constantly adjusting its position may strain the eye muscles.
Disrupting Your Sleep Cycle: Being exposed to bright light, such as from a flashlight, late at night can disturb your natural sleep patterns and melatonin production, making it difficult to fall asleep. This is especially important to consider if you’re reading right before going to bed.
Ways to Reduce Negative Impact
Proper Illumination: Ensure the area where you’re reading has sufficient lighting. Use ambient light and a flashlight to create a well-balanced brightness.
Adjustable Brightness: Opt for a flashlight with adjustable brightness levels to customize the lighting to suit your comfort.
Take Regular Breaks: Take frequent breaks while reading to avoid straining your eyes. Look away from the page and focus on something in the distance to relax your eye muscles.
Blink Often: Be mindful of blinking regularly to keep your eyes moist and decrease the risk of dryness.
Warm Lighting: Choose a flashlight with warmer colour tones to minimize exposure to blue light.
Reading with a flashlight at night can be enjoyable and convenient if done thoughtfully. Taking steps to optimize lighting conditions and being aware of potential issues can help reduce any negative impact on your eyes.
If you experience ongoing discomfort or vision problems, seeking advice from an eye care professional is best.
Tips on Reading With Flashlight in the Dark
Reading in low light conditions can be made easier by using a flashlight, allowing for a more enjoyable reading experience. However, it’s essential to consider a few factors to ensure comfort and protect your eyes.
Here are some tips to improve your reading sessions in the dark:
1. Choose the Right Flashlight: Select a flashlight with adjustable brightness levels to suit your preferences and reading environment. Look for one with a diffuser or adjustable focus to evenly distribute light and reduce glare.
2. Positioning for Optimal Illumination: Experiment with different angles to find the best lighting position that illuminates the material without causing shadows or discomfort.
3. Select a Proper Reading Environment: Diminish ambient light in the room for better flashlight effectiveness, and choose a quiet, comfortable space that minimizes distractions.
4. Maintain an Optimal Distance: Hold the flashlight at an appropriate distance for clear visibility without straining your eyes, avoiding holding it too close to the material.
5. Use a Clip-on or Hands-Free Option: Enhance your reading experience in low light by using a clip-on flashlight that can be attached to your book or e-reader, allowing for hands-free reading. This can reduce fatigue and help you focus on the content during long reading sessions.
6. Take Regular Breaks: To protect your eyes while reading, remember to take regular breaks and blink often to prevent eye strain and dryness, especially during long reading sessions.
7. Adjust Colour Temperature: Look for a flashlight that allows you to adjust the colour temperature, as warmer light is gentler on the eyes and can make reading more comfortable.
8. Choose Red Light Option: If you’re reading in a shared space, consider using a flashlight with a red light option to minimize disturbance and preserve your night vision.
9. Get A Reading Light: Consider getting a reading light with a flexible neck to direct the light exactly where you need it for an improved reading experience in the dark.
10. Prioritize Overall Health: Be mindful of any discomfort or dryness in your eyes while reading, and prioritize your overall eye health by scheduling regular check-ups with an eye doctor to address any underlying issues.
By following these specific recommendations for reading in low light conditions, you can optimize your dark reading experience while safeguarding your eye health.
Conclusion
In conclusion, reading with a flashlight can positively and negatively affect our eyes and overall well-being. While it may provide a convenient solution for reading in the dark, especially in emergencies or while camping, it can also strain the eyes and disrupt sleep patterns.
It is essential to be mindful of the distance between the light source and the reading material and take frequent breaks to rest your eyes. Investing in a proper reading light with adjustable brightness and position may be a better alternative to minimize potential negative impacts.
Ultimately, it is crucial to prioritize eye health and consider alternatives to reduce potential harm from reading with a flashlight. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
PGPLOT
PGPLOT is a device-independent graphics subroutine library written starting in 1983 by Tim Pearson, a professor at the California Institute of Technology. PGPLOT is written mostly in FORTRAN with a modular output API that allows output to several dozen types of plotting device. PGPLOT has been widely used in the academic and scientific communities, because it provides both low-level (glyph, point, line, and area) plotting primitives and also high-level facilities for drawing graphs. PGPLOT may be redistributed to third parties and modified, but only in binary form. Neither the original nor modified source code are allowed to be redistributed. The most recent version of PGPLOT is 5.2.2, released in February 2001, although third parties have written unofficial patches that include support for additional devices, 64 bit systems, and RGB (true color) plotting.
PGPLOT provides C and Fortran 77 interface. There are also several user-contributed bindings, such as C++, perl, python, ruby and tcl/tk.
PGPLOT includes device-independent output to many devices including several types of image file, graphics display terminals and plotters, PostScript devices, and X Window. Interactive devices can be used to deliver numeric parameters to the controlling program via a graphics cursor. It is known to run on many operating systems, including most Unix-like systems, MacOS, and Microsoft Windows.
In part because of its age, PGPLOT has several limitations compared to newer packages such as PLplot. In particular, PGPLOT supports only 8-bit indexed color graphics, and not full RGB color; and there is no clean way to render graphics directly to an array in program memory. The library PG2PLplot has been developed to aid the transition from PGPlot to PLplot in Fortran programs. | WIKI |
Talk:Ultrafilter
axiom 2 is dependent
Most natural, perhaps, to regard U as a boolean homomorphism, as is said in the article. Then axiom 2 follows from the rest.
A \subset B iff A \cap B^c = \{\} which implies f(A)\wedge \neg f(B) = 0, i.e., f(B)\imples f(A) from axioms 1,3,4
MotherFunctor (talk) 21:43, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
* You're right that axiom (2) follows from (1),(3),(4). I think the advantage of this presentation is that (1)-(3) define a filter, and (4) is then the property that distinguishes ultrafilters. Perhaps this should be made more explicit. EdwardLockhart (talk) 08:46, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
subsets
Concerning the little argument about subset/subseteq, see the longstanding consensus described at WikiProject Mathematics/Conventions. In both instances subsetneq instead of subseteq would have been formally correct but confusing. Therefore subset would confuse both those readers who read subset as strict inclusion and those who are aware that both readings are possible and who would have to think about which is meant here because it's not sufficiently obvious that it doesn't make a difference. --Hans Adler (talk) 13:30, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
* Thanks for the reference. The first part of the original text was $$U\subset F \implies U=F$$. That seems about as obvious a case as could be imagined where subseteq and subsetneq are equivalent. The other one looks obvious as well (since the case A=X is the same as A={}). If we think that's not the case, I guess I'll revert the first and leave the second alone. EdwardLockhart (talk) 16:41, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
Ultrapower construction of "hyperreals"
I think the following is highly misleading: For example, in constructing hyperreal numbers as an ultraproduct of the real numbers, we first extend the domain of discourse from the real numbers to sequences of real numbers. This sequence space is regarded as a superset of the reals by identifying each real with the corresponding constant sequence. To extend the familiar functions and relations (e.g., + and <) from the reals to the hyperreals, the natural idea is to define them pointwise. But this would lose important logical properties of the reals; for example, pointwise < is not a total ordering. So instead we define the functions and relations "pointwise modulo U", where U is an ultrafilter on the index set of the sequences; by Łoś' theorem, this preserves all properties of the reals that can be stated in first-order logic.
On a minor quibble, the term "ultraproduct of the real numbers" doesn't make sense: product with what? It should be "ultrapower", i.e. a product of (infinitely many) copies of the real numbers.
More importantly, the individuals (i.e. the elements of the domain of discourse) in the ultrapower model are not sequences of real numbers. They are equivalence classes of sequences of real numbers modulo the ultrafilter. This means that the rest of the description needs to be revised. Rdbenham (talk) 04:45, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
Nets and Universal Nets
How can an article on ultrafilters be considered comprehensive if it doesn't even mention the related (competing?) notion of a universal net? Rwilsker (talk) 14:14, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
* This is not a featured article, so there is no implicit claim that it is more or less complete. From the point of view of mathematical logic, ultrafilters are an important tool while (universal) nets simply do not play a role. Why don't you write a section on universal nets if you care about them? --Hans Adler (talk) 14:42, 16 June 2009 (UTC)
* As I understand it there is a "duality" between nets in general and filters in general, including a formal "bridge" between the notions. Also, at least some (all?) theorems have an analogue "across the bridge". This probably [decidedly if you ask me:)] deserves mention in the filter/net page or both. YohanN7 (talk) 22:24, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* It is mentioned well enoguh in filter that filters were developed as an alternative notion to nets. YohanN7 (talk) 23:02, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* Nets are important in topology, but ultrafilter is a much broader notion not restricted to the setting of topology. -- Walt Pohl (talk) 20:04, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
Axiom of Choice
The prove that there are free ultrafilters involve the axiom of choice, so we cannot make an explicit general construction of these ultrafilters. Nonetheless, we can show some specific examples. The Frechet filter is an example of a free ultrafilter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:51, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
* The Fréchet filter is not an ultrafilter. — Emil J. 11:25, 25 November 2009 (UTC)
* More precisely, the frechet filter is the intersection of all free ultrafilters. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:57, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
Ramsey filter
The definition of a Ramsey filter seems to require an unstated condition, namely that the C_n are nonempty. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:19, 29 June 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, they certainly must be, but I believe that is usually implicit in saying a partition. The current article for partition of a set agrees with this convention, albeit with a citation from a combinatorics text. Wgunther (talk) 15:40, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
door topology
Can someone comment on the relation to door space? Tkuvho (talk) 15:03, 12 February 2012 (UTC)
Confusing tag
I added the confusing tag because the article intro is unintelligible to non-mathematicians. Lay readers should be given an intuition of the topic, as well as a sense of its history and importance to mathematics, before the symbols and jargon are explored. As an example, see infinitesimal. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:03, 21 September 2014 (UTC)
I've rewritten the introduction to make it more accessible. Let me know what you think. Grabigail (talk) 17:39, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
Names of axioms
, I consider the names you put on the axioms to be confusing. Perhaps some names might be appropriate, but not those. Also, I think we may need a source for those axioms. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 06:16, 25 December 2014 (UTC)
I would prefer that if you don't like them you replace them with better ones rather than deleting them. Reason being that someone who wants to scan the page should be able to get an idea from the English description and then invest more time to read the symbols for the exact meaning. Crasshopper (talk) 05:05, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
* It might indeed be convenient if they had names. But we don't invent names, just for convenience in our articles. That's not what an encyclopedia does.
* If you write a textbook, go ahead and come up with names, if you think it helps the exposition. If those names become widely accepted, then at some point, they can be reflected in Wikipedia. But not now. That's just not what we do. --Trovatore (talk) 08:29, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
Notation
Could the meaning of the symbol "⊊" please be stated on this page? Without that, it's impossible to understand the definition. Nathaniel Virgo (talk) 15:13, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
* ✅ I linked the first occurrence of that symbol to its definition - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 17:18, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
* My feeling is that linking symbols is pretty useless and can be visually distracting. Maybe we should call it out in prose instead? --Trovatore (talk) 18:58, 25 February 2020 (UTC)
"Proper" filters
I suggested on talk:filter (mathematics) that we consider adopting the convention that filters are "proper" by definition. I think this is a reasonably common convention in the wild, would save a lot of verbiage related to trivialities, make the article more readable, and not lose any useful generality. --Trovatore (talk) 00:25, 15 March 2020 (UTC)
Section on applications
Should the section be moved to Ultrafilter (set theory)? The section seems to deal with that notion. Paolo Lipparini (talk) 19:53, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
What preposition should we use by default?
Should we keep using the potentially confusing "on" as the default (especially as we try to clarify the relation between this article and Ultrafilter (set theory)), or should we switch to another preposition across the board? Bbbbbbbbba (talk) 06:05, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
* Currently, this article seems to say "an ultrafilter on a given partially ordered set $$P$$", which can cause confusion with the phrase "an ultrafilter on a set $$X$$", where $$P$$ would actually be the power set of $$X$$ ordered by set inclusion.
* Note 1 in the "Notes" section mentions that "Some authors [citation needed] use '(ultra)filter of a partial ordered set' vs. 'on an arbitrary set'".
* You used "ultrafilter in a partially ordered set" on Talk:Ultrafilter (set theory), so I followed suit there, although I don't know if that's just a personal habit or whether a more notable source also uses "in".
* Certainly "ultrafilter on a set" seems the most common usage for that case. I wrote "ultrafilter in a poset" without thinking too much, just wanting a different proposition to keep things straight. But looking at Jech, Set theory, and various posts in https://mathoverflow.net, it seems that "ultrafilter on a poset" is also used most frequently for that second case. ("ultrafilter of a poset" was only used in Davey and Priestley?) So I would just leave things alone, relying on context to know which case is being considered. It should not cause confusion for readers who are at the level of appreciating any of the two ultrafilter articles. PatrickR2 (talk) 16:49, 28 May 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
In the Yakima Valley, Serious Wines and Sweeping Vistas
Pursuits Travelers to the Pacific Northwest are sometimes lured by postcard promises of orca whales or the Space Needle against a backdrop of lofty peaks. But what too few tourists learn is this: The massive dome of Mount Rainier — arguably the showiest of Washington State’s majestic Cascades — is best beheld not from Puget Sound but from the high desert east of the mountains. There, from points up and down the Yakima Valley, Rainier and its sister summit, Mount Adams, loom like giant snow cones above swaths of irrigated farmland and sagebrush-covered range. A world away from Seattle, the “dry side,” as it is known to Washingtonians, is home to more tractors than Teslas. In addition to broad vistas and respite from rain, the region boasts a booming wine industry: The pioneers who first took a chance on planting Vitis vinifera — in a place where Concord grapes were king — have in one generation seen the number of wineries in Washington State swell from a handful to nearly 1,000. Seattleites increasingly find sport in seeking out a few rays of sunshine and returning with a few cases of wine. Many of the old-timers and plenty of the newcomers keep shop along a 75-mile-stretch of Interstate 82 between Yakima and the Tri-Cities (where Pasco, Richland and Kennewick prosper at the confluence of the Yakima, Snake and Columbia Rivers). More than 40 wine-grape varietals are now planted in the Yakima Valley, chief among them chardonnay, merlot, cabernet sauvignon, riesling and syrah. Tasting rooms beckon at nearly every exit. Napa it is not. Loamy soil, prodigious snowmelt and lots of sunshine sustain a richly diverse agriculture whose color and character seem more aligned with parts of the Midwest than the “Left Coast.” Roughly 75 percent of the nation’s hops are grown here, and the loopy architecture of hop yards — a giant cat’s cradle of stilts and strings — is a common sight. Pink Lady apple trees, pruned like poodles, rival the topiaries at Versailles. The valley is also the nation’s leading producer of spearmint and peppermint oil; carpets of dark green leaves, destined for toothpaste and chewing gum, line the roadsides. At the Darigold dairy plant in Sunnyside, legend has it that the annual production of cheese blocks, if stacked vertically, would exceed the elevation of Rainier (14,411 feet). Visitors to the region are in for a treat even before they get there: The drives from Seattle, over the shoulder of Rainier, and from Portland, Ore., up the mighty Columbia River Gorge, feature scenes that look like pages ripped from a grade-school geography text. From Seattle, consider a detour onto the Yakima River Canyon Scenic Byway. Along the route, the Roza Dam, built in 1939, diverts the irrigation water that makes it all possible. (Flights into Pasco, where the airport has just undergone a major expansion, can offer glimpses of waving wheat and black polka dots that are Angus cows.) I first came to the valley in the early 1980s, when my sister and her husband started a small winery there. At a lawn party to mark the release of their first merlot, we ate sweet native shrimp that my brother had netted in Puget Sound; tender asparagus from a nearby farm stand (locals will not eat asparagus unless it is picked that day); and little lamb chops, grilled to perfection by a friend whose Spanish ancestors ran sheep in Eastern Washington in the early 1900s. I have been returning as often as I can ever since. Last fall I volunteered to help out with the chardonnay crush and took a couple of afternoons off to visit five wineries of different shapes and sizes. At every stop, tasting-room workers were eager to share what they knew, without pretense; you can learn a lot about wine in these parts without being made to feel like a rube. My first stop was Barnard Griffin, a trailblazer founded in 1983 on the outskirts of Richland, in the shadow of Badger Mountain. I piggybacked on a bus-tour tasting in full swing, and took special note of the winemaker Rob Griffin’s peachy 2014 chardonnay, which scored 94 points at the San Francisco International Wine Competition (I did a double-take at the price, just $14), and his juicy 2015 Sangiovese rosé, which won the “pink” sweepstakes award at the San Francisco Chronicle Wine Competition. I sampled six wines (the tasting fee of $10 is refunded if you buy wine). The Kitchen, next to the pergola-fronted tasting room, serves a “farm to fork” menu Tuesday to Saturday, starting at noon. I poked my head into db Studio, where Mr. Griffin’s wife, Deborah Barnard, makes exuberant art glass and teaches classes to aspiring glaziers. Up the road in Benton City, high above the modest stucco bungalows that skirt the base of Red Mountain, is the glamorous Col Solare, a joint effort of the Italian wine giant Marchesi Antinori and Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, the largest producer in the state. I joined a tour that began in the vineyard out front, where our guide joked about the winery’s “lakefront property,” an allusion to the cataclysmic Missoula floods that deposited local sediments favorable to growing grapes. The wines — red and red only — are made from Bordeaux varietals (and a touch of syrah); they command big prices — and get big scores. In the svelte tasting room, a flight of three wines was $17 (the selection included the formidable 2012 and 2013 Col Solare blends, which retail for $75). Darel Allwine oversees the winemaking; his 2014 Shining Hill, at a lower price ($40), had notes of Bing cherry and licorice. For snacking, marcona almonds seasoned with white truffle salt are $9; the charcuterie plate is $24. Moving on up to Prosser, I crossed the railroad tracks near the Tree Top fruit-processing plant to Mercer Estates. The Mercer family has farmed in the valley since the 1880s but has only lately come to winemaking; they grow every grape that goes into their proprietary wines, mostly on the pretty slopes and plateaus of the nearby Horse Heaven Hills. The winemaker Jessica Munnell, who is native to the valley, makes some beautiful reds, but I especially liked her brisk sauvignon blanc; cantaloupe-scented viognier; and super fruity Grenache rosé. Mercer has come away from the annual wine competition at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo with a trove of prizes — saddles, bridles and ornate silver buckles; these add a certain dash to the handsome tasting room, where the fee to taste is $5. The following day, I squeezed in a visit to the Walter Clore Wine and Culinary Center, also in Prosser. Walter Clore was a horticulturist at Washington State University who experimented with wine grapes and persuaded local growers to plant them. The nonprofit center’s mission is to educate consumers and promote each and every one of the state’s wineries (exhibits include a handy historic timeline). The tasting bar offers a rotating roster of wines, each month featuring a specific region (in February that was the Rattlesnake Hills, a sub-appellation visible from the grounds). The tasting fee is $10. The center offers a seasonal “wine bites” menu that features the local bounty. I headed next to the top of the valley, to Treveri Cellars, known for its sparkling wines. With the stone-and-timber heft of a ski lodge, the tasting room was at capacity at noon (a glorious outdoor patio, bubbly cocktails and a “small bites” menu are draws). Jürgen Grieb, the winemaker, studied méthode champenoise in his native Germany; he makes impeccable effervescent versions of riesling, gewürztraminer and Müller-Thurgau (as well as traditional blanc de blancs, blanc de noirs and a delicious sparkling rosé of chardonnay and syrah). At $15 to $20, these are bargain bubbles. Once a month, visitors can tour the facility and disgorge their own bottle before taking it home ($50, by appointment). Just beyond Treveri, a single-track road leads through cherry and nectarine orchards to Owen Roe. A striking barn-red metal building, set in a cup-shaped dale, houses the winery and tasting room. The surrounding slopes are studded with volcanic outcroppings and planted with roller-coaster rows of red-wine grapes. The winemaker David O’Reilly, who has a devoted following for his Oregon pinot noirs, blended his first Washington wines here in 2013. I tasted a flight of five wines for $10, which I applied to a bottle of his dense, luscious 2013 Union Gap Vineyard syrah ($55). Bottlings fall into three price tiers, and while many of the names are a hoot — the value-driven Corvidae line honors the pesky crows and magpies that raid the vineyards with wines called Mirth and WiseGuy — the pursuit of quality is serious. Picnicking is encouraged (a commercial kitchen is in the works). A tour of the winery, by reservation ($20), includes a private tasting and a ride through the estate’s organically farmed vineyard in an all-terrain Pinzgauer. Heading back down the valley, with late light touching acre upon acre of cropland, I thought of how very Western this particular part of the West was, in its ruggedness and enterprise and prosperity. I wished I had more time to explore the many farm towns and side roads, to play tourist, so to speak. But another block of chardonnay would be picked at dawn and delivered to the winery, where we would work long hours sorting stems and leaves from ripe fruit and hosing down equipment, then eat late and fall into bed, lulled to sleep by the rumble of trucks and trains. The Lodge at Columbia Point, in Richland, is a new luxury riverfront hotel with 82 rooms and suites. The Hotel Maison, in Yakima, was built in 1911 as a meeting place for Freemasons (the name is a pun) and renovated as a 36-room boutique hotel in 2016. Anthony’s at Columbia Point, in Richland, specializes in Northwest seafood. Wine o’Clock, in Prosser, features excellent fare from a wood-burning oven and wines from the Bunnell Family Cellar; the crisp 2014 Cottontop aligoté was standout — a little sweet, a little tart. In Zillah, the Teapot Dome Service Station is a charming piece of vernacular architecture built in 1922 to draw attention to the famous scandal of the Warren Harding administration; it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The American Hop Museum, in a former creamery in Toppenish, is devoted to the history of the hop industry in the valley. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Romney Beats Obama on Hope
This U.S. presidential election has come down to a candidate without real policies against a candidate without a compelling vision. Republican nominee Mitt Romney can tell you exactly what he wants to do, but barely a word about how he’ll do it. President Barack Obama can’t describe what he wants to achieve, but he can tell you everything about how he’ll get it done. At this point, Romney and Obama are running almost perfectly opposite campaigns. For Obama, this is a striking change. His 2008 campaign was all bold vision and grand plans. He wanted to change Washington and pass a universal health-care plan by the end of his first term. He pushed a cap-and-trade plan to slow carbon emissions and promised immigration reform , an end to the war in Iraq and a post-partisan era that would both reignite citizen control over government and make them proud of the results. To his credit, Obama actually achieved crucial elements of his agenda -- health-care reform and an end to the war in Iraq, to name two. But the economy remains too weak, and Washington too divided and dysfunctional, for voters to think that Obama made good on his 2008 promises. One recurring problem for presidential candidates is that they don’t know how much they can’t do, so they overpromise. This happened to Obama in 2008. The problem for presidents is the reverse: Knowing exactly how much they can’t do and fearful of again overpromising, they lose the ability to inspire. This is happening to Obama now. Modest Goals Obama campaign officials insist that they have an agenda. They want to create a million new manufacturing jobs, hire 100,000 new math and science teachers, and require the rich to pay a bit more in taxes to protect our most important public investments. Sorry, but I don’t buy it. The guy who ran in 2008 to change, well, almost everything, isn’t enduring the grind of another presidential campaign to give the manufacturing sector a modest push. Obama hasn’t forgotten his more ambitious goals on climate change or campaign finance reform or the American Jobs Act. He has just stopped mentioning them. Obama strategists think the American people are done with sweeping promises and transformative rhetoric. Voters are willing to believe Obama couldn’t have gotten much more done given the state of the economy and the intransigence of the Republicans, but they’re not willing to believe that a second term will somehow redeem the high hopes of the first. Obama has to run a more humble campaign, his strategists contend, because he must show that he has been tempered by experience and realism. What makes this desultory political posture so depressing is that behind the soft reliance on lower expectations lie detailed, serious policy ideas worthy of a great campaign. Obama’s American Jobs Act is still the best -- and most detailed -- plan on the table to create jobs. His health-care law, which will begin in earnest in 2014 assuming Obama is re- elected, will cover tens of millions of Americans and transform the delivery of medical care. Indeed, just this month, the law began linking Medicare hospital payments to value rather than volume, and penalizing hospitals with high numbers of preventable readmissions. It’s a huge accomplishment, but not one you’ll hear Obama mention on the campaign trail. When Obama gets specific about policies these days, it’s usually about Romney’s plans, not his own. Huge Ideas Conversely, Romney’s campaign agenda appears huge. He wants root-and-branch reform of the tax code , including a 20 percent across-the-board cut to marginal tax rates. He wants to reduce federal spending to 20 percent of gross domestic product and balance the budget. He wants to convert Medicare to a voucher program, make Medicaid a block-grant program, and repeal the health-care law and hand responsibility to the states. Ask how he intends to achieve any of this and the answers grow fuzzy. Romney will pay for his tax cuts and hold the burden steady on the rich by closing tax breaks that he won’t name and that the best independent analyses have concluded don’t exist in sufficient amounts to pay for the plan. Ask where he’ll make his vast budget cuts -- his plan implies a 40 percent cut to everything other than Medicare, Social Security and defense -- and Romney says he’ll cut tiny PBS. Ask how fast his Medicare vouchers will grow and he says he hasn’t decided. Ask how Medicaid recipients will survive his huge cut and he says the states will do more with less. Ask how he’ll replace Obama’s health-care law and he says that states should emulate Massachusetts , even though Massachusetts relied heavily on Medicaid funds that Romney has vowed to cut. This dearth of policy detail, however, is accompanied by a genuine vision about the kind of government we need, which problems it should try to solve and the general approach Romney would take in addressing them. Romney prevailed in last week’s debate in part because his vision filled the stage. Liberals have comforted themselves with the notion that Obama’s deficiencies were mainly stylistic. Obama looked down, seemed tired and appeared peevishly frustrated by Romney’s whoppers. In this view, it was a poor performance but not one indicative of deeper flaws. I went back and read the transcript, canceling out the relative effects of the candidates’ stage presence. On paper, Obama came off, if anything, a bit worse. It is startling how little he said about his agenda and how little passion he evinced for any cause other than stopping Romney. On the heels of a workmanlike convention speech that was particularly lacking in what used to be called “the vision thing,” his debate performance speaks of a deeper problem. Obama, at the moment, doesn’t have anything particularly inspiring to say. It might be that polls and focus groups have given the Obama campaign reason to retreat from presenting a bold agenda for a second term. But the dulling of the vision has led to the dulling of the candidate. A quick glance at the polls suggests voters don’t seem to like that much, either. ( Ezra Klein is a Bloomberg View columnist. The opinions expressed are his own.) Read more online from Bloomberg View . To contact the writer on this article: Ezra Klein in Washington at . To contact the editor responsible for this article: Francis Wilkinson at fwilkinson1@bloomberg.net . | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
To [Decorate] or Not to [Decorate]
Attributes are a very useful feature of many languages but I personally feel that they are used too often and in wrong circumstances. They’re primary shortcoming is the fact that attributes are set up at compile time. During code execution they can only be read but not modified.
How I use attributes
In Argolis I created a number of attributes to decorate classes which I want to expose in my Hydra API. I also reuse some attributes from Newtonsoft.Json and core libraries.
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[SupportedClass("http://example.api/vocab#Issue")]
public class Issue
{
[Range("http://purl.org/dc/terms/title")]
[Description("Short description of the problem")]
public string Title { get; set; }
[ReadOnly(true)]
[JsonProperty("date")]
public DateTime DateCreated { get; set; }
}
This is used to produce a machine-readable description of a supported class on the server, which ensures that the client is always using the latest API.
When I don’t use attributes
The above usage seems legit. After all this information is static: the identifiers don’t change at runtime, neither does the general contract.
puzzle
The next piece of my API Documentation puzzle are operations on a resource. In the simplest form they can define whether given a resource /users/tpluscode it is possible to perform PUT or POST etc.
However, unlike the contract, resource’s behaviour is likely to change depending on its state (eg. it shouldn’t be possible to delete an Issue in progress) or the current authorized user (eg. only administrators and owners should be allowed to delete an issue). With this requirement in mind I decided that attributes are not a good choice, because I would have to somehow bind them with contextual behaviour. That behaviour would live in another type, be passed to the attribute instance and somehow have to be combined at runtime. (Forgive the hideous class name :wink:)
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[SupportsDeleteOperation(typeof(OnlyIfUserIsAdminOrOwner))]
public class Issue
{
}
I don’t like the code above, because it pollutes the static nature of attributes. I fear this solution would also lead to coupling with a higher layer framework - Nancy in my case. Instead I created a basic interface, which is used to gather information about the available operations and can work nicely with dependency injection inside Nancy or Web API. In addition I prepared a simple base class, where operation can be wired up and some per-request context injected by the DI container.
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public class IssueSupportedOperations : SupportedOperations<Issue>, ISupportedOperations
{
public IssueSupportedOperations(NancyContextWrapper current)
{
Class.SupportsGet();
if (current.Context.CurrentUser.HasClaim("Admin"))
{
Class.SupportsDelete();
}
Property(issue => issue.ProjectId).SupportsGet();
}
}
To [Decorate] or not to [Decorate]
puzzle
I must say I feel quite dirty nonetheless, because by mixing to solution to complementary features of my library I caused some sort of duality - part of the API is to use attributes and part is to implement a base class, which the infrastructure discovers at runtime.
I’m on edge here. It’s like mixing NHibernate attributes and Fluent mappings in the same project. I’d like to hear if people do also find it a smell or is it acceptable.
Comments | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How Picking Works In Minara
An image is a series of drawing instructions, in other words it is a program. In Minara it is a program written in Scheme, the same Lisp dialect that Minara itself is (mostly) written in.
Minara allows us to change the drawing protocol, that is it allows us to change the functions that the names of the drawing instructions actually refer to.
Normally, these are functions that just draw the image to the screen.
But when picking (selecting objects), the drawing protocol is swapped for the picking protocol. The picking “drawing” functions no longer draw to the screen, they calculate the position in the program that is executing when the drawing surrounds the picking point.
This is incredibly inefficient. We can make it more efficient by cached the bounding boxes and other useful information for pickable shapes in a buffer variable on the document buffer. This can be given a timestamp and refreshed when the buffer changes and picking is initiated like the drawing cache for the buffer when drawing is initiated.
It is also incomplete. Code that calls across the network or generates different drawing instructions each time it runs may be difficult or impossible to pick. Even code that defines functions or uses loops or iteration to draw will require redefining to pick properly. But this will just require defun and other macros to be wrapped when picking. Fortunately this is something we can do thanks to the way Minara extends Guile, the Scheme implementation that it uses.
These considerations are secondary to what I believe is the elegance of the underlying picking model. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Alpine, Utah
Alpine is a city on the northeastern edge of Utah County, Utah, United States. The population was 10,251 at the time of the 2020 census. Alpine has been one of the many quickly-growing cities of Utah since the 1970s, especially in the 1990s. This city is thirty-two miles southeast of Salt Lake City. It is located on the slopes of the Wasatch Range north of Highland and American Fork. The west side of the city runs above the Wasatch Fault.
History
The area, which would one day become Alpine, was settled by William Wordsworth and several other homesteading families in the fall of 1850. The town was originally called Mountainville, and under the latter name settlement was first made in 1851. The city was renamed because the views from the elevated town site were compared to the Swiss Alps.
Geography
Alpine is located on State Route 74, just north of the city of Highland.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.2 sqkm. None of that area is covered with water, although several small mountain streams run through the city for years with sufficient rainfall.
There are several mountain biking trails around the city that attract bikers from all over the state. There are also many trails and paths well suited for back-trail hiking along the mountains. The nearby American Fork Canyon offers camping, swimming, and access to mountaineering regions around Mount Timpanogos.
The hills surrounding Alpine have been affected by several brush fires in recent years, the most devastating of which was the Quail Fire, which consumed over 2200 acres on the north-east side of town in July 2012. The area is serviced by the Lone Peak Fire Department and Lone Peak Police Force.
Demographics
Alpine is part of the Provo–Orem metropolitan area.
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 10,251 people, 1,662 households, and 1,545 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,319.67 people per square mile (383.2/km$2$). There were 2,804 housing units at an average density of 240.7 per square mile (93.0/km$2$). The racial makeup of the city was 96.40% White, 0.1% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2% from other races, and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.
There were 1,662 households, out of which 63.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 86.5% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 7.0% were non-families. 6.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years or older. The average household size was 4.30, and the average family size was 4.51.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.9% under 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $129,239, and the median income for a family was $74,891. Males had a median income of $57,250 versus $33,571 for females. The per capita income was $45,352. About 3.5% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those aged 65 or over.
Government
The mayor of Alpine is Carla Merrill. The members of the City Council are Jessica Smuin, Lon Lott, Kelli Law, Jason Thelin, and Greg Gordon. Alpine City Hall, located at the intersection of Main St. and Center St, celebrated the 80th anniversary of its construction in 2016.
Alpine is part of Utah's 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican John Curtis.
Education
Despite being a fairly small town, Alpine is home to five schools. Three of the schools are a part of the Alpine School District, while the fourth, Mountainville Academy, is a charter school for grades K-9. Alpine Elementary and Westfield Elementary are Alpine District Schools for grades K-6. The Alpine District elementary schools feed into Timberline Middle School, a 7–9 grade school. The Montessori Canyon Academy was founded by Michelle Kerr in 2014 and offers private preschool education.
Points of interest
* Burgess Park
* Creekside Park (100 South Park)
* Historic Moyle Park
* Horsetail Falls (Dry Creek Trail)
* Petersen Arboretum
* Sliding Rock
* American Fork Canyon (Alpine Scenic Highway)
* Tibble Fork Reservoir and Silver Lake Flat
Notable people
* William Grant Bangerter, religious authority
* Julie B. Beck, president of Relief Society 2007-12
* Jason Chaffetz, former congressman
* Frank Jackson, Duke and NBA basketball player
* Mike Kennedy, state representative and 2018 Utah senate candidate
* Rick Koerber, convicted fraudster
* Mike Lee, U.S. senator
* Bronco Mendenhall, Virginia Cavaliers football coach
* Dale Murphy, former MLB player
* Lloyd Newell, speaker for the Mormon Tabernacle Choir
* Orrin Olsen, BYU and NFL football player
* May Booth Talmage, Relief Society overseer
* Celestia Taylor, BYU professor
* The 5 Browns, classical music group
* Josh James, founder of Domo and the former Omniture
* Lee Johnson, former NFL player | WIKI |
Universal charger
Universal charger or common charger refers to various projects to standardize the connectors of power supplies, particularly for battery-powered devices.
Since the publication of the USB Power Delivery standard in 2012, and the USB-C connector in 2014, USB-C has become a widespread standard for charging mobile phones.
Advantages and disadvantages
A situation where a variety of connectors proliferate has several disadvantages. It is inconvenient and costly for users, and causes unnecessary electronic waste when users change devices, due to the disposal of chargers still in working order.
Legislation for mandatory charger standards has been criticized, particularly by Apple, who argued in 2019 that a single standard would "freeze innovation rather than encourage it." Apple also noted that if a universal standard was not an existing standard, adoption of a new standard would lead to increased e-waste. Apple uses their proprietary Lightning connector for many devices, but is in the process of transitioning to USB-C.
European Union
In 2009, the European Union proposed the common external power supply, a voluntary specification from 2009 to 2014, which used the micro USB connector.
In 2022, the EU passed Radio Equipment Directive 2022/2380, a law which requires all new smartphones to use USB-C charging by the end of 2024, and all laptops by spring 2026.
South Korea
In March 2001, the Korean Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) released a "Standard on I/O Connection Interface of Digital Cellular Phone". This standard describes the electromechanical interface specifications for cellular phone charging, wired data communication, analog audio, etc. and was released together with related test and certification specifications. The main feature of the standard is the specification of a 24-pin connector/socket for mobile phones to handle connections for power input (battery charging) and output, data communication (USB and other digital signals), analog audio inputs and outputs (for hands-free microphone, earphone) and other signals. The 2007 revision of the standard specified a smaller 20-pin connector to succeed the 24-pin connector and added analog (composite) video output support, among other changes. Chargers with the new 20-pin connectors started appearing in 2008 and phone manufacturers were urged to include 24-to-20-pin adapters with new phones sold in Korea to enable the charging of new phones with the older 24-pin chargers.
China
In December 2006, the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MII) released a new China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) standard, "Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment". This standard describes the electromechanical requirements for a common mobile device battery charger equipped with a USB type-A socket providing power at 5 V DC. All new mobile phones requesting network access approval in China from June 2007 are required to support charging from the new common chargers. The original 2006 regulation is flexible regarding the interface on the mobile phone itself, allowing for the use of adapter cables if the mobile device is not equipped with a standard USB connector. Among other things, the 2009 update adds references to USB On-The-Go (OTG) support and the use of USB micro-B, micro-AB, mini-B; and Mini-10-pin and cylindrical ("barrel") type connectors on the terminal (phone) for charging.
GSMA universal charging solution (UCS) and OMTP common charging solution (CCS)
In February 2009, the GSM Association (GSMA), together with six mobile phone manufacturers and technology providers, and eleven mobile service providers, announced their commitment to implementing a cross-industry standard for a common/universal charging solution for new mobile phones and chargers. The aim of the GSMA initiative was "...to ensure that the mobile industry adopts a common format for mobile phone charger connections and energy-efficient charger...". Universal charging solution (UCS) chargers were required to use micro-USB as the common universal charging interface and have a four-star or higher efficiency rating (standby energy use ≤ 0.15 W).
The Open Mobile Terminal Platform industry forum (OMTP) specified the requirements of the GSMA's Universal Charging Solution and published these requirements under the title "Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity" in 2009. This document specified the three components of a common charging solution (CCS): a charging and local data connector (CLD) on the "terminal" (e.g., a mobile phone) consisting of a micro USB-B (2.0) or micro USB-AB (2.0) receptacle; a common power supply (CPS) with a USB type-A receptacle; and a detachable USB type-A to micro USB-B (2.0) cable to connect the power supply with the mobile phone. As of early 2011, an additional 10 service providers and one additional mobile phone manufacturer had joined the agreement.
In April 2009, the industry trade group The Wireless Association (CTIA) announced its support of the GSMA's Universal Charging Solution.
ITU Universal power adapter and charger solution
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU, the UN specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies) announced in October 2009 that it had also embraced the universal charging solution standard—based on input from the GSMA—as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution." The ITU published Recommendation ITU-T L.1000, specifying a charger similar in most respects to that of the GSMA/OMTP proposal and of the Chinese charger and the EU's common EPS. The ITU specifies that the OMTP's more aggressive "preferred" no load consumption requirement be mandatory after a three-year "transition period" but is more flexible in allowing the use of captive cables and USB micro-B adapters in its "target solution" – similar to the European common EPS standard. The ITU recommendation was expanded and updated in June 2011.
USB Power Delivery and Type-C specification
In 2012, the USB Power Delivery (PD) specification was released. Power Delivery provides the ability for 5 V devices to draw more than 7.5 W of power (the limit specified by USB Battery Charging) from USB PD-aware ports when using PD-aware USB cables. The specification also allows PD ports to provide even greater power at higher voltages over PD-aware cables; up to 36 W at 12 V and 60 W at 20 V (for micro-USB connectors) and up to 60 W at 12 V and 100 W at 20 V (for type-A/B connectors).
In August 2014, the USB 3.0 Promoter Group announced the completion of the USB Type-C connector and cable specification. Type-C cables and connectors are reversible and are electrically backward compatible, but not physically backward compatible, with previous USB plugs and receptacles. New-to-existing cables and adapters have been defined. Some USB Type-C cables and connectors can support "USB performance at SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps (USB 3.1) and USB Power Delivery up to 100W" although USB Type-C cables are only required to support USB 2.0 (non-SuperSpeed) data rates and 3 A (60 W at 20 V) of current. Such minimum-specification USB Type-C cables are sometimes referred to as "charge" cables because, for most mobile device battery charging applications, 60 W is more than sufficient and a higher data transfer speed is less important than minimizing cable cost and maximizing cable length.
IEC Technical Specification 62700: DC Power supply for notebook computer
IEC 62700 is a specification published in 2014 with the aim of creating a universal laptop charger.
IEEE P1823, universal power adapter for mobile devices (UPAMD)
IEEE P1823 was a proposed global standard for a universal power adapter for mobile devices (UPAMD) that require between 10 W and 240 W. E.g., Laptops, larger tablets and other mobile devices that can require much more power than the (non-Power Delivery) USB battery charging specification limit of 7.5 W at 5 V.
The specification was published in 2015, but was not widely adopted. In 2019 the chair of the IEEE 1823 working group wrote, "Currently the IT market which 1823 standard was originally intended had been swayed by USB SIG to use type C connector as alternatives." | WIKI |
Stroble v. California/Dissent Douglas
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, with whom Mr. Justice BLACK concurs, dissenting.
My views on the illegality of confessions obtained between the time of arrest and arraignment are contained in Watts v. Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 56-57, 69 S.Ct. 1347, 1351, 93 L.Ed. 1801; Turner v. Com. of Pennsylvania, 338 U.S. 62, 66-67, 69 S.Ct. 1352, 1353, 1354, 93 L.Ed. 1810; Harris v. South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, 71-73, 69 S.Ct. 1354, 1356, 1357, 93 L.Ed. 1815. The practice of obtaining confessions prior to arraignment breeds the third degree and the inquisition. As long as it remains lawful for the police to hold persons incommunicado, coerced confessions will infect criminal trials in violation of the commands of due process of law.
The facts of this case illustrate the evils of this police practice. While the defendant was being held by the police prior to his arraignment, a lawyer tried to see him. The police refused the lawyer's repeated requests. It was only after a confession was obtained that the lawyer was allowed to talk with the prisoner. This was lawless conduct, condemned by the Supreme Court of California. It was not only lawless conduct; it was conduct that produced a confession.
This confession as well as subsequently obtained confessions were used at the trial. The fact that the later confessions may have been lawfully obtained or used is immaterial. For once an illegal confession infects the trial, the verdict of guilty must be set aside no matter how free of taint the other evidence may be. Malinski v. New York, 324 U.S. 401, 65 S.Ct. 781, 89 L.Ed. 1029.
Moreover, the fact that the accused started talking shortly after he was arrested and prior to the time he was taken before the District Attorney does not save the case. That talk was accompanied or preceded by blows and kicks of the police; and the Supreme Court of California assumed that it was part and parcel of the first confession obtained through 'physical abuse or psychological torture or a combination of the two.' | WIKI |
Page:A book of the west; being an introduction to Devon and Cornwall.djvu/428
346 representations of her, or dedications to her. But Anne was the mother of the gods among the Celts, and the name was given to several notable women, as the mother of S. Samson, and the daughter of Vortimer, king of the Britons, mother of S. Wenn, who married Solomon, king of the Dumnonii; and a suppressed cult of the old goddess went on under the plea of being directed to these historic women, till the great explosion of devotion to Anne, mother of the Blessed Virgin—known to us only through the apocryphal gospels.
Ane or Anne was the mythical mother of the Tuatha de Danan, the race found in our peninsula, in Scotland from the Clyde to the Firth of Forth, and throughout Ireland, called by the classic writers Dumnonii. They were subdued in Ireland by the Gaels or Scots. Undoubtedly throughout Devon and Cornwall there must have been a cult of the great ancestress. She has given her name to the Paps of Ane in Kerry and to S. Anne's (Agnes') Head in Cornwall, and as surely the holy wells now attributed to S. Anne were formerly regarded as sacred fountains of the great mother of the race, whose first fathers were gods.
There is a rock at sea, reached at low tide, called Borough Island, on which is a little inn. It was formerly, judging by the name, a cliff fortress.
Ringmore, the adjoining parish to Bigbury, has a church and village nestling into a pleasant, wooded combe. The church has a small spire, and the basement serves as a porch. Anent this tower is a tale.
During the civil wars, a Mr. Lane was rector, | WIKI |
SqlServer on Jos van der Til - Software Engineerhttps://www.jvandertil.nl/tags/sqlserver/Recent content in SqlServer on Jos van der Til - Software EngineerHugo -- gohugo.ioen-usSun, 22 Dec 2019 14:00:00 +0100Authorizing Managed Service Identity in Azure SQL Databasehttps://www.jvandertil.nl/posts/2019-12-22_authorizingmanagedserviceidentityazuresql/Sun, 22 Dec 2019 14:00:00 +0100https://www.jvandertil.nl/posts/2019-12-22_authorizingmanagedserviceidentityazuresql/When trying to deploy a simple web application and Azure SQL database through Azure DevOps pipelines, I wanted to use a system managed application identity to authorize the web application to access the database. This requires running something like the following SQL script on the Azure SQL database. CREATE USER [<identity-name>] FROM EXTERNAL PROVIDER; ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER [<identity-name>]; ALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER [<identity-name>]; ALTER ROLE db_ddladmin ADD MEMBER [<identity-name>]; I was having a lot of trouble getting the Azure SqlCmd task to work, while the error(s) it was showing was not helpful at all. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Martini (vermouth)
Martini is a brand of Italian drinks, named after the Martini & Rossi Distilleria Nazionale di Spirito di Vino, in Turin.
History
Clemente Michel, Carlo Re, Carlo Agnelli and Eligio Baudino started the company in 1847, as a vermouth bottling plant in Pessione. A few years later Alessandro Martini joined the team, becoming the director in 1863 along with Teofilo Sola and Luigi Rossi (who was the inventor of a vermouth). In 1863 they changed the company name to Martini, Sola & Cia. They started exporting bottles of vermouth around the world. New York city was given its first crates in 1867. At the time the firm was awarded several prizes, which are still recorded on the bottles: Dublin (1865), Paris (1867 and 1878), Vienna (1873) and Philadelphia (1876). Just thirty years after its creation, Martini was available in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Egypt and other countries. In 1879 the Sola family sold its interests to the remaining partners, who renamed the company Martini & Rossi, as it stands today.
The brand may have given the American martini vermouth and gin cocktail its name (an early recipe for which is known from 1888), though other speculations on the cocktail's etymology exist.
In 1892 the business was taken over by Rossi's four sons; control passed to his grandsons in 1930. In 1929 the Martini Ball & Bar logo was registered for the first time. Restructuring was carried out in 1977 resulting in the creation of the General Beverage Corporation. In 1992 Martini & Rossi merged with Bacardi. "Martini is the world's fourth most powerful 'spirit' brand" according to a survey of the market in 2006.
In 1970 and 1971 Martini together with Rossi supported the so-called "Ladies Football World Championships". These tournaments were entirely independent from FIFA and the common national soccer associations. They were held in Rome and in Mexico.
Drinks
Martini is made from four ingredients: wine, botanicals, sugar and alcohol
* Martini Rosso – 1863
* Martini Extra Dry – launched on New Year's Day 1900
* Martini Bianco – 1910
* Martini Rosato – 1980
* Martini D'Oro – 1998
* Martini Fiero – 1998 – new 2017
* Martini Soda
* Martini Riserva Montelera
* Martini Bitter – 1872
* Martini Brut
* Martini Rosé demi sec – 2009
* Martini Dolce
* Martini Prosecco
* Martini Asti
* Martini Gold by Dolce&Gabbana – 2010
* Martini Royale – 2012
* Martini Gran Lusso Limited Edition 150 years – 2013
* Martini Riserva Speciale Ambrato – 2015
* Martini Riserva Speciale Rubino – 2015
* Martini Riserva Speciale Bitter – 2017 | WIKI |
@article{IBB_ID_52413, author={Bellia F, Vecchio G, Rizzarelli E}, title={Carnosinases, Their Substrates And Diseases}, date={2014 Feb 21}, journal={Molecules (ISSN: 1420-3049, 1420-3049electronic, 1420-3049linking)}, year={2014}, fullvolume={925}, volume={925}, pages={2299--2329}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84894631863&partnerID=40&md5=61b6c9c45438ff00f1558371cfc21652}, abstract={Carnosinases are Xaa-His dipeptidases that play diverse functions throughout all kingdoms of life. Human isoforms of carnosinase (CN1 and CN2) under appropriate conditions catalyze the hydrolysis of the dipeptides carnosine (-alanyl-L-histidine) and homocarnosine (-aminobutyryl-L- histidine). Alterations of serum carnosinase (CN1) activity has been associated with several pathological conditions, such as neurological disorders, chronic diseases and cancer. For this reason the use of carnosinase levels as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been questioned. The hydrolysis of imidazolerelated dipeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is also catalyzed by aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidases like PepD (EC 3. 4. 13. 3), PepV (EC 3. 4. 13. 19) and anserinase (EC 3. 4. 13. 5). The review deals with the structure and function of this class of enzymes in physiological and pathological conditions. The main substrates of these enzymes, i. e., carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine (-alanyl-3-methyl-L-histidine) will also be described. 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland}, keywords={Biomarker, Carnosinase, Dipeptide, Metallopeptidase, Cndp1 Protein, Human, Dipeptidase, Drug Derivative, Homocarnosine, Blood, Chemistry, Enzyme Specificity, Enzymology, Genetics, Metabolism, Neoplasm, Neurologic Disease, Pathology, Protein Conformation, Review, Structure Activity Relation, Nervous System Diseases, Structure-Activity Relationship, Substrate Specificity, Carnosine Analogs, Derivatives Metabolism, Dipeptidases Blood Chemistry Genetics, Dipeptides Chemistry, Neoplasms Enzymology Etiology Pathology, Nervous System Diseases Enzymology Etiology Pathology, }, references={}, document_type={Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U. S. Gov'T, Review, }, affiliation={Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy. francesco. bellia@cnr. it. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy}, ibbaffiliation={1}, } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bora (non-track seat)
Invacare Bora frame (without a track)
The underside reveals two bolts used to adjust and secure the seat width. The nuts are to the inside of the leg supports.
Bolt heads, visible from the front view. (Bora shown)
Side view: the attachment bolts are just inside the footrest hangers.
Offset options
Offsets attach to the wheelchair attachment hardware, and are used to:
• Get around obstacles such as trays, brakes, footrests and armrests
• Position the Wheelchair Bracket so the post is in the optimal position (post can be inserted and removed, brakes are unobstructed, footrests removed, accommodate the tray, etc)
• Adjust the angle of the hardware and/or bracket to make sure the post is vertical
These plates can all be used to offset. To figure out which offset plate will work for you, see our Offset Guide.
How to mount:
This installation uses two seat width adjustment welded nuts to attach an Adapter Plate 4. The welded nuts accept M8 bolts, which fit in the large holes and wide slots on the Adapter Plate 4. Align a large hole and wide slot on the AP4 with the two weld nuts to determine how to attach it. Orient the AP4 so the threaded holes which allow attachment of an L-Angle Extension Plate point to the outside of the frame. If necessary, attach another plate to offset it prior to attaching the L-AE. Using two slightly longer bolts and two M8 nuts, thread one nut down to each of the bolt head. Place the bolts through the Adapter Plate hole and slot to be used. Thread the two remaining nuts on the bolts. Place the AP4 over the welded nuts and tighten the bolts until they secure the leg rest hardware. Once the bolts are tightened, tighten the first set of nuts down to the weld nut. Tighten the second set of nuts (between the AP4 and bolt head) to secure the AP4. Attach the L-AE to the AP4 so the vertical face of the L is outside the frame. An Angle Adjustment plate may be used between the AP4 and L-AE to reorient the L-Angle if needed. Attach the Wheelchair Bracket.
Installation support:
Suggested extra parts
Other hardware:
M8 screws (2), nuts (4) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:History of Greece Vol VI.djvu/230
208 HISTORY OP GREECE whole Peloponnesian fleet facing to the left, changed fiom column into line, and instead of continuing to sail along the coast, rowed of Achaia to indicate designs against Naupaktus, and that he therefore came into the gulf and sailed along his own shore to defend the town, still the Peloponnesians would be separated from him by the whole breadth of the gulf at that point ; and as sc<>n as they altered their line of direction for the purpose of crossing the gulf and attacking him, he would have the whole breadth of the gulf in which to take his measures for meeting them, so that instead of finding himself jammed up against the land, he would have been able to go out and fight them in the wide water, which he so much desired. The whole description given by 1 hucydides, of the sudden wheeling of the Peloponnesian fleet, whereby Phormio's ships were assailed, and nine of them cut off, shows that the two fleets must have been very close together when that movement was undertaken. If they had not been close, if the Peloponnesians had had to row any considerable distance after wheeling, all the Athenian ships might have escaped along shore without any difficulty. In fact, the words of Thucydides imply that both the two fleets, at the time when the wheel of the Peloponnesians was made, were sailing in parallel directions along the northern coast in the direction of Nau- paktus, oTrwf upa vo[uaa<; tirl TTJV ^avrranrov avroiif ir^eiv 6 fyopfiiuv Kal airbf lirifion&uv ravrn irapuir?>oi, "if he also, with a view to defend the place, should sail along that coast," (that is, if he, as well as they:) which seems to be the distinct meaning of the particle Kal in this place. Now if we suppose the Peloponnesian fleet to have sailed from its orig- inal station towards Naupaktus, all the events which follow become thor- oughly perspicuous and coherent. I apprehend that no one would ever have entertained any other idea, except from the words of Thucydides, ~- ITT^EOV iirl TTJV iavruv yr)v eau kirl roii nohirov. Since the subject or nominative case of the verb lneov is ol Tiehoirovvfjaioi, it has been sup- posed that the word iavruv must necessarily refer to the Peloponne- sians ; and Mr. Bloomfield, with whom I agree as to the signification of the passage, proposes to alter iavruv into aiiruv. It appears to me that this alteration is not necessary, and that iavruv may very well be con- strued so as to refer to the Athenians, not to the Lacedaemonians. The reflective meaning of the pronoun iavruv is not necessarily thrown back upon the subject of the action immediately preceding it, in a complicated sentence where there is more than one subject and more than one action. Thus, for instance, in this very passage of Thucydides which I have trans- cribed, we find the word iavruv a second time used, and used so that its meaning is thrown back, not upon the subject immediately preceding, but upon a subject more distant from it, tirl 6' avry (TV Kepari) eiKoyi vavf lra$av ruf upiara nvleofoof, onuf, d upa, p?) diaQvyoiev irteov-d rbv liriirlmiv a$uv ol 'A&qviioi e !; u rov lavruv Kepuc,uM*. arai <n | WIKI |
Template:Waterqual title/doc
This template is designed to make the job of setting up a water quality table easier. It places text in the first cell of a table, and creates an inline reference to the Environment Agency data for that asset.
See also
* waterqual_high
* waterqual_good
* waterqual_mod
* waterqual_poor
* waterqual_bad
* waterqual_fail
Required parameters
* desc: This describes the asset, and normally follows the EA designation
* asset: This is the asset number, which is used to link to the appropriate ref page. Typically, something like GB104027057390.
* Optional parameters
* accessdate: The date on which the data was viewed by the editor
Examples
The first section cell uses the code which displays the title in the cell, and creates reference 1. | WIKI |
Contestant
Contestant may refer to:
* Participant in a contest
* The Contestant (2007 film), Spanish comedy film
* The Contestant (2023 film), British documentary film | WIKI |
Page:Scientific results HMS Challenger vol 18 part 1.djvu/393
Rh triangular spines is surrounded at the base by three small roundish pores (between the three wings of its base), and further by a coronal of six very large pores, three of which are pentagonal, and the other three (alternating) heptagonal. The six basal coronals are separated by irregular smaller pores. Medullary shell thin walled, with regular hexagonal pores (three on the radius) and thin bars, connected with the outer shell by six thin triangular prismatic radial beams, which are prolonged outside into short pyramidal spines (half as long as the radius).
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, thirty-six larger pores of the coronals 0.03 to 0.04, smaller pores between them 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005; inner shell 0.05 (with pores of 0.008); length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.
Habitat.—South Atlantic, off Buenos Ayres, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.
19. Hexalonche pythagoræa, n. sp. (Pl. 22, fig. 1).
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular roundish, twice to eight times as broad as the bars, of very different size; usually in the space between every three spines are three or six larger pores, separated by numerous smaller pores (often the disposition of the larger pores is much more regular than in the figured specimen). Medullary shell with regular circular pores, connected with the outer by six very thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six short triangular pyramidal spines about as long and broad as the half radius.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.008 to 0.03, bars 0.004; inner shell 0.04; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.03.
Habitat.—Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
20. Hexalonche aristarchi, n. sp. (Pl. 22, fig. 3).
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular polygonal, of very variable size and form, twice to six times as broad as the bars; six to ten on the radius. Medullary shell with regular hexagonal pores, connected with the outer by six very thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six triangular pyramidal spines, nearly as long as the radius.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.003; inner shell 0.025; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
21. Hexalonche ekphantæa, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular roundish, of very variable size and form, twice to six times as broad as the bars, ten to fifteen on the radius. Six spines cylindro-conical, longer than the diameter of the shell.
Dimensions.—Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.004 to 0.012, bars 0.002; inner shell 0.05; length of the spine 0.3, basal breadth 0.01.
Habitat.—Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, surface, Rabbe. | WIKI |
RAV4 Dead Battery: Causes, Symptoms, and Quick Fixes You Need to Know
When your RAV4’s battery dies, it’s not just an inconvenience—it can disrupt your entire day. By reading this article, you’ll avoid common pitfalls and gain practical knowledge that will empower you to handle this situation like a pro.
We’ll dive into the following:
1. Identifying the tell-tale signs of a dying battery.
2. Understanding the common causes behind your RAV4’s battery failure.
3. Learning effective and immediate fixes to get back on the road.
So, buckle up, and let’s get started—you’ll be a RAV4 battery expert in no time!
Advertising links are marked with *. We receive a small commission on sales, nothing changes for you.
Key Takeaways
RAV4 Dead Battery: Causes, Symptoms, and Quick Fixes You Need to Know
1. A healthy battery is crucial for the smooth operation of your Toyota RAV4.
2. Recognizing the symptoms of a dead battery can prevent unexpected breakdowns.
3. Testing your RAV4’s battery regularly can help detect issues early.
4. Jump-starting or replacing a dead battery can get your RAV4 back on the road.
5. Understanding common causes of battery failure can help prevent future problems.
Understanding the Importance of a Healthy Battery in a Toyota RAV4
The battery is the lifeblood of your Toyota RAV4. It’s the powerhouse that gets your engine roaring and keeps your vehicle’s accessories running smoothly. A healthy battery ensures:
• Reliable starts: No more worrying about your car not starting when you’re in a hurry.
• Smooth operation of accessories: Enjoy uninterrupted use of your car’s lights, radio, and other electrical components.
• Peace of mind: Say goodbye to unexpected breakdowns and costly repairs.
But what happens when your battery isn’t up to par? Let’s find out.
Common Symptoms of a Dead Battery in a Toyota RAV4
A dead battery doesn’t just happen—it sends signals. Here are some symptoms to watch out for:
1. Slow engine crank: Your RAV4 takes longer than usual to start, and the engine cranks slowly.
2. Clicking noise and no start: You turn the key, but all you hear is a clicking sound—your engine doesn’t start.
3. Flickering dashboard lights: The lights on your dashboard flicker or are dimmer than usual.
4. Rapid clicking noise: A fast, continuous clicking noise can indicate a severely drained battery.
Recognizing these symptoms early can save you from a lot of stress and inconvenience.
How to Test the Battery in a RAV4
Testing your RAV4’s battery is easier than you think. Here’s how you can do it:
Using a multimeter to measure voltage
1. Set your multimeter to 20 DC volts.
2. Connect the red lead to the battery’s positive terminal and the black lead to the negative terminal.
3. A healthy battery should read between 12.4 and 12.7 volts.
Performing a voltage drop test
1. Set your multimeter to the lowest setting for DC voltage.
2. Connect the multimeter leads to the battery terminals while the car is running.
3. A reading of 0.4 volts or more indicates a problem.
Remember, a little knowledge can go a long way in preventing a dead battery from ruining your day. Stay tuned for Part 2, where we’ll explore how to jump-start a dead RAV4 battery and when to consider replacing it.
How to Jump Start a Dead RAV4 Battery
So, your RAV4’s battery has given up the ghost. But don’t fret! Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to jump-start your vehicle and get back on the road:
1. Find a good Samaritan: You’ll need a vehicle with a healthy battery.
2. Position the vehicles: Park the cars nose-to-nose, but make sure they don’t touch.
3. Connect the cables: Attach one end of the red jumper cable to the positive terminal of the dead battery and the other end to the positive terminal of the healthy battery. Then, connect one end of the black jumper cable to the negative terminal of the healthy battery and the other end to an unpainted metal part of the dead car.
4. Start the healthy car: Let it run for a few minutes.
5. Start your RAV4: If it starts, let it run for at least 15 minutes to recharge the battery.
Remember, safety comes first! Always wear protective gear and avoid touching your face or eyes.
Replacing a Dead Battery in a RAV4
Sometimes, a jump-start just won’t cut it. When your battery is beyond saving, it’s time for a replacement. Here’s how:
1. Buy a new battery: Make sure it’s the right size and type for your RAV4.
2. Remove the old battery: Disconnect the negative cable first, then the positive. Remove the battery hold-down clamp and lift the battery out of the car.
3. Install the new battery: Place the new battery in the car. Connect the positive cable first, then the negative. Secure the battery with the hold-down clamp.
Voila! You’ve just replaced your RAV4’s dead battery.
Common Causes of a Dead Battery in a Toyota RAV4
Understanding why your battery died can help prevent future battery failures. Here are some common culprits:
• Old age: Batteries degrade over time. If your battery is over three years old, it might be time for a replacement.
• Faulty alternator: A bad alternator can overcharge or undercharge your battery, leading to premature failure.
• Parasitic draw happens when something in your car keeps drawing power after the engine is off.
• Long periods of inactivity: If your RAV4 sits idle for too long, the battery can discharge.
• Corrosion on battery terminals: This can prevent your battery from charging properly.
Knowledge is power, and now you can handle a dead RAV4 battery like a pro. Safe driving!
Frequently Asked Questions
How often should I replace the battery in my Toyota RAV4?
Typically, a car battery lasts between three to five years, but this can vary based on your driving habits, weather conditions, and the quality of the battery itself. If you frequently take short trips, live in a hot climate, or have a low-quality battery, you might need to replace it sooner.
Can I use any battery in my Toyota RAV4?
No, using a battery that fits your RAV4’s specifications is crucial. Using the right battery can lead to good performance or damage your vehicle’s electrical system. Always check your owner’s manual or consult a professional before replacing your battery.
What should I do if my RAV4’s battery keeps dying?
If your battery dies even after a jump-start or replacement, there might be an underlying issue, such as a faulty alternator or a parasitic draw. In this case, taking your RAV4 to a professional for a thorough inspection is best.
Can I prevent my RAV4’s battery from dying if I don’t drive it often?
Yes, if you don’t drive your RAV4 often, consider using a battery maintainer or trickle charger. These devices can keep your battery fully charged and prevent it from discharging over time.
How can I clean the battery terminals on my RAV4?
To clean your battery terminals, first disconnect the battery cables. Then, mix baking soda and water to clean the terminals. Use a battery terminal brush to scrub away any corrosion, then rinse with clean water and dry thoroughly before reconnecting the cables.
Conclusion
Dealing with a dead battery can be a hassle, but you can turn a stressful situation into a minor speed bump with the right knowledge and a little elbow grease.
Remember, a healthy battery is key to a happy RAV4.
Keep your battery in top shape, and it’ll keep you on the move.
Advertising links are marked with *. We receive a small commission on sales, nothing changes for you.
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Psst: Do You Know The RAV4 Hidden Menu? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
This half term, Year 2 have been learning the text map, ‘How To Train A Dinosaur.’ The children were very surprised to return to their classroom and find that something had made a mess; a cheeky dinosaur who was not trained had made the classroom messy!
It was time for the children to take action and learn how to train the cheeky stegosaurus. They learnt a set of instructions and put actions to the text map. The children worked really hard to learn the text map with a focus on applying imperative verbs and adverbs into their writing.
This week, it was time for the children to invent their own instructions about a pet of their choice. The teachers were really proud of the effort put into the writing. The children were very creative and applied the different features of instructions that had been taught over the half term into their writing.
Take a look at the incredible writing Year 2 have produced | FINEWEB-EDU |
Skip to content
Write a plugin#
PDM is aiming at being a community driven package manager. It is shipped with a full-featured plug-in system, with which you can:
• Develop a new command for PDM
• Add additional options to existing PDM commands
• Change PDM's behavior by reading additional config items
• Control the process of dependency resolution or installation
What should a plugin do#
The core PDM project focuses on dependency management and package publishing. Other functionalities you wish to integrate with PDM are preferred to lie in their own plugins and released as standalone PyPI projects. In case the plugin is considered a good supplement of the core project it may have a chance to be absorbed into PDM.
Write your own plugin#
In the following sections, I will show an example of adding a new command hello which reads the hello.name config.
Write the command#
The PDM's CLI module is designed in a way that user can easily "inherit and modify". To write a new command:
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from pdm.cli.commands.base import BaseCommand
class HelloCommand(BaseCommand):
"""Say hello to the specified person.
If none is given, will read from "hello.name" config.
"""
def add_arguments(self, parser):
parser.add_argument("-n", "--name", help="the person's name to whom you greet")
def handle(self, project, options):
if not options.name:
name = project.config["hello.name"]
else:
name = options.name
print(f"Hello, {name}")
First, let's create a new HelloCommand class inheriting from pdm.cli.commands.base.BaseCommand. It has two major functions:
• add_arguments() to manipulate the argument parser passed as the only argument, where you can add additional command line arguments to it
• handle() to do something when the subcommand is matched, you can do nothing by writing a single pass statement. It accepts two arguments: an pdm.project.Project object as the first one and the parsed argparse.Namespace object as the second.
The document string will serve as the command help text, which will be shown in pdm --help.
Besides, PDM's subcommand has two default options: -v/--verbose to change the verbosity level and -g/--global to enable global project. If you don't want these default options, override the arguments class attribute to a list of pdm.cli.options.Option objects, or assign it to an empty list to have no default options:
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class HelloCommand(BaseCommand):
arguments = []
Note
The default options are loaded first, then add_arguments() is called.
Register the command to the core object#
Write a function somewhere in your plugin project. There is no limit on what the name of the function is, but the function should take only one argument -- the PDM core object:
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def hello_plugin(core):
core.register_command(HelloCommand, "hello")
Call core.register_command() to register the command. The second argument as the name of the subcommand is optional. PDM will look for the HelloCommand's name attribute if the name is not passed.
Add a new config item#
Let's recall the first code snippet, hello.name config key is consulted for the name if not passed via the command line.
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class HelloCommand(BaseCommand):
"""Say hello to the specified person.
If none is given, will read from "hello.name" config.
"""
def add_arguments(self, parser):
parser.add_argument("-n", "--name", help="the person's name to whom you greet")
def handle(self, project, options):
if not options.name:
name = project.config["hello.name"]
else:
name = options.name
print(f"Hello, {name}")
Till now, if you query the config value by pdm config get hello.name, an error will pop up saying it is not a valid config key. You need to register the config item, too:
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from pdm.project.config import ConfigItem
def hello_plugin(core):
core.register_command(HelloCommand, "hello")
core.add_config("hello.name", ConfigItem("The person's name", "John"))
where ConfigItem class takes 4 parameters, in the following order:
• description: a description of the config item
• default: default value of the config item
• global_only: whether the config is allowed to set in home config only
• env_var: the name of environment variable which will be read as the config value
Other plugin points#
Besides of commands and configurations, PDM provides some other plugin abilities which are not covered in the above example:
• core.project_class: change the class of project object
• core.repository_class: change the class of repository object, which controls how to look for candidates and metadata of a package
• core.resolver_class: change the resolver class, to control the resolution process
• core.synchronizer_class: change the synchronizer_class, to control the installation process
• core.install_manager_class: change the install_manager_class, to control the installation process
• core.parser: add arguments to the root argument parser
Tips about developing a PDM plugin.#
When developing a plugin, one hopes to activate and plugin in development and get updated when the code changes. This is usually done by pip install -e . or python setup.py develop in the traditional Python packaging world which leverages setup.py to do so. However, as there is no such setup.py in a PDM project, how can we do that?
Fortunately, it becomes even easier with PDM and PEP 582. First, you should enable PEP 582 globally following the corresponding part of this doc. Then you just need to install all dependencies into the __pypackages__ directory by:
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$ pdm install
After that, all the dependencies are available with a compatible Python interpreter, including the plugin itself, in editable mode. That means any change to the codebase will take effect immediately without re-installation. The pdm executable also uses a Python interpreter under the hood, so if you run pdm from inside the plugin project, the plugin in development will be activated automatically, and you can do some testing to see how it works. That is how PEP 582 benefits our development workflow.
Publish your plugin#
Now you have defined your plugin already, let's distribute it to PyPI. PDM's plugins are discovered by entry point types. Create an pdm entry point and point to your plugin callable (yeah, it doesn't need to be a function, any callable object can work):
PEP 621:
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# pyproject.toml
[project.entry-points.pdm]
hello = "my_plugin:hello_plugin"
setuptools:
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# setup.py
setup(
...
entry_points={"pdm": ["hello = my_plugin:hello_plugin"]}
...
)
Activate the plugin#
As plugins are loaded via entry points, they can be activated with no more steps than just installing the plugin.
Assume your plugin is published as pdm-hello, and if you installed pdm via pipx:
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$ pipx inject pdm pdm-hello
Or if you installed pdm via homebrew:
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$ $(brew --prefix pdm)/libexec/bin/python -m pip install pdm-hello
Otherwise, if you installed pdm with normal pip install:
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$ pip install --user pdm-hello
The main principle is you must install the plugin in the same site-package directory as pdm.
Now type in pdm --help in the terminal, you will see the new added hello command and use it:
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$ pdm hello Jack
Hello, Jack | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Asia markets: Dollar moves,oil, Brexit talks, RBA decision in focus
Asia markets were mostly lower in afternoon trade on Tuesday, as Australia's central bank met expectations by keeping its cash rate unchanged. Trading in Asia followed a mixed overnight session in the U.S. that nevertheless saw the notch a record closing high. Australia's ASX 200 finished down 13.76 points, or 0.23 percent, at 5,971.82. The heavily-weighted financial subindex was lower by 0.49 percent. The country's so-called Big Four banks were under pressure, with ANZ losing 0.99 percent, Commonwealth Bank down 0.23 percent, Westpac lower by 1.09 percent and the National Australia Bank declining 0.37 percent. In Japan, the fell 84.78 points, or 0.37 percent, to 22,622.38. The Topix index turned positive and added 4.1 points, or 0.23 percent, to 1,790.97. Across the Korean Strait, the Kospi gained 8.45 points, or 0.34 percent, to 2,510.12. Hong Kong's was down 0.53 percent in afternoon trade. On the Chinese mainland, the composite finished down 6.57 points, or 0.2 percent, at 3,303.04 while the Shenzhen composite fell 35.92 points, or 1.88 percent, to 1,866.98. "Markets ... look to be taking their lead from the likelihood of Congress agreeing on tax cuts and, last night, another positive U.S. economy data print," David de Garis, director of economics and markets at the National Australia Bank, wrote in an early morning note. He pointed out the market will be paying "close attention to not only the headline print for ISM Non-manufacturing but what it might say about Friday's payrolls from its employment component." Meanwhile, Wei Liang Chang, a foreign-exchange strategist at Mizuho Bank, wrote in a morning note that the "failure in the U.S. equity rally, and a retreat in [10-year Treasury] yields back below 2.4 percent suggest that tax reforms had already been partially expected, while new uncertainties related to investigations into [President Donald] Trump are also weighing" on the market. The Reserve Bank of Australia kept its cash rate unchanged at a record low of 1.5 percent during its December policy meeting. The move was largely in line with expectations. In a statement, RBA Governor Philip Lowe said while global economic conditions have improved over the course of the year, labor markets have tightened and wage growth remains low in many countries along with core inflation. Lowe said in Australia, he expects wage growth to remain low for "a while yet, although the stronger conditions in the labor market should see some lift in wage growth over time." The statement added that the central bank expects the Australian economy to grow on average around 3 percent over the next few years, with an improved outlook for non-mining business investment and increased public infrastructure investment. Paul Bloxham, chief economist for Australia and New Zealand and global commodities at HSBC, told CNBC's "Street Signs " the central bank didn't really introduce any new themes in its latest statement. "The only thing that I noticed ... is that they're talking a little bit more about the labor market tightening up and about the fact that that's starting to show up in business surveys," Bloxham said, adding that businesses are saying it's getting harder to get skilled workers. HSBC expects the RBA to start raising the cash rate around the middle of next year. In the currency market, the dollar traded at 93.145 against a basket of rivals at 3:07 p.m. HK/SIN, climbing from an earlier session low of 93.035. Among currency majors, the Japanese yen traded at 112.59 to the dollar. The Australian dollar rose to $0.7647 at 3:07 p.m. HK/SIN, from an earlier low of $0.7593, following the central bank's largely-expected decision to keep its cash rate on hold. The euro traded at $1.1873, rising from an earlier low of $1.1860. Meanwhile, the British pound traded at $1.3439 at 3:09 p.m. HK/SIN, falling from an earlier high of $1.3482. Overnight, the meeting between British Prime Minister Theresa May and European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker failed to yield an agreement on the terms for Brexit between the U.K. and the European Union. Oil prices traded roughly flat in the afternoon session on Tuesday, with U.S. crude trading at $57.46 a barrel. Global benchmark Brent traded down 0.13 percent at $62.37 at 3:10 p.m. HK/SIN. Analysts at Singapore's OCBC Bank said in a note that crude oil prices fell overnight "likely on profit-taking amid a stronger dollar." Last week, OPEC and oil giant Russia agreed to extend production cuts until the end of 2018 to tackle a supply glut in the energy market. U.S. e-commerce giant Amazon officially launched its Australian operations that are expected to tighten competition in the country's retail space. But that did not stop most Australian retailers from finishing the Tuesday session higher. Shares of department store chain Myer were up 1.3 percent and wholesaler Metcash gained 3 percent. Supermarket giant Woolworths fell 0.11 percent. Meanwhile, Harvey Norman shares jumped 6.25 percent and JB Hi-Fi rose 6.76 percent. Amazon's entry into Australia was highly anticipated, but Harvey Norman Chairman Gerry Harvey said it fell short of the hype. "The hype was just unbelievable," Harvey told CNBC. "Whenever you get that hype, inevitably, you find ... this has turned into a lame duck. And it is a lame duck." Harvey added that he expects the Australian retail giant to have "a wonderful Christmas." "Amazon will not affect us one iota. I think it will help us because they are having these cyber Mondays and Black Fridays, and every time they do that, it drives more people into the Harvey Norman shops," he said. "Even when we don't advertise on those days, our sales go up 50 to a 100 percent because the dotcoms are out there, the onliners, advertising and they're actually sending the people into our shops." Meanwhile, Australia's seasonally adjusted retail sales for October saw a 0.5 percent jump according to the country's Bureau of Statistics, beating forecasts. There were increases across all industries, led by a 1.7 percent increment in cafes, restaurants and takeaway food services. That followed a 0.1 percent rise in September. "Interestingly, housing related spending growth continues to moderate suggesting the softening housing cycle is having an impact," Jo Masters, a senior economist at ANZ, wrote in a note. Masters said she sees "headwinds for discretionary spending" due to the challenging combination of weak wage growth, record indebtedness, a rise in prices for non-discretionary goods and services and the slowing house price growth and rising petrol prices. Elsewhere, the country's current account deficit decreased to 9.1 billion Australian dollars ($6.95 billion) in the September quarter. — CNBC's Natasha Turak and David Reid contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Christopher FRAZIER, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 04-5719.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued: April 29, 2005.
Decided and Filed: Sept. 6, 2005.
ARGUED: Jennifer S. Roach, Thompson Hine, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Terry M. Cushing, Assistant United States Attorney, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appel-lee. ON BRIEF: Jennifer S. Roach, Thomas L. Feher, Thompson Hine, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Terry M. Cush-ing, Monica Wheatley, Assistant United States Attorneys, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellee.
Before: SUHRHEINRICH, BATCHELDER, and GIBSON, Circuit Judges.
The Honorable John R. Gibson, Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
OPINION
BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-Appellant Christopher Frazier appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a search of his residence at 115 South Jeffries Street, Morganfield, Kentucky. Alternatively, Frazier argues that we should remand this case to the district court, with instructions to hold an eviden-tiary hearing to determine whether the affidavit supporting the search warrant for his home contained knowing and reckless falsehoods, and that we should grant him a new trial because his counsel was constitutionally ineffective. Because we conclude that the district court did not err in applying the good faith exception set out in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984), we will AFFIRM the district court’s order denying Frazier’s motion to suppress. Further, we will DENY his request for an evidentiary hearing, and dismiss without prejudice his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
I.
In late 1999, numerous police agencies, including the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”), began receiving information that an informal organization of about 25 people, led by Frazier, was dealing drugs in the Dunbar Heights Apartments, a federal housing project in Morganfield. In October of 2002, a confidential informant, “CI-178,” volunteered to provide the authorities with information on Frazier’s organization and began making “controlled buys” of drugs under the supervision of ATF Special Agent Kirk Steward. Because CI-178 wore a “wire” during some of the buys, the ATF was able to record what was said during two of the transactions. On one such occasion, CI-178 met with Czaja McGuire, who is alleged to be a member of Frazier’s conspiracy, to purchase crack cocaine. CI-178 accompanied McGuire to Frazier’s residence, which at that point was at 759 Culver Court in the housing project, where McGuire obtained a quantity of crack cocaine. After they left Frazier’s residence, CI-178 purchased 3.7 grams of crack cocaine from McGuire. The second recorded transaction occurred on December 12, 2002, when CI-178 went to Frazier’s Culver Court residence to purchase crack cocaine. Once inside, Frazier arranged for CI-178 to buy drugs from James Harris, another member of Frazier’s organization.
On July 10, 2003, seeking six search warrants relating to Frazier’s drug conspiracy, Agent Steward presented to United States Magistrate Judge Robert Goebel six warrant affidavits, the last of which was in support of a warrant to search Frazier’s current home on Jeffries Street. This affidavit describes the details of Frazier’s criminal enterprise and recounts the report of an anonymous cooperating witness, “CW-1,” who had seen Frazier selling drugs out of the housing project in Morganfield. The Frazier affidavit also described the McGuire and Harris transactions, but did not specify that these were controlled buys that were caught on tape. The affidavit further states that CI-178 had acted as a “middle man” during a drug transaction between Frazier and an unidentified Hispanic male at Frazier’s Cul-ver Court residence. Paragraph nine of the Frazier affidavit says that Frazier was evicted from the Culver Court residence in May 2003, and that shortly thereafter, housing authorities found drugs in that residence while cleaning it. The affidavit also states that Sheriffs Deputy Jason Corbitt relayed to Agent Steward the statement of Patrick Black, a Frazier associate arrested in a seemingly unrelated investigation, that Black had been regularly purchasing about two pounds of marijuana each week from Frazier in the neighboring town of Owensboro, Kentucky. The affidavit also reports that Agent Steward had obtained Frazier’s telephone records, which revealed that he was in “constant contact with known drug dealers” and that officers doing surveillance of Frazier’s Jeffries Street residence saw him coming and going in an expensive vehicle.
After reviewing the five affidavits submitted before the Frazier affidavit, the magistrate judge advised Agent Steward that the affidavits should be revised to include the information that CI-178 had taped two of the controlled buys. Agent Steward made that revision to each of the first five affidavits but inexplicably — and unintentionally — did not supplement the Frazier affidavit. On reviewing the Frazier affidavit, the magistrate, who did not realize that it did not contain the information about the taped buys, instructed Agent Steward to “strengthen” paragraph 17, which cited Sixth Circuit eases in support of the proposition that “a search warrant may be properly issued against a suspected drug dealer’s residence despite the lack of direct evidence of criminal activity at the residence.” Agent Steward added a citation to United States v. Jones, 159 F.3d 969 (6th Cir.1998) (“in the case of drug dealers, evidence is likely to be found where the dealers live”) but made no further changes to the affidavit. Hence, the final draft of the Frazier affidavit describes the McGuire and Harris transactions, but does not specify that CI-178 was wearing a wire and recorded them. Apparently unaware that Agent Steward had not made all of the requested changes, the magistrate judge issued a warrant to search Frazier’s house, which ultimately resulted in the seizure of marijuana and firearms.
Reserving his right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence pursuant to FED R. CRIM. P. 11(a)(2), Frazier pled guilty to possessing marijuana with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(D), and possessing firearms in furtherance of drug trafficking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(a). Frazier moved to suppress the evidence seized from his house on the ground that the warrant was not supported by probable cause. The district court initially agreed and, relying exclusively on the information contained in the four corners of the warrant affidavit, held that the warrant could not be saved under the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule that was announced in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984). The United States moved to reconsider, arguing that the court should consider facts known by Agent Steward, which did not appear in the affidavit, as evidence of Agent Steward’s good faith. After an evi-dentiary hearing in which Agent Steward testified that he provided to the issuing magistrate the information that CI-178 had taped two drug transactions in which Frazier had participated, the district court denied Frazier’s motion to suppress because Agent Steward relied in good faith on a deficient search warrant. Frazier timely appealed.
II.
The United States argues that we should affirm the district court because the affidavit established that there was probable cause to search Frazier’s home. In appeals from a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we review the trial court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Combs, 369 F.3d 925, 937 (6th Cir.2004). A finding of probable cause is a legal conclusion that we review de novo. United States v. Padro, 52 F.3d 120, 122 (6th Cir.1995). The evidence must be viewed in a light most likely to support the decision of the district court. United States v. Heath, 259 F.3d 522, 528 (6th Cir.2001).
The Fourth Amendment states that “no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation _” U.S. Const, amend. IV. To demonstrate probable cause to justify the issuance of a search warrant, an affidavit must contain facts that indicate “a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be located on the premises of the proposed search.” United States v. Jenkins, 396 F.3d 751, 760 (6th Cir.2005) (quoting United States v. Bowling, 900 F.2d 926, 930 (6th Cir.1990)). This conclusion depends on the totality of the circumstances. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). The probable cause standard is a “practical, non-teehnical conception” that deals with the “factual and practical considerations of everyday life.” Id. at 231, 103 S.Ct. 2317. Because our review of the sufficiency of the evidence supporting probable cause is limited to the information presented in the four-corners of the affidavit, Whiteley v. Warden, Wyoming State Penitentiary, 401 U.S. 560, 565 n. 8, 91 S.Ct. 1031, 28 L.Ed.2d 306 (1971); Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 109 n. 1, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964) abrogated on other grounds by Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317; United States v. Hatcher, 473 F.2d 321, 324 (6th Cir.1973), we may not consider in this analysis Agent Steward’s testimony that CI-178 recorded the transactions.
The bulk of the information contained in the Frazier affidavit comes from confidential sources: CW-1 and CI-178. When confronted with hearsay information from a confidential informant, “a court must consider the veracity, reliability, and the basis of knowledge for that information as part of the totality of the circumstances for evaluating the impact of that information .... ” United States v. Helton, 314 F.3d 812, 819 (6th Cir.2003). While independent corroboration of a confidential informant’s story is not a sine qua non to a finding of probable cause, United States v. McCraven, 401 F.3d 693, 698 (6th Cir.2005), in the absence of any indicia of the informants’ reliability, courts insist that the affidavit contain substantial independent police corroboration. United States v. Woosley, 361 F.3d 924, 927 (6th Cir.2004); Allen, 211 F.3d at 976; United States v. Smith, 182 F.3d 473, 483 (6th Cir.1999) (“[i]f the prior track record of an informant adequately substantiates his credibility, other indicia of reliability are not necessarily required”); United States v. Leake, 998 F.2d 1359, 1365 (6th Cir.1993). The Frazier affidavit contains no facts supporting the confidential informants’ reliability. There are no averments about the reliability of the information provided by the anonymous informants in the past, there are no averments about the length of the relationship between Agent Steward and the confidential informants, and there is no suggestion that Agent Steward disclosed the informants’ true identities to the issuing magistrate.
Nor does the affidavit contain evidence that Agent Steward corroborated the information that the informants provided. Agent Steward observed Frazier coming and going from his residence on Jeffries Street in a Lincoln Navigator and a subsequent search of his telephone records revealed that he was “in constant contact with known drug dealers.” Viewing the evidence in a light most likely to support the decision of the district court, this information is insufficient to corroborate the confidential informants’ statements.
What is more, neither CW-1, CI-178 nor Patrick Black witnessed Frazier dealing drugs from his Jeffries Street residence, the premises specified in the search warrant. There must be “a nexus between the place to be searched and the evidence to be sought.” United States v. Carpenter, 360 F.3d 591, 594 (6th Cir.2004) (en banc) (quotation omitted). “The critical element in a reasonable search is not that the owner of property is suspected of crime but that there is reasonable cause to believe that the specific ‘things’ to be searched for and seized are located on the property to which entry is sought.” Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 556, 98 S.Ct. 1970, 56 L.Ed.2d 525 (1978). In support of its argument that there is probable cause to believe that drugs would be found at Frazier’s Jeffries Street residence, the United States relies on a series of cases which hold that an informant’s observation of drug trafficking outside of the dealer’s home can provide probable cause to search the dealer’s house. See United States v. Miggins, 302 F.3d 384, 383-84 (6th Cir.2002); United States v. Blair, 214 F.3d 690, 696 (6th Cir.2000); United States v. Jones, 159 F.3d 969, 974 (6th Cir.1998); United States v. Caicedo, 85 F.3d 1184, 1193 (6th Cir.1996). None of these cases, however, supports the proposition that the defendant’s status as a drug dealer, standing alone, gives rise to a fair probability that drugs will be found in his home. Where, as here, the warrant affidavit is based almost exclusively on the uncorroborated testimony of unproven confidential informants (none of whom witnessed illegal activity on the premises of the proposed search), the allegation that the defendant is a drug dealer, without more, is insufficient to tie the alleged criminal activity to the defendant’s residence. See United States v. Savoca, 761 F.2d 292, 295 (6th Cir.1985) (the inference that bank robbers tend to conceal evidence in motel rooms, standing alone, is insufficient to support the search of two bank robbers’ hotel room). For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not err when it concluded that the information contained in the Frazier Affidavit did not support a finding of probable cause to search Frazier’s residence.
Though evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is generally excluded, the Supreme Court has held that the exclusionary rule “should be modified so as not to bar the admission of evidence seized in reasonable, good-faith reliance on a search warrant that is subsequently held to be defective.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 905, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984). The “good faith inquiry is confined to the objectively ascertainable question whether a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate’s authorization. In making this determination, all of the circumstances ... may be considered.” Id. at 922-23 n. 23, 104 S.Ct. 3405. “[Searches pursuant to a warrant will rarely require any deep inquiry into reasonableness, for a warrant issued by a magistrate normally suffices to establish that a law enforcement officer has acted in good faith in conducting the search.” Id. at 922, 104 S.Ct. 3405 (internal quotations omitted). Leon's good faith exception does not apply in the following sets of circumstances: 1) the supporting affidavit contained knowing or reckless falsity; 2) the issuing magistrate wholly abandoned his or her judicial role; 3) the affidavit is “so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable;” or 4) where the officer’s reliance on the warrant was neither in good faith nor objectively reasonable. Id. at 923, 104 S.Ct. 3405. Whether Leon’s good faith exception applies is a legal conclusion that we review de novo. United States v. Van Shutters, 163 F.3d 331, 336 (6th Cir.1998).
Leon’s exception is predicated on the idea that the purpose of the exclusionary rule, which is to deter police misconduct, will not be served by excluding evidence seized by an officer acting in good faith. Id. at 916, 104 S.Ct. 3405. The exclusion of evidence will have no deterrent effect if it does not alter the behavior of individual law enforcement officers or the policies of their departments. Id. at 918, 104 S.Ct. 3405.
Frazier argues that the second and third exceptions to Leon’s good faith rule apply. We will consider in turn whether the affidavit is so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable and whether the issuing magistrate wholly abandoned his judicial role.
A. Whether the affidavit is so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.
At the outset we address Frazier’s reliance on United States v. Laughton, 409 F.3d 744, 752 (6th Cir.2005) in support of his contention that a court’s analysis of whether an officer acted in good faith is confined to evidence contained within the four corners of the warrant affidavit. The defendant in Laughton sought to suppress evidence obtained from his home by officers acting pursuant to a search warrant. In denying Laughton’s motion to suppress on the ground that the executing officer relied in good faith on a defective search warrant, the district court looked to information known to the officer but not included in the affidavit. Id. at 751. We reversed and held that “the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule does not permit consideration of information known to a police officer, but not included in the affidavit, in determining whether an objectively reasonable officer would have relied on the warrant.” Id. at 752.
Because the Supreme Court has, in the past, looked beyond the four corners of the warrant affidavit in assessing an officer’s good faith, we do not read Laughton as prohibiting a court in all circumstances from considering evidence not included in the affidavit. The Leon Court itself held that a court may look beyond the four corners of the affidavit: “our good-faith inquiry is confined to the objectively ascertainable question whether a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate’s authorization. In making this determination, all of the circumstances — including whether the warrant application had previously been rejected by a different magistrate — may be considered.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 923 n. 23, 104 S.Ct. 3405 (emphasis added). A court considering the fact that the warrant application had previously been rejected would necessarily have to look beyond the four corners of the document (assuming, of course, that the affidavit did not advertise the earlier rejection). The Court also looked beyond the affidavit in Massachusetts v. Sheppard, 468 U.S. 981, 104 S.Ct. 3424, 82 L.Ed.2d 737 (1984). In that case, a detective investigating a homicide sought a warrant to search a suspect’s residence for the murder weapon and pieces of the victim’s clothing. Id. at 984-85, 104 S.Ct. 3424. After preparing an affidavit, the detective sought a warrant application form, but, because the local court was closed, was able to locate only a form entitled “Search Warrant-Controlled Substance.” Id. at 985, 104 S.Ct. 3424. The detective delivered the affidavit and application to the magistrate and explained that they needed to be amended to omit the reference to “controlled substance” and to indicate that the warrant application, when signed, would constitute the warrant itself. Id. The magistrate, who informed the detective that he would make the necessary changes, authorized the search without making either change. Id. at 986, 104 S.Ct. 3424. The Supreme Court held that, given the magistrate’s assurances, a reasonable officer would have concluded that the warrant validly authorized a search despite the fact that key amendments were never made. Id. at 989, 104 S.Ct. 3424.
In view of the foregoing precedents, we interpret Laughton’s holding as limited to answering the question that this court, sitting en banc, explicitly left open in Carpenter: “whether the search could have been saved under the ‘good faith exception’ on the basis that the officers had other information that was not presented to the issuing magistrate, but that would have established probable cause.” 360 F.3d at 597. Indeed, Laughton explained that “a decision on the issue [left unanswered in Carpenter ] can no longer be postponed.” 409 F.3d at 751. Laughton, as we have already indicated, holds that “the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule does not permit consideration of information known to a police officer, but not included in the affidavit, in determining whether an objectively reasonable officer would have relied on the warrant.” Laughton, 409 F.3d at 752. That case gives no indication that the officer who applied for the search warrant provided the issuing magistrate with the information omitted from the affidavit. Because Agent Steward told Magistrate Judge Goe-bel that CI-178 had recorded Frazier’s participation in two drug deals — and, indeed, had included and sworn to this information in five related warrant affidavits presented contemporaneously to the magistrate judge — the case at bar is factually distinguishable from Laughton.
We refuse to confine our good faith inquiry to those facts that Agent Steward included in the Frazier affidavit because to do so would not serve the purposes of the exclusionary rule, and specifically, would have no deterrent effect on future police misconduct. The issue of whether evidence should be excluded is discrete from the question of whether the Fourth Amendment rights of the party seeking exclusion were violated. Gates, 462 U.S. at 223, 103 S.Ct. 2317. “As with any remedial device, the [exclusionary] rule’s application has been restricted to those instances where its remedial objectives are thought most efficaciously served. Where the exclusionary rule does not result in appreciable deterrence, then, clearly, its use ... is unwarranted.” Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1, 11, 115 S.Ct. 1185, 131 L.Ed.2d 34 (1995) (internal quotations and citations omitted). The record in this case does not support the conclusion that Agent Steward’s failure to supplement the Frazier affidavit amounts to anything more than a scrivener’s error (especially when one considers that Agent Steward properly amended the other five related affidavits). Punishing Agent Stewart for such a ministerial oversight would have no foreseeable deterrent effect on future police misconduct.
In fact, we are unable to envision any scenario in which a rule excluding from the Leon analysis information known to the officer and revealed to the magistrate would deter police misconduct. Leon only comes into play when an officer has a warrant, albeit a defective one. Because a judge’s initial probable cause determination is limited to the four corners of the affidavit, Hatcher, 473 F.2d at 324, an officer has no incentive to exclude from the affidavit information that supports a finding of probable cause only to reveal this information to the magistrate by parol. If the affidavit is not sufficient to support a finding of probable cause, the officer is unlikely to get a search warrant, and if the officer does not get a search warrant, he may not rely on Leon. Any deterrent — even the exclusionary rule — is wholly unnecessary in the absence of an incentive to engage in undesirable behavior. See Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217, 80 S.Ct. 1437, 4 L.Ed.2d 1669 (1960) (“[the exclusionary rule’s] purpose is to deter — to compel respect for the constitutional guarantee in the only effectively available way — by removing the incentive to disregard it”). Accordingly, we hold that a court reviewing an officer’s good faith under Leon may look beyond the four corners of the warrant affidavit to information that was known to the officer and revealed to the issuing magistrate. See United States v. Martin, 297 F.3d 1308, 1318 (11th Cir.2002) (“we find that we can look beyond the four corners of the affidavit and search warrant to determine whether [the executing officer] reasonably relied upon the warrant”); United States v. Marion, 238 F.3d 965, 969 (8th Cir.2001) (“[w]hen assessing the objective [reasonableness] of police officers executing a warrant, we must look to the totality of the circumstances, including any information known to the officers but not presented to the issuing judge.”) (quotation omitted). United States v. Procopio, 88 F.3d 21, 28 (1st Cir.1996) (looking beyond the four corners of the affidavit in assessing an officer’s good faith); United States v. Dickerson, 975 F.2d 1245, 1250 (7th Cir.1992) (same).
Considering that CI-178 recorded Frazier’s participation in two drug transactions, we conclude that the affidavit was not so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in its existence unreasonable. The question of whether Agent Steward’s reliance on the warrant was objectively reasonable turns on “whether a reasonably well-trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate’s authorization.” Weaver, 99 F.3d at 1380 (quotation omitted). This requires a “less demanding showing than the ‘substantial basis’ threshold required to prove the existence of probable cause in the first place.” Carpenter, 360 F.3d at 595 (quotation omitted). The addition of the fact that CI-178 recorded two of the conversations provides the element missing in the probable cause analysis: the veracity of the informant. Martin, 297 F.3d at 1314 (“[w]hen there is sufficient independent corroboration of an informant’s information, there is no need to establish the veracity of the informant”) (quoting United States v. Danhauer, 229 F.3d 1002, 1006 (10th Cir.2000)). The transactions that CI-178 recorded, in addition to the information included in the affidavit, provide a reliable basis upon which to conclude that Frazier is a drug dealer.
We think as well that the affidavit establishes a sufficiently strong nexus between Frazier’s alleged drug dealing and his home. An officer’s belief that there is a sufficient nexus between the suspected crime and the place to be searched is unreasonable when evidence in the affidavit connecting the crime to the residence is “so vague as to be conclusory or meaningless.” See Carpenter, 360 F.3d at 596 (citing United States v. Williams, 3 F.3d 69, 74 (3d Cir.1993)). “We previously found Leon applicable in eases where we determined that the affidavit contained a minimally sufficient nexus between the illegal activity and the place to be searched ... even if the information provided was not enough to establish probable cause.” Carpenter, 360 F.3d at 596 (officer’s good faith reliance on a warrant to search a residence was reasonable when the affidavit merely stated that a road connected it to a nearby marijuana field). For example, we held in Van Shutters, 163 F.3d at 336, that an officer relied in good faith on a warrant where the affidavit described the residence and the suspect’s criminal scheme but connected the place to the illegal activity only by stating that the residence “was available” to the suspect. In United States v. Schultz, 14 F.3d 1093, 1098 (6th Cir.1994) we held that an officer reasonably relied on a warrant authorizing the search of a bank safety deposit box where the affidavit underlying the warrant connected the box and the defendant’s drug trafficking only by stating that the officer’s training and experience led him to believe that evidence would be located there. And in Savoca, we held that, in light of a Sixth Circuit case which says that bank robbers often conceal evidence of their crimes in public and private places, an officer’s reliance on a warrant to search a hotel room was reasonable when affidavit underlying the warrant connected the hotel room to a bank robbery only by stating that the robbers were seen in the room on two prior occasions. 761 F.2d at 297-98.
The Frazier affidavit creates at least as strong a connection between the place to be searched and the evidence to be sought as the affidavits at issue in the foregoing cases. Paragraph nine of the Frazier affidavit states that the Morganfield Heights Housing Authority found drugs in Frazier’s former residence on Culver Court shortly after he moved out. A reasonably well-trained officer could infer that a drug dealer who kept drugs in his former home would also keep drugs in his current home. Indeed, Agent Steward averred, based on his training and experience, that drug dealers usually continue their trade after moving to a new residence (paragraph 18), and that people who sell drugs often keep drugs and guns in their homes (paragraph 19). The inference that drugs would be found in Frazier’s new residence is all the more reasonable when considered in light of the Sixth Circuit cases cited in the affidavit, which stand for the proposition that, “in the case of drug dealers, evidence is likely to be found where dealers reside.” And we think that Agent Steward’s reliance on this proposition was particularly reasonable because the issuing magistrate returned the affidavit with instructions to add citations to additional authority supporting it. We hold that the Frazier affidavit was not so lacking in probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.
B. Whether Leon’s good faith exception is inapplicable because the issuing magistrate wholly abandoned his judicial role.
Frazier also argues that Agent Steward could not have relied in good faith on the warrant because the issuing magistrate wholly abandoned his judicial role “by not reading the warrant application and basing issuance of the warrant on unsworn testimony.” A “neutral and detached magistrate must review a search warrant before it can be executed.” Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 450, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971). In determining whether a warrant is supported by probable cause, “the courts must ... insist that the magistrate purport to perform his neutral and detached function and not serve merely as a rubber stamp for the police.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 914, 104 S.Ct. 3405 (quotation omitted). The defendant carries the burden of proving that the issuing magistrate acted as a rubber stamp. United States v. Rodriguez-Suazo, 346 F.3d 637, 649 (6th Cir.2003).
Though the issuing magistrate did not notice that Agent Steward failed to comply with his request to specify that CI-178 had recorded two drug transactions, the record does not support Frazier’s claim that the magistrate issued the warrant without reading the affidavit. In fact, we know that the issuing magistrate read the affidavit at least twice. After Agent Steward resubmitted the affidavit (without including information about CI-178’s role in the case), the magistrate reviewed it and returned it with instructions to “strengthen” paragraph 17, which cited Sixth Circuit case law in support of the proposition that a warrant may issue to search a drug dealer’s residence despite a lack of direct evidence connecting the drug enterprise to the residence. Based on his conversation with Agent Steward, the magistrate also asked him to add what became paragraph 18, in which Agent Steward avers that, based on his training, drug dealers continue their trade after moving to a new residence. Agent Steward testified that after he supplemented paragraphs 17 and 18 and resubmitted the affidavit, the magistrate “looked it over again” and affixed his name to the search warrant. This evidence demonstrates that the magistrate not only reviewed the affidavit, but did so with a critical eye.
Even less does the record support Frazier’s claim that the magistrate abandoned his judicial role by relying on unsworn testimony. It is true that Agent Steward did not swear in the Frazier affidavit that CI-178 taped two of the drug buys. He did, however, swear to that fact in the five related affidavits contemporaneously presented to the magistrate judge. While it was technically improper for the magistrate judge to rely on that testimony for the Frazier warrant, that reliance does not preclude the application of Leon’s, good faith exception. “The exclusionary rule is designed to prevent police, not magistrate, misconduct.... ” Rodriguez-Suazo, 346 F.3d at 649. Because “there exists no evidence suggesting that judges and magistrates are inclined to ignore or subvert the Fourth Amendment,” any procedural errors committed by the issuing magistrate are irrelevant to the executing officer’s good faith in cases where the defendant has failed to show that the magistrate abandoned his judicial role. Leon, 468 U.S. at 916, 104 S.Ct. 3405. Frazier has failed to prove that the issuing magistrate acted as a rubber stamp.
III.
Alternatively, Frazier asks us to remand his case with instructions for the district court to hold an evidentiary hearing in order to prove that knowing or reckless falsities negating good faith are contained in the affidavit supporting the search of his home. Under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978), a defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the veracity of the statements in the affidavit only if 1) there is a substantial preliminary showing that specified portions of the affiant’s aver-ments are deliberately or recklessly false and 2) a finding of probable cause would not be supported by the remaining content of the affidavit when the allegedly false material is set aside. United States v. Atkin, 107 F.3d 1213, 1216-17 (6th Cir.1997). Frazier argues that paragraphs 9 and 13 contain averments that are deliberately and recklessly false. We conclude that neither paragraph contains false information that would entitle Frazier to a Franks hearing.
Paragraph 9 says, in its entirety,
On May 1, 2003, ATF Special Agent Kirk Steward was contacted by Morgan-field Police Officer Jeff Hart concerning seizure of approximately 20.4 grams of cocaine from the apartment, 759 Culver Court located in the Morganfield Heights Housing Authority in Morgan-field, Kentucky, of Chris FRAZIER. On May 5, 2003 the Morganfield Height[s] Housing Authority evicted FRAZIER from his apartment. Sometime on the morning of May 6, 2003, employees of the Morganfield Heights Housing Authority were cleaning FRAZIER’S apartment in order to get it ready for another tenant when they discovered a white powder substance in a plastic baggie. Morganfield Police and Union County Sheriff Officer’s [sic] were dispatched to FRAZIER’S apartment. Upon seizing the white substance, Union County Sheriffs Deputy Jason Corbitt conducted a narcotic field test of the cocaine. The test resulted in a positive indication for cocaine.
Frazier argues that he has made a substantial preliminary showing that paragraph 9 contains deliberately or recklessly false averments because it does not accurately state the date that he moved out of his apartment. Paragraph 9 certainly contains errors. Agent Steward could not have been told on May 1, 2003, about a May 6, 2003, cocaine seizure. But the record does not support the conclusion that the falsehoods contained in paragraph 9 are anything more than typographical errors. A defendant cannot demonstrate entitlement to a Franks hearing by merely identifying typographical errors in the affidavit. In any event, no prejudice ensued from any errors that Agent Steward made concerning the date of Frazier’s eviction because paragraph 9 makes it clear that he was not living in the Culver Court residence when the drugs were found.
Frazier also takes issue with paragraph 13 of the affidavit, which states that the Kentucky State Police were unable to muster enough officers to search Frazier’s home, despite their suspicion that he was a drug dealer. Frazier argues that he is entitled to a Franks hearing to explore the “unlikelihood that Kentucky State Police could not get a search warrant due to ‘man power issues and priorities to other investigations.’ ” Because Frazier’s argument merely speculates that the Kentucky State Police had the manpower to execute the warrant, he has failed to make a substantial preliminary showing that paragraph 13 contains a deliberately or recklessly false averment. Finding no basis upon which to remand his case with instructions to hold a Franks hearing, we deny the request for remand.
IV.
Finally, Frazier argues that his “trial counsel’s failure to investigate allegedly false statements in the affidavit in support of the search warrant and to reassert the motion for an evidentiary hearing constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” We generally do not rule on ineffective assistance of counsel claims raised for the first time on direct review. United States v. Garcia-Meza, 315 F.3d 683, 687 (6th Cir.2003). An exception to this general rule exists when the record is adequately developed to allow the reviewing court to assess the merits of the appellant’s Strickland claim. United States v. Hall, 200 F.3d 962, 965 (6th Cir.2000). This is not such a case.
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order denying Frazier’s motion to suppress; we DENY his request for a remand; and we DISMISS without prejudice his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
. Because this was an impromptu transaction, CI-178 was not able to record it.
. The United States argues that paragraph two of the affidavit, which says ''[s]ince opening this investigation, February 22, 2002, ATF and Union County Sheriff's Department have used Confidential Informants to conduct numerous drug and firearm(s) transactions with approximately 17 people which [sic] have been identified as prominent members of the FRAZIER SYNDICATE,” indicates that the CI-178 recorded the two transactions that Frazier was involved in. Because CI-178 actually recorded some of the transactions mentioned in the affidavit, but not others, we decline to draw this inference.
. We note that the information provided by Black is not particularly reliable inasmuch as it is based on multiple levels of hearsay.
. We note that this court’s decision in United States v. Weaver, 99 F.3d 1372, 1378 (6th Cir.1996), which was cited in Laughton, does not preclude a court from looking outside of the affidavit while analyzing an officer's good faith. Though Weaver did state that ''[i]n determining whether an affidavit is 'bare bones,’ the reviewing court is concerned exclusively with the statements contained in the affidavit itself,” it announced tins rule in the context of its analysis of whether the affidavit itself contained probable cause. Weaver did not hold that a court is limited to the four corners of the affidavit for the purposes of the Leon analysis.
| CASELAW |
Iraiyanar Akapporul
MaduraiTempleLordShiva.JPG
]]Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, or Kaḷaviyal eṉṟa Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, literally "Iraiyanar's treatise on the love-theme, called 'The study of stolen love (களவியல் என்ற இறையனார் அகப்பொருள்) is an early mediaeval work on Tamil poetics, specifically, on the literary conventions associated with the akam tradition of Tamil love poetry. The date of the work is uncertain, but it is generally taken to have been composed between the fifth and eighth centuries.
The Akapporul consists of a set of sixty nūṟpās – terse epigrams written in verse which codify rules – attributed to Iraiyanar. The received text of the accompanied by a long prose treatise on akam poetics attributed to Nakkiraṉār, which is structured as a commentary on the nūṟpās, but significantly expands on them and introduces several new ideas. The work as a whole occupies an important place in the history of Tamil literature for several reasons. The poetical argument of the work, and in particular Nakkiranar's treatment of traditional love episodes as successive scenes in an unfolding drama, was extremely influential in the development of Tamil love poetry and poetics in the medieval and pre-colonial periods. Secondly. Nakkiranar's treatise is both the first major Tamil work to be written entirely in prose, and the first erudite textual commentary in Tamil, and as such stylistically shaped the development of the Tamil prose and commentarial traditions. Finally, the work also contains the oldest account of the Sangam legend, which has played a significant role in modern Tamil consciousness.
Layers, authorship and dating
The Iraiyanar Akapporul in its present form is a composite work, containing three distinct texts with different authors. These are sixty nūṟpās which constitute the core of the original Iraiyanar Akapporul, a long prose commentary on the nūṟpās, and a set of poems called the Pāṇṭikkōvai which are embedded within the commentary.
The nūṟpās
The original Iraiyanar Akapporul consisted of sixty brief verses – called nūṟpās – that, in total, contain 149 lines. The verses show a number of similarities with the poruḷatikāram section of the Tolkappiyam – an older manual on Tamil grammar, poetics and prosody – both in its vocabulary and the core concepts it discusses. Takahashi suggests that this work was originally composed as a practical handbook for writing love poetry in accordance with the conventions of the akam tradition. The intent behind its composition, according to him, was to produce something that was more accessible and useful to poets than existing theoretical works on poetics, such as the poruḷatikāram.
The author of the sixty verses is unknown. Nakkiranar's commentary states that the verses were found inscribed on three copper plates under the altar to Shiva in Madurai, in the time of the Pandiyan king Ukkiraperuvaluti, who is also mentioned in the Akananuru as being the king who ordered its compilation. Nakkiranar says their author was Shiva himself, "the flame-hued lord of Alavayil in Madurai". Later sources, such as Ilampuranar's commentary on the Tolkappiyam, name the author of the sixty nūṟpās as "Iraiyanar", which literally means "lord", but is also a common name of Shiva. Apart from this legend, there is no tradition or concrete evidence as to who their human author was. Zvelebil and Marr suggest that the author was a poet or grammarian, possibly called Iraiyanar, and that the text itself had probably been stored in the temple at Madurai under Shiva's altar, where it was rediscovered in the time of Ukkiraperuvaluti. A poem in the Sangam anthology Kuruntokai is also attributed to Iraiyanar, and Marr goes on to suggest that the author of the nūṟpās may have been the same person as the author of that poem.
The verses are also difficult to date. The commentary says that they were composed in the Sangam period, but the scholarly consensus is that they are from a later date. Takahashi and Zvelebil assign them to a period between the fifth and sixth centuries, on the basis that their relationship to the poruḷatikāram suggests that they were composed a few generations after the final redaction of the poruḷatikāram, which they date to the 4th–5th centuries. Marr takes the view that the similarities between the nūṟpās and the poruḷatikāram indicate that the two were broadly contemporaneous, and drew upon common poetic ideas and definitions.
Nakkiranar's commentary
The second component of the work is Nakkiranar's treatise on love poetics which, although structured as a commentary, is treated by modern scholars as an erudite work in its own right. It is several times the length of the verses themselves, running to over two hundred pages in Tamil. The treatise is written in the tone and style of a discourse of the type that might be heard at a literary academy. The commentary uses a number of rhetorical devices. Nakkiranar repeatedly poses hypothetical questions and objections, to which he presents answers and rebuttals which are directly addressed to the reader, as if the reader himself was the questioner. He also uses stories, anecdotes and legends to illustrate specific points, and draws extensively on the then-existing corpus of Tamil akam poetry to provide examples of the poetical techniques he discusses.
The commentary says that it was written by Nakkiranar, son of Kanakkayanar. A number of traditions connect Nakkiranar with the Sangam age. The commentary itself claims to have been written in the Sangam age, and names Nakkiranar as one of the poets of the Third Sangam. Later legends recorded in the Tiruvilayadarpuranam say he was the president of the Third Sangam, and there are extant Sangam poems attributed to a poet by that name. The scholarly consensus, however, is that the commentary was written some centuries after the end of the Sangam period, on the basis that its language differs significantly in structure and vocabulary from that of Sangam literature, and that it cites verses which use a metre – kattalaikkalitturai – not found in Sangam literature. Zvelebil suggests that the Nakkiranar who wrote this commentary may be the same as the composer of the Tirumurukarruppatai.
The commentary records that it was transmitted orally for eight generations, until it was finally committed to writing by Nilakantanar of Musiri, a tradition which Zvelebil and Marr find credible. Early scholars, such as S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, dated the commentary to a period as late as the 10th–12th century, on the basis that the author appeared to be familiar with the 10th-century Civakacintamani. Modern scholars, however, tend to view these as later interpolations into the text, and date the commentary itself to a period closer to the 8th century on the basis of its relationship with the Pāṇṭikkōvai. Zvelebil suggests that many of these may have been inserted by Nilakantanar of Musiri, who he suggests added an introduction and more modern quotations into the text when he wrote it down.
The Pāṇṭikkōvai
The third component of the text is the Pāṇṭikkōvai, a work containing a series of related akam poems about the seventh century Pandiyan king, Nedumaran. Nakkiranar's commentary uses a number of verses from this poem to illustrate points he makes concerning the poetics of Tamil akam poetry – of the 379 quotations in the commentary, all but 50 are from the Pāṇṭikkōvai. The Pāṇṭikkōvai is believed to have had 400 quatrains in its original form, 329 of which are preserved in Nakkiranar's commentary. The author of the Pāṇṭikkōvai is unknown; however, the poem is interesting in itself as one of the earliest literary works written in the form of a kōvai – a series of interlinked poems which became one of the mainstays of akam poetry in mediaeval Tamil literature.
Modern editions and translations
The text of the Akapporul is almost always printed together with the commentary of Nakkiranar, and the two are usually treated as a unity. T. G. Aravamuthan suggests that Ilampuranar, the author of a celebrated 11th-12th century commentary on the Tolkappiyam, also wrote a second commentary on the work, but this is no longer extant.
The Akapporul was transmitted for several centuries in the form palm-leaf manuscripts. The first printed edition was prepared by Damodaram Pillai in 1883. The first critical edition, based on a comparison of all manuscript copies that were then available, was prepared in 1939 by K.V. Govindaraja Mudaliyar and M.V. Venugopala Pillai. A second critical edition, which took into account a few additional manuscripts that came to light subsequently, was published by the Saiva Siddhantha Works Publishing Society in 1969.
An English translation of the nūṟpās and commentary was published by Buck and Paramasivan in 1997. A new translation, with annotations, is currently under preparation by a team of scholars including Jean-Luc Chevillard, Thomas Lehmann and Takanobu Takahashi, and was scheduled to be published in 2008.
Content
Iraiyanar Akapporul is concerned with setting out the literary conventions that govern Tamil love poetry of the akam tradition. The conventions, as such, are taken from the poetics of the Sangam period. Thus a poem is a poetical snapshot of one instant in a relationship. This snapshot provides a glimpse into the lives of the couple which is in love. In addition, each poem must consist of actual words spoken by one of the persons involved in the relationship, without any commentary by an omniscient narrator. Only certain characters may speak – the hero (talaivaṉ) and heroine (talaivi), a close male friend of the hero (tōḻaṉ) or a close female friend of the heroine (tōḻi), a mother or foster-mother, priests, courtesans, bards who mediate between a wife and husband, and a few other characters. The words spoken must also be addressed to a listener – the conventions of akam poetry did not permit soliloquies. However, the listener need not necessarily be the person to whom the words are seemingly addressed. A common device in akam poetry is to have words seemingly spoken to a friend, but actually intended for the speaker's lover, who the speaker knows is eavesdropping.
The content of the poems is highly conventionalised. Each poem must belong to one of five tiṇais, poetical modes or themes. Each mode consists of a complete poetical landscape – a definite time, place, season in which the poem is set – and background elements characteristic of that landscape – including flora and fauna, inhabitants, deities and social organisation – that provide imagery for poetic metaphors. The modes are associated with specific aspects of relationships, such as the first meeting, separation, quarrelling, pining and waiting. Each mode is named for the chief flower in the landscape with which it is associated. The table to the left gives an example of the various elements which the text associates with the mode marutam.
In Sangam literature, the composition of such a poem describing an instant in a relationship was an end in itself. In the Iraiyanar Akapporul, however, its purpose is more complex. Each poem is an instant in a developing relationship, and is ordinarily preceded and followed by other poems that describe preceding and succeeding instants in the same relationship. The instants described by each poem must, therefore, also develop the plot, and the character of the persons who are the subject of the work. Thus the Iraiyanar Akapporul discusses the importance of the essential characteristics of the hero and heroine, and the tension between each of these characteristics and the love and desire of the couple for each other. Each of the moments described in successive poems, set in an appropriate tiṇai, moves this along, by describing how the couple react to each other in the context of specific situations.
The text divides the evolution of a relationship into two phases, the phase of kaḷavu or "stolen" love, and the phase of kaṟpu or "chaste" love. Love is considered to be "stolen" before marriage, and "chaste" after marriage. A number of situations can occur within each phase. Within the phase of "stolen" love, for instance, situations that may exist include a nighttime tryst (iravukkuṟi), a daytime tryst (pakaṟkuṟi), the friend urging the hero to marry the heroine (varaivu vēṭkai), the hero temporarily leaving the heroine to avoid gossip (oruvaḻittaṇattal), and so on. Similarly, within the phase of "chaste" love, situations that may arise include the newly-wed phase (kaṭimaṉai), the necessity to discharge duties (viṉai muṟṟal), separation so that the hero can earn money (poruṭpiṇi pirivu), and so on. Later texts, such as Akapporul Vilakkam, discuss a third intermediate phase, that of the marriage itself, but Iraiyanar Akapporul does not treat this as being a separate phase, though it does deal with some of the situations that later texts classify under the phase of marriage. In his commentary on Iraiyanar's penultimate verse, Nakkiranar explains in detail how, by carefully choosing the situations, speakers and tiṇais, a series of episodes can be woven into a seamless narrative detailing the history of a relationship.
Poetical context
The treatise contains the oldest full-length exposition of poetical devices central to akam poetry, including the five tiṇais or landscapes into which all love poems were classified, and the various kuṟṟus or speakers whose emotions and expression the poems sought to articulate. However, its principal purpose was not to clarify or explain the ancient akam tradition.
At the time the work was written, a new class of work – called ciṟṟilakkiyam, or "short literature" – was emerging in Tamil literature. Unlike the old akam tradition, which mainly focused on short poems dealing with a single, detached scene in the life of a pair of lovers, these works sought to depict a complete story. This was not in itself alien to Tamil literature, in that epics – peruṅkāppiyam in Tamil – such as the Cilappatikaram dealt with whole stories. Works of the ciṟṟilakkiyam tradition, however, sought to do so on a less grand scale, through longer series of related poems which described successive episodes that cumulatively chart the entire course of a relationship.
It is in relation to these that the text had its longest-lasting impact. By chronologically ordering the isolated moments which Tamil akam poetry, and describing how they fit into a serialised plot, the text – and in particular, Nakkiranar's commentary – related the emergent ciṟṟilakkiyam tradition to the ancient akam tradition, and thereby helped create a new approach to literature, on the basis on which a plethora of new literary forms developed in succeeding centuries. The kovai, in particular, came to dominate secular and religious akam poetry in the mediaeval period. The very last example of akam poetry, written before the tradition was suppressed by seventeenth century religious revivalism, is a 600-verse kōvai, composed by Kachchaiyappar Sivachariyar and embedded into his Tanikaippuranam.
Stylistic influences
Nakkiranar's commentary also created a basic template which all subsequent commentaries on Tamil texts followed. Each verse of the original text is followed by a commentary on that verse, which explains its content, and presents examples chosen from extant literature and where necessary quotes previous authors in support of the commentator's claims. Nakkiranar, for example, frequently quotes rules from the Tolkappiyam, Akattiyam and other works on grammar and poetics to support his literary theories, and illustrates these theories by quoting from the Pāṇṭikkōvai, Cilappatikaram and poetry of the Sangam age, weaving all these into his prose commentary in a manner that highlights his points. In addition, the comments on the initial verses, and on the final one, present additional material dealing with general themes, which goes beyond a simple elucidation of the verses on which they comment. Thus Nakkiranar, in addition to simply commenting on Iraiyanar's verses, here outlines rules for the structure and content of a commentary, discusses the manner in which conventions regarding love-poetry should be presented, and sets out general observations on history.
Historical and social context
The work, and in particular the commentary of Nakkiranar, reinterprets the Tamil akam tradition in the light of the Shaivite bhakti tradition, which was then sweeping through Tamil Nadu in a wave of Hindu revivalism. A commentary, in the Indian tradition, plays an important role in reinterpreting and reworking the applicability of a text or tradition in the context of changing historical or social circumstances. Nakkiranar's commentary thus plays the role of reclaiming the Tamil akam tradition – secular in appearance, and associated with Jainism – for the Tamil Shaivite tradition. This reappropriation had a significant effect on the Tamil bhakti tradition, whose poems, from the ninth century onwards, make extensive use of the conventions of the akam tradition, but in the context of describing the love of a devotee for God. | WIKI |
Asiertxo Asiertxo - 6 months ago 34
Java Question
Trouble with RESTful service returning String[] objects
I have developed a simple RESTful webservice that returns a String[] with info that it gets from a database. The thing is that I use netbeans and tend to use classes as clients to this webservice, as netbeans generates them automatically, and in this case I don't know how to handle what the webservice method is requesting. It has to do with Class generic classes, and I don't know what to do.
Here is the method from the webservice:
@GET
@Produces("application/json")
public String[] tramo(@QueryParam("tramo") String tramo) throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver").newInstance();
Connection conexion = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@172.17.56.133:1521:TRACK", "oc","oc");
Statement stmt=conexion.createStatement();
ResultSet rs1=stmt.executeQuery("select IDT.ROWID, IDT.ID_ID, IDT.ID_PST_ID, IDT.ID_UM_ID,IDT.ID_POS, IDT.ID_PULSOS, IDT.ID_LANZAR, TEL_FISKERNEL.TEL_COLOR_EXT, TEL_FISKERNEL.TEL_SEC_MONT,TEL_FISKERNEL.TEL_PRS_FAM,TEL_FISKERNEL.TEL_SORTENES_FAM from IDT,TEL_FISKERNEL where IDT.ID_UM_ID = TEL_FISKERNEL.TEL_PIN and ID_PST_ID="+tramo+" order by ID_POS" );
int i=0;
while(rs1.next()){
pin[i]=rs1.getString("ID_UM_ID");
i++;
}
rs1.close();
stmt.close();
conexion.close();
return pin;
}
As you can see it returns a simple String[] object, and that is what I would like to get when calling this method, but when netbeans creates the client, its method is written like this:
public <T> T tramo(Class<T> responseType, String tramo) throws ClientErrorException {
WebTarget resource = webTarget;
if (tramo != null) {
resource = resource.queryParam("tramo", tramo);
}
return resource.request(javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).get(responseType);
}
What should I give to this method to get a String[]? I have tried and read many tutorials online but I just don't understand what this method is requesting.
Thanks in advance fellas!
Answer
T is a generic for the type you want to use so the invocation would be something like this
String[] resp = tramo(String[].class, tramo) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:LemonCrumpet/sandbox
* North Ayrshire and Arran || style="background-color: " | ||Scottish National
* data-sort-value="Campbell, Irene" |Irene Campbell|| style="background-color: " |
* Labour
* Defeated incumbent, Patricia Gibson
* North Bedfordshire || style="background-color: " | ||Conservative
* North Cornwall || style="background-color: " | ||Liberal Democrats
* data-sort-value="Maguire, Ben" |Ben Maguire|| style="background-color: " |
* Liberal Democrats
* Defeated incumbent, Scott Mann
* North Cornwall || style="background-color: " | ||Liberal Democrats
* data-sort-value="Maguire, Ben" |Ben Maguire|| style="background-color: " |
* Liberal Democrats
* Defeated incumbent, Scott Mann | WIKI |
Cohen & Steers Appoints Brad Ispass as Head of Enterprise Wealth
NEW YORK, June 24, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Cohen & Steers, Inc. (NYSE: CNS) announced today the appointment of Brad Ispass as Head of Enterprise Wealth, a newly created role that will lead the firm's newly formed Enterprise Wealth Group. This strategic initiative marks a significant step in the firm's ongoing evolution and commitment to expanding its presence in the U.S. Wealth Management market. Mr. Ispass reports to Dan Noonan, Executive Vice President and Head of U.S. Wealth.
Dan Noonan, Head of U.S. Wealth Management, said: "The creation of the Enterprise Wealth Group is a pivotal move in our strategy to grow market share in our core asset classes, expand into private assets and ETFs, and drive organic growth from the rapidly expanding RIA market. Brad's leadership will be instrumental in executing this vision."
Mr. Ispass brings more than two decades of experience in sales management and strategic distribution leadership. Prior to joining Cohen & Steers, he served as Head of U.S. Advisory Distribution at DWS Group, where he co-led the U.S. Wholesale segment and oversaw key account management, investment platform and research coverage, and enterprise RIA strategy.
The Enterprise Wealth Group is comprised of three specialized teams:
Global Strategic Accounts: home office coverage of full-service broker-dealers, sub-advisory relationships, OCIOs and global banks.
Independent Platforms: coverage of custody and clearing firms, independent hybrid firms, TAMPs, and national and enterprise platforms.
Enterprise Wealth Sales: sales and client development for the enterprise and multi-family office RIA market.
This announcement reflects Cohen & Steers' continued investment in talent and infrastructure to support its long-term growth strategy in the wealth management space. In 2023, the firm appointed John Moore to establish a Private Wealth Solutions team, supporting the expansion of its private real estate business. Earlier this year, Griffin Frank and Alexander Berg were named Head of ETF Capital Markets and Head of ETF Sales, respectively—further strengthening the firm's capabilities in the ETF space.
About Cohen & Steers. Cohen & Steers is a leading global investment manager specializing in real assets and alternative income, including listed and private real estate, preferred securities, infrastructure, resource equities, commodities, as well as multi-strategy solutions. Founded in 1986, the firm is headquartered in New York City, with offices in London, Dublin, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Singapore.
Website: https://www.cohenandsteers.com Symbol: NYSE: CNS
View original content:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cohen--steers-appoints-brad-ispass-as-head-of-enterprise-wealth-302489234.html
SOURCE Cohen & Steers, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Credit Suisse: A top banker's defection to UBS is roiling Swiss banking
London (CNN London)The cozy world of Swiss banking is being rocked by a criminal investigation linked to the defection of a top Credit Suisse executive to crosstown rival UBS. Prosecutors in Zurich have opened a case concerning potential coercion or threats following a complaint made by the former head of wealth management at Credit Suisse, Iqbal Khan. Arrests were made in connection to the case, a spokesperson for the prosecutors told CNN Business, but those individuals have been released. According to Swiss media reports, Credit Suisse (CS) placed Khan under surveillance ahead of his move to rival bank UBS (UBS), fearing that he would poach colleagues, leading to a confrontation involving the banker and private investigators on the streets of Zurich. Credit Suisse said in a statement that it "took note" of the media reports regarding Khan, and said its board had "decided to launch an investigation into these events." The people conducting the investigation will "report directly" to Credit Suisse Chairman Urs Rohner, the bank said. The episode, and subsequent media reports alleging a rocky relationship between Khan and Credit Suisse CEO Tidjane Thiam, have roiled the highly competitive world of Swiss banking. Credit Suisse and UBS compete with other Swiss financial services companies for top talent, and to persuade wealthy clients to entrust them with their money to invest. Wealth management has become an even bigger focus for Swiss banks and rivals elsewhere in Europe as they seek to offset a decline in investment banking revenue and the impact of negative interest rates on their lending margins. UBS is the world's largest wealth manager with $2.3 trillion in assets at the end of 2018. Credit Suisse had assets of $1.4 trillion. Khan, 43, is due to start as co-president of the international wealth management arm of UBS on October 1. Credit Suisse announced his departure in July, but he remains an employee of the bank until the end of September. Khan is credited with transforming Credit Suisse's wealth management division, overseeing a 52% increase in profit between 2016 and 2018. A senior executive at one private bank in Zurich told CNN Business that employers often worry that departing executives may try to poach colleagues when they leave for a new job. "You have the person's word that they won't poach people, but you don't know," said the executive, who requested anonymity in order to speak freely. UBS declined to comment. But the bank has been forced to enter the fray. UBS Chairman Axel Weber said in a television interview this week that the surveillance issue was between Khan and Credit Suisse. Weber told Bloomberg TV on Wednesday that UBS was still conducting due diligence on its new hire. Credit Suisse declined to comment on when its investigation into the reported surveillance would conclude. The Swiss bank has enjoyed a period of improved performance under Thiam, posting a profit for the first time in four years in 2018. He has undertaken a major strategy overhaul, trimming Credit Suisse's investment banking operations and implementing cost cuts. Despite that success, Credit Suisse stock is down 44% since he took over in March 2015. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Yard of Blonde Girls
"Yard of Blonde Girls" is a song written by sisters Audrey Clark of the Boston band the 360s and Lori Kramer of the Paper Squares, who were performing together in the late nineties as Pendulum Floors. Inger Lorre contributed additional lyrics on the second verse, which were written about singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley. Lorre had a relationship with Buckley, but never told him that the verse was about him. Buckley and Lorre recorded a demo version of the song in 1996. The song is a tribute to Lori Kramer's childhood friend, who committed suicide in 1993.
It is most notably found as a cover on Jeff Buckley's posthumous double album Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk (1998). It was also released on Lorre's album Transcendental Medication (1999) and recorded by Micah P. Hinson on the tribute album Dream Brother: The Songs of Tim and Jeff Buckley (2006).
The song has also been covered by Alpha Rev, Widespread Panic, Déportivo and Incubus in their live performances. | WIKI |
Florissant Formation
The Florissant Formation is a sedimentary geologic formation outcropping around Florissant, Teller County, Colorado. The formation is noted for the abundant and exceptionally preserved insect and plant fossils that are found in the mudstones and shales. Based on argon radiometric dating, the formation is Eocene (approximately 34 million years old ) in age and has been interpreted as a lake environment. The fossils have been preserved because of the interaction of the volcanic ash from the nearby Thirtynine Mile volcanic field with diatoms in the lake, causing a diatom bloom. As the diatoms fell to the bottom of the lake, any plants or animals that had recently died were preserved by the diatom falls. Fine layers of clays and muds interspersed with layers of ash form "paper shales" holding beautifully-preserved fossils. The Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is a national monument established to preserve and study the geology and history of the area.
History
The name Florissant comes from the French word for flowering. In the late 19th century tourist and excavators came to this location to observe the wildlife and collect samples for collections and study. The Petrified Forest, which is one of the main attractions at the monument today, lost much of its mass due to collectors removing large amounts of petrified wood from the site.
During the 1860s and 1870s the area was mapped by geologists for the first time. Geologists of the Hayden Survey visited the area in the early 1870s, and fossil plants from the beds were described by Leo Lesquereux, fossil insects by Samuel Hubbard Scudder, and vertebrate fossils by Edward Drinker Cope. The formation was first formally named as the Florissant Lake Beds by Charles Whitman Cross in 1894.
In 1969, the Florissant Fossil Bed National Monument was established after a long legal battle between local land owners and the federal government. Today, the park receives approximately 60,000 visitors a year, and is the site of ongoing paleontological investigations. The formation itself was renamed the Florissant Formation in 2001 to conform with the requirements of the North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature.
Geology
In the late Eocene to early Oligocene, approximately 34 million years ago, the area was a lake environment with redwood trees. The basement is the Proterozoic aged Pikes Peak Granite. There is an unconformity from the Pikes Peak Granite to the next unit, the Wall Mountain tuff. The massive unconformity is due to erosion that occurred during the uplift of the modern Rocky Mountains, the Laramide Orogeny. The Wall Mountain Tuff was deposited as a result of a large eruption from a distant caldera. The Florissant Formation itself is composed of alternating units of shale, mudstone, conglomerate, and volcanic deposits. There are six described units within the Florissant Formation. In order from bottom to top: the lower shale unit, lower mudstone unit, middle shale unit, caprock conglomerate unit, upper shale unit, and the upper pumice unit. Each of the shale units represents lacustrine environments, composed of very thin shales that are abundant in fossils, which alternate with tuffs from eruptions. The lower mudstone has been interpreted as a stream environment with the top of the unit being a lahar deposit. The mudstones were deposited on a valley floor, but not in a lake. The separation of the shale units by non-lake deposits could mean that there were two generations of lake deposits. Lahars that went through the valley could have dammed up the valley, allowing for the creation of a lake. The middle and upper shale units were then deposited in this second generation of the lake. The caprock conglomerate was deposited as a large lahar went through the valley and accumulated down on the lake floor.
The Laramide Orogeny, which created the modern Rocky Mountains, had been uplifting the area to the west since the end of the Cretaceous, although the exact timing of the orogeny is debated In the late Eocene to the Early Oligocene, volcanic episodes began to occur to the southwest of the Florissant area. These episodes of eruption would deposit ash and other volcanic debris on the Florissant location, and the volcanic material would be one of the most important factors in the fossilization of the plants and animals that are so abundant in the formation. The fossil bearing paper shales are intercalated with larger deposits of volcanic material.
Most of the rocks that were deposited after the Oligocene and before the Pleistocene have been eroded away. Most of the remaining units are composed of clasts of weathered Pikes Peak Granite, volcanics, and mud that were transported by streams that flowed through the area. Some mammoth bones have been found within these units and have been dated to around 50,000 years old.
Thirtynine Mile Volcanic Field
Around 25–30 kilometers to the southwest, a series of stratovolcanoes, similar to modern day volcanoes like Mt. St Helens, developed and erupted periodically. Called the Guffey volcanic center, within the larger Thirtynine Mile volcanic field, the volcano had eruptions that included domes, lava flows, and pyroclastic events. Ash from these events settled throughout the area and lahars flowed down the valleys. The ash that settled created the tuff, and the lahars formed the mudstones and the conglomerates of the Florissant formation.
The Florissant was deposited in a paleovalley after one of the lahars dammed it up. The resulting lake became as large as 36 km2. There were two cycles of lake environments. The first one created the lower shale unit, while the second lake created the middle and upper shale units. Eventually, the volcanoes became dormant and started to erode away. Over time, the volcanoes became so eroded that there are no more obvious signs of them on the surface. Instead, the Eocene erosional surface is the only remnant of the area's volcanoes.
Fossils
The volcanic material that caused so much destruction led to the preservation of the fossils within the Florissant Formation's shales and mudstones. As the ash was deposited on the landscape, it was carried by water through streams and lahars to the lake. The lahars then covered the base of the redwoods that were living at the time, and the trunks of the trees became harder and fossilized. Through permineralization, the precipitates that were in the ground water flowed through the tree trunks, replacing the original matter with siliceous minerals, replacing the organic matter with silica. This process of mineralization led to the preservation of the stumps of the trees.
Within the lake itself, the volcanic deposits were periodically deposited into the lake either through direct deposition or though weathering. The volcanic material was rich in silica. Living in the lake at the time were diatoms, whose shells were also composed of silica. The influx of more silica caused the diatoms to bloom in the lake. As the population of the diatoms massively increased, the stress from the volcanic episodes at the same time caused large die-offs of the local biota. As the plants and animals died off, their leaves and bodies fell into the lake and eventually large amounts of organic matter accumulated at the bottom of the lake. This process was repeated often, possibly yearly, as the runoff from rain collected in the lake, causing cyclical diatom blooms and die-offs. The diatom blooms and die-offs created layers of ash-clay deposits, called couplets, resulting in many thin layers. Each microlayer of ash and clay was compacted by overlaying sediments to create "paper shales" (usually between 0.1 and 1.0 mm thick). Within these paper shales the best preserved fossils can be found in the formation. Based on this information, it has been estimated that the lake could have lasted 2,500 to 5,000 years, if the diatom couplets represent annual cycles.
Paleoflora
There is a large diversity of plants in the beds of the Florissant Formation, ranging from large redwoods to microscopic pollen. The petrified forest is one of the main tourist attractions at the monument with an estimated 30 preserved stumps. They are among the largest petrified stumps in the world. The majority of the stumps have been identified as belonging to Sequoia affinis, a close relative of the modern coast redwood (S. sempervirens). These trees could have been as tall as 60 m until they were killed by lahars suffocating the oxygen supply to their roots. Dendrochronological examination of the tree rings has resulted in estimated ages of 500–700 years old when the trees were killed and buried. Some of the stumps belong to angiosperms. The Florissant Formation is also known for its fossilized leaves and the impressions they made. There are also specimens of fruits, seeds, cones, and flowers, which are all preserved in the paper shales of the formation. Most of the leaves come from trees and shrubs. Angiosperms are the dominant paleoflora, but there are also conifers present.
Some of the cones, foliage, and pollen have been identified as coming from the sequoias. There are distinct differences in the fossilized Sequoia affinis material to the modern redwoods of California. The foliage in the fossils is thinner and the female cones are smaller than the modern examples. There have been more than 130 species of pollen that have been identified in the shale beds at Florissant. These species represent samples from many different habitats that were located near and around the lake, as well as farther up the valley.
Benthic diatoms are the dominant type of siliceous algae found in the beds. These are easy to fossilize due to their silica shells. During periods of volcanism, the influxes of silica from volcanic ash lead to blooms of algae, which lead to algal mats and the exceptional preservation of the fossils. Florissant is significant in that it is one of the earliest known examples of freshwater diatoms.
Fauna
The majority of the animal fossils found at Florissant are invertebrates, but many specimens of vertebrates have been found. With such a large number of species identified in this location, it becomes apparent that the environment was ideal for a large range of animals to survive in the area. The great preservation of these animals gives insight into the environment that they survived in, as well as some aspects of their behavior.
Invertebrates
The invertebrate fossils of the Florissant are arthropods, such as spiders, millipedes, insects, and ostracods; and mollusks such as clams and snails. Of these, the most significant seem to be the spiders and insects, of which over 1,500 species have been identified in the fossil beds.
Arachnids are well represented in the Florissant, mostly a large variety of spiders. There have also been possible examples of harvestmen and daddy long-legs. There may be some evidence for gall mites, but no fully identified body fossils of them have been discovered yet. One unusual aspect of the spiders found in the formation is that they are not found with their legs curled in, but instead they are fully extended. This could indicate that they died in warmer temperature or acidic waters. The insects that are found in the ash-clay beds are diverse and numerous. Mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, cockroaches, termites, earwigs, web-spinners, cicadas, snake flies, lacewings, beetles, flies, mosquitoes, butterflies, moths, wasps, bees, ants, and other insects have all been found in the Florissant. Of these, the beetles are the most diverse and dominate in amount of specimens found as fossils. About 38% of the specimens found in the fossil beds are varieties of beetle. These fossils are aquatic and terrestrial insects, giving insight into the ecology and biology of the area.
Ostracods are believed to have fed on algae on the bottom of the lake. Most of the fossil examples of ostracod come from the preserved carapaces, or feeding appendages. Only one species of ostracods has been described so far. Several freshwater mollusks have been identified, including freshwater and terrestrial. The most abundant mollusk that has been identified at Florissant is gastropods (snails).
Vertebrates
The vertebrate fossils in the Florissant are predominantly small fragments of incomplete bones. There have been a few described species of vertebrates, mostly fish, but also birds and mammals. The fish discovered at the site include bowfins, suckers, catfishes, and pirate perches. Most of these were bottom dwellers, except the perches, and many were tolerant of poor water conditions. Most of the fish have been found in the same shale layers versus other shale layers. This could indicate that there were more tolerable times for fish populations over the history of the lake than other times.
Three examples of birds have been found in the beds, including a cuckoo. Most of the skeleton was lost, but there were still enough diagnostic features to identify the bird. There are also examples of rollers and shorebirds. Other birds were described in early literature from the 19th century, but the exact identification of these samples cannot be done due to lack of information.
Mammals are almost non-existent in the shales, with only one specimen of a small opossum being discovered so far. In the lower mudstone units, there are samples of broken bones of a horse, a brontothere, and an oreodont. The horse would have been small, about as large as a medium-sized dog, with three toes on each foot. All this information is based on a complete lower jaw. The largest mammal that has been discovered so far is a brontothere, an elephant-sized animal with a pair of thick horns on the top of its head. All of this information is based on fragmented vertebrae and small pieces of tooth enamel. The oreodont, is an extinct family that resembles modern sheep and pigs. The only oreodont specimen is a jaw fragment. Other mammals have been described in the formation based on teeth specimens. In all, around a dozen mammalian taxa have been discovered and described in the Florissant.
Surprisingly, no reptiles or amphibians have been recorded from Florissant, where they would have been expected. No explanation for the lack has been proposed, given the nearly 40,000 specimens from this location held by museums. The toxicity of the water due to volcanic activity could be to blame, but there are documented cases of aquatic animals in the lake.
Paleoclimate
Fossil plants, and in particular their leaves, have been the most useful sources of information of paleoclimate during the time of deposition of the Florissant Formation. Plants have a smaller tolerance on average to climatic changes, whereas many animals can be mobile and respond to rapid seasonal or daily changes.
Comparing fossil plants and leaves to modern analogs enables inferences about the climate to be made based on physiological and morphological similarities. One of the best ways to do this is by studying the characteristics of the leaves that have been found. By looking at the physiognomy, or analysis of gross appearance based on climatic factors, the mean average temperature (or MAT) has been estimated to be around 13 °C, much warmer than the modern MAT at Florissant of 4 °C. There have also been estimates that the MAT was between 16-18 °C, based on comparisons to the closest living relatives of the plants. There are also indications that the seasonal changes in the area were not as great as what is seen in modern times. Estimates of MAT, based on pollen, have put the temperature as high as 17.5 °C, but pollen is arguably less diagnostic than leaves. .
Based on the small size and the features of the teeth, the precipitation during the late Eocene to early Oligocene has been estimated to be around 50-80 centimeters per year, with a distinct dry season. This is much wetter than the average 38 cm that falls in the area during modern times. Most of the precipitation would have come in the late spring to early summer, with the rare snowfall in the winter.
Tree-ring analysis indicates that the environment that the redwoods grew in during the time of sediment deposition would have been even more favorable than the current climate that the redwoods in California grow in. The average ring width, one year of growth, is larger than the width of redwoods in central California. Towards the end of the Eocene, the global temperature began to decrease. However, this episode of global cooling is not indicated in the fossil record at Florissant.
Paleohabitats
The fossilized algae and aquatic angiosperms indicate that the lake was freshwater and shallow. Near the streams and shore, moisture was plentiful, allowing lush vegetation to grow. However, further up the hillsides was more dry-adapted vegetation. At the base of the valley, trees (such as sequoias) dominated the landscape. The understory of this forest would have been composed of smaller trees and shrubs. There would have been a gradual transition between the different habitats from the base of the valley up the hillsides, with some overlap between the two.
Insects from the area indicate different habitats as well. There are exclusively aquatic insects, such as dragonflies, that would have lived their entire lives on or near the lake. Meanwhile, the bees and butterflies would have preferred more open spaces in the surrounding hillsides and meadows.
Paleoaltitude
Early estimates of the elevation of the Florissant beds was determined to be between 300–900 meters, much lower than the modern elevation of 2,500-2,600 meters. However, more recent estimates that are based on paleoflora have put the elevation in the Eocene much higher. Ranges from 1,900 to 4,100 meters have been proposed. This would indicate that global climate change, rather than tectonic uplift, would be the main cause of changing environments in the area. The actual elevation of the Florissant area during the Eocene is still being determined. While most of the analysis using paleoflora has the area at a higher elevation than modern times, there is evidence that the elevation was as low as the earlier estimates. | WIKI |
How to Create an Email With a Family Name As the Domain
Techwalla may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story.
The process of setting up email accounts for your family has been made quicker and easier in recent years. With the profusion of do-it-yourself domain name sites, you can sign up for a domain and have a website and dedicated email addresses in a matter of minutes. The only trick involved is getting the domain name that you want. Even if it isn't immediately available, you may be able to buy it or back order it. The back order process waits until the name becomes available and then automatically buys it for you.
Step 1
Determine what site you wish to use as a host. The host site is where the domain will be registered. Two sites to consider are godaddy.com and 1and1internet.com. Both of these sites offer from 500 to 10,000 email addresses, depending on the package you purchase.
Step 2
Request your domain name. Once you have settled on a host, request your family name as your domain name. Most sites, including the ones mentioned, will let you know if your specific domain name requested is available, and will give you alternatives. If the name you want isn't available as a ".com," it might be available as a ".net," for example.
Step 3
Register your domain name. After you have settled on a name and domain, a registration screen will appear. Fill in the information and you will continue to a payment screen. After payment is made, it will usually take between 8 and 24 hours for the registration process to be completed. You will be notified at your existing email address when your new domain is ready for use.
Step 4
Create email accounts. Once the domain is ready, log into your account and look for the email button. This will allow you to create the individual email accounts. Your choices will normally be to be able to access the email from the Internet or through a post office protocol program, or POP program, such as Outlook. When you create the account, the information necessary to set up the POP will be provided. Follow the prompts in the mail reader to set that up. If you are accessing the email online you will need to create a password for each created account.
references | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Effect Working a Night Shift Has on Sleep Patterns
Working the night shift can wreak havoc on your sleep and have other negative effects. This leads to an increased risk of insomnia and other sleep disorders, all of which have an adverse impact on health. Night shift work has specifically been shown to increase the risk of heart and digestive problems, as well as problems with moods and emotions. In addition, night shift workers are at an increased risk of safety accidents due to tiredness.
Woman sleeping with a sleep mask on in her bed
Dalina Rahman / EyeEm / Getty Images
The Effect of the Night Shift on Your Body
When you are awake at night and asleep during the day, your body does not receive powerful biological cues from the amount of light in the environment. These cues are necessary to regulate the circadian rhythms that control your sleep and wake cycle. This causes difficulty in falling asleep and getting enough deep sleep.
An additional problem is switching from a night schedule to a day schedule on days off, or during changes in your work shift. This switching causes the same effects as jet lag. The body needs one hour per day to adjust to changes in sleep. Night shift workers may find that impossible.
Dealing With the Night Shift and Poor Sleep
There are a number of things that you can do to make sure you get enough good quality sleep, even while working the night shift:
• Bright Lights: While at work during the night, try to be in as much bright light as possible. A full-spectrum light would be best, but any increase in light will help your body to regulate its sleep/wake cycle.
• Dark Bedroom: When you are trying to sleep, make your bedroom as dark as possible. Close the curtains and the door. Some people find that sleep masks help block the light, allowing for more refreshing sleep.
• Increase Your Total Sleep: Add naps and lengthen the hours you spend sleeping to make up for a loss in sleep quality.
• Limit Caffeine: Use caffeine only in the early part of your shift. Try to avoid it toward the end of your shift so you will be able to go right to sleep when it's time.
• Limit Shift Changes: Try to stay on one schedule for as long as possible. Shifting between day and night work is especially hard on the body.
Wrapping Up
If trying the above changes don't help, consult your medical provider about what steps you can take to get longer and higher quality sleep. If it's possible to work a day shift rather than a night shift, consider making that move for your health.
7 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
1. James SM, Honn KA, Gaddameedhi S, Van Dongen HPA. Shift work: disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep—implications for health and well-being. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2017;3(2):104-112. doi:10.1007/s40675-017-0071-6
2. D’Annibale M, Hornzee N, Whelan M, Guess N, Hall W, Gibson R. Eating on the night shift: A need for evidence‐based dietary guidelines?Nutr Bull. 2021;46(3):339-349. doi:10.1111/nbu.12515
3. Lee ML, Howard ME, Horrey WJ, et al. High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift workProc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(1):176-181. doi:10.1073/pnas.1510383112
4. Johns Hopkins Medicine. How to sleep well despite changes in your schedule.
5. Aemmi SZ, Mohammadi E, Heidarian-Miri H, Fereidooni-Moghadam M, Boostani H, Zarea K. The effectiveness of bright light exposure in shift-worker nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Sci. 2020;13(2):145-151. doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20190137
6. Brown JG, Sagherian K, Zhu S, et al. Napping on the night shift: a two-hospital implementation projectAm J Nurs. 2016;116(5):26-33. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000482953.88608.80
7. Vetter C, Fischer D, Matera JL, Roenneberg T. Aligning work and circadian time in shift workers improves sleep and reduces circadian disruptionCurrent Biology. 2015;25(7):907-911. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.064
Additional Reading
• National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your Guide to Healthy Sleep. NIH Publication No. 06-5271.
By Mark Stibich, PhD
Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
No clear evidence on the clinical performance of different removable prosthetic options in partially edentulous patients
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Abstract
Abstracted from Moldovan O, Rudolph H, Luthardt RG.
Clinical performance of removable dental prostheses in the moderately reduced dentition: a systematic literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20: 1435-1447.
Question: What is the survival rate of the different removable prosthetic options in partially edentulous patients?
Data sources Medline/PubMed, Embase, BIOSIS/Ovid, SciSearch/DIMDI, Cochrane library, FIZ Technik Web and hand searches of the journals; Clinical Oral Investigations, International Journal of Prosthodontics, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift, Swiss Dental Journal, Journal of Dentistry and the Journal of Dental Research.
Question: What is the survival rate of the different removable prosthetic options in partially edentulous patients?
Study selection Randomised controlled trials, prospective and retrospective studies on survival rates of removable dental prostheses in the moderately reduced dentition with at least 15 participants having an observation period of at least two years, and a dropout rate of less than 25% were considered.
Question: What is the survival rate of the different removable prosthetic options in partially edentulous patients?
Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers abstracted data. A qualitative summary of the included studies was carried out. Studies providing data that permitted a Kaplan-Meier analysis were included in meta-analysis.
Question: What is the survival rate of the different removable prosthetic options in partially edentulous patients?
Results The review included 19 studies, six of which were in multiple publications. Cast-metal framework dentures showed failure rates of 33% and 50% after five years. One study with a 25-year observation period reported failure rates of 50%. Proper pretreatment and a good recall scheme improve the results. Bilateral attachment prostheses showed failure rates of 11% and 30% after five years. Unilateral attachment prostheses showed failure rates of 75% after five years. Double-crown prostheses dentures show failure rates of 0% to 21.7% after three to six years.
Question: What is the survival rate of the different removable prosthetic options in partially edentulous patients?
Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, it seems that removable partial dentures, (RPD), given suitable pretreatment and follow-up regimes, can provide a satisfactory treatment option. Based on only one paper, they revealed acceptable results even over a very long observation period (25 years).
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#BBCtrending: Girl learns lesson about Twitter threats - BBC News
There are some things you just don't do. Making bomb threats in an airport is one. Terrorism messages directed at airlines on Twitter is another. That's the lesson a 14-year-old Dutch girl apparently has learned after she sent the following to the official American Airlines Twitter account on Sunday morning: Hello my name's Ibrahim and I'm from Afghanistan. I'm part of Al Qaida and on June 1st I'm gonna do something really big bye. The tweet, from Sarah under the handle @QueenDemetriax_, started a social media storm and led to the girl's arrest by Rotterdam police on Monday. After receiving the original tweet, the American Airlines account replied: Sarah, we take these threats very seriously. Your IP address and details will be forwarded to security and the FBI. What happened next was a string of the kind of posts you might expect a 14-year-old girl to make, for example: Omfg I was kidding. I'm so sorry I'm scared now. I was joking and it was my friend not me, take her IP address not mine. My parents are gonna kill me if I tell them this omg pls. My account got hacked okay I didn't tweet anything I need a lawyer. Any lawyers on here? Her slew of responses caught the attention of the Twitter universe, as users revelled in, or offered sympathy for, the girl's plight. Sarah appeared to enjoy the attention for a while, boasting that she had acquired tens of thousands of followers. I feel famous omg, she wrote. She even offered to auction her now famous Twitter handle, starting the bidding at $500. By Monday, Twitter had suspended Sarah's account and American Airlines took down its reply. Business Insider reported that the Rotterdam police had arrested the girl - as part of its own investigation and not at the prompting of American Airlines or the FBI. The Rotterdam police posted the news on Twitter, naturally. Update Tuesday 15 April 10:30 GMT: Police in Rotterdam have tweeted to say the girl has been released pending further enquiries. Reporting by Anthony Zurcher of BBC's Echo Chambers blog. All our stories are at bbc.com/trending Our radio show airs every Saturday on BBC World Service Answering life's questions through daily features, quizzes and opinions. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
post image
The Internal Anatomy of a Fish
The natural history of fish is rich and diverse, going back about 468 million years more than our own. Since people usually own aquariums because they enjoy observing these creatures, knowing about their history lends a respectful appreciation for them.
According to fossil records, fish were among the first kind of animals to appear on the planet. The earliest known is a jawless fish that presumably roamed the seabed sucking up invertebrates. This mother of fishes lived 470 million years ago, during what geologists call the Ordovician Period in Earth’s history. Hagfish and lampreys are now the only two living representatives of jawless fishes.
Skeletons
The first jawed fishes appeared in the geologic record about 100 million years after jawless fish came about. Today, two major groups of jawed fish exist and they are distinguished by what sort of material their skeletons are made of – cartilage or bone.
The cartilaginous fish include the sharks and rays and are represented by about 165 living species today. Cartilaginous fish have a skeleton made of cartilage – the firm but flexible tissue that forms your nose. This group of fish also lack true scales on the skin, the gill flap (or operculum) that covers the gill, and movable fins. Bony fishes, on the other hand, have a bone-like (or ossified) skeleton that supports the body tissue.
Teeth and Skulls
Almost all fish have teeth. Some have teeth that extend deep into their pharynx (called pharyngeal teeth). The esophagus of a fish usually can distend considerably to accommodate large prey. Within the skull are ear stones, also called otoliths, that form not only part of the auditory system, but also aid in the fish’s balance abilities.
Swimming Mechanisms
Fish have a swim bladder that allows them to maintain their position within the water with very little effort. It was believed that before fish evolved this buoyancy organ, they would have needed to swim constantly in order to maintain their depth. Many experts on fish evolution believe that the eventual development of the swim bladder allowed fish to swim slower and become more maneuverable and agile, and that these free swimming habits were accompanied by changes in body form and fin shapes, forms and function. All of this, they argue, allowed fish to occupy every possible habitat in the seas.
Breathing Mechanisms
Fish “breathe” water as we breath air. Our lungs make the necessary exchanges on a molecular level to keep our bodies functioning. These organs take the oxygen molecules in the air we breathe, sequester it for important cellular functions and get rid of the carbon dioxide that is our form of exhaust. In the same way, the gills of fish allow their necessary “breathing” chemistry to take place. They do this via layered membranes that make the necessary molecular exchanges as water flows across them.
Most fish have small brains – but can be trained on a very basic level, such as eating frozen food if the usual diet of live brine shrimp isn’t available.
Reproduction
Reproduction in fish normally occurs by the female producing a large amount of small eggs. These are usually externally fertilized and hatch into larvae. This is an important part of the lifecycle since during this stage, as plankton, they are swept up and dispersed by currents. They soon grow to become baby fish, called fry. Certainly, it is easy to name the exceptions to this general reproductive system.
There are several species in which internal fertilization occurs. They have developed ingenious methods of keeping their young alive because they have no placenta, as mammals do. Other species, such as seahorses, deserve their own category. The female hands the eggs over to the male during “copulation,” who then arranges them inside the belly and fertilizes them. Several weeks later he gives birth to live seahorse fry.
Most Are Cold-Blooded
Most fish have stomachs although some herbivores may not – which would require a lifestyle of never-ending grazing. Usually, fish are cold-blooded, although some large, fast-swimming, open-ocean fish such as tuna give off heat as they swim and either recycle it or have a poor system of getting rid of it during the rigorous swimming exercise. Some sharks and tuna have this “warm-blooded” tendency, which is defined by the fact that their blood is warmer than the surrounding seawater.
The diversity of fish is far greater than the species we are even capable of keeping in captivity – that we can visit in state-of-the-art aquaria. The most advanced science has yet to find a way to keep the young of a billfish such as a swordfish or marlin alive in captivity for more than a week, and no one can pinpoint the reason why.
The wealthy sport fishing industry is obviously interested in that question and has provided means for researching such issues – but the answer remains elusive. Other species cannot live at our temperatures and pressures, surviving only in the deepest reaches and alien atmospheres of ocean-space. The species alive in your tank may not be as exotic, but they represent several hundreds of millions of years of history and survival on a planet we’ve existed on only for 2 million years. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
114
Is there is a good way to add a new value to existing Stream? All I can imagine is something like this:
public <T> Stream<T> addToStream(Stream<T> stream, T elem ) {
List<T> result = stream.collect(Collectors.toList());
result.add(elem);
return result.stream();
}
But I'm looking for something more concise that I can use in lambda expression without verbosity.
Another question appeared when I tried to implement PECS principle:
public <T> Stream<? super T> addToStream(Stream<? super T> stream, T elem ) {
List<? super T> result = stream.collect(Collectors.toList()); //error
result.add(elem);
return result.stream();
}
Seems like wildcard doesn't work with Stream.collect and I'm wondering why.
1
• 2
There's no guarantee that the List returned from collect(Collectors.toList()) supports add, you can use Collectors.toCollection instead to choose the type of list you get. Commented Feb 28, 2015 at 20:47
5 Answers 5
124
The question belies an incorrect assumption: that streams actually contain their data. They do not; streams are not data structures, they are a means for specifying bulk operations across a variety of data sources.
There are combinators for combining two streams into one, such as Stream.concat, and factories for creating streams from a set of known elements (Stream.of) or from collections (Collection.stream). So you can combine these if you want to produce a new stream that is the concatenation of the stream you have in hand, along with a new stream describing the new elements.
The problem in your PECS example is that you've got three occurrences of ? super T, and you are assuming they describe the same type, but they do not. Each occurrence of a wildcard corresponds to a unique capture, which isn't what you want; you need to give that type variable a name so the compiler knows that the type of the list and the type of the input stream are the same. (Also, don't materialize a collection; that's expensive, and potentially non-terminating if the stream is not finite. Just use concat.) So the answer is: you just got the generics wrong. Here's one way to do it:
public<T> Stream<T> appendToStream(Stream<? extends T> stream, T element) {
return Stream.concat(stream, Stream.of(element));
}
You confused yourself with PECS because you were thinking about "inserting" into the stream, when in fact you're consuming from it.
2
• 7
The method shouldn't be named "appendToStream"? Otherwise I think the parameters of the concat method should be switched. Commented Jul 4, 2016 at 8:20
• 2
concat method can use but not to much,from javadoc:Use caution when constructing streams from repeated concatenation. Accessing an element of a deeply concatenated stream can result in deep call chains, or even StackOverflowException.
– TongChen
Commented Sep 21, 2019 at 9:33
55
How about
return Stream.concat(stream, Stream.of(elem));
this is assuming the original Stream is finite. If it's not, you can concat them in a reversed order.
2
• 1
Use caution when constructing streams from repeated concatenation. Accessing an element of a deeply concatenated stream can result in deep call chains, or even StackOverflowException.
– TongChen
Commented Sep 21, 2019 at 9:33
• If order doesn't matter and you flip the order of the arguments you no longer need to be "assuming the original Stream is finite." Stream.of is guaranteed to be finite, and the resulting stream will produce all desired elements, regardless of whether the original stream is finite or not
– raner
Commented Feb 10 at 18:57
7
The StreamEx library has corresponding #prepend() and #append() methods. Here's an example how they can be used:
StreamEx.of("second").prepend("first").append("third").forEach(System.out::println);
An output is as follows:
first
second
third
1
• Nice! Albeit, another library.
– GhostCat
Commented Nov 21, 2018 at 19:49
1
The best way is using a flatMap as follows:
public <T> Stream<T> appendToStream(Stream<T> stream, T element) {
return stream.flatMap(e -> Stream.of(e, element));
}
This operates on the original stream so it can be just another intermediate operation on the stream, eg:
stream.flatMap(e -> Stream.of(e, element))
.map(...)
.filter(...)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
2
• 3
How many times you want to add an element? :D Ounce for stream or once per element in original stream?
– user482745
Commented Nov 15, 2019 at 13:12
• given above @user482745 comment (for example), this NOT the best way (even if there even is a "best"...).
– cellepo
Commented Dec 21, 2023 at 23:32
-1
use stream builder like this
public static void main(String[] args) {
Stream.Builder<Integer> builder = Stream.builder();
builder.add(1).add(2).add(3).add(4).add(5).add(6);
Stream<Integer> newStream = builder.build();
newStream.forEach(System.out::println);
}
Your Answer
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members from the mitogen-activated protein
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members from the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and so are activated by environmental stress. addition, some illnesses where JNK participates will become highlighted. the sequential activation of proteins kinases which includes two dual-specificity MAP kinase kinases (MKK4 and MKK7) and multiple MAP kinase kinase kinases (MKKKs) such as for example ASK1, MEKK1-4, TAK1-3 or MLK1-3. The very best level displays the MKKKs, the next tier displays the MKKs, and the 3rd tier includes the MAP kinases. Each pathway activates a number of transcription elements that regulate genes associated with cell success, proliferation, and swelling. There is substantial overlap from the genes controlled by the average person MAPKs. Gadd45? is usually shown as a poor regulatory system that suppresses JNK by blocking MKK7. ASK, apoptosis transmission regulating kinase; ATF, activating transcription element; IL, interleukin; MAPKAP, MAPK triggered proteins; MEKK, MKK kinase; TAK, TGF connected kinase. MAPKs, including JNKs, could be deactivated with a specialized band of phosphatases, known as MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) [2]. The MKPs certainly are a subgroup from the proteins tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family members with specificity for phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine residues in the MAPK activation loop. Many MKPs, including: MKP-1, MKP-3, MKP-5 and MKP-7 can inactivate JNK [2]. Like various other PTPs, MKPs include a Everolimus extremely reactive cysteine, that mediate their enzymatic function, supplying a way to Everolimus modify MAPK activity in response to creation of reactive air types (ROS) or contact with thiol-reactive substances. MicroRNA (miRNA) may also regulate MPKs. For example, miR-101 goals MKP-1 and will regulate JNK activation in macrophages after LPS excitement [9]. After JNKs are turned on, they eventually phosphorylate a number of substrates that regulate an array of mobile features [4]. The JNKs had been originally determined by their capability to phosphorylate both Ser63 and Ser73 inside the transactivation area from the transcription aspect c-Jun, which potentiates its transcriptional activity [10]. Dimerization with various other Jun family (Jun, JunB and JunD), Fos or activating transcription aspect (ATF) family comprise the transcription aspect activator proteins 1 (AP-1), which regulates a wide selection of genes?by binding with their promoter and enhancer locations [11]. Through AP-1, JNK also regulates miRNA appearance including miR-155 [12-15], regarded as overexpressed in RA synoviocytes [16] also to possess critical immune system regulatory features [15]. JNK phosphorylates and regulates the experience of transcription elements apart from c-Jun, including ATF2, Elk-1, p53 and c-Myc?and non-transcription factors, such as for example members from the Bcl-2 family members [4]. Connections with these nuclear and non-nuclear substrates reveal the multiple features of JNKs. For example, JNKs are likely involved in cytokine creation and extracellular matrix legislation through creation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) [17]. JNKs features also involve cell proliferation [11], apoptosis [18], angiogenesis [19] and migration [20]. Within this review, a synopsis of the features that are linked to rheumatic illnesses is presented. Furthermore, some illnesses where JNK participates will end up being highlighted. JNK AND MMP Legislation MMP certainly are a category of structurally and functionally related zinc-containing endopeptidases that may degrade the vast majority of the the different parts of the extracellular matrix?(ECM) [21, 22]. Predicated on their buildings, sequence commonalities and substrate specificities, they are generally classified into a number of different subgroups [21, 22]. Collagenases (MMP-1 and MMP-13) that cleave the indigenous collagen and stromelysins (MMP-3, MMP-10, MMP-11) possess wide substrate specificity for proteoglycans, fibronectin and laminin and so are probably the most significant for bone tissue/cartilage degradation. Preserving equilibrium between deposition and degradation from the?ECM?is vital to normal?tissues development, wound fix and injury due to?irritation. In various pathological states such as for example inflammatory joint disease and osteoarthritis (OA), degradation is certainly disproportionately increased using the concurrent disequilibrium [23]. MMP gene appearance is primarily governed on the transcriptional level [21, 22]. Inflammatory cytokines such as for example IL-1, TNF, TLR ligands, and IFNGR1 development factors are major Everolimus motorists of gene appearance generally in most cell types [24]. Many transcription factors get excited about MMP?gene legislation, especially activator proteins-1 (AP-1) [21]. Inflammatory cytokines enhance MMP gene appearance?through the MAPK signaling pathway, by increasing the levels and phosphorylating different AP-1 components, such as for example c-Jun, JunB and c-Fos [21]. Epigenetic systems, such as for example DNA methylation or histone acetylation, may also lead togene transcription [45].. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What To Do On Bad Depression Days
Everyone experiences bad days. If you have depression, those days can seem particularly challenging. But they don’t have to be permanent.
Symptoms of depression can take many forms and may manifest in different ways at different times.
Living with depression is more than experiencing sadness. You may also experience a debilitating sense of loneliness, emptiness, and hopelessness for the future.
Some days, you may feel your depression symptoms intensify, and it can be difficult for you to go about your usual routine.
Developing specific coping skills can help you go through these bad days when you have depression, even those that feel the darkest.
Having a bad day now and then isn’t a sign of depression. But when you live with depression, a bad day can mean some of your symptoms intensify, or they impact your routine more than usual.
It’s natural to feel discouraged or disheartened when this happens. You may feel like you’re taking a step backward or that nothing works for your depression.
Untreated depression could be one reason you may feel your symptoms are intensifying.
If you’re treating your depression, other factors can contribute to your bad days. For example, your antidepressants may have stopped working, or you’re living with symptoms of other conditions.
In any case, the first step to getting through difficult days may be remembering that they’re not permanent. Identifying what works for each symptom when it intensifies can also help.
Depression can sometimes manifest as a feeling of hopelessness. You might have a hard time figuring out “what’s the point” in moving on? But this is depression talking to you. This feeling can be managed.
You may also feel lonely, especially on a bad day.
Hopelessness and loneliness may feel like a profound sense of emptiness and lack of purpose.
It’s possible to regain purpose when you have depression, though, and you can also manage these symptoms.
Here are some tips:
Try to limit social media
Consider giving social media a break for the day if you’re feeling particularly lonely or hopeless.
A 2018 study conducted among 143 undergraduate students at the University of Pennsylvania found that limiting social media to 10 minutes a day per platform significantly reduced symptoms of depression.
It’s natural and common to think social media connects you with people. But in some cases, these platforms can intensify a sense of loneliness that makes you compare your life with other people’s. Social media use has been linked to symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Spending more time with loved ones can help
If you’re having a bad day and you live with depression, you may not find pleasure in some of the activities you typically enjoy.
But not engaging in these activities may contribute to a vicious cycle where you feel lonely and hopeless because you don’t share moments with others or do the things you like.
Consider connecting with a trusted friend or relative, particularly during bad days and when you feel lonely.
If stepping out to a public place or joining a social gathering feels overwhelming, try to start with a video call. You may then move to a cup of coffee at home or a walk around the neighborhood.
Any step helps, and you might find that connecting with those who care about you helps you get through a bad depression day.
Consider asking for help
Living with depression sometimes feels like there’s no point in trying. These negative thoughts can impact the way you feel and behave.
Negative thoughts are like filters, though. They can tell you things about your reality that may not always be based on evidence.
For example, you may feel others aren’t there to support you. This could magnify your sense of loneliness and lead you to socially withdraw. Isolation can, in turn, make you feel even lonelier.
If you’re having these thoughts or feel you’re having a bad day, try to find evidence around you that you’re cared for.
People may not always understand what it’s like living with depression or how you feel. Consider letting them know and asking for help. This likely provides you with evidence that other people are there to support you.
Searching for local support groups may also help you receive the help you need.
Depression symptoms can include low energy, difficulty focusing on tasks, exhaustion, and aches and pains.
During a bad day, you may feel more tired than usual, have neck and back pain, or have a hard time stepping out of bed.
There are a few ways to manage these symptoms.
Try to stay physically active
Movement and exercise may be the last things on your mind when you live with depression. But scientific literature shows physical activity can help you manage depression symptoms.
A 2017 cohort study of 33,908 adults also found that regular exercise can prevent episodes of depression in people with no preexisting symptoms of mental health conditions. Exercise intensity made no difference.
Try to engage in any physical activity at least once a week, even for a few minutes. This could include:
• walking
• dancing
• skating
• swimming
• jumping rope
• going up and down the stairs
• using a pedal exerciser
If you’re having a bad day, consider spending at least 30 minutes on any physical activity. This can help you boost your endorphin production. Endorphins are hormones produced in the body that act as natural painkillers and improve your mood.
Consider prioritizing your nutrition
Among many other benefits, eating nutrient-dense foods whenever possible might help you feel better in the long run.
A 2019 systematic analysis of 11 studies found that pro-inflammatory foods like processed sugars, red and processed meats, and refined carbs could increase your chances of depression. Fruits and vegetables, and other anti-inflammatory foods, on the other hand, were linked with a lower chance of depression symptoms.
Sadness and crying for no reason can be symptoms of depression but aren’t the only ones.
You could also experience bouts of irritability, emotional detachment, and anger. Dealing with these emotions can make a given day feel particularly challenging.
Developing skills to manage emotions can prevent and help you handle depression days differently.
Try to identify what sets off these emotions
Everyone is different, so what may affect you might not affect someone else. But learning to identify those thoughts and situations that make you react in specific ways can help you manage your emotions.
For example, caffeine might make you feel irritable. If you’re having a difficult day managing irritability, you may want to skip the morning coffee.
Or negative thoughts about yourself can increase your stress levels. Becoming aware of how these thoughts impact you can help you reassess them and switch to more positive self-talk.
Journaling can help you identify those thoughts and situations that spark intense emotions.
Try to save a few minutes each day to write down how you felt or those situations that were particularly challenging.
Consider these journal prompts for these moments:
• What was the greatest challenge today?
• How did I feel about this challenge?
• What was I thinking or doing when I started feeling this way?
• What did I eat, drink, or do before feeling this way?
Consider practicing meditation and yoga
Mindfulness meditation and yoga have been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Both of these practices may help you feel grounded and focus on the present moment, which could help you avoid negative thoughts that fuel your emotions.
If you’re having a difficult moment dealing with intense emotions, consider this exercise:
• Find a quiet place and sit up in a comfortable position.
• With eyes closed, focus on the rhythm of your breath.
• Place both of your hands on your belly and feel how it lifts as you breathe in and flattens as you breathe out.
• As you breathe in through your nose, count until 5.
• Hold your breath for 5 seconds.
• Breathe out through your mouth as you count until 5.
• Repeat the breathing in, holding, and breathing out cycle for as long as it feels comfortable.
Having a bad day when you live with depression can mean some symptoms intensify. It’s natural to feel frustrated when this happens.
But bad days don’t have to be permanent. Depression is a treatable condition, and symptoms can be managed, even on those days you feel nothing helps.
Keeping physically active, recognizing those situations that intensify negative emotions, and connecting with loved ones are some ways that can help you manage a bad day.
If you feel you’re still having a hard time managing your depression, consider seeking the help of a mental health professional.
https://psychcentral.com/depression/what-to-do-on-the-bad-days-of-depression | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Zakhar Berkut(1944).djvu/63
between the old democratic system of self-rule and the new totalitarian one.
Zakhar Berkut’s dignity, his faculty of statesmanship and his convincing, passionate defence of the people’s common right to self-government, free speech, free assembly, equality and justice, were responsible in a large measure for their continued independence. As long as a majority of them kept on struggling to retain their freedom and solidarity, the boyars could not spread their authority as rapidly as they would like and were forced to live agreeably within the communities, peacefully abiding by the laws and rules set up at town-mote at which they also sat among the elders sharing equal rights with all.
But such a state of affairs was exceedingly unpleasant to the boyars. They looked forward to times of war with as much anxious anticipation as to the greatest of feast days for then fortune smiled upon them. At once invoking their royal grant to power, they would use it to the fullest extent to destroy the people’s democratic form of government so that once the authority had passed into their hands it would never again need to be handed back.
But there were no major wars. The king of, , though he was very kind to the boyars, but not as kind as his father had been, could not help them very much, for he was too occupied with the competitive elimination of provincial kings in his ambition to acquire the crown of the greater kingdom of Kiev than he was with the protection of his part of the country from the up to then unheard of , which like a thunder cloud had appeared ten years before on the Eastern border of Rus in the region and slew the defending Rus kings in the fierce onset of the desperate, bloody. Evidently scared by the dauntless heroism of the Rus soldiers who held them at bay, they had then disappeared beyond the Kalka river and nothing more was heard from them for ten years. | WIKI |
-- Fatima Fertilizer Weighs Algeria, Nigeria for $1.4 Bln Plant
Fatima Fertilizer Co. (FATIMA) , Pakistan’s
third-biggest maker of the farming ingredient, is evaluating
Algeria or Nigeria as a potential destination to set up a $1.4
billion facility as part of a plan to tap overseas markets. Teams have visited both countries to select a location with
convenient access to natural gas, Fawad Ahmed Mukhtar, chief
executive officer, said in an e-mailed response to questions.
“We are making good progress and conducting due diligence to
finalize terms with possible local partners.” Fatima is seeking global avenues as Pakistan’s chronic
shortage of gas, the key raw material, curbs fertilizer
production even as domestic demand grows. Engro Fertilizer Ltd.,
the biggest urea maker, did not receive any gas in the quarter
ended Sept. 30, according to a statement on its website. The new urea and di-ammonium phosphate plants will have a
capacity to produce 1.3 million tons a year and the company may
ship to African markets, Pakistan and Brazil , Mukhtar said.
Fatima and its affiliates plan to have a stake ranging from 49
percent to 75 percent, with the rest being held by local
partners, he said. Fatima’s shares rose as much as 1.2 percent before closing
little changed at 25.98 rupees in Karachi. The stock has gained
13 percent this year compared with a 45 percent increase in the
Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index. Fatima posted a net income of 1.42 billion rupees in the
three months ended Sept. 30, compared with 2 billion rupees for
the same period last year, according to data compiled by
Bloomberg. Pakistan’s fertilizer imports accounted for 27 percent of
total consumption in the nine months ended Sept. 30, compared
with 13 percent a year ago, according to Shajar Capital Ltd. in
Karachi. Domestic production of urea and di-ammonium phosphate,
the two major types of fertilizer, fell 18 percent to 3.44
million tons in the same period. Pakistan’s demand for natural gas exceeds supply by as much
as 15 percent, according to the central bank. To contact the reporter on this story:
Khurrum Anis in Karachi, Pakistan at
kkhan14@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
David Merritt at
dmerritt1@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Argentine Baseball League
The Argentine Baseball League (Spanish: Liga Argentina de Béisbol) is the professional baseball league of Argentina. The league was established in 2017. As of the 2018 season, the LAB consists of six teams, representing five different sports clubs.
History
The league was formed in 2017 by two local associations: Federación Cordobesa de Béisbol representing the Córdoba Province, and Liga Salteña de Béisbol, representing the Salta Province. The league was formed to allow Argentina to be represented on the international baseball stage and following affiliation with the Latin American Professional Baseball Association, the league champion is invited to compete in the Latin American Series.
Current teams
Unlike many other professional baseball leagues, the team nickname does not match the name of the sports club it represents, and on the uniforms themselves, it is the club's name which is written, with the nicknames acting as a way of differentiating between teams from the same sports club. | WIKI |
Down scheduler procedure - ACS - Reference Guides
ACS Installation and Administration Guide
Product
ACS
AFS_Version
7.11
Category
Reference Guides
language
English
audience
public
CKS servers are both using the scheduler on the first machine. When this scheduler is down, change the used scheduler to the one on the second machine.
Send the following POST data:
<value xsi:type="cks.ws.afsalert"
xmlns="antidot:cks:input"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:x="http://www.antidot.net/ws/output/xml/information">
<uri>tchannel://$HOSTNAME_OF_SECOND_SCHEDULER:7100</uri>
</value>
To one of the CKS servers using the following URL:
/cks/instance/$SERVICE_ID-$SERVICE_STATUS/settings/configuration/afsalert?afs:login=login://$ADMIN_LOGIN:$ADMIN_PASSWORD@CKS/$SERVICE_ID-$SERVICE_STATUS
Reschedule all Scheduled Searches.
Remove the database of the down scheduler to avoid it to schedule its searches when it restart by running the following command:
As root user
rm /usr/local/afs7/alerts/scheduler/data.db | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Program to take input for 10 elements using an array, display all the elements also calculate and print sum of all the elements.
Solution with out using functions
Solution using functions without passing arguments
Solution using functions and by passing arguments
Solution : Without using function
Program/Source Code
Program to take input for 10 elements using an array, display all the elements also calculate and print sum of all the elements.
For better understanding of the above program one should have knowledge of
* for loop
* while loop
* do while loop
* Arrays
Problem In Hand
To take input for 10 elements using an array further display all the elements amd also calculate and print sum of all the elements
Process and Solution Of Problem
* Using a for loop(any loop can be used) we take input for 10 elements
* Further we use for loop to display all the elements and calculate sum of all the elements as the elements are traversed.
Program/Source Code
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10],i,s=0;
/* input */
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("Enter %d element ",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
/* display */
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
s=s+a[i];
}
printf("Sum = %d",s);
return 0;
}
Program Explanation
• As we have to take input for 10 elements we declare an array of size 10.
• memory locations are created from 0 to 9 i.e. a[0] to a[9].
• Now using a for loop we take input for elements
• further we use for loop again to dislay the elements and as elements are traversed their values are added to a variable s. (s=s+a[i];)
• And after the full traversal the sum of all the elements is calculated in variable “s”.
• Now we display the value of variable “s” .
Output:
Enter 0 element 1
Enter 1 element 2
Enter 2 element 3
Enter 3 element 4
Enter 4 element 5
Enter 5 element 6
Enter 6 element 7
Enter 7 element 8
Enter 8 element 9
Enter 9 element 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sum = 55
Solution : Using function Without Passing Arguments
Program/Source Code
For better understanding of the above program one should have knowledge of
* for loop
* while loop
* do while loop
* Function
* Arrays
#include <stdio.h>
void check()
{
int a[10],i,s=0;
/* input */
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("Enter %d element ",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
/* display */
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
s=s+a[i];
}
printf("Sum = %d\n",s);
}
int main()
{
check();
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 0 element 10
Enter 1 element 20
Enter 2 element 30
Enter 3 element 40
Enter 4 element 50
Enter 5 element 60
Enter 6 element 70
Enter 7 element 80
Enter 8 element 90
Enter 9 element 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sum = 550
Solution : Using function Passing Arguments
Program/Source Code
For better understanding of the above program one should have knowledge of
* for loop
* while loop
* do while loop
* Function
* Arrays
#include <stdio.h>
void input(int a[],int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("Enter %d element ",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
}
void show(int a[],int n)
{
int i,s=0;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
s=s+a[i];
}
printf("Sum = %d\n",s);
}
int main()
{
int a[10];
input(a,110);
show(a,10);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 0 element 2
Enter 1 element 1
Enter 2 element 5
Enter 3 element 6
Enter 4 element 9
Enter 5 element 2
Enter 6 element 10
Enter 7 element 2
Enter 8 element 5
Enter 9 element 45
2
1
5
6
9
2
10
2
5
45
Sum = 87
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corrode
(redirected from corroding)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
cor·rode
(kŏ-rōd'),
To cause, or to be affected by, corrosion.
corrode
See corrosive.
References in periodicals archive ?
This implies that if corrosion cracking can be prevented, or at least decreased, a certain degree of structural strength may be maintained in a corroding RC beam.
Over the years de-icing salts had leaked onto sup porting concrete cross-beams, corroding the reinforcing steelwork.
By using current generating equipment, it is possible to reproduce a current equal in strength to the corroding current, but flowing in the opposite direction.
They found the fuel had started corroding parts in the fuel system of the aircraft -- the carburetor and the fuel system," he said.
The bolts were found to be corroding after a lorry crash on the Park Circus exit slip road caused damage to the crash barrier.
The still-fierce steel hardware has been subjected to a corroding chemical and the leather permeated with chalk dust, giving everything a blanched, slightly worn cast.
The five utility companies which own the Beaver Valley Nuclear Plant are suing Westinghouse Electric for past and present inspections, repairs, analysis and replacement of the nuclear steam generators as a result of a cracking and corroding problem in the generator tubes which they have charged is the result of a faulty design by Westinghouse. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- Kuwait Summons Iran Diplomat to Protest Arash Remarks, KUNA Says
Kuwait summoned Iran ’s charge
d’affaires to protest an official’s remarks that Iran would
unilaterally produce from the disputed Arash gas field unless an
agreement is reached between the countries, the state-run KUNA
news agency reported. The area, which spreads over three countries, is subject to
bilateral negotiations and nations shouldn’t act unilaterally,
Kuwaiti Foreign Ministry Undersecretary Khalid al-Jarallah told
Sayed Shihabi, KUNA said. To contact the reporter on this story:
Dahlia Kholaif in Kuwait at
dkholaif@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Shaji Mathew at
shajimathew@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
African migrants die in quest for new life | World news | The Guardian
Giles Tremlett in Ceuta Thursday 29 September 2005 22.01 EDT Two would-be immigrants died on the Spanish side of Ceuta's frontier and the bodies of three more were found on the Moroccan side after they tried to storm over the border shortly before dawn. One bled to death after his neck was caught on the razorwire and another was trampled and suffocated during the stampede, Spanish media reports said. According to unconfirmed reports, Moroccan police fired into a crowd of 500 people trying to scale the double, three-metre (10ft) high fence using scaling ladders made from branches and string. One of the three victims on the Moroccan side was reportedly a baby. Spain then ordered troops to patrol the frontiers around its two enclaves in north Africa to reinforce the border police. The deaths brought to at least eight the number of people killed over the past month in the increasingly desperate attempts by crowds of young Africans to break their way through the only land frontier between them and the EU. More than 100 Africans were believed to have made it into Ceuta yesterday, just as several hundred had got into Spain's other north African enclave, Melilla, during similar raids on Monday and Tuesday. Some 200 people were detained by Moroccan police when they charged the fence at Melilla yesterday morning, Spanish authorities said. Those who make it in are generally allowed to stay because Spanish immigration laws do not allow police to expel people whose identity and nationality they are unable to prove within 40 days. Television pictures showed newly arrived immigrants yesterday looking for a Spanish police station so that their 40-day period could start as soon as possible. Other pictures showed injured immigrants screaming in pain or crying from hunger and exhaustion. Some of the several hundred people arriving in immigrant centres in Melilla over the past week were being shipped to mainland Spain yesterday, from where they will be allowed to travel into other countries in the EU's Schengen zone. Armed members of the Spanish Legion were patrolling the fence at Melilla yesterday as the defence minister, Jos Bono, promised to send 480 soldiers to back the hundreds of frontier police stationed in the two enclaves. The prime minister has given me the order that as of today the civil guard [frontier police] should be reinforced by the army, he said. Andres Carrera, the head of the Ceuta branch of Spain's police trade union, said: There are said to be more than 1,000 more people waiting outside Ceuta who are planning to try to get in. I am not sure that sending the army in will help, as they are not trained for this. The soldiers are there to fight wars. He added: Police pressure alone will not work either. It is hunger that pushes so hard. To them, this is paradise. Ceuta's hospitals were yesterday flooded with immigrants who had been injured crossing the wire before dawn. At least 50 immigrants with broken or twisted limbs and deep cuts were treated, according to the medical staff. I have mopped up a lot of blood this morning. It took several hours, said a municipal workman, Felipe Snchez, who was sent to help clean up the section of the frontier fence where yesterday's mass crossing took place. Abdul Loum, 30, from Guinea-Conakry, rested at an immigrants' shelter run by Salesian monks after getting across the fence yesterday. I tried to get in to Melilla four times and this was my third try at getting across the fence into Ceuta, he said. I set out from Conakry two years ago. I have been through Senegal, Mali, Algeria and Morocco. The Moroccan police expelled me over the border into Algeria twice, but I just walked back. Spanish authorities are in the process of doubling the height of the frontier fences, which stretch for seven miles around Melilla and five miles around Ceuta. The president of Ceuta's council, Juan Vivas, called for all immigrants to be automatically expelled, and Spanish opposition parties blamed Morocco for allowing the immigrants to plan the raids on the enclaves, which are claimed by Morocco. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Solderability
I have removed the links, as they both end up in more-or-less the same place, and this looks too much like advertising too me.
publunch 4th October 2006
October 2013
This suggestion:
* "Future revisions of this article should have separate sections discussing solderability when using different solder alloys."
was in the article. It rather belongs to the talk page. --Edcolins (talk) 20:47, 8 October 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 58 Part 1.djvu/944
PUBLIC LAWS-CHS. 721 -723-DEC. 23, 1944 [58 STAT. United States naval mine depot and the Colonial National Monument Parkway properties, said point being a fence corner seven hundred and sixty-five feet, more or less, southeast of the marine barracks gate; thence south fifty-six degrees thirty-eight minutes east fifty- three and fifteen one-hundredths feet, more or less; thence south fifty degrees sixteen minutes east three hundred and twelve feet, more or less; thence south thirty-nine degrees forty-four minutes west one hundred and twenty-five and seven one-hundredths feet, more or less, to the property line between the United States naval mine depot and the Colonial National Monument Parkway; thence along the said property line north thirty-nine degrees fifty-four minutes west one hundred and twenty-eight and ninety-six one-hundredths feet, more or less; thence continuing along said property line north twenty-eight degrees eighteen minutes west two hundred and fifty-six and fifty-nine one-hundredths feet, more or less, to the point of beginning; contain- ing six hundred and twenty-one one-thousandths of an acre, more or less. Approved December 23, 1944. [CHAPTER 722] December 23,1944 [H. R. 5409] [Public Law 660] Pike National For- est, Colo. Exchange of adja- cent lands. AN ACT For the exchange of lands adjacent to the Pike National Forest in Colorado. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the provisions of the Act of March 20, 1922 (42 Stat. L. 465; U. S. C., title 16, sec. 485), entitled "An Act to consolidate national forest lands", and the provisions of the Act of February 28, 1925 (43 Stat. L. 1090; U. S . C ., title 16, sec. 486), entitled "An Act to amend an Act entitled 'An Act to consolidate national forest lands' ", and Acts amendatory thereto, are hereby extended to include any suitable offered lands within township 11 south, range 69 west, sixth principal meridian lying within the State of Colorado, adjacent to the Pike National Forest. Lands conveyed to the United States under this Act shall, upon acceptance of title, become parts of the national forest nearest to which they are situated, and shall thereafter be subject to the laws, rules, and regulations applicable to said national forest. Approved December 23, 1944. [CHAPTER 723] December 23,1944 [H. R. 5448] [Public Law 661] District of Colum- bia. Tunnel for petro- leum pipe lines. AN ACT To permit construction, maintenance, and use of a tunnel for the purpose of carrying lines for petroleum products in the District of Columbia. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Commis- sioners of the District of Columbia be, and are hereby, authorized and empowered to grant permission to Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, a corporation, as owner of property in square 708, on the east side of South Capitol Street, between Q and R Streets, and property in square 660, on the west side of South Capitol Street, between Q and R Streets, all in the District of Columbia, its successors and assigns, to construct, maintain, and use a tunnel not to exceed in cross-sectional area more than ninety-six square feet, for the purpose of installing therein pipe lines for the transmission of petroleum and petroleum products, from a point within said square 708, under and across South Capitol Street, to a point within said square 660. 924
� | WIKI |
Mobile Communication Technologies
LTE Phones
What are LTE Phones
Wireless Communication Standards set the principles as to what characteristics a generation has. Previously there are analog, CDMA, FDMA, TDMA and GSM standards are prevailed with the names 1G, 2G, 3G and now LTE Phones are entering on the horizon of wireless communication standard as 4G Technology. It has launched successfully in 2010 offering dynamic speed feature as compared to the previous technologies. However there is need to comprehend technology standard what 4G actually is because it is now exposed that in 2010 there was no 4G technology because it does not fulfill the requirements set by ITU for 4G.
LTE Phones are commonly associated with 4G technology but this is not substantially true. ITU splits the LTE technology into two variables;
(1) LTE - 3GPP: It is basically the improved form of 3G and is given the name of LTE – Third generation Partnership Project which is far better than 3G. Although at the time of its launching it was considered 4G technology – as an advertising strategy may be. Truth is that LTE 3GPP is not meeting the standards of 4G specification and is therefore denied as 4G instead of being comparatively faster.
(2) LTE – Advanced: Here come the Original 4G standard according to the 4G specification. It is stunningly fast and accessorized with latest applications giving it the name of smartphone. LTE Phones increase the charm of making phone calls reduce the use of laptops as all the features are available in this smartphone.
LTE Phones are the Pandora box comprises of both evil and good features rather all are tend to be either evil or good depend upon the interaction of user with the device. Some of the features of LTE Phones are as follows;
1. Screen: LTE phones have LCD touchscreen with greater resolution which allow opening photos, videos, entertaining games and audio / video chat. The only flaw is the hindrance of multitasking as there is no key pad and all the functions are used by touch either of finger tip, stylus etc.
2. Cameras: LTE Phones are accessorized with three cameras for video chat, taking snaps and making videos. These are known as front and rear facing cameras give you an advance touch.
3. Wireless Connectivity: LTE Phones are smart enough to transfer data through wireless connection to the TV and computers.
4. Processor: LTE Phones have a unique feature of dual core processors that is an additional backup to speed up the functions of phones. Although LTE Phones have plethoric applications yet its speed is not slowed down. Dual processors support it with powerful backward compatibility feature to improve its working. These chip based processors are very strong to run all the programs efficiently.
5. Applications: LTE Phones have numbers of applications like games, documentation, web browsing and much more.
LTE Phones are really a treat in which cellular and computer technologies are provided in dynamic forms. It is a complete netbook with phone facility when you are travelling and increase your reliability.
Latest Additions:
iPhone 4S
iPhone 4
iPhone 3G
What is 5G Network
What is 3GPP
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Overview
Many people can develop gallstones and never know it. Gallstones are hard deposits in your gallbladder, a small organ that stores bile, a digestive fluid made in the liver. Gallstones may consist of cholesterol, salt, or bilirubin, which are discarded red blood cells. Stones can range in size, from tiny sand grains to large ones the size of golf balls.
What Causes Gallstones?
Gallstones may develop when there is too much cholesterol in the bile secreted by your liver. Bile usually dissolves or breaks down cholesterol. But if your liver makes more cholesterol than your bile can dissolve, hard stones may develop.
Other causes include the following:
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a chemical produced when your liver destroys old red blood cells. Some conditions such as cirrhosis of the liver and certain blood disorders cause your liver to produce more bilirubin than it should. Stones form when your gallbladder cannot break down the excess bilirubin. These hard substances are also called pigmented stones.
Concentrated Bile
Your gallbladder needs to empty bile in order to be healthy and function properly. If it fails to empty its bile content, the bile becomes overly concentrated, which causes stones to form.
Who Is at Risk for Gallstones?
You may be at risk if you have one or more of the following risk factors:
• over the age of 40
• female
• Native American or Hispanic descent
• have or had an organ or bone marrow transplant
• diabetes
• cirrhosis of the liver
• on a low-calorie diet that leads to rapid weight loss
What Are the Symptoms of Gallstones?
You may not experience any symptoms if you have gallstones. Your doctor may find stones in your gallbladder while doing X-rays or surgery in the abdomen. When symptoms are present, you may experience:
• pain that radiates in your upper abdomen (normally on the right side or in the middle)
• fever
• a yellowish tint in your skin or eyes (jaundice)
• nausea or vomiting
• clay-colored stools
How Are Gallstones Diagnosed?
Your doctor will perform a physical examination that includes checking your eyes and skin for visible changes in color. A yellowish tint in your skin or eyes may be signs of jaundice. Too much bilirubin in your body causes jaundice.
The examination may involve using diagnostic testing to see inside your body. These tests include:
Abdominal CT Scan
This is an imaging test that takes pictures of your liver and abdominal region.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound tests produce images of your abdomen.
Gallbladder Radionuclide Scan
This very important scan takes about one hour to complete. A specialist injects a radioactive substance into your veins. The substance travels through your blood to the liver and gallbladder. It highlights any infection or blockages in these organs.
Blood Tests
Your doctor may order blood tests that measure the amount of bilirubin in your blood. The tests also gauge how well your liver is functioning.
How Are Gallstones Treated?
Your doctor may use any of several treatment options to remove stones or improve your condition.
Surgeries
Surgery is often the first option if you have symptoms. A surgeon may perform a commonly used technique called laparoscopic gallbladder removal.
General anesthesia is required. Three to four incisions are made on your abdomen. The surgeon inserts a small, lighted device into one of the incisions and carefully removes your gallbladder. You usually go home on the day of the procedure if you have no complications.
Medications
Drugs that dissolve gallstones caused by cholesterol are an option if you cannot undergo surgery. These medications may take several years to eliminate the gallstones.
What Can I Expect in the Long Term?
Surgery to remove your gallbladder or any stones in your gallbladder is often successful. In most cases, stones do not return.
Can I Prevent Gallstones?
You can’t prevent gallstones, but you can reduce your risk with lifestyle strategies. Eat a balanced diet. Do not skip meals. Drink sufficient amounts of water each day to keep your body hydrated.
If you plan to lose weight, do it slowly. Aim to lose no more than two pounds a week. Quick weight loss may increase your risk for gallstones and other health problems. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Determinants of coronary blood flow in humans: quantification by intracoronary Doppler and ultrasound.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
PubMedID: 15516363
Wieneke H, von Birgelen C, Haude M, Eggebrecht H, Möhlenkamp S, Schmermund A, Böse D, Altmann C, Bartel T, Erbel R. Determinants of coronary blood flow in humans: quantification by intracoronary Doppler and ultrasound. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98(3):1076-82.
The direct determinants of coronary flow are lumen area and blood flow velocity; however, the precise mechanisms that control these factors are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to assess by which mechanisms lumen area and coronary flow velocity interact with hemodynamic and morphometric factors, thereby influencing coronary flow. Intracoronary Doppler and ultrasound measurements were performed in 28 patients without coronary lumen irregularities. Flow velocity and lumen cross-sectional area were measured in the proximal segments of all three coronary arteries. Global lumen cross-sectional area and global flow were obtained by adding up the values of all three coronary arteries. Left ventricular mass was assessed by echocardiography. Stress-mass-heart rate and pressure-rate products reflecting myocardial oxygen demand were calculated. Global coronary flow increased during adenosine-induced hyperemia from 197 +/- 72 to 637 +/- 204 ml/min (P < 0.001). Global coronary flow closely correlated with the stress-mass-heart rate product (r = 0.62; P < 0.001). Looking at the two constituents of flow separately, global coronary cross-sectional area was closely related to left ventricular muscle mass (r = 0.61; P < 0.001), whereas mean coronary flow velocity at rest showed a strong linear relation with the pressure-rate product (r = 0.64; P < 0.001). There was no interaction between cross-sectional area and blood flow velocity in any of the coronary vessels. Coronary lumen size and flow velocity, the two determinants of coronary flow, are principally determined by different physiological factors. Long-term flow adaptation is achieved by an increase in coronary lumen size, whereas short-term myocardial oxygen requirements are met by changes in resting flow velocity. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Radiator reflector
Radiation or conduction?
This needs addressing (refs too). These things are called "radiators" and the foil is described as a "reflector", as if it's about reflecting radiated heat. Yet the numbers just don't work out for this - domestic heating is low temperature, thus ineffective as a radiator (Stefan Boltzmann's 4th power law). In reality, it's about convection instead. So do "reflectors" work at all? If they do, is that due to reflection or due to a reduction in conducted heat loss through the wall. Andy Dingley (talk) 08:25, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
* You're right to raise this. From experience it is a combination of reflection of radiant heat, and a reduction in conduction from heated air as well. However, I'll try to find a more specific reference before editing further. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gareth.randall (talk • contribs) 19:40, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
* I too think radiation is a lesser but far from insignificant part of the transfer of heat to the wall and that a reflector would be useful in reducing the heat loss. is “original research” so not encyclopedia material - I'd like to see information from a citable source on whether or not reflectors work. I'm thinking experiments with temperature sensors behind two pieces of otherwise identical reflective material, one of which having had a thin coat of matt black paint added. --EdDavies (talk) 09:06, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
Reading around (see the Harris reference), I deduce that convection is the most important way a radiator contributes to a room's heat, but that radiation towards the wall is a significant contribution towards the heat lost from the radiator through the exterior walls. I think the paragraphs in this article that say that the radiative output from a radiator are negligible are hence misleading and should be removed. Harris does the maths for a parallel plate version of the Stefan Boltzmann equation and has a graph that shows that for radiator temp.=50C, wall temp.=20C, and emissivities of 0.9 (ie not foil) the radiant flux is about 160W/sq. m. Pgj98r (talk) 21:42, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
* The content added here looks like the sadly typical WP practice of Googling for text matches in publicly accessible content (published abstracts) without reading the body of the paper. Neither of these papers add much useful content to this article.
* The trouble is that neither paper is impressive. They both give the same conclusion, "reflector foils are useful" except that we already knew that, and it can be rephrased as "fuel is expensive, foils are cheap, might as well do it anyway." They do not clarify what the mechanism of this saving is: are they reducing conduction or are they increasing reflectance? There's a failure in experimental design here: there's no control of their conductivity into the wall, no control experiment with an additional radiation barrier, no control with the same foil and an absorbing coating. So what do these actually add to the article here? They certainly don't clean up the question of "Is radiation and reflectance significant?" and they failed to even look at the issue of "Is conductivity from the adhesive layer more significant than the foil itself?"
* There's a large push at present for building insulation with "space blankets", multiple layer metallised foils of minimal thickness. They're available, they're convenient, they're expensive, but do they actually work? It's useful to explain these, and where they might or might not be useful, but I don't see the changed article today as doing anything to address either radiator reflectors or thin multilayer insulation blankets. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:57, 3 March 2018 (UTC)
* Having read both papers in full, I can confirm that their abstracts are a fair summary of their results. I think the contribution made by citing these two is to a) establish that there is a body of evidence to support that the foils actually have a positive effect (the original article was sorely lacking any decent references at all), b) give rough indications of how big the effect is, c) cite evidence that home-made solutions are likely to be effective (in the face of a lot of hype by manufacturers to the contrary), and d) establish the the mechanism of the effect is indeed through the reflection of infra-red radiation that would otherwise have reached the wall and caused additional heat to escape (the second paper is pure modelling [I will do an edit to bring out this more clearly], and shows this effect is sufficient to account for the phenomena observed). My impression is that there is academic consensus that [single layer] foils do indeed act primarily as a radiant barrier. If not, can some references be found that argue differently? I think I follow your objection about the controls, but I can't think of any plausible physical explanation for the reduction in observed heat loss other than that put forward.
* I agree that references to works that have more in depth analysis of more more complex multilayer systems would also be useful, but I think the above points are useful first. Perhaps you have the time to find such references and discuss them. I notice that papers exist in this area for floor and ceiling insulation systems based on the same principle.Pgj98r (talk) 20:08, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
U values
This needs an addition for U values, comparing those measured for Radflek in the two referenced reports with expanded polystyrene or polyethylene foams, and also against typical values and current building regulation standards for new walls. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:51, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
Very odd article
Basically, the article says that they are basically pointless and then we have an ad for the company Radflek. Total crap — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:29, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
* So fix it. -- Trevj (talk) 21:27, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
radiative loss
modern insulation may not have a radiation barrier. As condition is reduced this becomes increasingly important . <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:23, 5 January 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Yasuro Kikuchi
Yasuro Kikuchi (菊池 康郎) was a Japanese amateur Go player.
Biography
Kikuchi founded the prestigious Ryokusei Academy in 1975, which has become one of the most prolific Go schools in Japan. Some of the most famous players to come out of the academy include Kikuyo Aoki (current Women's Meijin), Atsushi Kato, Jiro Akiyama, Tomochika Mizokami (winner of many youth titles), and Keigo Yamashita (four times Kisei). Kikuchi's other students include Shinichi Aoki, Ryuichi Muramatsu, Keiichi Tsurumaru, Yoshimichi Suzuki, Atsushi Katsura, Ko Reibun.
He has won many amateur titles, his biggest coming in 1992 when he won the World Amateur Go Championship. He also came in third place at the 2003 competition. He still actively participated in professional Go competitions that allow amateurs to enter, such as the Meijin tournament where he won games in a preliminary round in 2001. In 2003, he beat Ryu Shikun by resignation in the Agon Cup at the age of 73. | WIKI |
Page:Black's Law Dictionary (Second Edition).djvu/1065
SATISFIED TERM
A term of years in land is thus called when the purpose for which it was created has been satisfied or executed before the expiration of the set pe- rlod.
—Satisfled. terms not. The statute 8 8; 9 Via. c. 112. passed to abolish satisfied outstanding terms of years in land. By this act, terms which shall henceforth become attendant upon (lie inheritance, either by express declaration or construction of law, are to cease and determine. 'lhis. in elfcct, abolishes outstanding teruis. 1
Staph. Comm. ' 332; Williams, Rea] Prop. pt. -1, c. 1. SATISFY, in technical use, generally
means to comply actually and fully with a demand; to extinguish, by payment or perfiirniance.
Satius est petere fontes quam sectari rivulos. Lofft, 006. It is better to seek the source than to follow the streamlets.
SATURDAY’S STOP. In old English law. A space of time from even-song on Saturday till sun-rising on Monday, in which it was not lawful to take salmon in Scotland and the northern parts of England. Cowell.
SAUNKETFIN. are of the direct line in successions. niau; Cowell.
SAUVAGINE.
L. Fr. End of blood; fail- Spel-
L. Fr. Vvild al.1u:uz\.lS.
SAUVEMENT. L. Fr. merit gm-tics. safely kept
Safely. Sumac- Brltt. C. 87.
SAVE. To except, reserve, or exempt; as where a statute "saves" vested rights. To toil, or suspend the running or operation of; as to "sai'e" the statute of limitations.
SAVER DEFAULT. ilsh practice. To excuse a default. de la Ley
L. Fr. In old Eng- Termes
SAVING CLAUSE. A saving clause i_ii a statute is an exception of a special thing out of the general things mentioned in the statute; it is ordinarily .1 restriction in a repeal- hig act, which is intended to save rights, pending proceedings, penalties, etc., from the annihilation which would result from an un- restricted repeal. State v. St. Louis, 174 M0. 125, 73 S. W. 623, 61 L. R. A. 593; Clark ’l'hre:id Co. v. Kearney Tp., 55 N. J. Law, .50, 25 AU. 327.
SAVING THE STATUTE OF LIMITA. TIONS. A creditor is said to "save the statute of limitations" when he saves or preserves his debt from being barred by the operation of the statute. Thus. in the case of a simple contract debt, if a creditor conimence an action for its recovery within six years from the time when the cause of action accrued. he will be in time to save the statute. Brown.
SAVINGS BANK. See BANK.
1 057
SCANDAL
SAVOUR. To partake the nature of: to bear aflinity to.
SAVOY. One of the old privileged places, or sanctuaries. 4 Steph. Coniui. 227:1.
SAXON LAGE. Saxons. C-owell.
The laws of the West
SAY ABOUT. This phrase, like "more or less," is frequently introduceti into con- veyances or contiacts of sale, to indicate that the quantity of the subject-matter is uncertain, and is only estiinated, and to guard the vendor against the implication or having warranted the quantity.
SAYER. In Hindu law. Variable ira- posts distinct from land, rents, or reienues; consisting of customs, toils, licenses, duties on goods; also taxes on houses, shops, ha-
zaars, etc. Wharton.
SC. An abbreviation for "rc~ilicet." that is to say.
SCABINI. In old European law. The
judges or assessors of the judges in the court held by the count. Assistants or associates of the count; officers under the count. The pernianent selected judges of the Franks. Judges among the Geinians, Franks, and Loi.ubnrd.s, who vieie held in peculiar esteem. Spelnian.
SCACCARIUM. A chequered cloth reseuiliiing a chess-board which covered the table in the excheguer, and on \\LIit.h, when certain of the king's accounts were made up, the sums were marked and scored with counters. Hence the court of exchequer, or cumin. sonccarii, derived its name. 3 Bl. Comm. 4-l.
SCALAM. At the scale; the old way of paying money into the excheqner. Cowell.
SCALE. In early American law. To ad- just, graduate, or value according to a scale. Walden v. Payne, 2 Wash. (Va.) 5, G.
SCAMNUM CADUCUM. In old records, the cucking-stool, (q. 1;.) Cowell.
SCANDAL. Defamatory reports or ru- mors: nsperslon or slanderous talk, uttered recklessly or maliciously.
In pleading. "Scandal consists in the allegation of anything which is unbecoming the dignity of the court to hear, or is Contrary to good manners, or vidiich charges some person with a crime not necessary to lie shown in the cans to which may lie nddell that any unnet iry allegation hear ing cruelly upon the nioiai character of an individual, is also scandalous" Danlell, Ch. Pr. 290. And see l\lcNuit_v v. Wlesen (D. G.) 130 Fed. 1013; Kelley v. Boettcher, 85 Fed | WIKI |
Kicad 7 scripting, position errors
Hello!
I tried out Kicad 7 and liked the new version a lot! I cannot however use my own scripts. I’ve made a little baby python script/plugin that should only place a via at [100,100]. It doesn’t work and I do not know why.
import pcbnew
class TEST_SCRIPT(pcbnew.ActionPlugin):
def defaults( self ):
self.name = "My Kicad 7 test script"
self.category = "Modify PCB"
self.description = "Adds a via at x=100, y=100."
self.show_toolbar_button = True
def Run( self ):
board = pcbnew.GetBoard()
point = pcbnew.wxPoint(100,100)
via = pcbnew.PCB_VIA(board)
via.SetPosition(point) #It crashes here on this line.
board.Add(via)
TEST_SCRIPT().register()
The error message is less than helpful
TypeError: in method ‘EDA_ITEM_SetPosition’, argument 2 of type ‘VECTOR2I const &’
Thank you for taking your valuable time, helping me!
Pascal
The error message tells you that the position requires a VECTOR argument and you are passing a POINT, here an extract from the RF Tools from here:
def createVias(self, viaPoints, viaDrill, viaSize, netCode):
newVias = []
for viaPoint in viaPoints:
if not(hasattr(pcbnew,'DRAWSEGMENT')):
newVia = pcbnew.PCB_VIA(self.boardObj)
else:
newVia = pcbnew.VIA(self.boardObj)
if hasattr(newVia, 'SetTimeStamp'):
ts = 55
newVia.SetTimeStamp(ts) # adding a unique number as timestamp to mark this via as generated by this script
self.boardObj.Add(newVia)
if hasattr(pcbnew, 'EDA_RECT'): # kv5,kv6
newVia.SetPosition(pcbnew.wxPoint(viaPoint[0], viaPoint[1]))
else: #kv7
newVia.SetPosition(pcbnew.VECTOR2I(pcbnew.wxPoint(viaPoint[0], viaPoint[1])))
newVia.SetWidth(viaSize)
newVia.SetDrill(viaDrill)
if hasattr(pcbnew, 'VIA_THROUGH'):
newVia.SetViaType(pcbnew.VIA_THROUGH)
else:
newVia.SetViaType(pcbnew.VIATYPE_THROUGH)
newVia.SetNetCode(netCode)
newVias += [newVia]
1 Like
Wow you’re fast! replied within 10 minutes!
I see what your doing there, and edited my baby script
#via.SetPosition(point) #It crashes here on this line.
via.SetPosition(pcbnew.VECTOR2I(point))
It doesn’t crash anymore (jay!). Unfortunately it places the via at [0,0] instead of [100,100].
Thanks again for helping me!
Pascal
Ah I found it!
The via wasn’t placed at [0,0] but rather [0.0001,0.0001].
So i got the order of magnitude wrong. I’ve placed the “working” baby script below.
Thank you again!
import pcbnew
class TEST_SCRIPT(pcbnew.ActionPlugin):
def defaults( self ):
self.name = "My Kicad 7 test script"
self.category = "Modify PCB"
self.description = "Adds a via at x=100, y=100."
self.show_toolbar_button = True
def Run( self ):
board = pcbnew.GetBoard()
point = pcbnew.wxPoint(100e6,100e6)
via = pcbnew.PCB_VIA(board)
via.SetPosition(pcbnew.VECTOR2I(point))
board.Add(via)
TEST_SCRIPT().register()
You can use pcbnew.VECTOR2I_MM(100,100) to construct correct vector directly.
If you’re anything like me, you were migrating code from 5.x to 7 and that’s what caused your confusion about wxPoint. Someone actually made a very short list of some of the more obvious changes in the python interface on the forum here.
A tip for how I usually navigate these errors of not knowing how to use the interface:
1. Run the function in a console with no args and / or the wrong type of argument to see the error produced and what type it expects.
2. If I don’t know how to generate the type, I run something similar to
pprint([entry for entry in dir(pcbnew) if "VECTOR2I" in entry])
3. If it’s still not obvious, poke around in the cpp source code in the Gitlab Repo and it’s usually pretty obvious without needing to dive in too deep.
Good hints, I would add one:
Before going poking into cpp source, lookup the function in scripting console. It will show you proper signature with types, including overrides if there are any.
It will in some cases show types that are not actually exposed in swig so you can’t use the method but such is life with current api.
2 Likes
Thank you! this also removes the need for the addition of raising the x and y values by 10^6.
Yes this is exactly what I was trying to do. The forum link is very insightfull thank you!
This is a pretty good summery of my experience with kicad scripting.
There are also more generic pcbnew.ToMM(), FromMM() etc. so you have to learn only one style for conversions everywhere.
This topic was automatically closed 90 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Takalisa
About
I am an intersectional feminist with a passion for writing and being behind the camera.
I am currently studying Journalism at the university currently known as Rhodes. I have a BA in Law and Politics from Rhodes.
I want to research and make entries that are centred on feminism ,politics,history and african medicine particularly in South Africa ,and the rest of Africa in general | WIKI |
Page:American History Told by Contemporaries, v2.djvu/481
No. 158] is too deep to draw it up solely from malevolence ; it occurs to me therefore that if he could obtain any answer it would be tacitly acknowledging him and his collegues in the capacity they assume, and consequently admitting the right of the rebel colonies to make such appointment, and to be united states ; and perhaps, if he does not succeed in this object, publishing something in Europe that may carry the air of our having acted with cruelty, which I am certain no officer, either military or civil, in my service would be guilty of. They certainly could not make much distinction among rebels, but if they have erred I should rather think it has been in too much civility towards them. . ..
[Jan. 13, 1778.] ... It also appears from these letters that Franklin and Deane either have no power of treating, or that they are not enclined to furnish any lights how an accommodation can be effected ; for whilst nothing short of independency will be accepted, I do not think there is a man either bold or mad enough to presume to treat for the mother country on such a basis. Perhaps the time may come when it will be wise to abandon all North America but Canada, Nova Scotia, and the Floridas, but then the generality of the nation must see it first in that light, but to treat with Independence can never be possible. . ..
What I have now to propose is, that without loss of time the mode of conducting the American war be deliberated upon, that Lord Amherst be examined at the Cabinet on the subject ; he is clear that after the disaster of Burgoyne not ess than an additional army to what is there at present of 40,000 men can carry on with any effect an offensive land war ; that a sea war is the only wise plan ; that the preventing the arrival of military stores, cloathing, and the other articles necessary from Europe, must distress them, and make them come into what Britain may decently consent to ; that at this hour they will laugh at any proposition. . ..
What is still more material to be settled is the plan on which Administration is to repell the different attacks of Opposition when Parliament meets, as to the calling for papers, the proposing enquiries, &c. This must be digested by you, and I hope is already so nearly ready that you may open the whole to the Cabinet when next it meets, and have a minute taken, that, when the debate [comes on] in both Houses on the state of the nation, from want of previous concert the conduct may not be opposite. | WIKI |
Nazzareno Marconi
Nazzareno Marconi (12 February 1958 –) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who serves as the bishop of the Diocese of Macerata-Tolentino-Recanati-Cingoli-Treia.
Quotes
* Poor victim, poor assassin, poor avenger. Poor is the society that created them. The young girl who succumbed to drugs, the young man who chopped her up, [and] the man who shot to avenge her, are three witnesses of a chain of failures that concern all of us.
* In Italy, Church struggles to lead examination of conscience on race (8 February 2018) Crux | WIKI |
Walter Buchanan (footballer)
Walter Scott Buchanan (1 June 1855 – 11 November 1926) was an English international footballer, who played as a forward.
Career
Born in Hornsey and educated at Cranleigh School, Buchanan played for Clapham Rovers, and earned one cap for England in 1876. | WIKI |
Forensic identification
Forensic identification is the application of forensic science, or "forensics", and technology to identify specific objects from the trace evidence they leave, often at a crime scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic means "for the courts".
Human identification
People can be identified by their fingerprints. This assertion is supported by the philosophy of friction ridge identification, which states that friction ridge identification is established through the agreement of friction ridge formations, in sequence, having sufficient uniqueness to individualize.
Friction ridge identification is also governed by four premises or statements of facts:
* 1) Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form prior to birth.
* 2) Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring, disease, or decomposition after death.
* 3) Friction ridge paths and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated.
* 4) Overall, friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification.
People can also be identified from traces of their DNA from blood, skin, hair, saliva, and semen by DNA fingerprinting, from their ear print, from their teeth or bite by forensic odontology, from a photograph or a video recording by facial recognition systems, from the video recording of their walk by gait analysis, from an audio recording by voice analysis, from their handwriting by handwriting analysis, from the content of their writings by their writing style (e.g. typical phrases, factual bias, and/or misspellings of words), or from other traces using other biometric techniques. Many methods that are used in forensic science evidence have been proven to be unreliable. A lot of trials have been reviewed and testimony involving mostly microscopic hair comparison, but also bite mark, shoe print, soil, fiber, and fingerprint comparisons have been overturned because forensic analysts have provided invalid testimony at the trial.
Since forensic identification has been first introduced to the courts in 1980, the first exoneration due to DNA evidence was in 1989 and there have been 336 additional exonerations since then. Those who specialize in forensic identification continue to make headway with new discoveries and technological advances to make convictions more accurate.
Body identification is a subfield of forensics concerned with identifying someone from their remains, usually from fingerprint analysis, dental analysis, or DNA analysis.
Foot creases
Feet also have friction ridges like fingerprints do. Friction ridges have been widely accepted as a form of identification with fingerprints but not entirely with feet. Feet have creases which remain over time due to the depth it reaches in the dermal layer of the skin, making them permanent. These creases are valuable when individualizing the owner. The concept of no two fingerprints are alike is also applied to foot creases. Foot creases can grow as early as 13 weeks after conception when the volar pads begin to grow and when the pads regress, the creases remain. When foot crease identification is used in a criminal case, it should be used in conjunction with morphology and friction ridges to ensure precise identification. There is record of foot crease identification used in a criminal case to solve a murder. Sometimes with marks left by the foot with ink, blood, mud, or other substances, the appearance of creases or ridges become muddled or extra creases may appear due to cracked skin, folded skin, or fissures. In order to truly compare morphological feature, the prints of feet must be clear enough to distinguish between individuals.
Downfalls
The two basic conceptual foundations of forensic identification are that everyone is individualized and unique. This individualization belief was invented by a police records clerk, Alphonse Bertillon, based on the idea that "nature never repeats," originating from the father of social statistics, Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet. The belief was passed down through generations being generally accepted, but it was never scientifically proven. There was a study done intending to show that no two fingerprints were the same, but the results were inconclusive. Many modern forensic and evidentiary scholars collectively agree that individualization to one object, such as a fingerprint, bite mark, handwriting, or ear mark is not possible. In court cases, forensic scientists can fall victim to observer bias when not sufficiently blinded to the case or results of other pertinent tests. This has happened in cases like United States v. Green and State v. Langill. Also, the proficiency tests that forensic analysts must do are often not as demanding to be considered admissible in court.
Primary methods
According to Interpol, there are 3 primary methods to human identification: Friction Ridge Analysis, Forensic Odontology, and DNA Analysis.
Friction ridge analysis
Fingerprints from the hands and feet are unique and remain unchanged (unless major external factors are involved) from birth to death. Even with minor injuries, they regenerate following the same pattern.
Considering the existence of databases in states and countries worldwide containing records of fingerprints from their residents, there is the possibility of searching and comparing fingerprints. This enables an accurate comparison for victim identification.
Odontology analysis
Forensic odontology (dentistry) plays an important role in human identification, especially in cases where individuals are in an advanced stage of decomposition, charred, or skeletonized. This is due to the high resistance of teeth, which can remain intact even after exposure to harsh conditions.
Considering that many people have visited a dentist and have dental records, there is the possibility of retrieving this data for comparison with post-mortem examination data. Such a method enables quick, cost-effective, and reliable identification.
The most commonly used ante-mortem data are dental X-rays, dental models, and dental records. However, these data rely on the existence of dental records registered by a dentist. Nevertheless, even if a person does not have such records, a photograph of their smile or an old dental prosthesis can be used for comparison.
DNA identification
Forensic DNA analysis can be a useful tool in aiding forensic identification because DNA is found in almost all cells of our bodies except mature red blood cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid is located in two different places of the cell, the nucleus; which is inherited from both parents, and the mitochondria; inherited maternally. As with fingerprints, an individual's DNA profile and characteristics are unique. Forensic identification using DNA can be useful in different cases such as determining suspects in violent crimes, solving paternity/maternity, and identifying human remains of victims from mass disasters or missing person cases. It is also used to link suspects or victims to each other or to crime scenes. When a sample is located at a crime scene, it must be collected, processed, and transported, along with a chain of custody, to the laboratory for analysis, so that if a DNA profile is generated it can be accepted in court. Proper evidence collection and preservation is crucial to ensure evidence is not being contaminated. Main procedures investigators must use when packaging biological material is allowing the evidence to air dry and then package into paper bags. Plastic bags should never be used on biological evidence because it could degrade DNA or lead to bacterial growth.
DNA can be sourced from biological material such as semen, blood, saliva, feces, urine, teeth, bone, and hair that is left behind from an individual. There are different presumptive and confirmatory tests used for each type of biological material found at a scene. Presumptive tests are quick, sensitive and are relatively specific to bodily fluids that give the analyst an idea of what might be present. Confirmatory tests confirm what the biological sample is. In addition to looking for biological material at a crime scene, pieces of evidence can also be examined and analyzed for the presence of DNA. Evidence pieces that may have the presence of DNA could include clothing, bedding, weapons, masks, gloves, among many others. This is attributed to touch DNA, where only minute samples are left after an object has been touched. It is defined as “evidence with no visible staining that would likely contain DNA resulting from the transfer of epithelial cells from the skin to an object.” A forensic scientist can attempt to obtain a DNA profile from the sample with as few as six cells.
The first step in the DNA process with a piece of evidence is extraction. Extraction is a technique used to remove the DNA from the cell. The next step would be quantification which determines how much DNA is present. The third step is amplification in order to yield multiple copies of DNA. Next is separation, to separate the DNA out to use for identification. Finally, the analyst can now complete analysis and interpretation of the DNA sample and compare to known profiles.
An unknown sample found at a crime scene is called a questioned sample. A known sample can be taken either from a suspect or found in a database. The FBI’s database used for DNA is CODIS, Combined DNA Index System. It has data at three levels: local, state, and national. The national level data is stored in NDIS, National DNA Index system. CODIS/NDIS allows analysts to compare their questioned DNA profile among those of arrestees, convicted offenders, and other unknown samples to try and produce investigative leads. If questioned and known samples are similar, statistics and interpretation will then be completed. The DNA profile will be compared to a population database and a random match probability will be determined. Random match probability is defined as the chance that an individual selected randomly from a population will have an identical DNA profile to the markers tested. If they do not equal each other, they are not a match, termed exclusion.
During DNA typing, several markers are examined, termed loci. When more markers are examined, this could result in either a greater probability that two unrelated individuals will have different genotypes or adds to the confidence of connecting an individual to an unknown sample. One locus difference between a questioned and known sample is enough to exclude that suspect as the contributor.
The FBI has identified 13 core STR loci that are effective for human identification. STR is short tandem repeats which are short DNA regions in the genome and are 2-6 base pairs in length. STR is common in forensic analysis because they are easily amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and they have unique variation among individuals for human identification. PCR is the technique of copying DNA by making millions of copies. When all 13 core loci are tested on a DNA profile, the random match probability is more than one in a trillion.
Since DNA was first used in a criminal investigation in 1986, it has aided investigators to solve many cases. DNA profiling is one of the most important tools in forensics and continued research will increase its ability and accuracy to provide more techniques for the future.
Wildlife forensics
There are many different applications for wildlife forensics and below are only some of the procedures and processes used to distinguish species.
Species identification : The importance of species identification is most prominent in animal populations that are illegally hunted, harvested, and traded, such as rhinoceroses, lions, and African elephants. In order to distinguish which species is which, mtDNA, or mitochondrial DNA, is the most used genetic marker because it is easier to type from highly decomposed and processed tissue compared to nuclear DNA. Additionally, the mitochondrial DNA has multiple copies per cell, which is another reason it's frequently used. When nuclear DNA is used, certain segments of the strands are amplified in order to compare those to segments of mitochondrial DNA. This comparison is used to figure out related genes and species proximity since distant relatives of animals are closer in proximity in the gene tree. That being said, the comparison process demands precision because mistakes can easily be made due to genes evolving and mutating in the evolution of species.
Determination of geographic origin: Determining the origin of a certain species aids research in population numbers and lineage data. Phylogenetic studies are most often used to find the broad geographic area of which a species reside. For example, in California seahorses were being sold for traditional medicinal purposes and the phylogenetic data of those seahorses led researchers to find their origin and from which population they came from and what species they were. In addition to phylogenetic data, assignment tests are used to find the probability of a species belonging to or originating from a specific population and genetic markers of a specimen are utilized. These types of tests are most accurate when all potential population's data have been gathered. Statistical analyses are used in assignment tests based on an individual's microsatellites or Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). Using microsatellites in these studies is more favorable than AFLPs because the AFLPs required non-degraded tissue samples and higher errors have been reported when using AFLPs.
Domestic animal forensics
Domestic animals such as dogs and cats can be utilized to help solve criminal cases. These can include homicides, sexual assaults, or robberies. DNA evidence from dogs alone have helped over 20 criminal cases in Great Britain and the U.S. since 1996. However, there are very few laboratories that are able to process and analyze evidence or data from domestic animals. Forensics can be used in animal attacks as well. In cases such as dog attacks, the hair, blood, and saliva surrounding the wounds a victim has can be analyzed to find a match for the attacker. In the competitive realm, DNA analysis is used in many cases to find illegal substances in racehorses by urine samples and comparisons of STRs.
Product identification
* Color copiers and maybe some color computer printers steganographically embed their identification number as a countermeasure against currency forgeries.
* Copiers and computer printers can be potentially identified by the minor variants of the way they feed the paper through the printing mechanism, leaving banding artifacts. Analysis of the toners is also used.
* Documents are characterized by the composition of their paper and ink.
* Firearms can be identified by the striations on the bullets they fired and imprints on the cartridge casings.
* Paper shredders can be potentially identified in a similar way, by spacing and wear of their blades.
* Photo identification is used to detect and identify forged digital photos.
* Typewriters can be identified by minor variations of positioning and wear of their letters.
* Illegal drugs can be identified by which color it turns when a reagent is added during a color test. Gas Chromatography, Infrared Spectrometry or Mass Spectrometry is used in combination with the color test to identify the type of drug.
Networks
* Cars can be automatically found on CCTV records by automatic number plate recognition.
* Computers connected to the Internet can often be identified by their IP address or MAC address.
* Radio transceivers can be potentially identified by minute variations of their output signal.
* Social networks can be discovered by network analysis of banking, telecommunication and postal records.
Applications
Sometimes, manufacturers and film distributors may intentionally leave subtle forensic markings on their products to identify them in case of piracy or involvement in a crime. (Cf. watermark, digital watermark, steganography. DNA marking.)
Organizations
* Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners
* Canadian Identification Society
* International Association for Identification | WIKI |
Obamus
Obamus coronatus is a torus-shaped Ediacaran fossil from the Rawnsley Quartzite of South Australia named in honor of former American President Barack Obama by the lab of Mary L. Droser.
Morphology
The fossils show a multi-ridged body embedded in the biofilm of the original environment, with one end of the body tucked into or beneath the other end to form a ring, so that the living organism would have resembled a French cruller doughnut.
Etymology
The generic epithet honors President Obama, partly in reference to his love and patronage of the sciences, and partly because the fossil organisms resemble his ear. The specific epithet, coronatus, meaning "equipped with a wreath" (or "crowned"), refers to the torus or ring-shape of the fossils. | WIKI |
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Physics > Applied Physics
Title: Observation of photoelectric nonvolatile memory and oscillations in VO2 at room temperature
Abstract: Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a phase change material that can reversibly change between high and low resistivity states through electronic and structural phase transitions. Thus far, VO2 memory devices have essentially been volatile at room temperature, and nonvolatile memory has required non-ambient surroundings (e.g., elevated temperatures, electrolytes) and long write times. Here, we report the first observation of optically addressable nonvolatile memory in VO2 at room temperature with a readout by voltage oscillations. The read and write times had to be kept shorter than about 150 {\mu}s. The writing of the memory and onset of the voltage oscillations had a minimum optical power threshold. This discovery demonstrates the potential of VO2 for new computing devices and architectures, such as artificial neurons and oscillatory neural networks.
Comments: 31 pages
Subjects: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph); Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
Cite as: arXiv:2010.12531 [physics.app-ph]
(or arXiv:2010.12531v1 [physics.app-ph] for this version)
Submission history
From: Youngho Jung [view email]
[v1] Fri, 23 Oct 2020 16:58:53 GMT (1632kb)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Core countries
Heads up
Hello Pagemaker, Interesting subject and would have absolutely agreed with it 15 years back. kindly update yourself and your bias sources and realize that the US and the Europeans have lost the ultimate economical control over, at least, over Asian countries. - Factchecker P.S.: did not have the time to place this comment appropriately. Kindly do so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:38, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
I want to give interested editors heads up that this article will likely a become a subject of an educational assignment aiming to expand it and raise to to a Good Article class over the next month or so. This assignment has led to good results in the past, but please note that with the exception of the course supervisor (myself) the new editors who will be working on this article are new to Wikipedia. Any assistance and guidance you can offer to them will be much appreciated, and let's keep this in mind :) Thanks, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 01:42, 24 May 2010 (UTC)
* Also students, I've asked a question in hidden format in the article, asking why Chiina is not considerd a core country now, as a bunch of stuff is made there. If anyone answers it, well, I'll think of a prize. Buggie111 (talk) 20:59, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
To Do List/Direction for the Article
Hi Group,
I was thinking that it may be a good idea to discuss old hegemonic powers - like we have learned about through our readings. So we could break down the article within the pre 13th century, and the 13th to 15th centuries. We could then break it down from the 15th century to the 18th century; and then from 18th century til the current time period.
I guess we should also define the terms semi-perphery and perphery countries and link them to it. Then maybe we could also talk about theories on who/which countries could become a future core country.
So we would need someone focusing on the following time periods (with the economy and focusing on the core countries)
* pre 13th century
* 13th to 15th century
* 15th to 18th century
* 18th to early 19th century
* early 19th century to present
What does everyone think of this?
JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 20:51, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
I like setting it up like this. I would be willing to do the early 19th century till present, since that is what I have the most experience in. If someone else wants it though I'm willing to do any section
LBPearson (talk) 21:18, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
I also like setting it up this way. However, I do think that we should define what a core country is before we give examples and things like that. We should define what a "core country" is and then define semi periphery and periphery also and link them. I can start the intro paragraph as I described and then everyone can pitch in and touch it hope how our group feels best about it. I would also be willing to take the 18th to 19th century core country section if this is ok with the rest of the group. Prg22 (talk) 21:47, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
May someone look at and answer my above question? (Also, to continue discussions, add a colon before your comment.) Buggie111 (talk) 21:52, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
Hi, I can take the 13th to 15th century, if that's okay with everyone, or i could do whatever else is left. And to answer Buggie's question: Even though China is now a gigantic economy and supplier of goods to the whole world, to be a core, the standard of living of the Chinese has to increase, including better living conditions, higher wages, better health care, and more overall opportunities for the Chinese people. While there are still sweatshops (working for the western multinational corporations) in China, where people work for a few dollars a day, i don't think that China will be considered a core state. Sav12 (talk) 23:15, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks Sav12. I didn't really see the "Strong middle class" part of the article. A rebuttal came to mind regarding all those Chineese entreupenuers I see, but I think they are too far, too few. I hope you get an A, and if possible, stay with Wikipedia and make this a featured article. Buggie111 (talk) 00:31, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
* I am glad to see a lively discussion here. I think your initial setup is a good start, but as Prg22 points out, you should avoid writing the "history of core countries" article - there is a little more to the subject than just the history. Definitions certainly are important. The article on Semi-periphery countries is a useful guide on which direction this article should go through (but mind you, this article failed short of a Good Article class - for reasons as to why, check the discussions on its talk page).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 01:30, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Hello Group! I don't mind doing 18th to early 19th century. I plan to use a bit of what we are reading in The Age of Empire and perhaps some outside sources, utilizing sources at the library and also whatever I may be able to find on Google Scholar. There was a lot of transitioning it seems during this period and I will discuss that as well. See you all tomorrow in class. AngGor (talk) 02:44, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
* Lets keep the format like this and have everyone do what they proposed they would do. We should make sure that we define and give some background along with examples of what core countries are though. I will start researching the 18th and 19th century as well as getting information on how to define what a core country is. After that I will start making the edits. We can then conversate as a group and decide what we should keep and what we should add. Prg22 (talk) 21:47, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
For the intro I would just describe the significance of the core country. We can define it in the "defining a core country section." LBPearson (talk) 18:37, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Under the purpose of a core country, I don't think the third source needs to be included after every sentence, just the after all the info taken from the source. I could be wrong though, does anyone know for sure? LBPearson (talk) 16:51, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Just a suggestion - the pre-13th century section needs MAJOR revisions. It would be a shame to imply that the only empires that existed before 1300 were Rome and China. I took the liberty of adding a few that I could think of off the top of my head, but please do take a more reliable approach, if that be necessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:54, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
* Thanks for oyur concern, but this section is the remnant of an education assignment, whose students, at a glance, aren't active on Wikipedia. you'd have better luck posting lower on the talkpage, in a unique section. Buggie111 (talk) 22:15, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
What is included in the Semi-Periphery Country section
SO I took Piotr's advice and here is how the Semi-Periphery project or page is broken out:
* Sociologocial Theory (function)
* History and Development
* 13th century
* 1300 - 1450
* 1450 - 1700
* 1700 - 1875
* 1875 - 1914
* 1914 - Today
* Today
* Effects
* Examples
If we want to use this break down as a guide - then I would be willing to work on the Function (sociological theory) section and the Effects section. We don't have to break it out exactly as this other section but it is a good thing to base ours on. I think it would also be important to include a Definitions section - which maybe is something we could all work on together.
Here is my specific plan for what I plan to work on for the Function & Effects sections:
* Read the Semi-periphery article (and if possible the periphery article)
* Look up articles on definitions and the sociological theory behind Core Countries by using the Google Scholar website and Pitt's online academic website to find articles
* Post what I have learned on this Talk page to inform my group mates of what resources were most helpful for me and what I have learned
* Use the same resoureces to look up information on the Effects of Core Countries
* Post what new information I have learned
* Post what I have written for my sections to see what my groupmates think of it.
* Assist group in what other areas need to be written.
Let me know what everyone thinks of this.
* JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 02:37, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Sergey's To-Do List
I see that there is a need for us to do more than a section each, if we are going to use the semi-periphery article as a guide. Therefore, here is my plan.
* Take on the History and Development sections for 13th-15th centuries (ending in 1450), as well as the intro to the section
* Use the materials from class, as well as other resources, to research the selected topic
* Prepare encyclopedia-style entries, while coordinating them with Piotr
* Post updates and any useful info on the talk page
* Be there to help, if anyone needs it
Also, we'll need to find some illustrations so the page doesn't look too dry. Sav12 (talk) 03:45, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
* Hmmm. On the topic of illustrations. My mind ( and seemingly the mind of the writers of Semi-periphery countries) would float to maps and diagrams instead of actual pictures, like a diagram of the hegemonic cycle, resource and quality of living diagrams for core coutnries of that era, and maybe just a couple of maps to illustrate the Holy Roman Empire, which I'm guessing was a core country in 1200-1450. Other thoughts from someone inside the project? Buggie111 (talk) 14:14, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Luke's To-Do List
I will take the History and Development from 1875-Today. I could also go 1700-Today if need be. I'll do anything else if we need it too.
* Use materials from classes and the library and online journals to research the topic
* Use that research to write sections for the wikipedia page
* post updates
* talk with group mates to find out what sections I can help with.
LBPearson (talk) 06:22, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
I added an outline for my section, later today or tomorrow I will clean it up and add sources. If anyone needs help let me know.
LBPearson (talk) 16:49, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Patrick's To-Do List
I will take the 16th-17th century and I will start the introduction paragraph that will start defining what core countries are.
* Use class materials, google books, and other reliable internet resources to find out information on my topic
* Start the introduction paragraph and start defining the core country term
* Start my section of the 15th-18th century after I get the introduction underway
* Finalize other group members to-do lists
Prg22 (talk) 17:11, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
I have just made an edit to Defining a core country. I will revise the wording that is not referenced and make sure I re-state what is said with a reference added on to it later in the week. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Prg22 (talk • contribs) 18:10, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Change of plans. I am doing 15th century- 18th century
Angie's To-Do List
I plan to:
* Utilize the books we already have, namely The Age of Empire as I believe the first chapter talks exclusively about my time period.
* To search for other sources at:
* Google Books
* Hillman Library
* Carnegie Library
* Etc.
* Also, to make edits as often as possible.
* To help my group mates (if the opportunity ever arrises and it's not just me who needs help.)
Should be snappy, gang. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AngGor (talk • contribs) 17:28, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Useful Resources
The Modern World System, I.Wallerstein http://marriottschool.byu.edu/emp/WPW/Class%209%20-%20The%20World%20System%20Perspective.pdf
Globalization and Inequality of Nations, P. Krugman, A. Venables http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2946642.pdf
Legitimacy and Comparative Economic Success at the Core of the World System: An Exploratory Study, V.Bornschier http://www.jstor.org/stable/522337
Books: The historical foundation of world order: the tower and the arena, D. Johnston Civilizations and world systems: studying world-historical change, S.Sanderson —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sav12 (talk • contribs) 17:20, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Sav12 (talk) 17:05, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
Set-up
I just set up the outline on our page. Can we all try to add quite a few "subheadings" just to make our page a little sexier? Maybe this goes without saying... Maybe after a little research we'll all know better what to put in each of our sections. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AngGor (talk • contribs) 17:51, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
* I will also work on the pre 13th century section. I started working on the purpose or function section today in class. I plan on trying to see if our library has copies available of this book for me to use further on.
JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 18:28, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
I finally found an ok resource to use for the 15th-18th centuries. I am really going to have to search through the book though. Hopefully I will get some quality information up tomorrow. If anyone finds anything else useful please post the resource. Prg22 (talk) 03:11, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
* I will work on my parts after my exam on Thursday. After that I will just have this project to work on. Pat - I will let you know how if I find any sources that fit your section. JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 20:51, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
* I will also work on the rest of this project after my exam on thursday. I found some information leading into the 15th-18th century which I already posted. Take a look at it and let me know if anyone thinks it should be in the section before 15th-18th century. I still have a lot more editing to make but i think i found some ok information so i will continue after my exam. Prg22 (talk) 00:20, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
Don't really know what to discuss here, except that i am gathering together and reading up on my research and will be putting it all together tomorrow. Sav12 (talk) 21:57, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
oh, and Julia, i meant to say that i will do from the start to 1450, including the pre-13th century, so you don't have to do that, unless you want to. Sav12 (talk) 22:03, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
Roman - comment from another group
Hey guys it's Roman from another group in the class working on the "Great Divergence" article. I'm going away this weekend and won't have internet access, so I have to post this comment a little early (I know the due date for stuff getting up is not until tomorrow). For your article though I'd definitely try to stress how core countries are not permanent entities, they change through time. Talk about some of the factors that can enhance a core country or lead it to fall to the periphery. For our article, the focus is on the late 18th and 19th century, so if you have any questions regarding that time period just stop by our talk page. Thanks guys I hope it all turns out well! RomanHarlovic (talk) 14:49, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
* Great thanks Sergey - its all yours then, but let me know if you need any help with it. As for Roman's comments, I think he makes some good points. I will look into some of these things he brought up today. JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 15:43, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Patrick- Summary of other group's pages
From looking at the other articles, I think we are on the right track. As I was saying on the periphery countries page, we could use some of the same resources they use because core and periphery go hand in hand. Also, let's get all the general info up first but then add some pictures and things to our page to make it look better. I think we have all the pieces we just need to put it together. Make sure that everyone links terms to other pages too. That is something I need to do also. Have a good weekend everyone. Prg22 (talk) 16:43, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Question
Does anyone know if we can cite our lecture slides and how can that be done? Sav12 (talk) 20:02, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Just site it the same way as a book. Only Piotr is the author. Prg22 (talk) 23:17, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Or cite it as a lecture - or at least that is what this cite says to do: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/7175385/How-to-Cite-PowerPoint-and-other-Media JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 23:21, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
Ok, thanks guys Sav12 (talk) 00:01, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
* To answer the question: you should avoid citing the lecture slides; a major issue with them is that they are not accessible for people not enrolled in the course and thus cannot be verified independently by an other party (editor). However, as my slides are based on corresponding book chapters / articles, you can usually find the information I am summarizing on the slides in those sources. Please cite those sources (and in case of the book, page numbers). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:00, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Submitting Article for Good Article
Hey group, I am basically done with my theory, function, and how to become/remain a core country sections. Feel free to read them and let me know if you have any recommendations on what I could add. I plan on doing the Effects section tomorrow before 2 pm. I was wondering who was going to submit the article for good article review? I will be away from my computer after 2 pm so I will not be able to do this. Who can? Also, the paper really seems to be coming along great - keep up the good work group! Let me know if anyone needs help! JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 06:20, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
* It is a good idea to agree on when and who is going to submit the article to WP:GAN. I'll be posting my pre-GAN review for you shortly. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:05, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Kayla - Group Comments
Hey everyone. You're article is looking good. I think it's very well cited. Also, the order of your topics flows for the reader. I really like that you added a picture to your article. Great work. Kro14 (talk) 12:42, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
Great Divergence Summary
Just looked over the great divergence article. The way they have it organized is by first talking about what led to divergence, the effects of industrialization, and the politics of the west. A little too much reading in their article for my liking though. I think we'll be set once we add some pictures. Who knows how to do that? Sav12 (talk) 16:27, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
So, i figured it out...obviously. Is it too many now? Sav12 (talk) 17:11, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
* No I think it looks good. I especially like the map that has the images that change. I don't think we will need any more though - what do you think? Also I just added the effects section - what do you think? I thought everyone elses sections have been good. I think we will probably be asked to change some things but I think its really come along way! JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 17:44, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
I think we could add a core country map of today's world to the defining core countries section. Your effects section looks good though!!! Sav12 (talk) 20:22, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
Pictures/Citations
I think Pat knows how to add the pictures - so whoever wants to try and add them, just look at his section to see the code he used to do this. Also I think Luke wrote the 19th century to present section (unless I am remembering wrong - totally possible) but I would just recommend adding some citations because I think the reviewers will take out information if it is not cited. I think it reads really well though so it would be especially ashame to lose that part. How is everyone else's parts coming along? I think for the Effects section I am just going to summarize everything and use a few examples. That is what it looks like the Semi-periphery article did. Let me know if you have any more thoughts on what I could do for this section.JuliaLynchPIT2010 (talk) 16:54, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
* Hello friends! Wow, we sure rock at this! I feel much more comfortable on wikipedia. I also feel proud of you, group. Way to pull through and pull it together. Maybe we could all hold hands in class on Monday? Let me know if this is a possibility...
I'm about to try and do the picture thing. And then I think we should be good to go. HollaAngGor (talk) 00:53, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Other group suggestion
Hey guys I'm from the periphery group and just wanted to say thanks for helping us with some of your sources. You guys are more than welcome to use ours too once we get a few more up. Also your guys page looks good and has a lot of nice pictures and good content. One suggestion for something to add is who the core countries are today and how the interact with the global market. This could be expanded on as well depending on how much more you guys feel like you want to add to your article. So far it looks great though and that was just one suggestion I thought of.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:05, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Luke: summary
Hey guys I just finished looking over the other articles. The great divergence looks great, and the peripheries is getting there. I think the great divergence is set up really well. They site a lot and cover a lot of information. After looking at it, it does look a bit cleaner than ours, so I'm thinking we might want to cut a few pictures. Maybe the silk road and the ottoman empire. Right now it seems a little messy in the middle. Just an idea though. It's looking great! I just need to site my section and I think we'll be done for the most part. Good job! —Preceding unsigned comment added by LBPearson (talk • contribs) 01:12, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Chris Group Comments
Article looks really good. The use of maps and pictures really tied the whole thing together. I also thought the way that you broke up the different empires by years and had the maps that moved and what not was really great. The only suggestion I would have is to expand a few of the parts but there are still a few days so I'm sure it will get even better. Maybe you could also go over how core countries interact with periphery and semi periphery countries a bit more. You could go into how core countries will use periphery countries for natural resources and things of that nature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ctn4 (talk • contribs) 01:35, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Lou Summary/Comments
This page looks great the only thing is that it's not linked to the periphery countries yet. Naboc1 (talk) 07:35, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Review by Piotrus
* subject:
* The lead should be expanded. A proper lead usually has two-three paragraphs, each composed of several sentences. Please expand the lead to conform with guidelines at Lead. The lead should have an appropriate number of paragraphs as is shown on WP:LEAD, and should adequately summarize the article. check
* An overview of some modern core countries is needed (what are the major cores today and why), finishing the history section. This should be coupled with a list of modern cores (like this one)
* technical: check
* Consider adding more links to the article; per Manual of Style (links) and Build the web, create links to relevant articles.check'
* Each sentence, unless it contains uncontroversial, generally known information ("Earth orbits the Sun") should contain an inline reference. There are multiple sentences and even some full paragraphs that are not referenced. See WP:CITE and WP:V for more information.
* When citing sources, in particular books, exact page numbers are needed. There are some book sources cited that are missing a page number.
* A lot of references here look like bare URLs. They seem to link to Google Books. You should transform them from http://books.google.com/books?id=X7s9hvROWjoC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=sociology+core+countries&source=bl&ots=xkRctPKLVL&sig=_kKfeGYVSKBSGxFEHJG-s5ypyT4&hl=en&ei=Olz9S9nlA5TKMeHzzd4H&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CDkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=sociology%20core%20countries&f=false to p.218 by making them into proper external links.
* Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally do not start with articles ('the', 'a(n)'). For example, if there was a section called ==The Biography== , it should be changed to ==Biography== .check
* If there is not a free use image in the top right corner of the article, please try to find and include one.check
* Images should also try to be spaced out equally and have similar shapes. Currently the middle of the article is very heavy of images, with no images near the beginning and the end.check
* Per Manual of Style (headings), headings generally should not repeat the title of the article. For example, if the article was Ferdinand Magellan, instead of using the heading ==Magellan's journey== , use ==Journey== ==Core Countries Throughout History== check
* Please reorder/rename the last few sections to follow guidelines at Guide to layout.
* As done in WP:FOOTNOTE, footnotes usually are located right after a punctuation mark (as recommended by the CMS, but not mandatory), such that there is no space in between. For example, the sun is larger than the moon [2]. is usually written as the sun is larger than the moon.[2][?] </ref>.,</ref>,,
* Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.
Lastly, when you address those concerns, please make a note here. Also, there is a number of valid points and suggestions made by other editors in the discussion above, please reply to them when addressing them (you are allowed to disagree with such suggestions, but if you do, please explain there why you chose not to heed them). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 21:16, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
Checks made bySav12 (talk) 03:52, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
Julia's Response to the Suggestions/Review
* 1) I think it would be a good idea to add a section on who the core countries are today and expand on this a little. I visited the Semi-periphery page a lot because there topic is similar and its very well done and they have a section at the bottom with flags in a grid that represents who the core countries are today. Maybe we could do something like this? What does everyone think?
* 2) As for the maps, I think we should just talk about this today in a group after class for 5 minutes – it may just be easier that way.
* 3) I would be willing to add more or fix up the lead section. Maybe we should do away with the definition section and place this information in the lead. IF this is okay with everyone, I could have this done by Wednesday. Let me know your thoughts.
* 4) As far as the citation issues – I say we just fix up our own sections. This would include adding page numbers, correct punctuation, correcting URLs, fixing titles, etc. What does everyone think of this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:42, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
Good Article Nomination
Hey guys, I just submitted the article for good article status. We should have time to go through and address the issues that Piotr pointed out (thanks by the way, that was very helpful) before the reviewers look at it since there is a backlog. Overall I'm happy with what we accomplished for our first time doing this. Keep up the good work. I want that good article status! —Preceding unsigned comment added by LBPearson (talk • contribs) 16:48, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
Good evening. I am currently working on the lead and, even though all of the info is true, if someone could come up with some references that would be great. Sav12 (talk) 03:18, 8 June 2010 (UTC) Just added some color, how you like them apples?Sav12 (talk) 04:08, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
Specialized usage
Core countries seems to be a specialized term in a particular system of analysis. That does not come across well in the article. More discussion on the background of the term should be given. Who are its proponents? When was this view popularized? Where is it popular? What criticisms has this viewpoint received? Are there competing models of classification? What are they? Is this a strictly economic definition? According to the lead map, Hong Kong, Singapore, and French Guiana are core countries while China for example is not. Is this correct? Is this way of referring to countries popular in the field of history, sociology, economics, political science, anthropology, in some of the preceding, or none of the preceding? For someone unfamiliar with the term I get the feeling there is not enough context to get a good understanding of it. Lambanog (talk) 09:40, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
* I think that the lead and definition make a decent job of presenting the definition and explaining it is part of the world system theory. It also stands to reason that the full definition of classification into core, semi-periphery and periphery should be in that (world-systems) article, not in a subarticle (just like the concept of social class is analyzed in that article, not in the working class, for example). In particular, see the World-systems_approach. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:10, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
Language Translations
Should this page be linked to http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paises_centrales ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:20, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
Developments in Post-Cold War Europe
I just saw this article. I think it is very interesting. Could we put it somewhere in the entry? http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=9476 PLEASE HELP! --Gironauni (talk) 05:17, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
External links modified
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* Imf-advanced-un-least-developed-2008.svg | WIKI |
Page:Christian Science War Time Activities.djvu/24
important thing done by the Committee was, of course, the distribution of the Christian Science text-book, “Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures,” by Mary Baker Eddy. In the neighborhood of forty thousand copies were distributed without cost to the recipient. At the same time large quantities of Bibles were also given out and during the year 1918 more than six million copies of the Monitor were distributed. These figures alone speak volumes for the activity and tireless energy of the workers to whom fell the bulk of the distribution work involved.
Great praise is due the splendid workers in the United Kingdom for the way in which they started the work in the earlier years of the war and expanded it from year to year despite formidable obstacles. American readers will especially appreciate the story of the work there as presented in this report by the Committee for Great Britain and Ireland. The Trustees under Mrs. Eddy's Will aided the English work substantially in its earlier days through the purchase of literature for distribution.
The story of the work in France is quite out of the ordinary and for that and other reasons will strongly appeal to all Christian Scientists. While the workers selected for the service had many extremely interesting and unusual experiences, it should be remembered that they had not a few unusual burdens to bear, since conditions in France in 1918 were in many respects difficult and trying.
The administration of the fund in foreign lands deserves the warmest commendation. Concerning this work as carried on in England, France and Italy, the report will be quite complete. Less, however, can be related of that done in Holland, Denmark and | WIKI |
Page:The Duke Decides (1904).djvu/96
family. Might I ask if the Duke is expected here to-night?”
“No, he isn’t. What do you want him for?” snapped Sybil.
The aplomb of the question seemed to take the inquisitor back. He glanced curiously at the girl in the high-backed arm-chair, first scanning her tenacious little face, but quickly dropping his shifty eyes to the carelessly crossed shoes.
He began to “hem” and “ha.”
“The fact of the matter is, we have had a communication from the county police at Prior’s Tarrant, in respect of an assault on one of the servants in the park yesterday. The local people think the attack may have been intended for the Duke, and they have wired us to make inquiries.”
The reason alleged for his visit sounded plausible, and in some degree might account for the hunted look she had surprised in the Duke’s eyes. Yet she was not altogether satisfied. It was conceivable that the police should want to question the Duke, but the excuse for intruding on her at such an hour hardly seemed adequate.
“I am still at a loss to see how I can be of | WIKI |
Peyton Sawyer
Peyton Elizabeth Sawyer is a fictional character from The WB/CW television series One Tree Hill and one of the female leads, portrayed by Hilarie Burton. A talented visual and musical artist, Peyton has a heavily guarded heart due to the number of lost loved ones in her life and, during the series' run, she goes through a lot of life-changing events, difficult times and challenges. One of her character’s cores is her everlasting and complicated love story with the main male protagonist, Lucas Scott. She shares a special bond also with Brooke Davis, her best friend since childhood, and becomes close friends with Haley James too.
Wilmington Star described the character as having "blown away every stereotype the media has placed on cheerleaders", while PopMatters referred to her as "a walking contradiction."
Casting
Burton was one of the more prominent VJs on MTV for two years, with her looks and other onscreen activities acting as assets. She was the host of her own show, MTV's Hits, helped launch the network's Beach House from the New Jersey shore in May 2002 and was a regular on TRL. Her MTV VJ job allowed her to pursue other media career opportunities, and eventually led to her being cast as Peyton. Burton, who favored acting as a career, auditioned for the part of Ed Harris's daughter in the film Radio. She was encouraged by subsequent callbacks, but did not land the role. The casting department, however, remembered her and asked her to send an audition tape for One Tree Hill, and producers promised her a character that she "could sink her teeth into" – Peyton. "[Burton] is an old soul," said Mark Schwahn, the series' creator. "She's great. She's always just thrilled to do the job, even though she's kind of new to acting. She's just a joy to be around."
Burton said, "I've never studied acting or anything because I've been so lucky with MTV. I'm convinced I got the chance to be on One Tree Hill because I did a guest thing on Dawson's Creek as myself, when the cast appeared at the MTV Beach House." She added, "And my only scene was with Chad Michael Murray (Lucas Scott). So, now The Chad and I are reunited. How bizarre is that?" With regard to what her life is like as an actress, Burton said, "Actors like to think their lives are very difficult, but they're not. Yeah, you're running around a lot. But I used to work in a supermarket and in a bar. That was hard. This is fun."
Personality and wardrobe
Peyton has been described as beautiful, smart, fiercely independent, and as someone who is often a victim on the series. "My character is a good girl, but she is also kind of [sexually] suggestive. This is definitely not your mom's drama," said Burton. "She's very contradictory. Yes, she is a cheerleader, but she also goes home and listens to punk music. She's into really dark art and probably rips the heads off of Barbie dolls. Basically, she's a train wreck." Burton said the character may be "a train wreck" but that she was "so glad [that someone was] putting a girl like her on TV. You don't have to be one thing. Peyton has made that OK".
Burton said she herself was torn between cheerleading and hobbies which would not necessarily be considered hobbies of a cheerleader while in high school. "That's part of the reason I took the show, because I was like, holy cow, this was me in high school." Burton said there are always stereotypes in high school. "People get put into groups. "You're a jock, you're a cheerleader, you're a freak, you're in the drama department. I had a lot of trouble fitting into those groups when I was in high school because I wanted to be a part of all of them," she said. "I think that's how a lot of people are. Some people have the nerve to go ahead and branch out and be a part of everything and some people don't." She said One Tree Hill represents people who are multidimensional and who like more than one thing. "People do like more than one thing. It's nice that [One Tree Hill] shows that," she stated.
Burton said that portraying a younger age (16 at 21) was not a problem, except for one aspect: "My only concern was when I had to put on my cheerleading uniform again. You forget how nerve-racking that is – the vulnerability of wearing bloomers." She said she reread some of her journals from high school to get "into that place" as a high school student again, and that Peyton being similar to how she was in high school helped. "It also helped that the town where we film, Wilmington, isn't too different from the hometown where I grew up in Virginia. Both [are] small towns where high school sports played a big part," she stated.
Initially, the character was mixed-received: she came off as too angry and bitchy to some viewers. "At first, the audience rejected her character because, well, she was mean to our hero (Lucas)," said Schwann. "And she's pretty and popular." Burton stated, "She was catching a lot of flack. [People were saying], 'Oh, she's this cheerleader. She's like, you know, this cute little girl. She wants to be all hard and angry.'" Schwann decided to soften the character a little, which included having her bond with character Haley James, Lucas's best friend, and she eventually caught on with the audience. "[That was] our challenge, because she [was designed as, and became] the moral center of the show," said Schwahn.
The character's wardrobe originally encompassed a rocker yet feminine look. She would drive around in a vintage car, listening to loud rock, often wearing a Ramones T-shirt. "[Burton] – I just love her. Working with her (has) been wonderful. For her, [Peyton's] more of the do-it-yourself girl. She's so into music, art, she's such a rich character that there are a lot of different things to draw on," stated One Tree Hill's costume designer, Carol Cutshall. "Sometimes she'll just be in a plaid flannel shirt because she's painting. Some days she'll be in a concert T-shirt. We have to find the right concert T-shirt. I do alter them a lot." Cutshall would take a men's concert T-shirt, and have Burton put it on. "She's also very, very slender, so I'll taper them down to her figure. We come out of it with kind of a one-o-f-a-kind rock T-shirt. I take something and then turn it into my own piece of clothing," said Cutshall. Peyton's main brands have been Cheap Monday, Levi's, some Diesel and Miss Sixty.
Schwahn eventually began to change the character's styles, especially in season 4 and up. Burton said, "Peyton's wardrobe has changed quite a bit, which is nice for me, because I am a... In real-life I am [several years older], and was wearing T-shirts and jeans, and Converse sneakers for five years." She said that after some time, it weighed on her femininity. With the four-year timeline jump, Peyton got to wear more skirts and dresses, and shorter ones. "Boobs aren't bigger, but legs are out," said Burton. Schwahn had Peyton's personality complement Lucas's, and described their love story as a soulmate/meant to be one. Burton explained her character's attraction to Lucas, saying she sees Peyton as questioning a lot about her life, similar to how Murray envisions Lucas, and thinks Peyton often differs from her friends on what is important – much like Murray has said he felt as a child.
Artwork
Peyton was further designed as an artist, in order to add more depth to the character and express what she cannot or does not want to say. It also complemented her romance with Lucas, as both are deep thinkers who use their skills to speak to the world. The actual artist of Peyton's works is Helen Ward. "Before joining [One Tree Hill], I had already worked as a set designer, storyboard artist and illustrator for a number of films. But I still had to try out for the job," she said. "I think they asked a bunch of people to give their shot at a particular drawing. They were pretty specific about what they were looking for. I guess my work was closest. I got the job."
Ward said that although Burton is a talented actress and has done a great job with the character, she did not feel she had to get to know her in order to proceed with the drawings. "It was the character I was drawing for and I learned what I needed to from the show and the scripts," she stated. In describing the process of drawing for a particular episode, she said she would mostly get input from Robbie Beck, the props master for the show. "Schwahn always knew exactly what he wanted and it would be described in the script. So Robbie would send me the info and I would initially do some quick sketches," stated Ward. All of their communication was via e-mail. "I wish I could say something more exciting, like [Burton] and I would chat about what Peyton would be drawing," stated Ward, "but the only time I ever spoke with her was when they were filming at my house in Wilmington (which oddly enough was Peyton's house on the show.)" Despite this, Ward said she did not mention to Burton that she was the artist behind Peyton's artwork.
For scenes where Peyton is drawing or painting, Ward stated, "...there would likely be very light lines for her to follow. Often I would give a finished version and an unfinished for this purpose. If I remember correctly, it was usually the words that I left undone." Regarding the evolution of Peyton's artwork over the years, she said, "I look back at the first season and think the drawings are awful! I certainly became more comfortable working in her style, but I think her style also evolved to fit mine. Does that make sense?" Ward clarified, "Initially I was trying to do something that just didn't flow well from me. The drawings were too clean. A little forced and not at all the way I liked to work." Ward said that as the show progressed, she began to put more of my own style in them, and became more comfortable and the work got better. In Season 3, the artwork was promoted through the album Friends with Benefit. In Season 6, it is seen in color instead of in black and white, to reflect the character's happiness.
Regarding most people not knowing she is the actual artist of the artwork, Ward stated that although people generally do not concern themselves with the workers behind the scenes, she believes this is how things should be, and that she is appreciative of those who have related to her artwork.
Overview
Peyton Elizabeth is the only child of Larry and Anna Sawyer, she was adopted at birth; the true parentage and other family ties are not discovered until seasons 2, 3, 4, and 6. Peyton's second name in fact, was given to her by her adoptive parents in honor of her biological mother: Elizabeth "Ellie" Harp.
Her biological father's name is Mick Wolf, and Peyton also has a biological half-brother by him, named: Derek Sommers. When Peyton is 8, her adoptive mother (at the time known to her as her birth mother), Anna Sawyer, dies by running a red light on her way to pick her up from school. She soon forges a powerful friendship with Brooke Davis, who comforts her over Anna's death, and they become best friends.
As the show begins, Peyton's boyfriend is Nathan Scott. She soon breaks up with him and falls in love with Nathan's rival and half-brother, Lucas Scott. Peyton drives a 1963 Mercury Comet convertible, which becomes a major plot point as it is because of it that she first speaks to Lucas: from that moment, her car will become a central theme in their love story.
Early seasons
During the first season, 16-year-old Peyton Elizabeth Sawyer is girlfriend to popular jock/star basketball player Nathan, but they soon break up when Peyton reasons that their relationship is more about sexual benefits than love, and that she is tired of his cruelty. In addition, she realizes that she no longer wants to be the star basketball player's girlfriend. She immediately becomes interested in her ex's brooding half brother, Lucas, thanks to his goodness and being very kindred: in fact, through various interactions with Lucas, she finds that he is kind and thoughtful towards her. However, when he confesses the depths of his feelings for her, she becomes scared and runs from him, leaving him heartbroken and desperate. Peyton later goes to visit Lucas and professes that she wants to be with him too, but it is too late: Brooke, her best friend, has now become romantically involved with him. Lucas and Peyton eventually cannot resist each other, and become secret lovers (though no sex is involved). On the night that they decide to tell Brooke, Lucas gets into a car accident and subsequently goes into a coma, which brings back painful memories for Peyton because her mother died in a car crash. When Lucas finally comes home from the hospital, he breaks up with Brooke in order to be with Peyton, who soon ends things with him, however, despite loving him out of guilt for betraying her best friend, who, in the meantime, finds out about them and is enraged. Peyton continues to avoid Lucas while Brooke continues to avoid Peyton as Brooke declares her friendship with Peyton to be over. Then, Peyton begins spending more time with Lucas' best friend, Haley James, and with Jake Jagielski, along with Jake's daughter, Jenny. Eventually, her friendship with Lucas is slowly reformed, and the two attend a party together at Nathan's apartment. However, at the party, Peyton and Nicki, Jake's ex and Jenny's mother, fight and Peyton realizes Nicki is the girl Lucas hooked up with at a bar, shortly after she dumped him to spare Brooke's pain. Peyton is furious and feels betrayed, along with Brooke. This drives a wedge between Lucas and Peyton, but reconciles the friendship between Peyton and Brooke. The season ends with Peyton spending more time with Jake, and helping him escape from Nicki, who tries to take their daughter from Jake's grasp. Peyton's relationship with Lucas remains broken.
In season 2, although she has initial success with getting the all-ages club TRIC opened, and with encouraging Haley to perform at the club, which eventually fuels Haley's desire to be a singer, Peyton begins to get involved with cocaine. She feels alone, as her father is away again, and she does not know where Jake is. She feels down that everyone is dealing with their issues and not helping her or realizing that she is upset and going through a difficult time in her life. She is accused of being a lesbian by Felix Taggaro and faces public humiliation when he writes DYKE on her locker, just so his sister, Anna Taggaro, will not be presumed a lesbian (it is later revealed that Anna is bisexual, but also uses the word gay to assert her sexuality). Hope comes for Peyton, who is in deep despair and about to buy some cocaine, when Jake comes back into her life. In fact, it turns out that an argument between Lucas and Peyton made him realize that he had not been there for Peyton, and felt she needed someone else because, after the events of the previous season, the two weren’t able to reconcile, leaving both of them suffering for the situation, and, as a result, he was the one who called Jake, knowing that he would have a positive effect on her. This does, and sparks a turnaround for Peyton, and she and Jake begin a relationship. This happiness is although short-lived, as Nicki comes back wanting custody of Jenny. Nicki eventually takes Jenny away from Jake and runs off, causing Jake to follow her, leaving Peyton alone and heartbroken again. Soon, someone named Ellie Harp gets in contact with Peyton saying that she is from Alternative Press magazine and wants to do an interview. When Peyton starts receiving strange e-mails from someone named WATCHMEWATCHU, she begins to suspect that it is Ellie. Ellie, however, denies sending the e-mails and shockingly informs Peyton that she is her biological mother. The finale ends with a crying, bewildered Peyton on a beach and Lucas coming to comfort her. "Looks like it's just me and you this summer," he says. The two share a meaningful hug and finally make amends once and for all.
In season 3, Lucas and Peyton have spent the whole summer together, growing closer again and forming a great friendship by hanging out, sharing mutual secrets and intimate things and making their bond stronger than it has ever been while Peyton has learnt from her father that she was adopted and that Ellie really is her biological mother. Lucas witnesses Ellie purchasing drugs, but he learns that she was buying them for medical reasons because she has breast cancer. Meanwhile, Peyton is angry with Haley because she left Tree Hill to go on tour, but soon they make amends, and Peyton reveals that her hostility towards Haley was because she was the only one that came back out of all the people who have left her. Peyton soon grows close to Ellie, and they collaborate on a CD called Friends with Benefit, which benefits breast cancer research; there will also be a concert for it at TRIC and Haley is one of the performers. Unfortunately, Ellie dies before she sees the CD or the concert, leaving Peyton devastated. Before passing away, Ellie leaves a piece of advice for Peyton regarding her love life: in fact, when Peyton talks about how she loved Lucas and let him go, but she started thinking she made a big and irreversible mistake, Ellie tells her it’s never too late. Then, tragedy happens: a school shooting breaks out later in the season ("With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"), where Peyton is left fighting for her life after being hit by a stray round. Lucas and Nathan run inside the building to save Peyton and Haley respectively: Lucas finds Peyton bleeding from a wound in her leg inside the school's library. She cannot walk due to the injury, so escaping is out of the question. Lucas and Peyton stay in hiding and Lucas wraps her leg, hoping to help the bleeding and pain subside. As Peyton is lapsing in and out of consciousness, he forces her to talk about a fun day she once had. Minutes later, after receiving a promise from Lucas that everything will be okay and he will get her out alive, Peyton loses hope of surviving and kisses Lucas, wanting to let him know that she loves him before she dies. Lucas, relieved and touched to hear that, returns the kiss and Peyton soon falls unconscious. Lucas, desperate to save her, carries her out of the building, even at the risk of being killed by the shooter. Then, Peyton decides to distract herself from the past traumatic events by having a fling with Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy. Their relationship does not work out, since Pete is busy with touring and way older than her, so Peyton's father tells her to follow her heart and listen to it and Peyton, considering Ellie's advice as well, decides to give Jake a visit in Savannah, rekindling her relationship with him and Jenny and even goes so far as to propose marriage to him, who gladly accepts: she feels safe with him and thinks it could be enough to be happy. However, Jake overhears Peyton saying "I love you, Lucas" in her sleep. Peyton is then forced to tell Jake about what happened between her and Lucas on the day of the shooting. So, Jake figures that Peyton is still in love with Lucas, but is running away from her feelings because he's dating Brooke again: he tells her to go back to Tree Hill and to find out if Lucas is the one for her and, if he is not, Jake promises to still be there, waiting. Peyton does as Jake has advised and, once back in Tree Hill, she definitely realizes she is still in love with Lucas and he is the one for her, no matter what, deciding to be honest and to tell Brooke the truth: in the finale, Brooke once again ends their friendship because of this confession. Lucas later tells Brooke about the kiss in the library and the two enter into a huge fight, which in turn causes them to definitely question their whole relationship, remaining at odds with each other. Meanwhile, Peyton is now determined not to give up on her love for Lucas anymore.
At the beginning of season 4, we see Peyton burning some pictures of herself with Brooke. Then, she picks up one of herself, Brooke and Lucas, rips out the central part where Brooke is, burns it and puts herself and Lucas next to each other. Peyton then discovers that she has a half-brother named Derek. With prompting from Lucas, she agrees to meet with him. However, unknown to Peyton and everyone else, the person she meets is not her half-brother but rather an Internet stalker who is the owner of the WATCHMEWATCHU emails and has been taking pictures of her, listening to her podcast, watching her on her webcam, and even going so far as to get a tattoo of Ellie's drawing of her on his back, and making a prostitute dress like Peyton before they have sex. Unaware of all this, and in an attempt to be more trusting, Peyton accepts him. Lucas, on the other hand, soon grows suspicious of 'Derek' when he catches him sniffing Peyton's hair during a hug and finds Peyton's jacket, which had gone missing, on the beaten prostitute still dressed as Peyton. Peyton soon realizes the truth, and, in a terrifying encounter, is manhandled and nearly raped by Psycho Derek. Lucas and the real Derek come to her rescue, pushing him out a window; by the time the police show up, he has disappeared. This series of events causes Peyton to withdraw from society, becoming scared and even skipping school and getting four locks on her bedroom door. Derek, who is in the Marine Corps and is unwilling to care too deeply due to having watched too many loved ones die, avoids Peyton until Lucas comes and talks to him about her. He and Peyton develop a healthy sibling relationship and he helps her come to terms with her fear, not only of Derek but of confessing her feelings to Lucas. Peyton is unwilling to ruin the friendship that she and Lucas have, especially until she is sure that he and Brooke are over. At Derek's encouragement, she asks Lucas to a banquet to honor Whitey, only to find out he is going with Brooke. Disappointed, she takes Derek instead. Derek tells her that he is being deployed to Iraq. That night, Lucas comes over to Peyton's to tell her that it is finally and definitely over between him and Brooke. She immediately confesses that she is in love with him, to which Lucas is left speechless because he was totally unprepared to such a declaration from her. It is not until after winning the State Championship that Lucas realizes that it has always been Peyton the one for him and the girl he wants by his side when all his dreams come true and tells her with his iconic “It’s you” speech, after which the two share a long-awaited kiss. Lucas declares Peyton his girlfriend, but their happiness is short-lived when Lucas has a heart attack that same night and almost dies. Peyton fears she will lose him like she has lost everyone else. However, Lucas "comes back to the living" for Peyton, and to tell her he loves her. She and Lucas soon decide to just be happy. They decide to make love, for the first time, during a party in the room where Peyton first rejected him, but they are interrupted when Peyton hears everyone cat-calling at what she thinks is a sex tape of her and Nathan. When Lucas and Peyton rush out to put an end to the tape, they, and everyone else, discover that it is in fact, of Nathan and Brooke. Peyton is enraged at Brooke and punches her, giving her a black eye. Later, while at home, Peyton yells at Brooke that she did not ruin their friendship; Brooke ruined it a long time ago. Following this, Peyton decides to skip prom, but gets convinced not to do so by Lucas. As she walks to her door to answer it (thinking it is Lucas), the man behind the door turns around and it is actually her stalker, Psycho Derek. He ties her up and gags her in her basement and proceeds to make a mock prom for them; he takes pictures of the bound and gagged Peyton, dancing with her and telling her they are gonna "go upstairs and have the perfect prom night". Brooke arrives, knowing that Peyton would never skip prom. Psycho Derek tries to kill Brooke, but Peyton and Brooke eventually overpower him and he ends up in jail. This experience repairs Peyton's and Brooke's friendship. Peyton learns that Psycho Derek's real name is Ian Banks. She forgives him after discovering disturbing facts about his past, and tells him that she hopes he finds peace. Lucas and Peyton eventually make love together for the first time at Honey Grove Prom. After making sure it is ok for Lucas, Peyton decides to take an internship in L.A., but the two decide to go long distance, and then they graduate, ending high school together on a high note. She also spends the whole summer with Brooke.
Missing years
One year after season 4, Peyton is surprised by Lucas when he comes to LA to propose to her. Feeling it is too soon, she says "someday", unknowingly setting their breakup in motion. One year later, Lucas's novel becomes a bestseller and he is scheduled to have a book signing in L.A. Having missed her, he calls her and invites her to come to the signing. Peyton comes, but witnesses Lindsey Strauss giving Lucas a congratulatory kiss, assumes that Lindsey and Lucas are in a relationship, and leaves thinking there is no hope for her and Lucas to be together. Lucas thinks Peyton did not bother to come to the book signing, and consequently goes on his first date with Lindsey the same night and some time later begins dating her, despite his surviving feelings for Peyton. Peyton then runs into Julian Baker, whom she had met for the first time the day after her breakup with Lucas. They talk and he invites her to a work party he has to attend that night. She and Julian date for a while afterwards, to the point where she moves in with him and they profess their love for each other, but he ends it after realizing that she will never get over Lucas.
Final seasons
In season 5, it has been almost five years later since high school graduation. Peyton, now 22, works as the assistant to the assistant in a recording company in LA, as her boss likes to remind her. Unable to make it in the music business and fearing to lose her integrity, she decides to quit and goes back to Tree Hill with her old best friend, Brooke Davis, and soon moves in with her. Her reunion with Lucas turns out to not be what she wished for, as he has a new girlfriend, Lindsey. She still loves Lucas, but temporarily puts those feelings aside to force Nathan to come to terms with what he has become after his injury. Finally feeling at home, and with the moral help from Lucas and the financial wealth of Brooke, she starts her own label at TRIC. She recruits her first band, led by a man named Jason. Things get rocky, and Haley convinces her to fire him and keep Mia, the keyboard player, as Mia is the true heart of the group. Peyton also struggles with her feelings towards Lucas, especially since his girlfriend tries to be nice to her. However, Peyton soon antagonizes her. After visiting her old house and remembering how she thought she would always be with Lucas, she becomes bitter. This then escalates into a fight with him as he confronts her about not being the same Peyton he used to know; she retorts that he gave up on the two of them not waiting for her. She later reveals to Lucas that she came back to Tree Hill for him and that she still loves him. She kisses him, and he kisses back but when she goes to his house, she finds out he has just proposed to Lindsey because of his fear of being rejected again by her. After the initial shock, she tells him that if it is what he really wants, she will bury her feelings for him because she wants him to be happy. However, she later winds up lashing out at Lindsey. She regrets her hostile remarks toward Lindsey when she discovers Lindsey's dad died from cancer, which prompts the two to start from a clean slate regarding their interaction. Peyton tricks her former boss into helping her launch Mia under her label. On Lucas and Lindsey's wedding day, Peyton puts on a brave face while watching Lucas saying "I do" to Lindsey. Although the wedding ends up falling apart because it has become crystal clear to Lindsey either that he hasn’t moved on from Peyton due to his second book, which is obviously again dedicated to Peyton and about his everlasting for her, she is still hurt because Lucas went through with his wedding vows. She then focuses on making Haley's new album and helping Brooke with baby Angie. Feeling guilty, she tries to have Lindsey reconcile with Lucas, but Lindsey tells her to read his new book, which she says is about her. One night, Peyton finds Lucas drunk at TRIC. She gets him home, where he utters that he hates her. Distraught, she starts to spend her time throwing water balloons on people as a form of therapy and later paints "Love song" from The Cure on the Rivercourt to tell Lucas that she will always be in love with him. Having seen this and being hardly confronted by Haley about his late behavior, he goes to Peyton to apologize for saying that he hates her because it’s obviously not true, but it was just the drink talking, and he says that it was really hard losing her, letting her go and seeing her again and it’s still really hard for him, making again apparent his everlasting love for her. During this time, Peyton gets word from Mia about a man who claims to have known Peyton's biological mother, Ellie. From the information given, this man could possibly be her biological father. At the end of the season finale, Lucas calls a woman asking her if she wants to get married at Las Vegas - the woman could be Lindsey, Peyton or Brooke.
In the season 6 premiere, it is discovered that the person whom Lucas called is obviously Peyton. She goes to the airport and they hop on a plane to Vegas to get married. Once they get there, the chapel is too trashy, and so they do not get married. Instead, they drive to L.A. and Lucas proposes to her in the same hotel room he did years before and finally become engaged. The two are still in L.A. during Brooke's attack. After Brooke calls Peyton and sounds weird, Lucas and Peyton decide to head back to Tree Hill and have the wedding there instead, but Lucas asks Peyton to move in with him in his house and she happily accepts. Peyton sees that Brooke is beaten up, but Brooke lies and says she fell down the stairs, and Peyton believes her, not knowing that Brooke was attacked. Peyton meets a famous musician named Mick Wolf, who used to know Ellie. He is the one who asked Mia about Peyton during the tour. He keeps dodging around the subject of Peyton's real father, but says a little more about him each time Peyton brings him up. Peyton continues to get to know Mick and continues to ask about her real father. When she asks him why her parents gave her up and, he replies, "We... I mean they, had a tough decision." Mick accidentally lets the truth slip out, and suddenly Peyton realizes this is her father. She invites him over for a nice dinner together, he instead goes and gets drunk at a bar after being sober for a year (as shown by a sobriety chip in his pocket). She and Lucas have also set a date for their wedding, which causes conflict between Lucas and Lindsey with regards to the book tour for his second book. Peyton closes herself off emotionally with regard to Mick and is angry with him for not being upfront with her about who he is. She tells him to leave. Not long afterward, during a visit to Brooke's, Brooke tells Peyton the truth about how she got all the bruises on her body and the two share a meaningful moment, reconnecting. Peyton is later seen on the phone with Larry, her adoptive father. She tells him how much she loves him. Though the cohabitation is initially hard, Lucas and Peyton eventually decide to accept their difference and go throw them while their relationship continues to grow stronger and stronger. Peyton also reconnects with her biological brother Derek, who has returned from the war. Later, she goes to TRIC to meet up with Lucas and a man named Julian, who is interested in making a movie based on Lucas's first novel. Julian was asking Lucas a lot of questions about Peyton before she got there. She runs into Julian near the bathroom, and it is soon revealed that he is her ex-boyfriend. Three weeks go by and Peyton still has not told Lucas the truth about her romantic history with Julian. Lucas is left to discover their past on his own, and is initially angry about it. Peyton throws a USO concert in which Angels and Airwaves, Mia, and Haley play. She continues to connect with her brother, Derek, and clash with Julian over Lucas and his film. Mia visits Peyton, and Peyton is concerned that Mia is not focused on her work. She suggests to Mia that she listen to a CD of songs she could possibly sing. They clash because Mia writes all of her own songs. Eventually, Peyton gives up on Mia and asks her to leave the label. Meanwhile, Peyton deals with stomach pains. She sees a doctor about it, and tells the doctor about Ellie's cancer. Her tearful face after the phone call predicts trouble ahead. Peyton later finds out that she does not have cancer, but is actually pregnant. She tells Lucas first and he is very happy and then Haley finds out in her own time, but Peyton seems hesitant to share her news with Brooke because she knows how much Brooke has wanted a family. Peyton eventually tells Brooke, and Brooke is really happy for her. Peyton has her first ultrasound, but is upset because she thinks that Lucas is too busy to come and has forgotten. Lucas surprises her by coming, and the two get to hear their baby's heartbeat for the first time happier than they’ve ever been. Later, Lucas and Peyton learn that Peyton has placenta praevia and that having this baby could mean the end of her life. Lucas, afraid of losing her and raising a child that has to go through the same motherless state Peyton did, tries to convince her into an abortion, but they decide to get through this and decide to have the baby. After she asked him to marry sooner, Lucas tells her that he wants to do it, but not because she might die beforehand, but because he loves her with all his heart, and wants her to be his wife. Lucas and Peyton get married at the lake where they met. Haley is the minister, Brooke is Peyton’smade of honor and Nathan is Lucas’s best man. After the reception, Lucas and Peyton go home and Peyton collapses on the floor while waiting for Lucas's surprise. Lucas walks in the house and finds Peyton unconscious on the floor in a pool of blood. Peyton is rushed to the hospital by a blood-covered Lucas, who begs her not to leave him. Peyton goes through an emergency caesarean section, and falls into a coma. The caesarean section is successful and she gives birth to a daughter named Sawyer Brooke Scott. She later awakes with Lucas and Brooke by her side. Karen, who has come back to Tree Hill for the occasion, brings in Sawyer, and Nathan, Haley, Jamie and Julian join them. Dan visits Peyton and she, after some hesitation, allows Dan to hold Sawyer. She and Lucas then leave Tree Hill with Sawyer finally leaving happily ever after.
For season 7, Mark Schwahn, the series' creator, said Lucas and Peyton are traveling the world; they are spending time with Karen and her husband Andy, and Lucas is writing a new book. They continue to be mentioned by characters on the series. Her and Lucas' absence during Brooke and Julian's wedding is mentioned by Brooke as being due to baby Sawyer being sick. Haley takes her place as Brooke's maid of honor. In season nine, Haley sends Jamie and Lydia to live with Peyton and Lucas due to Nathan's disappearance.
Reception
Peyton has been described as "a very talented artist" who expresses her emotions through her work and guards her heart after losing so many important people in her life. The character was initially mixed-received, as the audience felt that she was too mean, especially to love interest Lucas. Tracy McLoone of PopMatters stated, "Perpetually cranky Peyton tears around town in a vintage car, listening to loud rock, and wearing a Ramones T-shirt, none of which fits with a typical cheerleader image." McLoone added, "At one point, Lucas asks her why she's a cheerleader, noting that she's 'the least cheery person I know. She responds, 'You don't know me.' [And in fact], she's right. The girl is a walking contradiction. Peyton embodies aspects of the good girl (cheerleader) and bad girl (rocker)." The character's crankiness was eventually toned down, as she was revealed to have a deeper side and her interaction with Lucas and Haley started to win over viewers. The Wilmington Star credits the character with "[blowing] away every stereotype" the media has placed on cheerleaders: "She's—gasp—smart! And interesting! And so not the pop-tart cheerleader TV often delivers," stated Allison Ballard of the newspaper.
Her love story with Lucas also became very popular. MTV described the two as the generation's Joey and Pacey, "the overly dramatic couple you could not help but root for", and the pairing emerged as one of the show's supercouples. Their departure received significant media attention and was even picked as one of the "12 most essential episodes" of One Tree Hill in 2009 by fans at starnewsonline.com. | WIKI |
Charlotte Grahame
Charlotte Grahame is the Executive Director of Hockey Administration for the Colorado Avalanche.
As a member of the Colorado executive management during the 2000–01 NHL season, when Colorado won the Stanley Cup, her name was engraved on it. Her son John had his name engraved on the Cup as a member of the 2004 Tampa Bay Lightning.
Her husband Ron was part of the trade which eventually brought Ray Bourque to the Boston Bruins, with whom her son John would later become a teammate. | WIKI |
Society for Reproduction and Fertility
Volume 6: Issue 2, 269–286, Oct 1963
M. FREUND
Summary
The extra-gonadal sperm reserve (the sperm reserve in the vasa deferentia and the epididymides) was depleted in six donors by an average of 2·4 emissions per day during a 10-day depletion period. Daily sperm output (dso) was then estimated from the examination of one specimen a day for 24 days. During the dso period, specimen volume averaged 59% and sperm concentration per specimen 27% of that in the control or pre-depletion period. Sperm output per specimen and per week did not return to the levels of the pre-depletion period during a 156-day period (equal to three complete 52-day cycles of spermatogenesis and movement of spermatozoa through the duct system) after the completion of dso. At a frequency of fewer than five emissions per week, the greatest single influence on sperm numbers in the specimen is the size of the extra-gonadal sperm reserve. Daily sperm output, after the depletion of the extra-gonadal sperm reserve, may be used to estimate daily sperm production (dsp) by the testes. Changes in dso may be used to measure treatment effects on spermatogenesis. A practical experimental design is proposed for the analysis of factors and treatments affecting dsp in man. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tokyo Midtown Yaesu
Tokyo Midtown Yaesu is a mixed-use development located in the Yaesu district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. The centrepiece of the complex is the Yaesu Central Tower, a 240 m tall skyscraper completed in 2022 as Japan's tenth tallest building. The complex also features the Yaesu Central Square, the Bus Terminal Tokyo Yaesu and the Joto Elementary School. US-based Pickard Chilton was in charge of the design, while Mitsui Fudosan developed the complex.
Overview
Tokyo Midtown Yaesu is the third urban redevelopment complex of the large-scale project "Tokyo Midtown", which is developed by Mitsui Fudosan in the Tokyo metropolitan area.
Budget at 243.8 billion yen (about US$1.8 billion), the redevelopment took place in an area in front of Tokyo Station's Yaesu exit. Construction began in December 2018 and the complex pre-opened on 17 September 2022, with stores on the first basement floor of the Yaesu Central Tower and the second basement floor of the Bus Terminal Tokyo Yaesu. The full opening was held on 10 March 2023.
Yaesu Central Tower
The Yaesu Central Tower features 45 floors of offices, luxury hotels and shops. The mixed-use tower rises 240 m and is connected to the adjacent underground shopping centre on the first basement floor. Floors 4 and 5 are filled with business exchange facilities and conference rooms. The offices are located from floors 7 to 38, featuring a standard floor area of about 4000 sqm.
From floors 40 to 45 is located the Bulgari Hotel Tokyo, which represents Bulgari's first facility in Japan and eighth overall. The hotel features 98 rooms and was officially opened on 4 April 2023.
Tenants
In May 2022, Mitsui Fudosan reported that the Yaesu Central Tower was struggling to attract office tenants due to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that only about 40% to 50% of the office space had been filled at that time. In early March 2023, the developer stated that it had already attracted enough tenants to fill the entire office space.
Companies based in the Yaesu Central Tower include:
* Daikin Industries Tokyo
* JBCC
* GLP Japan
* M&A Capital Partners
* Mitsui Chemicals
* Sumitomo Life
* Bank of Nagoya Tokyo
Yaesu Central Square
The low-rise, 41 m tall building consists of seven floors above ground and two floors below ground. The building includes offices, shops, childcare support facilities and parking lots.
Bus Terminal Tokyo Yaesu
The Bus Terminal Tokyo Yaesu is a major bus terminal adjacent to the Yaesu Central Tower. It is the biggest bus terminal in Japan.
The terminal's first phase (north area) was developed on the first and second basement floors of the Yaesu Central Tower, being opened on 17 September 2022. The second phase (east area) is scheduled to open in 2025, while the third phase (central area) is scheduled to open in 2028.
As of 2023, about 600 buses arrive and depart each day, including highway buses bound for the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture and night buses bound for the Tōhoku, Tōkai and Kansai regions.
Joto Elementary School
The Chūō Ward Joto Elementary School (中央区立城東小学校) is located on floors 1–4 of a low-rise overhanging the southeastern part of the Yaesu Central Tower. The school opened in September 2022 to coincide with the beginning of the second semester of that year. A total of 170 students in 6 classrooms currently attend the school.
There are plans to increase the number of classrooms per grade from one to two by 2028, as well as to accept children from outside the school district. | WIKI |
1905–06 Crystal Palace F.C. season
Crystal Palace F.C.'s first official league season started in Division Two of the Southern League, which consisted mainly of other clubs' reserve sides alongside Grays United, Leyton, Southern United and St. Leonard's and was a successful one.
The Palace opening match was against Southampton Reserves, and approximately 3,000 people paid 6d to stand or a shilling to sit. Palace led 3–0 after 30 minutes, before fading and losing 3–4. However, that was the club's only defeat in the League all season, and Crystal Palace won the championship and were promoted to the Southern League First Division. The season included a run of 17 straight victories, and a 9–1 win over Grays United at Crystal Palace. Attendances for the season were regularly between 2,000 and 3,000 although 4,000 watched the 1-1 FA Cup tie against Blackpool. Palace also secured their record victory in this season, a friendly against West Beckenham on 24 February 1906 which Palace won 17–2.
FA Cup
As a brand new club Crystal Palace had to qualify for entry into the first round proper of the FA Cup. In the first qualifying round Palace were drawn at home against Clapham. The match saw Palace run out 7-0 winners, with William Watkins scoring the first ever hat-trick. The next round saw Palace overcome the 2nd Grenadier Guards and earn a draw against Chelsea in the third qualifying round. Chelsea at the time were a big draw, fielding the famous goalkeeper, William Foulke. Sadly, Chelsea were obliged to fulfil a League fixture on the same day, and chasing promotion from the Football League Second Division, decided to concentrate on the league. They fielded a reserve side against Palace who duly ran out 7-1, with Watkins scoring another hat-trick. The ease of this victory saw the FA change the rules to ensure clubs always fielded their strongest sides. Palace then dispatched Luton Town in the fourth and final qualifying round to ensure a place in the First Round Draw. Here they were paired with Blackpool, and the tie was eventually settled in a second replay at neutral venue Villa Park after both teams failed to make home advantage pay. | WIKI |
Obama’s Tax Plan Likely to Focus on ‘Concepts,’ Camp Says
The chief tax writer in the U.S. House
said he doubts the Obama administration will send a detailed
proposal to overhaul the tax code to Capitol Hill and will
instead unveil a plan focused on broad concepts. “I don’t think they’re ever going to send up a package,”
Representative Dave Camp , the Michigan Republican who chairs the
Ways and Means Committee , said today. “I think they’re going to
develop some concepts and ideas.” A rewrite of the individual and corporate U.S. tax code is
a key element of the $4 trillion deficit-reduction plan
President Barack Obama outlined last month. Treasury Secretary
Timothy Geithner has met with executives from Bank of America
Corp. (BAC) , General Electric Co. (GE) and Coca-Cola Co. (KO) in recent months
to discuss ideas for a tax overhaul. Representative Bill Pascrell, a New Jersey Democrat and
member of the Ways and Means panel, said the White House hasn’t
informed the committee of plans to release a tax proposal. “We know something is in the works,” he said. “We don’t
know exactly when the administration will have it.” White House officials haven’t said which tax breaks they
are targeting or when a proposal could be released.
Administration spokeswoman Amy Brundage said today that the push
for an overhaul is an “ongoing process.” ‘No Decisions’ “No decisions have been made about the content of any
specific proposal or the timing or manner in which the
administration will move this dialogue forward,” she said in an
e-mail. Geithner told a Senate subcommittee last month that
Treasury officials are crafting an overhaul plan. “We have been
working on a comprehensive proposal to get the process in
Congress moving,” he said. Treasury officials developed legislative language to kick
off the last major tax code overhaul, which was completed in
1986. Pascrell said he hopes the administration develops more of
a “framework” this time and allows Congress to fill in the
gaps. “We’ve got to work out the revenue side of it,” he said. Obama and Geithner have said their goal is to eliminate
many of the deductions and benefits in the tax code and expand
the tax base. Those changes could cover the cost of lowering
rates from the current top marginal rate of 35 percent. Possible Business Effects Business groups have begun seeking to determine whether
benefits affecting companies or industries that they represent
might be affected. Mary Lyman, the executive director of the
National Association of Publicly Traded Partnerships , told her
members last week that Treasury staff members were developing a
tax proposal that would treat so-called pass-through entities,
such as partnerships, with more than $50 million in annual
revenue in the same manner as corporations. White House and Treasury officials haven’t confirmed
whether that proposal is actively being considered. Camp today
said he was aware of the concept and was cool to the idea. “It’s not something I’d be inclined to consider,” he
said, after speaking to a legislative policy conference in
Washington sponsored by Baker Hostetler LLP, a law firm, the
Federal Policy Group, a consulting company, and the Yale Club of
Washington, an alumni group. To contact the reporter on this story: Steven Sloan in
Washington at
ssloan7@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Mark Silva at
msilva34@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
The US army had superior conventional weapons but they were ineffective against a country that was not industrialized and an army which employed guerrilla tactics and used the dense jungle as cover.
North Vietnamese soldiers were dedicated to fighting for independence and for communism. They were fiercely loyal to their leadership, which had already provided land reform in the north.
These soldiers were conscripted and served long tours of duty. As a result, the Vietcong became highly experienced and knowledgeable about American tactics.
The Vietcong had an intricate knowledge of the terrain. They won the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese people by living in their villages and helping them with their everyday lives.
Their tunnel systems, booby-traps and jungle cover meant they were difficult to defeat and hard to find.
The North Vietnamese were supplied and supported by China and the Soviet Union. A total of $2 billion was given in aid to the fight against America between 1965-1968. This included 8,000 anti-aircraft guns and 200 anti-aircraft missile sites.
On January 31 1968, during celebrations of the Vietnamese New Year (known as Tet), North Vietnam, supported by South Vietnamese Vietcong launched surprise assaults on towns and cities in US-held areas of South Vietnam. They took control of parts of Saigon and other cities, having most success in Vietnam's ancient capital, Hue. One group managed to blow a hole in the walls around the US Embassy in Saigon.
The Vietcong did not hold onto any of the territory gained for long. They suffered many casualites and the Tet Offensive was a military defeat for them.
The offensive failed but has been viewed as a turning point. It had two important effects: | FINEWEB-EDU |
20150515 Ruby講義memo
More than 3 years have passed since last update.
昨日の補足
succすごい
"test001Z".succ == "test002A"
質問
• 多態性がよくわからなかった
• クラスとインスタンスの違い？
デバッグするときに pry-byebug が便利
http://blog.toshimaru.net/rails-pry-byebug/
biding.pry
デザインパターン
古い
http://www.amazon.co.jp/Ruby%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3-Russ-Olsen/dp/4894712857
http://orangain.hatenablog.com/entry/design-patterns-in-ruby
http://blue1st.hateblo.jp/entry/2014/10/12/014015
Effective Rubyがいいよ
http://www.amazon.co.jp/Effective-Ruby-Peter-J-Jones/dp/4798139823/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1431650604&sr=1-1&keywords=Effective+Ruby
http://tbpgr.hatenablog.com/entry/20140515/1400160516
http://morizyun.github.io/blog/ruby-design-pattern-matome-mokuzi/
http://qiita.com/kidach1/items/4b63de9ad5a97726c50c
Block
def block_args_test
yield()
yield(1)
yield(1, 2, 3)
yield(x:1, y:2)
end
block_args_test do |a|
p [a]
end
puts
block_args_test do |a,b,c|
p [a,b,c]
end
puts
block_args_test do |*a|
p [a]
end
ブロック内の break 戻り値ありもできる。
ブロックをオブジェクトとして受け取る
数値
配列
• index付の配列
• 集合として
• 列として （cue,stack）
a = [1,2,3,4,5]
a[0,2] = [10,11,12] # 要素の置換
p a
a[0,0] = [101,102] # 要素の挿入
p a
# 集合として
a1 = [1,2,3]
a2 = [3,2,5]
p a1 - a2
p a1 + a2
p a1 | a2
String
p Encoding.name_list
str = "あたらしいString"
puts str[2..3]
p str.bytesize
# printf相当がこれで書ける
p "%04d" % 123
p "%04d + %05d" % [123,44]
Hash
#最新バージョンでのハッシュは
p "a".hash
p :a.hash
Rubyによるデザインパターン いい本だな。
この知見は共有したい。
Hash
#最新バージョンでのハッシュは
p "a".hash
p :a.hash
s = Regexp.quote("abc*def+")
p s
$stdout.puts "output to $stdout"
$stderr.puts "output to $stderr"
p "abacdeafg".scan(/.a/)
s = "Ruby is Language"
p s[/Ru.*\s+/]
m = /(.)(\d\d)+(.)/.match "12345"
p m
p $1
p $2
p $3
IO
Time
require 'open-uri'
stringio
t = Time.parse("S54.3.4")
p t
now_t = Time.now
p t_r = (t..now_t)
p t_r.cover?( Time.parse("H20.4.1") ) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Template:Did you know nominations/Salvage (2009 film)
Salvage (2009 film)
* ... that the 2009 British horror film Salvage was filmed on the set formerly used by the soap opera Brookside?
* Reviewed: Josiah Gondo
Created/expanded by Paul MacDermott (talk). Self nom at 12:59, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
* Symbol question.svg Prose shows signs of padding, especially in the first paragraph of "background". I've added a citation needed tag. Also, what makes filmfestivalspro.com a reliable source? — Crisco 1492 (talk) 12:37, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Prose tweaked and more refs added. Ref replaced with one from Variety Magazine. Paul MacDermott (talk) 16:32, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Looking better. Per WP:LEAD, information in the lead should also be found in-text. A couple of (rather interesting) bits of information are in the lede but not the text. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 22:27, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Expanded lead a little to include other information, and added something from the lead that was missing from the main text. Paul MacDermott (talk) 22:42, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Almost there. The Liverpool Daily Post link is dead. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:09, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Should work now. Not sure why it didn't before. :) Paul MacDermott (talk) 23:15, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg New enough, long enough, hook is cited and interesting, have not found any close paraphrasing, prose is up to par, QPQ done. I suggest archiving your references (www.webcitation.org helps a lot) in case some of them go dead over the years. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 23:20, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* Thanks, I'll do that now. Paul MacDermott (talk) 23:26, 17 November 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gull Dong
The result was Delete -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 16:11, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
Gull Dong
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Lack of information and resources and referances Ensyc 12:32, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
* Comment Searching for "gull dong" does yield some unique results for dog related information similar to that within the article. It's true that there doesn't seem to be much definitive information out there, but I can't tell if it's because gull dongs are some kind of unofficial mutt or if they're just rare. Leebo 86 13:45, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - 0 hits at www.ourdogs.co.uk. 0 hits on Amazon.com (no; street signs don't count as a reliable, verifiable reference for rare dog breeds). 0 hits at WorldCat. 0 hits in the two academic databases I checked (Academic Search Premier, Wilson Select Plus). I realize searching Google for '+"gull dong" -wikipedia' has hits ... but ... remember that anyone can put up a website about anything. Keesiewonder talk 23:08, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - Keesie has proven in other discussions, that she doesn't know the difference between a Poodle and a Bulldog, so pls give her comments very lil weight. Headphonos 01:38, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Keep - dog breed exists and citation provided by reputable non-commercial website. Headphonos 01:05, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - I have been unable to find any information on this breed that is reliable. Normally I won't get involved in deletion issues but it seems that this really does deserve it, or at least someone should make more of an effort to improve the article rather than just leaving it with one sentence, does the breed not even have a club website?? Blufawn
* Redirect to Gull Terr. That came up as an alternate name when I searched, and gets many more hits. --UsaSatsui 19:11, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - Gull Terr Ref is not a Gull Dong Ref at least read the articles before y'ah vote..huh ?? Headphonos 21:24, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Which article? The one that says the breed is "primarily used for bear-baiting and dog fighting", or the one that says it's "used for baiting and dog fighting"? I found out later they were supposedly seperate breeds, which is why I made my next comment (or do you not bother reading all the comments before you reply?), but the first pages I found when I googled "Gull Dong" referred to them as different names for the same breed. My opinion still stands...if more than a sentence can't be written about this breed, it needs to be redirected to a more common name if there is one. --UsaSatsui 02:03, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* Come to think of it, both those breeds look like types of Indian Bull Terriers (which redirects to this article). Maybe redirect both of them there and someone who knows about dogs can write a real article about them? --UsaSatsui 19:15, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* There seems to be some name confusion, but that might be why it's so hard to find good sources for the alternatives. I guess we need to determine the best name and merger/redirect to it, but I don't know what should be consulted as an "official" source for the name. Leebo 86 19:36, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
* Comment I think both the Gull Terr and Bull Terr articles are just as bad. Perhaps they should all be nominated for deletion. At least if you group them all together its not quite so bad. Ensyc 21:43, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* I notice that the Gull Terr infobox indicates that Gull Gul Dong and Bull Terr are alternative names for the same dog. If indeed all 3 names refer to the same breed, and Gul Dong and Gull Dong are same, we certainly don't need separate articles for all of these. That is what redirects are for. (The Dachshund article has this nicely figured out - Doxie, Dackel and Teckel all redirect to Dachshund.) One article on Gul(l) Dong/Bull Terr/Gull Terr is more than adequate, whichever name is the most popular, and assuming the implied content survives this AfD. Keesiewonder talk 20:43, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* Perhaps we should redirect Bull Terr & Gull Terr to the Gull Dong article and then the Afd will affect all articles? Ensyc 23:07, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
* The Gull Dong shouldn't be confused with the smaller Pakistani Terrier breed, also known as the Gull Terr from which it developed through crosses with Indian Bullterriers and the Bully Kutta fighters. Headphonos 00:04, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
* So the Gull Dong should not be confused with the Gull Terr, even though your edit in the Gull Terr article on Wikipedia tells us that an alternative name for Gull Terr is Gul Dong. Please don't tell me we need an article on the Gul Dong, which is not the same as the Gull Dong ... ;-) --Keesiewonder talk 01:20, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 15.pdf/310
The British House of Commons.
27 I
but by name—"Mr. Lowther," that being to take the oath unless the usual formality is complied with. Nevertheless, it is true the cognomen of the present chairman. In referring to members of the House, the that the late Dr. Kenealy, in 1875, was by word "Honorable" must not be omitted. A special resolution, and! after some delay, lawyer is referred to as "honorable and permitted to receive the oath from the clerk learned"; a soldier as "honorable and without being escorted from the bar" by gallant; a Cabinet Minister as "Right the customary sponsors. This case is Honorable.'' And although there has been unique, the reason for the resolution being a case in which a man had been convicted that no member was willing to introduce the of a criminal offence prior to his expulsion Tichborne claimant's counsel to the House from the House, yet during a debate in after he had teen disbarred for unprofes sional conduct., which he was mentioned, the word "honor The retirement of a member is much more able" was punctiliously employed whenever remarkable than his initiation. He cannot his name was spoken. The rules of the House of Commons are resign in the way that a person relinquishes strict. For example, it is a breach of order his membership of a club or society, and if for a member to read a newspaper when he becomes bankrupt or insane he, ipso seated in the Chamber, although he may facto, ceases to be a representative of the quote an excerpt from one in the course of people. Moreover, if he is guilty of infa a speech; but if he should attempt to peruse mous conduct, he is sure to be expelled. anything that looked like a daily or weekly Whenever a member of Parliament accepts paper while a debate was in progress, his from the monarch any position of honor or reward, his seat becomes vacant, and a new ears would be assailed by the sound of "Or der, order," from the Chair as soon as the election must be held. This fact enables a legislator who wishes to close his parliamen Speaker saw what he was doing. It is as tary career to do so by accepting some post serted that some members resort to the de ception practised by a young lady who put of profit from the Crown, such as the ste "Trilby" in the binding of a New Testament, wardship of the Chiltern Hundreds, to which and was observed reading it in church. It no duties are attached. An application for the office must be made to the Govern is certainly possible to put part of a news paper inside the programme known as "the ment, and if it is granted a nominal sum is orders of the day," which is delivered at paid to the applicant; but if any suspicion of disgraceful behavior has been aroused, the every member's London address each morn ing, and to read it in this way without being stewardship will >be refused, and a motion discovered. If the Speaker's attention were to expel the offender from the House will be drawn to this deception, however, the offend | promptly made. This procedure does not ing member would be sternly requested to prevent his re-election by the voters. observe the rules of the House. No business can be transacted in Great When a newly-elected member makes his Britain's elective Chamber unless a quorum appearance at "the bar" of the Chamber, of forty members is present. But when a he is escorted to the table to take the oath debate has once commenced, it proceeds, by two other members. This custom is a | even if the Speaker and the member who is talking have the House to themselves, for relic of the time when personation was pos the former pays no attention- to the empty sible: and although a representative's cre benches until his notice is directed to them dentials are now ample proof of his iden tity, yet it is not likely that he will be allowed by a representative of the people. As soon | WIKI |
Talk:Seattle Times Building/GA1
GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''
Reviewer: Wizardman (talk · contribs) 20:27, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
I'll review this article shortly. Wizardman 20:27, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
First thing I want to ask before I do a full review, is there a timetable on the building's demolition? Article stability-wise there shouldn't be any issues, but it's something I want to be sure of. Wizardman 23:03, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
* The demolition began in October 2016 and the residential tower project as a whole is expected to begin this month, with no estimated completion date. It should not compromise the article's stability too much, with the exception of a tense change (to past) once the building is demolished on the inside. Sounder Bruce 01:31, 17 January 2017 (UTC)
Sounds good, just wanted to check. Anyway, here's what I found:
* "To prepare for the moving of printing presses and office," the 'and office' part doesn't sound quite right to me. I'd probably just cut it to "To prepare for moving the printing presses," for clarity.
* "addition would use up the last of surface parking lots " last of the surface
* I generally don't like one-sentence paragraphs, but I do know that the last one will be expanded later on, so combining only to split again in a couple months would be silly, so it's fine as is.
I'll put the article on hold and will pass when the couple issues are fixed. Wizardman 15:42, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
* I have fixed the two issues you've raised. Sounder Bruce 02:32, 22 January 2017 (UTC)
* Looks good, so I'll pass the article as a GA. Wizardman 14:47, 22 January 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
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