Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|
Riak
Riak (pronounced "ree-ack" ) is a distributed NoSQL key-value data store that offers high availability, fault tolerance, operational simplicity, and scalability. Riak moved to an entirely open-source project in August 2017, with many of the licensed Enterprise Edition features being incorporated. Riak implements the principles from Amazon's Dynamo paper with heavy influence from the CAP theorem. Written in Erlang, Riak has fault-tolerant data replication and automatic data distribution across the cluster for performance and resilience.
Riak has a pluggable backend for its core storage, with the default storage backend being Bitcask. LevelDB is also supported, with other options (such as the pure-Erlang Leveled) available depending on the version.
Riak was originally developed by engineers employed by Basho Technologies and maintained by them until 2017 when the rights were sold to bet365 after Basho went into receivership.
Main features
* Fault-tolerant availability: Riak replicates key/value stores across a cluster of nodes with a default n_val of three. In the case of node outages due to network partition or hardware failures, data can still be written to a neighboring node beyond the initial three, and read-back due to its "masterless" peer-to-peer architecture.
* Queries: Riak provides a REST-ful API through HTTP and Protocol Buffers for basic PUT, GET, POST, and DELETE functions. More complex queries are also possible, including secondary indexes, search (via Apache Solr), and MapReduce. MapReduce has native support for both JavaScript (using the SpiderMonkey runtime) and Erlang.
* Predictable latency: Riak distributes data across nodes with hashing and can provide latency profile, even in the case of multiple node failures.
* Storage options: Keys/values can be stored in memory, disk, or both.
* Multi-datacenter replication: Multi-Datacenter replication (MDC) provides uni-directional and bi-direction replication of data between Riak clusters, whether locally for resilience or globally for faster regional access. Uni-directional replication is useful for read-only sinks such as backups and Disaster Recovery sites. Bi-directional replication allows for multiple Riak cluster to have eventually consistent data across vast distances. Complex replication scenarios such as chains, hub-and-spoke and mesh networks are possible due to the Cascades feature, which allows replication of data between clusters that are not directly connected. There are two primary modes of operation: fullsync and realtime. Fullsync mode ensures that all data on the source cluster is replicated to the sink cluster. Only the metadata and changes are transferred, making this fast and efficient. Realtime mode sends updates made to a source cluster to the sink cluster in realtime. These modes are designed to work together for best performance All multi-datacenter replication occurs over multiple concurrent TCP connections to maximize performance and network utilization.
* Tunable consistency: Option to choose between eventual and strong consistency for each bucket.
Main products
All versions of Riak are now entirely open-source and free, and include the extra features that Basho charged license fees for.
Basho operated a freemium model, wherein they provided free versions of Riak in the form of Riak Core, Riak KV, Riak CS and Riak TS but made their money from licensing more advanced features and SLA-based support. The extra features from the Enterprise Editions have since been integrated into the open source version of Riak KV, as of Riak KV release 2.2.6. and Riak CS 2.1.2
Riak Core
riak_core is the distributed systems framework that underpins Riak, forming the foundation for all Riak versions. It is being maintained as part of Riak.
Riak Core Lite
riak_core_lite is intended for general use as a base for creating distributed systems.
Riak KV (Key-Value)
Riak KV is a distributed NoSQL database designed to deliver maximum data availability by distributing data across multiple servers, meaning that if one client can reach one server, it should be able to read and write data. KV went through a few names in its lifetime, starting as Riak then Riak DS (for Data Store) and finally Riak KV (for Key-Value).
When Basho Technologies went into receivership in 2017 KV development was picked up by the open source community and has continued into 2021, with 2.2.6 released in 2018 being the first community release of KV. This release integrated some features that were originally restricted to Basho's Enterprise versions of Riak.
Version 2.9.0 was the first major community release by the open source community, releasing in November 2019, with version 3.0.1 following on August 20, 2020. Development has continued since then with the latest release being version 3.0.7.
Removed features
The current version of Riak no longer supports some features in the Enterprise edition of Riak, including:
* SNMP/JMX support
Separated features in Riak KV 3.0+
The following features of Riak KV 2.x have been removed by default from the Riak build. Specific builds including these features are available.
* Yokozuna
Riak CS (Cloud Storage)
Originally known as Riak Moss (Riak Multi-tenant Object Storage System - MOSS) but named as Riak CS (Cloud Storage) when released, Riak CS was first publicly released in January 2012.
Riak CS (Cloud Storage) is object storage software built on top of Riak KV, Riak's distributed database. Riak CS is designed to provide simple, highly-available, distributed cloud storage at any scale, and can be used to build cloud architectures or as storage infrastructure for heavy-duty applications and services.
Riak CS also includes an application called Stanchion which is used to manage the serialization of requests. This enables Riak CS to manage globally unique entities like users and bucket names. Serialization in this context means that the entire cluster agrees upon a single value for any globally unique entity at any given time; when that value is changed, the new value must be recognized throughout the entire cluster.
Riak CS was briefly rebranded as Riak S2 to make it more obviously compatible with Amazon S3 but the name did not catch on and it reverted to Riak CS.
In 2021 development for Riak CS was resumed with contributions from TI Tokyo.
Riak TS (Time Series)
Riak TS is an extension to Riak KV optimized for time series data, in that:
* it supports structured data, with table definition (with a call) required before data can be written;
* data slices from contiguous regions in its primary index (“quanta”) are stored on the same partition;
* CRUD operations are optimized for speed, at the expense of consistency.
A limited subset of SQL commands was implemented in Riak TS. There is no provision for consistency guarantees between tables (no foreign indexes). In statements, clause is supported but is not. was to appear in a version that was never released.
Riak TS existed as a collection of branches (in separate components of Riak KV such as riak_kv, riak_pb, etc.) and not as product with a repository of its own. It was developed by a dedicated team consisting of Gordon Guthrie (leader), Andy Till and Andrei Zavada, with occasional contributions from other developers.
Riak TS was conceived, along with Riak Data Platform project, as an attempt to diversify Basho's product line, an undertaking many insiders regard as misguided and eventually contributing to Basho's demise.
Licensing and support
Riak was originally licensed using a freemium model: open source versions of Riak KV, Riak CS and Riak TS are available, but end users can pay for additional features and support. However, since Basho entered receivership and bet365 (purchasers of all IP) made all Riak products fully open source, all the premium features are now available in the open source versions. Since Basho's demise, community ad-hoc and paid support options have arisen.
Language support
Riak has official drivers for Ruby, Java, Erlang and Python. There are also numerous community-supported drivers for other programming languages.
Community development
After bet365 purchased the Riak IP, the Riak products were made full open source and work to integrate premium features into the open source versions was completed with the 2.2.6 release.
History
Riak was originally written by Andy Gross and Justin Sheehy at Basho Technologies to power a web Sales Force Automation application by former engineers and executives from Akamai. There was more interest in the datastore technology than the applications built on it, so the company decided to build a business around Riak itself, gaining adoption throughout the Fortune 100 and becoming a foundation to many of the world's fastest-growing Web-based, mobile and social networking applications, as well as cloud service providers. Releases after graduation include
Riak KV
Riak 1.0 was released September 10, 2011
Riak CS
Riak CS was made open source on March 20, 2013
Riak TS
Riak TS was originally released in October 2015
Users
Notable users include AT&T, Comcast, GitHub, Best Buy, UK National Health Services (NHS), The Weather Channel, and Riot Games. | WIKI |
A conditional tetracycline-regulated increase in gamma amino butyric acid production near luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone nerve terminals disrupts estrous cyclicity in the rat
Marie Bilger, Sabine Heger, Darrell W. Brann, Alfonso Paredes, Sergio R. Ojeda
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
42 Scopus citations
Abstract
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter controlling LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion in the mammalian hypothalamus. Whether alterations in GABA homeostasis within discrete regions of the neuroendocrine brain known to be targets of GABA action, such as the median eminence, can disrupt the ability of the LHRH releasing system to maintain reproductive cyclicity is not known but amenable to experimental scrutiny. The present experiments were undertaken to examine this issue. Immortalized BAS-8.1 astroglial cells were genetically modified by infection with a regulatable retroviral vector to express the gene encoding the GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67) under the control of a tetracycline (tet) controlled gene expression system. In this system, expression of the gene of interest is repressed by tet and activated in the absence of the antibiotic. BAS-8.1 cells carrying this regulatory cassette, and cultured in the absence of tet ("GAD on"), expressed abundant levels of GAD-67 messenger RNA and GAD enzymatic activity, and released GABA when challenged with glutamate. All of these responses were inhibited within 24 h of exposure to tet ("GAD off"). Grafting "GAD on" cells into the median eminence of late juvenile female rats, near LHRH nerve terminals, did not affect the age at vaginal opening, but greatly disrupted subsequent estrous cyclicity. These animals exhibiting long periods of persistent estrus, interrupted by occasional days in proestrus and diestrus, suggesting the occurrence of irregular ovulatory episodes. Administration of the tetracycline analog doxycycline (DOXY) in the drinking water inhibited GAD-67synthesis and restored estrous cyclicity to a pattern indistinguishable from that of control rats grafted with native BAS-8.1 cells. Animals carrying"GAD on" cells showed a small increase in serum LH and estradiol levels, and a marked elevation in serum androstenedione, all of which were obliterated by turning GAD-67 synthesis off in the grafted cells. Morphometric analysis of the ovaries revealed that both groups grafted with GABA-producing cells had an increased incidence of large antral follicles (>500/μm) compared with animals grafted with native BAS-8.1 cells, but that within this category the incidence of steroidogenically more active follicles (i.e. larger than 600 /μm) was greater in "GAD on" than in "GAD off" rats. These results indicate that a regionally discrete, temporally controlled increase in GABA availability to LHRH nerve terminals in the median eminence of the hypothalamus suffices to disrupt estrous cyclicity in the rat, and raise the possibility that similar local alterations in GABA homeostasis may contribute to the pathology of hypothalamic amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea in humans.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)2102-2114
Number of pages13
JournalEndocrinology
Volume142
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - 2001
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Endocrinology
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'A conditional tetracycline-regulated increase in gamma amino butyric acid production near luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone nerve terminals disrupts estrous cyclicity in the rat'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The house of Cecil.djvu/173
THE EXETER LINE 145
Joicey- Cecil also served), and was afterwards Hon. Colonel of the 3rd and 4th Batallions, Northamptonshire Regiment. He represented North Northamptonshire in Parliament for twenty- eight years before his accession, was Groom-in- Waiting to the Queen in 1886, Vice-Chamberlain to the Queen in 1891 2, and was a member of the Privy Council. Like his father he took great interest in local affairs, and was a familiar figure on political platforms in Lincolnshire. He married Isabella, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Whichcote, Bart., and the present Marquess (born in 1876) was their only child. In 1901 Lord Exeter married the Hon. Myra Rowena Sibell Orde- Powlett, daughter of Lord Bolton, and has two sons and one daughter.
Here, for the present, ends the chronicle of the Exeter branch of the family.
��c.
�� � | WIKI |
Cone beam computed tomography
Cone beam computed tomography (or CBCT, also referred to as C-arm CT, cone beam volume CT, flat panel CT or Digital Volume Tomography (DVT)) is a medical imaging technique consisting of X-ray computed tomography where the X-rays are divergent, forming a cone.
CBCT has become increasingly important in treatment planning and diagnosis in implant dentistry, ENT, orthopedics, and interventional radiology (IR), among other things. Perhaps because of the increased access to such technology, CBCT scanners are now finding many uses in dentistry, such as in the fields of oral surgery, endodontics and orthodontics. Integrated CBCT is also an important tool for patient positioning and verification in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT).
During dental/orthodontic imaging, the CBCT scanner rotates around the patient's head, obtaining up to nearly 600 distinct images. For interventional radiology, the patient is positioned offset to the table so that the region of interest is centered in the field of view for the cone beam. A single 200 degree rotation over the region of interest acquires a volumetric data set. The scanning software collects the data and reconstructs it, producing what is termed a digital volume composed of three-dimensional voxels of anatomical data that can then be manipulated and visualized with specialized software. CBCT shares many similarities with traditional (fan beam) CT however there are important differences, particularly for reconstruction. CBCT has been described as the gold standard for imaging the oral and maxillofacial area.
Oral and maxillofacial radiology
In the late 1990s, Dr Yoshinori Arai in Japan and Dr Piero Mozzo in Italy independently developed Cone Beam Computed Technology for oral and maxillofacial radiology. The first commercial system (the NewTom 9000) was introduced in the European market in 1996 and into the US market in 2001, by Italian company Quantitative Radiology.
Radiotherapy
Cone beam CT using kilovoltage X-rays (as used for diagnostic, rather than therapeutic purposes) attached to a linear accelerator treatment machine was first developed in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Such systems have since become common on latest generation linacs. In the late 2010s CBCT also started to become available on-board particle therapy delivery systems.
Interventional radiology
While CBCT with X-ray image intensifiers was experimented with in the late 1990s, it was not until the adoption of flat-panel X-ray detectors, with improved contrast and spatial resolution, that CBCT became practical for clinical use in interventional radiology procedures. Many fixed, and even mobile, C-arm fluoroscopy systems are now capable of CBCT acquisitions, in addition to traditional planar fluoroscopy. CBCT aids image guidance during interventional radiology procedures treating various medical conditions including knee osteoarthritis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Endodontics
The most significant advantage of the CBCT in Endodontics is that it can show critical root canal anatomical features that conventional intraoral or panoramic images cannot.
According to the American Association of Endodontics, there are numerous specific situations in which 3D images produced by CBCT enhance diagnosis and influence treatment, and its use cannot be disputed over conventional intraoral radiology based on ALARA principles.
Implantology
A dental cone beam scan offers useful information when it comes to the assessment and planning of surgical implants. The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAOMR) suggests cone-beam CT as the preferred method for presurgical assessment of dental implant sites.
Orthodontics
As a 3D rendition, CBCT offers an undistorted view of the dentition that can be used to accurately visualize both erupted and non-erupted teeth, tooth root orientation and anomalous structures, that conventional 2D radiography cannot.
Processing example using x-ray data from a tooth model:
Orthopedics
The CBCT scanner offers undistorted views of the extremities. One advantage of orthopedic CBCT is the ability to take weight bearing images of the lower extremities. In the realm of the foot and ankle particularly, weight bearing CBCT is gaining momentum due to its ability to combine 3 dimensional and weight bearing information which are of the utmost importance in diagnosis and surgical planning. The preferred term used for CBCT in the lower limb is thus WBCT for Weight Bearing CT following the first scientific publications on the subject.
Image-guided radiation therapy
Image-guided radiation therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy where the patient is positioned with the organs to be treated accurately matched in position to the treatment field, to reduce the dose to nearby organs which are not being treated. Many organs inside the body move by millimeters relative to the external skin surfaces, and a CBCT scanner mounted on the head of the radiotherapy unit is used immediately before treatment (and sometimes again during treatment) to ensure the patient's organs are in exactly the right position to match the treatment field, and to adjust the position of the treatment table if necessary. The images may also be used to check for other requirements of some types of treatment, such as full or empty bladder, empty rectum, etc. The same cone beam beam source and detector can alternatively be used to take simple X-ray positioning images if the organ shows particularly well on X-ray or if Fiducial markers have been inserted into the organ.
Interventional radiology
The CBCT scanner is mounted on a C-arm fluoroscopy unit in the interventional radiology (IR) suite, which offers real time imaging with a stationary patient. This eliminates the time needed to transfer a patient from the angiography suite to a conventional computed tomography scanner and facilitates a broad spectrum of applications of CBCT during IR procedures. The clinical applications of CBCT in IR include treatment planning, device or implant positioning and assessment, intra-procedural localization, and assessment of procedure endpoints. CBCT is useful as a primary and supplemental form of imaging. It is an excellent adjunct to DSA and fluoroscopy for soft tissue and vascular visibility during complex procedures. The use of CBCT before fluoroscopy potentially reduces patient radiation exposure.
Clinical applications
* Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: CBCT with contrast confirms that the proper artery is selected to deliver the therapy. The contrast enhances the parenchyma supplied by the selected artery and therefore reveals if the vasculature also supplies the tumor. Post treatment noncontrast CBCT confirms lipiodol staining of the tumor, which improves operator confidence of complete tumor coverage or further treatment.
* Prostatic artery embolization for benign prostatic hypertrophy: CBCT provides the soft tissue detail needed to visualize prostatic enhancement, identify duplicated prostatic arteries, and avoid nontarget embolization. CBCT is superior to DSA for this therapy since the enhancement patterns on DSA can be difficult to discern due to the overlapping pelvic structures and variable arterial anatomy.
* Abscess drainage: CBCT confirms needle tip location after placement under ultrasound and confirms drain placement by revealing contrast injection into the desired location.
* Adrenal Vein sampling for an adenoma: contrast enhanced CBCT shows perfusion of the adrenal gland to confirm catheter placement for obtaining a satisfactory sample.
* Stent placement: CBCT improves the visualization of intracranial and extracranial stents compared to conventional DSA and digital radiography by providing a better depiction of the relationship of the stents to nearby structures (i.e. vascular walls and aneurysm lumen).
* Lung nodule percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy: CBCT guides needle placement and demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.2%, 96.8%, and 100%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was unaffected by technically challenging conditions.
* Vascular Anomalies: After correction of arteriovenous malformations with coiling, CBCT sensitively detects small infarcts in tissue that has been "sacrificed" during the procedure to prevent further shunting. The infarcted tissue appears as a small area of contrast retention.
* Peripheral Vascular Interventions
* Biliary Interventions
* Spinal Interventions
* Enterostomy Interventions
Industrial applications
Cone beam CT is used for material analysis, metrology, and nondestructive testing in the manufacturing sector. Cone beam CT is also inspect and detect defects of tiny sizes, such as internal pitting corrosion or cracks of an object in quality control.
Reconstruction
Cone beam reconstruction algorithms are similar to typical tomographic reconstruction algorithms, and methods such as filtered backprojection or iterative reconstruction may be used. However, since the reconstruction is three-dimensional, modifications such as the FDK algorithm may be needed.
Oral and maxillofacial radiology
Total radiation doses from 3D dental CBCT exams are 96% lower than conventional CT exams, but deliver 5-16x more radiation than standard dental 2D x-ray (OPG). The time of exposure in CBCT is also comparatively less when compared to conventional CT.
CBCT use is only lightly regulated in the US. The recommended standard of care is to use the smallest possible field of view (FOV), the smallest voxel size, the lowest mA setting and the shortest exposure time in conjunction with a pulsed exposure mode of acquisition. International organisations such as the World Health Organization and ICRP, as well as many local bodies and legislation, encourage the idea of justification for all medical exposures, where risks and benefits must be weighed up before a procedure goes ahead.
Oral and maxillofacial radiology
There are a number of drawbacks of CBCT technology over that of CT scans, such as increased susceptibility to movement artifacts (in first generation machines) and to the lack of appropriate bone density determination.
Bone density and the Hounsfield scale
The Hounsfield scale is used to measure radiodensity and, in reference to CT scans, can provide an accurate absolute density for the type of tissue depicted. The radiodensity, measured in Hounsfield Units (HU, also known as CT number) is inaccurate in CBCT scans because different areas in the scan appear with different greyscale values depending on their relative positions in the organ being scanned, despite possessing identical densities, because the image value of a voxel of an organ depends on the position in the image volume. HU measured from the same anatomical area with both CBCT and medical-grade CT scanners are not identical and are thus unreliable for determination of site-specific, radiographically-identified bone density for purposes such as the placement of dental implants, as there is "no good data to relate the CBCT HU values to bone quality."
Although some authors have supported the use of CBCT technology to evaluate bone density by measuring HU, such support is provided erroneously because scanned regions of the same density in the skull can have a different grayscale value in the reconstructed CBCT dataset.
"X-ray attenuation of CBCT acquisition systems currently produces different HU values for similar bony and soft tissue structures in different areas of the scanned volume (e.g. dense bone has a specific image value at the level of the menton, but the same bone has a significantly different image value at the level of the cranial base)."
Dental CBCT systems do not employ a standardized system for scaling the grey levels that represent the reconstructed density values and, as such, they are arbitrary and do not allow for assessment of bone quality. In the absence of such a standardization, it is difficult to interpret the grey levels or impossible to compare the values resulting from different machines. While there is a general acknowledgment that this deficiency exists with CBCT systems (in that they do not correctly display HU), there has been little research conducted to attempt to correct this deficiency.
With time, further advancements in CBCT reconstruction algorithms will allow for improved area detectors, and this, together with enhanced postprocessing, will likely solve or reduce this problem. A method for establishing attenuation coefficients with which actual HU values can be derived from CBCT "HU" values was published in 2010 and further research is currently underway to perfect this method in vivo.
Interventional radiology
While the practicality of CBCT fosters its increasing application in IR, technical limitations hinder its integration into the field. The two most significant factors that affect successful integration are image quality and time (for set up, image acquisition, and image reconstruction). Compared to multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), the wider collimation in CBCT leads to increased scatter radiation and degradation of image quality as demonstrated by artifacts and decreased contrast-to-noise ratio. The temporal resolution of cesium iodide detectors in CBCT slows data acquisition time to approximately 5 to 20 seconds, which increases motion artifacts. The time required for image reconstruction takes longer for CBCT (1 minute) compared to MDCT (real time) due to the computationally demanding cone beam reconstruction algorithms. | WIKI |
Page:Portland, Oregon, its History and Builders volume 1.djvu/632
1—Old People's Home, founded by P. J. Mann. 2—Babies' Home, founded by charitable people. 3—Old Ladies' Home—called the Patton Home. 4—First Building of Patton Home. 5—Florence Crittenton Home. | WIKI |
Cornelius Vanderbilt aka The Commodore was born in 1794. His parents were not rich by any stretch of imagination. Hence he left school at 11 to help his father run a boat ferrying service across the Hudson River in New York.
‘The commodore’ left the employment of his father to start his own ferry service using $100 he borrowed from his parents. Bought more boats and using a low pricing strategy drove out the competition and became a leading provider of ferry service across the river. Vanderbilt moved into steam boats because they were faster.
Shrewd business man
Vanderbilt was a determined and shrewd businessman, quick to find opportunities and very keen to exploit them. With a reputation for providing efficient service at very low cost, many competitors paid him to stay away from their routes.
The commodore had bigger goals and saw the opportunities in the rail business. Subsequently moved into the rail road business and was instrumental in the development of railways in America. He introduced steam engines to trains and dominated that sector as well.
One thing to note. America was developing fast, there were great opportunities and men like Vanderbilt, Ford, Carnegie and many others were pioneers who saw opportunities and took their chances. These men started with nothing, but a lot of determination, grit and a desire to see far beyond what was imaginable by many people in the 19th and 20th centuries. These were pioneers.
The American dream was the culmination of the activities of these men and women of vision at the time.
Several lessons were learned from these men during a time when there were opportunities, but only for those willing and able to do foresee them.
The great men and women of those times did not have a good standard of education, they started work earlier than most people, they were very focused and determined to succeed and went the extra mile. Vanderbilt was into efficiency and cutting costs, eliminated competition in the process and tried to create a monopoly.
A great business man
Once he was done with the steam boats, then the next was the railway. In this sector as well, he went all the way to get rid of competition to form the largest railway company.
He was nicknamed the ‘Commodore’ during his steam boat days. Vanderbilt had the support of his mother who believed in him.
By the time of his death in 1899, he was worth over $100m. He left most of his money to his son; William who further increased the family fortune.
What happened to his money?
So what happened to all that money? Over the next 4 generations, the wealth diminished due to extravagant spending.
It seems easier to build wealth, but generations of people who were born with a silver spoon tend to waste the money they have not worked for.
You can learn more about this from | FINEWEB-EDU |
How to Use a Vaporizer For the First Time
Vape Pen
How to Use a Vaporizer For the First Time
Since exploding onto the electronic market, Vapor pens have recently been growing in popularity, particularly among younger adults and teens. In reality, most people feel that vaporizers are healthier alternative to a tobacco-based product that delivers only a cool, fruity vapor. What most people do not realize, however, is that vaporizing tobacco leaves some serious health risks behind it. Nicotine is an addictive drug and vaporizing tobacco puts it in your lungs at a much higher concentration than it would if you were smoking a herb pipe. Thus, any time you smoke a tobacco-based product, you are also adding nicotine to your body.
Many vapers and users report that will using a vaporizer or pen helps them get a new better grip and hold on the digital voice recorden while they are usually inhaling. This could make looking after their own cigarettes that much simpler. By using a new pen, people are usually able to keep their mouthpiece in place and avoid the particular temptation to whack all the vapor into their mouth. A few have found that helps them to be able to avoid second-hand smoke cigarettes as well. A end can prevent your own vapor from getting into your outfits or in your current hair and adding itself within your tiny holes.
The way a Vape Pen works is that you fill up typically the reservoir by applying a liquid like e-liquid or propylene glycol, and and then putting your hand, or even a lip, directly into the mouthpiece plus breathe through it. The electronic circuitry and then heats the liquefied so that it becomes a steam. When you take the hit, putting your current finger in the mouthpiece and inhale the particular cool, fruity scent of your vapour. The reason why you should not put your hand in the mouthpiece will be because it might cause burns in your epidermis and the battery may leak out or catch open fire. In order in order to maximize your Vape Pen experience, it truly is highly recommended that will you use a hand.
Presently there are many different types of Vape Pens, but the vapinger.com most favored ones are the inhalation pens. These are the most typical and are accessible in various sorts of colors and designs. Many people who are new to using vaporizers have a tough time choosing which one to get first. The breathing ones are typically the easiest to make use of since all you have to do is usually take a hit and inhale. You can see how simple this is to find out different types regarding Vape Pens.
An atomizer is the most basic form of Vape Pen and these people are the many commonly used. The pre-filled atomizer has the built in heating element that activates the gel to be able to inhale hot air. These have a stainless steel steel heating aspect that is really safe and will not cause you to get worried about any serious health risks. Typically the built-in atomizer generally will not heat typically the gel until the particular end of your session so you need not worry about transforming off the heater. The pre-filled atomizer generally gets hot the pre-filled gel till it is prepared to use, this particular means you perform not have to help keep putting in skin gels into the pen after you have completed using it.
Another type of Vape Pencil is the tank system. You place your favorite e-liquid into the device, then place typically the mouthpiece inside in addition to turn on typically the heating element. It gets hotter the coil inside the device, producing a vapor of which you inhale. The tank system is much less powerful since the other sorts of Vape Pens and the pre-filled e-juice may not be sturdy enough.
Box mods and tank devices will be the easiest to make use of as well since being the the majority of popular. These are great for anyone who else is fresh to vaporizing because they are very user friendly. If you select to utilize a box mod or perhaps a reservoir device to begin, a person should always commence out using the most compact size you will find. Since you get utilized to utilizing the devices, you can increase the size of the particular device.
One very last thing to mention is that will in case you are just buying a new system, you should absolutely look at the different carts and catomizers that are available. With a few devices you can buy cartridges for under 10 dollars, which may serve you for a extremely long time. Therefore, now you know just how to use the vaporizer for the particular first time. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
John Wilton (general)
General Sir John Gordon Noel Wilton, (22 November 1910 – 10 May 1981) was a senior commander in the Australian Army. He served as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the Army's professional head, from 1963 until 1966, and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CCOSC), forerunner of the role of Australia's Chief of the Defence Force, from 1966 until 1970. His eight-year tenure as senior officer of first the Army and then the Australian military spanned almost the entire period of the nation's involvement in the Vietnam War.
Born in Sydney, Wilton entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1927. Owing to lack of opportunity in the Australian military at the time, he took a commission in the British Army following his graduation in 1930. He spent most of the remainder of the decade with the Royal Artillery in India. Wilton returned to Australia on the eve of World War II and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Artillery. He saw action with the 7th Division in Syria and the 3rd Division in New Guinea, earning a mention in despatches in the former campaign and the Distinguished Service Order in the latter. Finishing the war a temporary colonel, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1947. Wilton was posted to Korea in 1953 to take command of the 28th Commonwealth Brigade, leading it in its final action of the war in July. He was raised to Commander of the Order of the British Empire and awarded the US Legion of Merit for his performance in Korea.
Wilton was promoted to major general in 1957 and became Commandant of Duntroon. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1962 and made CGS the following January, with the rank of lieutenant general. As CGS he oversaw a reorganisation of the Army's divisional structure, the reintroduction of conscription, and deployments during the Indonesia–Malaysia Konfrontasi and the Vietnam War. Knighted in 1964, he handed over the position of CGS in May 1966 and was appointed CCOSC. In this role he had overall responsibility for Australia's forces in Vietnam, and worked to achieve an integrated defence organisation, including a tri-services academy, a joint intelligence group, and the amalgamation of separate government departments for the Army, Navy and Air Force. Wilton was promoted to general in September 1968, and retired from the military in November 1970. He served as Consul-General in New York City from 1973 to 1975, and died in 1981, aged seventy.
Early career
John Wilton was born in Sydney on 22 November 1910, the second of two sons to English migrants Noel and Muriel Wilton. Noel was an electrical engineer, and moved with his family to Hobart in 1915 to take up employment with the Tasmanian Hydro Electric Department. Attending several schools, John and his brother Maurice lived in Sydney for a time with Muriel following their parents' separation in 1917, before Noel brought them back to Hobart in 1921. In 1923 he moved with them to Grafton, New South Wales, where he managed the Clarence River County Council. John attended Grafton High School, where he attained his leaving certificate. Considered by family to be a "loner", "a clear thinker", and a "quite, determined, achiever", he entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in February 1927, aged sixteen. Early on he was subjected to the usual bastardisation handed out to younger cadets by seniors, but was not known to inflict the same treatment on juniors once he reached the senior class. Although somewhat aloof from his fellows, he did well in team sports such as rugby and hockey, as well as swimming and diving. Second academically in his class of twelve, Wilton graduated from Duntroon on 9 December 1930.
By 1930, the effects of the Great Depression had reduced the opportunities for Duntroon graduates. Only four of Wilton's classmates joined the Australian Military Forces; four transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and four to the British Army. Wilton was among the last-mentioned, taking a commission as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, with seniority from 22 November 1930. Seeking active duty, he requested a posting to India, and sailed with the 6th Field Brigade to Bombay in November 1931. He spent the next three years based at Fyzabad, near the Nepalese border. Promoted to lieutenant in November 1933, he undertook training and exercises with his battery, and learned to speak Urdu, but saw no action. In February 1935 he was posted to Burma, joining the 10th (Abbottabad) Battery of the Indian Mountain Artillery at Maymyo, near Mandalay. According to biographer David Horner, Wilton's "first taste of excitement" was in April 1935, when he joined the hunt for a rogue tiger and shot the animal as it attacked and mauled one of his companions. In November he saw operational service with his unit in skirmishes with local tribesmen in the Wa State of northern Burma, on the Chinese border.
After eight months extended leave in 1936, and a posting to the Indian Army Ordnance Corps, Wilton briefly returned to Australia to marry Helen Marshall on 9 July 1938 at St. Andrew's Church in Summer Hill, New South Wales. John had met Helen, then a nurse, on a double date in Sydney while he was in his last year at Duntroon; the couple had two sons and a daughter. On the same trip home he was invited to transfer to the Australian military, and accepted. Promoted to captain on 31 December 1938, Wilton saw out his British service with a coastal battery in Karachi, and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Artillery on 26 May 1939. His service with the British Army in India and Burma had afforded him regimental experience that he could never have gained in Australia, as well as an understanding of mountainous and tropical conditions that would benefit him in years to come.
World War II
Wilton spent a year in coastal artillery posts at North Head and Port Kembla before transferring to the Second Australian Imperial Force. He was promoted major on 7 May 1940 and given command of a battery in the 2/4th Field Regiment, part of the recently formed 7th Division, which embarked for the Middle East in October. On the voyage he wrote his wife a letter in case he was killed, admonishing: "Remember what has always been our motto—nothing can defeat us—not even death!" Appointed the division's brigade major Royal Artillery on 19 March 1941, Wilton served under Brigadier Frank Berryman in the Syrian campaign, and was responsible for coordinating operations during the Battle of Merdjayoun in June. Assigned to the staff of Headquarters I Corps, Wilton became General Staff Officer Grade 2 (Artillery) on 1 November; this would be the final artillery posting of his career. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel on 25 November. On 30 December, Wilton was mentioned in despatches for his service with the 7th Division. He entered the Middle East Staff School at Haifa in January 1942, and graduated in May.
Returning to Australia, Wilton became General Staff Officer Grade 1 in Major General Stanley Savige's 3rd Division in August 1942. Savige later recalled that "I never had a more competent staff, nor such a co-operative team, than that staff after Wilton came along." The 3rd Division was part of Lieutenant General Edmund Herring's II Corps. In October, Herring succeeded Lieutenant General Sydney Rowell as commander of New Guinea Force, and Savige became acting corps commander. With his attention focused on the corps, Savige relied on Wilton to supervise the training of the 3rd Division. Wilton travelled to New Guinea in February 1943 to reconnoitre the terrain and begin plans for the division's forthcoming campaign in Salamaua. He was attached to Kanga Force in Wau during March 1943, before its absorption by 3rd Division the following month. Herring had ordered that the 3rd Division "threaten" Salamaua, and despite Wilton's attempts to clarify precisely what this meant, the order remained vague. Savige and Wilton interpreted it as meaning that the 3rd Division was to capture Salamaua, when in fact its main purpose in the campaign was to divert Japanese forces from Lae. In any event, 3rd Division progressed steadily and by August it had to be ordered to slow down so that Lae could be attacked before Salamaua. Wilton received much of the credit for 3rd Division's performance. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his "skill and ability in New Guinea" between July 1942 and April 1943, the citation being promulgated on 27 April 1944.
In September 1943, following his service with 3rd Division, Wilton was posted to Washington, D.C. as General Staff Officer, Australian Military Mission; he spent November and December 1944 in Europe, observing the Allies' military organisation. He was promoted temporary colonel in May 1945, and spent the remainder of the war on the staff of General Sir Thomas Blamey's Advanced Land Headquarters at Morotai in the Dutch East Indies and Forward Echelon Advance Land Headquarters at Manila in the Philippines. On Blamey's recommendation, Wilton was honoured for the "particularly high standard" of his work on the general staff with appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), promulgated on 6 March 1947.
Rise to senior command
Wilton was still only a substantive captain at the end of hostilities, but was considered by the Military Board to be among those "promising officers who have forced their way to the top during the war" and hence to deserve retention of their wartime rank. He became Deputy Director of Military Operations and Plans at Army Headquarters (AHQ), Melbourne, in March 1946 and was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel on 30 September. Wilton took charge of Military Operations and Plans the following year. He was promoted substantive colonel on 11 April 1950, and appointed a member of the Bridgeford Mission, which advised the Australian government on the state of the Malayan Emergency. On a visit to Singapore in February–March 1951 as part of a joint planning team, he urged his British counterparts to maintain their presence in Malaya as the basis of a combined force, without which Australia would be reluctant to commit any troops for the region's security. Wilton relinquished his post at AHQ in November 1951, and attended the Imperial Defence College in London during 1952. Having been assigned a combat command in the Korean War, he was promoted to brigadier on 13 March 1953, arrived in Seoul within the week, and took over the 28th Commonwealth Brigade from fellow Duntroon graduate Brigadier Thomas Daly on 25 March.
The 28th was described in the official history of Australia's involvement in the Korean War as "the most nationally diverse" brigade in the 1st Commonwealth Division, consisting of Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand units, yet also "an outstandingly well-knit formation". After operating on the eastern side of the Jamestown Line from April, the 28th was transferred westward to relieve the 29th Brigade at the Hook, the Commonwealth Division's most vulnerable position, on 9–10 July. At 6:15pm on 23 July, Wilton informed his battalion chiefs that an armistice was ready to be signed, and to keep patrols to the minimum level necessary for the line's security. The brigade's last action took place over the next three days, when it used artillery, mortar, machine-gun and rifle fire to repulse a heavy assault by Chinese troops, inflicting as many as 3,000 casualties. Wilton later recalled the "terrible and gruesome sight" of no-man's land "literally carpeted with dead bodies". He was present for the armistice ceremony at Panmunjom on 27 July. Having succeeded in maintaining his command's discipline and morale during a potentially problematic time at the end of the conflict and the beginning of peace, he handed over the 28th to Brigadier Ian Murdoch on 19 February 1954. For his service in Korea, Wilton was raised to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours on 10 June 1954. He was also awarded the US Legion of Merit for his "outstanding leadership and initiative"; the decoration was gazetted on 1 May 1956.
After returning to Australia, Wilton was appointed Brigadier in Charge of Administration at Headquarters Eastern Command, his first administrative post. In November 1955 he was assigned to the General Staff at AHQ, where he was responsible for intelligence, operations and plans, and took part in Australian preparations for SEATO exercises. He was promoted to major general on 24 March 1957, and became Commandant of the Royal Military College, Duntroon. Although not strongly religious, Wilton considered himself responsible for the spiritual and moral development of younger cadets; he made a point of attending church parade regularly, and in 1959 personally launched an appeal for public funds to build the college's Anzac Memorial Chapel, which would open in 1966. His chief goal, though, was academic: concerned that graduates were at risk of falling behind their increasingly tertiary-qualified peers in industry and public service, he worked assiduously to make the college a degree-granting institution; this was realised in 1967. From June 1960 through 1962, Wilton was Chief of the Military Planning Office at SEATO Headquarters, Bangkok. He believed Thailand to be strategically vital, declaring "if you want to hold Southeast Asia, you need to hold Thailand". His position allowed him to closely observe the deteriorating situation in Laos, which threatened to spill over into Thailand, and the Western Powers' growing focus on South Vietnam. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1962 Queen's Birthday Honours, in particular for his "conspicuous devotion to duty and his singleness of purpose" as Commandant of Duntroon. On 21 January 1963, Wilton was promoted lieutenant general and became Chief of the General Staff (CGS), succeeding Lieutenant General Sir Reginald Pollard. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1964 New Year Honours.
Chief of the General Staff
Following the lead of the US Army, in 1960 the Australian Army had replaced its former "triangular" divisional structure of three infantry battalions under a brigade headquarters, with a "pentropic" organisation consisting of five larger battalions without a brigade layer between division and battalion headquarters. This had the effect of reducing the total number of Australian battalions, while increasing their individual strength. Wilton was unhappy with the pentropic structure, reasoning that the number of battalions, rather than their relative strength, was the overriding factor when considering potential overseas deployments. The US had in any event abandoned the system in June 1961. In October 1964, Wilton commissioned a review that ultimately recommended a return to the triangular formation. In the meantime, as a response to the Indonesia–Malaysia Konfrontasi, the Australian government reintroduced conscription, which Wilton fought until convinced that the government was not going to improve pay and conditions sufficiently to attract by any other means the recruits needed to meet overseas commitments. Wilton was keen to mitigate any prejudices the national servicemen might have against the regular soldiery, and vice versa; when he found a memo from an Army committee asserting that "it must be recognised that the NS man was likely to be a reluctant soldier", he wrote on it "This assumption not justified". In February–March 1965, following a request from the Malaysian government, Australia despatched 1 Squadron, Special Air Service Regiment, and 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, to Borneo—a commitment Wilton felt able to recommend as a result of the recent decisions to increase the Army's personnel and battalion numbers.
By mid-1964, Australia had already sent a small team of military advisors, as well as a flight of newly acquired DHC-4 Caribou transports, to aid the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the Viet Cong. The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, was deployed in May 1965. It was attached to a US Army brigade, and Wilton was responsible for setting its operational parameters. In August, he recommended to his opposite number in the RAAF, Air Marshal Alister Murdoch, the despatch of two UH-1 Iroquois helicopters to Vietnam. Wilton believed that both services would benefit from gaining familiarisation with air/ground operations in the region before any large-scale commitment of Australian forces. He was exasperated when Murdoch rejected the idea on resourcing grounds, despite the fact that two-thirds of the RAAF's UH-1 complement had been purchased for the express purpose of army cooperation. According to the official history of the post-war Air Force, when the Federal government deployed No. 9 Squadron and its UH-1s to Vietnam less than a year later, the unit was under-prepared for combat operations.
Wilton supported the RAAF's request that the deputy commander of Australian Forces Vietnam be an air officer, despite the misgivings of some senior Army personnel and the fact that an appointment of this level was not commensurate with the services' relative commitments to the conflict. In what the official history of Australia in the Vietnam War described as a "pragmatic and far-sighted approach", Wilton expressed his hope that such an arrangement would give the Air Force a closer understanding of land/air cooperation, and avoid "increasing differences of views about strategic and tactical concepts with the Australian Armed Forces". Following the Federal government's decision in March 1966 to despatch a task force of two battalions to Vietnam, Wilton negotiated with US and South Vietnamese commanders a self-contained area of operations for the Australians, in Phuoc Tuy Province, where they could function with a reasonable degree of independence. He also approved Nui Dat, in the centre of the province forward of the major population areas, as the task force's main base, despite its distance from support units in Vung Tau and the extra effort required to defend it. Wilton rejected a mobile role for the Australians that would have placed them under the control of a US division because, he believed, "their operations became a bit of a meat grinder" with "tremendous casualties". On 19 May 1966, he took over from Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CCOSC), a position foreshadowing that of the modern Chief of the Defence Force. He was succeeded as CGS by Lieutenant General Daly. According to the official history, the timing of the CCOSC handover was "especially significant" as it "coincided with the change in Vietnam from an Army force which was responsible to the Chief of the General Staff to a combined force responsive to the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee. Wilton, therefore, carried through his responsibilities concerning the Vietnam commitment to his new appointment."
Vietnam
Wilton accepted the domino theory and never wavered in his commitment to Vietnam, but as early as mid-1967 he doubted that the war could be won unless the US was prepared to go all out and invade the North. Cautious about expanding Australia's involvement, he advocated deploying a Centurion tank squadron rather than a third infantry battalion when calls came to increase the strength of the task force in Vietnam, but in the end the Federal government announced both commitments in October 1967. Wilton also advised the government to reject any requests from the US command in Vietnam to rotate the Australian task force out of Phuoc Tuy and display its capabilities in a wider operational arena, reasoning that it was more important for the troops to remain in the countryside they knew and continue to build relations with the local people. He nevertheless strongly backed the Australian task force commander, Brigadier Ronald Hughes, when the latter was criticised at home for conducting "American style operations" outside the immediate vicinity of Phuoc Tuy, such as the set-piece battles of Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral in mid-1968. Conflict continued to simmer between the Army and the RAAF regarding air support, and Wilton oversaw discussions between Daly and Murdoch that secured a separate Army air organisation, leading to the formation of the Australian Army Aviation Corps in July 1968. On 22 August, the Federal government announced that Wilton would be promoted to general, effective 1 September, in recognition of his "outstanding contribution to the Commonwealth in his present appointment". He was the first Australian officer to attain the rank since Blamey, twenty-seven years before.
US troop reductions in 1969 under President Richard Nixon's Vietnamization policy led to increasing demands for similar withdrawals of Australian troops. Wilton, Daly and other senior officers argued that the "balanced" nature of the Australian task force would be damaged by a piecemeal withdrawal and that the only valid form of reduction would be "one out, all out"; the government chose a phased withdrawal, pulling out one battalion in October 1970 and the other two in October and December 1971. The divisive nature of the war caused conflict within Wilton's own family; all his children actively opposed it, and in September 1969 his son Robert publicly burnt his draft deferment notice outside Parliament House, Canberra, having earlier called upon students at the Australian National University not to register for national service. The Canberra Times ran an article on the Parliament House incident, complete with a photograph of Robert burning his notice. As Australia's senior soldier, Wilton refused to comment on the situation; Robert reported that he and his father respected one another's viewpoints, and relations within the family remained amicable.
One of the most controversial aspects of Australia's conduct of the Vietnam War had been the employment of a barrier minefield around Phuoc Tuy from 1967 to 1969. Wilton maintained that the minefield was already under construction when he first learned of it, and that he considered the decision within the purview of the commander on the ground, Brigadier Stuart Graham. When confronted with the increasing casualties among Australian troops from mines evidently lifted from the area by the Viet Cong, he pointed out that the South Vietnamese, who had been expected to patrol the minefield, were not playing their part. Wilton further believed that the barrier minefield was an innovative solution to the problems facing the task force and that the commander's decision to implement it was "better than sitting on his backside and not trying anything". He rejected suggestions by critics that the minefield was "the biggest blunder" Australia made in Vietnam, declaring that this was "like being wise after the event".
Joint defence aspirations
Wilton's position as CCOSC had no statutory authority over the heads of the Army, Navy and Air Force, nor a direct line of command to Australian Forces Vietnam. David Horner noted that in an emergency, Wilton "had to issue directives and then seek retrospective endorsement of them by either the minister or the Chiefs of Staff Committee." According to historian Eric Andrews, Wilton "chaffed over his lack of command over the services and the need for organisational reform". While CGS, he had joined Scherger in calling for a single Australian Defence Force organisation with one Minister of Defence, in contrast to the existing arrangement where each service operated with virtual autonomy, supported by its own minister and department. In July 1967, he became a member of the Tertiary Education (Services' Cadet Colleges) Committee to plan a tri-service military academy, which was eventually opened as the Australian Defence Force Academy in 1986. He was also able to push through a plan to establish, in 1970, the Joint Intelligence Organisation to replace the former Joint Intelligence Bureau and three single-service intelligence groups.
In 1967, and again in 1970, Wilton recommended the creation of a single Defence Board of Administration, consisting of the Defence Minister, the Defence Secretary, CCOSC, and the three service chiefs, to take over the functions of the Air, Military, and Naval Boards, along with those of their separate ministers. Though nothing came of this at the time, Wilton was consulted by the Labor Party before it began reorganising the Defence Department soon after defeating the Liberals in the December 1972 Federal election. The following year, the single-service ministries were abolished in favour of an all-encompassing Department of Defence; by 1984, the CCOSC position had evolved to become the Chief of the Defence Force, directly commanding all three armed services through their respective chiefs.
Later life
Wilton was succeeded as CCOSC by Admiral Sir Victor Smith on 23 November 1970, and retired from the military. He subsequently worked on the Kerr Committee that reviewed pay and conditions in the armed forces, visiting several overseas bases including Nui Dat and Vung Tau. Wilton finished his career as a diplomat, serving as Australia's Consul-General in New York from September 1973 to November 1975. In 1979 he became one of the first sponsors of the Aboriginal Treaty Committee, which advocated for a treaty between the Federal government and Aboriginal representatives. He died of prostate cancer at his home in Canberra on 10 May 1981, aged seventy. Survived by his wife and children, Wilton was accorded a military funeral at Duntroon, in the Anzac Memorial Chapel he helped found, and cremated at Norwood Park Crematorium, Canberra.
Legacy
Reflecting on Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, Wilton considered that it was justified, and that the West's intervention helped delay the takeover of South Vietnam, and the spread of communism to Laos and Cambodia, by almost a decade. "Whether that was worthwhile", he added, "is a matter for the historian to judge". The key lesson, he felt, was not to intervene in a conflict "unless you are prepared to win", because it was "not something that you can just put one foot in and feel the temperature".
Biographer David Horner described Wilton as "arguably the most important and influential Australian Army officer in the second half of the twentieth century". Horner credited him with making significant contributions to the evolution of the Australian Defence Force through the pursuit of joint command and control. He further noted that whereas Wilton's predecessor as CCOSC, Scherger, had been promoted to 4-star rank after four years in the role, and Wilton himself after two-and-a-half, Wilton's successors gained their 4-star rank upon taking up the position, indicating its growing importance.
From an early age Wilton was considered cerebral and introspective; his colleagues in adulthood found him to have an incisive mind, high standards, and little inclination or capacity for small talk. His serious demeanour earned him the ironic nicknames "Happy Jack", "Smiling John" and "Sir Jovial", though he was capable of thoughtful gestures and flashes of humour. Major General Paul Cullen, the Citizen Military Forces member of the Military Board from 1964 to 1966, described Wilton as "very stiff, very regular, very formal—but a pleasant man". Korean War historian Robert O'Neill contended that "One of the most remarkable aspects of his career was that he rose so far through a highly competitive profession without ever playing to the gallery." | WIKI |
Record-Courier (Nevada)
The Record-Courier is a twice-a-week newspaper in Gardnerville, Nevada.
History
The newspaper has its origins in The Carson Valley News founded in Genoa, Nevada, in 1875 by A. C. Pratt. The newspaper was renamed The Genoa Courier in 1880 and merged that year with The Genoa Journal. It merged with The Gardnerville Record in 1904 to form The Record-Courier. It is one of the oldest continuously published nameplates in Nevada. It was purchased by Swift Communications in 1988. The Record-Courier covers Carson Valley, located in Douglas County, Alpine County (California), and Mono County (California) in the eastern Sierra Nevada. An original woodcut of the Carson Range as it rises above Carson Valley produced by syndicated cartoonist Lew Hymers in 1928 appears in the banner. On August 1, 2019, The Record-Courier along with the Nevada Appeal, the Lahontan Valley News, and the Northern Nevada Business View were sold to Pacific Publishing. The papers reformed under the Nevada News Group. | WIKI |
Minimizing Mole Scars Through Treatment
Moles are unusual growths on the skin which are typically raised. Some people prefer to have their moles surgically removed, whether it’s due to a dermatologist’s recommendations or the preference of a complexion without moles. There are several procedures available, although they all involve a high likelihood of scars afterwards. The size, depth and location of the mole affect the type of procedure used to remove it, as well as the prominence of the post removal scarring. You should never try to remove a mole by yourself. It’s best to employ the services of a qualified Dermatologist for the best results.
Mole Removal
Which procedure is used depends on the type of mole, its size and whether it has the potential to be malignant. This can be determined by a dermatologist’s examination. Shaving and excision are two common methods. One newer way to remove moles is through Mohs surgery. While it is a longer surgical procedure, it does focus heavily on minimizing the scarring. This procedure is often used on facial moles, as facial scars are more noticeable and can’t readily be covered up by clothing.
Minimizing Scars
There are several ways to minimize scars after mole removal. They can be done individually, but make more sense to do them in unison. For example, the less pressure applied to the edges of the area, the more quickly and smoothly it will heal. Your doctor may apply steri-strips over the area to help it close with the least amount of tension on the skin possible. Avoid infection by following after-surgery care instructions provided by your surgeon. Once the wound has healed, you can put scar removal products on it to reduce its prominence. Keep the area out of the sun by using an umbrella or a hat. This is especially important if your mole is related to skin cancer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Shrinivasuike20
Name:- shrinivas ashok uike Date of birth :- 09 january 2000 Birth place :- zaparwadi Address:- at. Zaparwadi po. Umari ta. Arni dist. Yavatmal Father name :- ashok rajaram uike Mother name:- mala ashok uike Brother name:- mallikarjun ashok uike Hobbies:- reading, watching movies and playing Nationality :- Indian Religion:- Hindu Education:- studied at Z.P.school zaparwadi 2006 to 2010, Studied at S.M.D.bharati vidyalay Arni 2010 to 2011,studied at jawahar navodaya vidyalaya ghatanji 2011 to 2018,migration studied at jawahar navodaya vidyalaya rohtak 2014 to 2015, present studying at college of agriculture gadchiroli 2018 to present | WIKI |
germ theory
germ theory
noun
Definition of GERM THEORY
: a theory in medicine: infections, contagious diseases, and various other conditions result from the action of microorganisms
First Known Use of GERM THEORY
1870
germ theory
noun (Medical Dictionary)
Medical Definition of GERM THEORY
: a theory in medicine: infections, contagious diseases, and various other conditions (as suppurative lesions) result from the action of microorganisms
germ theory
noun (Concise Encyclopedia)
Theory that certain diseases are caused by invasion of the body by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and Robert Koch are given much of the credit for its acceptance in the later 19th century. Pasteur showed that organisms in the air cause fermentation and spoil food; Lister was first to use an antiseptic to exclude germs in the air to prevent infection; and Koch first linked a specific organism with a disease (anthrax). The full implications of germ theory for medical practice were not immediately apparent after it was proven; surgeons operated without masks or head coverings as late as the 1890s.
Browse
Next Word in the Dictionary: germule
Previous Word in the Dictionary: germ separator
All Words Near: germ theory
Seen & Heard
What made you want to look up germ theory? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Keeper of the Archives
The position of Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford in England dates from 1634, when it was established by new statutes for the university brought in by William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of the University). The first holder of the post was Brian Twyne, who prepared an index of the archives in 1631 as part of the preparatory work for the statutes: he was appointed Keeper of the Archives as a reward for his work. The archives were moved from the University Church of St Mary the Virgin into the Tower of the Five Orders in the Bodleian Library under Twyne and his successor, and some of the storage cupboards built at that time are still in use. The archives include charters, title deeds, university registers and records, and other official documentation from the university (but not from the colleges of the university, which keep their own archives). Most of the material dates from the 19th and 20th centuries, with few photographs and no sound or video recordings.
In total, 22 people have held the position. Of Philip Bliss, who was Keeper of the Archives for 31 years in the 19th century, it was said that "his penchant for accumulation seems to have impeded administrative efficiency". Reginald Lane Poole, who was in office from 1909 to 1927, took a much narrower view on what should be kept, and criticised his predecessors for their "fatal inability ... to destroy things when they are done with". The third to hold the position, John Wallis (who was also Savilian Professor of Geometry), prepared an index of the collection that was still used into the 20th century. He was succeeded by Simon Bailey, who was the first full-time Keeper of the Archives. Bailey was previously the Archivist under his predecessor, David Vaisey, but a decision was taken to combine the two posts in 2000. The Archives became part of the Bodleian Library in August 2010. The current Keeper is Faye McLeod.
History and role
The position of Keeper of the Archives at the University of Oxford dates from 1634. The university's records pre-date this, and it claims to have one of the longest continuous record-keeping traditions in Britain. Records were initially kept in the Priory of St Frideswide (the site of the present-day Christ Church), moving to the University Church of St Mary the Virgin in the 14th century, where they were housed with money and other valuables. The archives were left in considerable disarray by a burglary in 1544, and remained in chaos until Brian Twyne attended to them in the 17th century. As part of his work as a member of the committee preparing new statutes for the university (at the request of the Chancellor of the University, William Laud), Twyne prepared an index of the archives by 1631, and was appointed the first Keeper of the Archives under the revised statutes in 1634 as a reward for his work. Under Twyne and Gerard Langbaine, his successor as Keeper, the archives were moved into one of the rooms in the Tower of the Five Orders in the Bodleian Library; three of the wooden cupboards that were built at that time to store them are still in use.
The 1634 statutes stated that "the careless keeping of the archives of our University, and the gross ignorance of our privileges" had led to "many mischiefs and losses", particularly in the "almost daily contests with the citizens of Oxford" described by it as "ancient rivals" who "catch at every occasion of impugning our privileges". The statutes provided that "hereafter and for ever, some person shall be sought for", to collect and guard the archives, "that he may produce them without delay whenever occasion requires it". This person was to assist the senior officers of the university and be "an unembarrassed and ready champion in guarding and defending the University privileges and rights." Students at the university (unless exempted by poverty) were to pay 1 shilling towards defence of Oxford's rights, and £40 from this fund was to be paid to the Keeper of the Archives as his salary. Under the 1634 statutes, Convocation (the main governing body of the university at the time) chose the Keeper of the Archives, and there were sometimes contested elections for the position; under the modern statutes, the position is filled by decision of the Committee for the Archives.
The scope of the archives is defined by a university regulation. It includes charters, title deeds, copies of university statutes and regulations, records maintained by the university's Registrar and minutes of meetings, as well as any other official material from the university or its departments that is not in current use and whose preservation is "desirable" in the opinion of the Committee for the Archives. The university archives do not contain material from the colleges of the university, which hold their material separately. The earliest document held, dating from 1214, is a decision of a Papal legate in a dispute between the town of Oxford and the university. The majority of the archives date from the 19th and 20th centuries, and are mainly in paper format, with only a few photographs and no sound or video recordings. The archives became part of the Bodleian Library in August 2010, with the Keeper of the Archives reporting to the library's Keeper of Special Collections and Associate Director. Bailey was the first full-time Keeper of the Archives: he was previously the Archivist under his predecessor, David Vaisey, but a decision was taken to combine the two posts in 2000. The Archives became part of the Bodleian's Archives & Modern Manuscripts division in April 2020 and the current Keeper (Faye McLeod, appointed July 2020) now reports to the library’s Head of Archives & Modern Manuscripts. The Keeper works with an Assistant Keeper (a role split between two people each working part-time) and an Archives Assistant. Some of the holders of the position have been appointed to a Fellowship of one of the colleges; unlike some of the professorships at Oxford, it is not linked to a particular college.
List of Keepers of the Archives
In the table below, "college" indicates the college or hall of the university (if any) at which the individual held an official position, such as a fellowship, during his time as Keeper of the Archives. | WIKI |
by Paul Curzon, Queen Mary University of London
On the South Bank of the Thames in the centre of London lies the HMSBelfast. Now a museum ship, it once took part in one of the most significant sea battles of the Second World War. It fought the Scharnhorst in the last great sea battle based on the power of great guns. The Belfast needed more than just brilliant naval tactics to stand a chance. It needed help from computer science and electronic engineering too. In fact, without some brilliant computer science the battle would never have been fought in the first place. It came about because of the work of the code crackers at Bletchley Park.
Getting supplies across the Atlantic and then round to Russia was critical to both the British and Russian’s survival. By 1943 the threat of submarines had been countered. The battleship Tirpitz had also been disabled. However, the formidable battle cruiser Scharnhorst was left and it was the scourge of the Allied convoys. It sank 11 supply ships in one operation early in 1941. In another, it destroyed a weather station on Spitzbergen island that the Allies used to decide when convoys should set off.
By Christmas 1943 something had to be done about the Scharnhorst, but how to catch it, never mind stop it? A trap was needed. A pair of convoys going to and from Russia were a potential bait. The Nazis knew the target was there for the taking: the Scharnhorst was in a nearby port. Would they take that bait though, and how could the British battle ships be in the right place at the right time to not only stop it, but destroy it?
The Allies had an ace up their sleeve. Computer Science. By this point in the war a top secret team at Bletchley Park had worked out how to crack the Enigma encryption machine that was used to send coded messages by the German Navy. It was always easy to listen in to radio broadcasts, you just needed receivers in the right places, but if the messages were in code that didn’t help. You had to crack the day’s code to know what they were saying. Based on an improved approach, originally worked out by Polish mathematicians, the Brits could do it using special machines that were precursors to the first electronic computers. They intercepted messages that told them that Scharnhorst was preparing to leave. It was taking the bait.
The British had two groups of ships. The Belfast, the Norfolk and the Sheffield were coming from Russia protecting the returning convoy. The HMS Duke of York was tracking the new convoy heading to Russia. Both were keeping their distance so the convoys looked unprotected. They needed to know when and where the Scharnhorst would attack. Bletchley Park were listening in to everything though, and doing it so well they were reading the messages almost as soon as the Germans. At 2am on Boxing Day morning the Belfast got the message from Admiralty Head quarters that SCHARNHORST PROBABLY SAILED AT 1800 25 DECEMBER. A further radio signal from the Scharnhorst asking for a weather report allowed the spies to work out exactly where the ship was by picking up the signal from different listening stations and triangulating: drawing a line on a map from each station in the direction the radio signal came from. The point they meet is the ship’s location. This is an example of meta-data (information about a message rather than the message itself) giving vital information away. The spies had done their job. It was enough to tell Vice Admiral Burnett on the Belfast where the Scharnhorst was aiming to attack the convoys. They could lie in wait. At this point, electronic engineering mattered. The Belfast had better radar than the Scharnhorst. They detected its approach without the Scharnhorst having any idea they were there. The first the Captain of the Scharnhorst knew was when they were hit by shells from the Norfolk. The Belfast ended up out of position at the critical point though and couldn’t join in. The faster Scharnhorst turned tail and ran. The Brits had had their chance and blown it!
Burnett now needed luck and intuition. He guessed the Scharnhorst would try another attack on the convoy. They took up a new waiting position rather than actively trying to find the Scharnhorst as others wanted them to do. By midday the radar picked it up again. The trap was reset, though this time the initial surprise was lost. An all out battle began, with radar helping once again, this time as a way to aim shells even when the enemy wasn’t in sight. Having failed to reach the convoy undetected a second time the Scharnhorst retreated as the battle continued. What they didn’t know was that they were retreating deeper into the trap: heading directly towards the waiting Duke of York. The chasing Belfast stopped firing and dropped back, making the Scharnhorst crew think they were safe. In fact, they were still being followed and tracked by radar once more, though only by the Belfast as the other ships had actually been partially disabled. Had the Scharnhorst known, they could have just stopped and taken out the Belfast. After several hours of silent shadowing, the Belfast picked up the Duke of York on the radar, and were able to communicate with them. The Scharnhorst’s radar had been crippled in the battle and thought it was alone.
The Belfast fired shells that lit up the sky behind the Scharnhorst as seen from the Duke of York, then largely watched the battle. Luck was on their side: the Scharnhorst was crippled and then sunk by torpedoes. Over a thousand German sailors sadly died. The crew of the Belfast were well aware that it could just as easily have been them, sealed in to a giant metal coffin, as it sank, and so held a memorial for the dead Germans afterwards.
The Belfast didn’t fire the torpedoes that finally sank the Scharnhorst and was not the key player in the final battle. However, it was the one that was in the right place to save the convoy, thanks to the Enigma decrypts combined with the Vice Admiral’s intuition. It was also the one that pushed the Scharnhorst into the deadly trap, with its superior radar then giving it the advantage.
It is easy to under-estimate the importance of the Bletchley Park team to the war, but they repeatedly made the difference, as with the Scharnhorst, making Allied commanders look amazing. It is much easier to be amazing when you know everything the other side says! The Scharnhorst is just one example of how Computer Science and Electronic Engineering help win wars, and here, in the long run at least, save lives. Today having secure systems matters to everyone not just to those waging war. We rely on them for our bank system, our elections, as well as for our everyday privacy, whether from hacking newspapers or keeping our health records secret from ruthless companies wanting to exploit us. Cyber security matters. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Mona Høvring
Mona Høvring (born 8 October 1962), is a Norwegian writer, born in Haugesund. She was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for 2018.
Career
Høvring made her literary debut in 1998 with the poetry collection ''IIK!! Ein dialog''. She followed up with the collection Ensomme badedager og andre dikt in 2000. Her novel Noe som hjelper came in 2004, and further the poetry collections Helt vanlige mirakler in 2006, and Å Paradis in 2008. In 2012 she issued the novel Venterommet i Atlanteren, which has also been translated into French and Danish. Her novel Camillas lange netter from 2013 was shortlisted for the Nordic Council Literature Prize. She was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for best literary work for 2018, for her novel Fordi Venus passerte en alpefiol den dagen jeg blei født.
Awards
* Språklig samlings litteraturpris (2012)
* Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for best adult fiction (2018) | WIKI |
SciPy
scipy.signal.normalize
scipy.signal.normalize(b, a)[source]
Normalize numerator/denominator of a continuous-time transfer function.
If values of b are too close to 0, they are removed. In that case, a BadCoefficients warning is emitted.
Parameters
b: array_like
Numerator of the transfer function. Can be a 2-D array to normalize multiple transfer functions.
a: array_like
Denominator of the transfer function. At most 1-D.
Returns
num: array
The numerator of the normalized transfer function. At least a 1-D array. A 2-D array if the input num is a 2-D array.
den: 1-D array
The denominator of the normalized transfer function.
Notes
Coefficients for both the numerator and denominator should be specified in descending exponent order (e.g., s^2 + 3s + 5 would be represented as [1, 3, 5]).
Previous topic
scipy.signal.lp2lp_zpk
Next topic
scipy.signal.butter | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Hemiacetal
Untitled
Is methanal hydrate a hemiacetal? I think it should be called methanediol but nobody in my school seems to know.. <IP_ADDRESS> 01:50, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
The use of the word "and" in this sentence is confusing: "A hemiacetal can react with an alcohol under acidic conditions to form an acetal, and can dissociate to form an aldehyde and an alcohol." The science is beyond me, but I wonder whether there are two different things a hemiacetal can do, in which case, the word "or" would be better; or whether the acetal formed (in the reaction with the alcohol) can then go on to dissociate, in which case, "which" would be appropriate. D021317c 18:58, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
I have a little doubt about hemi acetals...why hemi acetals are less stable than acetals?? can any one can explain me in what way it is less stable??
hemiacetal instability
Right or wrong, I think the hemiacetal is more unstable because the two oxygens in the OH groups are electron withdrawing off the same carbon, with no other significant electron donators. This leads to high polarity and affinity for other hydrogens which might lead the OH to form water and/or other compounds and possibly leave. An acetal has R groups locked onto the oxygen and its less likely to go anywhere. Yakob32 05:56, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
Why does hemiketal link to the hemiacetal page? I don't think they are the same.
From my limited understanding, ketals are considered a subset of acetals, therefore, maybe hemiketals are a subset of hemiacetals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:11, 18 October 2011 (UTC)
These reactions have two oxygen atoms on the left and three on the right
The reactions given on this page seem to be unbalanced. Count the oxygen atoms, for example. Is this a mistake? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:18, 25 November 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Catherine Aurelia Caouette
Catherine Aurelia Caouette (1833–1905), also known as Catherine-Aurélie du Précieux-Sang, was a Canadian nun, the founder of the Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood.
Early life
Aurélie Caouette was born on 11 July 1833 in Saint-Hyacinthe, Lower Canada (now Quebec). Her father was a blacksmith. She attended the local school, and in 1845 a boarding school run by the Congregation of Notre-Dame nuns. She left in 1850. Jean-Charles Prince, bishop of the diocese of St Hyacinthe, advised her to enter a teaching or nursing community but she did not feel this was her vocation. For some years she lived at home, living a cloistered existence and having religious experiences and visions. She took on the additional name "Catherine" to honour saint Catherine of Alexandria.
Founding of the order
In 1859 she spoke with the bishop of Montreal, Ignace Bourget, who suggested that she found an order to venerate the blood of Christ. Bishop Prince supported the idea, but died before it could be implemented. His successor Joseph La Rocque did not initially support the scheme but eventually approved it and the new order was founded on 14 September 1861 as a group of four women living in Caouette's family home. Two years later they moved to a convent, and on that day Caouette made her vows and became the Mother Superior of the Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood as Mother Catherine-Aurélie du Précieux-Sang.
The order grew: by 1866 there were 18 sisters and 9 novices, and by 1902 there were 10 further convents in Canada, the United States, and Cuba. Caouette attended the inaugurations of them all.
Death and veneration
She died on 6 July 1905 at the order's convent in St Hyacinthe.
Soon after her death there were moves to propose her for canonisation, with the first formal request being made in 1929. On 1 December 2016 she was declared to be Venerable. | WIKI |
Stoney Point (Warren County, KY)
According to J. W. Cooke, the African American community of Stoney Point actually began in 1848 when John White died; six of his slaves were freed, and they were allotted land, livestock and other necessities needed to establish their independent livelihoods.
In 1866, some of previously freed families were still living in the area that had become known as Stoney Point, though the boundaries of the community had continuously changed as lots and adjoining lands were bought and sold. Other former slaves from the local area who were Civil War veterans were among the new landowners.
The Stoney Point Missionary Baptist Church was established in 1866; it also served as a school before the new schoolhouse was built in 1908. The schoolhouse was used for a couple of decades before it was closed and the children of Stoney Point began attending school in Smiths Grove.
For more see J. W. Cooke, "Stoney Point, 1866-1969," The Filson Club History Quarterly, vol. 50, issue 4 (1976), pp. 337-352. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Reserve gas tank motorcycle?
8
Kurt Quigley asked a question: Reserve gas tank motorcycle?
Asked By: Kurt Quigley
Date created: Fri, Aug 6, 2021 9:59 PM
Date updated: Wed, Sep 28, 2022 5:35 PM
Content
Top best answers to the question «Reserve gas tank motorcycle»
• You can think of the reserve like a cup inside your gas tank. Set it to on, and most of the tank will run through the engine, but the cup stays full. 150 to 200 miles is probably pretty typical. When the bike starts to sputter, flip it to reserve to let the reserve go to the engine.
FAQ
Those who are looking for an answer to the question «Reserve gas tank motorcycle?» often ask the following questions:
🚗 How to switch to reserve tank on motorcycle?
All you need to do is turn the fuel petcock valve located on the left side of your motorcycle near the carburetor, from ON position to RES position. Currently, the fuel valve will be at 'ON' position when you run out of gasoline in the main tank. Now, turn the valve 180 degrees to switch its position to 'RES'.
🚗 Where is the reserve tank on a motorcycle?
• There is no separate reserve tank. Almost all motorcycles have just one gas tank. It's the big metal or plastic bulgy thing with the filler cap on top that sits in front of the seat and behind the handlebars*.
🚗 How do you reserve a tank on a motorcycle?
When you set the petcock to “On” and start riding the fuel from the tank will be used until it reaches the top of the “Main” tube. At that point the bike will start to stumble and misfire. You then turn the petcock to “Reserve” and the engine will now get the fuel from the “Reserve” tube.
7 other answers
Reserve tank is not a separate tank from the main fuel tank. Rather it is a part of the main fuel tank, which stores the fuel in reserve to be used only when the main fuel tank runs out of gasoline.. The main use of reserve tank is when the main fuel tank runs out of gas, you can switch to the reserve tank and use the fuel there to go to your nearest gas station.
In motorcycles and cars, the fuel reserve setting indicates that the level of fuel in the tank is low. In cars and most modern motorcycles this quantity (the reserve) is automatically available. Older motorcycles have a manual fuel tap or petcock.When the main fuel is exhausted, the motor will start sputtering, prompting the rider to change the position knob to continue riding with a known ...
1,045 Posts. #4 · May 31, 2011. BTW; Assuming you have a "normal" tank, if you run out of gas on Reserve, lay the bike down on the left side. Gas will slosh over from the right side that generlly stays in that small area next to the frame tunnel. Should get you another 10-15 miles.
A regular motorcycle which is generally used for city commuting generally has a main tank and a reserve tank. There is no separation between them but they belong as a whole tank. The knob that is present at the left side down under the bike enable...
Curt said: . . . You can think of the reserve like a cup inside your gas tank. Set it to on, and most of the tank will run through the engine, but the cup stays full. 150 to 200 miles is probably pretty typical. When the bike starts to sputter, flip it to reserve to let the reserve go to the engine. Another 50 miles or so should be pretty easy.
Yep, its all one tank. Flip it back to on position. Reset your trip meter everytime you fill up and remember how many miles you can go before you have to fill up again or flip to reserve. I have a Harley 48, no gas gauge, and a 2.1 gas tank I just check how many miles I have run to know when to fill in.
Here are 5 Ways to Carry Extra Fuel on a Motorcycle. Before you purchase a method for extra fuel storage, you need to consider a few things. Know your motorcycle’s average mileage per tank of gas. If you have a larger tank and excellent gas mileage, you may only need a small container. Vise-vera for bikes with small tanks.
Your Answer
We've handpicked 25 related questions for you, similar to «Reserve gas tank motorcycle?» so you can surely find the answer!
Are motorcycle tank bags universal?
Mounting system
Tank bags attach to your motorcycle using straps, magnets, or bike-specific tank rings. Each system has its pros and cons. If you're using your tank bag on a few different bikes, straps mounts are generally the most universal and the most economical option.
Cost to paint motorcycle tank?
• Some people opt to have just the gas tank painted, and this can commonly be done for $350 to close to $800 or more. Painting a motorcycle overview. A painter can quote you in two ways: either by the whole bike or by the parts. If by the parts, the motorcycle will have its tank, side panels, front and/or rear fender painted.
Motorcycle fuel tank cleaning service?
• To flush the tank, remove any plugs and empty the contents – the acid and the agitator – into a spare bucket. Use a garden hose to rinse the tank, running the water for a few minutes to ensure all acid is out. Then pour in some dish detergent to neutralize the vinegar and fill your tank with hot water. Empty the tank again, and dry thoroughly.
Por 15 motorcycle tank instructions?
• POR-15 instructions say to not let it in the tank longer than 2 hours total. Remember that this is only a quart of stuff that you put in a 3 to 5 gallon gas tank, depending on model. So it needs to be positioned so that the stuff contacts each surface inside the tank for 15 to 20 minutes.
Rust in motorcycle gas tank?
How to clean rust out of a motorcycle gas tank
• Assess your specimen. Every tank differs in terms of its level of degradation. I’ve seen some tanks with light surface...
• Become familiar with the two methods of rust abatement. Most fuel tanks require a two-pronged fork of treatment. The...
• Prep the tank. Remove the tank and empty it of fuel first, of course. At a minimum,...
How far can you go on reserve fuel motorcycle?
New riders should keep in mind that the Reserve tank only carries about a gallon of gas (maybe more or less depending on the model of bike), so it should get you 20-30 miles, but any more then that and you are definitely pushing your luck!
How many miles can a motorcycle travel on reserve?
• Most motorcycles come with a reserve tank and a switch that needs to be turned on to allow the reserve fuel to be use. It’s a good idea to know approximately how far your motorcycle will travel on reserve. Generally, it is only about 10 to 20 miles.
Where is the reserve fuel pickup on a motorcycle?
• The "reserve" setting fuel pickup is at the lowest level of the tank. It will flow fuel until the tank is empty. Some riders feel that using the "reserve" setting uses the fuel at the bottom of the tank preventing water from accumulating which could result in the tank rusting.
Can a motorcycle gas tank explode?
It is rare for a motorcycle gas tank to explode. Under very specific conditions, like smoking, soldering with an open flame or welding near a gas tank that has a leak, a gas tank may explode. A motorcycle gas tank may also explode in rare cases if shot at with the correct type of bullet.
How to custom paint motorcycle tank?
How much does it cost to paint a motorcycle?
• On average, the cost to paint a motorcycle will depend on the bike, the type of paint job, the quality of the parts being painted, if there is damage, the complexity and the professional doing the job. For a regular paint job, the costs will usually be within the $500 to $3,000 or more; however,...
How to empty gas tank motorcycle?
A simple and effective way to drain all the gas out of your motorcycle's gas tank on your own without the peril of disconnecting fuel lines. Any beginner ca...
What are motorcycle tank grips for?
Eazi-Grip Tank Grips
Our core product, motorcycle tank grips enable rider and machine to work as one when braking and high-speed cornering.
Can i run my motorcycle on reserve all the time?
You can run a motorcycle on reserve all the time. Running your motorcycle on reserve is not bad for the motorcycle. In fact, it is recommended to run your motorcycle on reserve occasionally. However, if you run your motorcycle on reserve when you run out of fuel, you are really out of fuel.
When do you use on off reserve on a motorcycle?
• There are three positions on these ON - OFF - RESERVE. ON is used during normal operation of the bike. It is the position you always return the valve to when refueling. RESERVE is used when you run out of gas in the ON position.
Can a motorcycle fuel tank be repaired?
Motorcycle gas tanks will degrade over years of use due to weather, water left to sit in the tank or poor maintenance. Pin holes made by rust can be temporarily repaired with an epoxy, but larger holes, from punctures or deep rust, should be repaired by a professional or replaced with a new tank.
Can truck bed liner motorcycle gas tank?
I'm thinking of trying some kind of truck bed liner on my 2006 Sportster gas tank. I use a magnetic tank bag and it's scratching it up, and I don't really want to get it repainted because I'm going to keep using a tank bag. I might try using the bed liner on the top area and leave part of the sides with the original paint (black).
Can u change out motorcycle gas tank?
Can a fuel tank be removed from a motorcycle?
• There are a number of basic techniques for removing a motorcycle fuel tank and if you follow them thoroughly, you’ll manage the task quite easily. Much depends on the make of your motorcycle but you’ll definitely need to drain the tank first to avoid gasoline spilling all over the place and over you.
Can you bondo a motorcycle gas tank?
Introduction: Repair a Motorcycle Gas Tank Dent or Ding With Bondo Filler. Fixing a dent on a motorcycle gas tank is as easy… Bondo can go over the top of paint or primer and will hold, but on bare metal is best.
Can you fix a dented motorcycle tank?
In theory, you get some sort of air bag such as an inner tube to a small tire or a blood pressure cuff and stuff it inside the tank behind where the dent is. As you slowly inflate the tube, the pressure should work against the dent and pop it back into it's original position because of the memory of the metal.
Can you overfill a motorcycle gas tank?
You can overfill a motorcycle gas tank. Overfilling a motorcycle fuel tank can happen when the gas pump auto shut-off does not engage or if you are manually filling up the tank. Overfilling a motorcycle’s gas tank can lead to gas leakage, engine stalling, and hard starting.
Can you paint a motorcycle gas tank?
• While experience is not required to paint a motorcycle gas tank, it does help having some practice before doing so. If you’ve never done it before, paint some unimportant object and get a feel of how the paint works before starting on a project like this. What are motorcycle frames made out of?
Can you patch a motorcycle gas tank?
Pin holes made by rust can be temporarily repaired with an epoxy, but larger holes, from punctures or deep rust, should be repaired by a professional or replaced with a new tank… Gas tanks are highly flammable, even after cleaning them.
Can you sandblast a motorcycle gas tank?
Yes, you can absolutely sandblast an old motorcycle gas tank so long as it is in good condition—with some considerations… You can sandblast the outside of the tank with little difficulty. You can also sandblast the inside of the tank. This, however, will be more difficult.
Can you wrap a motorcycle fuel tank?
Motorcycle Fuel Tanks and most removable parts of a Motorcycle can be wrapped to a different look. So why look like everyone else? ... Finished and back on the bike! Tank Wrap Process using knifeless tape.
Does gas "boil" in a motorcycle tank?
• Gas has a lower vapor pressure than water and boils at a lower temperature, especially if you're up in altitude. Gas begins to boil at only 95*F! I would suggest tuning the bike (any bike) that exhibits this phenomenon to run richer, add a fan, and/or line the underside of the tank with heat tape. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Bo-Keys
The Bo-Keys are a soul jazz band from Memphis, Tennessee, formed as an homage to the city's rich musical tradition.
History
In 1998, Scott Bomar was asked to assemble a backing band for former Stax artist and songwriter Sir Mack Rice. His concept was to form an updated version of the quintessential Memphis sound embodied by players like Charles "Skip" Pitts and Ben Cauley, a formidable task he confronted by recruiting the very musicians who served as his inspiration.
The Bo-Keys have performed live at various festivals, including The Ponderosa Stomp, London's Barbican Performing Arts Centre, and Lincoln Center's Midsummer Nights Swing Series.
In the spring of 2003, The Bo-Keys recorded their debut album, the critically acclaimed The Royal Sessions, at Willie Mitchell's Royal Studio. The group then performed the score for the Academy Award–winning film Hustle and Flow, as well as the song "Kick It" for the Paramount/Nickelodeon animated feature Barnyard.
In 2008, The Bo-Keys appeared in the film Soul Men, including an on-screen performance with stars Samuel L. Jackson and Bernie Mac. Bomar produced three songs for the film's soundtrack, most notably Anthony Hamilton's "Soul Music," which was nominated for a Grammy.
In 2010, The Bo-Keys were featured on Cyndi Lauper's Memphis Blues, on which Bomar served as producer. The album was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Traditional Blues Album.
The band's second album, Got to Get Back!, was released on June 21, 2011.
In 2012, The Bo-Keys featuring Percy Wiggins on vocals recorded a version of "Stuck in the Middle with You" for a fundraising CD titled Super Hits of the Seventies for radio station WFMU.
The song "I'm Still in Need" featuring Percy Wiggins from the Writing on the Wall EP was in the film Grudge Match (2013).
Band members
* A chance meeting between Bomar and guitarist Skip Pitts at Memphis' Stax Music Academy (where both taught at-risk youth) led to the current incarnation of The Bo-Keys. Pitts, long time bandleader for Isaac Hayes, appears on Hayes' iconic title track from the 1971 movie Shaft as well as "Do The Funky Chicken" by Rufus Thomas, "I'll Be the Other Woman" by the Soul Children, "It's Your Thing" by the Isley Brothers, and "Rainbow '65" by Gene Chandler.
* Drummer Howard Grimes is a best known as a member of the Hi Rhythm Section that appeared through the 1970s on records by Al Green, Ann Peebles, and Syl Johnson. Grimes first performed in public at the age of 12 with Rufus Thomas. By his late teens, he regularly recorded on sessions for Satellite Records, the precursor to Stax. He also began working with bandleader and record producer Willie Mitchell at Hi Records. As a key member of the house band at Mitchell's Royal Recording Studios in Memphis, Grimes was instrumental in creating some of the most memorable songs and soul grooves of the 1970s.
* Keyboardist Archie "Hubbie" Turner is also a member of the Hi Rhythm Section and former session player at Willie Mitchell's Royal Studio. Further, Archie was a member of The Pac-Keys, The Martinis and Black Rock.
* Vocalist Percy Wiggins cut sides in 1966-1967 for RCA Victor and Atco Records with a band which included Billy Cox and Larry Lee, who later played Woodstock and became members of Jimi Hendrix's Band of Gypsies.
* Trumpeter and vocalist Ben Cauley is a founding member of the original Bar-Kays and the only surviving member of the fatal crash in Madison, Wisconsin, which took the lives of his band mates and Otis Redding. Ben has played numerous sessions in Memphis and Muscle Shoals, Alabama, with everyone from Jerry Lee Lewis to The Doobie Brothers.
* Trumpeter Marc Franklin and sax men Kirk Smothers, Art Edmaiston, Derrick Williams, and Jim Spake have recorded and performed live with Rufus Thomas, Ike Turner, Bobby "Blue" Bland, Gregg Allman, JJ Grey & Mofro, Lucero, and Al Green.
Discography
* 2004: The Royal Sessions
* 2009: Work That Skirt EP
* 2011: Got to Get Back!
* 2012: Writing On the Wall EP
* 2013: I Need More Than One Lifetime EP
* 2013: Dark End of the Street EP
* 2014: Electraphonic Singles, Vol. 1 compilation
* 2016: Heartaches By the Number | WIKI |
Pasiphaë
In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, Pasiphaë (Πασιφάη derived from πάσι (archaic dative plural) "for all" and φάος/φῶς phaos/phos "light") was a queen of Crete, and was often referred to as goddess of witchcraft and sorcery. The daughter of Helios and the Oceanid nymph Perse, Pasiphaë is notable as the mother of the Minotaur. She conceived the Minotaur after mating with the Cretan Bull while hidden within a hollow cow that the Athenian inventor Daedalus built for her, after Poseidon cursed her to fall in love with the bull, due to her husband, Minos, failing to sacrifice the bull to Poseidon as he had promised.
Parentage
Pasiphaë was the daughter of god of the Sun, Helios, and the Oceanid nymph Perse. She was thus the sister of Aeëtes, Circe and Perses of Colchis. In some accounts, Pasiphaë's mother was identified as the island-nymph Crete herself. Like her doublet Europa, the consort of Zeus, her origins were in the East, in her case at the earliest-known Kartvelian-speaking polity of Colchis (Egrisi (ეგრისი), now in western Georgia ).
Marriage and children
Pasiphaë was given in marriage to King Minos of Crete. With Minos, she was the mother of Acacallis, Ariadne, Androgeus, Glaucus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Xenodice, and Catreus.
After having sex with the Cretan Bull, she gave birth to the "star-like" Asterion, who became known as the Minotaur.
Birth of the Minotaur
Minos was required to sacrifice "the fairest bull born in its herd" to Poseidon each year. One year, an extremely beautiful bull was born, Minos refused to sacrifice this bull, and sacrificed another, inferior bull instead. As punishment, Poseidon cursed his wife Pasiphaë to experience lust for the white, splendid bull.
Ultimately, Pasiphaë went to Daedalus and asked him to help her mate with the bull. Daedalus then created a hollow wooden cow covered with real cow-skin, so realistic that it fooled the Cretan Bull. Pasiphaë climbed into the structure, allowing the bull to mate with her. Pasiphaë fell pregnant and gave birth to a half-human half-bull creature that fed solely on human flesh. The child was named Asterius, after the previous king, but was commonly called the Minotaur ("the bull of Minos").
The myth of Pasiphaë's coupling with the bull and the subsequent birth of the Minotaur was the subject of Euripides's lost play the Cretans, of which few fragments survive. Sections include a chorus of priests presenting themselves and addressing Minos, someone (perhaps a wetnurse) informing Minos of the newborn infant's nature (informing Minos and the audience, among others, that Pasiphaë breastfeeds the Minotaur like an infant), and a dialogue between Pasiphaë and Minos where they argue over which between them is responsible. Pasiphaë's speech defending herself is preserved, an answer to Minos' accusations (not preserved) in which she excuses herself on account of acting under the constraint of divine power, and insists that the one to blame is actually Minos, who angered the sea-god.
PASIPHAË: If I had sold the gifts of Kypris, given my body in secret to some man, you would have every right to condemn me as a whore. But this was no act of the will; I am suffering from some madness brought on by a god. It’s not plausible! What could I have seen in a bull to assault my heart with this shameful passion? Did he look too handsome in his robe? Did a sea of fire smoulder in his eyes? Was it the red tint of his hair, his dark beard?
Mythological scholars and authors Ruck and Staples remarked that "the Bull was the old pre-Olympian Poseidon".
Variations on the myth
Pseudo-Apollodorus mentions a slightly differing reason for why Poseidon cursed Pasiphaë; citing that Minos wanted to be king, and he called upon Poseidon to send him a bull in order to prove to the kingdom that he had received sovereignty from the gods. Upon calling on Poseidon, Minos failed to sacrifice the bull, as Poseidon wished, causing the god to grow angry with him.
According to sixth century BC author Bacchylides, the curse was instead sent by Aphrodite and Hyginus says this was because Pasiphaë had neglected Aphrodite's worship for years. In yet another version, Aphrodite cursed Pasiphaë (as well as several of her sisters) with unnatural desires as a revenge against her father Helios, for he had revealed to Aphrodite's husband Hephaestus her secret affair with Ares, the god of war, earning Aphrodite's eternal hatred for himself and his whole race.
In some more obscure traditions, it was not Poseidon's bull but Minos' father Zeus disguised as one who made love to Pasiphaë and sired the Minotaur. An ancient Greek lexicon mentions a tradition where Zeus and Pasiphaë are the parents of the Egyptian god Amun, who was identified with Zeus.
Pasiphaë's Curse
In other aspects, Pasiphaë, like her niece Medea, was a mistress of magical herbal arts in the Greek imagination. The author of Bibliotheke records the fidelity charm she placed upon Minos, who would ejaculate serpents, scorpions, and centipedes killing any unlawful concubine; but Procris, with a protective circean herb, lay with Minos with impunity.
In another version, this unexplained disease that tormented Minos killed all his concubines and prevented him and Pasiphaë from having any children (the scorpions and serpents did not otherwise harm Pasiphaë, as she was an immortal child of the Sun). Procris then inserted a goat's bladder into a woman, told Minos to ejaculate the scorpions in there, and then sent him to Pasiphaë. The couple was thus able to conceive eight children. Records indicate, this became the first modern documentation of a sheath or condom, though working to promote fertility.
Daedalus and Icarus
In one version of the story, Pasiphaë supplied Daedalus and his son Icarus with a ship in order to escape Minos and Crete. In another, she helped him hide until he fashioned wings made of wax and bird feathers.
Variations about Pasiphaë's death
While Pasiphaë is an immortal goddess in some texts, other authors treated her as a mortal woman, like Euripides who in his play Cretans has Minos sentence her to death (her eventual fate is unclear, as no relevant fragment survives). In Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas sees her when he visits the Underworld, describing Pasiphae residing in the Mournful Fields, a place inhabited by sinful lovers.
Personae of Pasiphaë
In the general understanding of the Minoan myth, Pasiphaë and Daedalus' construction of the wooden cow allowed her to satisfy her desire for the Cretan Bull. Through this interpretation she was reduced from a near-divine figure (daughter of the Sun) to a stereotype of grotesque bestiality and the shocking excesses of lust and deceit.
Pasiphaë appeared in Virgil's Eclogue VI (45–60), in Silenus' list of suitable mythological subjects, on which Virgil lingers in such detail that he gives the sixteen-line episode the weight of a brief inset myth.
In Ovid's Ars Amatoria Pasiphaë is framed in zoophilic terms:
Pasiphae fieri gaudebat adultera tauri—"Pasiphaë took pleasure in becoming an adulteress with a bull."
Pasiphaë is often included on lists among women ruled by lust; other women include Phaedra, Byblis, Myrrha and Scylla. Scholars see her as a personified sin of bestiality.
Ars amatoria shows Pasiphaë's jealousy of the cows, primping in front of a mirror while she laments that she is not a cow and killing of her rivals.
On divination
In mainland Greece, Pasiphaë was worshipped as an oracular goddess at Thalamae, one of the original koine of Sparta. The geographer Pausanias describes the shrine as small, situated near a clear stream, and flanked by bronze statues of Helios and Pasiphaë. His account also equates Pasiphaë with Ino and the lunar goddess Selene.
Cicero writes in De Divinatione 1.96 that the Spartan ephors would sleep at the shrine of Pasiphaë, seeking prophetic dreams to aid them in governance. According to Plutarch, Spartan society twice underwent major upheavals sparked by ephors' dreams at the shrine during the Hellenistic era. In one case, an ephor dreamed that some of his colleagues' chairs were removed from the agora, and that a voice called out "this is better for Sparta"; inspired by this, King Cleomenes acted to consolidate royal power. Again during the reign of King Agis, several ephors brought the people into revolt with oracles from Pasiphaë's shrine promising remission of debts and redistribution of land.
Celestial deity
In Description of Greece, Pausanias equates Pasiphaë with Selene, implying that the figure was worshipped as a lunar deity. However, further studies on Minoan religion indicate that the sun was a female figure, suggesting instead that Pasiphaë was originally a solar goddess, an interpretation consistent with her depiction as Helios' daughter. Poseidon's bull may in turn be vestigial of the lunar bull prevalent in Ancient Mesopotamian religion.
Nowadays, Pasiphaë and her son, the Minotaur, are associated with the astrological sign of Taurus.
In art
The myth of Pasiphaë and the Cretan Bull became widely depicted in art throughout history. Pasiphaë was most often depicted with a bull near her, signifying the connection to the myth.
Scientific representation
One of Jupiter's 79 moons, discovered in 1908, is named after Pasiphaë, the woman of the myth of the Minotaur.
Literary representation
Pasiphaé is mentioned in Canto 12 of Dante Alighieri's Inferno. When Dante encounters the Minotaur he describes the unnatural and deceptive manner of the beast's conception.
Fiona Benson's third collection of poetry, Ephemeron, contains a long section entitled Translations from the Pasiphaë in which she retells the Minotaur myth from the point of view of the bull-child's mother.
In popular culture
* Pasiphaë appears in the BBC One fantasy drama series Atlantis. Here she seems to be the main antagonist. As Ariadne's domineering stepmother, she disapproves of her attraction to Jason and tries to kill the hero several times. Her sister, Circe, seems to hold a grudge against her and asks Jason to help kill her. The last episode of season 1 (Touched by the Gods Part 2) revealed that she is the mother of Jason. She thought he died after she cursed her husband and they fled to our world. She is portrayed by Sarah Parish.
* Pasiphaë is a major antagonist in Rick Riordan's 2013 fantasy novel The House of Hades. In this novel, she is portrayed as an immortal sorceress and former wife of the late King Minos. Having grown bitter towards the gods after the events of the Minoan myth, Pasiphaë allies with the goddess Gaea and her giant army to overthrow the Olympian gods. She is confronted and defeated by Hazel Levesque, a demigod daughter of Pluto, who had been trained in sorcery by the goddess Hecate. In this novel, it is revealed that the Labyrinth is tied to her life force as much as Daedalus's, thereby rendering the infamous inventor's sacrifice in the previous series useless.
* Pasiphaë appears in Madeline Miller's 2018 novel Circe, the sister of the book's protagonist Circe, the daughter of Helios and Perse. A witch just like her, she and Circe have an antagonistic and sour relationship; after Pasiphaë has intercourse with the Cretan Bull, she calls in Circe to assist her in the Minotaur's birth though the two sisters hardly reconcile their differences. It's also heavily implied she entered an incestuous affair with her brother Perses, here presented as her twin.
* Pasiphaë appears in Jennifer Saint's novel Ariadne as a supporting character, featuring heavily in the novel's first section which explores the myth of the Minotaur. Her pregnancy by the Cretan bull widely affects the perception of the Cretan people of the ruling family with both Ariadne and Phaedra making references to the local gossip and admonitions of their mother's infidelity and bestiality. The punishment she endured for Minos's actions at the hands of Poseidon and her reaction to it is explored as one of the key feminist themes of the novel.
Ancient
* Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Bacchylides in Bacchylides, Corinna. Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna, and Others. Edited and translated by David A. Campbell. Loeb Classical Library 461. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
* Euripides, Cretans fragments in Fragments: Aegeus-Meleager. Edited and translated by Christopher Collard, Martin Cropp. Loeb Classical Library 504. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
* Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
* Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project.
* Philostratus the Elder, Imagines, translated by A. Fairbanks, Loeb Classical Library No, 256. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1931. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>825. Internet Archive
* Plutarch, and Bernadotte Perrin. Plutarch's Lives. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1967.
* Vergil, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Ovid, Metamorphoses. Translated by A. D. Melville; introduction and notes by E. J. Kenney. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-953737-2.
* Ovid, The Amores, Ars Amatoria, Remedia Amoris and Medicamina Faciei Femineae of Publius Ovidius Naso, translated out of the Latin by J. Lewis May, illustrated by Jean De Bosschere, privately printed for Rarity Press, New York, 1930. Online version available at sacred-texts.com.
* Marcus Tullius Cicero, Nature of the Gods from the Treatises of M.T. Cicero translated by Charles Duke Yonge (1812–1891), Bohn edition of 1878. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
* Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
* Seneca, Tragedies, translated by Miller, Frank Justus. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1917.
* Tzetzes, John, Book of Histories, Book II-IV translated by Gary Berkowitz from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version available at Theoi.com
Modern
* Kerenyi, Karl. The Gods of the Greeks, 1951.
* Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths, (1955) 1960.
* Ruck, Carl A.P., and Danny Staples, The World of Classical Myth 1994.
* Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Past'piiae" | WIKI |
Sean Byrne (New Zealand footballer)
Sean Patrick Byrne (23 August 1955 – 11 August 2003) was an association football player who played as a defender. Born in Ireland, he represented the New Zealand national team at international level.
Byrne was a highly regarded player at Dundalk, forming an outstanding combination in central midfield with Leo Flanagan.
Perhaps the highlight of his career was in Dundalk's 1981–82 European Cup Winners' Cup tie against Tottenham Hotspur when Byrne successfully curtailed the influence of English superstar Glenn Hoddle and Argentinian international Ossie Ardiles - despite Spurs claiming a 2-1 aggregate victory.
A move to New Zealand club Gisborne City followed and it was there after some outstanding performances in the New Zealand Football Championship that Byrne was called up for the New Zealand men's national football team.
Byrne made his full All Whites debut in a 2–1 win over Fiji on 18 October 1984 and ended his international playing career with five A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 5–1 win over Taiwan on 5 October 1985.
At the age of 34, Byrne moved to Victorian State League club Morwell Falcons in 1989, where he soon proved to be one of the league's finest midfielders over two outstanding campaigns.
Byrne played a pivotal role in the Falcons' 1989 Championship winning run. He was named in the midfield of the Falcons' "Team of the State League era" squad, which was announced in 2011.
Byrne remained in the Latrobe Valley for the remainder of his life, and took on the role of manager at Morwell Pegasus in 1995, leading the club to a string of promotions in the subsequent years as they rose from the Latrobe Valley Soccer League and quickly progressed up the Victorian State League pyramid.
However, Byrne fell victim to motor neuron disease and died in 2003, aged 48.
In 2008, Morwell Pegasus decided to honour Byrne's legacy by announcing that the club's Player of the Year award would be renamed in his honour. | WIKI |
Accent Eye Care What is pinkeye, causes and symptoms?
Pinkeye is an inflammatory condition of the conjunctiva of the eye and is also known as Conjunctivitis. The conjunctiva is the thin layer of tissue that covers the white part of the eye as well as lining the inside of the eyelid. Conjunctivitis is highly contagious, depending on the causative agent but is rarely serious if treated promptly. The spread of bacterial and viral pinkeye is accelerated by poor hygiene like not washing your hands properly or sharing objects like towels.
Causes of pinkeye
a. Bacterial
b. Viruses like the ones that cause the common cold.
c. Result of allergic reactions to substances such as pollen and dust.
d. Parasites, amoebas, and fungi.
e. Reaction to eye drops.
f. Irritants, for example, chlorine in a pool, shampoos, and smoke.
Symptoms of pinkeye
One of the most telltale symptoms of pinkeye is eye redness. The inflammation of the conjunctiva causes the white part of the eye to appear red or pink. Pinkeye can make the eyelids of the infected person red or swollen. It may begin in one eye, then spread to the other, or start in both eyes simultaneously. The person may find themselves tearing up a lot. The eyes may feel overwhelmingly itchy, or you may have a burning sensation. There may be drainage from the eyes. It may be transparent or colored, depending on the cause. You may get crusty eyelids, especially after you wake up when the discharge from the eyes dries up. It may cause your eyes to stick shut.
Pinkeye, though irritating and contagious, is rarely serious if you take mitigative steps fast. If you or your child has it, call Accent Eyes for an appointment with one of our physician. We will take the necessary measures to treat your condition so that you don’t spread it to others. Accent Eyes is here to help you and your families optical needs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
File talk:Teen in crop top with tight jeans.jpg
Appropriate?
I understand wikipedia is not censored, however does this picture really hold any encyclopedic value apart from a young teenage girl suggestively dancing? What does it actually show here? Wikipedia isn't for child porn, or a picture of some attractive girl dancing at a bar you snapped a picture of. It adds nothing to the crop top article, or the top article in general because it is facing backwards. We have a photo on both the pages of this shirt style already, so im going to request deletion and remove the picture from the article if there is no comments in a few days. Me ta gr aph comment 01:18, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
* may i recommend [conservapedia.com] for people like you? --Rcollins03 (talk) 05:02, 17 November 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Any type of chemical material contributed to an automobile fuel resource, either with the carburetor or other parts of the gas circulation system, is lawfully classified as gas additives. In order for such additives to be lawful they require to be in accordance with the policies set out by the US Environmental Firm. This means that any type of chemical substance that alters the attributes of fuel needs to have a legitimate reason for doing so. Such substances are additionally known as gas additives. They can consist of such ingredients as anti-freeze, fuel stabilizers, gels and gas, hydrocarbons and also lubricating substances.
Anti-freeze is just one of one of the most usual additives, made use of to cool the combustion chamber in order to lower stress, and improve lubrication. When heated up, it broadens into a fluid, therefore producing a protective, crystalline wall in the gas injectors. The crystalline walls avoid steel from getting in the burning chamber as well as combining with the fuel, minimizing rust of the gas injectors and also piston seals.
Carbon deposits are an additional kind of gas ingredients, utilized to improve the efficiency of diesel motor. These carbon deposits are typically composed of graphite as well as can enhance the temperature level of the burning chamber. As the temperature of the chamber increases, the dimension of the carbon crystals boosts, which consequently boosts the performance of the diesel engine.
One more type of gas ingredients are the octane rating additives. They raise the octane rating of an engine. An engine’s octane score is a procedure of the interior stress that the engine can withstand throughout full burning. Greater numbers mean that an engine can withstand a lot more warmth and pressure, enhancing the performance. Nevertheless, it additionally means that the engine will create more exhaust emissions, as the fuel is burned faster than the cooling radiator can cool down the engine.
There are four kinds of gas additives. They are oil-based, silicone-based, crystal carbide as well as artificial. Each of these has particular uses. Some ingredients are created to improve the performance of certain parts or to enhance the lubricity of a component. Others are developed to increase the octane score of a vehicle by boosting its hydrostatic pressure, which increases gas effectiveness.
Some vehicles require fuel additives to stabilize their discharges. In cases such as this, a producer may recommend a particular cleaner combination for a specific engine. Nonetheless, car repair shops have adapted tidiness and discharges control techniques that they really feel make it unneeded for automobile repair shops to recommend certain cleaners. Instead, many vehicle repair shops use their consumers a formula that they figure out works best in their certain scenario. The formula is created to meet the specifications of each automobile and to supply the customer with the best cleansing service.
When an engine requires gas ingredients, the process begins by getting rid of all the gas from the auto. This consists of removing the gas tank, tanks, pumps, carburetors and gas lines. Next, the gas is cleaned up utilizing a pump or a vacuum. After cleaning, the gas is leveled off as well as any type of solvents or additives are gotten rid of from the gas mixture. Then, brand-new gas ingredients are included in the gas blend to improve efficiency. amsoil synthetic lubricants
A vital factor to consider is that although routine cleaning agents as well as rough cleansers work well to eliminate surface area pollutants, they can really remove steel of its lubrication. When an engine requires gas additives, it’s important to choose cleaners that do not strip away the lubrication that maintains an auto running smoothly. The appropriate cleaners are ones that leave a clear and polished coating on the steel.
When an engine goes through fuel additives to enhance efficiency, the supplier will make use of a couple of different procedures for dealing with the gas ingredients. One method uses a rod that’s pressurized; the various other makes use of a sprayer. Each method of treatment creates the formation of down payments inside the injector wells, yet some types trigger more accumulation than others.
As various kinds of additive therapy to work, the rods holding the ingredients work tougher and also they also operate in a faster rate. These ingredients work by attracting the metal that’s already present in the burning chamber to itself, hence reducing friction and permitting smoother burning. On top of that, as the ingredients function their means down the injector, they draw small fragments of metal right into the injector wells. This helps avoid steel from building up once more, so that the deposits don’t develop once again after a specific period of time.
Diesel fuel additives lower the friction that takes place when the gas burns. This develops fewer problems when it involves damage on engines, which can trigger a part to fail. These ingredients assist to make the gasoline last much longer, which boosts its resale worth and it lowers the quantity of time that consumers need to wait prior to obtaining gasoline. Some diesel manufacturers are currently working with producing gasoline ingredients that get rid of sulfur and also boost the circulation of gas.
The last of our list of fuel additives is an active ingredient referred to as Turbo Fuel, or TFE. This particular additive is approved for usage in diesel as well as other kinds of non-potable engine burning, however it is most frequently discovered in gas injectors. This active ingredient is exceptionally vital to the security of your engine and is specifically helpful in minimizing carbon monoxide gas poisoning from incorrectly utilized fuel injectors.
These are the three primary classifications of additives. Now, there are certain means of using additives in your engine that will drop under each of these classifications. For instance, there are cleaning agents, lubes, and also gas additives that work together to supply enhanced engine performance, but they have different functions. There are additionally ingredients that act to prevent particular impurities from forming, while others can act to improve the performance of the spark plug or the idle air control. There are also some cleaners that are especially developed to aid remove deposits, such as oil deposits from the filter.
If you’re looking for fuel additives that can be utilized in a lot of applications, after that you ought to check into polyetheramine based cleaners. Polyetheramine is also commonly described as PEE. This substance is made from an unique powdered compound consisting of one billion little pyrite fragments. Due to the fact that this compound is so fine, it can quickly be integrated with other ingredients to form cleansers that are a lot less untidy. It can also use a greater level of performance than a few other ingredients, which is why it’s generally utilized as a gas system cleaner. amsoil dealer fort wayne indiana
An additional kind of additive that can work wonders when it pertains to keeping your engine running correctly is polyethylene glycol or PHG. These ingredients can be found in a number of various applications, including gasoline, diesel, as well as particularly in aviation gas. The trouble with these kinds of additives is that it’s extremely easy to damage them and also destroy their general effectiveness by cleaning it right into the gas system with the water vapor from the gas. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Albion College Mathematics and Computer Science Colloquium
Title: Pythagoras, Fermat and Euler: a progression of Diophantine equations
Speaker:David C. Murphy
Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Hillsdale College
Hillsdale, Michigan
Abstract: When can a k-th power be written as a sum of other k-th powers? Thinking of the Pythagorean Theorem, several examples of squares that are equal to the sum of two other squares will likely come to your mind. For higher powers, however, Pierre de Fermat claimed that it is impossible to write a cube as a sum of two cubes or any power greater than the second as a sum of two others. (This is Fermat's Last Theorem.) While working on Fermat's Last Theorem, Euler conjectured that it is impossible to express a k-th power as a sum of fewer than k others, but suggested that it should be possible when you allow k or more summands. If the first part of his conjecture is true, Fermat's Last Theorem would be a special case. In this talk, I will discuss these problems. In particular, I will present both parts of Euler's conjecture, give some answers, and ask more questions.
Location: Palenske 227
Date:9/29/2011
Time: 3:30 PM
@abstract{MCS:Colloquium:DavidCMurphy:2011:9:29,
author = "{David C. Murphy}",
title = "{Pythagoras, Fermat and Euler: a progression of Diophantine equations}",
address = "{Albion College Mathematics and Computer Science Colloquium}",
month = "{29 September}",
year = "{2011}"
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
53 people like it.
Random Walk
Random walk on integers starting at zero. At each step, we either add or subtract one depending on a random coin flip. The code uses Seq.unfold to generate infinite sequence.
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
open System
let ran = Random()
/// Flip a coin with probability p for true
let dice p = ran.NextDouble() <= p
/// Random walk from zero stepping up and down according to dice p
let walk p =
Seq.unfold (fun z -> let z = if dice p then z+1 else z-1
Some (z,z)) 0
/// First n steps
let walkFor n = walk 0.5 |> Seq.take n
namespace System
val ran : Random
Full name: Script.ran
Multiple items
type Random =
new : unit -> Random + 1 overload
member Next : unit -> int + 2 overloads
member NextBytes : buffer:byte[] -> unit
member NextDouble : unit -> float
Full name: System.Random
--------------------
Random() : unit
Random(Seed: int) : unit
val dice : p:float -> bool
Full name: Script.dice
Flip a coin with probability p for true
val p : float
Random.NextDouble() : float
val walk : p:float -> seq<int>
Full name: Script.walk
Random walk from zero stepping up and down according to dice p
module Seq
from Microsoft.FSharp.Collections
val unfold : generator:('State -> ('T * 'State) option) -> state:'State -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.unfold
val z : int
union case Option.Some: Value: 'T -> Option<'T>
val walkFor : n:int -> seq<int>
Full name: Script.walkFor
First n steps
val n : int
val take : count:int -> source:seq<'T> -> seq<'T>
Full name: Microsoft.FSharp.Collections.Seq.take
More information
Link:http://fssnip.net/G
Posted:12 years ago
Author:James
Tags: random walk , unfold | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simon Cutmore
The result of the debate was no consensus. Mailer Diablo 05:28, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
Simon Cutmore
hoax — Preceding unsigned comment added by PhiJ (talk • contribs)
* Keep Delete That's a great hoax to get him listed in IMDB and such. Small but nontrivial number of hits for "Simon Cutmore" +actor. None of which are useful after review. kotepho 18:37, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
* Keep Not a major leading man, obviously, but certainly enough credits to warrant a listing. There are actors with far fewer credits in WP. Fan1967 18:53, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
* First, apologies for not signing above. I heard that he was added to the IMDB, as you can add to it in a simmilar way to the way you can add to wikipedia (so I heard). The wikipedia article for IMDB seems to imply this as well. This archive also makes me suspicious "Simon as the face of KFC in Bulgaria"!?, but maybe I'm just being very naive and gullible--PhiJ 19:30, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
* I could be wrong on this, but my understanding is that you can get a person added to IMDB, but the credits come from the actual movies. You can find listings for people with no credits, and those are suspect. Fan1967 20:14, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
* IMDB has been wrong before but I'm going to need more to go on than "my mates said it was a hoax". kotepho 20:18, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete please people see the Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding article he's listed as Simon Cutmore as Mitch Buchannon (Body double). Anyone can list themself on imdb.com, just like wikipedia, but we delete them. oh and culminating in the highlight of his career so far, playing ‘Woman on the phone’ in 2002's .com for Murder. Eivindt@c 23:20, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete even if he isn't a hoax. Wikipedia is not here to duplicate IMDB. To be blunt, there are clearly plenty of people over enamoured with the idea of film, and have the idea you have to be in some way important to be in any film, no matter how awful, and these people are wrong. Average Earthman 00:13, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
* Strongly Keep I think earlier versions were correct and could be verified, but since then some edits have been made that could be vandalism. With the article reverted back to it's previous state I don't see an issue here. Tooranatan 01:38, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
I have placed (I think strong) evidence that it is a fake on the relevent talk page --PhiJ 12:38, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete PhiJ's evidence is convincing. Simon Cutmore seems really angry about the hoax on one of the forums linked to on the talk page. Earlier edits still seem like the same basic hoax to me, though thanks for pointing out the possible vandalism Tooranatan. I note your user page was created at the same time as as your post above - it usually take me a few minutes to get between editing pages. Well done! Peter 14:10, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete I performed a minor edit to this page in the past (just corrected a link) after finding the entry while looking at some filmographies on IMDB. I'm not sure it's a hoax, calling it such suggests there was an intent to deceive people, it may just be an inside joke of some sort. In any event possibly not genuine and as noted previously even if it was it does not warrant inclusion anyway due to the lack of parts this actor has had. Feebtlas 14:30, 24 March 2006 (UTC) . Keep. After doing a little research of my own I would like to retract my original post requesting delete and replace it with a keep. I believe that the hoax may actually be on the part of PhiJ, a 'double hoax', if you will. By putting forward a legitimate entry for deletion he may actually be hoaxing us. There is far more evidence that this actor exists than does not. Feebtlas 10:58, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
WhatIs: 3G/4G/5G
G stands for generation. They are cellular network (mobile network) technologies used mainly by smartphones and tablets to access the Internet. Unlike WiFi which everyone can deploy, cellular networks are deployed by mobile carriers, and we often have to pay to use them.
2G is fast enough for traditional voice phone calls so newer generations won't make you feel any improvement on phone calls. For most users, the newer generations simply mean faster peak Internet speed (higher bandwidth). The real speed may not always peak. It is affected by signal strength, noises, other users, etc.
Newer generations are not backward-compatible. So for example if a smartphone claims to be a 3G smartphone, it won't be 4G compatible otherwise it will be promoted as a 4G smartphone instead. But in most cases, 4G smartphones can connect to 3G/2G networks because they also have 3G/2G modules.
A 4G smartphone doesn't always connect to the 4G cellular network. The SIM card has to be 4G compatible too. And the phone has to be in an area covered by the 4G signal sent out by the SIM card's corresponding mobile carrier. Otherwise, the phone may connect to 3G/2G networks.
Note that newer generations consume more power than the previous one. Many phones provide the option to switch to 2G for longer battery life.
Comments
Popular
Intel 7th and 8th generation processor graphics driver for Windows 7/8/8.1
AV1 vs VP9 vs AVC (h.264) vs HEVC (h.265): Part II - Fidelity
AV1 vs VP9 vs AVC (h.264) vs HEVC (h.265): Part I - Lossless
OBS Studio settings for best quality (loseless) recording
AV1 vs VP9 vs AVC (h.264) vs HEVC (h.265): Part III - Quality
AV1 vs VP9 vs AVC (h.264) vs HEVC (h.265): Part IV - Decode
Install VMAF on Fedora, CentOS/Red Hat (RHEL) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Come Around Me
"Come Around Me" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released through Def Jam Recordings as the third track from his fifth studio album, Changes, on February 14, 2020. Released on Valentine's Day, Bieber wrote the song with producers Poo Bear and the Audibles (Dominic Jordan and Jimmy Giannos).
Background and composition
Producer duo the Audibles first created the instrumental to "Come Around Me" and American singer-songwriter and record producer Poo Bear wrote the song in about 15 to 20 minutes. Bieber later recorded his vocals and did the bridge. The song contains samples from producer Alex Lustigs song, "Synth Such Vibes…", a beat that was created on Slice. It also contains some lyrics that Bieber used on his unreleased song, "Stress", which he recorded in 2013. The instrumental of the song was first teased by being used in Bieber's promotional video for 2020, released on December 24, 2019.
Critical reception
Taylor Weatherby of Billboard ranked "Come Around Me" as the eleventh-best song on Changes, deeming it as "kind of like the older brother to 'Yummy'" and even though the two songs are "sonically pretty different, they're both more geared towards Justin's sex life than his love life", compromising that "even if the sex talk is a little too much for some, at least the undulating chorus is infectious". Insider's Courteney Larocca and Callie Ahlgrim also felt that "Come Around Me" was "pretty good" and praised the post-chorus for Bieber's falsetto and the line, "Let's get it in expeditiously". Writing for Variety, Jeremy Helligar felt that the song "still manages to be gooey and ear-wormy" even though "Bieber is more concerned with setting a mood then pumping out hooks". Rolling Stone's Brittany Spanos opined that "the details of how and when the Biebers will 'get it in expeditiously'" like he said on the song "feel as banal as doing your taxes, and the lyrics sound like they were solely written to be used in #relationshipgoals Instagram posts" and "even when Bieber experiences cheeky moments of wondering 'who taught you how to drive stick,' it sounds more like he is legitimately posing a question about her car-driving skills as opposed to what's going on in the bedroom". Hannah Mylrea of NME wrote that "the repetitive 'Come Around Me' finally feels like it's found some direction towards the end when powerful piano chords and The Weeknd-flecked melodies start, that's when the song tersely ends".
Dance visual
A dance visual for "Come Around Me" was released on March 4, 2020, directed by Nick DeMoura. It starts with three dancers with face masks on at a robbery scene. As they keep dancing as the video goes on, they are joined by more dancers of their crew.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
* Justin Bieber – vocals, songwriting
* Poo Bear – production, songwriting, background vocals
* The Audibles
* Dominic Jordan – production, songwriting
* Jimmy Giannos – production, songwriting
* Josh Gudwin – production, songwriting, mixing, recording, engineering, vocal production, studio personnel
* Elijah Marrett-Hitch – assistant mixing, studio personnel
* Colin Leonard – mastering, studio personnel
* Chris "TEK" O'Ryan – recording, studio personnel
* Chenao Wang – assistant recording, studio personnel
* Kory Welty – engineering, studio personnel | WIKI |
Mpho Madi
Mpho Madi (born 30 May 1988) is a South African female wrestler. She represented South Africa in the 2010 Commonwealth Games and also in the 2014 Commonwealth Games mainly in the over 50 kg categories. Mpho Madi clinched bronze medal in the women's 53kg freestyle event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
She is nicknamed as the Queen of the Ring in South Africa as she is regarded as the leading woman sport wrestler in South Africa. Mpho is also the classmate of a Tanzanian swimmer Khalid Rushaka who is also referred to as the Tanzanian Dolphin. She also claimed a bronze medal in the 2008 African Wrestling Championships.
On 13 November 2017, she was elected as the first female Vice President of the Eastern Gauteng Wrestling Association and also became the first black woman to be elected as an executive of a Provincial body in South Africa. | WIKI |
THE phrase ‘mind-body connection’ is something you may well have come across more and more recently, so I thought it would be a good idea to explain it to you this week.
Have you ever felt a knot in your stomach before a big presentation or a racing heart when you’re nervous? Or have you noticed a headache or body tension after a particularly stressful day? These are examples of how emotions and physical symptoms are closely intertwined.
Emotions are a natural and essential part of our human experience, but sometimes they can be overwhelming or hard to manage. They can also affect our physical health, with studies showing that chronic stress and negative emotions can increase the risk of health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and chronic pain.
The mind-body connection is a complex relationship, but here are a few ways that emotions and physical symptoms are connected:
* Fight or Flight Response: When you experience a perceived threat or stressor, your body activates the fight or flight response. This is a natural survival mechanism that prepares your body to either fight the danger or run away from it. The fight or flight response triggers a cascade of physiological changes in your body, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. These physical changes are designed to help you deal with the immediate threat, but they can also lead to chronic stress and physical health problems if activated too often.
* Emotions and Pain: Emotions can also affect the way we experience physical pain. For example, anxiety and stress can make pain feel more intense or difficult to manage. On the other hand, positive emotions like joy and love can have pain-relieving effects, thanks to the release of endorphins and other feel-good chemicals in the brain.
* Gut-Brain Axis: Did you know that your gut and brain are connected by a complex network of nerves, hormones, and neurotransmitters? This is known as the gut-brain axis, and it means that your emotions can affect your digestive system and vice versa. That’s why you might experience stomach aches or digestive issues during times of stress or anxiety. It is also why hypnotherapy can be incredibly beneficial for people troubled with IBS.
* Stress : When we are under stress, our bodies release hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones help us to cope with stress in the short term, but they can have negative effects on the immune system over time.
Cortisol can suppress the production of white blood cells, which are essential for fighting off infection. It can also reduce the activity of natural killer cells, which are specialised immune cells that destroy infected cells and cancer cells.
Adrenaline can divert resources away from the immune system towards other bodily functions that are needed to cope with stress, such as increased heart rate and breathing.
Chronic stress can also lead to inflammation, which is a natural immune response that helps to fight off infection and heal injuries. However, chronic inflammation can damage healthy tissues and organs, and it can also suppress the immune system.
As a result of these effects on the immune system, people who are under chronic stress are more likely to get sick and to take longer to recover from illness. They are also more likely to develop chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
* Emotional Suppression: It’s also worth noting that suppressing or ignoring your emotions can have negative consequences for your physical health. When you try to push away or avoid difficult emotions, it can lead to increased tension and stress in your body, which can contribute to physical symptoms like headaches, muscle pain, and fatigue. By taking care of your emotional well-being, you can also improve your physical health and overall quality of life.
As a final thought this week, remember, your mind cannot always tell the difference between imagination and reality. This is why you may jump out of your seat when watching a scary film, even though logically, you know you are perfectly safe.
The part of your mind that is designed to protect you cannot differentiate between real and imagined threats. So, it stands to sense that the more you imagine something which is stressful, such as an upcoming event that you are dreading, the more your body will react in the same way as if the threat was real, which as you can see above, is not good for us.
Please remember if you or someone you care about is in a mental health crisis, go to your GP, Visit A&E or call the Samaritans on 116 123 or text SHOUT to 85258
* Martin Furber is a therapist qualified in various modalities and an Instructor Member of MHFA England. Email him at wellbeing@martinfurber.com | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Gestion des logs IRC de l'AFPy
Go to file
2023-07-23 14:24:38 +02:00
static fix: moved CSS and JS in files. #1 2023-07-23 14:24:10 +02:00
.gitignore fix: Application can use a specific config file based on environment variable 2021-01-27 12:17:49 +01:00
app.py FIX: Avoid crashing when a non-log file is found. 2021-05-01 17:09:42 +02:00
config.py fix: default ENV value for config file 2023-07-23 14:24:38 +02:00
README.md Update IRC network 2021-06-17 16:17:22 +02:00
requirements.txt Missing requirement 2021-05-01 17:09:42 +02:00
template.html fix: moved CSS and JS in files. #1 2023-07-23 14:24:10 +02:00
AfpyLogs
Web view of IRC logs from #afpy channel on Libera.
Installing
pip install -r requirements.txt
Running
gunicorn --workers 2 --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 app | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Licia dolce Licia
Licia dolce Licia is an Italian television series. It is one of the four live adaptations of the Japanese manga Ai Shite Knight. It is the sequel to Love me Licia and was followed by Teneramente Licia and Balliamo e cantiamo con Licia. | WIKI |
User:BennoBlimpie/sandbox
Julian Mills
Julian Mills (September 28, 1966 – October 5, 2018) was an American musician, bassist, singer/songwriter, in the noise rock, post-hardcore music scene in Chicago and New York City in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s.
He was the founding member, composer/lyricist and lead vocalist of the bands [[Drunk Tank band] and Dirty Old Man River, where his haunting lyrics, growling singing and rhythmic bass playing were uniquely his own.
Julian also ran the label Radial Records (earlier a subsidiary of Matador Records, and later distributed by Touch & Go).
Career
Plywood 1987-1988
Julian Mills began Plywood, a noise rock, post punk trio in Chicago in 1987. The band also featured Alex Barker and Clark Johnson, musicians who later be part of Squirrel Bait. The band recorded “Shelf Life” in early 1988 with Steve Albini at A-1 Studios in Chicago, but the album was never released. They opened for the bands Sonic Youth and Urge Overkill, at Cabaret Metro, Chicago, in October of 1987.
Drunk Tank 1989 - 1992
Drunk Tank (band), a rhythmically assaultive and off-kilter noise rock trio, was founded in Chicago in the summer of 1989 with Julian on vocals and bass guitar, David “Alex” Barker on treble guitar and Lou Ciccotelli on drums.
They recorded their first album, the thirteen song, self-titled Drunk Tank (album) at Waterfront Studios in NJ in early 1991. Drunk Tank broke up at the end of 1992. A final 7 inch/ 3 song CD EP (of their last studio recordings from '92), called [[Missing (EP)] was released posthumously in 1995 on Radial/ Matador.
Dirty Old Man River 1996 - 2000
From the ashes of Drunk Tank, a new band emerged, called Dirty Old Man River, in quite a stylistic contrast to the previous band. The music of Dirty Old Man River has been described as grim, eerie, and dirge-like; influenced by dark blues and seedy jazz/cabaret music, often driven by Mills' sinister piano, his deep, whispered-drawl, dynamic bass, and drums (with delicate to pounding accents).
The lineup consisted of Julian writing the lyrics, singing and playing bass, Daniel Freed on the drum kit, Kevin Drumm the prepared guitar and Hector Magaña the piano.
Dirty Old Man River recorded a six song LP/CD called Dirty Old Man River in 1996 at CRC (Chicago Recording Company) and at A-1 Studios in Chicago with Bob Weston and their first live show was at Lounge Ax Chicago in December 1996, opening for Chavez (band) and The Jesus Lizard. The LP/CD was released in early 1997 and the band played at various clubs around Chicago, including several dates at the Lounge Ax Chicago in 1997 and 1998.
The eight song LP/CD Saddest Movie Screen was recorded in CRC Studio in Chicago with Bob Weston and released in September 1998. Julian played the piano and sang, with Daniel Freed on drums, Ben Miller on tabletop stereo guitar (adding more unconventional and non-musical guitar textures) and Sava Vuckovic on bass guitar.
A third album, an eight song LP/CD called Ageless, was recorded in December 1999 with Steve Albini at Electrical Audio in Chicago and released in June of 2000. It featured Julian (vocals/piano), Ben Miller (stereo prepared and standard guitar) and Steve Hess (drum kit).
In support of the album, the band opened for John Zorn at The Knitting Factory in NYC, and Roger Miller (rock musician) in Cambridge and they played various venues in Chicago including Empty Bottle. Dirty Old Man River’s final public show was at Schubas in Chicago on December 12, 2000 with The Black Heart Procession and Octant.
A fourth album, called The Funeral Album, was due to arrive in September of 2003 with Neil Jendon, from Catherine (alternative rock band), on prepared lap steel guitar, but the seven tracks were mysteriously never released.
Life
Julian was born on September 28, 1966, in Chicago Illinois and passed away unexpectedly on October 5, 2018, in Chicago Illinois. He was the son of the photographer Helen Harvey Mills and the poet, Ralph J. Mills, Jr.. | WIKI |
Samsung SGH-S150G Cell Phone User Manual
Applications 63
5. Use the keypad to enter the quantity you want to convert.
6. Highlight the field to enter the unit of measure to convert to.
7. Use the Left and Right navigation keys to select the desired
units. The converted quantity displays in the new quantity field.
Note:
To include a decimal point, press .
World Clock
World Clock lets you view the time of day or night in another part of
the world. World Clock displays time in the 24 different time zones
around the world.
1. From the Idle screen, press (
Menu
)
Tools World
Clock.
2. Press (
Options
)
Add. A world map appears.
3. To display the time zone and city that you want to view, use the
Left and Right navigation keys.
4. Use the Down navigation key to select and activate Daylight
Saving. Press to toggle the option On or Off.
5. Press to keep the current home time zone and return to
the
Tools
menu.
Timer
To set the Timer:
1. From the Idle screen, press (
Menu
)
Tools Timer.
2. Press (
Set
)
, enter your time, and press (OK).
3. Press to start, pause, and resume the timer count down. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
(January 26, 1894.)
COFFIN v. BRADBURY.
[35 Pac. 715.]
Practice — Error Against Respondent. — On appeal by defendants the appellate court will not review errors alleged to have been committed against the respondents.
Statute of Frauds — Construed.—When none of the things are done at the time the bargain is made required to be done and performed under the provisions of section 6009 of the Revised Statutes of 1887 to take a contract of sale out of its provisions the-contract cannot be enforced against the purchaser unless he thereafter receives and accepts the property purchased. A receipt and acceptance takes the contract out of the provisions of said section.
Executory Contracts. — Said section is applicable to executory contracts, and not executed ones.
Conflict of Evidence — Verdict not Disturbed. — When the questions of sale, delivery and acceptance were submitted to the jury under proper instructions by the court, the verdict will not be disturbed, when there is a substantial conflict in the evidence.
Sale and Acceptance — Question for Jury. — When, from the entire evidence, different minds might honestly reach different conclusions as to the sale and acceptance of the property claimed to have been sold, the sale and acceptance are questions for the jury, and their verdict will not be disturbed.
Bes Gestae. — Time is not necessarily a controlling element or principle in the matter of res gestae.
Partnership. — When an attempt is made to show a partnership, and there is no evidence whatever showing the same, it is not error for the court to so decide in the presence of the jury.
Exceptions. — Exceptions will not be considered unless saved. Statements — Admissions—Impeachment.—Statements and admissions made by a party to a suit may be put in evidence by the opposing party without calling the party’s attention to them or laying any foundation for impeachment.
Verdict — Exceptions—Instructions.—Where the material issues are fairly submitted to the jury by proper instructions, the verdict of the jury or the order of the court overruling a motion for a new trial will not be set aside by the appellate court on the ground of the insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict, where the evidence on such issues is conflicting and no exceptions taken by appellants to the instructions given.
(Syllabus by the court.)
APPEAL from District Court, Ada County.
S. L. Tipton and Texas Angel, for Appellants.
The evidence is insufficient to justify the verdict. There was no evidence to show a contract of sale from the plaintiff to the defendants of the personal property described in the complaint. The contract of sale is denied in the answer, and the denial is sufficient to enable the defendants to raise the question of the sufficiency of the contract under the statute of frauds. (Feeney v. Howard, 79 Cal. 525, 12 Am. St. Rep. 162, 21 Pae. 984; Harris v. Knickerbocker, 5 Wend. 638; Berrien v. Bouthack, 26 N. Y. St. Rep. 932, 7 N. Y. Supp. 324; Fontaine v. Bush, 40 Minn. 141, 12 Am. St. Rep. 722, 41 N. W. 465; May v. Bloan, 101 U. S. 231; Browne on Statute of Frauds, see. 511; Bliss on Code Pleading, sec. 353.) At common law, delivery is essential to support the count for goods sold and delivered. (1 Benjamin on Sales, p. 334, sec. 325; 1 Chitty on Pleading, 345, 347; 2 Benjamin on Sales, p. 980, sec. 1125, note 6; 1 Benjamin on Sales., p. 327, sec. 314.) The delivery was essential to the right of recovery in this case, inasmuch as the sale was not a consummated one until delivery at Nampa. But the statute of frauds in this case is complete bar to the respondents’ right to recover. There was no memorandum such as the statute requires. There was no writing whatever. There was no part of the purchase price paid, and there was no delivery of any portion of the goods to the appellants, and there was no acceptance by them as required by the statute. (Benjamin on Sales, p. 160, sec. 139, citing Blackburn on Sales, 22, 23; Shindler v. Houston, 1 N. Y. 261, 49 Am. Dec. 316, and note; Oaulldns v. Heilman, 47 N. Y. 449-452, 7 Am. Bep. 461; Stone v. Browning, 51 N. Y. 211; Brewster v. Taylor, 63 N. Y. 587; Cooke v. Millard, 65 N. Y. 352, 373, 22 Am. Bep. 619; Shepherd v. Pressey, 32 N. H. 57; Kerkhof v. Atlas Paper Co., 68 Wis. 674, 32 N. W. 766; Terney v. Doten, 70 Cal. 399, 11 Pae. 743; Hinchman v. Lincoln, 124 U. S. 38, 8 Sup. Ct. Bep. 369; Kirby v. Johnson, 22 Mo. 354; Bowers v. Anderson, 49 Ga. 143; Baker on Sales, e. 14; 1 Benjamin on Sales, sec. 140, note 2, and cases cited; Townsend v. Hargraves, 118 Mass. 333.) Mere words are not a sufficient delivery and acceptance, but there must be some unequivocal act or conduct over and beyond the mere terms of the verbal agreement, indicating on the one hand an intent to vest the ownership and absolute dominion in the vendee, and, on the other hand, an intent to take the goods as owner of such title as the contract calls for in performance of the agreement. (Qaudet v. Belknap, 1 Cal. 402; Malone v. Pluto, 32 Cal. 103; Phillips v. Hunnewell, 4 Greenl. 376; Bdwards v. Grand Trunk By. Go., 54 Me. 105; Snow v. Warner, 10 Met. 136, 43 Am. Dee. 417; Dule v. Simpson, 21 Pick. 384; Denny v. Williams, 5 Allen, 3; Alderton v. Buchoz, 3 Mich. 322, 329; Kirby v. Johnson, 22 Mo. 354; Bass v. Walsh, 39 Mo. 198; Maithiesson v. McMahon, 38 N. J. L. 541; Hinchman v. Lincoln, 124 U. S. 38, 8 Sup. Ct. Bep. 369; Qooke v. Millard, 65 N. Y. 352, 373, 22 Am. Bep. 619; Shepherd v. Pressey, 32 N. H. 56; Bailey v. Ogden, 3 Johns. 421, 3 Am. Dec. 509; Phillips v. Bristol, 2 Barn. & C. 511.) It was sufficient that the bill of exceptions was contained in the statement, and it was not necessary that a separate and distinct document denominated a hill of exceptions should be made. A statement of the case containing the exceptions was sufficient. (Lockhart v. Rollins, 2 Idaho, 540, 21 Pac. 413; Tates v. Smith, 40 Cal. 669; People v. Lee, 14 Cal. 510.) Declarations to become evidence as a part of the res gestae must accompany the act which they are supposed to characterize, and must so harmonize with it as to be obviously a part of the same transaction. (Moore v. Meacham, 10 N. Y. 207; Enos v. Tuttle, 3 Conn. 250; Cherry v. Butler, 17 S. W. 1090; Tisch v. Utz, 142 Pa. St. 186, 21 Atl. 808; Conlan v. Grace, 36 Minn. 276, 30 N. W. 880; Dawson v. Pogue, 18 Or. 94, 22 Pac. 640; 2 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 1174; State v. Daugherty, 17 Nev. 376, 30 Pae. 1074; People v. Dewey, 2 Idaho, 83, 6 Pac. 103, 5 West Coast Rep. 812; Binns v. State, 57 Ind. 46, 26 Am. Rep. 48.) Whether a partnership exists or not is a question of fact. (McDonald v. Matney, 82 Mo. 358; McMullan v. McKenzie, 2 Greenl. 368; Hunter v. Hubbard,, 26 Tex. 549; Daggett v. Jordan, 2 Fla. 541, 549; Dulany v. Elf or d, 22 S. C. 304, 308; Kahn v. Central Smelting Co., 2 Utah,- 371.) When the language of a written contract is neither ambiguous nor technical, parol evidence is not received to explain it and so establish a new term to it. (Grace v. American Central Ins. Co., 109 D. S. 283, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 207; Partridge v. Insurance Co., 15 Wall. 573; Condee & Co. v. Citizens' Ins. Co., 4 Fed. 143.)
George H. Stewart and W. E. Borah, for Respondents.
It is the delivery in pursuance of the contract, and not the time, which makes the sale valid. In other words, if the goods are delivered it takes it out of the statute, although the delivery be made long after the sale. The statute does not require the delivery to be made at the time of sale, but is sufficient if made at all. (McKnight ¶. Dunlop, 5 N. Y. 537, 55 Am. Dee. 370; Van Woert v. Albany Ry. Co., 67 N. Y. 538; Jackson v. Tupper, 101 N. Y. 515, 5 N. E. 65; Marsh v. Hyde, 3 Gray, 331; Townsend ■v. Hargraves, 118 Mass. 325; McCarty v. Nash, 14 Minn. 127; Gaslin v. Pinney, 24 Minn. 322; Ortloff v. Klitzke, 43 Minn. 154, 44 N. W. 1085; Schmidt v. Thomas, 75 Wis. 529, 44 N. W. 771; Sullivan v. Sullivan, 70 Mich. 583, 38 N. W. 472; Somers v. McLaughlin, 57 Wis. 358, 15 N. W. 442.) The statute of frauds only relates to executory contracts, and not executed contracts; full performance takes it out of the statute. (Hinkle v. Fisher, 104 Ind. 84, 3 N. E. 624; King v. Jarmón, 35 Ark. 190, 37 Am. Bep. 11; Cartan v. David, 18 Nev. 311, 4 Pac. 61; Dodge v. Crandall, 30 N. Y. 294; Brown v. Farmers’ Loan etc. Co., 117 N. Y. 266, 22 N. E. 952.) Delivery to an attorney, agent or anyone contemplated by the purchaser is sufficient. (Michelstetter v. Weiner, 82 Wis. 298, 52 N. W. 435; Alexander v. Oneida Co., 76 Wis. 56, 45 N. W. 21; Jarvin v. Maxwell, 23 Wis. 51.) Delivery to the common carrier in this case was sufficient. The goods were shipped in the name of Bradbury & Co., at their request. (Bullock v. Tschergi, 13 Fed. 345.) Question of acceptance is a question for the jury, and their finding is conclusive. (Garfield v. Paris, 96 U. S. 557; Galvin v. MacKenzie, 21 Or. 184, 27 Pac. 1039; Theilen v. Bath, 80 Wis. 263, 50 N. W. 183; Baker on Sales, see. 282a.) Where there is a conflict of evidence, the supreme court will not inquire into the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict. We will not burden the brief in an attempt to cite all the authorities on this point. (Polios 88, 89, 93, 191-194, 198, 200; Campe v. Meierdiercks, 87 Cal. 290, 25 Pac. 419; Lynch v. Welby, 87 Cal. 441, 25 Pae. 548; De Brutz v. Jessup, 54 Cal. 182; Altschue v. Doyle, 48 Cal. 535; Macy v. Davila, 48 Cal. 647; Higurra v. Bernal, 46 Cal. 581; Lorenzana v. Camarillo, 41 Cal. 467; McGarrity v. Byington, 12 Cal. 432; Taft v. Kyle, 15 Nev. 416; Simpson v. Williams, 18 Nev. 432, 4 Pac. 1213; Ainsley v. Idaho World Printing Co., 1 Idaho, 641.) Without reference to conflict of evidence, if there is any evidence, however slight, tending to sustain a finding or verdict it is conclusive as to the fact. (Capital Sav. Bank v. Beel, 62 Cal. 419; People v. Darr, 61 Cal. 514; Bernal d. O’Hanlin, 59 Cal. 284; Smith v. Arnold, 56 Cal. 640; Doherty v. Enterprise Ptg. Co., 50 Cal. 187; Trenor v. Central Pac. By. Co., 50 Cal. 223; Defeliz v. Pico, 46 Cal. 290.) None of the alleged errors occurring at the trial of this cause have been preserved and saved so as to enable this court to consider them. (Idaho Rev. Stats. 1887, sec. 4426; Lockhart v. Hollins, 3 Idaho, 540, 21 Pae. 413; Sebree v. Smith, 2 Idaho, 359, 16 Pac. 915.) The phrase “final hearing” has a well-settled meaning, of course, and refers alone to the final determination of equity cases, but in reference to the word “trial,” it has been held, as we stated, that it did not mean a final determination. (Gaplin v. Gritchlow, 112 Mass. 329; Akerly v. Vilas, 24 Wis. 165, 1 Am. Rep. 166; Home Life Ins. Co. v. Dunn, 20 Ohio St. 175, 5 Am. Rep. 642; Adams Express Co. v. Trigo, 35 Md. 47; 1 Yell v. McPilce, 21 Gal. 316; Guthrie v. Phelan, 2 Idaho, 95, 6 Pac. 107.) A mere transcript of the reporter’s notes, with objections and rulings thereon, cannot be regarded or considered as answering for a bill of exceptions; in other words, the mere noting the exceptions in the record, especially under our statute, is not sufficient. (People v. Getty, 49 Cal. 581; Caldwell v. Parks, 50 Cal. 502; Valleau v. Superior Court, 62 Cal. 290; January v. Superior Court, 73 Cal. 537, 15 Pac. 108; Williams v. Benicia Water Co. (Cal.), 4 Pac. 382.) Declarations made at a time after the event and under circumstances as to warrant the trial court in presuming that they grew out of it, and were dependent upon and could not have been devised or contrived by the party for his own purpose, are res gestae. (People v. Vernon, 35 Cal. 49, 95 Am. Dec. 49, and note; State v. Horan, 32 Minn. 394, 50 Am. Rep. 583; Augusto, Factory v. Barnes, 72 Ga. 217, 53 Am. Rep. 838; Pilkenton v. Gulf etc. By. Co., 70 Tex. 226, 7 S. W. 805; Mosely v. Travelers' Ins. Co., 8 Wall. 437; State v. Jones, 64 Iowa, 349, 17 N. W. 911, 20 N. W. 470; State v. Ah Loi, 5 Nev. 82; New England Ins. Co. v. De Wolf, 8 Pick. 56; Eastman v. Bennett, 6 Wis. 232.) There was no evidence of a partnership, and then it became the duty of the court alone to pass on the question of whether there was any evidence of partnership. (Bryce v. Joynt, 63 Cal. 375, 49 Am. Rep. 94; Reed v. Clark, 47 Cal: 194; Gorton v. Hadsell, 9 Cush. 508.) Wherever a written statement is introduced merely as an admission, the party against whom it is introduced may explain its terms by parol, however solemn in its nature the instrument may be. (Duncan v. Matney, 29 Mo. 368, 77 Am. Dec. 575; Smith v. Grego, 54 Hun, 22, 7 N. T. Supp. 86; Bingham, v. Bernard, 36 Minn. 114, 30 N. W. 404; Auzerais v. Naglee, 74 Cal. 60, 15 Pac. 371; Browne on Parol Evidence, see. 6, p. 13; Jenny Lind Go. v. Bower, 11 Cal. 194.)
SULLIVAN, J.
This action was brought to recover .the value of five New Era ditchers, alleged to have been sold to, and received and accepted by, appellants, who were defendants in the court below. The answer is a general denial of the allegations of the complaint. The action was tried by the court, with a jury, and a verdict rendered in favor of respondents for the sum of $6,052.91, together with interest amounting to $1,659,21, on which verdict judgment was duly entered against appellants. A motion for a new trial was interposed and overruled by the court. This appeal is from the order denying the motion for a new trial and from the judgment.
Respondents contend that the errors alleged to have occurred on the trial were not properly saved and preserved so as to authorize this court to consider them on this appeal. Their contention is, that under the provisions of section 4426 of the Revised Statutes of 1887, each exception taken on the trial must he settled at the time the decision is made (other than those deemed excepted to by the provisions of section 4427 of the Revised Statutes), unless a different time is agreed upon by the parties; that no exceptions were settled during the trial and no time agreed upon by the parties for their settlement. The record contains a stipulation, in which it is agreed that at the trial of this case, in April, 1892, which resulted in a disagreement of the jury, the following entry was made in the minutes of the court, to wit: “The parties here stipulated that they might prepare a bill of exceptions after trial,” and upon this stipulation the appellants rely and contend that it remained in force and effect at the trial that resulted in the judgment from which this appeal was taken; while respondents contend that said stipulation applied to the trial then in progress, and no other, and applied to a settlement of a bill of exceptions under the provisions of section 4430 of the Revised Statutes of 1887, and not to exceptions taken on the trial. This contention was denied by the trial court, and no exception taken thereto, and no appeal has been taken therefrom.
The plaintiff cannot have errors alleged to have been committed against himself reviewed on defendants appeal. The appeal of either party brings np only the errors alleged to have been committed against himself. If the respondent, in an appeal, desires to have errors against himself corrected, he must present them to this court, on his own appeal. (Jones v. St. John Irr. Co., 2 Idaho, 58, 3 Pac. 1.) The first error specified is the insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict. Under this specification of error the question of the validity of the contract sued on, when tested by the statute of frauds, is raised. It is contended that as the value of the property sued for is shown to have exceeded $200, the contract, or some memorandum thereof, must be in writing and subscribed by the party charged, or by his agent, unless the buyer accepted and received a part of said property, or paid at the time of the bargain some part of the purchase price. That as none of those requirements were complied with, said contract comes within the provisions of section 6009 of the Revised Statutes of 1887.
The provisions of said section claimed to be applicable to this case are as follows: “In the following cases the agreement is invalid, unless the same, or some note or memorandum thereof, be in writing, and subscribed by the party charged or by his agent. Evidence, therefore, of the agreement cannot be received without the writing or secondary evidence of its contents: .... Subd. 4. An agreement for the sale of goods, chattels or things in action, at a price not less than $200, unless the buyer accept and receive part of such goods and chattels, or the evidences, or some of them, of such things in action, or pay at the time some part of the purchase money.”
It is sufficient, under this section of the statute, if the chattels, goods or things in action are delivered to and accepted by the purchaser, at any time after the contract of purchase is made. But unless the provisions of said section above quoted are complied with, the seller could not, at any time after the contract was made, deliver the goods and compel an acceptance of them. However, if the goods are received and accepted by the purchaser, the contract is then taken out of the statute of frauds, and may be enforced against the buyer for the purchase price.
It is alleged in the complaint that said ditchers were sold to appellants on the fourteenth day of March, 1890, and that thereafter they accepted and received the same. It is not claimed by respondents that they aver or prove a delivery and acceptance at the time the contract of sale was entered into, or that the contract, or some note or memorandum thereof, was in writing, signed by appellants or by their agent, or that any part of the purchase money was paid at the time the contract was entered into. It is the receipt and acceptance of the machines, some fifteen days after the contract of purchase was made, that respondents rely upon as taking this contract out of the provisions of said section, and we think -with reason. If a contract of sale is made, and the property subsequently received and accepted by the purchaser, it is then too late to escape liability thereon, because of the provisions of said section. Had the purchaser refused to receive and accept the property, and suit been brought to enforce the contract, said statute would have been a complete defense to such action, but after the receipt and acceptance of the property, the virtue of said section, as a defense to an action to recover the purchase price, is gone. This section of the statute of frauds only relates to executory contracts, and not to executed ones. Receipt and acceptance of the property sold, at any time after making the contract, takes the contract out of the statute of frauds. (Hinkle v. Fisher, 104 Ind. 84, 3 N. E. 624; King v. Jarmon, 35 Ark. 190, 37 Am. Rep. 11; Cartan v. David, 18 Nev. 311, 4 Pac. 61; Dodge v. Crandall, 30 N. Y. 294; Brown v. Farmers’ Loan etc. Co., 117 N. Y. 266, 22 N. E. 952.)
The second contention is that said ditchers were not delivered to or received and accepted by appellants. The evidence uf respondents shows that at the time said ditchers were ordered J. M. Bray informed Sherman M. Coffin that a man by the name of Jessop was going to use the ditchers in the construction of a certain ditch which appellants were constructing under the supervision of J. M. Bray. It also shows that when the ditching machines arrived at Nampa, Jessop appeared and assisted in setting them np ready for use; that he took possession of them and took them out upon the aforesaid ditch, and went to work thereon with them; that while taking them cut on the ditch he met Mr. Bray; that he used them on said ditch under the immediate supervision of Mr. Bray for two months, at least. It was conceded on the trial that the ditchers were delivered to Jessop, who was a subcontractor of appellants, and the question of acceptance does not appear to have attained special prominence during the trial of the case. Upon a careful review of the entire evidence, I think it tends to show that the ditchers were purchased for the use of Jessop, and that he received and accepted them, and that his receipt and acceptance was the receipt and acceptance of Bradbury & Bray, and bound them.
The questions of sale and delivery were submitted to the jury, upon an instruction by the court at the request of appellants, whereby the jury was instructed that to entitle the plaintiffs to recover they must establish by a preponderance of evidence the sale and delivery of the ditchers to the defendants, and by their verdict they found those points in favor of respondents. When from the entire evidence different minds might honestly reach a different conclusion, as to the acceptance of the property sold, the question of acceptance is one of fact for the jury, and their verdict thereon will not be disturbed. Nor will the order of the court denying a motion for a new trial be reversed when the aforesaid conditions exist. (See note to Shindler v. Houston, 49 Am. Dec. 316; Gray v. Davis, 10 N. Y. 291; Baker on Sales, sec. 382a; Theilen v. Rath, 80 Wis. 263, 50 N. W. 183; Galvin v. Mackenzie, 21 Or. 184, 27 Pac. 1039; Garfield v. Paris, 96 D. S. 557; Hinchman v. Lincoln, 124 U. S. 39, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 369.)
Considerable authority is cited on the question as to what acts constitute an acceptance under said section 6009. The correctness of the rule established by the authorities cited is not questioned. The case of Shindler v. Houston, 1 N. Y. 261, 49 Am. Dec. 316, is cited as a case in point. It was held in that case that delivery and acceptance of goods, such as will take it out of the statute of frauds, cannot be shown by mere-words; some acts transferring possession are necessary. That case is not in point, for "the reason that it is not claimed nor-shown that the transfer of the possession of said machines was-made by mere words; but that the machines were set up and possession of them given; that respondents parted with possession and thereafter exercised no rights of possession or ownership over them; that the person, for whose use they were intended, took them and put them to the very use for which they were purchased. The ease of Hinchman v. Lincoln, 124 U. S. 38, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 369, is cited as a case very similar to the-one at bar. That is a case where the facts, in relation to the contract of sale alleged to have been within, the statute of frauds, were admitted. There was no dispute as to the facts on which appellant relied, showing, as he claimed, sale, delivery and acceptance. The court held that as there was no dispute as to the facts, it belonged to the court to determine their legal effect. It was also held that to take an alleged contract of sale out of the operation of the statute of frauds, there must be acts of such a character as to place the property unequivocally within the power and under the exclusive dominion of the buyer, as absolute owner, and that when anything remained to be done by the seller to perfect the delivery, such fact would be-generally conclusive that there was no receipt by the buyer. This case is very different from the one under consideration. The facts of sale, delivery and acceptance were in dispute, and! nothing is shown which would indicate that anything remained to be done by the sellers to perfect the delivery of said machines.
It is earnestly contended by appellants, and with apparent confidence, that all of the evidence taken together shows that the sale of said ditching machines was made by Stearns toJessop a day or two before Sherman Coffin met Bray at Nampa. It is claimed that Stearns testified that he sold said machines to Jessop. Mr. Stearns, as a witness for appellants, on direct examination, did testify that he sold four ditchers to Jessop.
He afterward testified as follows, to wit: “Q. Why did you telephone for Coffin to come up? A. Because I wanted him to sell those ditchers, so that I could make a little money. That is what I did it for.” Further on he testified as follows: “Q. And yon assisted Coffin all the way through the negotiations? A. No, I don’t think I did all the way. Q. Did you hear anything, or all that was said, on that day in relation to the sale of those ditchers to Jessop? A. I don’t know whether I did or not. The sale was not consummated in my presence. Q. Then the sale was not consummated until Sherman Coffin ■came up ? A. No, sir. It might have been at that time, but I don’t remember. Q. And Jessop was in Utah? A. Jessop was in Utah.” This evidence needs no comment. It is too plain to be misconstrued or misunderstood. It clearly shows that no contract or bargain for the sale of the machines was made between Jessop and Stearns, and that if any bargain was made it was made between Coffin & Bray, at a time when Jessop was in Utah.
Sherman Coffin testified that no sale was made until he met Bray at Nampa, in response to a dispatch from Stearns. He ■also testified that he never met Jessop until the ditchers arrived at Nampa. That John M. Bray was the man who gave the order for the ditchers and who agreed to pay for them, as a member of the firm of Bradbury & Bray. This was denied by Mr. Bray. He denied that he made any contract for the purchase of said machines, and denied that he had any authority from Jessop to purchase said machines. He testified as follows, to wit: “I says, cNo, sir, Mr. Coffin, I will have nothing to do with those machines whatever. I have no authority to buy machines for Jessop.’ ” This evidence shows that Bray did not purchase them for Jessop.
Mr. Bray also testified to a conversation alleged to have been had with Frank R. Coffin, about the middle of May, 1890, in which he stated to Coffin that he had nothing to do with the machines whatever, “That the entire sale of those machines was between Sherman Coffin, Stearns and Jessop.”
The testimony of Stearns shows that he had a conversation with Jessop in regard to ditching machines in the presence of J. M. Bray a day or two before Sherman Coffin met Bray. That thereafter Jessop left Nampa for Utah, and Stearns telephoned Coffin to come to Nampa, and on his arrival introduced him to J. M. Bray as the man who could talk with him about those ditchers, and the evidence shows that they did talk about ditchers. It may be true, as testified by Mr. Bray, that he then and there informed Sherman Coffin that he would have nothing to do with the machines whatever, and that he had no authority to purchase machines for Jessop, but regardless of those statements, the testimony tends to show he did have some conversation about them, and authorized Sherman Coffin to have them shipped in the name of Bradbury & Bray, and afterward requested Coffin to not have them shipped in said firm’s name.
Coffin testified that the contract was made with Bray. Stearns’ testimony is to the same effect. Bray testified that it was made between Stearns, Coffin and Jessup, and from this conflicting evidence and other evidence the jury found against appellants.
The testimony of Charles Stewart tends to corroborate the testimony of Sherman M. Coffin. He testified as follows: “I rode up to Bray, who was out on the ditch where .Jessop’s contract was. I rode up to Bray and I think, he wasn’t using very good language toward Jessop, because Jessop was getting behind. He says, T am in the soup with Coffin Bros, for those damned ditchers.’” This testimony is not contradicted.
D. H. Birdsall, a witness for respondents, testified that he met Bray at Nampa between May 37 and 30, 1890, and had some conversation with him about selling him Safety Nitro Powder, and he informed Bray that Coffin Bros, were agents for said powder, and would supply Bray with said powder. Bray thereupon informed Birdsall that he had some difficulty with Coffin Bros., and did not care to deal with them. After some further conversation Birdsall informed Bray that he was going to Caldwell to see Sherman M. Coffin, an’d Bray thereupon requested him to sajr to Coffin that he (Bray) did not wish to have any trouble with him (Sherman M. Coffin), and that he would see that they (Coffin Bros.) were paid for the ditchers. This testimony is contradicted by Bray. Birdsall and Stewart were disinterested witnesses, and' the jury no doubt gave some weight to their testimony, as corroborating that of Sherman M. Coffin, but it is urged by appellants that if said statements were made by Bray, they would be perfectly consistent with the theory that Bradbury & Bray were only guarantors, and not purchasers. There might be some point in this contention if J. M. Bray admitted that he was simply guarantor, but he denies that they were guarantors, and there is no evidence tending to show that they were except that contained in the letter written by Sherman M. Coffin to J. M. Bray dated May 24, 1890.
If the defense in this suit had been that appellants were guarantors, and not liable because such gauranty was not in writing, then the contention of appellant would be of some weight; but as that is denied, and the issue was as to whether the appellants were original purchasers, the evidence of Stewart & Birdsall tends to corroborate the testimony of respondents on that issue. The issue as to whether Bradbury & Bray were simply guarantors is not in this case. It would appear that said statements were made by Bray to Stewart & Birdsall, not upon the theory that Bradbury & Bray were guarantors, but upon the theory that they were purchasers.
C. W. Moore’s testimony also corroborates Sherman M. Coffin as to the sale. He testified that he had no knowledge of the sale of any goods at the time a certain telegram was sent, except the ditchers to Bradbury & Bray. By what means the witness became possessed of that knowledge the record fails to disclose. The testimony of Sherman M. Coffin and Mr. Bray is so unsatisfactory and conflicting in substantial matters that it is impossible for this court to say how much of said testimony is true and how much is false, and as the jury are the exclusive judges of the weight to be given to the testimony of any witness or witnesses, and they having found on the purchase, delivery and acceptance of the machines, this court, under the conditions, would not be justified in disturbing the verdict.
Appellants contend that the court erred in permitting Sherman M. Coffin and Frank B. Coffin to testify in regard to a certain telephone message sent by the former to the latter, inquiring as to the responsibility of appellants. The evidence shows that on the day the ditchers in controversy were ordered, Sherman M. Coffin waited at Nampa for a reply to a telegram sent to Jessop until late in the day. That he finally informed Mr. Bray that he must return to his home, at Caldwell, some nine or ten miles from Nampa; that thereupon Bray requested him to order five ditchers, and stated that if Jessop could not use the fifth ditcher that Bradbury & Bray would use it themselves. That witness got his team and drove to his home at Caldwell, and put his team out, and immediately thereafter, and before ordering said machines from Chicago, he telephoned his partner, Frank R. Coffin, at Boise City, and asked him if Bradbury & Bray were good for five ditchers at $1,100 each, and requested him to find out and let him know. That this all occurred within two hours after he left Nampa. This telephone communication and Frank R. Coffin’s testimony in regard to receiving the same was objected to, and the admission thereof is assigned as error. It is urged that the same is no part of the res gestae, that it took place after the agreement for the sale of the ditchers had been entered into, and was a communication from one of the plaintiffs to his partner, and not in the presence of the defendants or either of them. That said testimony is self-serving and too remote to be a part of the res gestae.
Counsel for appellants contend that the rule applicable to this class of testimony is that such declarations, to become competent evidence, as part of the res gestae, must accompany the act which they are supposed to characterize, and must so harmonize with it as to be obviously a part of the same transaction, and in support of this rule cite Moore v. Meachman, 10 N. Y. 207; Enos v. Tuttle, 3 Conn. 250; Cherry v. Butler, 17 S. W. 1090; Tisch v. Utz, 142 Pa. St. 186, 21 Atl. 808; Conlan v. Grace, 36 Minn. 276, 30 N. W. 880; 1 Wharton on Evidence, sec. 265; 2 Wharton on Evidence, see. 1174; Dawson v. Pogue, 18 Or. 94, 22 Pae. 640; State v. Daugherty, 17 Nev. 376, 30 Pac. 1074; People v. Dewey, 2 Idaho, 83, 6 Pac. 103, 5 West Coast Rep. 812; Binns v. State, 57 Ind. 46, 26 Am. Rep. 48.
In Moore v. Meachman, supra, the court, in passing upon the question of the admission of certain declarations, said: “The general rule is that declarations to become a part of the res gestae must accompany the act which they are supposed to characterize, and must so harmonize as to be obviously one transaction,” and held that the general rule applicable to the admission of such declarations as a part of the res gestae was the rule which should govern in that case. Enos v. Tuttle, supra, was a case where a plaintiff undertook to introduce declarations of an absconding debtor as evidence against a garnishee, and the court held that such declarations were not evidence for the plaintiff. Cherry v. Butler, supra, held the declarations of payee on draft narrating the fact that he had twice paid it were self-serving, and error to admit them.
In Tisch v. Utz, 142 Pa. St. 186, 21 Atl. 808, it was held that declarations of a judgment debtor were not admissible in evidence for the purpose of impeaching the judgment. In Conlan v. Grace, 36 Minn. 276, 30 N. W. 880, it is held that: “Declarations of a party, to be admissible as a part of the res gestae, must be contemporaneous with, or at least so connected with the main fact in issue as to constitute one transaction.” Dawson v. Pogue, 18 Or. 94, 22 Pac. 640, holds: “Ordinarily, acts and declarations of parties to an action are not competent evidence in their behalf. There are, however, exceptions to the rule.” State v. Daugherty, supra, holds: “It is impossible to tie down to time the rule as to declarations; we must judge from all the circumstances of the case; we need not go to the length of saying that a declaration made a month after the fact would of itself be admissible, but if, as in the present case, there are connecting circumstances, it may, even at that time, form part of the whole res gestae, and that the declaration was simply a narration of past events or occurrences and was incompetent.”
In 1 Wharton on Evidence, section 265, it is held that such declarations are. inadmissible if made so far prior to the act sought to be characterized as to give opportunity for their correction in way of preparation, or if made so long afterward ab to leave an interval — which Interval should not be measured by time but by the circumstances of the case — in which excuses, explanations or aggravations could be got up.” 3 Wharton on Evidence, section-1174, is applicable to the admission of agents in matters of tort, and not in point. Binns v. State, 56 Ind. 46, 36 Am. Bep. 48, holds that: “A declaration which is simply a narrative of past events .... is inadmissible in evidence.”
The authorities cited state the general rule applicable to the admission of declarations made by a party, as evidence in his own behalf, and some of them recognize that there are exceptions to the general rule. In some of them time is considered a controlling element and in others not. They hold that such declarations, to become competent evidence for the party making them, must be a part of the res gestae or at least so considered. The term “res gestae ” is used in one class of cases to indicate the very matter in issue, the ultimate thing itself, the thing controverted, and in others the term is used to indicate the surrounding facts of a transaction, which • explain or characterize the main fact.
In 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, section 108, it is held that the surrounding circumstances constituting parts of the res gestae may always be shown to the jury, along with the principal fact; and their admissibility is determined by the judge, according to the degree of their relation to that fact, and in the exercise of his sound discretion.” Whether declarations made after the occurrence of the litigated issue should be admitted as evidence in behalf of the party making them rests in the sound judicial discretion of the court. (O’Connor v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 27 Minn. 173, 38 Am. Rep. 288, 6 N. W. 481; State v. Ah Loi, 5 Nev. 99; 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 108.)
In 1 Taylor on Evidence, sections 535, 536, it is stated that: “In all these cases the principal points of attention are, whether the circumstances and declarations offered in proof were so connected with the main fact under consideration as to illustrate its character, to further its object, or to form in conjunction with it one continuous transaction. It was at one time thought necessary that they should be contemporaneous with it; but this doctrine has of late years been rejected, and it seems now to be decided that, although concurrence of time must always be considered as material evidence to show the connection it is by no means essential.”
In Insurance Co. v. Mosley, 8 Wall. 397, which was an action on an accident insurance policy, the declarations of the deceased as to the cause of the injury from which he died made shortly after the injury was held competent evidence and a part of the res gestae. The court, speaking through Mr. Justice Swayne, in regard to certain declarations being part of the res gestae says: “To bring such declarations within this principle, generally, they must be contemporaneous with the main fact .to which they relate. But this rule is by no means of universal application”; and quotes with approval from Rawson v. Haig, 2 Bing. 99, as follows: “It is impossible to tie down to time the rule as to such declarations. We must judge from all the circumstances of the case. 'We need not go to the length of saying that a declaration made a month after the fact would, of itself, be admissible; but if, as in the present case, there are connecting circumstances it may, even at that time, form a part of the whole res gestae.”
^Referring to the doctrine applicable to the admission of such declarations, the court says: “The tendency of recent adjudications is to extend, rather than to narrow, the scope of the doctrine. Bightly guarded in its application, there is no principle in the law of evidence more safe in its results. There is none which rests on a more solid basis of reason and authority.”
In Board of Education v. Keenan, 55 Cal. 642, Justice McKee, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “Wharton defines 'res gestae/ as those circumstances which are the undesigned incidents of a particular litigated act. These incidents may be separated from the act by a lapse of time more or less appreciable. They may consist of speeches of anyone concerned, whether participant or bystander; they may comprise things left undone, as well 'as things done. Their sole distinguishing feature is that they should be necessary incidents of the litigated act; necessary in this sense that they are part of the immediate preparations for, or emanations of, such act and are not produced by the calculated policy of the actors.”
In People v. Vernon, 35 Cal. 49, 95 Am. DeC. 49, and note, it is held that: “Declarations to be a part of the res gestae are not required to be precisely concurrent in point of time with the principal fact, if they spring out of the principal transaction, if they tend to explain it, are voluntary and spontaneous, and are made at a time so near it as to preclude the idea of deliberate design, then they are to be regarded as contemporaneous, and admissible.” (See, also, State v. Horan, 32 Minn. 394, 50 Am. Rep. 583; Augusta Factory v. Barnes, 72 Ga. 217, 53 Am. Rep. 838; New England Ins. Co. v. De Wolf, 8 Pick. 56; State v. Jones, 64 Iowa, 349, 17 N. W. Rep. 911, 20 N.. W. 470; State v. Ah Loi, 5 Nev. 99; Ross v. Bank of Burlington, 1 Aiken, 43, 15 Am. Dec. 664.)
In Milne v. Loisler, 7 Hurl. & N. 786, it was held competent for the plaintifE, for the purpose of proving upon whose credit goods sued for were sold, to introduce in evidence a certain letter written by plaintifE to his agent, requesting him to inquire as to the financial standing of the defendant, of a person to whom the person receiving the goods had referred him for that purpose. The plaintifE stated in said letter that the defendant was the purchaser of said goods. And it was further held that the jury might look at the whole letter, and although in itself it was not evidence of the truth of the facts stated, it migh be considered as corroborative of plaintifE’s version of the transaction. (1 Greenleaf on Evidence, Eedfield’s ed., sec. 108a.)
In Bouvier’s Law Dictionary (edition of 1888) under the head of “res gestae” the following statement occurs: “In the United States the tendency is to extend, rather than narrow, the scope of the doctrine of res gestae. Although, generally, the declarations must be contemporaneous with the event sought to be proved, yet, where there are connecting circumstances, they may, even when made some time afterward, form a part of the res gestae. (Insurance Co. v. Mosley, 8 Wall. 397; Railroad Co. v. Coyle, 55 Pa. St. 402; Harriman v. Stowe, 57 Mo. 93; Brownell v. Railroad Co., 47 Mo. 239; Commonwealth v. Eastman, 1 Cush. 181. And in England the decision of Cockburn, C. J., in Bedingfield’s Case, 14 Cox C. C. 341, is directly contrary, holding that the declarations must be contemporaneous with the event, to be admissible. This decision has been vigorously opposed by Mr. Taylor and others. (See 14 Am. Law. Rev. 817, 15 Am. Law. Rev. 1-71; Field v. State, 57 Miss. 474, 34 Am. Rep. 479.)”
From a review of the authorities I think the decided weight is that time is not necessarily a controlling element or principle in the matter of res gestae, and that declarations made under circumstances to warrant the court in¡ presuming that they grew out of the litigated issue and illustrate the true character of the transaction and were dependent upon it, were not designedly made or devised for a self-serving purpose, are evidentiary facts and are not within the general rule applicable to hearsay testimony. Such declarations are admissible although not made at the exact time of the occurrence of the principal fact in issue.
I think the evidence referred to comes within the rule laid down in many of the authorities above cited. The declaration oi* communication was not a narrative of past events or of the contract of sale. It was an inquiry which any prudent business man would naturally make before he would feel safe in ordering upward of $6,000 worth of machinery for a customer whose financial condition was not known to him. He would very naturally want to know the ability of the purchaser to pay. It is true the order for the ditchers had been given and received some two hours before the inquiry under consideration was made, but it was made before the ditchers were ordered, and as I view it was made in the midst of the transaction and before all of the conditions were performed, which were required to be performed before the contract became binding upon either party. It was a pertinent inquiry, and I think it one of the reasonable emanations arising out of the contract of purchase and dependent upon it; that it was not deliberately devised or contrived by the parties for a self-serving purpose; that it was spontaneously and not designedly made, and tends, to explain to whom the credit was given. Its truth or falsity was for the jury.
The question litigated was whether the ditchers were sold to Bradbury & Bray and on their credit. Bray testified that they were sold to Jessop and he alone became liable for the payment of the purchase price, while Sherman M. Coffin testified that they were sold to Bradbury & Bray and on their credit. I think the testimony under consideration tends to show to whom the credit was given and was properly admitted.
Error is alleged because the court held that under the evidence no partnership for the sale of said machines existed between Stearns and Sherman M. Coffin. Appellants undertook to show that there was a partnership between Stearns and Coffin in the sale of said ditchers. Stearns and Coffin both testify that no such partnership existed; and there is not a scintilla of evidence tending to show a partnership. That being true, it was not prejudicial error for the court to so hold.
The fourth error assigned is that the court erred in admitting the testimony of Sherman M. Coffin in explanation of the sense in which he used the word “guaranty” in his letter of May 24, 1890, to John M. Bray. The letter was introduced as an admission of said respondent to show that at the time of writing it he considered Bradbury & Bray as guarantors, and not as original purchasers.
Under this contention appellants cite several authorities upon the proposition that when the language of a written contract is neither ambiguous nor technical, parol evidence is not received to explain it. These authorities are not in point, for the reason that said letter is not a written contract nor a part of one. I understand the rule to be that when a writing is introduced as an admission, and not as a part of the contract between the parties, it is always permissible for the party who wrote it, and against whom it 'was introduced to explain the meaning that he intended to convey. The rule applicable to oral admissions is the proper one to be applied to the evidence under consideration. (Duncan v. Matney, 29 Mo. 368, 77 Am. Dec. 575; Smith v. Crego, 54 Hun, 22, 7 N. Y. Supp. 86; Bingham v. Bernard, 36 Minn. 114, 30 N. W. 404; Auzerais v. Nagle, 74 Cal. 60, 15 Pac. 371; Browne on Parol Evidence, sec. 6; Morris v. St. Paul etc. R. R. Co., 21 Minn. 91; Burke v. Ray, 40 Minn. 34, 41 N. W. 240.)
The fifth error assigned is the refusal of the court to strike out that portion of Sherman M. Coffin’s testimony in explanation of the word “guaranty” to wit: “We have dozens of entries in our books, at this time, which could show that fact.” We cannot consider this objection for the reason that no exception appears to have been saved in the court below.
The sixth error assigned is that the court erred in permitting Charles Stewart, a witness on behalf of plaintiff, to testify as follows: “I rode up to Bray, who was out on the ditch where Jessop’s contract was. I rode up to Bray, and think he wasn’t using very good language towards Jessop, because Jessop was getting behind. He says, T am in the soup with Coffin Brothers for those damned ditchers.’ ”
Appellants contend: 1. That if this evidence was introduced for the purpose of establishing plaintiff’s case as an admission of the contract sued on, it should have been introduced as a part of the testimony in chief, and not in rebuttal; 2. If it was introduced to impeach Bray, it was error to admit it, for the reason that Bray’s attention was not called to it when he was on the witness stand. The first objection does not appear to have been taken in the court below, and cannot be considered for that reason. The second is not well taken, for the reason that statements and admissions made by a party to a suit may be proved without first calling the party’s attention to them. The rule that the attention of the witness must be ■called to the statement made, and the time and place of making the same, in order to lay the proper foundation for impeachment, does not apply to this case. (1 Thompson on Trials, see. 497; Collins v. Mach, 31 Ark. 685, 694; Luces v. Flinn, 35 Iowa, 9.)
After a careful review of all the evidence I find a substantial conflict on the material issues, and where the material issues are submitted to the jury on instructions of the court, not excepted to by appellants, the verdict of the jury will not be disturbed by the appellate court, nor will the order, overruling a motion for a new trial, be reversed, on the ground of insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict when there is a substantial conflict in the evidence. (Ainslie v. Idaho World Printing Co., 1 Idaho, 641; Dubrutz v. Jessup, 54 Cal. 118; Campe v. Meierdiercks, 87 Cal. 290, 24 Pac. 419; Lynch v. Welby, 87 Cal. 441, 25 Pac. 548; Garrard v. White, 12 Ky. L. Rep. 656, 14 S. W. 966; Ketcham v. Barbour, 102 Ind. 576, 26 N. E. 127.)
I find no reversible error in the record. The judgment of the court below is affirmed with costs of this appeal in favor of respondents.
Morgan, J., concurs in the affirmance of the judgment.
Huston, C. J., took no part in the hearing or decision of this case.
MORGAN, J.
I concur in the affirmance of the judgment, but disagree with the opinion in regard to the admission of the telephone message of Sherman Coffin to his partner Prank Coffin which was as follows: “I asked him [Frank Coffin] if Bradbury & Bray were good for five ditchers at $1,100 each, or for $5,500” This was one and a half hours after hie conversation with Bray, and after he had driven home, a distance of nine miles. It is precisely like a private conversation between the partners, at home, to determine whether it would be safe as a business venture to order the ditchers. I do not think it a part of the res gestae, and think it should have been excluded. I do not deem it necessary now to give the reasons for my opinion. It is evident, however, that it could have had no weight with the jury. It was an inquiry that would be equally as applicable, if Sherman Coffin considered Bradbury & Bray guarantors, or purchasers, or if he expected to get their names as sureties on a note signed by Jessop. It proved nothing and tended to prove nothing, and therefore was not prejudicial error. | CASELAW |
Toxicologist Job Description
Toxicologists study the impacts of drugs, chemicals, toxins, and other substances on humans, animals, and the environment. This role is best suited for someone who enjoys chemistry and working with a team in a laboratory. Toxicologists are also skilled at interpreting data and can communicate complex ideas clearly and diplomatically with their team. Most toxicologists work full time and may be employed in the public or private sector. Common employers include pharmaceutical companies, criminal justice agencies, research foundations, and consulting agencies, among others.
Toxicologist Duties and Responsibilities
Toxicologists work in a variety of capacities, such as measuring the effect of a chemical on the environment, determining the cause of poison or drug-related deaths for law enforcement agencies, or doing academic research that advances the entire field. In any case, toxicologists share a few core responsibilities. Based on an analysis of resumes and job listings, these responsibilities are:
Identify Substances
In situations where a substance is unknown, toxicologists are able to isolate it and determine what it is. Much of this work is done in laboratories, although some toxicologists may need to travel to collect samples and view the impacts of substances in the field.
Conduct Experiments
Using the scientific method, toxicologists design and carry out experiments evaluating the impact of substances on life and the environment. Laboratory animals or human and animal cells in cultures are common test subjects. Toxicologists monitor the developments of their experiments and carefully record all information for future assessment.
Analyze Data
Toxicologists review data from experiments or real-world cases. They interpret this information to draw conclusions about what chemical and biological processes are taking place in the presence of a substance.
Develop Risk Assessments
Determining the safe level of exposure to a substance, if any, is an essential part of a toxicologist’s role. Depending upon their industry, toxicologists develop the proper dosages of drugs or usages of chemicals such as pesticides.
Present Findings
Toxicologists make recommendations or deliver conclusions to relevant parties based upon the data they have analyzed. In order to maintain the highest standard of safety, their findings must be backed up with relevant evidence and presented in a way that leaves no room for misunderstanding.
Toxicologist Skills and Qualifications
Toxicologists have an in-depth knowledge of the nature of chemical and biological substances. In addition to being skilled in the lab, toxicologists are able to understand what large sets of numbers or data say about a substance’s impact. Toxicologists must at least have a bachelor’s degree in toxicology or a related field, although many employers prefer candidates with a master’s degree or PhD and a few years of laboratory experience. Successful toxicologists also possess the following skills:
• Biology and chemistry knowledge – toxicologists are very familiar with the fundamental principles of chemistry and biology and are able to apply those principles when studying the interactions between substances, plants, and animals
• Industry expertise – a toxicologist’s specialty will determine what additional skills and knowledge they need. For example, those who develop safe drug dosages will need an intricate understanding of pharmacology, while forensic toxicologists may need more training in poison or other toxic agents
• Statistics and data interpretation – forming conclusions about a substance’s impact from large data sets requires that toxicologists have a solid grasp of statistics
• Analytical thinking – toxicologists use deductive and inductive reasoning to understand complex processes between chemical and biological substances
• Communication skills – clearly expressing complex ideas is almost as important as a toxicologist’s hard skills; miscommunication of findings or risk assessment can lead to potentially dangerous situations
Tools of the Trade
While some software will vary depending on their specialty, most toxicologists use the following tools on a regular basis:
• Office suite software (Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook)
• Geographic information systems (such as ArcGIS)
• Laboratory equipment (cultures, pipettes, microscopes, centrifuges)
• Laboratory techniques (such as chromatography)
Toxicologist Education and Training
While the minimum qualification required of a toxicologist is a bachelor’s degree in toxicology, chemistry, or a related field, many employers prefer that candidates also have a master’s degree and a few years of laboratory experience. Courses in mathematics and statistics are also necessary.
According to the Society of Toxicology, toxicologists who aspire to design and manage large studies or earn more money will likely need a PhD. No matter their rank or experience, all toxicologists must stay abreast of the most cutting-edge research and breakthroughs in the field by reading journals, attending conferences, and continuing their education.
Toxicologist Salary and Outlook
A toxicologist is a kind of medical scientist who, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), can expect to earn a median annual wage of about $82,000. The toxicologist’s industry can have a substantial impact on their earnings. Medical scientists employed by pharmaceutical and medical manufacturing companies earn a median annual wage of over $118,000, while medical scientists employed by public and private colleges and universities earn a median annual wage of about $58,000.
The BLS projects that employment for all medical scientists will grow 13 percent through 2026, which is nearly twice as fast as the growth for all occupations. As the general population ages and the demand for pharmaceuticals increases, toxicologists in particular will be needed to develop and assess the safety of drugs.
Helpful Resources
Ready to advance your career as an in-demand toxicologist? The following resources will help you at every step, whether you’re picking an undergraduate program or honing your skills in the lab:
Society of Toxicology – in addition to providing information and resources about how to pursue a career in toxicology, SOT publishes Toxicological Sciences, a journal about the field’s most influential research
American College of Toxicology – the ACT not only offers an extensive collection of resources, courses, webinars, and podcasts, it also publishes the International Journal of Toxicology and manages a mentor/mentee program for the organization’s members
The Toxicologist’s Pocket Handbook – this third edition provides the most commonly used toxicology information and references in a scaled-down size, making it a great resource for entry-level toxicologists
Pathology for Toxicologists: Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel – entry-level toxicologists seeking to make themselves more competitive for laboratory positions may wish to consult this book, which helps bridge gaps in understanding so that professionals can provide more accurate conclusions to pharmaceutical employers
Your Cover Letter, Made Easy.
You are looking for your dream job and need a cover letter? My Perfect Cover Letter is your solution and takes the hassle out of cover letter writing. Create the perfect job-worthy cover letter effortlessly in just a few clicks! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
NPAS3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Neuronal PAS domain protein 3
Identifiers
Symbol NPAS3
Alt. symbols MEMBER OF PAS SUPERFAMILY 6; MOP6
Entrez 64067
HUGO 19311
OMIM 609430
RefSeq NM_173159
UniProt Q8IXF0
Other data
Locus Chr. 14 q13
NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development. NPAS3 contains basic helix-loop-helix structural motif and PAS domain, like the other proteins in the superfamily.
Function[edit]
NPAS3 is also known as human accelerated region 21. It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes.[1]
NPAS1 and NPAS3-deficient mice display behavioral abnormalities typical to the animal models of schizophrenia.[2]
According to the same study, NPAS1 and NPAS3 disruption leads to reduced expression of reelin, which is also consistently found to be reduced in the brains of human patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Among the 49 genomic regions that undergone rapid changes in humans compared with their evolutionary ancestors, NPAS3 was found to be located in the region 21.[1]
Clinical significance[edit]
Disruption of NPAS3 was found in one family affected by schizophrenia[3] and NPAS3 gene is thought to be associated with psychiatric illness and learning disability.[4][5] In a genetic study of several hundred subjects conducted in 2008, interacting haplotypes at the NPAS3 locus were found to affect the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[6]
In a pharmacogenetical study, polymorphisms in NPAS3 gene were highly associated with response to iloperidone, a proposed atypical antipsychotic.[7]
References[edit]
1. ^ a b Pollard KS, Salama SR, Lambert N, Lambot MA, Coppens S, Pedersen JS, Katzman S, King B, Onodera C, Siepel A, Kern AD, Dehay C, Igel H, Ares M, Vanderhaeghen P, Haussler D (September 2006). "An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans". Nature 443 (7108): 167–72. doi:10.1038/nature05113. PMID 16915236.
2. ^ Erbel-Sieler C, Dudley C, Zhou Y, Wu X, Estill SJ, Han T, Diaz-Arrastia R, Brunskill EW, Potter SS, McKnight SL (September 2004). "Behavioral and regulatory abnormalities in mice deficient in the NPAS1 and NPAS3 transcription factors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (37): 13648–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405310101. PMC 518807. PMID 15347806.
3. ^ Kamnasaran D, Muir WJ, Ferguson-Smith MA, Cox DW (May 2003). "Disruption of the neuronal PAS3 gene in a family affected with schizophrenia". J. Med. Genet. 40 (5): 325–32. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.5.325. PMC 1735455. PMID 12746393.
4. ^ Pickard BS, Malloy MP, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ (July 2005). "Disruption of a brain transcription factor, NPAS3, is associated with schizophrenia and learning disability". Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 136B (1): 26–32. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30204. PMID 15924306.
5. ^ Pickard BS, Pieper AA, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ (2006). "The NPAS3 gene--emerging evidence for a role in psychiatric illness". Ann. Med. 38 (6): 439–48. doi:10.1080/07853890600946500. PMID 17008307.
6. ^ Pickard BS, Christoforou A, Thomson PA, Fawkes A, Evans KL, Morris SW, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ (September 2009). "Interacting haplotypes at the NPAS3 locus alter risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Mol. Psychiatry 14 (9): 874–84. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.24. PMID 18317462.
7. ^ Lavedan C, Volpi S, Mack K, et al. Whole-genome association study identifies polymorphisms in the NPAS3 gene associated with super-response to iloperidone treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Program and abstracts of the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics; October 23–27, 2007; San Diego, California. Abstract 1035/T
Further reading[edit]
• Kamnasaran D, Muir WJ, Ferguson-Smith MA, Cox DW (May 2003). "Disruption of the neuronal PAS3 gene in a family affected with schizophrenia". J. Med. Genet. 40 (5): 325–32. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.5.325. PMC 1735455. PMID 12746393.
• Moreira F, Kiehl TR, So K, Ajeawung NF, Honculada C, Gould P, Pieper RO, Kamnasaran D (July 2011). "NPAS3 demonstrates features of a tumor suppressive role in driving the progression of Astrocytomas". The American Journal of Pathology 179 (1): 462–76. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.044. PMC 3123785. PMID 21703424.
• Kamnasaran D, Ajewung N, Rana M, Gould P (2010). "393 NPAS3 is a novel late-stage acting progression factor in gliomas with tumour suppressive functions". European Journal of Cancer Supplements 8 (5): 100. doi:10.1016/S1359-6349(10)71194-0.
• Long PM, Wesley UV, Jaworski DM, Rana M, Kiehl T-R, So K, Gould P, Ajewung N, Kamnasaran D (2010). "CB-01. Regulation of aminoacylase expression in neuroblastoma". Neuro-Oncology 12 (Supplement 4): iv7–iv25. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noq116.s2.
• Wong J, Duncan CE, Beveridge NJ, Webster MJ, Cairns MJ, Shannon Weickert C (January 2012). "Expression of NPAS3 in the Human Cortex and Evidence of Its Posttranscriptional Regulation by miR-17 During Development, With Implications for Schizophrenia". Schizophr Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr177. PMID 22228753.
• Shin J, Jeong HY, Lee KE, Kim J (September 2010). "Isolation and Characterization of Chicken NPAS3". Exp Neurobiol 19 (2): 71–4. doi:10.5607/en.2010.19.2.71. PMC 3214776. PMID 22110344.
• Fonseca DJ, Prada CF, Siza LM, Angel D, Gomez YM, Restrepo CM, Douben H, Rivadeneira F, de Klein A, Laissue P (March 2012). "A de novo 14q12q13.3 interstitial deletion in a patient affected by a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown origin". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 158A (3): 689–93. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35215. PMID 22315208. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
EFFECTS OF OVARIAN HORMONES ON THE CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF CATION IN INTACT AND EXTRACTED RABBIT AND CAT UTERUS Academic Article uri icon
•
• Overview
•
• Research
•
• Identity
•
• Additional Document Info
•
• View All
•
abstract
• The uteri of rabbits and cats have been analyzed for sodium, potassium, and chloride, usually after various preliminary treatments with estrogen and progesterone. These tissues contain less potassium (50–80 meq./kg.) than striate muscle and more sodium (75–118 meq./kg.) than other highly cellular tissues. It appears that this cation composition can be attributed in part to a relatively large extracellular fluid volume (EFV).Various methods have been used to estimate the EFV in these tissues. The radiosulphate space (in vitro) does not appear to be reliable as a measure of extracellular space. The chloride space varies, but exceeds 400 ml./kg. in all cases, and in some approaches 700 ml./kg. Inulin space (in vitro) is about 60% of the chloride space, which in turn is usually smaller than the sodium space. The chloride space appears to provide the best approximation to the EFV since its volume of distribution rarely exceeds the sodium space, and since chloride (but not sodium) can be removed completely on leaching in isotonic sucrose.Calculated cellular potassium concentrations are as high as or higher (150–210 meq./l.) than in striate muscle. Apparently the low total tissue potassium concentration is a consequence of the large EFV.Appreciable quantities of sodium (20–50 meq./l.) reside outside of the chloride space in most cases, presumably in cellular water. Furthermore, a residue of sodium remains in uterine tissue after leaching in isotonic sucrose or choline chloride. With appropriate leaching procedures, an initial rapid depletion of tissue sodium is followed by a period of relatively slow loss, indicating derivation of sodium from at least two separate tissue spaces. Equilibration in isotonic potassium chloride causes nearly complete equilibration of potassium and chloride throughout tissue water, but does not remove residual sodium, suggesting chemical binding rather than Donnan distribution as the mechanism of sodium retention.The effects of estrogen and progesterone on the concentrations of cations in uterine cells are shown to be relatively small. Estrogen causes expansion of the cellular compartment relative to the extracellular space in both rabbit and cat and decreases the concentration of cation (per liter of tissue water and per liter of intracellular fluid). Progesterone treatment, given after estrogen, interfered with the ready entrance of chloride into the cellular space of rabbit uterus exposed to isotonic choline chloride. Cat uterus was not so affected, there being very little penetration of chloride even after estrogen alone.
publication date
• December 1, 1957 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ophelia Cabral
Ophelia Cabral e D'Souza (born Clara Merciana Ophelia Cabral; 8 November 1938 – 19 February 2016), popularly known as Ophelia Cabral, was an Indian actress, singer, playwright, and director known for her work in Konkani films and tiatr productions. One of the multifaceted performers of her time, she is referred to as the "Tragedy Queen of the Konkani stage" and was known for her roles in Konkani films such as Amchem Noxib, Nirmon, Boglantt, Bhuierantlo Munis, and Faxi Mogachi.
Early life
Ophelia Cabral e D'Souza was born as Clara Merciana Ophelia Cabral on 8 November 1938, in the village of Socorro, Goa, which was part of Portuguese India during the Portuguese Empire (now in India). She was the daughter of Gaulbert and Leena Cabral, and had three siblings: Eddie, Tony, and an elder sister Mohana, known professionally as Miss Mohana, who gained prominence as a Konkani actress and singer. Cabral spent a significant portion of her life and pursued her career in Bombay (now Mumbai).
Career
Cabral made her acting debut in 1954 in the tiatr production titled Opurbayechi Sun, which was produced by A. F. Rod. Her portrayal of a daughter-in-law with negative traits garnered favorable reception from both the audience and her peers in the tiatr community. She further gained recognition as an actress for her performance in the tiatr production Avoicho Xirap (Mother's Curse), written and directed by C. Alvares. From then on, Cabral delivered performances in numerous tiatrs, that showcased her versatility and maturity in portraying various roles.
Throughout her career, Cabral had the opportunity to collaborate with tiatr industry figures, including Master Vaz, Dr. Simon C. Fernandes, C. Alvares, J. P. Souzalin, and M. Boyer. In addition to her acting accomplishments, Cabral ventured into writing and directing her own tiatrs, including productions such as Mhojim Bhurgim (My Children) and Bailanchi Sobai (Woman's Beauty). She also partnered with her husband to produce and direct eight tiatrs, which received acclaim from the general public.
Beyond acting, Cabral was known for her singing abilities. Her artistic contributions were not limited to the regions of Goa and Bombay (now Mumbai), as she also performed in international venues in Bahrain, Muscat, Dubai, and Beirut. Cabral had a presence in the Konkani theater for a span of 44 years, beginning her career at the age of 16 under the guidance of A. F. Rod. She was known for her portrayal of tragic roles. Alongside tiatr performers like C. Alvares, M. Boyer, Prem Kumar, and her own spouse, Cabral also showcased her singing abilities, lending her voice to several audio cassettes.
Cabral had been actively involved in the production of various Konkani video films. She also played a role in the creation of the first Konkani video film, Faxi Mogachi, under the production of C. Alvares. Furthermore, she has contributed to the development of other video films such as Tuka Kitem Podlam and Natalancho Kusvar. She has also written and directed her own theatrical productions, including Mhoji Bhurgim and Bailanchi Sobai. Apart from her independent projects, she has also supported her husband, Bab Peter, in directing a total of 18 tiatrs.
Personal life
Cabral married Peter D'Souza, known professionally as Bab Peter, a noted Konkani actor and singer who was 13 years her junior, on 22 May 1976. The couple had one daughter, Tatum D'Souza (b. 1977), known professionally as Babli, and is a singer. She is married to Sameer Ganapathy and they have one daughter, Nia. According to the 2012 Directory of Tiatr Artistes, Cabral resided in Mahim, Mumbai. On 19 February 2005, Cabral's husband died after suffering a heart attack at the Bahrain Defence Force Hospital in Bahrain.
Awards
In 2009, Cabral was honored with the "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" by the Tiatr Academy of Goa. Recognizing her contributions to literature, she also received the "Goa State Cultural Award" for the years 2010–11. In January 2011, Cabral was bestowed with the "Antonio Pereira Konknni Puroskar" (APKP) by the Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) for her extensive contributions to Konkani tiatr and films.
Death
On 19 February 2016, Cabral died in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Her death occurred on the 11th death anniversary of her husband Bab Peter. The funeral service took place the following day at Victoria Church in Mahim, Mumbai. The Tiatr Academy of Goa (TAG), representing the tiatr community and enthusiasts, expressed their condolences to the mourning family of Cabral. | WIKI |
Muzej revolucije
Muzej revolucije is the ninth studio album by Bosnian rock band Zabranjeno Pušenje, released through Hayat Production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia Records in Croatia, Vijesti in Montenegro, and Long Play in Serbia, on November 7, 2009. It was released on the 92nd anniversary of the October Revolution.
Critical reception
Muzej revolucije received favorable reviews from critics. D. Jagatić of Tportal gave the album an 9 out of 10 album, stating that "all songs on the album have this unique power, specific for the Bosnian humor, and sense of justice". Zoran Tučkar of Muzika.hr gave the album a positive review, stating that it will bring a revolution to the region, to former Yugoslavia, but could, through a harsh and unambiguous critique, encourage young people and young rock bands not to consume the fruits of divine capitalism thinking, but loud and clear they say how things stand.
Track listing
Source: Discogs
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Zabranjeno Pušenje
* Sejo Sexon – lead vocals, guitar, backing vocals
* Toni Lović – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
* Branko Trajkov Trak – drums, percussion, backing vocals
* Robert Boldižar – violin, keyboards, backing vocals
* Paul Kempf – keyboards
* Dejan Orešković Klo – bass
Additional musicians
* Ante Prgin Surka – drums (track 7), trumpet (tracks 4, 7)
* Stipe Božinović Mađor – drums (track 5)
* Nenad Mlinarić Mlinka – drums (track 1)
Production
* Sejo Sexon – production
* Toni Lović – sound engineering, programming, audio mixing, production (Studio Plavi Film in Zagreb, Croatia)
* Dario Vitez – executive production
* John Davis – mastering (Metropolis Mastering in London, UK)
Design
* Anur Hadžiomerspahić – design and layout (Ideologija Creative Agency in Sarajevo, BIH)
* Saša Midžor Sučić – photos | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2007 June 28
Category:Journalists killed in Vietnam
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename to Category:Journalists killed while covering the Vietnam War. the wub "?!" 17:00, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Journalists killed in Vietnam to Category:Journalists killed in the Vietnam War
* Nominator's rationale:
* Rename per nom Johnbod 01:29, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. Cloachland 20:24, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename to Category:Journalists killed while covering the Vietnam War. I note that someone has emptied the category in question anyway but if renamed per nom, we need to prune any journalists who weren't precisely killed in the Vietnam War, like Philippa Schuyler, drowned after her helicopter carrying civilians and orphans crashed - board of inquiry blamed pilot error not hostile (or friendly) fire (She died in Vietnam, or more accurately off its coast, and while covering the Vietnam War, but she was not killed in the Vietnam War) - and Dana Stone who died in Cambodia, according to our article nomenclature in the Cambodian Civil War, not the Vietnam War, but she was covering the Vietnam War (hence a rename along those lines). This expansive reading of "killed in" that gets these 2 in to, would be similar to claims that George Patton and Hideki Tojo were killed in World War II. Carlossuarez46 21:45, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename to Category:Journalists killed covering the Vietnam War. The suggested title in the nom seems rather unspecific. This option seems to be the shortest that clearly defines what the category seems to be about. Seeing the name, the topic should be clear. Vegaswikian 23:00, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename to Category:Journalists killed covering the Vietnam War per Vegaswikian Greg Grahame 14:28, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Unused templates
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was delete. the wub "?!" 17:01, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* unused templates
* Nominator's rationale:
* Comment cat was originally tagged for speedy deletion by Mike Peel but I'd rather go through CfD just to make sure nobody's using this cat. On the other hand, Mike is pretty active at TfD so he's in a pretty good position to know whether or not this category is being used at all. Pascal.Tesson 19:19, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. AshbyJnr 16:49, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Rail accidents in London
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename. the wub "?!" 17:04, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Rail accidents in London to Category:Railway accidents in London
* Nominator's rationale:
* Rename per nom. -- SteinbDJ · talk · contributions 18:13, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename as per nom. Lugnuts 18:20, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per convention of Category:Railway accidents by country and its subcats. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 19:37, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. Johnbod 01:30, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. Cloachland 20:24, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Historical women who lived as male
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was no consensus. the wub "?!" 17:05, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Category:Historical women who lived as male. Does wearing pants mean they lived their lives as a man? delete. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 17:37, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* In many cases, especially the military ones, yes. Maybe tighten criteria, but keep. Johnbod 17:43, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep - clearly an encyclopedic article can be written about women who passed as men. Otto4711 18:06, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep per Otto4711. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 19:32, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep for Otto. Women who lived passing themselves as men -- that's defining. Doczilla 23:11, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* If kept, Rename to either Category:Historical women who lived as men or Category:Historical females who lived as males. Do we really need the historical in the name? Vegaswikian 02:17, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - The division between "living as a male" and either temporarily claiming to be a male (e.g. Willa Cather) or simply using a male alias in some situations (e.g. George Eliot) is too gray. Hence, I recommend deleting this category because the inclusion critera are poorly defined. However, an article on the subject would be more useful. Dr. Submillimeter 08:19, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - If kept, then remove the word "historical" as subjective and poorly-defined. (Does "historical" just mean "notable and dead" in this case?) Dr. Submillimeter 08:20, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per Submilli Bulldog123 12:00, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep per Otto. Carlossuarez46 21:46, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete, nonsensical name, lists persons who wore male's clothing for wide range of reasons, including ceremonial, absurd parent cat. Pavel Vozenilek 21:09, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
* Keep There is no ambiguity. Either a woman systematically passed herself off as a man for part of her life or she didn't. It is hardly a project in which there is room for half-measures or prevarication. And for those women that did so pass themselves off, this is an essential category. Indeed it is likely to represent the main reason why they have an article. It could be renamed to Category:Women who lived as a man. OrchWyn 03:07, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Mobb Deep
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was delete. the wub "?!" 17:07, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* mobb deep
* Nominator's rationale:
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:History of the Maghreb/Category:History of North Africa
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was merge to Category:History of North Africa. the wub "?!" 17:09, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* history of the maghreb and :history of north africa
* Nominator's rationale: Merge - The categories cover the same material. Generally the terms "Maghreb" and North Africa are synonomous. While some people could argue that North Africa is actually are larger area (including Egypt, Sudan, Mauritania, etc.) historically speaking, it means Morroco, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia. Egypt and Sudan are more closely related to the Mashriq (at least in the Islamic period) or independent from the rest of North Africa. I guess Mauritani history could be included under the Maghreb or North Africa, but it is also closely related to West Africa.
* comment I can see a merge is needed, but I'm not sure what name you are proposing - North Africa? Johnbod 17:36, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* response That probably should be part of the debate. I think the term 'North Africa' is used more in the US and the category is more developed, but the term 'Maghreb' may be more common elsewhere.
* "North Africa" seems used for the main articles, and is more generally understood by those unfamiliar with the area, so I would go with that for now. Merge to :Category:History of North Africa. But I don't have a strong preference, except they should be merged. Johnbod 19:25, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Mazaradi FOX songs
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was delete. the wub "?!" 17:10, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* mazaradi fox songs
* Nominator's rationale:
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Roman Catholic secondary schools in Philadelphia
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was keep. the wub "?!" 17:12, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* roman catholic secondary schools in philadelphia
* Nominator's rationale:
* Oppose The category is a logical subcategory of Category:Roman Catholic secondary schools in Pennsylvania. It is also a logical subcat of Category:High schools in Philadelphia. The category is a simpler solution than a template. evrik (talk) 15:42, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Upmerge per nom. Category:Roman Catholic secondary schools in Pennsylvania is not big enough to need sub-catrgorisation, so there is no need to breach the conventon. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 19:35, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* As the creator of most of the state categories, I can tell you, there is no convention. evrik (talk) 20:04, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose per evrik. -- SteinbDJ · talk · contributions 19:54, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Upmerge There is a convention, one category per state, except Philly and New Orleans, I believe. Keeping Philly is a bad precedent. Perhaps rename the category as a sub/part of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Template work just fine and can be set up for the whole Catholic League, including schools in the 'burbs. EagleFan 15:21, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Voting 2 x? In any case, there is no such convention. In fact, the city sub-cats could be expanded to any city that has a large Catholic population. Say for example, Category:Roman Catholic high schools in New Orleans or Roman Catholic secondary schools in Los Angeles County. That's three states for anyone that's counting. --evrik (talk) 19:06, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep - Enough articles have been written on Roman Catholic secondary schools that it is probably worth dividing them at the city level. Moreover, high schools in general are also divided by city in the United States, so having a separate categories for different types of schools at the city level would be appropriate. Furthermore, the category contains quite a few schools, so it is hardly underpopulated. Dr. Submillimeter 16:04, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
* Keep Useful as an intersection, eg it keeps articles out of the diocesan category. AshbyJnr 16:50, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Piano trios
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename. the wub "?!" 17:14, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Piano trios to Category:Compositions for piano trio
* Nominator's rationale:
* Rename per nom. Bencherlite 13:59, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. Johnbod 14:02, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Hollywood films about Chinese people
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was delete. the wub "?!" 17:17, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Suggest merging Category:Hollywood films about Chinese people to Category:Asian American films
* Nominator's rationale:
* Delete - It's not really mergeable, but it's certainly deleteable. Category:Asian American films is about films directed by Asian Americans. Category:Hollywood films about Chinese people is apparently a category for the nebulous, broad, not really defined class of "Hollywood films," whatever they are, that are in some sense "about Chinese people," whatever that means. zadignose 14:51, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Merge applicatable films to noms category (which seems to fit 90% of the article). Consider creating Category:Films set in China for the rest? Citi Cat 15:54, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per Zadignose and I'll repeat my mantra about "about", how "about Chinese people" does a film have to be? And if one really wants to get picky is "people" being (mis)used as "persons" or are we really talking about something else? And merge, if anything really tied these films together in a definable objective way, is not possible as nominated per Zadignose. Carlossuarez46 21:51, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - I have no objection to deletion. Otto4711 04:49, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Religion in Burlington, Vermont
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was merge. the wub "?!" 17:18, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* religion in burlington, vermont
* Merge into Category:Religion in Vermont, no members, just a single item subcat. -- Prove It (talk) 13:37, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete it's already there, and probably doesn't even need to be.{[unsigned}}
* Merge per nom. Overcategorization. Trivial intersection of variables. Doczilla 08:49, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Christianity in Burlington, Vermont
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was merge. the wub "?!" 17:19, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* christianity in burlington, vermont
* Merge into Category:Christianity in Vermont, single item category. -- Prove It (talk) 13:32, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Merge per nom. Pretty clearly an unnecessary category. Citi Cat 15:57, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Merge per nom. Overcategorization. Trivial intersection of variables. Doczilla 08:48, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:National treasures of North Korea
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename. the wub "?!" 17:23, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming
* Category:National treasures of North Korea to Category:National Treasures of North Korea
* Category:National treasures of Korea to Category:National Treasures of South Korea
* Category:Living National Treasures (Japan) to Category:Living National Treasures of Japan
* Category:National treasures of Japan to Category:National Treasures of Japan
* Category:National treasures to Category:National Treasures
* Nominator's rationale:
* Comment - Are these official government designations? Is that part of the reason why the terms should be capitalized? Dr. Submillimeter 13:03, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, that's exactly right. In the cases of Japan ("The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the government of Japan designates the most famous of the nation's cultural properties as National Treasures (国宝: kokuhō)") and South Korea (government site, using capitalisation) they are official. The North Korea article is unreferenced and I've been unable to determine whether it's official or not. With regards to the parent category, that probably does contain unofficial "national treasures" but it's my contention that it shouldn't, as unofficial national treasures are purely subjective. --kingboyk 13:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose - The same website cited above capitalizes "Memory of The World," and "Video Gallery." This is a common convention often used in titling, but it doesn't appear to be the Wikipedia convention. Also, the Korean and Japanese languages have no equivalent of capitalization, and I know of no standard rules for Romanizing or translating into foreign languages with capitals. zadignose 13:59, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. If this is an officially designated set of things the categories should be capitalised, and if it isn't they should be deleted for being subjective. The current form is just not a valid option. Piccadilly 17:25, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. Cloachland 20:25, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Archaeological sites in Korea
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was no consensus. the wub "?!" 17:39, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* archaeological sites in korea
* Nominator's rationale:
Keep Is it not logical to keep this a parent category for these two then, given how totally irrelevant the modern border is for archaeology? Johnbod 12:33, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* No, because they have a shared parent category at Category:Korean archaeology. This just adds an unnecessary extra layer.
* These are two seperate countries, like it or not, so there's no question they should be categorised seperately. The old scheme was way too redundant.--kingboyk 12:39, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Categories should not be removed from the tree they are in before nomination, as it makes it hard to discuss a category which has just been isolated and emptied. Johnbod 12:47, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* WP:IAR. Two countries, two categories. That's how the rest of the category scheme works (both for the two Koreas and for archeological sites). If I'd just nominated, it would have left a lot of work for somebody else, as it wasn't bot processable. I've been bold and saved somebody else the trouble. Honestly, if we treat the two Koreas as one country we are being biased. Like it or not (and no doubt most editors don't like it) they are separate sovereign states. --kingboyk 13:37, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* This is a CfD procedural point. Johnbod 13:52, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per conventions of Category:Archaeological sites by country which is divided by current countries rather than historical borders. Bencherlite 14:01, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep and use as a parent, like many other all-Korea categories. Korea is not comparable to most former countries, because it is still a single nation (one of the most homogeneous on Earth) and may be politically reunited in the future. Piccadilly 17:10, 28 June 2007 (UTC) 17:10, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - For articles on specific places, material in Wikipedia is generally organized along current national boundary lines. If articles contained categories for both Korea and either North or South Korea, it would look cluttersome. If the "Korea" category only contained subcategories for North and South Korea, then it would be a redundant layer of categorization. It would be better not to have this category. When Korea is reunited, this category can be recreated. Dr. Submillimeter 08:25, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Keep Korea is a current entity, albeit a divided one, and its boundaries are clearcut. It has a comprehensive set of categories similar to other countries, and there are many other All-Korea categories. Thus this is a useful and standard navigational tool. It also ties up with the fact the Korean archaeology is all concerned with things that date from before the Korean War. Cloachland 20:27, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Deaths from rectal trauma
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was delete. the wub "?!" 17:27, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* deaths from rectal trauma
* Nominator's rationale:
* Delete: Oh, and is "no room for expansion" a joke on the subject? Sorry... I was compelled to ask. zadignose 13:45, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Comment well, it's stretching a point... Lugnuts 14:54, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 17:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete this thing. I'll call it overcategorization. Doczilla 01:33, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Can't this thing be speedied? Valentinian T / C 19:55, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Only if it's not a pain in the arse... Lugnuts 08:55, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
* Delete as overkill. Carlossuarez46 21:53, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete Joke.SECisek 07:40, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Turkish auto racing drivers
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename. the wub "?!" 17:28, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Turkish auto racing drivers to Category:Turkish racecar drivers
* Nominator's rationale:
* Rename per nom. Piccadilly 17:30, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename for consistency. -Andrew c 19:54, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Television pilots named "Pilot"
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was upmerge. the wub "?!" 17:30, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* television pilots named "pilot"
* Nominator's rationale:
* Delete - This is the categorization of unrelated articles with a shared name, a form of overcategorization. These pilots are otherwise indistinguishable from other pilots. The category should be deleted. Dr. Submillimeter 07:59, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Comment: The category is also being added to LOEs and season pages (which would contain episodes not titled pilot). Matthew 08:12, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Comment: If nothing else, it might be worth keeping a list to link to from the disamibugation page Pilot. Right now that page has the following text:
* There are also countless series whose pilot episodes are titled "Pilot".
* Further disambiguation on a separate list page might be nice. --Roger McCoy 08:25, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Created said page at List of television pilots named "pilot" and linked from Pilot. --Roger McCoy 08:57, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - I could accept that this could work as a disambiguation page. Dr. Submillimeter 11:22, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Upmerge to Category:Television pilots. Otto4711 12:32, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Merge per Otto. We don't need this level of detail. --kingboyk 13:38, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete. What's next, Category:Gilligan's Island Episodes where they almost get off the island, but then Gilligan messes it up?
* Merge per Otto. -- SteinbDJ · talk · contributions 13:57, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Upmerge to Category:Television pilots per Otto. This is overcategorisation: see WP:OCAT. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 17:36, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Upmerge per Otto. Doczilla 23:10, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Upmerge per Otto. Carlossuarez46 21:53, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:People from Lincoln
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename. the wub "?!" 17:33, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:People from Lincoln to Category:People from Lincoln, Lincolnshire
* Nominator's rationale:
* Rename as per nom and per a similar cat: Category:People from Boston, Lincolnshire. Lugnuts 10:50, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename to match the article Lincoln, Lincolnshire Bencherlite 10:53, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per all above. Johnbod 12:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Puglia
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was rename. the wub "?!" 17:35, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Puglia to Category:Apulia
* Nominator's rationale:
* Rename per nom. Johnbod 12:34, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. -- SteinbDJ · talk · contributions 13:58, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Soft redirect may prevent recreation of this category. Pavel Vozenilek 14:03, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. I've put the subcategories up for renaming but it didn't consolidate them - I tried following the cfd page's way to nominate a group, but for renaming because there's an extra field from deletion it seemed to go astray. If someone could fix them, I'd be much obliged. Carlossuarez46 22:19, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. Sub-cats combined as Categories for discussion/Log/2007 June 29. Bencherlite 22:37, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
Category:Comic Book Characters in Film
* The following discussion is an archived debate regarding the category or categories above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the debate was delete. the wub "?!" 17:36, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* comic book characters in film
* Nominator's rationale:
* Delete. We have Category:Films based on comics. This is too broad and would group characters from different genres, different film styles, etc based solely on the fact that they appeared in comic books.-Andrew c 20:06, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. Carlossuarez46 22:19, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the category's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. | WIKI |
technosexual
Etymology
. First attested (as techno-sexual) in the 18 May 1970 edition of New York Magazine. Not attested again until the late 1990s, as technosexual.
Adjective
* 1) Technologically sexual: sexual in a robot-like (for example, programmable) way.
* 2) * 1997, Janet Lungstrum, Metropolis and the Technosexual Woman of German Modernity, in Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture (Katharina von Ankum, editor; Berkley: UC Press), pages 128-144; abstract:
* Women of the time were constructed to be the technosexual Other, robot-like & programmable, as in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis (1927). Other images of women as sex machine in film & literature of the time are described.
* 1) Expressing, or pertaining to the expression of, sexuality through technology or technological media.
* 1) Expressing, or pertaining to the expression of, sexuality through technology or technological media.
* 1) Expressing, or pertaining to the expression of, sexuality through technology or technological media.
Noun
* 1) Someone with a sexual fetish for or sexual attraction to machines, robots, computers or androids.
* 2) A person, especially a male metrosexual, who expresses himself or herself (including in terms of sexuality) through technological devices.
* 3) * 2006, Business Venezuela, issues 275-279 (Venezuelan-American Chamber of Commerce):
* Metrosexuals have opened the door to close kin such as technosexuals (basically, metrosexuals who like gadgets).
* 1) * 2007 May 9, Samantha Brett, Sydney Morning Herald, "Ask Sam TV Ep 10 - What women want next: the technosexual?" :
* But fast forward to today and it seems Mr. Joe has become a full-blown technosexual icon
* 1) * 2006, Business Venezuela, issues 275-279 (Venezuelan-American Chamber of Commerce):
* Metrosexuals have opened the door to close kin such as technosexuals (basically, metrosexuals who like gadgets).
* 1) * 2007 May 9, Samantha Brett, Sydney Morning Herald, "Ask Sam TV Ep 10 - What women want next: the technosexual?" :
* But fast forward to today and it seems Mr. Joe has become a full-blown technosexual icon
Translations
* Spanish: | WIKI |
Unknown
Dataset Information
0
Inferior vena cava filtration in the management of venous thromboembolism: filtering the data.
ABSTRACT: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. This is especially true for hospitalized patients. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the leading preventable cause of in-hospital mortality. The preferred method of both treatment and prophylaxis for VTE is anticoagulation. However, in a subset of patients, anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated or ineffective, and these patients often receive an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. The sole purpose of an IVC filter is prevention of clinically significant PE. IVC filter usage has increased every year, most recently due to the availability of retrievable devices and a relaxation of thresholds for placement. Much of this recent growth has occurred in the trauma patient population given the high potential for VTE and frequent contraindication to anticoagulation. Retrievable filters, which strive to offer the benefits of permanent filters without time-sensitive complications, come with a new set of challenges including methods for filter follow-up and retrieval.
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3577583 | BioStudies | 2012-01-01
REPOSITORIES: biostudies
Similar Datasets
| S-EPMC6556320 | BioStudies
2017-01-01 | S-EPMC5554988 | BioStudies
2011-01-01 | S-EPMC3140247 | BioStudies
2015-01-01 | S-EPMC4603859 | BioStudies
2017-01-01 | S-EPMC5541499 | BioStudies
2015-01-01 | S-EPMC4640910 | BioStudies
| S-EPMC3691870 | BioStudies
| S-EPMC7378756 | BioStudies
| S-EPMC8547359 | BioStudies
| S-EPMC6319537 | BioStudies | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
MSDN Blog Schweiz
Aktuelle Microsoft-News, Anleitungen, Downloads, Tools und Veranstaltungen für Schweizer Entwickler.
Introducing "Velocity"
Introducing "Velocity"
• Comments 2
During the October 2008 PDC conference, the CTP 2 of Microsoft code name project “Velocity” was announced. “Velocity” is targeting CTP3 for MIX ’09 in mid-March, and RTM is schedule for middle of the year. V1 of Velocity will be free available!
But what is “Velocity”?
“Velocity” is a distributed caching product that provides support for developing highly performant, scalable and highly available .NET applications. Velocity can be installed on multiple servers, known as cache servers, which all together form the cache cluster. The server can be a web or an application server.
When a client application is accessing the cache it is not aware that this is a distributed cache; it is accessing it as a unified cache, it doesn’t know how many machine are in the cache cluster; what data resides on which machine; so the applications are not aware that this is a distributed cache.
As a cache, Velocity allows any types of data to be cached. In fact velocity does not make any assumptions on the type of data; you as a developer you have to tell what it has to cache: CRL objects, XML, binary data , … The only requirement is that the object is serializable.
The fact that “Velocity” is an in-memory cache it guarantees high performance requirements of applications. The fact that “Velocity” offers partitioned cache (data is partitioned between different machines within the cache cluster), allows you to scale on increased data by just increasing the number of machines within the cache clusters. This of course increases also the performance. And this is not everything. In fact it is also possible to maintain different copies of data on multiple cache servers, which means that “Velocity” also offers high availability (a feature that can be easily enabled or disabled). If one machine go down, a copy of the data is available on another machine.
When you build your application using “Velocity”, you have to think about everything: with that I mean that if your data is not present in the cache, your application and not the “Velocity” distributed cache, must reload the data into the cache from the original data source. There is no automatics synchronization mechanism between the data source (for instance your DB) and the “Velocity” cache, no automatic notification mechanism between the data source and the caching layer.
Where can I use “Velocity”? Probably one the most interesting use cases for “Velocity” is the ASP.NET scenario. When you are writing an ASP.NET application, scaling your SessionState has always been a big issue (we can just have a single StateServer). Now with the “Velocity” there is a new provider called “SessionStoreProvider” which plug in the ASP.NET session store and therefore allow you to store session-state data into the “Velocity” distributed cache. By just putting a line within the web.config file of your application, your ASP.NET application will start to use the velocity service to cache your session state data.
I do not want to explain concepts like Named cache or Regions. All these and others concepts are well clarified within the official documentation, which can be found at http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd187409.aspx.
If you want to learn more, then the best place to start is probably:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/cc655792.aspx
There are also a couple of PDC sessions available:
TL14 Project "Velocity": A First Look Resources
Resources: PPTX| ZIP
Download: WMV-HQ | WMV | Zune | MP4
TL56 Project "Velocity": Under the Hood
Resources: PPTX| ZIP
Download: WMV-HQ | WMV | Zune | MP4
Page 1 of 1 (2 items)
Leave a Comment
• Please add 3 and 4 and type the answer here:
• Post | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pennsylvania Route 402
Pennsylvania Route 402 (PA 402) is a 29.24 mi north–south state route in the Pennsylvania counties of Monroe and Pike. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 209 Business (US 209 Bus.) in the Smithfield Township village of Marshalls Creek. The northern terminus is at US 6 in Palmyra Township.
PA 402 was designated in 1928 between US 611 north of Delaware Water Gap and US 6 in Palmyra Township. The route at the southern terminus became PA 612 in the 1930s before PA 402 was extended south to US 611 (now PA 611 in Delaware Water Gap in the 1940s, replacing a portion of PA 612. PA 402 was realigned to end at an interchange with Interstate 80 (I-80) and US 611 in Delaware Water Gap by 1961. The southern terminus was cut back to US 209 in Marshalls Creek in the summer of 1962, with most of the former route south of there becoming a realigned US 209.
In 1991, a proposal to realign PA 402 and US 209 around the village of Marshalls Creek was proposed. Originally, PA 402 ended at a junction with US 209 and US 209 Business in Marshalls Creek. Over the years, the junction and the village had become heavily congested and a bypass was the only way to relieve traffic. After numerous delays for environmental issues, PA 402's new alignment had construction begin in 2005. Construction was suspended in 2008 and abandoned as PennDOT wanted a new bypass constructed without a realignment of PA 402. The new bypass was completed in June 2012, when US 209 was realigned away from the southern terminus of PA 402, which ended at US 209 Bus. instead.
Route description
PA 402 begins at a junction with US 209 Bus. (Milford Road or SR 2012) in the village of Marshalls Creek in Smithfield Township. PA 402 proceeds north along Resica Falls Road, leaving the village of Marshalls Creek after crossing the namesake tributary. Soon crossing into Middle Smithfield Township, PA 402 bends northeast, crossing south of White Heron Lake and through the lakeside residential area. At Oak Grove Drive, PA 402 bends northward again, passing a small pond and bypassing Pocono Highlands Lake after turning northeast at Coolbaugh Drive. PA 402 soon reaches the village of Poplar Bridge, reaching the Middle Smithfield Township Park at the north end of the village. Passing the Country Club of the Poconos, the route turns northward through a residential area surrounded by woods. This soon recedes to just woods, soon crossing over the Bush Kill, right next to Resica Falls, which drop less than a 0.25 mi from the roadway. North of the Bush Kill, the route passes Timber Mountain Drive and soon returns to the dense woods before crossing the county line from Monroe County to Pike County. Now in Porter Township, crossing through the dense woods until passing Twelvemile Pond.
The route winds northward through woods in Porter Township for several miles, passing a small parking lot and a junction with Old Bushkill Road. After a bend to the northwest, PA 402 reaches Porters Lake, a large lake marking the center of Porter Township. The route then moves northwest and crosses Pickerel Lake. PA 402 continues northwest through more woodlands, soon reaching the village of Pecks Pond, a residential community on the southwest end of the namesake pond. At the junction with Ness Road, PA 402 turns northeast along the lakeshore, soon passing a junction with a former alignment of itself. The route crosses into Blooming Grove Township, continuing northwest through the rural portions of Pike County.
The route soon bends north, passing through woods east of Lake Scott, soon reaching an interchange with I-84 (exit 30; formerly 8 ). Just north of the interchange, PA 402 intersects with SR 4004, which connects to PA 434 and PA 739 at its eastern terminus. The route winds northward through Blooming Grove Township, passing White Deer Lake Access, soon bending northwest again. The route bends northward, crossing into Palmyra Township, soon reaching a clearing and a junction with US 6. This junction serves as the northern terminus of PA 402, just east of the junction with PA 507.
History
PA 402 was assigned by the Pennsylvania Department of Highways in the 1928 renumbering of state highways in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The route at the time of designation, was assigned from US 611 at the Brodhead Creek north of Delaware Water Gap to US 6 in Palmyra Township, just outside the village of Friendly Acres, crossing US 209 in the village of Marshalls Creek. At this time, the entire length of the route was unpaved. However, the route, not up to state standards, was completely under construction to meet said standards, with the portion between Marshalls Creek and Snowhill Road at Twelvemile Pond being completed in 1931. The following year, 1932, the portion between Twelvemile Pond and US 6 was completed. The section between Delaware Water Gap and Marshalls Creek was completed in the 1930s. By this time, the southern terminus was at PA 612 after that route swapped alignments with US 611. PA 402 was extended south along Paper Mill Road to end at US 611 (now PA 611) in Delaware Water Gap in the 1940s after the PA 612 designation was decommissioned. By 1961, PA 402 was realigned to use River Road between an interchange with I-80 and US 611 in Delaware Water Gap and north of the Brodhead Creek. On June 1, 1962, the southern terminus of PA 402 was cut back to US 209 in Marshalls Creek, with the section between Minisink Hills and Marshalls Creek becoming a realigned US 209 while the former alignment south of there is now unnumbered River Road and Gap View Drive.
Marshalls Creek Bypass
A bypass of the southern terminus of PA 402 was proposed in 1991 to deter traffic off the congested intersection with US 209 and US 209 Bus. in the village of Marshalls Creek. The same year, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) got involved in the feasibility study, and preliminary engineering work was finished in 1995. The project, notorious for delays, first hit a barrier in 1997, when a pair of species of endangered fish (Bridle shiners and Iron-colored shiners) were found in Marshalls Creek. In 2000, after a Final Environmental Impact Statement had been completed, the route was approved by the Federal Highway Administration. In 2004, a delay was created again, when pyrite was found in the area, which led to engineers finding a way to not harm the fish in Marshalls Creek.
By that point, the project had been delayed to opening in 2008, 17 years after the proposal had been developed. Construction began on the new bypass of Marshalls Creek in 2005, with Phase I of the project, which wrapped up in 2007 under the eye of J.D. Eckman Inc., an Atglen-based contractor. The original bypass plan had PA 402 being realigned at the junction with Oak Grove Drive, onto a new alignment that would have crossed over the Marshalls Creek and terminated at an interchange with US 209 at the northern end of the bypass. In 2008, officials at PennDOT thought about a smaller bypass proposal, which would connect US 209 and US 209 Bus. and not cross Pond Creek. At the same time, work was suspended in April for rising costs of the new bypass. Instead of costing $68 million (2008 USD), the cost of the new bypass had inflated to $200 million and the future of the project came into question. This upset local residents, who sold their land for the construction of the 3.5 mi bypass, which was partially constructed for PA 402. Locals, some of whom who had been in the area for decades, started comparing the bypass shutdown as another version of the Tocks Island Dam project from 1956–1992, which led to numerous demonstrations to protect the Delaware River. At this point, PennDOT had to scale down the project and had no intent of the new PA 402 alignment to an interchange being finished, after grading and paving for the new alignment had already been started on the new alignment.
The Marshalls Creek Bypass was redesigned as a new project with a new park and ride at the Pocono Bazaar to the northeast of Marshalls Creek with an extended Oak Grove Drive, which would run around the back of the Bazaar and come to a new intersection with US 209 and a new bypass of the village of Marshalls Creek of US 209 only. Construction on the park and ride began in 2009, marking the beginning of the third and final phase of the project. Construction on the US 209 bypass was slated for Spring 2010, with a 2.5 year span of completion at the cost of $20 million (2009 USD). The bypass opened on June 11, 2012, and PA 402's southern terminus became US 209 Bus. as US 209 was rerouted onto the new bypass.
PA 402 Truck
Pennsylvania Route 402 Truck is a truck route around a weight-restricted bridge over the Shohola Creek on which trucks over 34 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. It follows Silver Lake Road, PA 739. and I-84. The route was signed in 2013. | WIKI |
9
struct A {
int a = 0;
constexpr A() { a = 1; }
};
constexpr bool f() {
constexpr A a;
static_assert(a.a == 1, ""); // L1: OK
return a.a == 1;
}
static_assert(f(), ""); // L2: Error, can not modify A::a in constexpr
If I delete L2, this code compiles. If I add L2, the compiler complained "modification of object of const-qualified type 'const int' is not allowed in a constant expression". I am not a language lawyer, so I am not sure whether this is true. However, if it is, why compiler didn't complain anything about L1, since it also called A() as constexpr? Is this a bug of clang? Or did I miss anything?
Reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constexpr
BTW, if I change "constexpr A a;" to "A a;" (remove constexpr keyword), L1 failed to compile which is expect. However, the compiler didn't complain about L2 anymore.
Online Compiler URL about this: http://goo.gl/AoTzYx
1 Answer 1
4
I believe this is just a case of compilers not having caught up to the changes proposed for C++14. Your constexpr constructor satisfies all the conditions listed in §7.1.5/4 of N3936. Both gcc and clang fail to compile your code, but for different reasons.
clang complains:
note: modification of object of const-qualified type 'const int' is not allowed in a constant expression
which doesn't make much sense, but reminds me of the C++11 restriction that constexpr member functions are implicitly const (this is a constructor, and that doesn't apply, but the error message is reminiscent of that). This restriction was also lifted for C++14.
gcc's error message is:
error: constexpr constructor does not have empty body
Seems pretty clear that gcc still implements the C++11 rules for constexpr constructors.
Moreover, N3597 lists this example:
struct override_raii {
constexpr override_raii(int &a, int v) : a(a), old(a) {
a = v;
}
constexpr ~override_raii() {
a = old;
}
int &a, old;
};
N3597 was superseded by N3652, which contains the wording found in the current draft. Unfortunately, the earlier example disappears, but, again, nothing in the current wording says you cannot assign values to data members within the body of a constexpr constructor.
Update (2017-10-03)
clang fixed this, but there has been no new release yet: https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=19741 (Compiler explorer)
8
• would it help to assign A::a using initializer syntax instead of in the constructor's function body?
– NHDaly
May 14, 2014 at 8:01
• @NHDaly Yes, of course. clang successfully compiles the code in that case. gcc still fails because f() doesn't satisfy the C++11 requirements for constexpr functions. The issue here is the assignment of the data member within the body of the constructor.
– Praetorian
May 14, 2014 at 8:04
• And that's just because gcc hasn't caught up with C++14 yet, yeah?
– NHDaly
May 14, 2014 at 8:06
• @NHDaly It would seem so, at least when it comes to relaxed constexpr
– Praetorian
May 14, 2014 at 8:07
• 1
I don't see how that example applies... It is not assigning a value to a data member in the body of the constructor because a is a reference, no?
– ildjarn
May 22, 2014 at 21:28
Your Answer
By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Global Benchmarking Network
The result was keep, per the trend following Cunard's showing of sources. BD2412 T 00:13, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
Global Benchmarking Network
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Doesn't meet WP:ORG or WP:GNG. Boleyn (talk) 15:19, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 21:03, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
* Delete as per nom. -Hatchens (talk) 12:29, 27 June 2020 (UTC)
Keep per the significant coverage in multiple independent reliable sources. </li> <li></li> </ol>
<ol> <li> The article notes: "The Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) describes itself as 'an alliance of leading benchmarking centres worldwide who share a common vision and mission'. The membership of GBN includes benchmarking centres in 17 countries. GBN was founded in 1994. In 1998, GBN became affiliated with the Benchmarking Exchange Inc., an organization based in the USA, as a 'partner for technology'. The Global Benchmarking Network is an interesting and unusual site. Unlike many sites, it is not comprised primarily of links to reports, services, newsletters, articles, and such. The links available on this site are links to member pages. It is from the standard GBN member pages and member Web sites that visitors can obtain much benchmarking related information. The GBN site actually serves as a gateway to the 17 member centres. The 17 centres are located around the globe – there are centres in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia. The home page of GBN contains some basic information on GBN's vision, mission, affiliates, structure, benefits and services. The GBN home page also houses a list of GBN officers, an invitation to join, and contact information. The most significant feature of the GBN home page is the links to member centres. The GBN 'Member' links provide access to member pages, all of which have a relatively standardized format. Each member page is comprised of a description of the centre's institutional background, a statement of the centre's vision and mission, a general description of services, and beyond that, the centre descriptions tend to reflects the uniqueness of each centre. Even though the content of each member page is different, the uniform formatting employed on each makes it easy for the visitor to quickly inspect each GBN member page, to discover more about each centre. Each member page has contact information prominently displayed at the top, right-hand corner of each page. Addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers and e-mail addresses are included in each centre's contact information. On the left side of each Member page are links, in the form of national flags, to every other standardized GBN member page. GBN did a very good job of organizing the GBN site to facilitate easy access to Member centres and to make it easy to learn about each centre. Perhaps the most useful item found on member pages is the link, or in some cases links, to their unique centre Web sites."</li> <li> The book notes: The Global Benchmarking Network In 1993, discussions were held between the UK Benchmarking Centre, the Strategic Planning Institute (United States), the SIQ (Sweden), the IZB (Germany), and the Benchmarking Club of Italy to evaluate the possibility of a cooperative network. In 1994, after debate and agreement, the Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) was officially established by these founding members as a community of legally independent benchmarking centers, with the objective of achieving a consistent understanding of benchmarking as a management method and promoting its worldwide spread and utilization. Camp, whom some call the "father of benchmarking," came from the Best Practice Institute of the United States and was appointed the first head of the network. Since the GBN's founding, its members have held at least one meeting per year to discuss GBN matters and to exchange and share information on their respective activities. In 1998, the members agreed to annual affiliation fees when they approved a GBN logo and launched a Web site (www.globalbenchmarking.org) to facilitate communication among members and promote marketing. The network has been successful since at least 1996, facilitating the worldwide exchange of benchmarking activities among centers and companies as well as public institutions. GBN affiliates now respond to requests for benchmarking expertise from governments, including those of Germany and the U.K., and government ministries, like the Department of Trade and Commerce of the Slovak Republic, including such actions as the creation of national benchmarking centers. GBN affiliates also support several international organizations, such as the Benchmarking Competitiveness Group of the EU in Brussels and the International Trade Centre (ITC) of the World Trade Organization in Geneva. Current members represent 20 countries: Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Malaysia, Mauritius, Moldavia, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the U.K., and the United States. They serve as focal points and operate benchmarking centers in their countries as well as serve as delegates to the network.</li> <li> The book notes: "Two channels for benchmarking are worthy of particular attention: the Internet and the Global Benchmarking Network (GBN). ... In 1993, discussions between the U.K. Benchmarking Centre, the Strategic Planning Institute (SPI) in the United States, the Swedish Institute for Quality (SIQ) in Sweden, the Informationszentrum Benchmarking (IZB) in Germany, and the Benchmarking Club of Italy came together to evaluate the possibility of a cooperative network. In 1994, the Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) was officially established by these founding members as a community of legally independent benchmarking centers, with the objective to achieve a consistent understanding of benchmarking as a management method and to promote its worldwide spread and utilisation. I view the GBN as an extension of the Benchmarking Council of the Strategic Planning Institute, which preceded the founding of the APQC International Benchmarking Clearinghouse but focused on a few member companies following the model used by The Conference Board for cross-company sharing, thereby reducing its impact on diffusion of the benchmarking methods to a wider audience.14 The GBN currently includes benchmarking centers of 17 nations. Together, they represent more than 25,000 businesses and government agencies. The President of GBN is Dr. Robert C. Camp of The Best Practice Institute in the United States and author of the first book on benchmarking.15"</li> <li> The article notes: "There are several international organizations which have spread the word about benchmarking around the world. For example, the Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) was founded in 1994 and has played an important role in popularizing benchmarking (http://www.globalbenchmarking.org/home/). Benchmarking guru and author Robert Camp has served as the President of GBN (Mann, 2015, p. 133). GBN has Published reports such as the “Global survey on business improvement and benchmarking” (Mann, Abbas, Kohl, Orth, & Gomer, 2010). GBN has also launched different initiatives such as the Global Benchmarking Award1 founded in 2012 (Mann, 2015), as well as the GBN roadshow2, which has a stated purpose to increase understanding of the practice of benchmarking."</li> <li> The book notes: "In 1994, the Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) was established to bring together disparate benchmarking efforts in various nations, including the U.K. Benchmarking Centre, the Swedish Institute for Quality, the Informationszentrum Benchmarking in Germany, and the Benchmarking Club of Italy, along with U.S. benchmarking organizations."</li> <li> The book notes: "The Global Benchmarking Network The Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) is an international body that supports and promotes benchmarking in more than 25 countries. It is a global network of organizations and experts that work together to sponsor and support benchmarking research projects and activities including an annual conference and the Global Benchmarking Award. The GBN was formed in 1994 following discussions between the UK Benchmarking Centre, the Strategic Planning Institute (United States), the Swedish Planning Institute (Sweden), the Informationszentrum Benchmarking (Germany), and the Benchmarking Club Italy. Camp, who pioneered the benchmarking method at Xerox, was appointed the first head of the network and now serves as the honorary lifetime president of the GBN."</li> <li> The book notes: The Global Benchmarking Network (GBN) The GBN is a membership-based organization for those organizations that promote and support benchmarking within their country. Currently it represents over 25 countries. The purpose of the GBN is to promote and support benchmarking worldwide and the international exchange of best practices. Its members consist of the world's leading experts in benchmarking, and its president is Dr Robert Camp, the founder of benchmarking.</li> </ol>
There is sufficient coverage in reliable sources to allow Global Benchmarking Network to pass Notability, which requires "significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject". Cunard (talk) 10:38, 28 June 2020 (UTC)</li></ul> <div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;"> Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ~ Amkgp 💬 17:35, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
* Strong Keep: As per Cunard's excellently detailed comment citing various reliable sources. - Harsh 07:15, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Scottish & Southern Profit Rises on Regulated Network Sales
Scottish & Southern Energy Plc (SSE) , the
U.K.’s second-largest power producer, said full-year adjusted
profit before tax rose 1.6 percent as the company boosted
earnings from its electricity transmission business. Profit before tax for the year ended March 2011 rose to
1.31 billion pounds ($2.1 billion), from 1.29 billion pounds a
year earlier, the Perth, Scotland-based company said in a
statement today. This was in-line with the 1.28 billion pound
median estimate of 17 analysts surveyed by Bloomberg. The
company will pay a full-year dividend of 75 pence a share, up
from 70 pence a year earlier. “This leads to earnings growth of two percent,” Investec
analyst Angelos Anastasiou said in a note to investors today.
“This level of growth is not particularly impressive given the
increased level of investment expenditure.” The utility, which has paid shareholders an above-inflation
dividend payment every year for the last 12, committed to paying
a full-year dividend of at least 2 percent more than inflation
in fiscal year 2012 and 2013. Revenue from new customers and
generation projects due to come online this year and next will
underpin dividend payouts, Chief Executive Ian Marchant said on
a conference call today. “Our entire investment program is designed to give that
continuing momentum to dividend beyond 2013,” Marchant said.
The company is seeking to add as many as 100,000 customers over
the course of the year, the executive added. Capital Spending Scottish & Southern’s capital expenditure totaled 1.4
billion pounds over the year, an increase of 9.8 percent, the
company said. About 784 million pounds was spent on renewable
energy projects, including the utility’s Greater Gabbard and
Walney offshore wind farms. The company will spend 1.7 billion
in fiscal year 2012, Marchant said. Household electricity consumption dropped almost 2.5
percent in the British market during the period, the company
said. Income from the company’s regulated businesses compensated
for lower-than-expected renewable energy generation. Scottish & Southern rose 14 pence, or 1.1 percent, to 1,341
pence in London . The stock has risen 9.5 percent this year,
valuing the company at 12.6 billion pounds. Separately, the utility said it completed the purchase of
the Skykon wind turbine tower manufacturing and assembly plant.
The company also announced the purchase of a 34-turbine wind
farm near its Keadby power station in North Lincolnshire,
England . Once completed, the farm will be able to supply energy
to between 38,000 and 47,000 homes, the company said. Load Factor Down The average load factor of Scottish & Southern’s wind farms
in the U.K. and Ireland was 24 percent, compared with 26 percent
a year earlier, because of “still weather conditions,” the
company said. As of March 31, the utility has more than 1,900
megawatts of onshore wind farm capacity in operation,
construction or with development consent. The company is seeking to develop two large-scale pumped
storage facilities at Loch Lochy and Loch Ness in Scotland . The
Loch Lochy project will have the capability of producing more
than 1,000 gigawatt hours of electricity in an average year,
Scottish & Southern said. A similar output could be achieved
within the same time-frame at Loch Ness, they said. To contact the reporter on this story:
Kari Lundgren in London at
klundgren2@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Will Kennedy at
wkennedy3@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Rep Kelly: Private funding should be a part of infrastructure plan
Investing in rebuilding America's crumbling infrastructure shouldn't just be left to the government alone, Rep. Mike Kelly, R-Pa., told CNBC on Wednesday. In his State of the Union address Tuesday, President Donald Trump called on Congress to advance a $1.5 trillion infrastructure plan. Funding should come from partnering with state and local governments and "where appropriate, tapping into the private sector," Trump said. "The president said very clearly last night — federal funds, state funds and private activity. That's what we're going to have to combine. This is going to be a big lift for all of America," Kelly said in an interview with "Power Lunch. " "It's not a Republican issue. It's not a Democrat issue. It's an American issue. We have got to rebuild our infrastructure," he said. Kelly championed the notion of public-private partnerships last year when he introduced legislation called the Public Buildings Renewal Act. The bill would create a new type of private activity bonds that would allow governments to work with private entities on renovating or constructing public buildings. He says that's an idea that can work when it comes to repairing the nation's roads, bridges, airports and other infrastructure. "When you look at that — private activity bonds — that's something that works in a lot of cases and something that the American people can participate in. There's nothing like it that I've seen to date," Kelly said. However, Trump has doubted the effectiveness of public-private partnerships in conversations with advisors. And on Tuesday, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin acknowledged that certain rural projects would not be an attractive enough investment for the private sector. "There's many, many infrastructure projects that are not going to be privately funded," he said. Kelly said he's had conversations with Trump about private funding in infrastructure. "He wants to make sure that if we're asking people to invest that we're giving them a return on that investment," he said. The White House is expected to release its infrastructure package, which will include $200 billion in government spending, in two weeks. — Kayla Tausche and Kevin Breuninger contributed to this report. Correction: An earlier version incorrectly stated the Public Buildings Renewal Act was for private buildings. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Gwonbeon
Gwonbeon were institutions set up for the training and oversight of kisaeng and other entertainers in the early 20th century. They were the successors of the gyobang, government-supported institutions which had provided such education and oversight in the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. | WIKI |
Beefy Boxes and Bandwidth Generously Provided by pair Networks
Your skill will accomplish
what the force of many cannot
PerlMonks
Mac Space in Path
by Anonymous Monk
on May 22, 2013 at 18:26 UTC ( #1034799=perlquestion: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
Anonymous Monk has asked for the wisdom of the Perl Monks concerning the following question:
I've not been able to solve the problem of space bands in paths on Mac.
chomp (my $metadata_file = <>); $metadata_file =~ s/\s$//; open FILE, "$metadata_file"; $metadata = join '', <FILE>;
It currently produces a "readline() on closed filehandle FILE" if there is a space in the path. I've done a lot of research and the answer is quoting the path. I think I've done that. I'm running perl5.10.0 on MacOS 10.6.8.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Comment on Mac Space in Path
Download Code
Replies are listed 'Best First'.
Re: Mac Space in Path
by hardburn (Abbot) on May 22, 2013 at 18:51 UTC
First off, you should check that the open call returns successfully, e.g.:
open FILE, "$metadata_file" or die "Could not open '$metadata_file': $!\n";
Which in this case, I believe, would tell you that the file does not exist. The trouble is that if there's a space in the path, then that really is a part of the file, so you're asking for a completely different file by removing the space.
Note that chomp would have already removed trailing spaces, so your listed regex is redundant.
I think you can simply pass the filename to open without modifying it to remove spaces. If not, then you need to escape the spaces rather than removing them. For instance, the file name "foo bar.txt" would become "foo\ bar.txt".
"There is no shame in being self-taught, only in not trying to learn in the first place." -- Atrus, Myst: The Book of D'ni.
Re: Mac Space in Path
by vsespb (Chaplain) on May 22, 2013 at 19:36 UTC
1. Don't remove spaces from filename. 2. Use 3-arguments open (see documentation). 2-argument open won't work if there are leading spaces in filename.
Re: Mac Space in Path
by fishmonger (Hermit) on May 22, 2013 at 22:18 UTC
I think we need a little more info/context.
How are you executing the script?
Are you passing the file path as a command line arg, or is it in a file that is passed as an arg or piped to the script?
Did you try dumping out $metadata_file (via Data::Dumper) prior to the open call to see if it held the value you expected?
There's no need to quote $metadata_file in the open call as demonstrated in the following example
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings; use Data::Dumper; my $filepath = 'C:\Program Files\Internet Explorer\ie9props.propdesc'; open my $fh, '<', $filepath or die "can't open '$filepath' $!"; my $file_contents = join '', <$fh>; print $file_contents;
outputs:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!-- The properties in this file cover the following: Microsoft.IE.* --> <schema xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="h +ttp://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2006/propertydescription" schemaV +ersion="1.0"> <propertyDescriptionList publisher="Microsoft" product="Internet E +xplorer"> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.FeedItemLocalId" forma +tID="{E32596B0-1163-4E02-867A-12132DB4BA06}" propID="2"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="false" isColumn="true" maxSiz +e="256"/> <typeInfo type="String" isViewable="false"/> </propertyDescription> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.SelectionCount" format +ID="{1CE0D6BC-536C-4600-B0DD-7E0C66B350D5}" propID="2"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="false" isColumn="true"/> <typeInfo type="UInt32" isViewable="false"/> </propertyDescription> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.TargetUrl" formatID="{ +1CE0D6BC-536C-4600-B0DD-7E0C66B350D5}" propID="3"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="true" isColumn="true" maxSize +="4168"/> <typeInfo type="String" isViewable="false" isQueryable="tr +ue"/> </propertyDescription> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.TargetUrlHostName" for +matID="{1CE0D6BC-536C-4600-B0DD-7E0C66B350D5}" propID="4"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="true" isColumn="true" maxSize +="512"/> <typeInfo type="String" isViewable="false" isQueryable="tr +ue"/> </propertyDescription> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.TargetUrlPath" formatI +D="{1CE0D6BC-536C-4600-B0DD-7E0C66B350D5}" propID="5"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="true" isColumn="true" maxSize +="4168"/> <typeInfo type="String" isViewable="false" isQueryable="tr +ue"/> </propertyDescription> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.Title" formatID="{1CE0 +D6BC-536C-4600-B0DD-7E0C66B350D5}" propID="6"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="true" isColumn="true" maxSize +="4168"/> <typeInfo type="String" isViewable="false" isQueryable="tr +ue"/> </propertyDescription> <propertyDescription name="Microsoft.IE.VisitCount" formatID=" +{1CE0D6BC-536C-4600-B0DD-7E0C66B350D5}" propID="7"> <searchInfo inInvertedIndex="false" isColumn="true"/> <typeInfo type="UInt32" isViewable="false"/> </propertyDescription> </propertyDescriptionList> </schema>
Thank you so much for your responses. I implemented and tested different permutations of the suggestions listed here. I also added a line to print the path $metadata_file, so I could keep track of what the script was opening if it was able to open the file and not die:
print "\n\nPlease drop the metadata file [vendor instructions/isbn13.x +ml]:\n\n\t\t>>>"; chomp (my $metadata_file = <>); print $metadata_file; #$metadata_file =~ s/\s$//; open (FILE, "<", "$metadata_file") or die "Could not open '$metadata_f +ile': $!\n"; $metadata = join '', <FILE>;
First, I commented out the line that deletes the trailing space from the user input. I noticed that the chomp() was not working the same after OSX 10.4, so I had to implement the line (We're a small Mac typehouse and all of our machines have slightly different implementations of perl. The trailing space works on some machines and not on others, but no trailing space works on all.):
$metadata_file =~ s/\s$//;
When I comment it out, you'll see that the trailing space is still there and the space between "vendor" and "instructions" has been escaped:
Please drop the metadata file [vendor instructions/isbn13.xml]: >>>/Users/jefe/Desktop/vendor\ instructions/9781118172773.xml Could not open '/Users/jefe/Desktop/vendor\ instructions/9781118172773 +.xml ': No such file or directory
The script opens the file and reads it in perfectly if I simply delete the space in the path:
Please drop the metadata file [vendor instructions/isbn13.xml]: >>>/Users/jefe/Desktop/vendorinstructions/9781118172773.xml /Users/jefe/Desktop/vendorinstructions/9781118172773.xml
I also tried not using quotes around $metadata_file in the open command and it successfully commented out the space:
Please drop the metadata file [vendor instructions/isbn13.xml]: >>>/Users/jefe/Desktop/vendor\ instructions/9781118172773.xml Could not open '/Users/jefe/Desktop/vendor\ instructions/9781118172773 +.xml': No such file or directory
To answer your question, fishmonger, the metadata_file is simply being inserted at the top of every document the script produces, so I open it, join it, format it and insert it when I need to in the script.
This particular piece of code is my test to get it to work, then I can rewrite the other parts of the script that read and write files with space bands. Previously, I simply admonished all our comps to not use space bands in their paths. Unfortunately, the client's CMS inserts space bands at every level, so I need to figure this out. It seems so simple, but it's not working.
Again, thank you for your help.
Solution:
$metadata_file =~ s/\\//;
Apparently, Mac OSX Perl doesn't want the space band escaped. It likes a bare space in the path.
Again, thank you for your help.
Log In?
Username:
Password:
What's my password?
Create A New User
Node Status?
node history
Node Type: perlquestion [id://1034799]
Approved by Paladin
help
Chatterbox?
and the web crawler heard nothing...
How do I use this? | Other CB clients
Other Users?
Others musing on the Monastery: (8)
As of 2016-02-12 07:46 GMT
Sections?
Information?
Find Nodes?
Leftovers?
Voting Booth?
How many photographs, souvenirs, artworks, trophies or other decorative objects are displayed in your home?
Results (390 votes), past polls | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bozzi
Bozzi is an Italian surname.
Notable people with this surname include:
* Aldo Bozzi (1909–1987), Italian lawyer and politician
* Emilio Bozzi, Italian businessman
* Giovanni Bozzi, Belgian basketball coach
* Giuseppe Maria Bozzi, Italian priest
* Julie Bozzi, American artist
* León Bozzi, Argentinian former sports shooter
* Marie-Jeanne Bozzi, French politician and criminal
* Mike Bozzi, American engineer
* Paolo Bozzi, Italian psychologist | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 112 Part 3.djvu/846
112 STAT. 2676 PUBLIC LAW 105-276—OCT. 21, 1998 "(i) the unit of general local government having jurisdiction with respect to the area in which are located the eligible assets to be sold; or "(ii) a nonprofit organization; "(B) in making a purchase under the program under this subsection— "(i) establishes an asset control area, which shall be an area that consists of part or all of a revitalization area; and "(ii) purchases all interests of the Secretary in all assets of the Secretary that, at any time during the period which shall be set forth in the sale agreement required under paragraph (7)— "(I) are or become eligible assets; and "(II) are located in the asset control area of the purchaser; and "(C) has the capacity to carry out the purchase of eligible assets under the program under this subsection and under the provisions of this paragraph. "(5) AGREEMENTS REQUIRED FOR PURCHASE.— "(A) PREFERRED PURCHASERS.— Under the program under this subsection, the Secretary may sell an eligible asset as provided in paragraph (4) to a preferred purchaser only pursuant to a binding agreement by the preferred purchaser that the eligible asset will be used in conjunction with a home ownership plan that provides as follows: "(i) The plan has as its primary purpose the expansion of home ownership in, and the revitalization of, the asset control area, established pursuant to paragraph (4)(B)(i) by the purchaser, in which the eligible asset is located. "(ii) Under the plan, the preferred purchaser has established, and agreed to meet, specific performance goals for increasing the rate of home ownership for eligible assets in the asset control area that are under the purchaser's control. The plan shall provide that the Secretary may waive or modify such goals or deadlines only upon a determination by the Secretary that a good faith effort has been made in complying with the goals through the homeownership plan and that exceptional neighborhood conditions prevented attainment of the goal. "(iii) Under the plan, the preferred purchaser has established rehabilitation standards that meet or exceed the standards for housing quality established under subparagraph (B)(iii) by the Secretary, and has agreed that each asset property for an eligible asset purchased will be rehabilitated in accordance with such standards. "(B) NON-PREFERRED PURCHASERS.— Under the program under this subsection, the Secretary may sell an eligible asset to a purchaser who is not a preferred purchaser only pursuant to a binding agreement by the purchaser that complies with the following requirements: "(i) The purchaser has agreed to meet specific performance goals established by the Secretary for home ownership of the asset properties for the eligible
� | WIKI |
Orlando shooting raises questions about tourism fallout
The city of Orlando, Florida, has banded together following Saturday night's devastating attack at Pulse nightclub, which left 49 victims dead and dozens more injured. Yet as residents focused on supporting one another during a state of emergency, experts said the crux of the city's economy — the tourism industry — is unlikely to deliver the state a second blow. "The travel industry is always having disruptions," said David Scowsill, president and CEO of the World Travel & Tourism Council. "In general terms, [it] is incredibly resilient." Scowsill said in general, when city centers experience isolated acts of violence not aimed directly at tourists, "things go back to normal very quickly." He pointed to the 2005 London transit bombings as an example. In contrast, the tourism industries in Egypt and Tunisia have recently struggled, as they've both suffered from attacks aimed specifically at travelers, Scowsill said. Paris, where more than 100 people were killed in November, has likewise not been immune to fallout from the recent attacks. Data compiled by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies found that overnight stays among foreign travelers declined 6.3 percent there during the first quarter, as compared with the prior year. Separate data from the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau found the hotel occupancy rate there fell 6.2 points during the first quarter, to 61.7 percent, compared with the first quarter of 2015 (when the attacks against Charlie Hebdo, the French satirical magazine, took place). Yet such drops are often short-lived, Scowsill said. Back in 2002, when a nightclub bombing in Bali killed more than 200 people, the tourism industry initially cratered; but it began to recover roughly a year later. Likewise, a spokesman for the Paris tourism bureau said the organization "could feel there was a slow recovery" in the city during the first quarter. Still, he cautioned April is expected to be weak due to the shift of Easter into March and the city's proximity to Brussels, where three coordinated nail bombs went off in April. Though Scowsill predicts there will be a few weeks of people hesitating before booking a trip to Orlando, he does "not expect a huge amount of cancellations" for already planned trips, he said. That's because law enforcement and the local government quickly and effectively communicated information about the shootings, which were put to a stop when the suspect was killed. Damian McCabe, CEO of McCabe World Travel, said her firm does not have "any comment beyond that we don't anticipate this sad event effecting tourism to Orlando in the long run." A spokesman for Delta Airlines said the company has not had a change to its Orlando flight operations since the shooting. At JetBlue Airways, a spokesman did not say whether the airline has seen any cancellations on flights to Orlando, but said it is providing free seats on available flights to and from the area for immediate family and domestic partners of victims who were killed or injured. A spokesman for Universal Studios, which like CNBC is owned by NBCUniversal, said "the safety of our team members and guests is always our top priority — but we do not discuss the specifics of our security plans and procedures." Walt Disney World said in a statement, "Unfortunately we've all been living in a world of uncertainty, and during this time we have increased our security measures across our properties, adding such visible safeguards as magnetometers, additional canine units, and law enforcement officers on site, as well as less visible systems that employ state-of-the-art security technologies." The Orlando nightclub attack comes just one month after the city's official tourism association said it set a record for inbound travelers last year. According to Visit Orlando, the Central Florida city received 66.1 million visitors last year, representing a 5.5 percent over the prior year. That also made it the most visited U.S. city for tourists last year. These visits contributed to record tourist development tax collections in Orange County — home to the region's tourism district — which last year topped $230 million. The leisure and hospitality industry is the greatest employer for non-agricultural jobs in Orlando, at 20.9 percent, according to the Orlando Economic Development Commission. There are multiple projects underway in the area for new attractions, including the Volcano Bay water park coming to Universal Orlando next year. Margaritaville Holdings, which is working with Encore Capital Management on a 320-acre, $750 million Orlando community that will include a hotel, vacation ownership and vacation homes when it opens in 2017, said in a statement that it does "not anticipate any connection between what happened this weekend and that project." "As a company based in Orlando, our attention right now is on helping our employees, friends, family member and neighbors recover from the tragic events of this past weekend," the statement said. As for the overall state of Florida, tourism spending contributes $89.1 billion to the economy, and accounts for roughly 6 percent of its gross domestic product. The industry employees 1.2 million Floridians. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Introduction to Astrophysics/Khem Veasna
What has this page got anything to do with Astrophysics? --Nearly Headless Nick (discuss • contribs) 21:38, 28 September 2016 (UTC)
* ✅ I've deleted this orphan political page. JackPotte (discuss • contribs) 09:05, 29 September 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
‘Everything You’re Seeing Is Deception’: How Right-Wing Media Talks About Impeachment
The pro-Trump media has wasted no time constructing its own version of events about Ukraine. Mark Levin, the talk radio host who has been one of President Trump’s most ardent defenders, tried to offer his listeners some reassurance this week as they processed the dizzying developments in Washington. “There’s a lot of disinformation and misinformation,” he warned. “I’m here to help us walk through this and defend this nation against a tyranny in our midst.” Rush Limbaugh cast himself in a similar light — part fact checker, part coach rallying the team at halftime. “You’re going to know everything you need to know about this latest faux scandal,” he promised, adding, “Everything you’re seeing is deception.” Even Michael Savage, a conservative host who has been critical of the president at times, joined in circling the wagons. “There is a war going on right now,” he told his audience this week, adding, “They haven’t given up trying to destroy us.” With the president facing an impeachment inquiry, and a whistle-blower report made public Thursday that raised new questions about whether he tried to cover up his efforts to enlist Ukraine’s help in discrediting a political rival, allies of the White House in the pro-Trump media wasted no time constructing their own version of events. Their narrative omits key facts, like Mr. Trump’s entreaty to the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelensky: “I would like you to do us a favor.” It portrays the president’s political opponents and the mainstream media as contemptible and corrupt persecutors, blinded by hatred and their failure to bring him down so far. “Russia, Russia, Russia. Racism, racism. And recession. And now it’s going to be Ukraine,” Jeanine Pirro, a friend and fierce defender of Mr. Trump said on the Fox Business channel. [Sign up for our politics newsletter and join the conversation around the 2020 presidential race.] Their words echo those of the president himself, who once declared, “What you are seeing and what you are reading is not what’s happening,” and beseeched his followers to “stick with us,” and not to believe what “you see from these people, the fake news.” The potential political benefit is significant. Mr. Limbaugh, Mr. Levin and Sean Hannity have a combined weekly radio audience of nearly 42 million listeners. Combined with the programming on Fox News and stories from Trump-friendly outlets like Rasmussen Reports, which publishes a daily tracking poll of the president’s approval ratings that is typically several percentage points higher than other surveys, the conservative media is wrapping Mr. Trump and his supporters in a security blanket of their own facts, data points and story lines about the Ukraine controversy. “It’s victory at the expense of truth,” said Michael Harrison, the publisher of Talkers Magazine, which tracks the talk radio industry. The desire to win the argument and the election, he added, has resulted in media where “you don’t hear debate anymore; it’s just preaching to the choir.” In the world of conservative media, Mr. Trump is a popular, unbeatable figure. In reality, his numbers in the Gallup presidential approval poll have never climbed above 46 percent (he is the first president never to reach 50 percent in their survey, which dates back to Harry Truman). His campaign’s internal numbers have shown him losing badly to former Vice President Joseph R. Biden in key battleground states. Mr. Trump has dismissed the numbers as “fake polls.” A common defense from the right has been to flip the criticism and accuse liberals of fabricating their own reality. Mr. Levin, who has a Sunday evening Fox News show in addition to his daily radio show, said this week that Democrats and the mainstream media had created an “unreality” that was designed to “humiliate the president, to try and dispirit you, and to drag down his poll numbers and defeat him.” The president’s media defenders often characterize the investigations and media coverage not merely as political attacks on Mr. Trump but as a culture war against people who support him. Mr. Savage was one of Mr. Trump’s first talk radio boosters during his 2016 campaign. But he had been publicly doubting the president and criticizing him for failing to keep promises like building a wall on the southern border. The issue of impeachment has helped reignite Mr. Savage’s passions. “It’s not about Trump is it?” he said on his show. “It’s about us. It’s about our love for America. It’s about our love for our own borders, language and culture.” Richard Nixon played to similar “us versus them” grievances during the Watergate investigations and also blamed the media, which he said “hate my guts with a passion.” That approach helped keep a sizable chunk of Americans behind him even when he resigned. Roughly a quarter of Americans said at the time that Nixon’s conduct was not serious enough to warrant resignation, polls showed. Nixon, of course, had nothing like the pro-Trump media to defend him. Talk radio in its current format, with its heavy tilt toward conservative provocateurs, did not develop until the 1990s. In Nixon’s day, cable news was still a few years away and the most popular hosts on the radio talked about subjects like extraterrestrial activity. Mr. Trump’s allies repeatedly invoke the special counsel investigation into his campaign’s dealings with Russia during the 2016 election, which failed to produce the smoking gun-type revelations that many on the left had predicted. The president’s critics, they say, are once again engaging in a smear campaign to declare him guilty before all the evidence is out. As Mr. Savage said on Wednesday, “He is already in the hay wagon on the way to the guillotine because of the fascist vermin in the media.” [On the campaign trail with Mark Sanford, the former South Carolina governor who wants to unseat President Trump.] They also appear to have learned an important lesson about how Mr. Trump and his attorney general, William P. Barr, managed the narrative of the release of the special counsel report: They are moving fast to tell the story on their terms. And that is a story in which Mr. Biden and his son Hunter Biden — not Mr. Trump — have covered up wrongdoing involving their Ukrainian interests. Mr. Hannity, whose radio show each day begins with an announcer declaring that he is “Fighting the Trump-hating liberal media one day at a time,” called the Biden angle “the real story.” Mr. Limbaugh told listeners, “Joe Biden may be the most corrupt politician in Washington bar none.” Then he offered a novel theory of the origins of the Ukraine-Trump investigations. “This effort going on here is actually a twofer,’’ he said. “It is designed by the Democrats to take out both Trump and Biden and clear the way for anybody else, probably Elizabeth Warren.” Mr. Trump has also characterized the investigations as a Democratic conspiracy to weaken his standing, which he said is formidable. “Democrats feel they’re going to lose,” he said on Wednesday, pointing to Rasmussen numbers that had his approval rating at 53 percent, which he insisted was too low. “They say you could add ten to it. A lot of people say you can add more than ten to it,” Mr. Trump said. On Fox Business this week, Ms. Pirro made a similar point. Democrats, she said, were going to “shoot themselves in the foot and he’s going to win in 2020, and that’s the end of that chapter.” Lou Dobbs, another friend of the president’s and Fox host, smiled and agreed. “That’s a pretty good chapter for America if he does indeed. And he will.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Lindsey Vonn Takes Bronze Medal in Her Final Race
ARE, Sweden — Add one more — final — comeback to Lindsey Vonn’s list of career accomplishments. Five days after crashing in super-G — a fall that knocked the wind out of her and left her with a black eye and a bruised rib — and three months after tearing a ligament in her left knee, Vonn won the bronze medal in the world championship downhill Sunday in the final race of her career. “I’m literally tapped out — I can’t cry anymore,” Vonn said. “I want to cry, but it’s dry. It’s not an easy thing to feel your bones hitting together and continue to push through it.” She continued: “Of course I’m sore. Even before the crash, I was sore. So I’m just sore on top of sore. My neck is killing me. But at the end of the day, no one cares if my neck hurts. They only care if I win.” Vonn had been planning on waiting until December to retire, but she moved up her plans because of persistent pain in both of her surgically repaired knees. Then came the super-G crash, when she straddled a gate in midair, flew face first down the mountain and slammed into the safety nets. “She has been business as usual this whole week, saying, ‘I’m racing to win,’” said Karin Kildow, Vonn’s sister. “I was like, ‘Just maybe make it down and maybe stand up.’ But she was like, ‘No, I’m going full out.’ She was definitely in the mind-set to push it, and she really did.” It is a medal that brings Vonn full circle. Her two silvers at the 2007 worlds on the same course in Sweden were the first two major championship medals of her career. “I was weighing in my mind the risk of putting it all out there, crashing and getting injured again, as opposed to finishing where I wanted to,” Vonn said. “It was an internal battle.” As soon as she left the finish area, Vonn embraced the Swedish great Ingemar Stenmark, the only skier to have won more World Cup races than she did, 86 to 82. “I basically begged him to come here, via text, in all caps, many exclamation points,” Vonn said. “He’s an icon and a legend in our sport, and he doesn’t really like the spotlight, but he deserves to have it. I was just so grateful that he was there. Honestly, it’s a perfect ending to my career.” The third skier on the course, Vonn had a big smile on her face when she came down with the fastest run to that point. She waved and bowed to the crowd. Eventually, Ilka Stuhec of Slovenia beat Vonn and took gold, defending her title from the 2017 worlds. Stuhec finished 0.23 of a second ahead of the silver medalist, Corinne Suter of Switzerland, and 0.49 ahead of Vonn. “Not many were counting on her to get the medal in her last race, which makes it even more special,” Stuhec said of Vonn. “She has won everything.” Vonn became the first female skier to win medals at six world championships. This was also her fifth downhill medal at a world meet, matching the record established by Annemarie Moser-Proell and Christel Cranz. “Thank You Lindsey: Forever A Star,” read one sign positioned by the side of the course. Four United States flags were in the grandstand when Vonn came down, and there were quite a few cheers when she started her run wearing a suit with blue-and-yellow trim — Sweden’s colors — to honor Stenmark. “She really deserves this send-off from her great career,” said Eleanor Bodin, a 21-year-old fan from Sweden who was holding up a sign saying “Thank You Lindsey.” “She has been my favorite skier since 2008, when I saw her winning on television,” Bodin said. “I was a little girl sitting on the sofa. I just thought, What a great skier and inspiration.” At 34, Vonn eclipsed her own record from two years ago for oldest woman to win a medal at a world meet. Fog and wind led organizers to shorten the course to the second reserve start, which favored Vonn because it reduced the strain on her knees. Now she can finally let her body heal and can move onto the next phase of her life — possibly acting, having children, starting a business. “I’m looking forward to just chilling out a bit and recovering everything, including my mind,” Vonn said. “It’s been a lot to process. “The nice thing is that, in the real world, I’m actually pretty young. I have felt really old for a long time, because I’m racing with girls that are, like, 15 years younger than me. So now, in the real world, I’m normal. Thirty is the new 20, so I’m super young. I’ve got a lot to look forward to.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Japan Adds $183 Billion to Stabilize Markets After Quake
The Bank of Japan poured a record
15 trillion yen ($183 billion) into the world’s third-biggest
economy today as the strongest earthquake in the nation’s
history triggered a plunge in stocks and surge in credit risk. The yen fell after the central bank added funds to the
financial system, reversing earlier gains against the dollar on
speculation authorities would sell the currency to aid exporters.
Governor Masaaki Shirakawa yesterday said he is ready to unleash
“massive” liquidity to support markets. “This is a big and also appropriate move,” said Stephen Schwartz , chief economist for Asia at Banco Bilbao Vizcaya
Argentaria SA in Hong Kong . “It’s a short-term measure to
ensure stability to prevent this shock from spilling over to the
financial markets.” Japan faces power blackouts, the risk of meltdowns at a
nuclear power station, and a predicted death toll of more than
10,000 after the 8.9-magnitude temblor and subsequent tsunami
devastated northeastern regions. More than 350,000 people are in
emergency shelters. The central bank, meeting from noon in Tokyo,
may respond to the disaster with tools other than policy rates,
already cut to near zero to counter deflation. Besides the 15 trillion yen of emergency funds deployed in
the central bank’s biggest one-day operation, the Bank of Japan
offered to buy 3 trillion yen of government bonds from lenders
in repurchase agreements starting March 16. Today’s policy meeting was brought forward from 1 p.m. Death Toll “We are providing as much funds as needed to dispel
anxiety in financial markets,” said Kazushige Kamiyama, an
official in charge of the central bank’s money market operations.
“We will continue to add ample funds to stabilize financial
markets.” The disaster may have killed 10,000 in Miyagi prefecture
north of Tokyo, said Go Sugawara, a spokesman for the
prefectural police department. The official toll reached 1,597,
with 1,481 more missing and 1,683 injured, the National Police
Agency said. Before the quake, Japan’s economy was showing signs of a
revival, after shrinking an annualized 1.3 percent in the fourth
quarter of last year. The cost of protecting Japanese government bonds with
credit-default swaps surged the most in two years and the Nikkei
225 (NKY) Stock Average fell 6.2 percent as of 1 p.m. local time. Asset Purchases The yen touched 80.62, the strongest since Nov. 9, before
falling to 82.12 per dollar, from 81.84 in New York last week.
It has gained about 1 percent against the greenback since the
March 11 earthquake. Bank of Japan officials may keep the central bank’s asset-
purchase plans unchanged as they gauge the effect of the
disaster. Economists said officials will likely keep longer-term
credit programs at a total of 35 trillion yen. The economic hit from the March 11 quake will depend on how
long it shuts down factories and the distribution of goods and
services, with the potential meltdown at the nuclear power
facility clouding the outlook. For now, the central bank is
likely to ensure lenders have enough cash to settle transactions,
and aim any additional steps at providing credit in the areas of
northeastern Japan devastated by the temblor, analysts said. Spending Package Shirakawa and his board could opt to accelerate asset
purchases, including government bonds and exchange-traded funds,
within the existing credit programs, particularly if the yen
climbs and stocks tumble, said Masaaki Kanno, chief Japan
economist at JPMorgan Chase & Co. in Tokyo, who used to work at
the central bank. Prime Minister Naoto Kan is also preparing a fiscal
response. Economic and Fiscal Policy Minister Kaoru Yosano said
at a press conference the government still has 1.3 trillion yen
in discretionary funds from the budget for the year through
March 31 that can be allocated for quake relief. “This earthquake affected a wide area, and it’s likely
that the economic impact will exceed the 20 trillion yen in
damage sustained during the Kobe earthquake” of 1995, Yosano
said. Finance Minister Yoshihiko Noda said it would take beyond
the end of this month to compile a supplementary budget package.
Opposition leader Sadakazu Tanigaki told reporters in Tokyo
yesterday he proposed to Kan a temporary tax to help fund the
relief effort. The central bank set up a task force after the temblor, and
pledged in a statement March 11 to ensure financial stability
and said it will do everything it can to provide ample liquidity.
The BOJ extended 55 billion yen to lenders over the past two
days to ensure cash was on hand for withdrawals by survivors. Assessing Banks The money went to 13 financial institutions operating
outside regular business hours in disaster-struck areas, the
bank said in a statement yesterday, adding that it was checking
on the scale of damage to lenders. The quake struck hardest in Tohoku, the northern region of
the main island of Honshu that accounts for about 8 percent of
Japan’s gross domestic product. Sony Corp. and Toyota Motor Corp. halted production after
the quake struck 2:46 p.m. local time 130 kilometers (81 miles)
off the coast of Sendai, north of Tokyo. Nissan Motor Co. said
2,300 new vehicles were damaged by tsunami surges. Tokyo
Electric Power Co. is battling to avoid a meltdown at its
Fukushima nuclear plant, and warned it will today begin rolling,
periodic blackouts of Tokyo. Declines in stocks may shake consumer confidence , which
slid to a 10-month low in December as the government started to
unwind economic stimulus measures. The economy had contracted in
the fourth quarter as consumer spending and exports slumped, a
decline economists had said would be temporary as a rebound in
global growth fuels overseas demand. Cost of Recovery “The earthquake has increased the risk the economy won’t
be able to emerge from its lull, which many believed would
happen this quarter” said Takahide Kiuchi , chief economist at
Nomura Securities Co. in Tokyo. He added that the government is
likely to spend about 5 trillion yen for recovery efforts. Policy makers may establish a lending program to help
financial institutions in the Tohoku area, said Hiromichi Shirakawa , chief Japan economist at Credit Suisse in Tokyo and a
former Bank of Japan official. Today’s decision was originally scheduled for tomorrow
following a two-day meeting; the BOJ said it cut short the
gathering to accelerate its response. Shirakawa plans a press
conference after the announcement. ‘New Measures’ “The BOJ is very likely to focus on cautious operations
aimed at preventing any problems in fund transactions between
financial institutions,” Goldman Sachs Group Inc. economists
including Tokyo-based Chiwoong Lee wrote in a research note.
“We also expect it to devise new measures in the context of its
current comprehensive monetary policy to support the rebuilding
of affected areas and buoy the entire Japanese economy based on
continuing assessments of the impact.” In the days following the Kobe earthquake, the BOJ boosted
liquidity injections to the money market and pumped 500 billion
yen in excess funds to restrain the uncollateralized overnight
lending rate, which was around 2 percent. It also lowered its
benchmark official discount rate to a record low as the economy
deteriorated and the yen rose. The currency surged about 21
percent in the three months after the quake. Noda said March 11 that Japan’s growing debt load would not
impede its rescue effort. Standard and Poor’s downgraded Japan’s
credit rating to AA- in January and Moody’s Investors Service
lowered its outlook on the nation’s Aa2 grade to negative from
stable last month. “We are going to do everything we can” Noda told
reporters in Tokyo after the quake. “The fiscal situation can’t
be a constraint to addressing this natural disaster.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Lily Nonomiya in Tokyo at
lnonomiya@bloomberg.net ;
Mayumi Otsuma in Tokyo at
motsuma@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Paul Panckhurst at
ppanckhurst@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Malcolm X is one of the most important and controversial figures in black history. Defender of the rights of African Americans and very critical of the white powers of the United States, he promoted the contact of blacks with their African roots.
His life is fascinating, and although not everyone likes him, his political project for the black race was the spark for the creation of black nationalism. Let’s take a closer look at his life through it Malcolm X biography in summary format.
Biography of Malcolm X
Malcolm X’s life is very intense, as is his work as an advocate for the rights of African Americans and a defender of the Islamic faith.
Malcolm X’s birth name was Malcolm Little and he was born in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, May 19, 1925. He was the son of a Protestant pastor and a mulatto woman, born as a result of a white man’s rape of a black woman. Malcolm X’s childhood was difficult. He had to live with the constant relocations of his family, which was constantly attacked by racist groups.
As a child, he lived through the murder of his father, an ardent defender of workers’ rights. After this misfortune, Malcolm’s mother was admitted to a mental hospital, due to the loss of custody of her children after the death of her husband.
After these events, who was still called Malcolm Little he went from house to house with foster families, living in the difficult conditions with which blacks were treated, Those who did not have the support of their families.
He moved to New York City, where he started out as a street criminal. He was involved in obscure activities, such as drug trafficking, theft and prostitution. He would later be involved in the affairs of the Boston and New York underworld. However, in 1945 he was eventually arrested and sentenced to between eight and ten years in prison.
Entry into the Nation of Islam
While in prison, he quit drugs and began studying by correspondence. It was during the seven years of incarceration that he made contact with an organization, influenced by other inmates, which would be fundamental for the rest of his life and for the formation of his thought: the Nation of the Islam.
This organization was a Muslim religious movement led by Elijah Muhammad in which the idea was postulated that Allah’s favorite race was black and that whites were the personification of the devil, a race doomed to imminent extinction.
In 1952, after leaving prison, Malcolm visited the leader of the Nation of Islam in Chicago, Illinois. It was during this visit that Malcolm Little would sacrifice his last name for a simple X, a meaningful act. The X symbolized the African surname lost to blacks when a white master enslaved one of his ancestors.
Malcolm X’s influence within the organization was not long in coming. In 1953 he was appointed deputy minister of the Number One Temple of the Nation of Islam in Detroit and, at the end of the same year, himself founded Temple Eleven in Boston.
The following year he founded number twelve in Philadelphia and was chosen to lead temple number seven in Harlem. He is also believed to be the founder of the Muhammad Speaks (Muhammad Speaks) newspaper.
The organization was opposed to many ideas championed by the civil rights movement. He advocated the idea that blacks and whites should be kept separate. In fact, they championed the idea of creating a new country, made up exclusively of black people from the southern United States, as a temporary measure for blacks to return to Africa.
Malcolm X, already Minister of the Nation of Islam, argued that the black race was the original of mankind, and that the true religion of black mankind was Islam, while Christianity was the religion of Islam. He argued that Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the organization, was the personification of Allah and that Elijah Muhammad was his messenger.
But this not only raised controversy over his opinion and his entry into a black supremacist organization. the fbi opened an investigation into Malcolm X in 1953 for declaring himself a CommunistSomething very controversial in the midst of the Cold War.
Meeting with Fidel Castro and other world leaders
If the FBI already had its suspicions about Malcolm X’s communist activities, Fidel Castro’s visit to New York in 1960 was a clear indicator of his sympathies against American capitalism. Fidel Castro had set foot on American soil with the intention of meeting at the United Nations General Assembly. Due to Malcolm X’s impressive statements being an active member of the Nation of Islam, Fidel Castro wished to meet him in private.
Also, in the same General Assembly, Malcolm X he was invited to visit events organized by newly independent African nations, Including Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt, Ahmed Sékou Touré from Guinea and Kenneth Kaunda from the African National Congress in Zambia.
Abandonment of the Nation of Islam
Given Malcolm X’s controversial views, the media portrayed him as an apostle of violenceIn addition to emphasizing his message of rejection of the white man and showing him as a supremacist but African American.
On December 1, 1963, he was asked about his opinion on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, implying that he was happy about the event. Also, when asked about the murder of Patrice Lumumba and Medgar Evers, black rights activists, and the bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, he came to say the same as with President Kennedy.
These comments angered society, both white and black. Even the Nation of Islam sent a message of condolence to the Kennedy family and ordered its ministers not to comment on the assassination. The Nation of Islam has publicly condemned Malcolm X. and, although he retained his position, he was prohibited from speaking in public for 90 days.
But the rivalry within the organization between Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X led the former to organize more effective means to silence him. An assassination plan began to be orchestrated. Suspecting this, Malcolm X decided in 1964 to officially break with the organization, claiming that the Nation of Islam had become too rigid with its religious doctrine.
In those times, he opted for an even more active political struggle, denouncing that neither the nation’s individual reform actions nor Martin Luther King’s campaign for civil rights would lead to the liberation of blacks. Violence was necessary. That was when to found the Muslim mosque movement (Muslim Mosque, Inc.) within American society.
Contact with Sunnism
Malcolm X wanted to conform to the religious precept of the pilgrimage to Mecca, taking the opportunity to visit seven Muslim countries. It was during this trip that he changed his racial stance, realizing that pairing all races was possible..
So he stopped preaching separatism and segregation and took a stance more favorable to black nationalism, as opposed to the white nationalism upon which the United States of America relied.
His visit to several Muslim countries allowed him to have contact with the Sunnis, Those who encouraged him to learn in depth what he thought was Islam.
Despite his friendliest view of the relationship between the races, he continued to champion the idea that African Americans have every right to defend themselves proportionately from aggressors, with all necessary violence. He continued to reject the pacifist message of non-violence campaign for civil rights.
His popularity remained remarkable and he continued to give several lectures on many college campuses, highlighting the opportunity he had to be able to speak to students and make them understand their struggle. He also interviewed with political parties, such as the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), the largest Trotskyist party in the United States. Units
threats and murder
From the top of the Nation of Islam, there were already plans to end Malcolm X’s life even after his departure from the organization. He was also the victim of anonymous threats, calling him and his wife saying he deserved to be dead.
In June 1964 Nation of Islam sued him for claiming Malcolm X’s Queens house. The organization was successful and Malcolm X was ordered to leave the house.
On February 14, 1965, the day before the decision to hold a hearing to postpone the eviction date, the same house was set on fire. Malcolm X and his family miraculously survived, and despite the event, no one could be charged.
But it won’t be long before the final tragedy happens. On February 21 of that year, while at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, Malcolm X began speaking at a meeting of the Organization of African American Unity. As he spoke, someone shouted “Black, get your hands out of my pocket!” Causing a commotion. Malcolm X’s bodyguards came to find out what was going on, while another man shot him in the chest with a clipped shotgun.
Nothing could be done for his life, officially declaring him dead at Columbia University Medical Center.
The Legacy of Malcolm X
Malcolm X he has been described as one of the greatest African-American influencers in history, To be at the height of Martin Luther King or Richard Wright. He is credited with raising the self-esteem of African Americans and reconnecting them with their pre-slavery African roots. It is also thanks to Malcolm X that Islam had a greater impact in the United States.
Many black people saw in the figure of Malcolm X the real struggle for their rights, which they saw as the civil rights movement was too soft and seemed to lead them to none.
He is also credited with successfully changing the image of beauty, which until then had been monopolized in America by whites. So at the end of the 60s, and thanks to the inspiration of Malcolm X, the slogan “black is beautiful”.
Several decades later, in the late ’80s and early’ 90s, thanks to hip-hop icons like Public Enemy, the figure of Malcolm X resurfaced among black youth, in addition to being marketed to his name. as merchandising material. In 1992, the film Malcolm X, a film adaptation of the activist’s autobiography, starring Denzel Washington and directed by Spike Lee, was released in theaters.
- The Autobiography of Malcolm X. With the help of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965.
- Breitman, G. (1965). Malcolm X speaks: selected speeches and statements. New York: Merit Editors. | FINEWEB-EDU |
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Robert M. MARDIROSIAN, Defendant, Appellant.
No. 09-1144.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Heard Oct. 8, 2009.
Decided April 14, 2010.
Jeanne M. Kempthorne for appellant.
Jonathan F. Mitchell, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Michael K. Loucks, Acting United States Attorney and Ryan M. DiSantis, Assistant United States Attorney, were on brief, for appellee.
Before LYNCH, Chief Judge, TORRUELLA and HOWARD, Circuit Judges.
HOWARD, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-Appellant Robert M. Mardirosian was convicted by a jury of one count of possessing, concealing or storing six stolen paintings, including a rare Cézanne valued at $29 million, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2315. On appeal, Mardirosian argues that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that he possessed stolen property during the applicable five-year statute of limitations period, because the owner had given him legal title to the paintings in a 1999 agreement. Even if the agreement was invalid, Mardirosian contends, he subjectively believed that he held title to the paintings after 1999 and thus the government could not prove he knowingly possessed stolen property, as required by § 2315. Mardirosian further claims that the district court erred in instructing the jury that this agreement did not provide him with a viable mens rea defense to the charge. He also appeals his sentence, alleging errors in the application of the Sentencing Guidelines. Finding no error, we affirm.
I. Facts
For purposes of the sufficiency challenge, we recite the facts in the light most favorable to the verdict. United States v. Marin, 523 F.3d 24, 27 (1st Cir.2008). Just after Memorial Day weekend in 1978, Michael and Doris Bakwin discovered that seven valuable paintings had been stolen from their Stockbridge, Massachusetts home — including two portraits by Chaim Soutine and a still-life by Paul Cézanne. Michael Bakwin advertised a $25,000 reward in regional newspapers for the return of the paintings, and state and federal authorities launched an investigation. The focus soon narrowed to a small group of suspects, including David Colvin of Pitts-field, Massachusetts.
During the investigation, Mardirosian, a criminal defense attorney, was representing Colvin in an unrelated firearms case. Although Mardirosian did not testify at his own trial, he had presented his version of how he came into possession of the paintings in a 2006 interview with a Boston radio station. The jury heard a tape of the interview, in which Mardirosian claimed that, on the day before a hearing in Colvin’s firearms case, Colvin appeared at Mardirosian’s office for a meeting carrying a bag containing the seven paintings stolen from the Bakwin home. According to Mardirosian, Colvin said he planned to sell the paintings, but Mardirosian convinced him not to do so. At the end of the meeting, Colvin asked Mardirosian to help him find a place to spend the night. Mardirosian directed Colvin to the loft of an office building that Mardirosian owned.
The following day, Colvin pleaded guilty to the firearms charge and was sentenced to one year of probation. In February 1979, he was shot and killed. The investigation into the art theft stalled.
Some months after Colvin’s death, while cleaning out the loft where Colvin had stayed, Mardirosian happened upon the bag of paintings. He chose not to contact Bakwin or law enforcement, but rather began investigating how to profit from his discovery. Mardirosian first researched whether he might obtain insurance proceeds for the return of the paintings, but rejected the idea because the most valuable painting, the Cézanne, was not insured. It is unclear what Mardirosian did next with the paintings, but in 1988 he had the paintings shipped out of the United States and, at some point thereafter, stored them in the vault of a major Swiss bank.
It was only in 1999, through Mardirosian’s botched attempt to sell the Cézanne in London through a third-party representative, that authorities picked up the trail of the missing paintings. Tony West-brook, a British citizen acting on Mardirosian’s behalf as the anonymous holder, had contacted Lloyd’s of London to try to insure the shipment of the Cézanne from Russia to London in preparation for sale. The inquiry prompted Lloyd’s to alert the Art Loss Register (ALR), a London-based organization that maintains a database of stolen artwork and verifies the provenance of art for private collectors and major auction houses. The ALR confirmed that the Cézanne was the same painting stolen from Bakwin’s home in 1978. It notified British authorities and the FBI, and then signed an agreement with Bakwin whereby the ALR would attempt to recover all seven stolen paintings in exchange for a commission.
The ALR approached Westbrook to see if it could determine the identity of the mysterious seller and arrange for the paintings’ return. Westbrook, who claimed to receive his marching orders by telephone from an anonymous caller, said he knew only that the holder of the paintings had an American accent and insisted on anonymity.
In March 1999, Mardirosian, through Westbrook, demanded $15 million for the return of the paintings. Bakwin refused. Mardirosian renewed his demand for payment in August 1999 through a new agent, Swiss lawyer Bernard Vischer. Vischer informed the founder and chairman of the ALR, Julian Radeliffe, that the holder of the paintings was looking for a payment in the “millions of dollars.” Vischer threatened that “his client would take the pictures away and hang them on his wall if we didn’t do a deal.” Bakwin again refused.
By this time, Bakwin was losing faith that he would be able to recover his paintings through negotiations. He reluctantly agreed to convey six of the paintings, together worth about $1 million, to the anonymous holder in exchange for the return of the Cézanne. As part of the agreement, the ALR insisted that the paintings’ anonymous holder complete an affidavit confirming that he was not involved in the original theft. The parties agreed that the affidavit would be held in escrow by Herbert Smith, a London-based law firm, and that it would be opened only if required by court order.
On October 25, 1999, Vischer and Radeliffe met in Geneva to execute the agreement (hereinafter the “1999 Agreement”), accompanied by attorneys and experts from Sotheby’s who could verify the painting’s authenticity. Vischer spoke with someone on his cell phone, and then announced that he would retrieve the Cézanne and bring it to the boardroom. Once outside, Vischer walked to a nearby corner. The car sped away. Vischer returned to the boardroom and handed the trash bag to the experts from Sotheby’s, who carefully opened it to reveal the stolen Cézanne.
The Cézanne’s authenticity confirmed, Radeliffe signed the agreement on behalf of the Art Loss Register. Vischer signed on behalf of the “Erie International Trading Company,” a Panamanian Corporation formed to hold title to the six paintings for Mardirosian as the anonymous holder. On November 16, 1999, Radcliffe provided Vischer with a bill of sale that purported to deed title to the paintings and told Vischer that the ALR’s records would reflect that title to the six stolen paintings had passed to the holder by settlement.
Bakwin sold the Cézanne in December 1999 for $29.3 million. Discussions regarding the remaining six paintings continued. In early 2000, Vischer told Radcliffe that the anonymous holder would be willing to sell the paintings to Bakwin for $1 million. Bakwin refused. Vischer dropped the demand to $500,000. Bakwin remained adamant that he would not pay any cash to the anonymous holder. Talks between the parties broke off.
Three years later, Mardirosian again sought to sell the six paintings, this time to a private buyer. In December 2003, he approached Paul Palandjian, a Boston-based real estate developer and family Mend. Mardirosian told Palandjian that the paintings had been stolen, but that he had received title as part of a valid contract. Palandjian later agreed to represent Mardirosian as the anonymous holder for the purpose of selling the paintings.
Palandjian contacted Sotheby’s to gauge the auction house’s interest in the paintings. Sotheby’s knew of the paintings’ history and was intrigued, but it wanted to view them and verify title before it agreed to include them in its next Impressionist art auction. Palandjian and Mardirosian began making arrangements to meet Sotheby’s demands. Palandjian flew to Geneva, where Mardirosian had arranged for a friend to deliver the paintings to Palandjian’s hotel room. Palandjian then took the paintings to a Sotheby’s representative at the Geneva offices of Bank Sara-sin for inspection.
Sotheby’s ultimately made an offer to sell four of the six paintings. In January 2005, it contacted the ALR to check the status of the paintings’ title. Radcliffe immediately saw an opportunity to seize the paintings when they arrived in London for auction. If he told Sotheby’s the paintings were stolen, however, he worried that word could get back to the seller, who then would not ship them. Radcliffe thus told Sotheby’s that the titles of the paintings were cleared for sale.
Relying on the ALR’s assurances, Palandjian authorized Sotheby’s to ship the paintings from Geneva to London in April 2005. In May 2005, with the paintings safely on British soil, Bakwin sued Sotheby’s to enjoin their sale. The British court ordered Sotheby’s to return the paintings to Bakwin, and it directed the parties to open the envelope held in escrow at Herbert Smith. In January 2006, the 1999 affidavit was unsealed, identifying Mardirosian as the anonymous holder.
On March 8, 2007, a grand jury indicted Mardirosian on two counts. Count One alleged that from 1978 to 2005, Mardirosian possessed stolen property that had crossed a United States boundary in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2315 and 2. Count Two charged Mardirosian with causing four of the paintings to be transported in foreign commerce from Geneva, Switzerland to London, England in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2314 and 2. On August 18, 2008, the sixth day of trial, the jury convicted Mardirosian on Count One. The district court subsequently sentenced Mardirosian to seven years’ imprisonment and three years of supervised release; it also ordered him to pay a $100,000 fine and to return the stolen paintings.
II. Discussion
A. Sufficiency of the evidence
To support a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 2315, the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) the property was stolen; (2) after the property was stolen, it crossed a United States boundary; (3) the defendant possessed, concealed, or stored the property; (4) the defendant knew the property was stolen; and (5) the property was worth $5,000 or more. United States v. Tashjian, 660 F.2d 829, 839 (1st Cir.1981).
We review insufficiency claims de novo, “eschewing credibility judgments and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict, to ascertain if a rational jury could have found that the government proved each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1173 (1st Cir.1993).
Mardirosian does not dispute that he possessed the stolen paintings in violation of the statute from 1978 to 1999. The crux of his argument is not that his actions were entirely innocent, but rather that the 1999 Agreement ended his ongoing possession offense, triggering the five-year statute of limitations under 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a). The effect of the 1999 Agreement was twofold, he avers. First, in light of this agreement, the government could not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the paintings remained “stolen” after March 8, 2002, the five-year statute of limitations period leading up to the indictment. Second, Mardirosian contends that the government failed to prove that he knew that the paintings were stolen, because Mardirosian believed that the 1999 Agreement gave him title. We consider these arguments in turn.
1. The “stolen” character of the paintings
Mardirosian urges us to consider the circumstances surrounding the 1999 Agreement’s formation in determining its validity. If we determine that duress did not play a role in the transaction, he argues, we should hold that the Agreement was a valid contract that ended his unlawful possession. We need not undertake this analysis, however, because we agree with the district court that the 1999 Agreement was void ab initio as a contract for an illegal purpose.
It is well-established that contracts for illegal purposes are void as a matter of public policy. See, e.g., Kaiser Steel Corp. v. Mullins, 455 U.S. 72, 77, 102 S.Ct. 851, 70 L.Ed.2d 833 (1982) (“There is no statutory code of federal contract law, but our cases leave no doubt that illegal promises will not be enforced in cases controlled by the federal law.”); Kiely v. Raytheon Co., 105 F.3d 734, 737 (1st Cir.1997) (“[C]ourts will not lend their aid to relieve parties from the results of their own illegal adventures.”). State common law is the same. When a contract is void ab initio, the contract “may not be enforced,” and the court will treat the contract “as if it had never been made.” Mass. Wholesale Elec. Co. v. Town of Danvers, 411 Mass. 39, 577 N.E.2d 283, 292-93 (1991).
The 1999 Agreement was illegal in that Mardirosian conditioned the return of the stolen Cézanne on Bakwin’s relinquishment of title to the six remaining paintings. We tread no new ground in declaring that the act of demanding a fee for the return of stolen property is unlawful. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Valleca, 358 Mass. 242, 263 N.E.2d 468 (1970) (defendant convicted of receiving stolen property where he demanded a fee in exchange for property’s return); Slaughter v. State, 113 Ga. 284, 38 S.E. 854, 855 (1901) (finder of property would be guilty of larceny if he concealed the property for the purpose of returning it once a reward had been offered); Dunn v. State, 34 Tex.Crim. 257, 30 S.W. 227 (1895) (taking of property with intent to conceal it until a reward is offered is larceny); Berry v. State, 31 Ohio St. 219 (1877) (same); Commonwealth v. Mason, 105 Mass. 163 (1870) (defendant who kept neighbor’s horse until a reward was offered was guilty of larceny).
Mardirosian warns that holding such bald demands for payment to be void ab initio would curtail the ability of rightful owners to freely transfer their property and would cause subsequent owners of once-stolen goods to violate 18 U.S.C. § 2315 simply by taking possession of the property. Neither observation is accurate, and in any event the facts of this case do not even arguably suggest that the paintings did not remain stolen during the post-Agreement period. The paintings were not returned or proffered to the victim upon acquisition by the possessor, even, for example, in response to an offered reward; indeed the reward had been long since retracted. The painting was returned only on a demand for payment as outlined in the Agreement.
2. Mardirosian’s knowledge that the paintings were stolen
Mardirosian also argues that even if the 1999 Agreement was void, he subjectively believed it gave him title to the six paintings. Thus, he contends, the government could not prove that he possessed the requisite knowledge that the property was stolen to be convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 2315. This argument requires us to consider the boundaries of the mistake-of-fact doctrine.
It is a basic principle of criminal law that “ignorance or mistake of fact may provide a defense to a crime if it negates the requisite element of intent....” United States v. Fuentes-Moreno, 895 F.2d 24, 27 (1st Cir.1990). In the classic example, a man who takes another’s umbrella home from a restaurant under the mistaken impression that the umbrella is his is not guilty of larceny because he does not intend to steal another’s property, and thus does not have the requisite state of mind to be guilty of the crime. Wayne R. La-Fave, Criminal Law § 5.1 (3d ed.2000).
Mardirosian asserts that his mistaken belief that the paintings were his, if true, would create a legitimate mistake of fact that would absolve him of the crime. He relies on United States v. Schultz, 333 F.3d 393 (2d Cir.2003). In Schultz, a defendant charged with smuggling Egyptian artifacts into the United States claimed that he did not know that the objects were “stolen” under Egyptian patrimony law. The Second Circuit affirmed a jury instruction that the defendant’s knowledge of Egyptian law might bear on his knowledge that the artifacts were stolen. Id. at 410 n. 11, 411.
Mardirosian overlooks a crucial and dis-positive distinction between Schultz and this case, however. In Schultz — as in other mistake-of-fact cases — the defendant argued that his conduct was at all times innocent and that he never possessed the requisite mens rea to be guilty of the charged crime. Id. at 410; see also U.S. v. Smith-Baltiher, 424 F.3d 913 (9th Cir.2005) (defendant charged with attempted illegal reentry into the United States was entitled to present defense that he mistakenly believed he was a United States citizen at the time of his attempted entry); People v. Mainaaupo, 117 Hawaii 235, 178 P.3d 1 (2008) (defendant prosecuted for unauthorized control of a motor vehicle could assert that he mistakenly believed that the person who authorized his operation of the vehicle was the vehicle’s owner); General v. State, 367 Md. 475, 789 A.2d 102 (2002) (defendant charged with failing to remain at the scene of an accident resulting in injury or death was entitled to introduce defense that he believed he had struck a white bag and not a person); Reese v. State, 106 N.M. 498, 745 P.2d 1146 (1987) (defendant not guilty of assaulting a police officer if he believed the victim was an ordinary citizen because the offense required knowledge that the victim was a police officer). Indeed, the underlying purpose for the mistake-of-fact doctrine is to protect from prosecution actors who are not morally culpable. See Barlow v. United States, 32 U.S. 404, 411, 7 Pet. 404, 8 L.Ed. 728 (1833) (likening mistakes of fact to accidents “consistent with entire innocence of intention”). Mardirosian cannot and does not claim that he acted innocently. He concedes that his conduct satisfied all elements of the crime with which he is charged, but beseeches us to find that his subsequent mistake of fact ended his crime and placed him beyond the law’s reach.
We know of no case — certainly none has been cited by the parties — that has recognized a mistake-of-fact defense once all elements of the crime have been met. Although we are hesitant to announce categorically that we would never extend the doctrine, the facts of this case illustrate why we would be reluctant to do so, and why we will not do so here. Were we to recognize subsequent mistakes of fact, sophisticated criminals would have the incentive to generate reasons to believe that their conduct is no longer wrongful. Like Mardirosian, some might seek to “contract” with their victims and could use more violent means of persuasion. We could not countenance such a result.
The possession and concealment of stolen property is a continuous crime. U.S. v. Frezzo, 659 F.Supp. 54, 57-58 (E.D.Pa.1987)(interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 2315). We agree with the district court that the jury’s finding that Mardirosian knew the paintings were stolen at some point after taking possession of them was sufficient to satisfy 18 U.S.C. § 2315’s mens rea requirement.
B. Jury Instructions
Mardirosian also challenges the jury instructions provided at trial for the same reasons underpinning his sufficiency claims. The trial judge instructed the jury that if the government proved all five elements of 18 U.S.C. § 2315 were satisfied, and “that any possession of stolen paintings by Mr. Mardirosian was not for the purpose of exchanging them for a reward that had been offered or that he actually believed had been offered,” the 1999 Agreement did not provide Mardirosian with a valid defense. Mardirosian claims that the instructions improperly stated the law, in that they prevented the jury from considering whether the 1999 Agreement altered the character of the stolen property or vitiated Mardirosian’s mens rea. We review de novo claims that an instruction embodied an error of law. United States v. Nascimento, 491 F.3d 25, 33-34 (1st Cir.2007).
We make short work of Mardirosian’s claim. The jury instructions were consistent with our holding above that the 1999 Agreement had no bearing on the “stolen” character of the paintings or on whether Mardirosian possessed the requisite mens rea to be convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 2315. These instructions provided a clear, accurate description of the substantive law.
C. Words used to describe the 1999 Agreement
As a final attack on his conviction, Mardirosian challenges the district court’s decision to allow Bakwin and the government to use certain words to characterize Mardirosian’s actions in connection with the 1999 Agreement.
Specifically, Mardirosian objects to Bakwin’s description of the 1999 Agreement at trial as “extortion” and “something like kidnaping.” Bakwin testified that his initial response to the proposed 1999 Agreement was to tell Radcliffe that it was “extortion, but if we can get the painting back that way, I can’t believe that we could not also get the other six paintings.” Later, when asked why he entered into the agreement, Bakwin stated, “Well, first of all, I wanted desperately to get the paintings back, and second of all, I felt that this was just extortion, and he had no right to the six other paintings.... I felt it was something like kidnaping.”
Mardirosian also objects to the government’s repeated use of the word “ransom” to describe the terms of the 1999 Agreement during its opening and closing statements.
1. Bakwin’s testimony
Mardirosian argues on appeal that Bakwin’s characterization of the 1999 Agreement had no probative value in proving the criminal offense charged, in light of the district court judge’s ruling that the role of duress in the execution of the agreement had no bearing on Mardirosian’s criminal trial. Because its prejudicial impact outweighed its probative value, he contends, the testimony should have been excluded under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Mardirosian did not object to Bakwin’s testimony on relevance grounds at trial. He objected to Bakwin’s statement to Radcliffe as hearsay and raised only general objections to the remainder of the disputed testimony. These objections were insufficient to preserve Mardirosian’s challenge to the evidence’s probative value on appeal. See United States v. Carrillo-Figueroa, 34 F.3d 33, 39 (1st Cir.1994) (“Unless the basis for objection is apparent from the context, the grounds for objection must be specific so that the trial court may have an opportunity to address the claim later sought to be presented on appeal.”); see also, United States v. Mercado, 412 F.3d 243, 247 (1st Cir.2005) (“It is well established that an objection on one ground does not preserve appellate review of a different ground.”).
Our review is therefore only for plain error. To prevail under this standard, Mardirosian must show that “(1) an error occurred, (2) the error was clear or obvious, (3) the error affected his substantial rights, and (4) the error also seriously impaired the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Medina-Martinez, 396 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir.2005).
We note that Bakwin’s testimony was in fact highly relevant to the prosecution’s case. A central theme of Mardirosian’s defense at trial was that the 1999 Agreement was a valid agreement between sophisticated business people and represented Mardirosian’s good faith effort to return the stolen paintings to Bakwin. Bakwin’s testimony undermined these arguments by suggesting that Bakwin did not enter into the agreement willingly. The testimony was also important to the government’s case in that it provided proof that Mardirosian did not seek through the 1999 Agreement to return the paintings for a reward that he actually believed had been posted. As we find no error occurred, Mardirosian’s claim fails.
2. The government’s use of the word “ransom”
Mardirosian claims that the government’s use of the word “ransom” to describe the negotiations surrounding the 1999 Agreement was unfair and prejudicial. We review the propriety of the government’s opening and closing statements de novo. See United States v. Carpenter 494 F.3d 13, 22 (2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1230, 128 S.Ct. 1443, 170 L.Ed.2d 275 (2008). That said, we give much deference to the trial judge’s determinations regarding the “accuracy in description, threat of unfair prejudice, frequency of use, and alternative means of description.” United States v. Felton, 417 F.3d 97, 103 (1st Cir.2005).
We think the term “ransom,” while highly provocative, accurately describes the nature of the 1999 Agreement. A “ransom” is defined as “a consideration demanded for the release of someone or something from captivity.” MemamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary 965 (10th ed.1993). Mardirosian demanded that Bakwin deed him title to the six paintings in question before he would release the stolen Cézanne. His demand neatly fit the definition of a “ransom,” and the government did not improperly use the term. See Felton, 417 F.3d at 103 (finding that the government’s use of the term “terrorist” to describe the defendants and their actions was “highly pejorative,” but that this was “a function of the acts that the defendants engaged in, not the government’s inaccurate description of those acts”).
D. Sentencing claims
Finally, Mardirosian challenges the district court’s assessment of a 22-level sentencing enhancement for the value of the paintings, based on its calculation that Mardirosian’s offense resulted in an overall loss of $30.2 million. Mardirosian maintains that the $29 million Cézanne should not have been included in the loss calculation, because he returned it before his offense was detected. The six remaining paintings combined were worth at most $1.2 million, which would have yielded a 14-level enhancement. In the alternative, Mardirosian objects to the court’s use of the Cézanne’s 1999 auction price to determine its value.
We review the trial judge’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo and findings of fact for clear error. United States v. Ortiz-Torres, 449 F.3d 61, 72 (1st Cir.2006).
Mardirosian relies on the language of Application Note 3(E) of the commentary to section 2B1.1 of the 2004 Sentencing Guidelines in arguing that the Cézanne should have been excluded entirely from the loss calculation. Application Note 3(E) instructs the trial court to reduce its loss calculation by the “fair market value” of property returned to the victim “before the offense was detected.” The district court determined that “detection of the offense” occurred in 1978, when Bakwin discovered that his paintings had been stolen. Mardirosian asks us to adopt a different reading; he argues that the offense was not detected until January 2006, when he was identified as the perpetrator.
Mardirosian’s reading of “offense” to refer to the discovery of the identity of the perpetrator distorts the plain meaning of the word. The Sentencing Commission’s commentary is to be “read in a straightforward, commonsense manner.” United States v. Carrasco-Mateo, 389 F.3d 239, 244 (1st Cir.2004). The sensible reading of “offense” is that it refers to the crime itself, not the discovery of the perpetrator. Thus, credit for the return of property under Application Note 3(e) is only available if the property is returned before either the victim or law enforcement becomes aware of the crime.
Moreover, crediting Mardirosian with the return of the Cézanne would ignore the gravity of his crime. The Sentencing Guidelines treat loss “as a proxy for the seriousness of the [defendant’s] fraud.” Austin, 479 F.3d at 369. Mardirosian concealed the Cézanne for 20 years, and it was only after he realized that he could not sell the stolen painting without being caught that he reached out to Bakwin to negotiate over its return. Even then, he conditioned the Cézanne’s return on the transfer of title to the six other paintings. Mardirosian is not entitled to a credit for this behavior that would place him on the same plane as a repentant thief who returned stolen property before the owner even noticed its absence.
Nor do we find that the district court erred in calculating loss under Section 2B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines by assigning the Cézanne the value of its 1999 auction price. Mardirosian contends that the court should have assigned the Cézanne its 1978 value, because courts should not consider the appreciated value of stolen property in calculating loss. Mardirosian cites two cases for this proposition: United States v. Trupin, 117 F.3d 678 (2d Cir.1997), and United States v. Paley, 442 F.3d 1273 (11th Cir.2006).
As a preliminary matter, we do not agree with the government that Mardirosian waived this issue on appeal. See United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir.1990) (“[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived.”) Mardirosian’s development of his claim on appeal — though brief — was enough to alert us to his precise challenge.
But although Mardirosian’s claim overcomes this first hurdle, it collapses on the merits. Neither of the cases Mardirosian cites supports the conclusion that the district court’s calculation of loss was clearly erroneous. In Trwpin, the Second Circuit found that the district court, in calculating loss, did not abuse its discretion in assigning a stolen painting its value at the time of theft rather than at the time the defendant had last possessed it. The Second Circuit held that the district court had reasonably analogized the painting’s appreciation to accrued interest, which was excluded from the loss calculation under an older version of Application Note 2 to Section 2B1.1. At the same time, it emphasized that it was not holding that “as a matter of law, appreciation in value cannot be considered when calculating loss,” and it observed that “a district court could properly go either way on this question.” Id. Paley is inapposite here, as it examines the calculation of value under the sentencing guideline for money-laundering, an entirely different provision, Section § 2S1.1.
Mardirosian further asserts that the 1999 auction price in particular is an unfair measure of Bakwin’s loss and his culpability, because it was not reasonably foreseeable that the Cézanne would appreciate almost 50-fold between 1978 and 1999. We disagree. It is entirely foreseeable that a painting by a famous artist would appreciate with time, even if Mardirosian did not know by exactly how much. That the painting’s value would grow exponentially was a risk he assumed when he concealed the painting for two decades. It is not a reason to disturb the district court’s ruling on appeal. The district court’s use of the Cézanne’s 1999 auction price in its calculation of loss was not clearly erroneous.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons provided above, we affirm the conviction and sentence.
AFFIRMED.
. The paintings were Bouilloire et Fruits by Paul Cézanne, Portrait dune Jeune Filie and Portrait d’un Jeune Homme by Chaim Soutine, Maison Rouge by Maurice Utrillo, Flowers by Maurice de Vlaminck, and Woman Seated and Boy by Jean Jansem.
. The district court excluded from evidence any reference to the British lawsuit, but it allowed the jury to hear about the halting of the sale and unsealing of the affidavit.
. The district court dismissed the second count at trial for failure to state an offense, on the grounds that "foreign commerce” did not include commerce between two foreign countries. The parties do not appeal this ruling.
. We reject Mardirosian's argument, raised for the first time on appeal, that, in light of the court’s invalidation of the 1999 Agreement, 18 U.S.C. § 2315 did not provide fair warning that Mardirosian’s conduct was illegal, as required by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. The notion that a contract for an illegal purpose is void ab initio is by no means novel, nor is 18 U.S.C. § 2315 ambiguous merely because it does not specifically characterize the property obtained through such an unlawful negotiation as “stolen.” Due process does not require that criminal statutes delineate every conceivable type of conduct that could come within their purview. See United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 271, 117 S.Ct. 1219, 137 L.Ed.2d 432 (1997) (due process requirements are not "'designed to convert into a constitutional dilemma the practical difficulties in drawing criminal statutes both general enough to take into account a variety of human conduct and sufficiently specific to provide fair warning that certain kinds of conduct are prohibited”).
. We stress that there remains a simple way to bring an end to the unlawful possession of stolen property. Mardirosian need only have returned the six paintings to their owner. Had he done so, his crime would have ended, and the five-year statute of limitations would have begun to run. See 18 U.S.C. § 3282.
. Mardirosian objected specifically to the following instructions:
[Tjhe fifth thing the Government must also prove beyond a reasonable doubt is that Mr. Mardirosian knew that any paintings he possessed in Massachusetts had at some time previously been stolen. It would be sufficient for the Government to prove that Mr. Mardirosian knew that any painting he possessed had been stolen in about 1978....
[Tjhe law does not permit a person to benefit from his own illegal conduct. Therefore, the 1999 contract would not provide Mr. Mardirosian with a defense to the charge against him. The question of whether Mr. Bakwin entered into the 1999 contract as a result of coercion or duress might be important in a private civil suit between Mr. Bakwin and Mr. Mardirosian, but it is not a question that malees a difference in this criminal prosecution of Mr. Mardirosian by the United States, nor does it make a difference whether or not Mr. Mardirosian honestly believed that in view of the 1999 contract, his conduct after March 8, 2002 violated Federal law. If the Government proves beyond a reasonable doubt the first five elements of the crime charged in Count 1 and it also proves that any possession of stolen paintings by Mr. Mardirosian was not for the purpose of exchanging them for a reward that had been offered or that he actually believed had been offered before he possessed them, the 1999 agreement involving Mr. Bakwin does not provide him with a valid defense to Count 1.
. Application Note 3(e) provides:
Credits Against Loss. — Loss shall be reduced by the following:
(i) The money returned, and the fair market value of the property returned and the services rendered, by the defendant or other persons acting jointly with the defendant, to the victim before the offense was detected. The time of detection of the offense is the earlier of (I) the time the offense was discovered by a victim or government agency; or (II) the time the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that the offense was detected or about to be detected by a victim or government agency.
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n. 3(e)(emphasis added).
. We find further support for this interpretation in the fact that other circuits, in describing the moment of detection under Application Note 3(e), have focused on the detection of the crime rather than on the discovery of the perpetrator's identity. See, e.g., United States v. Austin, 479 F.3d 363, 370 (5th Cir.2007) (observing that an offense is detected under the Guidelines commentary when the government "discovers the fraud ")(emphasis added); United States v. Mau, 45 F.3d 212, 216 (7th Cir.1995) (defining the time to determine a loss in a check kiting scheme as the moment the loss is discovered) (emphasis added); United States v. Swanson, 360 F.3d 1155, 1169 (10th Cir.2004) (pinpointing the date of detection as "the date of discovery of the fraud ”)(emphasis added).
. Mardirosian argues that our reading of Application Note 3(e) will provide a windfall to white-collar criminals who can conceal their crimes because they will have a longer window to claim credits for returning property to their victims than robbers or burglars whose crimes are detected immediately. While we do not dispute that this may be true, we see no problem with this result. A defendant's opportunities to mitigate his crime, just like the punishment itself, are the product of the crime he has chosen to commit.
. This concept is now found in Application Note 3(D)(i), which excludes from loss calculation "[¡Interest of any kind, finance charges, late fees, penalties, amounts based on an agreed-upon return or rate of return, or other similar costs."
. The Eleventh Circuit in Paley based its interpretation of Section 2S1.1 in large part on a 2001 revision that changed the relevant term for sentence calculation purposes from "the value of the funds” to "the value of the laundered funds.” This insertion of the modifier "laundered,” the court found, signified that the funds to be considered for sentencing purposes were “those that were actually laundered.” Mardirosian does not make a similar textual argument with respect to Section 2B1.1, nor is one readily apparent.
| CASELAW |
Rachel Katznelson-Shazar
Rachel Katznelson-Shazar (רחל כצנלסון-שזר), also known as Rachel Shazar, (24 October 1885 – 11 August 1975) was an active figure in the Zionist movement. Her husband was Zalman Shazar, the third President of the State of Israel.
Biography
Rachel Katznelson (later Shazar) was born in 1885 (or possibly 1888) in the city of Babruysk, then in the Russian Empire, to a traditional Jewish family. Katznelson's brothers were Avraham Katznelson, later a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence, Joseph Katznelson, a follower of Ze'ev Jabotinsky who was active in clandestine immigration activities of the Irgun, and Reuben Katznelson, who joined the Jewish Legion and became Joseph Trumpeldor's sergeant. Reuben was the father of Shulamit Katznelson and Shmuel Tamir.
She graduated from a Russian high school with honors at the age of 18. This gave her the possibility of going to university, which was only open to a small percentage of the Jewish community. She was accepted to the St. Petersburg University to study literature and history. She also studied at the Academy for Jewish Studies in St. Petersburg, where she met her future husband, Zalman Shazar - then known as Shneur Zalman Rubashov - whom she married in 1920.
Katznelson immigrated to Ottoman Palestine in 1912 and was active in a number of Zionist organizations, having previously joined the Labor Zionist movement in 1905 in her hometown.
Public and political activism
In 1916, she was elected to the first Cultural Committee of the Labor Movement, alongside Berl Katznelson and Yitzhak Tabenkin (both also originally from Babruysk), and worked with them to enhance the education of workers. She was later elected as a member of the cultural committee of the Achdut Ha'avodah party and, in 1924, of the Histadrut. Throughout her life, she was actively involved with the Histadrut and the Mapai party, and performed many public duties. She also assisted her husband in his various public functions as a member of the Knesset, a government minister, a member of the Jewish Agency executive, and ultimately as President of Israel from 1963 to 1973.
Awards and recognition
* In 1946, Katznelson-Shazar was awarded the Brenner Prize.
* In 1958, she was awarded the Israel Prize, in social sciences.
* In 1968, she received the Yakir Yerushalayim (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) award. | WIKI |
SPA No Framework, API No Database
The average webpage seems to contain tons of bloat and increase in size - and this is no good. I decided that I wanted to create a proof-of-concept website that would act like a single page application that didn’t require a framework like Vue or React. I only need to support the latest evergreen browsers.
Then, I decided to take it one step further: I didn’t really want to run a backend service and spin up some hosting. Sure, I could use something like Firebase, but I really just wanted to host everything for free on Netlify.
I created chickenfacts.io, a single page application with a JSON API. This is how I did it (you can find the code on GitHub).
Chicken Facts
Jekyll
First, I decided to use the static site generator Jekyll. This is the same software that I use to build my own blog. Jekyll takes markdown and html and creates flat files to be served.
I decided to just create a very simple index page. This contains the links to CSS and JS files and has a small framework of markup. The initial display hosts a ‘loading’ type animation.
I used SASS because it’s built into Jekyll. I used plain Javascript because no form of babel is built into Jekyll by default.
The “API” is really just a set of flat files that are generated with Jekyll as well. While the index / main page is a page, the chicken facts are considered posts.
Here’s an example:
_posts/2019-06-02-6.html
---
layout: json
source: https://www.thefactsite.com/chicken-facts/
---
The record number for eggs laid by a chicken in one year is 371.
This, and all of its siblings, are brought into the page variable when they’re being generated.
Then, I created the layout called json with the following markup:
---
---
{
"id": {{ page.title }},
"fact": {{ content | strip_newlines | jsonify }},
"source": {{ page.source | jsonify }},
"published": {{ page.date | date: "%Y-%m-%d" | jsonify }}
}
This basically takes the information from the post/page, and then generates a file output of it. By default, it would be in a posts folder with an html extension. I changed that in the _config.yml file:
defaults:
-
scope:
type: "posts"
values:
permalink: "/api/v1/facts/:title.json"
Now, file _posts/2019-06-02-6.html is created in the /api/v1/facts/22.json file with the following content:
{
"id": 6,
"fact": "The record number for eggs laid by a chicken in one year is 371.",
"source": "https://www.thefactsite.com/chicken-facts/",
"published": "2019-06-02"
}
Since these are flat files, no back end DB is required. So, a request to https://chickenfacts.io/api/v1/facts/22.json will just serve a static file that appears like a JSON API.
CSS
I used just basic SASS to create a nice CSS stylesheet. The goal was to rely on browser defaults when I could, but customize only what I needed.
Three quick things to note:
1) I used flexbox layout to make sure the header and footer were always glued to the top and bottom. I suggest looking into flex-grow: 1 if you’re not familiar with why this works. 2) To get some sort of responsive text size in CSS, I used a font size based on the viewport width. So, as the viewport width got smaller, the text would get smaller. The setting here was font-size: 5vw 3) I didn’t want to add javascript for the bottom left expansion for the contact button. So, I used plain CSS.
The markup for this looks like this:
<div class="collapse">
<input id="contact" type="checkbox" />
<label for="contact" class="link">Contact</label>
<div>
<p>
Created by Aaron Saray with this source code.
</p>
</div>
</div>
The concept is that the input checkbox will handle the toggling of this display. Check out the relevant SASS:
.collapse {
input {
display: none;
}
label {
display: block;
cursor: pointer;
}
& > div {
max-height: 0px;
overflow: hidden;
transition: max-height 0.25s ease-in-out;
}
input:checked ~ div {
max-height: 2rem;
}
p {
margin-bottom: 0;
font-size: 0.7rem;
}
}
Basically, the content and the input box is hidden. The label is the main clickable part. When the input is state checked, then we change the height of the content. A bit of CSS transition and it works real nice: an expanding/contracting box with animations with no Javascript.
Javascript
Finally, the app. Like I said, I just decided to support the most recent evergreen browsers. The Javascript is pretty simple:
---
---
(function(max) {
let id, requested = window.location.pathname.substr(1);
if (requested) {
id = parseInt(requested, 32).toString(10);
} else {
id = Math.floor(Math.random() * max) + 1;
history.replaceState(null, null, id.toString(32));
}
function error(object) {
alert("There was an error getting your chicken fact. Sorry about that.");
console.log(object);
}
function applyFact(data) {
document.querySelector('article').classList.remove('loading');
document.querySelector("q").innerText = data.fact;
document.querySelector("article a").setAttribute("href", data.source);
}
fetch(`/api/v1/facts/${id}.json`)
.then(function(response) {
if (response.status !== 200) {
error(response);
return;
}
response.json().then(function(data) {
applyFact(data);
});
})
.catch(function(err) {
error(err);
});
})({{ site.posts | size }}});
A couple things to note, here. First of all, this is an anonymous self executing function. The reason there is front matter yaml in here is I wanted to pass in the total amount of posts that are available. This way I can pick a random value that will exist.
Next, it determines if there is a base 32 number in the pathname. That would give us 0-9a-z as options. This keeps URLs smaller for sharing, but then is converted to an ID that works with the ‘API’. If there is none, it generates a random number. Then, it replaces the URL with the new one that includes the ID. This allows the URL to be sharable. Note that even though it generated a base 10 ID, it replaces the URL with the base 32 version.
Then, we use the fetch browser API to request the JSON endpoint, parse it, and pass it to apply fact. This basically just retrieves the existing markup, passes in data, and changes some classes.
Netlify Deploy
With this configuration, I told netlify to execute jekyll build as the build command and use the _site directory as the public directory.
The only thing I had to do was add a redirect on any non-existent URL to the base index file. I did that with the following configuration:
netlify.toml
[[redirects]]
from = "/*"
to = "/index.html"
status = 200
End Notes
There are many things I can do to make this better: a pagination API, better animations, share buttons, etc. But, this proves that with very simple, open data, you don’t need to use a heavy framework or a back end to serve your data. Oh, and I have analytics on page load, but I really wouldn’t know what is consuming the “API” without more data from Netlify.
Check out chickenfacts.io for more quality Chicken Facts. Or, submit your own on GitHub. :)
Return to All Posts
or use RSS | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Meet the Renal Care Team
Experiencing a kidney disease is a way of life in itself. People with renal disease, whether on dialysis or after a kidney transplant, become detached from their routine life and are forced to adjust to a new world. The renal healthcare team plays a crucial role in helping patients and their caretakers adapt to their new life. While each team members has unique roles and responsibilities, they all work together to achieve one goal – the highest quality of life for the patient.
Members of the dialysis care team include the nephrologist, dialysis nurses, social worker, dialysis technician, dietitian, and the patient.
Nephrologist
A nephrologist is a licensed medical doctor who specializes in renal disease. The nephrologist establishes the care plan alongside other members of the renal healthcare team. He or she prescribes medications and treatment, orders diagnostics, and makes necessary adjustments to the overall treatment plan based on the patient’s condition.
Dialysis Nurse
The dialysis nurse oversees the implementation of the plan of care. He or she coordinates with other team members to ensure treatment plan is carried out. The nurse is also responsible for crafting and implementing patient education plan, providing direct patient care, assessing patient prior and post dialysis treatment, and training other team members.
Social Worker
Renal disease, especially chronic kidney disease, is life-changing. That is why a nephrology social worker is essential in the management of patients. The social worker assists patients and their loved ones adapt to the changes in their lives – and this includes helping them with the emotional and financial issues that are a part of kidney disease. They provide counseling to the patient and family members.
Social workers also address issues with patient’s healthcare coverage, patient resources, rehabilitation, and community services. They help rebuild the patient’s life.
Dialysis Technician
There are different types of technicians in some centers. Patient care technicians are those who are directly handling the patients and are under the supervision of a nephrology nurse. Biomedical equipment technicians maintain and troubleshoot dialysis equipment. They ensure that the machines are in perfect shape for every use. There are also reuse technicians who reprocess the dialyzers.
Renal Dietitian
Diet has a significant impact in the overall treatment of the patient. The renal dietitian makes sure that the patient’s nutritional needs are met while keeping dietary restrictions. He or she also assist the patients in coming up with a meal plan that will maintain health at the same time enjoyable and easy for them to follow. The dietitian also provides education for the patient, family members and caretakers on how to meet nutrition needs.
Patient
Last and the most important member of the health care team – the patient. As the person with renal ailment, the patient must learn about his condition and its treatment. They should also know their patient’s rights and responsibilities.
Patients should notify his care team about any problems or symptoms as they develop. Patients know themselves best so they are the ones who can more accurately gauge the progress of their treatment, whether they feel better or not. They also spend most of their time outside the center and are in control of their lives.
Healthcare providers must encourage patients to have input into their care plan. Being involved in their care increases their compliance to the treatment regimen, including dialysis, medications, diet and fluid limits. The rest of the team assists the patient towards a quality life. In some cases, it is family members or caretakers who will speak in behalf of patients.
Whether you are a dialysis nurse or a renal dietitian or a social worker, you should dutifully fulfill your roles and responsibilities. You are a member of one team and the patients are your goal!
The word TEAM actually means Together Everyone Achieves More!
This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Eurovision Song Contest 2015/Archive 6
Serbia on map
I know that the discussion have become again, but i can't understand why Kosovo isn't including in the Serbian territory. Why? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:45, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* Sorry if I sound rude, but if you know that this has been discussed numerous times before but Kosovo remains as an independent territory, why are you bringing it up again? Consensus is that Kosovo should be represented as it is now and I can't see that changing any time soon. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 20:48, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* I can't understand why Kosovo isn't with Serbia at the moment which is officialy a part of Serbia.. Sorry if that is a problem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:53, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* But the thing is, it isn't officially part of Serbia. That might be what Serbians believe, but not the majority of the international community. You may want to read into this topic at the Kosovo and International recognition of Kosovo articles. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 20:55, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* Yes i have already read the article. You are right ok. Can i make a question? The votes of Kosovo (at the Eurovision) are including as a result of Serbian votes? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:06, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* I'm not sure but if it's the same as Crimea's situation, if people in Kosovo's phones are registered by Serbian providers, their votes will count as a part of Serbia's. If they're registered by Kosovar providers, then I believe they wouldn't be counted due to Kosovo not participating. I'm not the right person to ask this though as I know nothing about the technical side. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 21:11, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* It's complicated, yes, but EBU did allow Kosovo to participate in Eurovision Young Dancers, and there are a number of EBU members that do recognise Kosovo as an independent state. -- axg // ✉ ]] ''' 21:31, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
Kosovo is de facto independent country, but not officialy yet. It is still disputed territory. At maps in articles Member states of the United Nations, Member states of the Council of Europe, European Broadcasting Area and European Broadcasting Union Kosovo is part of Serbia, also at European Council official website:, --Aca Srbin (talk) 16:34, 26 March 2015 (UCT)
* you might want to look at the map on European Broadcasting Union again. From 2008 onwards, Kosovo is shown separate from Serbia. This is because of Kosovo in the Eurovision Young Dancers, Kosovo in the Eurovision Song Contest, and Kosovo in the Türkvizyon Song Contest - which requires Kosovo to be highlighted in their own right. Wes Mouse | T@lk 02:23, 11 May 2015 (UTC)
Norway
Norway has just decided its entry; Mørland and Debrah Scarlett with the song A Monster Like Me, and so the map should be updated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:FE0:C000:1:C4CE:D3EC:AA85:56C1 (talk) 22:32, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* I've updated the map. -- axg // ✉ ]] ''' 22:41, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
Brilliant. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:FE0:C000:1:C4CE:D3EC:AA85:56C1 (talk) 00:04, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
Language
In which language is "Adio"? National broadcasters can make political decisions, but poetry and lyricis of songs are works of art created by the writers. Lyricis are written by people from Serbia who speak the Serbian language. These are probably the same languages, but the only official Montenegrin. The song is definitely written in Serbian (the lyricis does not have any specific characteristics of the Montenegrin language), the question is in which language will be sung. I think we should mention that Montenegro have song in Serbian language when writers come from Serbia. According to the 2011 census, most citizens of Montenegro declared Serbian language as their mother tongue. --Aca Srbin (talk) 12:49, 28 March 2015 (UCT)
* Željko Joksimović may well be Serbian, but we cannot second guess that the song is written in Serbian. Željko may have written it in Montenegrin. Any such changes would go against WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NOR. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:18, 28 March 2015 (UTC)
* Lyricists for this song are Marina Tucaković and Dejan Ivanović. They always write in the same language, but it is variously called. Again, according to the 2011 census, most citizens of Montenegro declared Serbian language as their mother tongue. Now, lyricists speak and write the Serbian language. It is not fair to them. I think we need to put a more detailed explanation, at least in the article about the song. --Aca Srbin (talk) 16:55, 28 March 2015 (UCT)
* Unless there's a source that says the song's in Serbian, we can't simply assume it is because of its songwriters. Pretty much all of Montenegro's non-English songs were sung in Montenegrin and Montenegrin is also the national language of Montenegro, so we'd need reliable sources to state how this isn't Montenegrin for us to put that on the article. { [ ( jjj 1238 ) ] } 15:59, 28 March 2015 (UTC)
* O.K. I understand. Montenegrin is the only official language in Montenegro and national broadcaster will probably announce that song is in Montenegrin. But, why the song must be only in the official language? Especially because most citizens of Montenegro declared Serbian language as their mother tongue and lyricists of this song speak and write the Serbian language. Maybe we have a situation in which the song was written in Serbian, but will be sung in Montenegrin. In this case, it is ok to in this article writes that song is in Montenegrin, but we should give a detailed explanation, at least in the article about the song. --Aca Srbin (talk) 18:53, 28 March 2015 (UCT)
* this is clearly turning into the classic case of "I don't hear you". Both myself and Jjj1238 have pointed out to you that we cannot add such notes that you propose; as it goes against all of the fundamental core policies within Wikipedia - such as no original research. To try and include a note saying "people from Montenegro speak Serbian due to a recent poll", is basically going off our own belief, and not verifying what the Eurovision sources state - and that being the song is in Montenegrin. Now let's just drop this language baton and move on peacefully. Because it is 100% clear that such proposed changes are not going to get the "all clear" to be implemented. Christ, if we really wanted to get picky over language terms, because we dislike Montenegrin, then we could ultimately change all of them to show they are performed in Indo-European or Balto-Slavic. Wes Mouse | T@lk 00:46, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
Found a reliable lyrics source that confirms the entry is in Montenegrin. I think that wraps up this case. Wes Mouse | T@lk 15:48, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
Gentlemen, I would like to remind you that the existence of a "Montenegrin language" is doubted by most linguists. Therefore, "Adio" is in one of the recogniesed versions of Serbo-Croatian (Serbian, Croatian, Bosniak...). Alexrybak (talk) 10:02, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
Portuguese Commentator
Hélder Reis (the portuguese comentator in Eurovision 2009) is a commentator from Portugal this year in all shows. (source: RTP) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13 April 2015, 19:29 (UTC)
Column header for Australia
Hello all, I'm starting to work on the template for the scoreboards, as I'll actually be attending the live shows, Has a column header file been made for Australia yet? I'm not too sure of the font and font size that is being used for the other column headers, and I wouldn't want to mess up the continuity.
Dfizzles (talk) 02:44, 23 April 2015 (UTC)
* Her you go. -- [[ axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 16:33, 23 April 2015 (UTC)
* Why are we starting on scoreboards so soon? Let the contest take place first, then build it up from there. Afterall, we do need sources to verify the scoreboard content. Updating it live! is not what Wikipedia is about. We're not a live news reporting desk. People will be watching the show live so can see the results as they happen. Nobody is going to be watching this Wikipedia article hoping to receive running commentary. Wes Mouse | T@lk 16:47, 23 April 2015 (UTC)
* I like to work on a blank template in my Sandbox. The final product never makes it to the article until the scores are officially released by the EBU following the Grand Final. I'm going to actually be in Vienna this year rather than being in the US where I normally watch the shows. I'm just trying to take out all of the hard work of setting up the template.Dfizzles (talk) 18:08, 25 April 2015 (UTC)
* Its Wesley, I only shorten it to Wes on my signature. But thank you for explaining about the scoreboards. So you basically mean something like what I have set up in my sandbox? Although I have never managed to get chance to use it lol. Wes Mouse | T@lk 10:06, 26 April 2015 (UTC)
Greatest Hits show and archiving all the contests
These EBU's projects don't show relevance to these article. "Greatest Hits" was held 2 months prior to 2015 ESC, featuring songs from the past 59 editions; precisely excluding 2015. The section is also news-worded for initial and later-changed details. Another project is described separately for archiving all contests since 1956, which begun in 2011 to be finalized before 2015 ESC. These projects with their time-frames only interface the 2015 ESC with no effect on it. I initially combined them under a "60th anniversary" title for a separate section. That was reverted so I left the "Greatest hits" section with its developments coverage, but still slightly shaped to some past tense, grammar and trimmed repetitions of "BBC host...60th anniversary" and co-hosts names, which were included in my earlier edit.
There is also Greates hits article covering that show's organizing. These anniversaries-projects, also 50th "Congratulations" show, are proper to appear in general detail at the main Eurovision Song Contest which covers the contest's history - with inner links to their detailed articles. אומנות (talk) 23:44, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
* Try looking at the previous discussions, most of which are archived. ESC 2015 is the SIXTIETH contest. Greatest Hits is celebrating SIXTY years. The grammar changes you have made now are good, well done. But the previous changes I.E. renaming of the section, removal of the hatnote - not good! Whatever happened to putting forward proposed changes like those, and seeking consensus? Wes Mouse | T@lk 00:08, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* Oh, and as was noted in the edit summary "Regardless of other issues, there are unnecessary repetitions and current-news content, future and current tense, and minor grammar, that need shaping". Naturally it will read in current tense... broadcasting of the show has not completed in countries that are yet to broadcast the thing. Logic! Wes Mouse | T@lk 00:14, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* I don't think a Greatest Hits contest section should be in this article at all. It has little to do with the 60th contest itself; it is a self-contained show. It has nothing to do with the format of the Eurovision Song Contest at all. It could be mentioned as one of the events for the 60th anniversary, yes, perhaps, but an entire section is excessive. It could be mentioned like it is here for the Eurovision Song Contest main article because in that case, it's perfectly relevant. The 50th anniversary Congratulations show isn't mentioned at all in the 2005 page, so why should a TV concert celebrating ZERO songs from 2015 be on the 2015 page?
* The same goes for archiving the past contests. It's only tangentially relevant to the 2015 contest because it was the set deadline. Nothing from the 2015 contest is contained in that archive. This should also instead only be on the main Eurovision Song Contest page.
* Greatest Hits and the contest archive aren't even mentioned on the Eurovision Song Contest page at all.
* (Another thing I saw reverted was the mention of the show's runtime being longer? How is this too trivial? I agree, there should be a source, but if the format has changed from the past few editions, it should be mentioned.)
* Btw, Bold, revert, discuss is a perfectly valid way of working to reach consensus. <span style="font-family:Courier New, monospace; "> Mr. Gerbear | Talk 03:03, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* if you feel it shouldn't be in the article, then you should have raised those opinions when it was discussed on the project talk page. If you don't take part in project debates, then you lose your say. You and a small handful of project members have stated several times in the past that the project needs an active voice. When people decide not to weigh in their say on a debate, and then complain of an outcome afterwards, then they lost their right in that said debate. You also shown signs of frustration during your debate over OGAE on the project talk page, and the fact it went stale. If it wasn't for myself to have mentioned it in the newsletter, and sent that nudge project-wide to get people to participate urgently, then the debate would still have been stale and you would not have got the outcome you wanted (which was met too, thanks to my efforts). OK some people may look at my efforts as if I am taking some sort of leadership role, and perhaps this project needs some sort of leadership aspect, like other projects have. Without such, then we are just operating a haphazard and chaotic ship, which is slowly sinking. If we're to operate as a collaborative team, then we need to start being actively vocal and engage in all debates held not just on article talk pages, but at Project Eurovision talk page too. And if you don't believe me, why don't you wander over there now and see the number of active (some gone stale) debates that you have not yet even adder your input into. Wes Mouse | T@lk 10:46, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* I tried looking up this discussion, but couldn't find it. Could you provide a link so we can see what the outcome was? Pickette (talk) 11:38, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* Stylizing with hatnotes is acceptable for big sections merit, for which my first edit summary and then the above views, about this case stemming from 2 projects under the same history-anniversary spectrum which feats the main ESC article. This is also since - as Pickette said - I didn't see discussions on this info, only that it was expended on these article while even the Greatest Hits article was trimmed. For these I presumed a discussion only for completely removing this. Also it is preferable to put back hatnote and sections-split rather then initially revert other agreed shaping/corrections. For past tense I meant all things of the event's night, which are logically now in the past and I changed, and broadcasting which I changed to current "televised".
* I agree with Mr. Gerbear about the show's running info, as I too see it precisely relevant, it literally describes the frame of 2015 ESC's "Format", with the mentioned notability for duration-changing compared to the past editions. אומנות (talk) 12:20, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* It started off here, spiralled into here, and culminated here.
* At the time, it was uncertain when the event was going to take place, with some sources stating March, whilst the EBU stating after May. Due to that, and to prevent any premature article creation, a draft version was constantly built in one of my sandboxes, and project members were invited to edit it freely, in order to keep it updated. As dates for the event were also uncertain, a redirect for any reference to 60th anniversary shows, were done so directing to Eurovision 2015 article - again to reduce any confusion and premature creations. This method clearly worked in the intention it was set out to do, because everyone was updating the draft on a daily basis. There was no premature creations or vandalism. Once solid confirmation and dates were released, the draft article was moved from my sandbox into mainspace; and all previous redirects being redirected to the new mainspace article.
* If people had concerns about all of this, then they should have raised them at the time and not now. We cannot determine what people think when they maintain a 100% silence on matters. We are not psychic, nor do we possess the proverbial crystal ball. OK consensus can change, but raising it here is not the venue. Raise them at the project talk page, were we can then determine if the paragraph should be moved elsewhere (I.E. the parent Eurovision article) or if it should remain in its current location.
* As for the mention of the changes to running time, yes it should be mentioned. But as you are all well aware by now, it should also be cited with sources. There are no sources to verify apart from the header on the main Eurovision website. And use a bit of logic here, if we use that front page as a source, then come the 2016 contest, it will have changed again, and thus the source would become invalid in verifying the running time changes. Find a new source which verifies running time, and there won't be any issues. Find no sources, and we cannot include it as it becomes original research. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:33, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* please tell me where on the guidance at WP:HN does it say hatnotes should only be used on big sections? It doesn't. It says that is used to make summary style explicit, when used in a summary section for which there is also a separate article on the subject. The section in question is a summary section. Please familiarise yourself with guidances. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:39, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* And finally "why should a TV concert celebrating ZERO songs from 2015 be on the 2015 page". The answer is quite simple really. The show included Electro Velvet, UK 2015 participants. Conchita was interviewed by Norton and Mede about her role as green room host in Vienna. Oh and viewers were introduced to the 2015 contest hosts, who in turn invited viewers to "join us in Vienna in May". So yes, it does hold relevance to the 2015 article. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:43, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* Nothing in the discussion you linked discusses the integration of this content into the 2015 page though. It was exclusively about the creation of the anniversary article. Pickette (talk) 12:58, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
it was mentioned somewhere, and I am still searching through all the archives of places I can remember it being mentioned. Also would it be OK if I were Pinged as a nudge that someone is replying to myself. I'm a tad busy with packing up things at home ready for the big move, so the pings send a notice to my email alerts and I know then to come back here and reply, rather than them getting missed. , can you recall where the discussion took place regarding the integration of this content into the ESC 2015 article and the decision to use redirects as a precautionary measure to avoid premature article creation and vandalism? Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:16, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* Yes those linked discussions are for the process of creating a separate article, also shifted on users talk pages. I will also make the point that people aren't always active, and there is no relevance for participating at other discussions, and people definitely can't always keep up with the discussion pace of others especially on multitude of discussions with rapid comments, such view is a boomerang resulting in reduced participation.
* As these discussion is about information existing at these 2015 ESC article, I think it's best to keep it here; a note can be made from the project page. For the 2015 hosts and UK's entry appearances at the "Greatest Hits", that still falls under Mr. Gerbear's suggestion of making brief references to this show on these article, doesn't merit a section.
* As for hatnote use, my explanation was that it didn't merit a section it should be smaller and as a sub-section or incorporated prose, for my explanation of placing it with another material under a new "60th anniversary" section. On the same scale, after the objection, I left the section with the hatnote regardless of its size.
* The discussion of the show's duration was in regards to relevance, there should be a source in the future as well as the live broadcast will realize this, so good there is agreement about this info's relevance. אומנות (talk) 15:11, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* What you think is best bears no significance. I religiously check the project talk page upon every visit to Wikipedia to check for any new or participate in ongoing discussions. It is not that difficult for other members to do the same. It only takes a couple of seconds to check. Failing to check is just ignorance. More so when the debates are vital to the operations of the project. If people do not add their say, and then later complain about it, then they only have themselves to blame. Even the monthly newsletter highlight all ongoing debates on the project page, so people cannot say they are unaware of their existence. This page is not the correct venue, as it could ultimately impact on another article. Do you expect people to start flitting between talk pages in order to get a timeline of what has been said? No. Logic is to hold it at the project talk. And the linked discussions did not "shift on user pages" - if you check the timeline, they shifted away from user pages. First they started on my own page, I used my brain to shift it to a neutral venue (project talk); and only shifted briefly to another user's page, when I realised the articles history was also showing edits from when it use to be used as a sandbox prior to the article - so a histmerge had to be carried out.
* As for the hatnote, it did merit it, as WP:HN notes that if a summary section also has a standalone article, which this content does, then a Main hatnote has to be used. Read the guidance in full, and tell me I am wrong. Wes Mouse | T@lk 15:30, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* What I think bears significance, as I'm sharing my view for this talk page relevance with bringing practical reasoning for the appearance of the anniversary info at these article, which is the issue here, as well as addressed your view by suggesting a note on the project talk to resolve your worry that people won't see this discussion. My explanation about people's rights to participate at discussions they desire at their own pace is valid, and now add that the core difficulty is multitude and rapid comments with sometimes sealing discussions in a matter of hours before others have the chance to see and comment, also previous RFC's handlings, and comments as you wrote above that what I think is best "bares no significance" with some other earlier "Logic!" remarks which at these chance I kindly ask you to try refraining from.
* Again, my explanation was in regards to uniting 2 brief paragraphs under a different title, for which case I simply said that inner links exist, I left the Greatest Hits section with its hatnote for its detailed section. The linked discussions were handled on your talk page, and in any case, there currently isn't a previous discussion found in regards to this anniversary appearance on this article, so I will wait to see how these discussion develops. אומנות (talk) 16:59, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* And I would appreciate that you refrain from telling people to "refrain from voicing an opinion". If I so chose to use words such as "logic" then I shall do so, and will not be forced into utter silence by someone who has been vocally dormant for quite some time. I respect that not everyone is active - more so as I have been semi-active these last few months, after dealing with a ton of stress, 3 family deaths in the last 4 months, and being told I am about to be made homeless within the next month or so. So hold off on the dictating like you have been so infamous for over the last couple of years. And yes, I am aware of the back-stabbing slagging off you have done against me in private messages to other users. Courteous people do make me aware of such - so you're not as "innocent a party" as you are portraying yourself off to be. Believe me, I have grounds for action there, if I wanted to. But I chose to ignore it and give you benefit of the doubt. But that aside, I am not seeking that any debate be closed within a matter of hours, we all live in different time zones, and I have always respected the fact that reasonable time is required. Some parts of Wikipedia recommend 7 days, others 30 days. I, personally, would be happy for a 6-month period to allow something to conclude. And not only that, I have always reminded members of any active discussions via means of the newsletter. If people do not check, then that is not my problem. Also, if ever I have had time away from Wikipedia, have used my common logic to still check back on talk pages to see if there is anything that I have missed during any period of absence, in order to bring myself up to speed on any procedural changes that may have occurred that I am unaware of. All Wikipedians are suppose to do that, so that we know what is going on. If one chooses not to undertake such logical steps, then it is their fault if they discover later that something should have been done differently. Allow me to ask you a question. Of all the current active debates at WT:ESC, how many have you aired a point of view on? In fact, how many in the last 12 months? None. Speaks volumes does that. If you want your views heard, then be vocal and voice them across. Silence doesn't get anyone anywhere. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:09, 28 April 2015 (UTC)
* Your opinions come across clear without "logic!" (not just "logic") and other exclamation mark shouts, as you yourself perceive as lack of openness and patience when others make such, so I kindly asked you to refrain, after you indeed eventually dismissed my reasoned opinion for having this discussion here. Even if your claim about me slagging you in private was true, you would have violated outing both that someone and another person who was trusted by him, which in turn trusted you. On the other hand Wikipedia's public pages evidence for your bad mouthing which you claim as private conversations.
* As well as for your question: A discussion from this year on 2014 ESC where you claimed consensus was reached in your favor as 2 days had passed before I posted another comment, and after I brought deep objecting views earlier; Some other talks where your proposals or others were seen rapidly by 1-2 supporting users, and after few hours you go ahead and edit before others have a 1-day chance to weigh in. On the other hand, you opened an RFC which showed consensus in favor of a proposal of mine, left it open for 3 months and eventually claimed an opposite outcome and that all project members need to participate to accept that proposal. This decreases activity, as explained in the past. And now you rent about people not voicing their opinions along with claiming here that people loose their rights to voice their opinions based on your unproven claim that this specific discussion occurred before. So now we are voicing opinions about the anniversaries, regardless if there was such discussion before, to see now what people think about this. אומנות (talk) 12:05, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
Please refrain from telling me that my opinions are "not logic". That is slanderous and uncivil to my personal judgement. You don't know me, so you do not have the right to judge me in the way you are doing. To quote a Latin phrase - "ignoramus et ignorabimus". Look it up. Wes Mouse | T@lk 14:13, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* You made slanderous and uncivil comments most especially on your second-last comment and more so at other places, while I respected your opinions in discussions, and now showed cases only for your seen actions on Wikipedia which include your unpleasant remarks on others logic and the various discussions ways which result in silencing, so that you understand that this discussion is now a great opportunity to see opinions, which is something you desire as I do. That's all. אומנות (talk) 15:08, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* I'll restore the other comment back within this section. It has nothing to do with the main issues, and is part and start of the uncivil attacks. And your reply makes no sense whatsoever. My comments are not slanderous, and anyone can see that they have not been made in such context. I have spoken bluntly, and also explained a lot of the distress that I am enduring at present in real-life. How is the provision of such information, be construed as a slanderous attack? And raising my participation in discussion areas that have nothing to do with Project Eurovision, has no relevance here either. If you want to go down that route, then I can easily join in your onslaught and raise the matter of you attacking me in private to other users, without my knowledge or right to defend myself. Such action would not require the medium of WP:ANI, but can be done via email to the Wikimedia Arbitration Committee, which is dealt with sensitively and without any "outing". I have never attacked you in private, as it would be unfair to you if I did. If I have any issue with you or anyone else for that matter, then I speak to the individual directly, allowing them their right to defence. Now stop these dramatic episodes, return to cooperative debate. Otherwise, I will take further action against you. Wes Mouse | T@lk 16:03, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* One needs to remember that we should not remind others of past misdeeds. That an uncivil environment is a poor environment which gets us nowhere. Life might seem easier sometimes if we all agreed with what everyone else said and all got along. But life just isn't like that. Different people have opposing points of view, and all the policies in the world can't help a borderline case. Sooner or later, somebody is going to disagree with you, and do it strongly. It happens. And when it does, sometimes the best action can be to forget about it and walk away – after all, as an editor on a voluntary project, most of the time you're not actually required to do anything you don't want to. With rare exceptions, it's not the End of the World. 99.99% of people working on Wikipedia won't notice and the encyclopaedia will keep on moving, because nobody cares.
* Yes I say things as it is; that is what's known as "calling a spade a spade". It is the best way to describe something clearly and directly. Rather than using oblique and obfuscating language, just "tell it like it is". And that is exactly how I do things, I say it as it is, rather than beat around the bush. If people do not like the fact that I get straight to the point, then the solution is simple, get over it. It isn't about who should have the last word. Such behaviour only results in arguing over arguments. We should not be accusing someone of a personal attack for the sake of accusing of a personal attack; because that in itself is also a form of personal attack. 99.99% of the time, the best remedy is to cool down, call a truce, and get discussions back on track. If we don't, then we are not seeking a resolution to anything. That is why all the unnecessary overheated remarks have been housed into this section so that they can be forgotten about, so that we has editors can get back to business and find common ground. If you are not willing to do that, then what is the point of being on Wikipedia if you are only going to continue a stampede on a battleground that nobody gives a flying toss about. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:25, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* No. The bullying stems from your paradoxical pettiness about others not voicing their opinions on other discussions as means to not voice themselves in this discussion which I opened, with your now ongoing bullying collapsing-comments attempts and your continuous poking; after pretending you want peace. Your comment which precedes my collapsed comment is yet another pure non-relevant unpleasent comment about how you check talk pages while others are showing "ignorance". I kept commenting you about issues in regards to this discussion. If you percieve my comment as irrelevant, there is no way your preceding one is either, thus now collapsed. As for your persistent threats of having private info on me, I'm not affraid of you especially as there are real proofs of your behaviour on Wikipedia. Go ahead to ARBCOM if you wish, bear in mind that it will result in me showing all of your talks, slanderous and manipulative actions, including this very discussion just as many others in the line of your endless pettiness tries of silencing/shifting/hiding comments. As you see, I don't need to trash you in private as I'm capable of telling you factualy about your actions in your face. As for your personal life stories, its getting harder and harder to have symphathy for you when it comes as excuses to your melicious manouvers. Your entire conduct is driven first and foremost by controling and claiming-credits desires which strongly blures your contributing, and Wikipedia is not the place for that. After your ARBCOM threats, I realy didn't care to keep reading your next bulleted comments. אומנות (talk) 07:19, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
* you stated in a comment below that I should "drop the stick and stop deflecting your actions". Then perhaps you should practice what you preach and also drop it too, rather than carry it on with the last word above. And how dare you be so insensitive and exclaim that I am making excuses with the bereavements in my family. That is pure evil and sickening to speak ill of the deceased. I just pray to God that you end up going through exactly what I have in these last 4 months, and then have someone say to your face that you are making up excuses. Coming out with such remarks is disgusting, and shows how low of a person you really are. Wes Mouse | T@lk 15:29, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
* Actually I didn't intend to keep commenting on this section, but it has to be said also for your sake, that I have not even implied speaking ill of your deceased nor implying you aren't hurting. It's great you are openly discussing your sorrows and I myself appreciate people sharing such things, when done on private conversations or even other users pages for example. Bringing such issues in such discussion is still not justified. As for wishing I will suffer like you, I already lost my grandparents and grandmothers and lost an uncle 2 months ago so I experienced the hurt of death, and my point is that I keep such things separated from when discussing things on Wikipedia. That's all. אומנות (talk) 16:32, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
Seeing as a lot of the debate has gone off tangent and unnecessarily overheated, I think it is only right that those comments be placed in the above collapsed section. Such behaviour is unhelpful and not cooperative to seeking a resolution. All parties, including myself, need to remember that we are here to discuss a matter at hand, not prejudging editors personalities.
* Eurovision Greatest's Hits: – Should this section remain in the ESC 2015 article, or be moved to a new "Anniversaries" section within the parent article, Eurovision Song Contest?
* Running time: – Are there any sources other than the eurovision.tv front page that can be used to verify this information? If so, then those sources should be used to cite any new content. If not, then we cannot really be mentioning the running time, as we are unable to verify it (technically), as the eurovision.tv front page will change as the years go by, and thus making any relevance to citing content for 2015 difficult. Wes Mouse | T@lk 14:39, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* For Greatest Hits and archiving all the contests - These EBU's projects don't show relevance to these article. "Greatest Hits" was held 2 months prior to 2015 ESC, featuring songs from the past 59 editions; precisely excluding 2015. The section is also news-worded for initial and later-changed details. Another project is described separately for archiving all contests since 1956, which begun in 2011 to be finalized before 2015 ESC. These projects with their time-frames only interface the 2015 ESC with no effect on it. There is also Greates hits article covering that show's organizing. These anniversaries-projects, also 50th "Congratulations" show, are proper to appear in general detail at the main Eurovision Song Contest which covers the contest's history. אומנות (talk) 15:15, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* This is the first anniversary show that has been dealt with in "live time", since the birth of Project Eurovision; so naturally there will be technical issues and teething problems, as it is all a new sector. Like I noted in an earlier comment; yes it probably would make more sense to move any anniversary topics into the main Eurovision article. BUt at the time the ESCGH was created, it was directed into this ESC2015 article, because it was unknown when the event would take place or if any entries from 2015 would be included. Now that we do know how the event took place, then its placement within Wikipedia and be reviewed - which is what we are now doing here. Wes Mouse | T@lk 16:03, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* So I'm assuming there was no actual discussion held prior to this where it was decided that this anniversary content should be incorporated into the ESC 2015 article? I'd have to support moving the content out of this article as well and just leaving a link to the anniversary page in the See Also section. It's especially irrelevant to have a section about it in the Format area of the article considering it's completely irrelevant to the actual show to be held in May. As for running time, once there's an article that confirms and speaks factually about the extension of the show times, then that should likely be noted in the Format section. Pickette (talk) 17:15, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* yes there was a discussion, but it is liking hunting for a needle in a haystack. It has been that long ago now, that I can't remember the exact talk page location is was mentioned. Please appreciate that I have been through hell and back these last few months; having my uncle pass away in January; discovering that the woman who I thought was my mother who passed away a couple of years ago, was in fact myt adopted mother (shocking revelation I know); then to actually find my real birth mother, and then she dies on me in March, and only 2 weeks ago another uncle died. Yes, it has been hectic and my mind is on the verge of exploding. That's why I pinged Chris in an earlier comment, to see if he can recall. The only recollection I have was because the dates were unknown, and there were sources at the time stating that it was likely to be held after the 2015 contest, and the 2015 winner taking part, that the logical place to detail in brief was on this article, while the draft version was still in draft mode. Obviously, now, we do know when the event took place, so yes we can re-evaluate its potential new location. But the way it has been done was not helpful. To simply remove a hatnote (which ironically, WP:HN advises on using hatnotes on summary sections of this nature), give the section a completely new header and rewrite the entire thing, was not helpful whatsoever. If there was a problem (and clearly there is) then a simple creation of a debate at WT:ESC would have been helpful and logical. All it needed was a quick note saying "now that we know more of this event, should we look into moving the content elsewhere?" But that never happened, instead we got a heated debate that was easily avoidable if some participants acted properly, rather than throwing stones in glass houses. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:36, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
* You had been given very clear explanations by me and others about the validity of my initial edit on the article, which also included improvements, as well as that I opened a discussion from the get go for moving this info to the main ESC article. And if I see feat in the future, I will do such BRD process again. No one will be instructed by you were to put notes and hold discussions, especially after you had been clearly explained about your blind revert of my initial edit instead of simply putting back the earlier title and hatnote, the paradoxical claims about people not voicing their opinions on other discussions as means to silence their opinions earlier above, as well as the following paradoxical collapsing of your heated comments only to keep poking again on your above comment - all these indeed show the same reacurring unfortunate case of a person living in a fregile glassed house. If you want the heated debate to stop, then drop the stick and stop deflecting your actions.
* As well as for your earlier comment: Sure, I know very well what we are doing now, as I opened this discussion with proposing to move this info to the main ESC article. As you asked, again, where it's best to place this info now, then copying my opening proposal is the progressive way from your talks about the past debates and redirects to 2015 ESC which aren't a problem now anymore. Just as important, you forgot to mention that my proposal opened this discussion with including to move the contest's archiving project to the main ESC article which I therefore also copied now again as it falls under the same scope. Good that you now understand that the Greatest hits show isn't relevant for this article., I agree with you about putting a reference note to that show from this article, and now add again on my proposal to also move the contests archiving project. אומנות (talk) 07:19, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
I have not copied any of your proposed wording. Where have you got that idea from and could you be so kind as to provide evidence to validate that such plagiarism has occurred. As for the collapsing of the heated debates, why has such action become a problem? Correct procedure is to collapse irrelevant content, so that it does not derail matters further, and aids in a peace-process; something which I would have thought everyone would prefer to witness. As for checking talk pages, well naturally I will be patrolling such areas, especially when I have all Eurovision-related articles on my watchlist. I can hardly be accused of "trolling" those areas, when I am watching them all anyway and have done so since 2011. And there is also the fact this project now has the Project Eurovision Cup, so all areas are being monitored by myself and CT Cooper (who are the judges for the contest) so that we can allocate the correct points to the participants of the contest. I would have thought that as a member of this project and recipient of the Project Newsletter that you would have been aware of the new contest? Especially when you received all the notifications issues by the special message delivery system. Wes Mouse | T@lk 15:41, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
* I replied for your earlier comment, by explaining that this is why I copied my opening proposal under your new presentation of where to place this info - to move on from previous debates about linking the anniversary to this article, when there were no other solutions. The collapsing of the debate is not a problem anymore, now that all comments that are mostly unrelated in content are collapsed. I also didn't say you are trolling anything, but that your follow up on the project page doesn't limit other editing actions and relevant pages to hold discussions. Now we just need more opinions in regards to also moving the contest archiving to main ESC article. Me and Mr. Gerbear expressed support. Do you have a view on this? אומנות (talk) 16:32, 30 April 2015 (UTC)
* Hey, Wesley, I have to take issue with the following extremely problematic sentiments that you said earlier:
* "If people had concerns about all of this, then they should have raised them at the time and not now. We cannot determine what people think when they maintain a 100% silence on matters. We are not psychic, nor do we possess the proverbial crystal ball. OK consensus can change, but raising it here is not the venue. Raise them at the project talk page, were we can then determine if the paragraph should be moved elsewhere (I.E. the parent Eurovision article) or if it should remain in its current location."
* First off: Not everybody can check Wikipedia at all times. I've been inordinately busy, and if you're saying that I should have taken time out of my busy schedule to somehow go to a discussion that I'd have to be psychic to know was going on, that's extremely illogical. We are all volunteers here and run on our own time. Just because you can find the time to look at literally everything and know where every discussion is at what point does not mean other concerned editors can. I know you have problems in your own personal life, so you should very well understand that not everyone can be available all the time.
* Secondly: Of course nobody can determine what people think when they don't say anything, but now that people are saying things, you have gone out of your way to explain that we are somehow wrong and that we should have been in that first discussion?
* Third: How is here not the venue? We're talking about a change on this article. If that change spills over onto other articles, ok, but the discussion originated here due to the actions of an editor who edited this very page.
* Fourth, and I quote from WP:PROJ, "WikiProjects are not rule-making organizations. WikiProjects have no special rights or privileges compared to other editors and may not impose their preferences on articles." You should not say that people should go to the project page to discuss changes; you cannot impose rules made in project discussions here if another discussion is taking place.
* You said, earlier, in a reply to my comment that "When people decide not to weigh in their say on a debate, and then complain of an outcome afterwards, then they lost their right in that said debate." I'm pretty sure that's not how Wikipedia works. If there is another discussion, and other people bring in their input, why should their opinions not matter?
* You also said: "And if you don't believe me, why don't you wander over there now and see the number of active (some gone stale) debates that you have not yet even adder your input into." This sounds unnecessarily hostile. There are tons of reasons for me to not comment on literally every debate. I have been, like I said, extremely busy. There are discussions that I feel that I don't have anything constructive to add. Right now, what that sounds like is that I should be commenting on everything, and looking for every discussion, and participating as actively as you do before my opinion can count. I don't know how the project can even keep members if you expect everyone to do that. <span style="font-family:Courier New, monospace; "> Mr. Gerbear | Talk 22:12, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
* Thank you for selecting a small piece of one of my earlier conversations. If you also looked into what I followed up with, which is now located in the collapsed section, you will also see that I did appreciate and acknowledge that not everyone is active and thus not always going to be checking every talk page for activity. However, I did note that it would be commonsensical if someone does take a period of absence, to briefly check the project space to see if there have been any changes during their period of absence. This is practice that any person would do in the real world, for example if someone took time off from employment, their employer would bring the employee up to speed on any changes during their time away. If I take time away from Wikipedia, I make it a point to hop over to WT:ESC and briefly glance at the debates in view, and see if there is anything that was of importance whilst I was away. Also, everyone, including yourself, receives a copy of the Project Newsletter, which details in brief what has happened each month. So even catching up with reading those helps members have an idea of what they missed during their absence. As for the latter statement, it is not hostile whatsoever. It is a clear statement showing that if people wanted proof then they were invited to check at the project talk page. That was all. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:57, 2 May 2015 (UTC)
* , yes I think now we know more about the anniversary event, that it probably would fit better within the parent article. Seeing as this is now the second ever anniversary event for Eurovision, that a new "Anniversaries" section would be a good idea - thus we can summarise about the 50th and 60th events; and any other events that will happen in the future, for example when Eurovision turns 100. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:57, 2 May 2015 (UTC)
* So considering all four of the participants in this discussion have agreed on moving the anniversary content out of this article, can we move forward and do it? Pickette (talk) 01:45, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
* There is an agreement, with nobody else expressing an objection since this discussion was opened, so it is reasonable to remove the info. If someone objects, it can be placed back with keeping discussing. For now I agree there isn't a reason for keeping it; although, Pickette, I'm not sure how exactly you intended on making a reference to the Greatest hits - just placing a link to its article in the "See also" section on this article? Or footnote it, from some content within this article? So I didn't touch the info here, but in any case I arranged the section for the anniversaries at the ESC article; the 50th anniversary was actually already there but under "Spin-offs" sections, so I simply moved it and added about the 60th anniversary - and put them under sub-sections titles after the shows' names. However, I still didn't move the archiving contest's project, and I still suggest to move this as well to the ESC article with renaming the sub-sections there as "50th anniversary" and "60th anniversary" regardless of leaving the show's hatnotes, so that this sub-sections' titles address different projects and not imply limit to only describe those shows. אומנות (talk) 10:38, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
Adding a link in the 'see also' section would suffice. Usage of footnotes would be unnecessary under these circumstances. However, French Wikipedia have included the UK's 2015 entry within their anniversary article - and I had read that they did perform at the event. Would it also justify to mention this factor on the UK's 2015 article and including a 'see also' link there too? (Is anyone else experiencing issues with Wikipedia today? It has taken me 18 attempts to write and save this comment) Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:24, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
* The UK's 2015 entry performing at the 60th anniversary show seems notable to mention at the article focusing on the UK and its entry at the 2015 ESC, but doesn't seem to warrant a "see also"; it wasn't part of the international show broadcast, rather an act performed to the local audiance between the recorded performances. Also mentioning this specific entry's performance within the UK 2015 article already produces the prose-link to the greatest hits show. אומנות (talk) 10:27, 9 May 2015 (UTC)
HRT won't broadcast Eurovision Song Contest 2015
Here is a proof - http://eurosong.hr/hrt-ne-prenosi-jubilarni-eurosong-2015/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by SteelSingle (talk • contribs) 12:35, 5 May 2015 (UTC)
* Blogs are not reliable sources, sorry! So we cannot accept that source. Wes Mouse | T@lk 16:37, 5 May 2015 (UTC)
have they reintroduced the orchestra?
it seems to me that they have though i find no information about it in the article so could someone confirm or deny this and if it is true update the article.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:42, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
* No they have not, what was seen was a video wall of an orchestra, but no like orchestra. -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 22:34, 19 May 2015 (UTC) the wall was pulled to the sides while the orchestra was shown and they were introduced as a radio orchestra.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:20, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
Which half is 14?
There needs to be a source saying which half 14 is in, as 14 is the median of 27. Spa-Franks (talk) 21:47, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
* Spa-Franks is right here. As there are 27 in the final, 14 can neither be first nor second half, but slap-bang in the middle. 1 - 13 is first half, 15 - 27 is second half. The current way by placing 14th act in the second half is like saying that a glass is both half-full and half-empty. Wes Mouse | T@lk 18:26, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* Should Austria remain in "unknown half" until the running order is revealed? <font color="#AB2B2B">{ [ ( jjj <font color="#000000">1238 ) ] } 18:43, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* how can they be an "unknown half"? There are 27 countries in the final, so position 14 is exactly the middle point, with 13 songs before and 13 songs after the Austrian entry. So no "unknown half" about it. Wes Mouse | T@lk 20:39, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* But we clearly can't put them in the first or second half. <font color="#AB2B2B">{ [ ( jjj <font color="#000000">1238 ) ] } 20:44, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* In that case, and going off previous history within the contest when there have been an odd number of entries in the final, then the first half tends to be a lesser portion than the second half. For example, when ESC had 25 in the final, the scoreboard shown 12 on the left, 13 on the right. So on that basis, 2015 would more than likely be 13 (left), and 14 (right). Wes Mouse | T@lk 20:50, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* From what I understand it is the decision of the broadcasters were to place the commercial break before the final evening. So it is unclear at this point.--BabbaQ (talk) 21:08, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
Might as well leave things in the current status quo, as ORF will no doubt release the final running order within the next hour or so. Wes Mouse | T@lk 21:19, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* Good idea.--BabbaQ (talk) 21:23, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
* This source has answered my own question. Adding to the article posthaste. Spa-Franks (talk) 21:44, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
Sweden won the contest,
so hereby I place an edit request to put them as the winners.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:53, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
Poland's spokeperson
Poland's spokeperson wasn't Cleo, but Aleksandra Ciupa (one of the milkmaids from last year). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fidelxxx (talk • contribs) 23:49, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
Macedonia and Montenegros votes declared invalid
The votes from these two countries will apparently not be included. Something was wrong with the voting procedure in these two nations. according to the BBC.--BabbaQ (talk) 23:57, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
Title
Why is the title in italics? Is "Eurovision Song Contest 2015" the name of the TV show or the name of the actual contest? Thanks. Joseph A. Spadaro (talk) 04:40, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
2-time 21st century winner?
"Sweden won the contest with Måns Zelmerlöw's "Heroes", becoming the first country to win Eurovision twice in the 21st Century." Denmark won in both 2000 and 2013, surely they would hold this title? A more accurate claim would probably be the first country to win twice in a decade. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joss616 (talk • contribs) 07:08, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* 21st century began in 2001, not in 2000. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:35, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
Split results
I just noticed the split results were added for semifinal 1 and whoever is doing it forgot the Dutch votes in both Jury and Televote section.
With both of these up, you end up with these results, which are exactly the same as the ones on Wikipedia, except with the Dutch votes (found on Eurovision.tv split results article): https://eurovisiontimes.wordpress.com/2015/05/24/eurovision-2015-semifinal-1-split-results/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:31, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
Australia gave 5 points to Estonia in the First Semifinal, not 4. Can somebody change it please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:11, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
Last place
I know, for wikipedia it is only relevant what is published in official sources, but I think the current running order that Austria is last and Germany second to last is wrong. The rules applying to this are given in Rules for ESC 2015. Section 1.4 gives the guidance how to proceed in case of ties. In my opinion it describes two different situations. The first part discusses the case when one country votes and by their combination of jury and televote ties occur. The second part describes the case when two or more countries are tied in the overall ranking (so after the votes of all countries). As the first rules of the second part do not apply, as Austria and Germany gained no points, the last paragraph becomes relevant: "In the very unlikely case that after applying the above procedure in a Semi-Final there is still a tie concerning the qualifying ranks and non-qualifying ranks, the tie shall be resolved by giving precedence to the country which was earlier in the running order for the Semi- Final in question. The same procedure shall be used to resolve any other ties." As Austria (number 14) sung their entry before Germany (number 17), they should be classified as number 26 and Germany as number 27. Can someone confirm this view or am I totally wrong?--Maphry (talk) 09:34, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* I think you are 100% right. I have amended the table accordingly. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:26, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* I'm not sure but I believe that Germany is ranked above Austria because it received higher individual televoting/jury scores. For example, Austria earned 0 votes from televoting, but Germany earned 5. <font color="#AB2B2B">{ [ ( jjj <font color="#000000">1238 ) ] } 10:41, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* Sounds reasonable. But is that in the rules? Martinevans123 (talk) 10:45, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* That's why I'm not sure, it's just the way I interpreted it. Anyways, Eurovision.tv and the EBU recognise Austria as 27th and Germany as 26th, and that's what matters. <font color="#AB2B2B">{ [ ( jjj <font color="#000000">1238 ) ] } 11:37, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* The website of Eurovision has obviously changed during the day and Austria is now placed above Germany. With this the table would be now consistent as also the other tie (Albania and Armenia) follows now the interpretation of the rules I gave above.--Maphry (talk) 22:03, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* Everyone knows that makes no geographic sense. Austria, as host, should have gracefully assumed last place. But maybe it's all a smokescreem. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:00, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* As this is not disputed anymore, it would be great when someone could change the article. So Austria is 26th, Germany 27th within the final table. As a consequence, Austria is also not the first country since 1958 who got last as a home country (well at least not technically). So this statement has to be deleted in the introduction. And of cause all subarticles, who might included the prior ranking has to be changed as well.--Maphry (talk) 19:37, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* ✅ (both). As per the Eurovision website. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:44, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
The rules linked to above are pretty clear, and explain why Austria have been ranked higher than Germany. Rule 1.4 para 5 states "In the very unlikely case that after applying the above procedure in a Semi-Final there is still a tie concerning the qualifying ranks and non-qualifying ranks, the tie shall be resolved by giving precedence to the country which was earlier in the running order for the semifinal in question. The same procedure shall be used to resolve any other ties. " Based on that and the scoreboard shown on the official website, it would appear that Austria have been ranked 26th and Germany 27th, because Austria performed 14th, and Germany 17th in the running order. Wes Mouse | T@lk 01:54, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* So we all agree that the official rules, the official source and the article now all agree, yes? Martinevans123 (talk) 11:13, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* I thought we had reached consensus here? But now we have "Host country last in case of a tie when all other tiebreakers have been completed (bar the "earlier placement gets higher position"). Reference can be found on Eurovision rules Wikipedia page." Why do we bar that rule in this case? The Eurovision rules Wikipedia page is not WP:RS, is it? Martinevans123 (talk) 07:38, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* it is quite possible and probably that the Eurovision rules Wiki article is outdated and in need of a major update to show the changes in the rules. Per WP:CIRCULAR we are not to use articles within Wikipedia as sources, purely for that factor of the article may be "out of date". Wes Mouse | T@lk 09:40, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Hopefully this will draw the editor's attention to the issue. please see this thread before attempting to change the placings for Austria and Germany. Using the article Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest as a source is not allowed, per WP:CIRCULAR. Seeing as you have been a Wikipedian for a few years, I would have thought you'd have known this policy? Also the voting article is outdated and needs to be updated to show the new changes in rules, as published by the EBU in 2015. Austria were ranked higher than Germany, because the rules state that in the event all other tie-break rules had been applied and the result were still the same (in this case they both had nul points) then the tie shall be resolved by giving precedence to the country which was earlier in the running order . In this case, Austria performed before Germany in the final, hence why the EBU have Austria as ranked 26th and Germany as 27th. Wes Mouse | T@lk 09:56, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Did not see this, I assumed that it was properly sourced as it is a high level article (with a reference attached). Will refrain from editing from now on. Airlinesguy (talk) 11:31, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
In all fairness it wouldn't make a difference if an article was high level or not; WP:CIRCULAR explicitly states that a Wikipedia article or any website that mirrors a Wikipedia article must not be used as a source; and you used an article as a source in your edit summary. Saying that, the 2015 rules does state that in the event of a tie for first place, and that all of the other tie-breaking rules had been applied, that if 2 or more countries were still in a "deadlock" situation, that the country ranked earliest in the running order would be declared the winner. So in this case, as the tie is for last place, and both have no points, then the only way to determine who is ranked 26 and 27th fell down to who ranked earliest in the running order - in this case Austria performed before Germany, which explains how the EBU came to the decision of placing the hosts in 26th, and Germany in 27th. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:10, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 24 May 2015
I have made the tables of the Jury-only-ranking and Televoting-only-ranking, i implemented them below.
Stu157 (talk) 09:35, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
Jury & televote colours etc
Why don't we just highlight "100% Jury" and "100% Televote", but just use the default colour for the 50/50 split in the results tables? -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 18:10, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* Makes sense to me. I'm in favour of this proposal. Wes Mouse | T@lk 18:19, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* This applies to other articles, I really should have posted this at the WP:ESC talkpage, since I'm also 50/50 on the shades used for the orange and blue, which are not pale enough IMO. -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 18:36, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
* I must say I do like the second choice of paler colours. But if you feel taking this over to the project talk page in order to potentially roll it out across all articles, then I'm cool with that. Let me know then I can bob over and repeat my input over there too. Wes Mouse | T@lk 19:01, 24 May 2015 (UTC)
Dishonest results
It seemes, undoubtful leader of TV-voiting of contest (and OGAE also), Italy no wishes to conduct next Contest and asked some juries of some contries (i.e. Germany, Estonia, etc) to give an extremal small scores at first or one of highest scores from TV-voters at the same time. In any case, if to count the split results from TV-voiting and juries fifty-fifty not by places but by scores, Italy took 2nd place: Italy obtained (366+171)/2=268 points againts Russua (286+234)/2=260 points <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:57, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Conspiracy theories have no place on Wikipedia articles. Italy lost and that's that. <font color="#AB2B2B">{ [ ( jjj <font color="#000000">1238 ) ] } 10:53, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* I thought they came third, only 11 points behind Russia? Martinevans123 (talk) 10:56, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
Order of voting
There is a difference of opinion between myself and Winterkönig Hannover about the order in which the votes should be listed.
My position is that they should be listed in the order in which they were delivered, i.e. the ones which had technical difficulties should be placed last, whereas Winterkönig Hannover thinks that they should be listed in the original order (with technical difficulty countries listed at their original positions). – Hshook (talk) 11:11, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* They should (and have always been in the past) listed in the order they were delivered, even if there were technical difficulties, with a footnote to explain for those countries that they were suppose to have been in Nth position, but changed to Nnth position due to technical issues. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:11, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* At first, the order of votes should be the original version, in which they were announced and how they were broadcasted, but there should be footnote, that there were a technical problem so that the results werde announced at position 38th, 39th, 40th. Winterkönig Hannover (talk) 12:34, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Unfortunately, I have to disagree with you. The way issues like this have been handled in the past by WP:ESC is to list them in order that they gave out the entire points. So in this case, Portugal, Estonia, and Georgia - regardless of technical difficulties, become listed in 38, 39, and 40. Then a footnote explaining they should have been 5, 13, and 30 respectively. This was done a few years ago when Ireland encountered the same problem; and Project Eurovision relist them in the new announcement position, with a footnote detailing about the issue. Keep with the consistent precedence here! is right and we need to show the order correctly with Portugal, Estonia, and Georgia being last, as that is when they announced their full voting results. Wes Mouse | T@lk 12:57, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* As there were more than one technical issue, then this information will become detailed in more depth within an incidents section at some stage. So the footnotes would not be needed at that point. Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:00, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Can we please make sure that any changes to the page that are reverted, removed etc are discussed here first. -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 16:22, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Of course, I started this discussion to go through WP:BRD on 's changes. My position is above. – Hshook (talk) 16:25, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* I'll just say that I oppose the second table that was added, we don't need unnecessary duplication, just for something that can be said in a note. -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 16:29, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Where is the problem? There was an original order of voting published, and then there were some problems by announcing the votes from three countries. Winterkönig Hannover (talk) 16:31, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* We don't disagree on that, but I think that the list should be in the order that the votes were received, rather than the proposed order. The original order is better suited to a note underneath the list. – Hshook (talk) 16:38, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* I am going to remove the duplicate table, taking the section back to before this discussion began, then if anyone still has concerns they can be discussed. Please do not add the second table again until discussion has taken place. – Hshook (talk) 16:49, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
is right here. what you did was pointy and engaging in edit warring over disputed content. What did by starting the discussion here is the correct procedure of bold, revert, discuss. As I noted in an earlier comment; we had an encounter like this a few years ago, when Ireland were originally down as voting in one position, but they experienced technical difficulties (like Portugal, Estonia, and Georgia did this year), and Ireland ended up announcing them last. That is what the section is suppose to be depicting; the order in which the votes where fully announced via live broadcast. Portugal, Estonia, and Georgia gave their full votes at the end. A simple footnote like is currently in place, covers the basis that there were drawn to announce differently, but didn't do so because their satellite connection was "disconnected". Wes Mouse | T@lk 16:59, 25 May 2015 (UTC) restoration to a status quo prior to all this is the wise and correct procedure. if you continue to re-add and inevitably go beyond the 3 revert rule, then you will only have yourself to blame if you get blocked due to not following the discussion process. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:02, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Tell the truth, not everybody reads footnotes first! Winterkönig Hannover (talk) 17:03, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Erm, there is no truth so to speak. If people look at the footnote or not, is not of concern here - that is down to the individual reading the article. The fact that footnotes are suppose to be used in cases like this is the correct concern and procedure to be carried out. And you have gone beyond the 3 revert rule so don't be surprised if you get blocked from editing in due course. I see 1, 2, 3, 4 reverts, which is a blocking offence. bear in mind that you too are on your third revert on this matter, be careful not to revert it any further until this has been resolved. We wouldn't want 2 editors being blocked for the same matter. And I appreciate that you indented my comment in good faith, but refactoring other's comments is not allowed. I have restored it back to how I chosen to post it. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:10, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Is this an offense against me? Please tell me, what is the problem to announce that there was an official list of order of voting and the broadcasted voting order? Winterkönig Hannover (talk) 17:16, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* to simplify things a little. The offence you have done is edit war over content, not once, but you reverted 4 times in the space of 24 hours. That is an offence and can result in you being blocked from editing. There is a problem with the list, because you and 3 other editors have mixed opinion on how the list should look. As this is a content dispute, then you are suppose to discuss it with everyone concerned at this very talkpage venue. Reverting others because you still disagree is the wrong thing to do. Now, please, discuss the matter, work to a resolution between yourself,, and any other editors. Once you have all reached an agreement, then the article's voting order section can be changed. But until then, do not revert the content any more. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:28, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
Infobox change
I have started a discussion to include a new field in the infobox, please participate here. Thanks!!!! Rayukk (talk) 11:21, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
"Wave-shaped spheres"
§ Graphic design says
* The theme utilises wave-shaped spheres meant to symbolise diversity and the bridging of connections and encounters people experience on a constant basis.
That's self-contradictory, like "square triangles". Thnidu (talk) 21:12, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Maybe that should be changed to "utilises a wave of spheres"? -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 21:22, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
* Good suggestion. Done, with slight modification: "The theme depicts a wave made up of many spheres". --Thnidu (talk) 04:26, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
Awkward English
The article needs to be re-writen in decent English.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:07, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* I assume you meant "re-written" with 2 T's? The article is written in British English, using the correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation, in accordance with WP:ENGVAR. Wes Mouse | T@lk 03:18, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* >Complains about the "bad english" in the article,
* >Complaint itself not in decent English,
* OP I recommend you learn how to spell before recommending anything else! . – Davey 2010 Talk 03:31, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* How low can you go? Maybe we need to use descent English. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:08, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* Ofcourse silly me a sense of humour on this place is strictly forbidden .... I'll stick to calling everyone a shall I? .... – Davey 2010 Talk 12:57, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* Yes, now that we've got Australia at Eurovision, I think you might have to. Just try not to forget the advice. As you know Wikipedia is always a place of sweetness and light. But any more jokes like that and I'll take you to ANI! Martinevans123 (talk) 13:17, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* Be my fucking guest!. – Davey 2010 Talk 14:09, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* Great to see you've kept your sense of humour. And that all my links didn't go amiss. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:23, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* Martin you little sod - Sorry I've just had a really crap day and to be honest hadn't even realized you linked to everything so thus was actually joking!, It's just been one of those days today, I apologize for biting your head off. – Davey 2010 Talk 14:45, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
* "Ah, Meestah Daveey, you too kind!" *blush* Martinevans123 (talk) 14:51, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
File:Eurovision Song Contest 2016 logo.svg
You have reverted my twice now on File:Eurovision Song Contest 2016 logo.svg, and claiming that the flag in the heart should be off-centre, whilst yes, the Swedish flag is off-centre, the logo is copyright of the EBU and is not for one user or any Wikipedia user to change, which would go against their branding guidelines since the logo should follow their positioning of the flag, SVT themselves also follow the EBU guidelines. -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 07:50, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* Sure, but it does look wrong. I stand corrected, thank you for those links. Also this discussion may be better suited to the talk page of the 2016 contest rather than this one. – Hshook (talk) 13:03, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* Oops, I didn't realise I had put this in 2015. -- <font color=#000> [[ <font face="SwissMad, Arial">axg <font color=#4169E1> // <font color=#000>✉ ]] 13:14, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
German speaking Countries
Why have the german speaking countries bad results? Germany 0 Points, Austria 0 Points, Switzerland 4 Points. Is there any relation? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:02, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* Maybe because they all had bad songs? They were all sung in English, by the way. But perhaps you can find a WP:RS that suggests some other reason(s). Martinevans123 (talk) 16:11, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* Although this isn't a forum for discussing Eurovision, I would say the lower-scoring countries didn't send anyone with a difference this year. People vote for songs and performers who stand out, so It's not that they speak German, it's just that they were a bit boring. – Hshook (talk) 16:13, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* "Time to Shine" never even got to the final, of course. Martinevans123 (talk) 16:22, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* None of those songs were that bad, Germany was good, and so was Switzerland, so I'm surprised that more people didn't vote for them. This year we saw points far more concentrated amongst the top contestants, leaving less for the lower-scoring countries, perhaps that's why. – Hshook (talk) 16:48, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
Overrunning
Should it be mentioned that the show overran by approximately 25 minutes (provided we find a suitable source, of course)? I mean, it lasted just short of 4 hours, which must be a record for a Eurovision final. — A ndreyyshore T C 00:26, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
* It's not the first time the final has overrun; although I cannot remember the last time, but I do remember Terry Wogan saying one year (2004-2007) that the contest seem to be going on forever due to all countries announcing the full 1-12 points. Wes Mouse | T@lk 00:31, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
* As for sourcing this overrun in 2015, I suppose Cite episode would suffice, as there is the parameter to add the length of the show, and we could use the official ESC channel on youtube as the link to verify the length. An option worth thinking about. Wes Mouse | T@lk 00:45, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
Contest feared a terror attack
Did anyone else know about this terror threat? Something of this magnitude surely deserves adding to the article? Wes Mouse | T@lk 00:34, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
* There's no threat mentioned, so I don't think anything should be added here. – Hshook (talk) 11:33, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
"the country's second win in three years"
Sweden won in 2012 and 2015. Surely that makes 2 wins in 4 years, not 3 years. Vauxhall1964 (talk) 00:40, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* Simple maths here really. 2015 - 2012 = 3. Wes Mouse | T@lk 08:35, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
2012-2015 is 4 years .... 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Besides in the context of Eurovision 'years' refers to 'contests' surely. Vauxhall1964 (talk) 12:27, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was held on 26 May, so strictly speaking it's four days less than three years. But I guess "years" is meant to mean "annual contests" not exact calendar years. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:27, 31 May 2015 (UTC) ...so it's had two wins in four contests?
* If this is going to cause confusion between the definition of "years" as in calendar or contest, then it is probably best to omit the information. It is well known on these cases that confusion only opens up to dramatic content disputes. However, to put it in a different way, a person born in 2012 would not be turning 4 this year, they'd be 3 years old, but embarking on their forth year of life. Take myself for example; I was born in 1979, this year I turn 36; as 1979 is counted as the "zero" year. The contest started in 1956, being the first contest. 2015 marked the sixtieth contest, in the fifty-ninth calendar year of it "birthday" (so to speak). 2016 would in effect be its sixtieth birthday year; but its sixty-first contest year. If that makes sense. Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:03, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* The only way of wording it to avoid dispute between a person's definition of "years", would be to say "This is Sweden's second win of the twenty-first century, since 2012". Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:06, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* Or just :"Sweden last won in 2012". I don't really see the significance of the millennium to the notability of winning. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:09, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* Now that wording is even better. I agree that making a point of the "millennium" issue is probably a wee bit over-the-top. Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:14, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* "second win since 2012" is confusing as it suggests after 2012 Sweden won twice when after 2012 they won once. The clearest option would be to say 'Sweden's second win in the last four contests' and leave 'years' out of it if we must. Vauxhall1964 (talk) 13:33, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* , if there is confusion no mater how it is going to be worded, then the best solution is to not mention it at all. We're best trying to avoid content disputes, rather than provide the wood kindling to start a heated dispute in the future. Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:41, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
* Bucket of petrol, anyone? Martinevans123 (talk) 13:44, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
Obviously, year = contest.-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:11, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Really? So you don't celebrate your birthday in years then, you celebrate then in contests? Well in all of my life, I never knew that I have been getting it all wrong and I am actually 35 contests-old rather than 35 years-old. Wes Mouse | T@lk 17:22, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* How is this about me all of a sudden? I count my birthdays in a different way exactly because I'm not a contest.-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:50, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* To define year: a common year is 365 days, a leap year is 366 days. There is no such definition as a "Eurovision Year", as the contest still takes place at a given time within the calendar year. To try and say it is "four years" will confuse people come 2016, into thinking that Sweden last won in 2011, rather than in 2012.
* That's only one definition.-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:50, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Please do not alter other's comments, like you did with mine. Wes Mouse | T@lk 09:07, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
Maybe this explains it: If you had lunch yesterday, and lunch today, was that your second lunch in a day?-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:55, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Maybe instead of going round and round about lunches and years and birthdays etc. this information could just be left out? yes that was just a chance to make puns, but I hope my message is received – Hshook (talk) 19:22, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Agreed, it's not a useful information anyway.-<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:25, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Lunch?? Sweden's won more times than I've had hot dinners. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:46, 1 June 2015 (UTC)
* Agreed, it is best to omit it all together if it is causing all of this confusion. And to answer the other question about lunches, if someone had two lunches within 24 hours, then yes they would have had 2 lunches in a day, as a day is 24 hours long. Wes Mouse | T@lk 09:07, 2 June 2015 (UTC)
Lead citation
There is a citation in the lead section regarding full split results. Per WP:CITELEAD, which was pointed out after a recent FA review of Eurovision 2012 article, the lead or infobox sections shouldn't contain citations. Any suggestions where in the main body of the article that the full split result citation can be moved to? Wes Mouse | T@lk 13:12, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 31 May 2015
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:30, 31 May 2015 (UTC)
Uhm Sweden isn't the first country to win twice in 21st Century, Denmark was the first country to win twice in the 21st Century, they won in 2000 and 2013
* As has been mentioned at, the 21st century began on 1 January 2001. The year 2000 was the last year of the 20th century. Wes Mouse | T@lk 20:32, 31 May 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
Sie sind auf Seite 1von 4
1
1
Code: 9A23303
B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14
Time: 3 hours
FLUID FLOW IN BIOPROCESSES
(Biotechnology)
Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
Max Marks: 70
(a)
1 Define unit processes as applied to the field of biotechnology.
(b)
Discuss any two heat transfer operations in bioprocessing.
(a)
2 What are the various equations state available to evaluate P-V-T data.
(b)
Calculate the volume of 15 kg of chlorine at a pressure of 0.9 bar and 293 K.
3 Write the mechanical energy balance for fluid flow through pipes and derive the Bernoulli’s equation, stating assumptions used.
A solution having specific gravity 1.84 is drawn from a storage tank through a 75 mm schedule 40 steel pipe by a pump having 60% efficiency. The velocity in the section line is 0.9 M/S. The pump discharges through a 50 mm schedule 40 pipe to an overheat tank. The end of the discharge pipe is 15 m above the level of the solution in the feed tank. Friction losses in the entire piping are 30 J/kg. What pressure must the pump develop? What is the power developed to the fluid by the pump? The cross sectional areas of the 75 mm and 50 mm pipes are 4765 mm 2 respectively.
(a)
(b)
4 State Newton’s law of viscosity. Define coefficient of viscosity.
(a)
(b)
Describe the cone and plate viscometer and how is it used to determine rheological data of a fermentation broth.
(a)
5 For laminar flow through a pipe, show that the ratio of average velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5.
(b)
What is compressible flow and what parameters characterize such flow.
6 Derive the Ergun equation for flow of fluids through packed beds.
(a)
7 Describe the construction and working of a venturimeter with the help of a schematic diagram.
(b)
Write short notes on: (i) Check valves. (ii) Butterfly valves. (iii) Safety valves.
(a)
8 Describe the working principle of a centrifugal pump.
(b)
A liquid is pumped from a reservoir to the top of a mountain through a pipe of inner diameter 0.1396 m at an average velocity of 2.09 m/s. The pipe discharge into atmosphere at a level of 1860 m above the level in the reservoir. The length of the pipe line is 1524 m. Effecting of the pump is 65%. Calculate the hourly energy costs for pumping is energy cost is rupees 5 per KWhr. State the assumptions made, if any. *****
2
2
Code: 9A23303
B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14
Time: 3 hours
FLUID FLOW IN BIOPROCESSES
(Biotechnology)
Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
Max Marks: 70
1 Citing two examples for each, define unit operations and unit processes as applied to the field of biotechnology.
(a)
(b)
What are the transport operations involved in low processing?
(a)
2 What do you mean by equation of state? Write any two popular ones.
(b)
Convert pound force into SI units, atmospheric into PSi and 100 poise to Pa.S.
(a)
3 Describe the Bernoulli’s equations, clearly stating the assumptions made.
(b)
Oil having specific gravity 0.8 is flowing in a tapered pipe line. The velocity at a section having 0.15 m 2 area is found to be 1.0 m/s. Calculate the diameter of the pipeline at which the velocity is 2.0 m/s. Find out the mass flow rate.
(a)
4 Discuss about the rheology of non-Newtonian fluids.
(b)
Explain the construction and working of an extrusion rheometer.
(a)
5 Explain the concept of boundary layer with a neat diagram.
(b)
Calculate the frictionless pressure drop in Pascal’s for an oil (density 920 kg/m 3 and viscosity 85 CP) at 293 K flowing through a commercial pipe having an inside diameter
of
0.053 m and a length of 76 m. The velocity of the fluid is 1.2 m/s. the friction factor
method. Is the flow laminar as turbulent?
6 Obtain the expression for the terminal setting velocity of a single particle assuming Stoke’s law to be valid.
(a)
(b)
Spherical particles having diameter of 0.1 mm and specific gravity 4 are setting under gravity in a solvent (CCl 4 ) at 20º C having specific gravity 1.6. The volume fraction of the particles in CCl 4 is 0.2. If viscosity of CCl 4 at 20º C is 1.03 CP, what is the setting velocity of the particle?
(a)
7 Describe the construction and working principle of an artifice meter with the help of a schematic diagram.
(b)
A rotameter has a 0.3 m long tube with inner diameter 2.5 cm at the top and 1.8 cm at the bottom. The float has 1.8 cm diameter with specific gravity 5.8 and a volume of 60
cm
3 . If the coefficient of the meter is 0.72 at what height will the float be when metering
water at 0.1 lps.
(a)
8 Explain characteristics curves with diagram and give their applications.
(b)
Explain about peristaltic pumps, their operation and use in bio processing. *****
3
3
Code: 9A23303
B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14
Time: 3 hours
FLUID FLOW IN BIOPROCESSES
(Biotechnology)
Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
Max Marks: 70
(a)
1 What are the different types of unit operations and unit processes?
(b)
Give applications of momentum transfer and heat transfer in bioprocessing.
2 What are standard conditions? How many g moles of nitrogen will occupy 100 cm 3 at
(a)
112
112 and 400 K.
and 400 K.
(b)
The heat transfer coefficient of oil flowing through a pipe is 300 W/m 2 K. Express this in K cal /hm 2 0 C Btu/h ft 2 0 F.
(a)
3 What is hydrostatic equilibrium? Derive a mathematical expression for it.
(b)
Oil having specific gravity 0.88 is flowing in a tapered pipeline. The velocity at a section having 0.15 m 2 area is found to be 1.432 m/s. Calculate the diameter of the pipeline at which the velocity is 2.7 m/s. Find out the volumetric flow rate.
(a)
4 Explain the concept of viscosity with a neat diagram.
(b)
Describe the working of a coaxial cylindrical viscometer.
(a)
5 Explain flow characterization by Reynolds number.
(b)
Write short notes on Mach number and stagnation temperature.
(a)
6 Discuss the different equations for determining pressure drop for flow through beds.
(b)
Air at 37.8 ºC and 101.3 kPa absolute pressure flows past a sphere having a diameter of 36 mm at a velocity of 24 m/s. What are the drag coefficient and force on the sphere. The viscosity of air at 37.8ºC is 1.9 Pa.S and density = 1.137 kg/m 3 .
the drag coefficient and force on the sphere. The viscosity of air at 37.8ºC is 1.9
(a)
7 Describe the construction and working of a rotameter with the help of a schematic diagram.
(b)
What size of orifice would give a pressure difference of 31 cm of water column for the flow of liquid styrene of density 923 kg/m 3 at a flow rate of 0.06 m 3 /s in a 25 cm diameter pipe? Take the orifice coefficient value to be 0.65.
(a)
8 Discuss about the classification of fluid transportation machinery with examples.
(b)
Explain about the selection of pump for different applications in process industries.
*****
4
4
Code: 9A23303
B.Tech II Year I Semester (R09) Regular & Supplementary Examinations December/January 2013/14
Time: 3 hours
FLUID FLOW IN BIOPROCESSES
(Biotechnology)
Answer any FIVE questions All questions carry equal marks *****
Max Marks: 70
1 Citing examples from the field of biotechnology, state what you understand by unit operations and unit processes.
(a)
(b)
Discuss any one major man transfer application in bioprocessing.
2 What is an ideal gas equation? State its range of applicability.
(a)
(b)
The heat transfer coefficient for a stream to another is given by
transfer coefficient in Btu/h ft 20 F, D is the flow diameter in inches, G is the mass velocity lb/s ft 2 and is the specific heat Btu/lb 0 F. Express h in kcal/hm 2 0 C.
where h is the heat
F. Express h in kcal/hm 2 0 C. where h is the heat 3 Show that
F. Express h in kcal/hm 2 0 C. where h is the heat 3 Show that
3 Show that at any particular point in a static fluid the applied pressure force is same in all the directions.
Water at 20 is pumped at a constant rate of 9 m 3 /h from a large reservoir resting on the floor to the open top of an experimental absorption tower. The point of discharge is 5 m above the floor, and friction losses in the 50 mm pipe from the reservoir to the tower amount to 2.5 J/kg. At what height in the reservoir must the water level be kept if the pump ran deliver only 0.1 KW.
(a)
(b)
level be kept if the pump ran deliver only 0.1 KW. (a) (b) (a) 4 What
(a)
4 What are time dependent non-Newtonian fluids explain with a diagram and examples?
(b)
Discuss about the different hardware configurations available for continuous measurement of viscosity.
5 Distinguish between skin friction and form friction and discuss how pressure drop due to these can be calculated.
A fluid with specific gravity 0.9 flows through a horizontal pipe of 3 cm diameter. The mass flow rate is 1.04 kg/s. If the pressure drop per meter length of the pipe is 0.12 kg/cm 2 , determine the viscosity of the fluid.
(a)
(b)
(a)
6 Define fanning friction factor. Derive the equation to calculate skin friction loss in straight pipes.
(b)
Estimate the terminal velocity for 80 to 100 mash particles (density 2800 kg/m 3 ) falling in oil at
for 100 mesh 0.147 mm
30
and for 80 mesh = 0.175 mm.
oil at for 100 mesh 0.147 mm 30 and for 80 mesh = 0.175 mm. (Viscosity
(Viscosity of oil = 0.025 Pa.S and density = 990 kg/m 3 ). Given
of oil = 0.025 Pa.S and density = 990 kg/m 3 ). Given (a) 7 Discuss
(a)
7 Discuss about the common devices for minimizing leakage while permitting relative motion.
(b)
Write short notes on: (i) Needle valves. (ii) Gate and (iii) Globe valves.
8 What is NPSH? How is it calculated?
(a)
(b)
Give a detailed account of positive displacement pumps along with their applications in bioprocessing.
***** | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Afghan villagers flee Pakistani cross-border firing: aid group
KABUL (Reuters) - Hundreds of Afghan families have been displaced by cross-border rocket and artillery fire by Pakistani troops, an aid group said on Monday, as tension rose after Pakistan said militants implicated in recent attacks had taken shelter in Afghanistan. As many as 200 families have been displaced from their homes, while some civilian casualties have also been reported after Pakistani border troops fired rockets and artillery, according to the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). Islamic State’s regional branch claimed responsibility for a bomb attack on Thursday at a Sufi shrine in Pakistan’s Sindh province. The toll in that attack has reached 90 people dead and more than 350 wounded, police said on Monday. Pakistan said militants operating out of eastern Afghanistan were behind the attack. Amid a security crackdown, border crossings were closed and Afghan diplomats were summoned to Pakistan’s military headquarters in Islamabad and given a list of 76 “most-wanted terrorists” that Pakistan said were in Afghanistan and demanded they be captured and handed over, the Pakistani army said. Since then, Pakistan says it has killed “over 100 terrorists”, including some in camps inside Afghan territory in shelling on Friday and over the weekend. On the weekend, the Afghan government summoned Pakistan’s ambassador to protest against the shelling and to express condolences for the shrine attack. NRC’s country director in Afghanistan, Kate O’Rourke, said civilians have been caught in the cross-border firing. “Whether indiscriminate or specifically targeted, such attacks forcibly displace civilians, violating international humanitarian law, and must stop,” she said in a statement. Afghan officials said a number of special forces had been deployed to the border to counter any Pakistani raids. “If they continue their attacks we will respond in kind,” said Attahullah Khogyani, a spokesman for Afghanistan’s eastern Nangarhar province. In Asadabad, the capital of Afghanistan’s Kunar province, also on the border, hundreds of Afghans gathered to protest against Pakistan and to ask foreign governments to put pressure on it. The uneasy neighbors have long traded accusations of harboring anti-government militants. Afghanistan has for years complained that insurgent groups like the Taliban have found sanctuary in Pakistan. Afghanistan’s ambassador to Pakistan on Monday handed the Pakistan government a list of insurgents and camps suspected to be in Pakistan. Pakistan’s army chief, General Qamar Javed Bajwa, said the two governments would work together to prevent cross-border movement by militant groups, the Pakistani government said in a statement. On Friday, Afghan officials said government forces backed by international troops had killed two dozen Islamic State fighters in recent operations. Islamic State forces, meanwhile, killed at least 18 Afghan soldiers at a checkpoint in Nangarhar on Thursday. Reporting by Mirwais Harooni. Additional reporting by Syed Raza Hassan in KARACHI, Pakistan; Writing by Josh Smith; Editing by Robert Birsel | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Maximising Efficiency with Private Blockchains in Healthcare
Table of Contents
Blockchain technology has been gaining momentum across various industries in recent years. One of the areas that have shown significant potential for blockchain implementation is the healthcare industry. The decentralised nature of blockchain technology makes it an ideal solution for a sector that deals with sensitive patient information. In this article, we shall explore the concept of private blockchains and how they can maximise efficiency in healthcare.
What are private blockchains?
Before we delve into the benefits of private blockchains in healthcare, it is essential to understand what they are. A private blockchain is a decentralised ledger that operates within a specific network of participants. Unlike public blockchains, private blockchains limit access to specific users or groups of users. This means that the information stored within the blockchain is not available to the public.
Private blockchains can be permissioned or permissionless. Permissioned blockchains are controlled by a central authority, and access to the blockchain is restricted to specific users. On the other hand, permissionless blockchains are open to the public, and anyone can participate in the network. However, permissionless blockchains are not commonly used in the healthcare industry due to privacy concerns.
What are the benefits of using private blockchains in healthcare?
The healthcare industry is highly regulated, and patient privacy is of utmost importance. Private blockchains can provide several benefits in this regard.
Secure data sharing: Private blockchains can enable secure and efficient sharing of healthcare data between authorised parties. The decentralised nature of the blockchain ensures that patient data is not stored in a centralised system that is vulnerable to hacking. Instead, the data is stored in a distributed network, making it difficult for hackers to compromise the entire system.
Improved interoperability: Private blockchains can improve interoperability between different healthcare providers. Currently, patient data is often siloed within different healthcare systems, making it challenging for healthcare providers to access the information they need to provide adequate care. Private blockchains can facilitate the secure sharing of patient data, reducing the likelihood of medical errors and improving patient outcomes.
Streamlined administrative processes: Private blockchains can streamline administrative processes within the healthcare industry. For instance, private blockchain can be used to automate claims processing, reducing the administrative burden on healthcare providers. Additionally, private blockchains can be used to manage medical records, reducing the likelihood of errors and improving the accuracy of patient information.
Increased research collaboration: Private blockchains can enable secure sharing of research data among different research institutions and stakeholders, promoting collaboration and accelerating the pace of research. This can ultimately lead to faster development of new treatments and therapies, improving patient outcomes. They also ensure that intellectual property rights and ownership of data are protected, encouraging research institutions to share data without fear of losing control over their research.
How can private blockchains transform the healthcare industry & maximise efficiency?
Private blockchains have the potential to transform the healthcare industry in several ways, including maximising efficiency. One of the key benefits of private blockchains is their ability to enable secure, transparent, and efficient sharing of data between stakeholders. In the healthcare industry, this can help streamline processes, reduce costs, and improve patient outcomes.
One way that private blockchains can maximise efficiency in healthcare is through improved data sharing. In the current healthcare system, patient data is often siloed, with each healthcare provider maintaining their own records. This can lead to inefficiencies, as healthcare providers may not have access to the complete medical history of their patients. Private blockchains can enable secure and efficient sharing of patient data between healthcare providers, ensuring that all relevant stakeholders have access to the information they need to provide effective care.
Another way that private blockchains can maximise efficiency in healthcare is through improved supply chain management. As mentioned earlier, the supply chain in healthcare is complex, involving numerous stakeholders. Private blockchains can help streamline the supply chain by enabling stakeholders to track the movement of products and reduce the likelihood of counterfeit products entering the supply chain. This can help reduce costs, improve patient safety, and maximise efficiency.
In addition, private blockchains can maximise efficiency in clinical trials, which are essential for the development of new drugs and treatments. By enabling secure and transparent sharing of data between stakeholders, private blockchains can help reduce the time and cost of clinical trials, enabling drug developers to bring new drugs and treatments to market more quickly.
Conclusion
The potential benefits of private blockchains in healthcare are clear. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed before widespread adoption can occur. For instance, there are issues surrounding data standardisation, interoperability, and regulatory compliance.
Despite these challenges, the future of blockchain technology in healthcare looks bright. As the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more use cases emerge, and more healthcare providers adopting blockchain solutions. Ultimately, private blockchains have the potential to transform the healthcare industry, enabling more efficient and secure healthcare delivery while improving patient outcomes. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Skip to main content
Frequently asked questions
Why go for breast screening?
The purpose of screening is to find breast changes which need investigation. Screening cannot tell which changes are caused by breast cancer, but it can show lumps which are too small to be felt and cannot be found in any other way. These changes can then be investigated.
This is important because breast cancer can be more successfully treated if it is found early, when it is very small. Early detection can mean simple treatment.
Where do I go?
You will have been invited to attend the mobile screening van which is situated at a local health centre. There are several small steps leading to the entrance, but if you cannot manage these, or have difficulty in standing, you may attend the assessment centre at Birmingham Women's Hospital.
To change your appointment, please contact:
Is there anything I should do before I go?
It's a good idea to wear trousers, or a skirt, and top, rather that a dress, because you will be asked to undress from the waist up.
Please do not use deodorants, talcum powder, creams or perfumed sprays on your breast or under your arms as these will affect the X-ray image.
What will happen while I'm there?
If you keep to your appointment time, a visit to the unit will take about 20 minutes. A radiographer will welcome you and explain the procedure to you. She will then ask you some questions about your health. Please feel free to ask any questions you may have.
You will be shown to a cubicle and asked to remove your clothing, from the waist up. Your radiographer will then show you how to stand in the correct position for the X-ray.
Will it hurt?
Your breasts will be placed between two plastic plates so that all the breast can be seen. This is very quick and simple, but it may feel uncomfortable because to get a good picture the breast needs to be firmly pressed against the X-ray plate.
What happens after the X-ray?
You will receive a letter detailing your results as soon as they are available. Your GP will also be informed of the result, however most women receive a normal result.
Some women will need to have the test repeated for technical reasons before the results can be given. For example, there may have been a problem with the X-ray film.
A few women will be called back because the appearance of the X-rays suggests that the breasts need further examination. Do not be surprised if you are called back and then told here is nothing to worry about.
If it is found that you need further specialist treatment, you will be looked after by a team of hospital staff, who will be working to ensure that you are given the best of care at all times.
How often will I be screened?
You will be invited to go for a screening test about every three years. If, between screening, you notice any changes in your breasts or anything that worries you, such as lumps or swelling in the armpit or above the breast, arrange to see your doctor straight away.
How do I contact the breast screening office?
Please keep your appointment. If you have any difficulties, please contact the breast screening office.
Last reviewed: 03 January 2024 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Certain things can’t be replaced, such as the roles of a mother and a father. However, when parents decide to separate, the situation creates emotional chaos and it can be quite intimidating, puzzling, and frustrating for the children – as they’re suffering too.
The children, who feel caught in the middle, will most likely find that it takes a toll on their health, which usually happens if the parents make the child choose between mum and dad.
The parents most often want to finalise the divorce quick to keep both sides pleased, but it doesn’t always go that way.
Like any other son, the boy sees his father as his role-model, someone he looks up to. But the boy has an internal battle going on, which his mother is to blame for as she keeps belittling the boy’s father. This means that the boy is rather sensitive to his father’s actions.
In “Compass and Torch” it is possible to find quite a few symbols. In the title, the reader can find the first symbol as a torch is supposed to help the user find their way through the darkness, and it is also a symbol of the boy and his father.
They both brought their torches, which illuminates their complicated relationship. In this situation, the torch is a symbol of relief and assistance for the boy and his father “A torch is for lighting when the time comes, for lighting up the expedition of father and son” (P. 2, L. 20-21).
They have both forgotten their compass, which just symbolises that they have gotten lost in the wilderness.
The gate could symbolise a barrier, a barrier that the two have to get through to find a path, which could be a new beginning for their relationship. But the gate swings back, which symbolises that it is possible to turn around and give up. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Pattress
A pattress or pattress box or fitting box (in the United States and Canada, electrical wall switch box, electrical wall outlet box, electrical ceiling box, switch box, outlet box, electrical box, etc.) is the container for the space behind electrical fittings such as power outlet sockets, light switches, or fixed light fixtures. Pattresses may be designed for either surface mounting (with cabling running along the wall surface) or for embedding in the wall or skirting board. Some electricians use the term "pattress box" to describe a surface-mounted box, although simply the term "pattress" suffices. The term "flush box" is used for a mounting box that goes inside the wall, although some use the term "wall box". Boxes for installation within timber/plasterboard walls are usually called "cavity boxes" or "plasterboard boxes". A ceiling-mounted pattress (most often used for light fixtures) is referred to as a "ceiling pattress" or "ceiling box". British English speakers also tend to say "pattress box" instead of just "pattress". Pattress is alternatively spelt "patress" and Wiktionary lists both spellings. The word "pattress", despite being attested from the late 19th century, is still rarely found in dictionaries. It is etymologically derived from pateras (Latin for bowls, saucers). The term is not used by electricians in the United States.
Pattresses
Pattresses contain devices for input (switches) and output (sockets and fixtures), with transfer managed by junction boxes. A pattress may be made of metal or plastic. In the United Kingdom, surface-mounted boxes in particular are often made from urea-formaldehyde resin or alternatively PVC and usually white. Wall boxes are commonly made of thin galvanised metal. A pattress box is made to standard dimensions and may contain embedded bushings (in standard positions) for the attachment of wiring devices (switches and sockets). Internal pattress boxes themselves do not include the corresponding faceplates, since the devices to be contained in the box specify the required faceplate. External pattress boxes may offer include corresponding faceplates, limiting the devices to be contained in the box.
Although cables may be joined inside pattress boxes, due simply to their presence at convenient points in the wiring, their main purpose is to accommodate switches and sockets. They allow switches and sockets to be recessed into the wall for a better appearance. Enclosures primarily for joining wires are called junction boxes.
Types of outlet boxes
Outlet boxes can be surface or sub-surface mounted. The latter type can be further divided by the type of wall it is intended for: sub-surface outlet boxes are available for mounting in drywall, in brick walls or in concrete walls.
North America
In North America, outlet boxes are rectangular in shape and are available in different sizes, to accommodate varying numbers of switches. Boxes for drywall are commonly available in two types: new work and old work. New work boxes are designed to be installed in a new installation. They are typically designed with nail or screw holes to attach directly to wall studs. Old work boxes are designed to attach to already-installed wall material (usually drywall). The boxes will almost always have two or more parsellas (from Latin: small wing or part). The parsellas flip out when the box screws are screwed, securing the box to the wall with the help of the four or more tabs on the front of the box.
Europe
In most of Europe, outlet boxes are round, with a standard diameter of 68 mm, to accommodate a single insert. This is often a single switch or wall socket, but inserts with two (sometimes even three) switches, a switch and an AC outlet, or two outlets (which protrudes from the wall slightly more than other inserts) are available. The round shape allows the corresponding holes to be simply drilled out with a hole saw rather than requiring a rectangular cavity to be cut out. This is an advantage especially when installing outlet boxes in brick or concrete walls, which are much more common in Europe than in North America.
Boxes intended for drywall always have parsellas, similar to the North American old work type (the distinction between old and new work is not used in Europe), as the round shape of the boxes and prevalence of light-gauge steel framing in modern drywall make nailing to a stud impractical.
Most outlet boxes can be connected to form a chain, limited in length only by the availability of faceplates for the inserts; depending on the product series, between 3 and 5 inserts can be combined in this manner. Some manufacturers also produce 2-gang, 3-gang or 4-gang boxes. The center distance between two inserts is always 71 mm.
Even with those round-hole systems, the faceplates that cover them are mostly rectangular.
Surface-mounted boxes are uncommon and surface-mounted switches or AC outlets are normally used instead.
Belgium
Single gang boxes for installation in plasterboard are of the standard European type. Boxes for installation in brick walls are rectangular in shape and can be connected to form a chain, similar to their standard European counterparts. For plasterboard, 2-gang, 3-gang or 4-gang boxes are available instead. The center distance between inserts is 71 mm, as in most of the rest of Europe, for horizontal combinations; for vertical ones, it is 71, 60 or 57 mm. Single gang boxes, as well as multi-gang boxes or rows of boxes with a center distance of 71 mm, can accommodate standard European inserts.
British Isles
In the UK, also in Ireland, outlet boxes are rectangular. Single gang boxes have roughly the same dimensions as the European box and can accommodate European inserts, but usually not vice versa. Larger boxes are also available, to accommodate a 2-gang outlet, as well as boxes to accommodate two inserts side by side. Metal boxes, uncommon in Europe, are available in the UK.
Italy
Italy uses rectangular boxes. Inserts consist of modules, with a center distance of approximately 22 mm horizontally and 45 mm vertically, although some can be double or even triple width, and a mounting frame. The size of the 3-module box, the most frequently used type, was derived from the North American single gang box and is similar enough to be used interchangeably, although Italian boxes are installed horizontally rather than vertically. Two-module boxes are similar in size to those used in Europe and the British Isles, and can be used interchangeably. Other sizes accommodate 4 modules, 7 modules, 2 rows of 3 modules or 3 rows of 6 modules. Single-module boxes are available for installation in metal profiles of modular office walls.
Like in the rest of Europe, there is no distinction between old and new work types, and drywall boxes always have parsellas. They are usually designed so that the cutout can be made with a 68 mm hole saw. Surface-mounted boxes are available, but some switches and AC outlets can be directly mounted to the wall surface without a box.
This type of wall boxes and inserts is also used in Romania and parts of North Africa. | WIKI |
skip to main content
Title: Potential of marshes to attenuate storm surge water level in the Chesapeake Bay: Potential of marshes to attenuate storm surge water level in the Chesapeake Bay
NSF-PAR ID:
10044739
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ; ;
Publisher / Repository:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Limnology and Oceanography
Volume:
63
Issue:
2
ISSN:
0024-3590
Page Range / eLocation ID:
951 to 967
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
1. Storm surge flooding caused by tropical cyclones is a devastating threat to coastal regions, and this threat is growing due to sea-level rise (SLR). Therefore, accurate and rapid projection of the storm surge hazard is critical for coastal communities. This study focuses on developing a new framework that can rapidly predict storm surges under SLR scenarios for any random synthetic storms of interest and assign a probability to its likelihood. The framework leverages the Joint Probability Method with Response Surfaces (JPM-RS) for probabilistic hazard characterization, a storm surge machine learning model, and a SLR model. The JPM probabilities are based on historical tropical cyclone track observations. The storm surge machine learning model was trained based on high-fidelity storm surge simulations provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The SLR was considered by adding the product of the normalized nonlinearity, arising from surge-SLR interaction, and the sea-level change from 1992 to the target year, where nonlinearities are based on high-fidelity storm surge simulations and subsequent analysis by USACE. In this study, this framework was applied to the Chesapeake Bay region of the U.S. and used to estimate the SLR-adjusted probabilistic tropical cyclone flood hazard in two areas: One is an urban Virginia site, and the other is a rural Maryland site. This new framework has the potential to aid in reducing future coastal storm risks in coastal communities by providing robust and rapid hazard assessment that accounts for future sea-level rise.
more » « less
2. Coastal flooding poses the greatest threat to human life and is often the most common source of damage from coastal storms. From 1980 to 2020, the top 6, and 17 of the top 25, costliest natural disasters in the U.S. were caused by coastal storms, most of these tropical systems. The Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, two of the largest and most densely populated estuaries in the U.S. located in the Mid-Atlantic coastal region, have been significantly impacted by strong tropical cyclones in recent decades, notably Hurricanes Isabel (2003), Irene (2011), and Sandy (2012). Current scenarios of future climate project an increase in major hurricanes and the continued rise of sea levels, amplifying coastal flooding threat. We look at all North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TC) in the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) database that came within 750 km of the Delmarva Peninsula from 1980 to 2019. For each TC, skew surge and storm tide are computed at 12 NOAA tide gauges throughout the two bays. Spatial variability of the detrended and normalized skew surge is investigated through cross-correlations, regional storm rankings, and comparison to storm tracks. We find Hurricanes Sandy (2012) and Isabel (2003) had the largest surge impact on the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay, respectively. Surge response to TCs in upper and lower bay regions are more similar across bays than to the opposing region in their own bay. TCs that impacted lower bay more than upper bay regions tended to stay offshore east of Delmarva, whereas TCs that impacted upper bay regions tended to stay to the west of Delmarva. Although tropical cyclones are multi-hazard weather events, there continues to be a need to improve storm surge forecasting and implement strategies to minimize the damage of coastal flooding. Results from this analysis can provide insight on the potential regional impacts of coastal flooding from tropical cyclones in the Mid-Atlantic.
more » « less
3. Abstract
Storm surge has the potential to significantly increase suspended sediment flux to microtidal marshes. However, the overall effects of storm surge on microtidal marsh deposition have not been well quantified, with most modeling studies focusing on regular (astronomical) tidal flooding. Here we applied the Delft3D model to a microtidal bay‐marsh complex in Hog Bay, Virginia to quantify the contributions of storm surge to marsh deposition. We validated the model using spatially distributed hydrodynamic and suspended sediment data collected from the site and ran model simulations under different storm surge conditions with/without storm‐driven water level changes. Our results show that episodic storm surge events occurred 5% of the time at our study site, but contributed 40% of marsh deposition during 2009–2020. Our simulations illustrate that while wind‐driven waves control sediment resuspension on tidal flats, marsh deposition during storms was largely determined by tidal inundation associated with storm‐driven water levels. A moderate storm surge event can double sediment flux to most marshes around the bay and deliver more sediment to the marsh interior compared to simulations that include wind waves but not storm surge variations in water levels. Simulations of bay and marsh response to different storm surge events with varying magnitude of storm surge intensity reveal that total marsh deposition around the bay increased linearly with storm surge intensity, suggesting that future changes to storm magnitude and/or frequency would have significant implications for sediment supply to marshes at our study site.
more » « less
4. Lagoon systems are more heavily impacted by hurricanes, whereas the relevant stormsurge modeling studies have been paid little attention to lagoon systems and the storm-induced exchange in lagoon systems is even less understood. To address this gap, a three-dimensional unstructured grid-based model was configured for the Maryland Coastal Bays, a typical lagoon system with two unique inlets (Ocean City Inlet (OCI) and Chincoteague Inlet (CI)), to investigate how Hurricane Sandy impacted inlet dynamics. A nesting model framework was applied to provide the necessary remote forcing from a large model domain and maintain the intricate shoreline and bathymetry of an inner model domain. Results indicated that the flux patterns varied in response to the change in wind direction and rising/falling high water levels from the coastal ocean, rather than a single flow pattern during the passage of Sandy. FromOctober 29 05:00 to 17:00 UTC, mild (> 10 m/s) and strong (> 15m/s) northerly winds accompanied by the rising high water level from the coastal ocean promoted a mean inflow pattern at the OCI and amean outflow pattern at the CI. Strong southwesterly winds (> 15 m/s) dominated in the bays from October 30 03:00 to 15:00 UTC. Under strong southwesterly winds and falling high water levels from the coastal ocean, flux was transported landward at the CI and seaward at the OCI. Sensitivity experiments on various storm temporal scales showed that a net inflow pattern occurred in the bays, and the net exchange amounts became smaller in response to longer storm durations. Residual effect of relatively high river flow from Sandy could still influence the salinity at the OCI, whereas the CI salinity was not affected by river flow owing to a long distance between the CI and river locations.
more » « less | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Songs and Sonnets (1906).djvu/85
Rh
The queen and all her acolytes
* Are carefully defended,
The drones and all the lesser lights
* Are also well attended;
That they can fashion queen or drone Most undeniably is shown.
They practise every secret art,
* Nature herself defying,
And to the death each plays his part—
* 'Tis really stupefying;
One questions if great Socrates Knew half as much as honey-bees!
I almost feel I should forsake—
* It seems such desecration—
The honey that I used to take
* With so much delectation
As if one ate the very flowers— The hearts of happy summer hours!
If ever country life to you
* Seems dull and overrated,
And you would have a point of view
* Both fresh and elevated.
Read up on Bees, by Maeterlinck, He'll show you how to see and think! | WIKI |
Next: , Up: Dired
30.1 Entering Dired
To invoke Dired, type C-x d (dired). This reads a directory name using the minibuffer, and opens a Dired buffer listing the files in that directory. You can also supply a wildcard file name pattern as the minibuffer argument, in which case the Dired buffer lists all files matching that pattern. The usual history and completion commands can be used in the minibuffer; in particular, M-n puts the name of the visited file (if any) in the minibuffer (see Minibuffer History).
You can also invoke Dired by giving C-x C-f (find-file) a directory name.
The variable dired-listing-switches specifies the options to give to ls for listing the directory; this string must contain ‘-l’. If you use a prefix argument with the dired command, you can specify the ls switches with the minibuffer before you enter the directory specification. No matter how they are specified, the ls switches can include short options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long options (starting with ‘--’) whose arguments are specified with ‘=’.
If your ls program supports the ‘--dired’ option, Dired automatically passes it that option; this causes ls to emit special escape sequences for certain unusual file names, without which Dired will not be able to parse those names. The first time you run Dired in an Emacs session, it checks whether ls supports the ‘--dired’ option by calling it once with that option. If the exit code is 0, Dired will subsequently use the ‘--dired’ option; otherwise it will not. You can inhibit this check by customizing the variable dired-use-ls-dired. The value unspecified (the default) means to perform the check; any other non-nil value means to use the ‘--dired’ option; and nil means not to use the ‘--dired’ option.
On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs emulates ls. See ls in Lisp, for options and peculiarities of this emulation.
To display the Dired buffer in another window, use C-x 4 d (dired-other-window). C-x 5 d (dired-other-frame) displays the Dired buffer in a separate frame.
Typing q (quit-window) buries the Dired buffer, and deletes its window if the window was created just for that buffer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Immigrants, the Poor and Minorities Gain Sharply Under Affordable Care Act
LOS ANGELES — The first full year of the Affordable Care Act brought historic increases in coverage for low-wage workers and others who have long been left out of the health care system, a New York Times analysis has found. Immigrants of all backgrounds — including more than a million legal residents who are not citizens — had the sharpest rise in coverage rates. Hispanics, a coveted group of voters this election year, accounted for nearly a third of the increase in adults with insurance. That was the single largest share of any racial or ethnic group, far greater than their 17 percent share of the population. Low-wage workers, who did not have enough clout in the labor market to demand insurance, saw sharp increases. Coverage rates jumped for cooks, dishwashers, waiters, as well as for hairdressers and cashiers. Minorities, who disproportionately worked in low-wage jobs, had large gains. The health care law was one of the most bitterly contested pieces of legislation in the country’s history. It remains controversial because of its costs to both taxpayers and insurance customers. The high premiums and high deductibles of many plans still make coverage a crushing financial burden for some families. And the law is not close to achieving the goal of universal coverage, in part because 19 states have declined to expand their Medicaid programs for the poor, an option the Supreme Court granted them in a landmark 2012 case. Nevertheless, the Times’s analysis shows that by the end of that first full year, 2014, so many low-income people gained coverage that it halted the decades-long expansion of the gap between the haves and the have-nots in the American health insurance system, a striking change at a time when disparities between rich and poor are growing in many areas. “The law has clearly reduced broad measures of inequality,” said David Cutler, an economics professor at Harvard, who served in the Clinton administration and advised the 2008 Obama campaign on health issues. “These are people who blend into the background of the economy. They are cleaning your hotel room, making your sandwich. The law has helped this population enormously.” Until now, the impact of the law has been measured mostly in broad numbers of newly insured people — about 20 million by the administration’s most recent account. But the Times’s analysis of census data from 2014, the first year the heart of the law was in full effect, provides a finely detailed look at who the newly insured actually are — by race, education, occupation, immigration status, and family structure. The analysis shows how the law lifted some of the most vulnerable citizens. Part-time workers gained insurance at a higher rate than full-time workers, and people with high school degrees gained it at double the rate of college graduates. Adults living in households headed by relatives, such as siblings or cousins — often a marker of economic distress — gained insurance at double the rate of those in traditional households. The law’s passage, without a single Republican vote, capped decades of efforts to enact a broader health insurance system. Medicaid and Medicare passed in the 1960s, but did little to help workers who did not receive insurance through their jobs. Presidents Nixon, Carter and Clinton all tried and failed to win approval for expanded coverage, and the number of uninsured Americans grew to nearly a fifth of adults under the age of 65 by 2010, the year the Affordable Care Act passed. The findings from the census data could inform the national dialogue, especially in this election year. Hispanics are a powerful voting force and the law is viewed favorably in Hispanic neighborhoods. But whether the sharp increase in coverage rates for Hispanics will translate into votes for Democrats who supported the law, or whether some Republicans might temper their vows to repeal it, is not clear. And the fact that so many who benefited under the law were not citizens (or voters) — 1.2 million out of the total 8.7 million who got health insurance in 2014 — could set off a new round of debate in a year when immigration has become a deeply polarizing issue. About 60 percent of those noncitizens were Hispanic, mostly natives of Mexico and Central America who had been living in the United States for decades. Another third were Asian, mostly newer arrivals living in states like California, New York and Texas. Illegal immigrants are not eligible for insurance under the law, but legal immigrants can qualify for subsidies in the insurance exchanges and those who have been in the country for more than five years can qualify for Medicaid. The vast majority of the country’s 11 million illegal immigrants, about 70 percent of whom are Hispanic, still lack coverage, said Mark Hugo Lopez, director of Hispanic research at the Pew Research Center. Though the law has withstood two Supreme Court rulings that would have undermined its central elements, it continues to face challenges. It requires most Americans to have health insurance and gives subsidies to those who cannot afford it. Even so, many still cannot afford policies. While it expanded Medicaid to cover more of the country’s poor, the Supreme Court allowed states to opt out and 19 have, leaving millions of people still uncovered. But in low-income neighborhoods like this one in South Los Angeles, a historically poor patch of the city dotted with palm trees, small ranch houses and home to a growing Hispanic population, the law is having a big effect. “From the vantage point of the poor and working poor, Obamacare has been profound,” said Jim Mangia, president of the St. John’s Well Child and Family Center, a federally funded health clinic in South Los Angeles that has enrolled 18,000 new patients under the law, nearly all of them Hispanic or black and the vast majority in Medicaid. The clinic reported a 44 percent increase in cervical cancer screenings, a 25 percent increase in tobacco cessation therapy, and a 22 percent increase in the share of patients with controlled hypertension since 2014, the result, he said, of more patients having insurance. One new patient, Angela Cruz, 60, is a typical example of a winner under the law. A legal immigrant who is not a citizen, she came to this country from El Salvador in 1990. She had never had health insurance in her 25 years of working in the United States, most recently as a nanny. She stitched together medical care through emergency rooms, free clinics and home remedies. When she needed to pay for medicine for a painful bout of kidney stones, she stopped buying meat. Then she got coverage under the health law’s expansion of Medicaid in California. Now, she said, “I don’t have the stress of wondering — can I pay this — when sometimes I didn’t have anything to pay it with.” Hispanics remain the least insured Americans, with only 67 percent having coverage in 2014, in part because so many illegal immigrants are uninsured. Gains for blacks were muted because they disproportionately live in states that chose not to expand Medicaid. About 60 percent of poor blacks live in states that did not expand Medicaid. While the share of poor blacks covered by Medicaid did rise by two percentage points in those states, the rate rose by six points in states that expanded the program. In all, minorities gained more than whites, making up two-thirds of the increase in insured adults across the country, and 70 percent of the increase in private insurance. Minority men who work as groundskeepers and janitors saw substantial gains, rising to 59 percent insured, up from 51 percent in 2013. Hispanic male construction workers rose to 43 percent insured, from 36 percent in 2013. One such worker, Sergio Ortega, 51, a legal immigrant from Mexico who had never been insured before getting covered by Medicaid in 2014, said making a doctor’s appointment seemed unthinkable without insurance, so he often simply ignored his health problems. Several years ago, he started feeling tired, a condition that eventually drove him to quit his job demolishing buildings and start selling fruit from a street cart. By the time he sought treatment through his new coverage and discovered he had diabetes, his lower leg had to be amputated. “I realized it was getting really bad because my foot started turning purple,” said Mr. Ortega, who is a patient at St. John’s. Perhaps the biggest unmet promise of the law is that many it was supposed to help still cannot afford insurance. Alberto Torres, 50, a driver for a garment company in Los Angeles who could not afford insurance before the law, had signed up for a plan in 2014 for $41 a month. But this year his monthly premium jumped to $106 — too much, he said, for his meager salary. “I’m feeling not so good,” he said recently, waiting in line for help to look for a less expensive plan. High deductibles are another big obstacle. “If you are living paycheck to paycheck and have nothing in the bank, insurance with a $3,000 deductible might feel like no insurance at all,” said Larry Levitt, a senior vice president of the Kaiser Family Foundation. Having insurance does not necessarily mean better health, but experts hope it could start to ease some of the worst disparities that have kept the United States close to the bottom of health rankings of rich countries. Mr. Ortega has been fitted for a prosthetic leg. He is still learning how to use it. “Now I don’t worry,” he said. “It’s a security, a comfort that I feel.” An article on Monday about the Affordable Care Act referred imprecisely to the eligibility rules under the law for legal immigrants. While legal immigrants must typically wait for five years before they can qualify for Medicaid, the health insurance program for the poor, there is no waiting period for legal immigrants to qualify for subsidies in the health insurance exchanges, where policies are purchased. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Capstone bryant
Problem space
'''What’s the problem to be solved? No problem means not much of a project.'''
1.One of my friends is really shy to talk to others. When she traveled to United States with her friends, one day she was lost in the middle of the street and her friend asked her to take a taxi. But she didn't know how to call a taxi and how to describe the destination. Finally she accidentally met with other Chinese tourists and they helped her. A shy tourist travelling to a foreign country with the language he or she cannot understand is just a disaster when calling a taxi.
2.One day when I called a taxi to the airport, it was 15 minutes late than the reservation time, which almost lead to my missing of the flight. I want to know the approximate location of the taxi and the time it may take to arrive at my place.
3.Sometimes the signal is not good and calling a taxi by phone is hard. But if user can just type in the current location and destination and then user can easily get a taxi, then that would benefit a lot.
4.Security problem of calling a taxi.
Timeline
'''What’s going to be done when? You can adjust this as you go along, but you must construct it as best you can. Use actual dates and give deadlines. '''
Deadlines
9/3: Determine the problem space & Research on similar products
9/10: User requirements & Contextual inquiry design & Inform IRB about the contextual inquiry(Get approved before 10/15)
9/17: Survey design about the market needs & Inform IRB about the survey(Get approved before 10/29) & Project goals design
9/24: Fundamental functions design & Storyboard design
10/29: Finish contextual inquiry & 5 work model
11/05: Affinity Diagram & Visioning
11/12: Finish survey about the market needs
11/19: Finish low-fidelity design and internal walk through
12/03: Begin high-fidelity prototype design
Research
'''What have you consulted for prior art and theory that you can bring to life? What user research have you done? What’s informing your design?'''
User requirements
Write up what you intend to do with your project, from the user perspective (“User should be able to…”)
Metrics and Analysis
'''What are you going to measure, and how will you analyze it? What’s your stated level of success?'''
IRB
'''What’s the status? Not submitted? Submitted? Resubmitted? If rejected, why was it?'''
Testing and Recruitment
'''What’s the testing plan? How many participants? How are they solicited?==''' | WIKI |
Coursera Appoints Patrick Supanc as Chief Product Officer
MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif., June 02, 2025--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Coursera, Inc. (NYSE: COUR), a global online learning platform, today announced the appointment of Patrick Supanc as Chief Product Officer, effective June 2, 2025.
"Patrick's deep expertise at the intersection of technology and education makes him an ideal leader to guide our product strategy," said Greg Hart, CEO of Coursera. "His customer-first approach and proven track record in delivering impactful solutions will be invaluable as we continue to expand our platform to meet the worldwide demand for trusted learning."
Supanc brings more than two decades of experience in building customer-centric products and driving rapid innovation. He spent nearly ten years at Amazon, where he helped scale products like Amazon Prime, Amazon Hub, and Kindle. Prior to that, he led digital learning initiatives at Pearson and Blackboard.
Supanc holds an AB in Public and International Affairs from Princeton University and a Master of Public Policy in Political and Economic Development from Harvard Kennedy School.
"I am honored to join Coursera at such an exciting time in its journey," said Supanc. "Expanding access to world-class learning has never been more important, and I look forward to working alongside Coursera’s talented teams and global partners to better serve our learners and customers."
Supanc’s appointment comes at an important time as Coursera continues to expand its catalog and enhance career-based discovery across several high-demand roles. The company is also strengthening the platform experience with a wide range of AI-powered products and tools, including AI translations and dubbing, Coursera Coach, Course Builder, and the Academic Integrity suite. Together, these innovations are making learning more accessible, personalized, and scalable for learners around the world.
About Coursera
Coursera was launched in 2012 by Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller with a mission to provide universal access to world-class learning. It is now one of the largest online learning platforms in the world, with 175 million registered learners as of March 31, 2025. Coursera partners with over 350 leading university and industry partners to offer a broad catalog of content and credentials, including courses, Specializations, Professional Certificates, and degrees. Coursera’s platform innovations enable instructors to deliver scalable, personalized, and verified learning experiences to their learners. Institutions worldwide rely on Coursera to upskill and reskill their employees, citizens, and students in high-demand fields such as GenAI, data science, technology, and business. Coursera is a Delaware public benefit corporation and a B Corp.
Source Code: COUR-IR
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250602327387/en/
Contacts
For media: Arunav Sinha, press@coursera.org For investors: Cam Carey, ir@coursera.org | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Call us 01482 841146
8/9 Castle Green
Cottingham, East Yorkshire HU16 5JU
Email us
Dental Factfiles
Dental Factfiles
Gingivitis (Gum Disease)
Gingivitis means, quite literally inflammation of the gingivae or gums. Gum problems occur when there is an inflammation or infection of the support tissues of the teeth. There are two main forms of gum disease:
1. GINGIVITIS is when the gums are affected superficially.
2. PERIODONTITIS is when the deeper structures are affected.
Of the two conditions periodontitis is the more severe disease although long standing gingivitis may in some cases lead to periodontitis.
If gingivitis is present, the gums will be red in colour rather than the usual healthy pink. They will also tend to be slightly puffy or swollen. Inflamed gums also bleed, usually when tooth brushing or biting into something hard such as an apple. In severe cases of gingivitis, gums may bleed of their own accord. The major cause of gingivitis is dental plaque. Plaque is the build up of bacteria (germs) and saliva that collects on the tooth surfaces and other parts of the mouth. If the plaque is allowed to collect around the necks of the teeth (where the teeth meet the gums), the gums become inflamed and gingivitis can occur. Some of the plaque bacteria are harmful and can cause gum disease. Plaque can become hardened (mineralised) and form into a hard surface layer of tartar (calculus). The bacteria in the tartar continue to attack the tissues that support the tooth roots. Prevent plaque and tartar formation by brushing thoroughly twice a day.
Gingivitis can affect anyone at any age, although it is less likely to be seen in younger children. Mild cases may go unnoticed for some time and there may be no symptoms during the early stages of the disease. However, if left untreated, gingivitis can gradually progress resulting in the destruction of the tooth attachment and the bone around the teeth. This causes the affected tooth or teeth to become loose. It is best to visit a dentist or hygienist as soon as it is suspected that gingivitis is present so that treatment can begin promptly to prevent the condition from worsening. The dentist or hygienist will carry out a thorough examination and will treat the condition.
The first step is to make sure that the teeth are brushed regularly and effectively, and making sure that the toothbrush is applied correctly to the tooth gum margin at the neck of the tooth. First move the lower jaw until the teeth are in edge-to-edge contact and brush all the outside surfaces of the teeth and gums gently and thoroughly with a circular motion. Next open the mouth and do the same to the inside surfaces of the top teeth and the surfaces of the lower teeth next to the tongue. Finally brush all the biting surfaces and rinse the mouth out to clear away the debris. Providing that a very hard tooth brush is not being used, any bleeding that may occur is not alarming. Once you are brushing effectively, and the inflammation disappears (in about two weeks) the bleeding will stop. The dentist may also recommend a special mouthwash to help the gums return to a normal healthy condition.
The dentist or dental hygienist will also remove any other hardened deposits in your mouth (tartar or calculus) that may be helping the plaque to congregate, for example, the tartar that collects behind the bottom front teeth (incisors) and the outsides of the upper cheek teeth (molars). This tartar is plaque that has become hardened or mineralised by salts in the saliva. The process of removing these hard deposits is known as scaling and may be carried out using hand instruments or with advanced ultrasonic technology. The task is usually completed with a refreshing polish.
back | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Why Do I Get Hiccups While Pregnant
Have you ever wondered why do I get hiccups while pregnant? Hiccups are annoying and can last some few minutes. Some can be painful, depending on the force they come with. Generally, hiccups come about in pregnancy because of the increased inhalation of air by your lungs thanks to the increased capacity of your lungs in pregnancy. They can come spontaneously and most of the time will go away spontaneously. You will only need treatment of hiccups when they haven’t disappeared for a along time. The increased inhaling and exhaling in pregnancy are due to the compression of the abdomen thanks to the pregnancy. They can be a true pain especially when they interfere with your daily activities, especially talking and sleeping as well as eating. The action of hiccups and the sound it produces when you get one is when the vocal cords contract and the epiglottis closes.
When this happens there is a rush of air into your lungs and with the closed epiglottis, this air cannot escape hence the reason you will notice the ‘hic’ sound when you are pregnant. One of the ways you can manage hiccups or reduce them is by sipping water slowly. Perform some breathing exercises and make sure you have done them as slowly as possible. You can also place some pressure on your nose whenever you are swallowing to manage the amount of air that is going into your body. Taste some vinegar, or place some sugar beneath your tongue and let it get into your body as slowly as possible. Avoid using straws when you drink because this has the effect of making you take in a lot more air than you want. Some exercises like pulling your knees up to your chest may reduce your hiccups. If severe, you need to get medical attention. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Microsoft KB Archive/102821
From BetaArchive Wiki
PUB: Sharing Violation Starting Publisher 2.0
PUB: Sharing Violation Starting Publisher 2.0
Q102821
-------------------------------------------------------------------
The information in this article applies to:
- Microsoft Publisher for Windows, versions 2.0, 2.0a
- Microsoft Works for Windows, version 3.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------
SYMPTOMS
========
Microsoft Publisher or Microsoft Works may generate the following error
message when you try to load either the ClipArt Gallery and/or the
application program file (Mspub.exe or Msworks.exe):
Error: Sharing Violation on drive [x]
Could not open {filename}.
where drive x: is the shared Windows or Publisher drive. Sometimes
the error specifies a filename such as Ole2.dll. Sometimes it does
not.
CAUSE
=====
The error occurs when running a shared (network) version of Publisher
and some of the Publisher files, or Windows files required by Publisher
are not marked read-only. This usually happens on networks such as the
Lantastic network, where file protection is set file-by-file instead of
directory-by-directory. This error can also occur on a network that
previously ran Publisher successfully if a new workstation is set up.
-or-
This can be caused by running a terminate-and-stay-resident (TSR)
program called Norton Smart Erase (Smartcan.exe).
Smart Erase is an erase-protection utility included with version 2.0 of
Norton Desktop for Windows (NDW); it hides deleted files in a hidden
directory, allowing them to be recovered.
This utility is incompatible with Share.exe, which is required by
Publisher 2.0 and Works 3.0. If you run Smart Erase while Publisher or
Works is running, Smart Erase may cause frequent sharing violation messages
and data corruption.
WORKAROUND
==========
Method 1: Make Files Read-only
------------------------------
Ensure that all files in the shared Publisher AND the shared Windows
directory are marked read-only.
IMPORTANT: If you are setting up several workstations using the SETUP /N
command and you are running a shared (networked) copy of Windows, set up
all the workstations first and then set the read-only protection. This is
important because each time you run SETUP /N, Publisher writes new copies
of the essential Windows files (DLLs) to the shared Windows directory. On
some networks (for example, Lantastic) this resets the file protection to
Read-Write. If you later set up a new workstation to run Publisher, the
error may occur again for the same reason.
Method 2: Remark Out Norton Smart Erase in Autoexec.bat
This problem was corrected in Norton Desktop for Windows version 2.2
and 3.0. If you have an earlier version, follow the directions listed
below.
To correct this problem, remark out Norton Smart Erase in the Autoexec.bat
file. To do this, edit your Autoexec.bat file with an editor such as
Notepad.
1. Run Notepad.
2. From the File menu, choose Open and type
c:\autoexec.bat
in the File Name box. Choose OK.
3. In Autoexec.bat, place your cursor in front of the line that contains
the command to run Smartcan.exe, such as
c:\norton\smartcan.exe
and disable it by inserting a remark statement at the beginning of
the line. For example:
rem c:\norton\smartcan.exe
4. From the File menu, choose Save to save the changes you made to
Autoexec.bat.
5. From the File menu, choose Exit to exit Notepad.
6. Exit Windows.
7. Restart your computer.
Method 3: Disable 32-bit File Access
------------------------------------
To do this, follow these steps:
1. From the Windows Control Panel, choose Enhanced.
2. Select the Virtual Memory button.
3. Select the Change button.
4. Remove the X in the Use 32-bit File Access box.
5. Select OK, then Yes to the message "Are you sure you want to make
changes to virtual-memory settings?"
6. You will have to Select the Restart Windows button for the changes to
take effect.
MORE INFORMATION
================
For more information about sharing violations when opening a file, please
please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
ARTICLE-ID: Q116045
TITLE : PUB2: Canon BJC-600 Causes Sharing Violation When Opening File
There are Sharing Violations that have been resolved by replacing
C:\DOS\SHARE.EXE /L:500 /F:5100 (in the AUTOEXEC.BAT) with
device=VSHARE.386 (in the [386ENH] section of the SYSTEM.INI), or a
corrupt VSHARE.386 files.
For more information about using Norton's Smart Erase, contact Symantec
Technical Support at (310) 449-4900.
Norton Desktop for Windows and Norton Smart Erase are manufactured by
Symantec, a vendor independent of Microsoft; we make no warranty,
implied or otherwise, regarding these products' performance or
reliability.
Additional query words: 2.00 mspub smartcan smart erase share
2.00a win31 pub20 protection unerase bring back return copy winworks
winword networked Powerpoint ppt pub works winppt W_mspub w_ppt
w_excel wm_excel w_works | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Leah Rachel Yoffie
Leah Rachel Clara Yoffie (April 15, 1883 – May 9, 1956) was an American writer, educator, and folklorist. She was a teacher in St. Louis, Missouri, earned a Ph.D. in English in her fifties, and published both poetry and folklore studies influenced by her Jewish immigrant experience.
Early life and education
Yoffie was born in Ekaterinoslav, Russian Empire (now known as Dnipro in eastern Ukraine), the daughter of Abraham Yoffie. Her family was Jewish. She moved to the United States with her family as a girl in 1891, and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1909. She earned a bachelor's degree from Washington University in St. Louis in 1911, then earned a master's degree at the University of Pennsylvania. In her fifties, she earned a Ph.D. in English from the University of North Carolina. Her dissertation was titled "Creation, the angels, and the fall of man in Milton's Paradise lost and Paradise regained and in the work of Sir Richard Blackmore" (1942).
Career
Yoffie taught night classes in English for immigrants in St. Louis, Missouri while she was in college. She taught English and civics from 1915 to 1931 at Soldan High School in St. Louis. From 1944 to 1949 she was a professor of English and political science at Cottey College in Missouri. During her teaching career and in retirement, she also published poems and articles on folklore, many of them in national publications. She was encouraged by anthropologist Franz Boas to study Jewish immigrant culture in St. Louis, and many of her scholarly writings are on this subject.
A collection of Yoffie's poems was published in 1926, under the title Dark Altar Stairs. "There is a completeness and crystal clearness about each poem that is worthy of mention in this day of fragmentary poetry," wrote one reviewer in a St. Louis newspaper. "Miss Yoffie has attained a singing quality and a certain sweep and power in some of her lyrics, rare in this day of poetic fads and unpoetic fancies." She wrote further poetry and took photographs during her several visits to Palestine.
Poetry and fiction
* "Ad Gloriam" (1913, poem)
* "The Immigrant" (1913, poem)
* "Russia" (1916, poem)
* "A Cry of the Foreign Born" (1920, poem)
* "A Prayer for the Great White Fast" (1920, poem)
* "Faith" (1920, poem)
* "Sarah Miriam Goes to College" (1922, short story)
* "Reb Sholom Dovid" (1923, short story)
* "A Voice" (1923, poem)
* "The Lost Vision" (1924, poem)
* Dark Altar Stairs (1926, poetry collection)
* "Poems of Palestine" (1929, five short poems and five photographs by Yoffie)
Scholarship
* "Present-Day Survivals of Ancient Jewish Customs" (1916)
* "Yiddish Proverbs, Sayings, etc., in St. Louis, Mo." (1920)
* "Popular Beliefs and Customs among the Yiddish-Speaking Jews of St. Louis, Mo." (1925)
* "Three Generations of Children's Singing Games in St. Louis" (1947)
* "Songs of the 'Twelve Numbers' and the Hebrew Chant of 'Echod mi Yodea'" (1949)
* "Chaucer's 'White Paternoster,' Milton's Angels, and a Hebrew Night Prayer" (1951)
Personal life and legacy
Yoffie was a short person, under five feet in height. She retired to Florida in 1955. She died in Clearwater, Florida, in 1956, at the age of 73. She left her estate, over US$14,000 1956, to the Jewish Federation of St. Louis, to fund scholarships. | WIKI |
Talk:Trechnotheria
dubious fossil range?
The article begins with
* "Trechnotheria is an extinct family of actively mobile mammal, endemic to what would be Asia and Africa during the Jurassic through Cretaceous periods from 161.2—99.6 mya, existing for approximately 61.6 million years.[1]"
This is the stratigraphic range given by the Paleobiology database, as stated in the source, but doesn't jibe with the definition of the taxon in the same article. Since Trechnotheria includes the therian mammals, its range should extend to the present day. Did the name Trechnotheria have a different historic usage? It only seems to date to 1975. Cephal-odd (talk) 03:24, 9 October 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Engineer
Conflation of "engineers" with "professional engineers"
The vast majority of engineers in the US, most of whom have at least 4-year degrees in engineering, are NOT "professional engineers". "Professional engineers" are licensed and regulated by the states and this is generally required for only small subsets of jobs that generally deal directly with the public or have significant public safety or public policy implications. This licensure is not required for the vast majority of working engineers. I have worked as an engineer for 25+ years and the vast majority of my peers did not need it.
This article is written in a confusing way that spends a lot of time on licensing and regulation instead of what engineers actually perform and accomplish. Since there is a whole different article titled Regulation and licensure in engineering, we should strip out most of the licensing information and replace it with something like "Some engineering jobs may be required to be licensed in certain countries. See link" and leave it at that. --- this section was left unsigned - Please sign~! SpiralSource (talk) 16:55, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
Perception
This section is untenable as of now; subsections are pending review. They require adequate sources. Title may be inappropriate. Section may be subject to dilution to other areas of the article, heavy revision, renaming, or deletion. It is unsatisfactory. I will be adding a section citation needed banner. SpiralSource (talk) 16:55, 5 December 2021 (UTC)
The section on how the UK views engineers reads like an engineer came in and started ripping on people for not knowing what a true engineer is. FWIW I completely agree that the UK uses the word improperly, referring to the guy who fixes the coffee machine as an engineer, but it can be done with more tact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:24, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
Lead Image change
Remove image of "a women" for new image that shous the occupation in a better way with two engineers of both sexes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Engineeringlife (talk • contribs) 04:11, 17 November 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Company/Opinion of the Court
The three respondent railroads each sued in the Court of Claims to recover from the United States as shipper the difference between the tariff rates actually paid and those allegedly due on 211 Army shipments of steel aerial bomb cases filled with napalm gel. Approximately 200 of the shipments were made over the lines of respondents Bangor and Seaboard in 1944; the remainder were carried by respondent Western Pacific in 1948 and 1950.
Napalm gel is gasoline which has been thickened by the addition of aluminum soap powder. The mixture is inflammable but not self-igniting. In a completed incendiary bomb the napalm gel is ignited by white phosphorus contained in a burster charge, which in turn is fired by a fuse. These shipments, however, involved only the steel casings and the napalm gel; burster and fuse had not yet been added.
The carriers billed the Government at the high first-class rates established in Item 1820 of Consolidated Freight Classification No. 17 for 'incendiary bombs.' Pursuant to § 322 of the Transportation Act of 1942, the Government paid the bills of the Bangor and the Seaboard as presented; on post-audit, however, the General Accounting Office made deductions against these respondents' subsequent bills on other shipments, on the ground that the shipments in question should have been carried at the lower, fifth-class, rate applicable to gasoline in steel drums. The bills of the Western Pacific were initially paid at the lower rate. Respondents thereupon brought the present suits to recover the difference between the bills as rendered and as paid in the case of the Western Pacific, and the amount of the deductions in the other two cases.
The Government defended on three grounds: (1) that Item 1820 was inapplicable because absence of burster and fuse deprived these bombs of the essential characteristics of 'incendiary bombs,' and hence no additional sums were due; (2) that if this tariff item was held to govern, the tariff would be unreasonable as applied to these shipments, and that as to this issue the court proceedings should be suspended and the matter referred to the Interstate Commerce Commission; and (3) that in any event the Bangor and Seaboard were estopped from charging the '1820' rate.
The Court of Claims, relying on its earlier decision in Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States, 111 F.Supp. 266, 125 Ct.Cl. 390, entered summary judgment for respondents, two judges dissenting. It held that the shipments in question were 'incendiary bombs' within the meaning of Item 1820 of the tariff and thus entitled to the higher rate. In addition, while seemingly recognizing the Government's right to have the defense of unreasonableness determined by the Interstate Commerce Commission, the court ruled that the running of the two-year period of limitations provided by § 16(3) of the Interstate Commerce Act cut off the right of referral to the Commission. Lastly, the court overruled the defense of estoppel as to the respondents Bangor and Seaboard. Because of the importance of these questions in the administration of the Interstate Commerce Act, and alleged conflict among the lower courts on the issue of limitations, we granted certiorari. 350 U.S. 953, 76 S.Ct. 342.
We are met at the outset with the question of whether the Court of Claims properly applied the doctrine of primary jurisdiction in this case; that is, whether it correctly allocated the issues in the suit between the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission and that of the court. In the view of the court below, the case presented two entirely separate questions. One was the question of the construction of the tariff-whether Item 1820 was applicable to these shipments. The second was the question of the reasonableness of that tariff, if so applied. The Court of Claims assumed, as it had in the Union Pacific case, supra, that the first of these-whether the '1820' rate applied-was a matter simply of tariff construction and thus properly within the initial cognizance of the court. The second-the reasonableness of the tariff as applied to these shipments-it seemed to regard as being within the initial competence of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Before this Court neither side has questioned the validity of the lower court's views in these respects. Nevertheless, because we regard the maintenance of a proper relationship between the courts and the Commission in matters affecting transportation policy to be of continuing public concern, we have been constrained to inquire into this aspect of the decision. We have concluded that in the circumstances here presented the question of tariff construction, as well as that of the reasonableness of the tariff as applied, was within the exclusive primary jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
The doctrine of primary jurisdiction, like the rule requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies, is concerned with promoting proper relationships between the courts and administrative agencies charged with particular regulatory duties. 'Exhaustion' applies where a claim is cognizable in the first instance by an administrative agency alone; judicial interference is withheld until the administrative process has run its course. 'Primary jurisdiction,' on the other hand, applies where a claim is originally cognizable in the courts, and comes into play whenever enforcement of the claim requires the resolution of issues which, under a regulatory scheme, have been placed within the special competence of an administrative body; in such a case the judicial process is suspended pending referral of such issues to the administrative body for its views. General American Tank Car Corp. v. El Dorado Terminal Co., 308 U.S. 422, 433, 60 S.Ct. 325, 331, 84 L.Ed. 361.
No fixed formula exists for applying the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. In every case the question is whether the reasons for the existence of the doctrine are present and whether the purposes it serves will be aided by its application in the particular litigation. These reasons and purposes have often been given expression by this Court. In the earlier cases emphasis was laid on the desirable uniformity which would obtain if initially a specialized agency passed on certain types of administrative questions. See Texas & Pacific R. Co. v. Abilene Cotton Oil Co., 204 U.S. 426, 27 S.Ct. 350, 51 L.Ed. 553. More recently the expert and specialized knowledge of the agencies involved has been particularly stressed. See Far East Conference v. United States, 342 U.S. 570, 72 S.Ct. 492, 96 L.Ed. 576. The two factors are part of the same principle,
'now firmly established, that in cases raising issues of fact not within the conventional experience of judges or cases requiring the exercise of administrative discretion, agencies created by Congress for regulating the subject matter should not be passed over. This is so even though the facts after they have been appraised by specialized competence serve as a premise for legal consequences to be judicially defined. Uniformity and consistency in the regulation of business entrusted to a particular agency are secured, and the limited functions of review by the judiciary are more rationally exercised, by preliminary resort for ascertaining and interpreting the circumstances underlying legal issues to agencies that are better equipped than courts by specialization, by insight gained through experience, and by more flexible procedure.' Id., 342 U.S. at pages 574-575, 72 S.Ct. at page 494.
The doctrine of primary jurisdiction thus does 'more than prescribe the mere procedural timetable of the lawsuit. It is a doctrine allocating the law-making power over certain aspects' of commercial relations. 'It transfers from court to agency the power to determine' some of the incidents of such relations.
Thus the first question presented is whether effectuation of the statutory purposes of the Interstate Commerce Act requires that the Interstate Commerce Commission should first pass on the construction of the tariff in dispute here; this, in turn, depends on whether the question raises issues of transportation policy which ought to be considered by the Commission in the interests of a uniform and expert administration of the regulatory scheme laid down by that Act. Decision is governed by two earlier cases in this Court. In Texas & Pacific R. Co. v. American Tie & Timber Co., 234 U.S. 138, 34 S.Ct. 885, 58 L.Ed. 1255, a shipper attempted to ship oak railroad ties under a tariff for 'lumber.' The carrier rejected them, urging that such ties were not lumber. In a damage action expert testimony was received on the question. This Court, however, held that the Interstate Commerce Commission alone could resolve the question. The effect of the holding is clear: the courts must not only refrain from making tariffs, but, under certain circumstances, must decline to construe them as well. A particularization of such circumstances emerged in Great Northern R. Co. v. Merchants Elevator Co., 259 U.S. 285, 42 S.Ct. 477, 66 L.Ed. 943. There the Court held that where the question is simply one of construction the courts may pass on it as an issue 'solely of law.' But where words in a tariff are used in a peculiar or technical sense, and where extrinsic evidence is necessary to determine their meaning or proper application, so that 'the inquiry is essentially one of fact and of discretion in technical matters,' then the issue of tariff application must first go to the Commission. The reason is plainly set forth: such a 'determination is reached ordinarily upon voluminous and conflicting evidence, for the adequate appreciation of which acquaintance with many intricate facts of transportation is indispensable, and such acquaintance is commonly to be found only in a body of experts.' Id., 259 U.S. at page 291, 42 S.Ct. at page 479. We must therefore decide whether a determination of the meaning of the term 'incendiary bomb' in Item 1820 involves factors 'the adequate appreciation of which' presupposes an 'acquaintance with many intricate facts of transportation.' We conclude that it does.
A tariff is not an abstraction. It embodies an analysis of the costs incurred in the transportation of a certain article and a decision as to how much should, therefore, be charged for the carriage of that article in order to produce a fair and reasonable return. Complex and technical cost-allocation and accounting problems must be solved in setting the tariff initially. In the case of 'incendiary bombs,' since it is expensive to take the elaborate safety precautions necessary to carry such items in safety, evidently there must have been calculation of the costs of handling, supervising and insuring an inherently dangerous cargo. In other words, there were obviously commercial reasons why a higher tariff was set for incendiary bombs than for, say, lumber. It therefore follows that the decision whether a certain item was intended to be covered by the tariff for incendiary bombs involves an intimate knowledge of these very reasons themselves. Whether steel casings filled with napalm gel are incendiary bombs is, in this context, more than simply a question of reading the tariff language or applying abstract 'rules' of construction. For the basic issue is how far the reasons justifying a high rate for the carriage of extra-hazardous objects were applicable to the instant shipment. Do the factors which make for high costs and therefore high rates on incendiary bombs also call for a high rate on steel casings filled with napalm gel? To answer that question there must be close familiarity with these factors. Such familiarity is possessed not by the courts but by the agency which had the exclusive power to pass on the rate in the first instance. And, on the other hand, to decide the question of the scope of this tariff without consideration of the factors and purposes underlying the terminology employed would make the process of adjudication little more than an exercise in semantics.
The main thrust of the Government's argument on the construction question went to the fact that the shipments here involved were not as hazardous as contemplated by the term 'incendiary bomb' as used in the tariff, and that therefore the tariff should not be construed to cover them. Similarly, the dissenting judges below emphasized the absence from the shipments of the commercial factors which call for a high rate on incendiary bombs: 'If the reason for the high freight rate is the incendiary quality of the freight, and if the freight does not have the incendiary quality, the reason for the high rate vanishes and the rate should vanish with it.' 131 F.Supp. at page 921, 132 Ct.Cl. at page 118. The difficulty with this line of argument is that we do not know whether the 'incendiary quality of the freight' was in fact the reason for the high rate, still less whether that was the only reason and how much weight should be assigned to it. Courts which do not make rates cannot know with exactitude the factors which go into the rate-making process. And for the court here to undertake to fix the limits of the tariff's application without knowledge of such factors, and the extent to which they are present or absent in the particular case, is tantamount to engaging in judicial guesswork. It was the Commission and not the court which originally determined why incendiaries should be transported at a high rate. It is thus the Commission which should determine whether shipments of napalm gel bombs, minus bursters and fuses, meet those requirements; that is, whether the factors making for certain costs and thus a certain rate on incendiaries are present in the carriage of such incompleted bombs.
This conclusion is fortified by the artificiality of the distinction between the issues of tariff construction and of the reasonableness of the tariff as applied, the latter being recognized by all to be one for the Interstate Commerce Commission. For the Government's thesis on the issue of reasonableness is not that the rate on incendiary bombs is, in general, too high. It argues only that the rate 'as applied' to these particular shipments is too high-i.e., that since the expenses which have to be met in shipping incendiaries have not been incurred in this case, the carriers will be making an unreasonable profit on these shipments. This seems to us to be but another way of saying that the wrong tariff was applied. In both instances the issue is whether the factors which call for a high rate on incendiary bomb shipments are present in a shipment of bomb casings full of napalm gel but lacking bursters and fuses. And the mere fact that the issue is phrased in one instance as a matter of tariff construction and in the other as a matter of reasonableness should not be determinative on the jurisdictional issue. To hold otherwise would make the doctrine of primary jurisdiction an abstraction to be called into operation at the whim of the pleader.
By no means do we imply that matters of tariff construction are never cognizable in the courts. We adhere to the distinctions laid down in Great Northern R. Co. v. Merchants Elevator Co., supra, which call for decision based on the particular facts of each case. Certainly there would be no need to refer the matter of construction to the Commission if that body, in prior releases or opinions, has already construed the particular tariff at issue or has clarified the factors underlying it. See Crancer v. Lowden, 315 U.S. 631, 62 S.Ct. 763, 86 L.Ed. 1077. And in many instances construing the tariff does not call for examination of the underlying cost-allocation which went into the making of the tariff in the first instance. We say merely that where, as here, the problem of cost-allocation is relevant, and where therefore the questions of construction and reasonableness are so intertwined that the same factors are determinative on both issues, then it is the Commission which must first pass on them.
We hold, therefore, that both the issues of tariff construction and the reasonableness of the tariff as applied were initially matters for the Commission's determination.
We come then to the question of whether referral of these issues to the Commission was barred by the two-year period of limitation contained in § 16(3) of the Interstate Commerce Act. We hold that it was not.
Section 16(3)(a) provides that 'all actions at law by carriers subject to this chapter for recovery of their charges * * * shall be begun within two years from the time the cause of action accrues, and not after.' This provision makes it clear that where a carrier sues a private shipper the action must be brought within two years. However, the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2501, 28 U.S.C.A. § 2501, provides that 'every claim of which the Court of Claims has jurisdiction shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed * * * within six years after such claim first accrues.' Relying on the broad language of the latter act, the Court of Claims has, since 1926, consistently held that § 16(3) does not apply to suits by carriers to recover alleged undercharges from the United States as shipper. Southern Pac. Co. v. United States, 62 Ct.Cl. 391; Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. United States, 83 F.Supp. 1012, 113 Ct.Cl. 437; Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States, 86 F.Supp. 907, 114 Ct.Cl. 714. The present suits were thus held timely brought, even though more than two years had elapsed since the accrual of the cause of action. However, the Court of Claims held that the two-year limitation of § 16(3) did bar the Government from obtaining a reference of its defense of unreasonableness to the Interstate Commerce Commission. Presumably it would have ruled likewise as to the issue of tariff construction had it regarded that question as lying initially within the competence of the Commission. In other words, the holding below was that the United States can be sued for six years but can raise certain defenses only if the suit is brought in the first two of those years.
We may assume, without deciding, that the Government would have been barred by § 16(3) from filing an affirmative suit before the Commission to recover overcharges from a carrier. Nevertheless we do not think that the statute operates to bar reference to the Commission of questions raised by way of defense in suits which are themselves timely brought. Respondents in effect ask us to hold that a suit may be brought for six years but that certain defenses thereto may be raised only for two years. Only the clearest congressional language could force us to a result which would allow a carrier to recover unreasonable charges with impunity merely by waiting two years before filing suit.
Section 16(3) does not deal with referral of questions to the Commission incident to judicial proceedings. On its face it has to do only with the commencement of actions or reparation proceedings before the Commission. There is therefore no language which militates against the conclusion that the statute does not apply to referrals. More important, the basic policy behind statutes of limitations has no relevance to the situation here. The purpose of such statutes is to keep stale litigation out of the courts. They are aimed at lawsuits, not at the consideration of particular issues in lawsuits. Here the action was already in court and held to have been brought in time. To use the statute of limitations to cut off the consideration of a particular defense in the case is quite foreign to the policy of preventing the commencement of stale litigation. We think it would be incongruous to hold that once a lawsuit is properly before the court, decision must be made without consideration of all the issues in the case and without the benefit of all the applicable law. If this litigation is not stale, then no issue in it can be deemed stale.
It is argued that this Court has construed § 16(3) as 'jurisdictional' and that the Commission is therefore barred absolutely from hearing questions as to the reasonableness of rates arising in suits brought after two years, whether such questions come to the Commission by way of referral or in an original suit. Reliance is placed upon A. J. Phillips Co. v. Grand Trunk Western R. Co., 236 U.S. 662, 35 S.Ct. 444, 59 L.Ed. 774; William Danzer & Co. v. Gulf & S.I.R. Co., 268 U.S. 633, 45 S.Ct. 612, 69 L.Ed. 1126; Midstate Horticultural Co. v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 320 U.S. 356, 64 S.Ct. 128, 88 L.Ed. 96. But these cases all dealt with affirmative claims for the recovery of transportation charges, and not with referrals incident to suits which were originally brought in time. The teaching of the Midstate case, for instance, is that the running of the statute destroys the right to affirmative recovery as well as the remedy, so that the period of limitations cannot be waived by the parties. But here the Government is not asserting a right to affirmative recovery. It is seeking only to have adjudicated questions raised by way of defense. It is therefore irrelevant whether the statute of limitations is 'jurisdictional' or not; the question would still remain whether Congress intended it to apply to referrals as well as to affirmative suits. Nor does Morrisdale Coal Co. v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 230 U.S. 304, 33 S.Ct. 938, 57 L.Ed. 1494, help the respondents. There again the statute of limitations was invoked against a plaintiff in order to bar an affirmative claim which was untimely filed. A coal shipper had sued a carrier for damages arising out of the alleged discriminatory allotment of railroad cars for its use. Stating that the propriety of the carrier's method of allotment, even though incident to a damage action, was cognizable only by the Commission, and that redress there was governed by the two-year statute of limitations, the Court held that the statute could not be evaded by filing suit in the District Court, rather than before the Commission, and then having the barred claim adjudicated by referral to the latter. In effect the holding was that the plaintiff had invoked the wrong tribunal, and that since limitations barred suit before the correct tribunal no referral could be made to the latter. Morrisdale must be limited to its peculiar facts, and we shall not extend it to bar the referral of defenses in actions properly and timely brought, as the Court of Claims has held this one was.
We are told that the Government can protect itself, when it believes it has been charged an unreasonable rate, by filing an affirmative claim for reparations with the Commission within the two-year period provided by § 16(3). But Congress has relieved the Government from filing such anticipatory suits by expressly authorizing the General Accounting Office to deduct overpayments from subsequent bills of the carrier if, on post-audit, it finds that the United States has been overcharged. This right was thought to be a necessary measure to protect the Government, since carriers' bills must be paid on presentation and before audit. On respondents' theory the Government could invoke this right only at the peril of losing its defenses in a later suit by the carrier. Evidently this was not the purpose of Congress in authorizing unilateral set-off.
We hold, therefore, that the limitation of § 16(3) does not bar a reference to the Interstate Commerce Commission of questions raised by way of defense and within the Commission's primary jurisdiction, as were these questions relating to the applicable tariff.
There remains the question of whether the Court of Claims properly dismissed the Government's defense of estoppel as to the respondents Bangor and Seaboard. We deal with it now because that defense would be reached should the further proceedings below, which must follow in consequence of what we have already said, result in adherence to the view that Item 1820 applies to these shipments.
The Government's claim is that the Bangor and Seaboard were estopped from charging the '1820' rate because of the Army's reliance on a ruling of the Official Classification Committee, a railroad tariff agency to which these two respondents belonged, that this type of napalm gel bomb shipment would be carried at a lower rate. The Court of Claims rejected this defense because (1) the ruling was later withdrawn by the Committee; (2) the Government had shown no detrimental reliance on the ruling; (3) it had paid the high rate billed for all shipments; and (4) neither carrier had acquiesced in the Committee's ruling.
We think that the Court of Claims erred in disposing of this defense by summary judgment. It appears to be undisputed that the ruling in question was not rescinded until after all of these shipments had been made. The Government's affidavits in opposition to the motion for summary judgment were, in our opinion, sufficient to entitle it to an opportunity to prove reliance and detriment. The fact that the Government paid the carrier's bills as rendered is without significance in light of § 322 of the Transportation Act, supra, requiring payment 'upon presentation' of such bills and postponing final settlement until audit. And the question whether the Official Classification Committee had authority to bind these two carriers to acceptance of a lower rate presents issues of fact which must be tried. Nor, unlike the case of a private shipper, do we think that the defense of estoppel is unavailable to the Government. See 49 U.S.C. § 22, 49 U.S.C.A. § 22. Cf. Oregon-Wash. R. Co. v. United States, 255 U.S. 339, 41 S.Ct. 329, 65 L.Ed. 677; Western Pac. R. & N. Co. United States, 255 U.S. 349, 41 S.Ct. 332, 65 L.Ed. 671. We conclude that the Government should have an opportunity to prove estoppel, without any intimation, of course, as to whether it will be able to establish the defense.
The judgment below must be reversed and the case remanded to the Court of Claims for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. It is so ordered.
Reversed and remanded.
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS dissents from a reference of these matters to the Interstate Commerce Commission, since he is of the view that the principles of Great Northern R. Co. v. Merchants Elevator Co., 259 U.S. 285, 42 S.Ct. 477, 66 L.Ed. 943, are applicable here.
Mr. Justice REED and Mr. Justice BRENNAN took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. | WIKI |
package Test::Run::Plugin::ColorFileVerdicts::CanonFailedObj; use strict; use warnings; =head1 NAME Test::Run::Plugin::ColorFileVerdicts::CanonFailedObj - a subclass of the ::CanonFailedObj that renders the failed line with colors. =head1 DESCRIPTION This is a subclass of the ::CanonFailedObj that renders the failed line with colors. =cut use Moose; extends( 'Test::Run::Plugin::ColorFileVerdicts::ColorBase' ); has 'individual_test_file_verdict_colors' => (is => "rw", isa => "Maybe[HashRef]") ; use MRO::Compat; use Term::ANSIColor; sub _get_failed_string { my ($self, $canon) = @_; my $color = $self->_get_individual_test_file_color("failure"); return color($color) . $self->next::method($canon) . color("reset") ; } =head1 AUTHOR Shlomi Fish, C<< >> =head1 BUGS Please report any bugs or feature requests to C, or through the web interface at L. I will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes. =head1 SUPPORT You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command. perldoc Test::Run::Plugin::ColorFileVerdicts::ColorBase You can also look for information at: =over 4 =item * AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation L =item * CPAN Ratings L =item * RT: CPAN's request tracker L =item * Search CPAN L =back =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS =head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE Copyright 2007 Shlomi Fish, all rights reserved. This program is released under the following license: MIT X11 =cut 1; | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Paid Notice: Deaths TILL, ALICE (NEE POLLITZER)
TILL--Alice (nee Pollitzer). Passed away at The Atrium of Wayne, in Wayne, NJ on Sunday, January 30, 2005. She was born in Austria and lived in Mineola, Long Island, NY, before relocating to Wayne, NJ. She was the Executive Sales Director of Gimbels Department Store in Garden City, NY. She was a member of the YMHA Senior's Group of Wayne, NJ and a Volunteer at the Wayne PTO Thrift Shop in Wayne, NJ, but she will mostly be remembered as a lifelong Ranger fan. Her late husband Kurt predeceased her. She is survived by her loving son Peter and his wife Debra, and their three adored children Andrew, Harrison and Grant of Wayne, NJ. She leaves behind a devoted brother Eric Pollitzer of West Palm Beach, FL. Graveside services 1 pm, Monday, January 31, 2005, at the Sharon Gardens Cemetery in Valhalla, NY. For info: Jewish Memorial Chapel, 841 Allwood Rd, Clifton, NJ. In lieu of shiva baskets or gifts, the family kindly requests that a donation be made to the Jewish Family Services of Northern NJ, or the Chilton Memorial Hospital Foundation in Pompton Plains, NJ. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk/Archives/2020 October 18
= October 18 =
00:05:04, 18 October 2020 review of submission by Tuesdaymorning20
Tuesdaymorning20 (talk) 00:05, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
Sophie Santos is an American comedian and writer. There are notable references including on Amazon Publishing's site. I am a non biased individual.
* Amazon is not an acceptable source under any circumstance, and a author's publisher is not a reliable secondary source. —A little blue Bori v^_^v Takes a strong man to deny... 00:30, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
02:29:03, 18 October 2020 review of submission by Carthex
Hello Wiki, I just made some changes on my Talk page, Kindly preview and let me know if it meet up for your approval, have been working on this several times but my Talk page was not approved Carthex (talk) 02:29, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
* still no evidence how this subject meets WP:NPERSON. If you come to this help desk another time, please bring your WP:THREE with you. If you have questions if a particular source would meet the criteria, try looking at WP:RSN archives, WP:RSP, or ask here or at the teahouse. Victor Schmidt (talk) 06:37, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
06:52:15, 18 October 2020 review of submission by PaulGorduiz106
PaulGorduiz106 (talk) 06:52, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
14:53:44, 18 October 2020 review of submission by Aryanfanpage24
I have created this page for Aryan Rao pippal and everything on this page is real and genuine, I 100% believe that if this page go live ,it will get the very good amount of attention because of the popularity of Aryan Rao Pippal in hong kong and India, so it is a humble request from the fans of Aryan Rao Pippal to allow this page. Thank you Aryanfanpage24 (talk) 14:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
* Wikipedia isn't interested in a rerun of the Seigenthaler incident. Every claim you want to make will need to be backed up by a reliable source. We dont make exceptions for verifyability. Victor Schmidt (talk) 17:13, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
16:33:06, 18 October 2020 review of submission by Rbshadow
(talk) 16:33, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
* You don't ask a question, but your draft was rejected, meaning it will not be considered further. This is because it is a blatant promotional piece for the colleges, telling about its offerings. Wikipedia articles must do more, they must summarize what independent reliable sources with significant coverage have chosen on their own to say about the college, showing how it meets the special Wikipedia definition of a notable organization. 331dot (talk) 20:30, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
18:07:13, 18 October 2020 review of submission by Aminuddinshroff
Aminuddinshroff (talk) 18:07, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
Moin-ud-din is my late father and notable personality. Unfortunately, there are no references available online than what I have mentioned in the article. Esmayeel Shroff is his brother and I had created his article as well which had references. You may check the films tagged under his name has his name on it. Any help in getting this page/article published would be helpful. It is currently sitting in my sandbox.
* It would appear that, if that is the case, that your father would not merit a Wikipedia article at this time. If independent reliable sources write about his work, he might in the future. 331dot (talk) 20:33, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
19:08:10, 18 October 2020 review of submission by Abonenti
Abonenti (talk) 19:08, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
* You don't ask a question, but your draft was not an encyclopedia article and was promotional. 331dot (talk) 20:31, 18 October 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
Macduff Marine Aquarium
Macduff Marine Aquarium is an aquarium in Macduff, Scotland.
History
Macduff Marine Aquarium opened in 1997.
In 2017, the aquarium closed to allow the main tank to be drained and repaired.
In 2023, Aberdeenshire Council announced that its bid for funding from the Levelling Up Fund had been successful. The aquarium is due to be expanded with a second storey added containing a cafe. | WIKI |
Donald Trump and Mike Pence's Secret Service codenames
(CNN)The Secret Service has new code names for GOP presidential nominee Donald Trump and Indiana Gov. Mike Pence: Mogul and Hoosier. Nearing the White House means you get a Secret Service detail, and that means the elite security agents need to have a new name buzzing into their ears. The codenames for the would-be heads of state generally skew toward the slightly witty, and each name in a family all start with the same letter. For example, President Barack Obama is "Renegade" and first lady Michelle Obama is "Renaissance." Now that Trump and Pence have officially filled out their party's presidential ticket, Secret Service sources told CNN the agency's codename for the GOP candidates. Trump is "Mogul."Melania Trump, a former model, is "Muse."Pence, the head of the Hoosier State, is "Hoosier."Karen Pence, the governor's wife, is "Hummingbird." Meanwhile, Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton is no stranger to the Secret Service. Clinton has had a Secret Service detail -- and will for life -- since her husband won the presidency. Hillary Clinton, a fixture in US politics, is "Evergreen."Former President Bill Clinton, her husband, is "Eagle." (CNN does not yet know the codename for her running mate, Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine). CNN's Noah Gray contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
# Maintainer: shulhan pkgname=rescached-git pkgver=4.0.0.r6.g33b6afc pkgrel=1 pkgdesc="Resolver/DNS cache daemon" arch=('i686' 'x86_64' 'armv7h') url="https://github.com/shuLhan/rescached-go" license=('custom:BSD') depends=('bash') provides=('rescached') makedepends=('git' 'go>=1.16') source=( "$pkgname::git+https://github.com/shuLhan/rescached-go.git" ) ## For testing on local. #source=( # "$pkgname::git+file:///home/ms/go/src/github.com/shuLhan/rescached-go" #) sha1sums=( 'SKIP' ) backup=( 'etc/rescached/rescached.cfg' 'etc/rescached/localhost.cert.pem' 'etc/rescached/localhost.key.pem' ) install=rescached.install pkgver() { cd "$pkgname" git describe --long --tags | sed 's/^v//;s/\([^-]*-g\)/r\1/;s/-/./g' } build() { cd "$pkgname" echo ">>" echo ">> cleaning ..." echo ">>" make clean echo ">>" echo ">> make ..." echo ">>" unset GOROOT export GOFLAGS="-buildmode=pie -trimpath -ldflags=-linkmode=external -mod=readonly -modcacherw" make || return 1 } package() { cd "$pkgname" make PREFIX="$pkgdir" install rm -f ${pkgdir}/usr/share/rescached/LICENSE rmdir ${pkgdir}/usr/share/rescached install -Dm644 $srcdir/$pkgname/LICENSE "${pkgdir}/usr/share/licenses/rescached/LICENSE" } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie
SAPN, Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie is a motorway operator company in France. It operates motorways in the West of France thanks to concessions given by the French government. Its network is 368 km long. The SAPN was created in 1963 and since then, has fulfilled the targets set by the French government: build, maintain and operate a network of motorways. Its network serves two regions; Ile-de-France and Normandy. SAPN's network consists of the A14 (16 km long), the A13 (233 km long) and the A29 (119 km long). All motorways, except portions of the A13 are tolled.
SAPN's concession expires in 2033. | WIKI |
BRIEF-Bellamy's Australia updates on CFDA registration
April 3 (Reuters) - Bellamy’s Australia Ltd : * CFDA registration does not impact ‘Australian label’ product currently sold through Australian retail, Daigou and China cross-border ecommerce * Announced sale of Bega’s Derrimut facility changed planned cfda registration process and will delay registration beyond 1 january 2018 * “Actively working with china offline distributor SIIC to preserve continuity of supply of ‘chinese label’ product during registration process” * Product manufactured & imported to China prior to 1 jan 2018 can continue to be sold in China after 1 Jan 2018 until shelf life expiry Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Scarred (TV series)
Needs help
Wow, this article needs some help. I tried a little, but I just don't have the time or the knowledge of the show to edit it too much. Some help with this. Written by: ISAYsorry 20:07, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
Parodies
A lot of MTV shows (and similar) will often have a "Parodies" section on Wikipedia. Apparently, Scarred is ripe for this kind of thing. For example: "Owies" (by SMP films aka "Mr. Safety") -- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOdpPeXsYG0 (so should there be a mention of this?) 05:55, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
WTF?
Why are there 2 articles: Scarred and MTV Scarred? Are these 2 separate shows? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:50, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
Without a doubt, each page is referring to the same show. I would appreciate it if someone deleted the other page soon. There's no need for it at all. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:01, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
I replaced the other page with a redirect to this one. Madlobster (talk) 06:08, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
Move from "Scarred" to "Scarred (tv show)"
I do not think that the show is notable enough to take the word "scarred" for itself. I think that "scarred" should either redirect to the article scar and a notice be placed at the top of the article regarding other uses, or it should be a disambiguation page. My personal preference is that it be a redirect to the article scar. However, if others disagree, then feel free to change it to whatever you want, whether that is a disambiguation page or a complete reversion of my edits. If you do not have the privileges necessary to make the changes you want, you can contact me on my talk page. However, my time on Wikipedia is quite erratic, and it may take some time for a response. You can also try Requested moves. -- Kjkolb (talk) 00:25, 27 March 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Dictionary of the Swatow dialect.djvu/213
Rh sĭ ēng im húe îeⁿ m̄ khṳ̀;
* it cannot be melted in other than a covered fire.
* cí īeⁿ tîeh ēng îeh cìaⁿ hó̤ îeⁿ;
* in order to melt this a chemical preparation must be used.
* îeⁿ ka;
* melt glue.
* cía tîeh îeⁿ kò̤ hŵn lâi ún cìaⁿ hó̤;
* this must have some melted alum to dip it in.
* tŏ̤ huang-lô tīm kàu îeⁿ khṳ̀;
* it has been heated in the furnace till it is melted.
* The arbutus.
* îeⁿ-bûe;
* the Chinese strawberry.
* the Chinese strawberry.
* îeⁿ-bûe pó;
* the dried fruit of the arbutus tree.
* îeⁿ-bûe thien phàu; îeⁿ-bûe kak-tâk;
* malignant red ulcers.
* A sheep or goat.
* suaⁿ-îeⁿ;
* goats.
* goats.
* mîⁿ-îeⁿ;
* sheep.
* îeⁿ kíaⁿ; îeⁿ ko̤;
* kids or lambs.
* îeⁿ kak;
* a ram's horn.
* îeⁿ kó, îeⁿ bó̤;
* a ram and an ewe.
* îeⁿ nêk;
* mutton.
* îeⁿ ău thúi;
* a hind-quarter of mutton.
* îeⁿ côiⁿ thúi;
* a forequarter of mutton.
* îeⁿ phiaⁿ;
* a spare-rib of mutton.
* chī îeⁿ;
* to keep sheep.
* cíeⁿ îeⁿ;
* to watch sheep.
* jīo îeⁿ;
* to drive sheep.
* îeⁿ khûn;
* a flock of sheep.
* cêk ciah îeⁿ;
* one sheep.
* cíeⁿ îeⁿ kâi nâng;
* a shepherd.
* pêh kau-phûe, o kau-phûe sĭ îeⁿ-kíaⁿ phûe;
* black lamb-skin, and white lamb-skin are the pelts of lambs.
* cháu-cieⁿ-sng sĭ būe chut sì kâi îeⁿ-kíaⁿ phûe;
* Astrakhan fur is the skin of unborn lambs.
* Blending; combining; harmonizing.
* îeⁿ-hŭe tŏ̤-lí;
* to collate doctrines.
* to collate doctrines.
* i thóiⁿ khṳ̀ m̄ îeⁿ-hŭe;
* he has not combined the results of his study.
* cṳ thâk lío m̄ îeⁿ-hŭe;
* he does not digest what he reads.
* ūe tàⁿ lâi îeⁿ-cîap;
* his speech was well connected in its parts.
* Foreign; the ocean; vast.
* îeⁿ jîn;
* foreigners.
* foreigners.
* îeⁿ hùe;
* foreign goods.
* îeⁿ cûn;
* foreign shipping.
* îeⁿ îeh; îeⁿ hun;
* foreign opium.
* îeⁿ cîⁿ;
* foreign money.
* kùe îeⁿ;
* go to foreign parts.
* châng-îeⁿ;
* the open sea.
* îeⁿ mīn;
* the surface of the ocean.
* îeⁿ pò;
* an offing.
* tōa sai îeⁿ;
* Europe.
* sĭ sai îeⁿ nâng, a sĭ tang îeⁿ nâng?
* Is he a European or an Asiatic?
* Sprouts, shoots.
* hwt ki hwt ĭeⁿ;
* sends forth branches and sprouts.
* sends forth branches and sprouts.
* i khí-thâu-ĕ piuh ĭeⁿ;
* it has begun to send out suckers.
* Manner; style; pattern; sort; shape.
* cìe īeⁿ cò̤;
* make it like the pattern.
* make it like the pattern.
* sin īeⁿ;
* a new style.
* cang cí kâi cò̤ īeⁿ;
* take this for a sample.
* lṳ́ àiⁿ sĭm-mih īeⁿ?
* What sort do you want?
* cí cêk īeⁿ hó̤ mē?
* Is this kind good?
* cí kâi nâng ko̤h īeⁿ ko̤h sìeⁿ;
* this is a queer looking person.
* màiⁿ khṳ̀ ô̤h i kâi īeⁿ;
* do not follow his example.
* i tó̤ ô̤h īeⁿ ô̤h sìeⁿ;
* he is imitating them.
* tang ieⁿ;
* of the same kind.
* m̄ tâng īeⁿ;
* differing in kind.
* chŵn bô̤ kâi īeⁿ;
* is very unstylish.
* cíe-cíe tîeh pōiⁿ ŭ sì īeⁿ khṳ̀ sàng i;
* at the very least there must be four sorts made ready to present to him.
* cìeⁿ-seⁿ thóiⁿ tîeh cìaⁿ ŭ kâi īeⁿ;
* it looks rather stylish.
* cuang mô̤ⁿ cò̤ īeⁿ;
* dress the hair fashionably.
* i tó̤ tieⁿ īeⁿ;
* he is putting on airs.
* màiⁿ tó̤ cuang īeⁿ;
* do not put on airs.
* gūa mīn thóiⁿ tîeh īeⁿ-sìeⁿ li ho̤h hó̤;
* the external appearance is very fine.
* seⁿ lâi ŭ kâi īeⁿ;
* has a style of its own.
* īeⁿ-īeⁿ kâi sṳ̄ i to pat;
* he understands all sorts of business.
* cí īeⁿ su kùe hṳ́ īeⁿ;
* this sort is inferior to that.
* cò̤-nî īeⁿ?
* In what manner?
* ĭ īeⁿ;
* a rare species.
* cí koiⁿ phò kâi ôi īeⁿ hó̤;
* this shop has shoes of a good shape.
* to sĭ cêk īeⁿ;
* they are all of one style.
* pêⁿ-pêⁿ īeⁿ;
* the same sort.
* pât īeⁿ;
* another kind.
* m̄ pêⁿ īeⁿ;
* not the same.
* khṳ̀ a-î kò̤ pàng kâi bō̤ īeⁿ;
* go to aunt's and take the pattern of her hat.
* pàng sang ôi īeⁿ;
* take off the pattern of a pair of shoes.
* tī cêk īeⁿ?
* Which sort is it?
* căi seⁿ īeⁿ?
* What sort of thing is it?
ieh
* To bind by a contract; to form a treaty or compact; an agreement.
* lîp hûa ieh;
* establish a treaty of peace.
* establish a treaty of peace.
* lîp hâp ieh;
* make a contract.
* sit ieh;
* violate a contract.
* ieh úa kio i cò̤-pû khṳ̀;
* agreed that I should go with him.
* ieh tīaⁿ-tîeh;
* made a definite agreement.
* i kàu sî cū pŭe ieh;
* when the time arrived he broke the compact.
* cò̤ sṳ̄ m̄ jû ieh;
* not done according to contract.
* ieh khî;
* fix a time.
* put ieh jṳ̂ tâng;
* to agree undesignedly.
* i ieh móng sî hâiⁿ úa;
* he agreed to pay me at a certain time.
* bô̤ tẁn bô̤ ieh;
* no compact was made.
* i nŏ̤ nâng ŭ tẁn ieh;
* the two have made a compact.
* i àm-cĕⁿ tẁn-ieh i;
* he secretly promised him.
* To guess.
* ieh m̄ tîeh;
* did not guess rightly.
* did not guess rightly.
* úa ieh m̄ pat tò̤ khṳ̀;
* I do not know what to guess.
* thèng ieh;
* guess at random.
* cò̤ kâi mīaⁿ lâi ieh;
* guess at fates.
* cía o̤h ieh;
* this is hard to guess.
* a noⁿ-kíaⁿ ieh sang a khia;
* children guess at odds or evens.
* cē ieh cū tîeh;
* guessed it at once.
* khṳt lṳ́ ieh;
* let you guess at it. | WIKI |
They go where you put them
6
An issue that SAS/GRAPH users have wrestled with in the past has been how to put tick marks at irregular intervals on their axes. In PROC GPLOT, if you specify irregular intervals using the ORDER option on the AXIS statement, the procedure’s axis kicks into a “discrete” mode, where the tick values are placed at equal distances despite the tick values. I have seen SUGI posters describe workarounds for this situation. Most techniques involve turning off the axis tick values, moving the axis origins to create space, and using annotate to draw the tick values in their correct numerical location.
With the ODS Graphics system, correct placement of tick marks based on value is an automatic behavior, even with irregular intervals. The following examples using PROC SGPLOT show you how you can control tick value placement with a combination of simple options.
First, it is important to understand that the data range of an axis is independent from the tick mark placement. In the example below, notice that the two plot points extending beyond the end tick marks. The true X-axis data range goes from 50.5 to 150, but “nice” tick values are automatically chosen within that range to display on the axis.
proc sgplot data=sashelp.class;
scatter x=weight y=height / group=sex datalabel=weight;
run;
Because the axis range and the axis ticks are independent, you can specify a list of tick values and have them placed correctly along the axis range.
There are four axis options in PROC SGPLOT and PROC SGPANEL that control axis range and tick placement: MIN, MAX, VALUES, and VALUESHINT. The MIN and MAX options set the minimum and maximum for the axis range while leaving the tick mark choice up to the system.
proc sgplot data=sashelp.class;
xaxis min=80 max=120;
scatter x=weight y=height / group=sex datalabel=weight;
run;
The VALUES option give you the ability to both set the range min/max, as well as the tick values that are displayed. The tick values can be specified as a combination of individual values and “M to N by INCREMENT” specifications.
proc sgplot data=sashelp.class;
xaxis values=(20 30 80 to 120 by 10 160);
scatter x=weight y=height / group=sex datalabel=weight;
run;
The VALUESHINT option changes the behavior of the VALUES option. When VALUESHINT is specified in conjunction with the VALUES option, the minimum and maximum values in the list no longer set the range for axis, and any of the specified tick values that fall within the axis range are drawn – the rest are ignored. This means that you can specify a large list of custom tick values while not impacting the true data range of the plot. If the data changes in subsequent runs, different parts of your tick list will be displayed.
proc sgplot data=sashelp.class;
xaxis values=(20 30 80 to 120 by 10 160) valueshint;
scatter x=weight y=height / group=sex datalabel=weight;
run;
Finally, It is important to note that the VALUES and VALUEHINT options affect only LINEAR axes, while the MIN/MAX options may be used on all axis types except DISCRETE. If you need to use the VALUES/VALUESHINT options in a logarithmic case, you can compute a separate column of log values and plot them on a LINEAR axis using these options.
Tags
Share
About Author
Dan Heath
Principal Systems Developer
Dan Heath is a principal systems developer at SAS Institute. A SAS user for more than 28 years, Dan specializes in SAS/GRAPH software, ODS Graphics, and related graphing technologies. Dan has been a speaker at a number of regional and local users' group meetings, including SAS Global Forum, PharmaSUG, and WUSS. He received a BS degree in computer science from North Carolina State University.
Related Posts
6 Comments
1. Pingback: Axis values and hint - Graphically Speaking
2. Mary Rosenbloom on
I love this feature! One question I have, though, is on the XAXIS statement is it possible to change the size and type of the font used for the label ("Weight" in this example)? If not, must it be done with PROC TEMPLATE? Could you point to an example of this? Thanks!
• Sanjay Matange
Sanjay Matange on
With SAS 9.3, yes, you can use VALUEATTRS or LABELATTRS on the axis statement to set the font attributes. With SAS 9.2, you have to to do this by changing the ODS style. Here is a simple example of editing the graph font attributes in the style using proc TEMPLATE:
proc template;
define Style styles.mystyle;
parent = styles.listing;
style GraphFonts from GraphFonts /
'GraphDataFont' = (", ",5pt)
'GraphValueFont' = (", ",7pt)
'GraphLabelFont' = (", ",9pt);
end;
run;
3. hello,
How to label the values in an overlay graph where condition is -
PROC GPLOT DATA = ;
PLOT var1 * var var2 * var var3 * var/
OVERLAY
VAXIS=AXIS1
HAXIS=AXIS2
FRAME LVREF=1
CVREF=RED
VREF=7
LEGEND=LEGEND1
;
please help...............................
• Dan Heath
When using GPLOT, you can use the POINTLABEL option on the SYMBOL statement to label your data points.
Back to Top | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
House Democrats take first step toward tighter gun laws
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. House of Representatives began moving toward tighter gun regulations on Wednesday, holding the first congressional hearing in years on how to stem the epidemic of gun violence that claimed the lives of nearly 40,000 Americans in 2017. The Democratic-led House Judiciary Committee focused on a bipartisan bill called the Bipartisan Background Checks Act, which would require background checks for all firearm sales and most firearm transfers. It has 230 House co-sponsors, including five Republicans. “Despite the obvious need to address the source of gun violence, Congress, for too long, has done virtually nothing. But now, we begin a new chapter,” said Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler, a Democrat. Democrats won control of the House in the November elections after eight years of Republican rule, partly because of public frustration over the inability of Congress to address a growing number of mass shootings at schools and other public venues. Wednesday’s hearing took place a week ahead of the first anniversary of the mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, which claimed the lives of 17 students and staff and launched a national youth movement that has reignited the long-running U.S. debate over gun rights. But there was no sign that any gun legislation approved by the Democratic House majority would gain traction in the Republican-controlled Senate. Witnesses at the hearing also called for legislation to address gun trafficking between states, a ban against assault rifles, the repeal of a federal law that protects the gun industry from lawsuits, and increased funding for federal officials charged with policing the flow of firearms across the country. The U.S. Constitution protects the right of Americans to bear arms. The measure is fiercely defended by Republicans, who on Wednesday warned that new legislation could lead to a national gun registry and claimed that expanded background checks would not protect people from gun crime. “The greatest cruelty in the world is to tell people you will help in their situation with legislation and then try to pass off legislation that would do nothing,” said Representative Doug Collins, the Judiciary Committee’s top Republican. “In legal terms, that’s called fraud.” Witnesses said the legislation would close loopholes exploited by online gun dealers and those who purchase guns for others unwilling or unable to buy their own. “This bill will definitely save lives,” Houston Police Chief Art Acevedo told lawmakers. Of the close to 40,000 deaths from gun violence in 2017, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in December that 60 percent were self-inflicted. Reporting by David Morgan; Editing by Leslie Adler | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
If You Want to Short Tesla, Just Buy Nikola Stock
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
I’m not a big fan of shorting stocks, or at least not discussing the concept. Early in my contributions for InvestorPlace, I dabbled a bit with being directly negative with certain companies. Almost always, it never goes down well, with certain folks misinterpreting what it means to be short. However, with Nikola (NASDAQ:NKLA) stock, you won’t have that problem.
Source: Nikola Press Center
You see, if you’re not convinced that the rally in rival Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) is sustainable, you can essentially achieve a short position simply by buying Nikola stock. That way, you don’t have to worry about being negative on anything. You’re simply choosing a different course of action than the rest of the crowd.
To be crystal clear, I’m not recommending a bearish position on Tesla. Especially with the exuberant environment we’re in, going short could get very ugly. However, I can’t help but notice an unusual dynamic between TSLA and Nikola stock that shrewd traders could possibly exploit to their advantage.
Nikola Stock as a Near-Perfect Hedge Against TSLA
More than a few investors likely believe that Nikola stock trades in sympathy with its bigger rival. After all, Tesla essentially pioneered the electric vehicle market. And what’s good for Tesla should trickle down to other EV players.
But that’s not what’s actually happening. Instead, since Nikola went public via a special acquisition company, the relationship between NKLA and TSLA is one of opposites. Specifically, the two stocks share a correlation coefficient of -63%. In other words, this is an inverse relationship – as TSLA goes up, NKLA moves lower, and vice versa.
6 International Stocks to Buy for Impressive Returns Now
Click to Enlarge
Source: Chart by Josh Enomoto
Interestingly, when you take the correlation coefficient of the pair from June 11 onward – and thereby eliminate the initial excitement of a public debut – you yield a much stronger inverse relationship; a correlation coefficient of -78%.
You don’t have to be a math whiz to recognize the validity of the above calculations. Just by looking at a chart of the two securities, you can tell that they’re like oil and water. Under this environment, if you want to hedge against volatility in TSLA, you can simply buy Nikola stock. Should Tesla encounter weakness, chances are, TSLA will swing higher.
Of course, no guarantee exists that this dynamic will play out indefinitely. However, I find it odd that the two companies are almost mirror opposites of each other. Sure, they compete against each other. But a rising tide lifts all boats. Some boats may rise faster than others, but what’s good for one boat is generally positive for all others.
In this case, what we’re seeing is a zero-sum game. With a sector that should benefit from more choices and competition, this dynamic is rather jarring.
Encouraging Narrative for NKLA
For those that want to stick with a surer bet in Tesla, I understand. Right now, most of the enthusiasm associated with Nikola stock is theoretical. While Nikola is setting production goals, Tesla is already producing. That’s a huge distinction which clearly benefits TSLA.
However, it’s fair to point out that you pay a hefty premium for that distinction. By directing capital to Nikola stock, you’re betting that the underlying company is the one to directly challenge Tesla. So far, many are avoiding that direct confrontation, instead electing niche EV markets, such as Electrameccanica Vehicles (NASDAQ:SOLO) or Ayro (NASDAQ:AYRO).
Personally, I’m willing to take a shot on NKLA stock. While I appreciate the extremely passionate fan base for Tesla vehicles, I believe the disrupter is ripe for disruption. No, I don’t think that Tesla will suddenly become irrelevant. But after years of the same – dare I say it, boring – design, I believe consumers are longing for viable options.
What distinguishes Nikola is that the company isn’t trying to reinvent the wheel. Rather than trying to force the consumer to accept something over the top (see Tesla Cybertruck), Nikola is going for something classic yet innovative with its Badger electric pickup truck.
Moreover, big corporations are gradually recognizing Nikola’s potential. For instance, Nikola secured a minimum order of 2,500 electric refuse trucks from waste management company Republic Services (NYSE:RSG). With full production deliveries scheduled for 2023, Nikola is moving at a rapid pace.
And therein lies the double-edged sword of electric vehicles. Their relative ease of manufacturing makes EVs suitable for disrupting combustion-engine car manufacturers. At the same time, the accessibility of EV manufacturing invites competition that can get up to speed quickly.
A Compelling but Risky Proposition
Ultimately, any company that dares challenge Tesla will have its hands full. Not only is TSLA a vertically integrated behemoth, it has established its brand name in the EV space. In that sense, Tesla is akin to Alphabet’s (NASDAQ:GOOG, NASDAQ:GOOGL) Google or Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN).
However, cars are a different animal. Consumers want options because they’re forking over a ton of money. Typically, you’re going to spend at least a few years behind that wheel. Therefore, most people want what suits them as perfectly as possible, not to settle for a brand because that’s the only one available.
In that sense, Nikola stock could experience some pent-up demand from EV consumers who have essentially been funneled into the only choice for pure EVs over the last several years. For a “dumb money” bet, I think this could work out.
A former senior business analyst for Sony Electronics, Josh Enomoto has helped broker major contracts with Fortune Global 500 companies. Over the past several years, he has delivered unique, critical insights for the investment markets, as well as various other industries including legal, construction management, and healthcare. As of this writing, he is long NKLA.
The post If You Want to Short Tesla, Just Buy Nikola Stock appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
In re the Matter of Mark LaCHAPELLE, petitioner, Respondent, v. Denise MITTEN, Appellant, In re the Custody of L.M.K.O., Valerie Ohanian, petitioner, Respondent, and Denise Mitten, Appellant, and Mark LaChapelle, Respondent.
No. C5-99-1304.
Court of Appeals of Minnesota.
March 14, 2000.
Review Denied May 16, 2000.
Mary Madden, Madden Law Offices, Minneapolis, for respondent LaChapelle.
Christopher D. Johnson, Best & Flanagan, MinneapoMs, for respondent Ohanian.
Gary A. Weissman, Weissman Law Office, and Susan Rhode, Moss & Barnett, Minneapolis, for appellant Mitten.
Rosanne Nathanson, Leonard, Street & Deinard, Minneapolis, guardian ad litem for child.
Considered and decided by HALBROOKS, Presiding Judge, LANSING, Judge, and SHUMAKER, Judge.
OPINION
SHUMAKER, Judge.
Appellant Denise Mitten gave birth to a child as a result of artificial insemination from sperm donated by respondent Mark LaChapelle. Mitten and her partner, respondent Valerie Ohanian, agreed with La-Chapelle and his partner as to custody and visitation of the child. When Mitten and Ohanian severed LaChapelle’s visitation with the child, LaChapelle commenced paternity proceedings. When Mitten and Ohanian later terminated their relationship, the parties commenced various proceedings to determine custody and visitation rights.
After trial, the court determined physical and legal custody, visitation rights, and financial issues, and denied Mitten’s motion to change the child’s surname.
On appeal, Mitten contends that the court abused its discretion by granting her sole physical custody on the condition that she and the child reside in Minnesota, granting joint legal custody to her and Ohanian, apportioning trial fees equally among the parties, requiring her to pay certain travel expenses for visitation, refusing to award additional past child support, and denying her motion to change the child’s surname. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion as to its awards and determinations. Therefore, we affirm.
FACTS
Mitten and Ohanian were lesbian partners. LaChapelle was in a gay partnership with another man. The four met in 1990 to discuss the possibility of conceiving and raising a child. They agreed in writing that LaChapelle would donate sperm for the artificial insemination of Mitten, that LaChapelle would have no parental rights, and that Mitten would not hold him responsible for the child. Mitten became pregnant in April 1992.
In May 1992, the four signed another agreement stating that Mitten and Ohani-an would have physical and legal custody of the child and LaChapelle and his partner would be entitled to a “significant relationship” with the child. The child, L.M.K.O., was born January 4,1993.
After L.M.K.O.’s birth, Mitten and Oha-nian petitioned for adoption. On the petition they identified the father as “artificial insemination” and did not inform the court of the donor’s identity or of the parties’ various agreements. The court granted the adoption in September 1993.
LaChapelle visited L.M.K.O. regularly until August 1994, when Mitten and Ohani-an terminated visitation. LaChapelle then moved the court to vacate the adoption, alleging fraud on the court for failure to disclose the parties’ agreements. The court vacated the adoption. In August 1995, LaChapelle filed an affidavit with the court stating his intention to retain parental rights. He then filed a petition to adjudicate paternity. The court granted Mitten temporary custody of L.M.K.O.
Mitten and Ohanian ended their relationship in the spring of 1996. Later, Mitten requested the court’s permission to move with L.M.K.O. to Michigan for employment reasons. At the same time, Oha-nian petitioned for custody. The court granted Mitten’s request pending further proceedings, ordered blood tests in the paternity action, and granted Ohanian’s motion to consolidate her custody petition with LaChapelle’s paternity petition.
Mitten moved to Michigan with L.M.K.O. in October 1996. The court granted visitation rights to Ohanian and LaChapelle while L.M.K.O. was in Michigan. One month they would fly to Michigan and visit with L.M.K.O. for three or four days. The next month L.M.K.O. would fly to Minnesota to visit them.
The court adjudicated LaChapelle to be L.M.KO.’s biological father in June 1997, but allowed Mitten to retain interim custody. The court then ordered a custody and visitation evaluation, joined L.M.K.O. in the action, and appointed a guardian ad litem for her. In November 1997, the court ordered LaChapelle to pay past and future child support.
After a trial in February 1999, the court awarded sole physical custody of L.M.K.O. to Mitten on the condition that Mitten provide a permanent residence for L.M.K.O. in Minnesota. The court found that the parties had agreed before trial that Mitten and Ohanian would have joint legal custody of L.M.K.O., and the court ruled that such custody was in L.M.KO.’s best interests. The court made awards of visitation, child support, and expenses for the daycare, medical, and dental needs of L.M.K.O.; denied Mitten’s request to change L.M.KO.’s surname; and apportioned trial fees evenly among the parties.
Mitten appeals the grant of joint legal custody, conditional sole physical custody, the final awards, and the denial of the name change. She seeks need-based attorney fees and moves to strike parts of Ohanian’s brief and appendix.
ISSUES
1. Did the trial court err in finding that Ohanian had standing to seek custody of L.M.K.O.?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in granting joint legal custody to Mitten and Ohanian?
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in conditioning the grant of sole physical custody to Mitten on her moving back to Minnesota from Michigan?
4. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in evenly apportioning trial costs among the three parties?
5. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in requiring Mitten to pay visitation expenses for L.M.K.O. to visit LaChapelle and Ohanian in Minnesota?
6. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in refusing to grant Mitten additional past child support?
7. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in refusing to change L.M.KO.’s surname upon Mitten’s motion?
8. Is Mitten entitled to attorney fees on appeal?
9. Should this court grant Mitten’s motion to strike portions of Ohanian’s brief and appendix?
ANALYSIS
The court’s “paramount commitment” in all matters involving court-established relationships of a child is the best interests of the child. Olson v. Olson, 534 N.W.2d 547, 549 (Minn.1995). “The trial court has broad discretion to determine matters of custody.” Durkin v. Hinich, 442 N.W.2d 148, 151 (Minn.1989). Review of custody determinations “is limited to whether the trial court abused its discretion by making findings unsupported by the evidence or by improperly applying the law.” Pikula v. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d 705, 710 (Minn.1985). “The trial court’s findings must be sustained unless clearly erroneous.” Id.
1. Standing of a non-parent
Mitten argues that Ohanian does not have standing to seek custody of L.M.K.O. because: (1) Minn.Stat. § 518.156 (1998), which permits custody petitions by a third person, does not apply here because chapter 518 is the Marriage Dissolution Act, and here there was no marriage; and (2) therefore Ohanian would have had to bring her petition for custody under chapter 257, the Parentage Act, which speaks only to biological mothers and father. Because Ohanian is not a biological mother, Mitten argues, she has no standing under Minnesota law to seek custody of L.M.K.O.
Standing to seek custody under chapter 518 is conferred by Minn. Stat § 518.156. See In re Custody of E.A.Q.D., 405 N.W.2d 262, 264 (Minn.App.1987) (addressing standing to seek custody under Minn.Stat. § 518.156). Under the statute, a custody proceeding may be commenced “by a person other than a parent” under certain circumstances. Therefore, the fact that Ohanian is not L.M.KO.’s biological parent does not preclude her from seeking custody of L.M.K.O. The circumstances under which a non-parent may seek custody are defined as situations “where a decree of dissolution or legal separation has been entered or where none is sought[.]” Minn. Stat. § 518.156, subd. 1(b). Here, because the parties were not seeking a dissolution decree, Ohanian could start a custody proceeding “by filing a petition or motion seeking eustody[.]” Id. Because this is what Ohanian did, the district court did not err in ruling that she had standing to seek custody.
The statute is clear on this point; therefore, we need not, and cannot, look beyond its plain language. See Minn.Stat. § 645.16 (1998) (stating “[w]hen the words of a law in their application to an existing situation are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of the law shall not be disregarded under pretext of pursuing the spirit”); Phelps v. Commonwealth Land Title Ins. Co., 537 N.W.2d 271, 274 (Minn.1995) (stating “[w]here the intention of the legislature is clearly manifested by plain unambiguous language * * * no construction [of the statute] is necessary or permitted”). Because this court is limited in its function to correcting errors it cannot create public policy. Thus, in the face of clear statutory language, Mitten’s policy arguments must fail. See Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn.1988) (reversing court of appeals, noting “[t]he function of the court of appeals is limited to identifying errors and then correcting them”). The wisdom of allowing non-parents to seek custody of a child is not relevant to whether such persons have standing to do so. See, e.g., Blanche v.1995 Pontiac Grand Prix, 599 N.W.2d 161, 169 (Minn.1999) (Stringer, dissenting) (stating “[w]e have long recognized that ‘[e]ourts have nothing to do with the wisdom or expediency of statutes. The remedy for unwise or inexpedient legislation is political and not judicial’ ”) (quoting Hickok v. Margolis, 221 Minn. 480, 485, 22 N.W.2d 850, 852 (1946)).
2. Joint legal custody
The trial court found that Mitten, Ohanian, and LaChapelle came to an agreement regarding joint legal custody prior to trial. The court also found joint legal custody to be in L.M.KO.’s best interests. On appeal, Mitten argues that she was coerced into agreeing to joint legal custody.
On appeal, a trial court’s findings must be sustained unless clearly erroneous. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 710. A finding is “clearly erroneous” if the reviewing court is “ ‘left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.’ ” Fletcher v. St. Paul Pioneer Press, 589 N.W.2d 96, 101 (Minn.1999) (quoting Gjovik v. Strope, 401 N.W.2d 664, 667 (Minn.1987)). When determining whether findings are clearly erroneous, an appellate court views the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s findings. Lossing v. Lossing, 403 N.W.2d 688, 690 (Minn.App.1987). Also, appellate courts defer to trial-court credibility determinations. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d at 210.
The record shows that prior to trial, Mitten, Ohanian, and LaChapelle each sought legal custody of L.M.K.O. During motions in limine before trial, Mitten’s attorney stated on behalf of Mitten that “[s]he would accept joint legal custody with either [LaChapelle or Ohanian].” At a chambers conference with the trial court judge on the first day of trial, LaChapelle withdrew his demand 'for legal custody. At the beginning of trial, the court found that, based on the comments of Mitten’s attorney at the motions hearing, on conference calls prior to trial between the attorneys and the court, and on LaChapelle’s withdrawn demand for legal custody, Oha-nian and Mitten would agree to joint legal custody. Mitten admitted on cross-examination, “I agreed that I would share joint legal custody with her.” We hold the record supports the trial court’s finding.
The welfare of the child takes precedence even if a case involves an agreement. Moylan v. Moylan, 384 N.W.2d 859, 865 (Minn.1986) (citing Petersen v. Petersen, 296 Minn. 147, 148, 206 N.W.2d 658, 659 (1973)). Parties cannot enter into an agreement that might be against the best interests of the child. Sydnes v. Sydnes, 388 N.W.2d 3, 7 (Minn.App.1986). Mitten argues that the trial court erred in granting joint legal custody to Ohanian because she and Ohanian do not have the ability to cooperate. Where a grant of joint legal custody is contemplated, the court must consider additional best-interests factors which relate to the parties’ ability to cooperate in the raising of the child. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 2 (1998) (factors to be considered when joint legal custody is requested include the ability of potential joint custodians to cooperate). There is evidence in the record of the parties’ inability to cooperate. However, there is also evidence that Mitten and Ohanian are willing to try to cooperate for L.M.KO.’s sake, and that there are methods in place for resolving disputes that might arise. The trial court found that joint legal custody would be in L.M.KO.’s best interests. The record supports the trial court’s finding. See Wilson v. Moline, 234 Minn. 174, 182, 47 N.W.2d 865, 870 (1951) (function of an appellate court “does not require us to discuss and review in detail the evidence for the purpose of demonstrating that it supports the trial court’s findings[; our] duty is performed when we consider the evidence, as we have done here, and determine that it reasonably supports the findings”).
Mitten also argues that a trial court cannot grant custody to a third party unless the biological parents are unfit, and in this case neither biological parent is unfit. The record is unclear as to whether Mitten properly preserved this issue for appeal. See Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn.1988) (this court will not consider matters not argued and considered in the court below). In her post-trial memorandum to the trial court, Mitten stated that one “non-issue” was legal custody, as she and Ohanian had agreed they would be joint legal custodians of L.M.K.O. Mitten also stated in the summary to her memorandum that the trial court should “[a]ward joint legal custody of L.M.K.O. to Mitten and Ohanian.” We assume, but do not concede, that Mitten has properly preserved the issue of granting custody to a non-parent for appeal.
Mitten argues that a trial court does not have the authority to grant joint legal custody to a non-parent when the biological parents are fit. The standard for granting custody to a non-parent over the objection of a biological parent was set out by the supreme court in Wallin v. Wallin, 290 Minn. 261, 187 N.W.2d 627 (1971). When deciding custody disputes between a parent and third party, a biological parent is entitled to custody of his or her own child “unless it clearly appears that she is unfit or has abandoned her right to custody, or unless there are some extraordinary circumstances which would require that she be deprived of custody.” Id. at 264, 187 N.W.2d at 629. However, the best interests of the child is the primary test to be applied in awarding custody. Id. The first requirement in applying the Wallin standard is that there be a “dispute” as to custody between a parent and a non-parent. See In re Custody of N.M.O., 399 N.W.2d 700, 702 (Minn.App.1987) (when deciding custody “disputes” between a parent and a third person, Wal-lin standard applies). The trial court found that Mitten did not dispute joint legal custody with Ohanian. In her post-trial memorandum, Mitten stated that joint legal custody with Ohanian was a “non-issue.” The trial court found that Mitten and Ohanian agreed to share legal custody of L.M.K.O. We hold the evidence supports the court’s finding. Therefore, at trial, there was not, in fact, a “dispute.” between Mitten and Ohanian as to legal custody of L.M.K.O.
Even were we to find that Wallin does, in fact, apply in this case, it is clear to us that Wallin has been satisfied. By agreeing to share legal custody with Ohanian, Mitten functionally “abandoned her right to [sole legal] custody” under the first prong of Wallin. 290 Minn. at 264, 187 N.W.2d at 629. In addition, the trial court found it to be in the best interest of L.M.K.O. for Mitten and Ohanian to share legal custody. The record supports the court’s findings. See N.M.O., 399 N.W.2d at 703 (best interests of the child is always the overriding consideration in custody decisions).
Finally, Mitten argues that in granting joint legal custody to her and Ohanian and in giving LaChapelle all the rights of a joint legal custodian as well, the trial court created an impermissible “triumvirate” parenting scheme. See Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 3(b) (1998) (rights to be granted to each party in a custody decree regardless of custody). The trial court found that the parties had agreed that LaChapelle would drop his demand for legal custody of L.M.K.O.; Mitten and Ohanian would share joint legal custody; and LaChapelle would have various rights to the child. Any rights LaChapelle has under the agreement with Mitten and Oha-nian are not those of a joint legal custodian. Therefore, we reject Mitten’s argument that the court created, in effect, three legal custodians.
3. Conditional physical custody
Mitten argues that the trial court abused its discretion in conditioning physical custody on her moving her residence from Michigan to Minnesota. She argues that (1) the trial court had already granted her permission to move permanently to Michigan with L.M.K.O.; (2) the court had no authority to make a conditional grant of physical custody; and (3) conditional physical custody violates the Minnesota and United States Constitutions.
a. Order allowing Mitten to move to Michigan with L.M.K.O.
Minn.Stat. § 518.131 (1998) allows the court, in a custody proceeding, to grant temporary custody to one parent pending the final disposition of the proceeding. Minn.Stat. § 518.131, subd. 1. Unless otherwise altered, a temporary order remains in effect until entry of a final decree and a temporary order “[s]hall not prejudice the rights of the parties or the child which are to be adjudicated at subsequent hearings in the proceeding.” MinmStat. § 518.131, subd. 5, 9(a).
By order dated August 30, 1996, the trial court granted Mitten’s “motion for permission to move her permanent residence to Hersey, Michigan.” Mitten argues that the order was not a temporary order. In its memorandum following the grant of Mitten’s motion, however, the trial court specifically stated that “Mitten agrees that she is still subject to this Court’s jurisdiction.” The trial court based its decision to allow Mitten to move to Michigan on Minn.Stat. § 518.131. Similarly, in the court’s June 12, 1997 order adjudicating paternity, the court stated that prior orders awarding Mitten custody had been interim orders. We hold that the court intended the order allowing Mitten to move to be a temporary order. Even if the August 1996 order was ambiguous about whether it was temporary or permanent, that ambiguity was resolved against Mitten in the June 1997 order by the same judge who issued the earlier order. We defer to a district court’s interpretation of its own order. See Mikoda v. Mikoda, 413 N.W.2d 238, 242 (Minn.App.1987) (trial court’s construction of its own decree given “great weight” on appeal).
b. Authority for granting conditional custody
Mitten argues that the trial court did not have authority to grant conditional physical custody. In determining custody, the trial court must issue a custody order determining legal custody, physical custody and residence, and support based on the best interests of the child. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 3 (1998).
In an initial custody proceeding, a trial court treats a proposed change of residence by a party as one factor to balance in determining custody of a child. Stangel v. Stangel, 355 N.W.2d 489, 490 (Minn.App.1984), review denied (Minn. Feb. 6, 1985). A proposed change of residence bears directly on several of the best-interests factors in section 518.17. The factors stressing stability and continuity of care are of particular importance in light of a parent’s proposed move to another state. Also important are the intimacy of the relationships between each parent and the child; the interaction of the child with parents and other people who affect the child’s best interests; the child’s adjustment to home, school, and community; and the permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial home. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(a)(4), (5), (6), (7), and (8) (1998).
Here, the trial court’s findings indicate that Mitten’s change of residence was but one factor in the court’s best-interests analysis. The trial court, applying the correct standard, found it would be in L.M.KO.’s best interests to live in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The court also found it would be in her best interests for Mitten to remain her sole physical custodian if Mitten lived in Minnesota. Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s findings, those findings are supported by the evidence. The lack of statutory authority explicitly allowing conditional custody awards does not preclude such an award when it is in the child’s best interest. See DeLa Rosa v. DeLa Rosa, 309 N.W.2d 755, 758 (Minn.1981) (in family cases, the district court has inherent power to grant relief as facts and equities require).
c. Constitutionality of conditional custody
Mitten argues that conditioning sole physical custody on her returning to Minnesota violates her rights of travel, privacy, and equal protection under the Minnesota and United States Constitutions. We disagree.
The right to travel is inherent in the concept of our country as a federal union; hence the right to travel is a fundamental constitutional right under the federal constitution.
Mitchell v. Steffen, 504 N.W.2d 198, 200 (Minn.1993). The right to travel includes the right to “live and settle down anywhere one chooses in this country without being disadvantaged because of that choice.” Id. at 201. The nature of the disadvantage or hardship involved is important to the level of review a restriction on the right to travel receives. Id. at 202. In this case, the hardship imposed on Mitten is the loss of sole physical custody of her daughter if she does not return to Minnesota. This implicates the fundamental right to raise one’s child, which triggers the application of strict scrutiny. See Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 1212, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) (fundamental interest of a parent in the companionship, care, custody, and management of children).
The deprivation of fundamental rights is subject to strict scrutiny and may only be upheld if justified by a compelling state interest. Carey v. Population Servs. Int’l, 431 U.S. 678, 97 S.Ct. 2010, 52 L.Ed.2d 675 (1977). The compelling state interest in this case is the protection of the best interests of the child. See In re Welfare of M.P., 542 N.W.2d 71, 74 (Minn.App.1996) (“[T]he paramount nature of a child’s best interests is a principle that has been part of Minnesota child welfare law for at least 100 years.”) (citing In re Welfare of J.J.B., 390 N.W.2d 274, 279 (Minn.1986) (noting that best interests doctrine “has long been recognized as the common thread in.cases determining * * * the circumstances in which children are required to live” and adopting best interests doctrine “as a paramount consideration” in termination of parental rights cases)), and State ex rel. Flint v. Flint, 63 Minn. 187, 189, 65 N.W. 272, 272 (1895) (stating that, in a custody dispute, in spite of other considerations, including application of statutory law, “[t]he paramount question was * * * what would be most for the benefit of the infant”). While no cases in Minnesota have decided whether the best interests of the child is a state interest compelling enough to allow burdening a parent’s fundamental right to travel, other states have so found.
Particularly relevant to this case is the Supreme Court of Montana’s recent decision in In re Custody of D.M.G. and T.J.G., 287 Mont. 120, 951 P.2d 1377 (1998). A couple who had never married lived together in Montana and had two children together. Id. at 1379. Their relationship ended two years after their children were born, and the children resided with the mother. Id. The mother moved with the children to Oregon, where her family resided. Id. The trial court concluded it was in the children’s best interests that both parents reside in Montana and granted the mother custody if she returned to Montana. Id. at 1380. The Montana Supreme Court found that
[t]he case at bar * * ⅜ involves a situation where the court is effectively requiring that the children’s primary residential custodian move to Montana from another state where the custodian had already established her home and the children’s home prior to the initial custody determination and prior to the relocation issue being raised. * * * [W]e conclude that the instant fact situation may impact the constitutional right of interstate travel to an even greater extent than would the facts in our previously decided cases [where parties’ and children’s home is in Montana at the time custody is first determined].
Id. at 1382-88. The court also stated that
[Mother’s] constitutional right of interstate travel is qualified by the special obligations of custody, the state’s interest in protecting the best interests of the children and by the competing interests of the non-custodial parent.
Id. at 1381. The Montana court ultimately held that furtherance of the best interests of children may constitute a compelling state interest worthy of reasonable interference with a parent’s right to travel, but the parent requesting the travel restriction must provide sufficient proof that a restriction is in the best interests of the child. In that case, the father had not done so. Id. at 1383. See also Clark v. Atkins, 489 N.E.2d 90, 100 (Ind.Ct.App.1986) (holding grant of custody to mother on condition she return to Indiana does not impose burden on right to travel, because (1) she remains free to go where she chooses, (2) it is only the children who must be returned to Indiana, and (3) the law has few objectives more compelling than protecting the interests of children); Ziegler v. Ziegler, 107 Idaho 527, 691 P.2d 773, 780 (Ct.App.1985) (court cites with approval district court decision finding that “[p]roviding and assuring the maximum opportunities for parental love, guidance, support and companionship is a compelling state interest that * ⅞ * warrants reasonable interference with the constitutional right of travel”); Carlson v. Carlson, 8 Kan.App.2d 564, 661 P.2d 833, 836 (1983) (“Her right to travel or even to establish residence elsewhere is limited only by her desire to retain her status as the custodial parent.”).
Here the trial court specifically found that it would be in L.M.KO.’s best interests to reside in Minnesota where she could maintain a relationship with Mitten as her biological mother and Ohanian as her “emotional parent,” and LaChapelle as her biological father. The trial court used the term “emotional parent” in its order to refer to a person L.M.K.O. looks to for comfort, solace, and security. As in Clark, the trial court did not restrict Mitten’s right to remain in Michigan; the court only required L.M.K.O. to be returned to Minnesota. Any burden on Mitten’s right to travel arises from her desire to remain L.M.KO.’s sole physical custodian.
The United States Supreme Court has recognized a general freedom from governmental intrusion in child-rearing decisions. In re Petition of Santoro, 578 N.W.2d 369, 374 (Minn.App.1998) (citing Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 97 S.Ct. 1932, 52 L.Ed.2d 531 (1977); Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 92 S.Ct. 1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15 (1972); and Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 43 S.Ct. 625, 67 L.Ed. 1042 (1923)), reversed on other grounds, 594 N.W.2d 174 (Minn.1999). There is a constitutional right to familial privacy, but the right is not absolute. R.S. v. State, 459 N.W.2d 680, 689 (Minn.1990). When there is an allegation of interference by the state with a protected right of privacy, the court must balance the interest in the privacy against the state’s need to intrude on that privacy. Id. Minnesota’s interest in protecting L.M.KO.’s best interests is compelling and justifies intrusion into Mitten’s privacy in her familial relationship with L.M.K.O.
Finally, Mitten argues that an arrangement that obliges the biological mother to move to a place she does not want to live for the convenience of the child’s father and one other important adult in the child’s life offends the equal protection ■ clauses of the Minnesota and United States Constitutions. But the trial court did not require Mitten to move her home at all; it simply required L.M.K.O. to be brought back to Minnesota. The court based its decision on L.M.K.O.’s best interests, not on the convenience of the parties. Specifically, the court stated
[n]either Mitten’s desire to live in rural Michigan nor the convenience and expense incurred by LaChapelle and Oha-nian in visiting [L.M.K.O.] there are the primary factors with which this Court bases its decision. Instead, this Court looks at [L.M.KOJs best interest in deciding how custody, visitation, and her residency can provide meaningfsic], positive, parental relationships with each of her three parents.
The equal protection guarantees prevent the government from making distinctions among people when applying the law unless the distinction serves a legitimate governmental interest. R.B. v. C.S., 536 N.W.2d 634, 637 (Minn.App.1995). In Minnesota, custody decisions are based on the best interests of the child. The focus in applying the best-interests standard is on the child, not the parents, and therefore the standard applies equally to all parents. See Carlson, 661 P.2d at 836-37 (rejecting mother’s argument that a residency restriction in the custody decree is a violation of equal protection because a similar restriction was not placed on father, because the best-interests-of-the-child standard applies to both parents).
4.Trial costs
The court may order expert witness and guardian ad litem fees and other costs of the trial and pretrial proceedings, including appropriate tests, to be paid by the parties in proportions and at times determined by the court.
Minn.Stat. § 257.69, subd. 2 (Supp.1999). An award of expenses at trial is a matter in the court’s discretion and will not reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. J.L.B. v. T.E.B., 474 N.W.2d 599, 605 (Minn.App.1991), review denied (Minn. Oct. 11,1991).
Mitten argues that, because of the disparity in their incomes, the trial court abused its discretion in apportioning the costs of the guardian ad litem, the custody evaluator, and the psycholo-gisVparenting consultant equally among herself, Ohanian, and LaChapelle. We disagree. Minn.Stat. § 257.69, subd. 2, does not require the trial court to consider a party’s ability to pay before ordering the party to pay trial costs. The parties received equal services from the experts and the guardian ad litem and may be required to pay accordingly. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding trial expenses.
5. Visitation expenses
Mitten argues that the trial court abused its discretion in requiring her to pay costs associated with transporting L.M.K.O. to Minnesota every other month for visitation with Ohanian and LaCha-pelle.
The trial court’s discretion in deciding visitation questions is extensive and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Al-Zouhayli v. Al-Zouhayli, 486 N.W.2d 10, 12 (Minn.App.1992). The trial court considered visitation issues when Mitten requested permission to move with L.M.K.O. to Michigan. Specifically, in its June 12, 1997 order, it found “[t]he Court is mindful of the fact that Mitten chose to move with L.M.K.O. to Michigan, knowing that visitation with Ohanian and LaChapelle would need to occur.” The court required Mitten to pay costs associated with transporting L.M.K.O. to Minnesota every other month to visit Ohanian and LaChapelle and required Ohanian and LaChapelle to pay all costs associated with visiting L.M.K.O. in Michigan. The court found the division of visitation costs fair, and we see no abuse of discretion.
6. Past child support
Mitten argues that the trial court abused its discretion in not awarding her past child support beginning with the date of L.M.KO.’s birth, and in refusing to apply an increase in child support retroactively to the date of her motion.
The court shall limit the parent’s liability for past support of the child to the proportion of the expenses that the court deems just, which were incurred in the two years immediately preceding the commencement of the action.
Minn.Stat. § 257.66, subd. 4 (1998). We review a trial court’s past-support determinations under an abuse of discretion standard. McNeal v. Swain, 477 N.W.2d 531, 533-34 (Minn.App.1991). When determining what amount of past support is just, a court must consider the earnings, needs, and resources of the obligor, obligee, and child. Id. at 534. “The current and past income of the obligor, along with the past needs of the child, must be considered.” Id. A court must make particularized findings. Id.
The trial court issued an order in June 1997 ordering LaChapelle to pay child support to Mitten. In August 1997, Mitten brought a motion for past child support beginning with the date of L.M.K.O.’s birth. On November 10, 1997, the trial court awarded Mitten past child support, but only starting on June 1, 1997, not the date of L.M.KO.’s birth, stating:
Given the procedural history and the unique and unusual facts of this case, the Court deems it just to award retroactive child support, including health insurance and day care, to June 1, 1997.
Mitten argues that the court’s refusal to award past support beginning with the date of L.M.KO.’s birth was an abuse of discretion.
In August 1998, Mitten made a motion to increase LaChapelle’s child-support obligation. The trial court deferred the issue until trial. At trial, Mitten requested that the increased child support be made retroactive to the date of her motion. The trial court refused, finding that “[g]iven the unique circumstances of this case, it would not be fair and reasonable to award child support arrearages dating back to August 13, 1998.” Mitten argues that the court abused its discretion.
In initially deciding Mitten’s motion for past support the court considered the income and obligations of Mitten, LaCha-pelle, and L.M.K.O., as required. Id. The court made the required particularized findings. Because we agree with the trial court that this case is unique, both procedurally and factually, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s original award of past support or in its refusal to award arrearages back to the date of Mitten’s motion for increased child support.
7. Name change
Mitten argues that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to change L.M.K.O.’s surname from Ohanian to Mitten. A trial court must grant an application for a change in a minor child’s name unless the court finds the change is not in the best interests of the child. Minn.Stat. § 259.11(a) (1998). “When granting or denying a petition for a name change, the court must set forth clear and compelling reasons for its decision.” In re Welfare of C.M.G., 516 N.W.2d 555, 561 (Minn.App.1994). In determining the child’s best interests, the court may consider, but is not limited to: (1) how long the child has had the current name; (2) any potential harassment or embarrassment the change might cause; (3) the child’s preference; (4) the effect of the change on the child’s relationship with each parent; and (5) the degree of community respect associated with the present and proposed names. In re Saxton, 309 N.W.2d 298, 301 (Minn.1981).
“[Jjudicial discretion in ordering a change of a minor’s surname against the objection of one parent should be exercised with great caution and only where the evidence is clear and compelling that the substantial welfare of the child necessitates such change.”
Id. (quoting Robinson v. Hansel, 302 Minn. 34, 36, 223 N.W.2d 138, 140 (1974)). Both Ohanian and LaChapelle objected to changing L.M.K.O.’s surname.
Mitten argues that it is in L.M.K.O.’s best interests to change her surname because it is currently a name that is neither her mother’s nor her father’s, but that of a genetic stranger. The trial court found that Ohanian is an “emotional parent” to L.M.K.O. Mitten also argues that L.M.KO.’s name should be changed because it will save her the embarrassment of having to explain why she has a name that is neither her mother’s nor her father’s and because societal norms dictate that a child have either her mother or father’s surname, rather than the surname of a third person.
The trial court found that L.M.K.O. needs and has a sense of community in her full name, and keeping it the same will enhance her identity and will not add any more confusion to her sense of who her family is. The court also found that L.M.K.O.’s current name is important for her relationship with each of her parents because it contains a family name from LaChapelle’s family and contains both Mitten’s and Ohanian’s surnames. L.M.K.O. has been known by her current name for six years. On the facts of this case, six years is long enough for the child to have developed a sense of identity through her name. See Id. at 302 (due deference is given to the fact that the child has borne a given surname for an extended period of time). In addition, the custody evaluator recommended that L.M.K.O.’s name remain the same. The court found it in L.M.KO.’s best interests not to change her name. We find no abuse of discretion.
8. Attorney fees
Mitten has moved for attorney fees for her costs relating to this appeal. Fees may be awarded at any time in the proceedings. Minn.Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1 (1998). An appellate court may allow suitable attorney fees and necessary disbursements on appeal. Wilson v. Wilson, 229 Minn. 126, 130, 38 N.W.2d 154, 157 (1949). The award of fees on appeal lies within the discretion of this court. Katz v. Katz, 408 N.W.2d 835, 840 (Minn.1987). Minn.Stat. § 518.14 (1998) provides that, for cases brought under chapter 518, a court shall award attorney fees necessary to enable a party to carry on a proceeding provided: (1) the fees are necessary for the good-faith assertion of the party’s rights; (2) the party from whom the fees are sought has the means to pay them; and (3) the party seeking fees does not have the means to pay them. Minn.Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1.
Ohanian’s petition for custody, consolidated with LaChapelle’s petition to adjudicate paternity, was brought under chapter 518. Therefore, this case qualifies as one brought under chapter 518.
Mitten argues that she had to bring this appeal or risk losing custody of her daughter in order to remain in her home in Michigan. She claims that because she has been forced to leave her home in Michigan and quit her job there and has not found employment in Minnesota, her income has dropped substantially. Mitten provides a brief summary of her sources of income but no evidence of her current expenses. Because Mitten has disclosed interest income she is receiving on “principals,” but not the identity or value of the “principals” themselves, and because she has not provided this court with evidence of her expenses, she has failed to demonstrate her inability to pay her own attorney fees, as required by Minn.Stat. § 518.14, subd. 1(3). See Gales v. Gales, 553 N.W.2d 416, 423 (Minn.1996) (refusing to award need-based attorney fees on appeal because party seeking fees did not provide court with current information on her income and expenses).
Furthermore, the parties contributed to the protraction of this custody dispute. Mitten and Ohanian initially brought a fraudulent adoption proceeding before the trial court. When the court later vacated the fraudulent adoption and LaChapelle petitioned for an adjudication of paternity, Mitten denied his paternity. Mitten and Ohanian agreed before L.M.K.O. was born that Ohanian would have equivalent rights regarding the child. Mitten was ordered to return L.M.K.O. to Minnesota by September 1, 1999, yet made little or no effort to find a job pending resolution of this appeal. She incurred additional expenses bringing a motion to stay the trial court’s order pending appeal and then in appealing the court’s denial of the motion. See Dabrowski v. Dabrowski, 477 N.W.2d 761, 766 (Minn.App.1991) (stating “fee awards under Minn.Stat. § 518.14 may be based on the impact a party’s behavior has had on the costs of litigation regardless of the relative financial resources of the parties”). Ohanian and LaChapelle have incurred their own expenses in responding to Mitten’s motions and appeals.
Mitten’s request for attorney fees is denied.
9. Motion to strike
Mitten has moved to strike portions of Ohanian’s appellate brief. She seeks to strike Appendix B, their “Partnership Agreement,” on the ground that it is not a part of the record.
An appellate court may not base its decision on matters outside the record on appeal, and may not consider matters not produced and received into evidence below.
Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582-83. Counsel for all three parties agreed at trial that the custody-evaluator’s report would be submitted into evidence in its entirety. The evaluation included a copy of the Partnership Agreement as an attachment. Therefore, Appendix B was part of the record and may be considered by this court on appeal.
Mitten also seeks to strike Appendix H, an affidavit of Ohanian responding to Mitten’s motion to stay the trial court’s order pending resolution by this court, and footnote 20, relating actions taken by Mitten since the trial court’s order was issued. Ohanian does not oppose Mitten’s motion concerning Appendix H and footnote 20. In addition, the affidavit and events described in footnote 20 occurred after the entry of the trial court’s judgment and decree, from which this appeal is taken, and therefore constitute matters outside the record, which this court will not consider. Id. We grant Mitten’s motion to strike Appendix H and footnote 20.
DECISION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment and decree granting Mitten sole physical custody on the condition that she move back to Minnesota from Michigan and granting Mitten and Ohanian joint legal custody with LaChapelle to have the right to participate in important decisions affecting L.M.K.O. We also affirm the trial court’s decisions on trial costs, past child support, and visitation expenses. We affirm the trial court’s decision not to grant Mitten’s request to change L.M.KO.’s surname. We deny Mitten’s motion for attorney fees on appeal. We grant in part and deny in part Mitten’s motion to strike portions of Ohanian’s brief and appendix.
Affirmed; motion for fees denied; motion to strike granted in part.
. We note that the foreign cases Mitten cites are factually distinguishable, or based on qualitatively different custody statutes, or both.
. We note the differences between Minn.Stat. § 518.156, subd. 1(b) and the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act (UMDA), adopted by Minnesota, from which it was taken. UMDA § 401 provides:
A child custody proceeding is commenced in the [_] court:
0) * * *
(2) by a person other than a parent, by filing a petition for custody of the child in the [county, judicial district] in which he is permanently resident or found, but only if he is not in the physical custody of one of his parents.
UMDA (U.L.A.) § 401 (1998) (emphasis added). The comment to section 401 provides that:
[s]ubsection (d) makes an important distinction between custody disputes commenced by parents and those commenced by some other person interested in a particular child. * * * [SJubsection (d)(2) makes it clear that if one of the parents has physical custody of the child, a non-parent may not bring an action to contest that parent’s right to continuing custody under the “best interest of the child” standard of Section 402. If a non-parent ⅞ * * wants to acquire custody, he must commence proceedings under the far more stringent standards for intervention provided in the typical Juvenile Court Act. In short, this subsection has been devised to protect "parental rights” of custodial parents and to insure that intrusion upon those rights will occur only when the care the parent is providing the child falls short of the minimum standard imposed by the community at large-the standard incorporated in the neglect or delinquency definitions of the state’s Juvenile Court Act.
UMDA (U.L.A.) § 401 comm. While not commenting on the reasons for nor the wisdom of such differences, we note that Minn.Stat. § 518.156, subd. 1(b) allows for a much broader range of circumstances under which a non-parent has standing to seek custody of a child than does the UMDA.
. Mitten presents this argument in terms of whether or not Ohanian, as a non-parent, has standing to seek custody of a child over the objection of a fit, biological parent. However, Wallin v. Wallin, 290 Minn. 261, 187 N.W.2d 627 (1971), addresses the standard for awarding custody to a non-parent. As previously stated, under Minn.Stat. § 518.156, subd. 1(b), Ohanian has standing to seek custody. We therefore consider Mitten’s argument here under the award of joint legal custody.
. In Ohanian's memorandum in opposition to Mitten's motion to strike, she asks this court to consider Appendix H and footnote 20 only if we consider the post-decree evidence in Mitten’s brief. By order dated November 12, 1999, this court decided not to consider the post-decree evidence in Mitten’s brief.
| CASELAW |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.