Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 201
United Nations Security Council Resolution 201, adopted unanimously on March 19, 1965, after reaffirming its previous resolutions on the topic and thanking all that nations who had contributed to it, extended the stationing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for another three months, to end on June 26, 1965. | WIKI |
ssougnez ssougnez - 8 months ago 72
TypeScript Question
angular2: Cannot find module '@angular/core'
I followed the angular2 quick start to create my project and everything works fine but my "tsc -w" command line keeps on telling me:
app/components/company/company.ts(1,36): error TS2307: Cannot find module '@angular/core'.
app/components/company/company.ts(5,22): error TS2307: Cannot find module '@angular/router'.
app/components/mission/mission.ts(1,36): error TS2307: Cannot find module '@angular/core'.
app/components/mission/mission.ts(3,22): error TS2307: Cannot find module '@angular/router'.
And there is plenty of other line like this. However, everything is compiled successfully and my application works fine, but it's quite annoying to have all these warnings/errors as real errors something get lost in the middle of them.
I'm using Angular2 rc1, TypeScript 1.8.10, WebStorm EAP (altough I'm not using the WebStorm TypeScript compilation system, I'm relying on an open terminal with "tsc -w" command line).
I checked other question related to that on SO, but I didn't find anything that really helped me.
Update
Here is my tsconfig.json file:
{
"compilerOptions": {
"target": "es5",
"sourceMap": true,
"experimentalDecorators": true,
"emitDecoratorMetadata": true,
"module": "system",
"noImplicitAny": false,
"outDir": "js",
"rootDir": "app"
},
"exclude": [
"node_modules",
"typings/main",
"typings/main.d.ts"
]
}
Answer
You should use the moduleResolution attribute to node:
{
"compilerOptions": {
"target": "es5",
"sourceMap": true,
"experimentalDecorators": true,
"emitDecoratorMetadata": true,
"module": "system",
"moduleResolution": "node", // <-----
"noImplicitAny": false,
"outDir": "js",
"rootDir": "app"
},
"exclude": [
"node_modules",
"typings/main",
"typings/main.d.ts"
]
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Familiar letters of Henry David Thoreau.djvu/486
460 FRIENDS AND FOLLOWERS. [1862,
spirit. My patience is nearly exhausted. The times look very dark. I think the next soldier who is shot for sleeping on his post should be Gen. McClellan. Why does he not do some thing in the way of fighting? I despair of ever living under the reign of Sumner or Phillips.
BRONSON ALCOTT TO DANIEL RICKETSON (AT NEW BEDFORD).
CONCORD, January 10, 1862.
DEAR FRIEND, You have not been informed of Henry s condition this winter, and will be sorry to hear that he grows feebler day by day, and is evidently failing and fading from our sight. He gets some sleep, has a pretty good appetite, reads at intervals, takes notes of his readings, and likes to see his friends, conversing, however, with difficulty, as his voice partakes of his general debility. We had thought this old est inhabitant of our Planet would have chosen to stay and see it fairly dismissed into the Chaos (out of which he has brought such precious jewels, gifts to friends, to mankind generally, diadems for fame to coming followers, forgetful of his own claims to the honors) before he chose simply to withdraw from the spaces and times he has adorned with the truth of his genius. But the masterly work is nearly done for us here. And our woods and fields are sorrowing, though not in | WIKI |
Harry C. KAUFMANN; Eileen M. Kaufmann; Harry Kaufmann Motor Cars, Inc.; and Kaufmann-Campbell Leasing, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. The UNITED STATES of America; Neil Saari, personally and in his official capacity; John T. Ader, personally and in his official capacity; Michael J. Murphy, personally and in his official capacity; Larry Kaiser, personally and in his official capacity; Peter K. Nunez, personally and in his official capacity; Bruce R. Juppe, personally and in his official capacity; Mel S. Johnson, personally and in his official capacity; James Ansier, personally and in his official capacity; Thomas Schafer, personally and in his official capacity; Greg Myre, personally and in his official capacity; Richard Ahern, personally and in his official capacity; and Diane Svoboda, personally and in her official capacity; Defendants.
No. 93-C-482.
United States District Court, E.D. Wisconsin.
Dec. 22, 1993.
Peterson, Johnson & Murray by Terry E. Johnson and Michael P. Crooks, Milwaukee, WI, for plaintiffs.
Thomas P. Schneider, U.S. Atty. by James L. Santelle, Asst. U.S. Atty., Milwaukee, WI, for defendants.
DECISION and ORDER
MYRON L. GORDON, Senior District Judge.
On May 13, 1993, the plaintiffs commenced this action against the United States of America and twelve individual defendants in both their official and personal capacities. Presently before the court are four motions. The motions consist of: (1) a motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaint and action [motion # 1] filed by the United States government [the government] on behalf of all the individual defendants except Thomas Schafer [collectively, the individual federal defendants] and the United States; (2) a motion to stay all discovery [motion #2] filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants; (3) a motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaint and action [motion # 3] filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer; and (4) a motion to stay all discovery [motion # 4] filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer.
Motions # 3 and # 4 were filed after, and thus separately from, motions # 1 and # 2 because at the time the government filed motions # 1 and # 2 it had not yet agreed to undertake representation of Mr. Schafer. However, the government subsequently agreed to represent Mr. Schafer and, upon undertaking that representation, it filed motions #3 and #4 on his behalf.
The aspect of motion # 1 requesting the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ complaint against the United States and the individual federal defendants in their official and personal capacities will be granted in part and denied in part as follows: (1) the court will dismiss, with prejudice, counts I through V against the United States and the individual federal defendants in their official capacities; (2) the court will dismiss, with prejudice, counts VI and VII against the individual federal defendants in their official and personal capacities; (3) the court will dismiss, without prejudice, counts I through V against the individual federal defendants in their personal capacities; (4) the court will not dismiss counts VI and VII against the United States; and (5) the court will not rule on the plaintiffs’ request for attorneys fees which they designated as a claim for relief in their complaint (i.e. “count VIII”).
The portion of motion #3 seeking the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ complaint against Mr. Schafer in his official and personal capacities will be granted. Specifically: (1) the court will dismiss, with prejudice, counts I through V against Mr. Schafer in his official capacity; (2) the court will dismiss, with prejudice, counts VI and VII against Mr. Schafer in his official and personal capacity; (3) the court will dismiss, without prejudice, counts I through V against Mr. Schafer in his personal capacity; and (4) the court will not rule on the plaintiffs’ request for attorneys fees which they designated as a claim for relief in their complaint (i.e. “count VIII”).
Because the court will not- dismiss counts VT and VII of the plaintiffs’ complaint against the United States, nor dismiss, with prejudice, counts I through V of the plaintiffs’ complaint against the individual federal defendants or Mr. Schafer in their personal capacities, the court will not dismiss this action as requested by the government in motions # 1 and # 3. Thus, to that extent, motions # 1 and # 3 will be denied. Finally, motions # 2 and # 4 to stay discovery will be dismissed as moot.
I. BACKGROUND
In the aftermath of the federal criminal prosecution of Harry C. Kaufmann, see United States v. Kaufmann, 985 F.2d 884 (7th Cir.1993) (affirming conviction on one of five counts), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 113 S.Ct. 2350, 124 L.Ed.2d 259 (1993), the plaintiffs filed this civil action for damages. In a complaint laced with the phrase “on information and belief,” the plaintiffs make the following allegations.
Plaintiffs Harry Kaufmann and his wife Eileen Kaufmann are citizens of Milwaukee. Plaintiffs Harry Kaufmann Motor Cars, Inc. [KMC] and Kaufmann-Campbell Leasing, Inc. [Kaufmann-Campbell] are both Wisconsin corporations. At all times relevant to this complaint, Mr. Saari, Mr. Kaiser, Mr. Ansier, Mr. Myre, and Mr. Ahern were agents of the Internal Revenue Service [IRS]; Ms. Svoboda was chief of the Criminal Investigation Division of the IRS; Mr. Ader was a director of the Wisconsin division of the IRS; Mr. Murphy was the senior deputy commissioner of the IRS Criminal Investigation Division; Mr. Nunez was assistant secretary of enforcement for the Department of Treasury; Mr. Juppe was an United States probation department employee; Mr. Johnson was an assistant United States attorney; and Mr. Schafer was an informant, agent and employee of the United States government.
On September 11, 1990, a federal grand jury indicted Mr. Kaufmann on four counts of money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B) and one count of attempted money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3)(B). The indictment also “called for the forfeiture of any property, real or personal, involved in the offense, or any property traceable to such property, including Kaufmann’s interest in KMC and in all assets of that corporation, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 982(a).” Complaint at ¶20. On September 12, 1990, United States Magistrate Judge Aaron Goodstein issued search and seizure warrants for the KMC premises. Federal agents executed those warrants the next day and “seized all inventory, records, and assets of the [KMC] business, including 99 automobiles.” Id.
The plaintiffs allege that “[o]n information and belief the indictment against [Mr.] Kaufmann had no basis in fact or law and was obtained through the presentation of evidence to the grand jury which was either untrue or gained through improper methods by investigative and law enforcement officers of the United States Government.” Id. at ¶ 22. The plaintiffs aver that those defendants involved with the gathering and presentation of false and/or illegally obtained evidence to the grand jury included Mr. Saari, Mr. Ansier, Mr. Myre, Mr. Ahern, Mr. Kaiser, Ms. Svoboda, Mr. Murphy and Mr. Johnson. The plaintiffs also allege that these eight defendants, along with Mr. Nunez, were involved in the seizure of KMC assets on September 13, 1990, and that “[o]n information and belief the seizure of the assets had no basis in fact or law and was achieved through the presentation of untrue evidence or evidence gained through improper investigation.” Id. at ¶23.
The plaintiffs also allege “[o]n information and belief, despite knowing that no basis in fact or law existed for prosecuting [Mr.] Kaufmann on some or all counts,” that Mr. Johnson, aided by the investigative activities of Mr. Saari, Mr. Ansier, Mr. Kaiser and Mr. Schafer, prosecuted Mr. Kaufmann. Id. at ¶ 24. The jury acquitted Mr. Kaufmann on counts one and two, deadlocked on counts three and four (these counts were subsequently dismissed by the government), and convicted Mr. Kaufmann on count five. The plaintiffs aver that “[o]n information and belief, the conviction was achieved through the presentation of improperly gathered and untrue evidence and was a result of a desire to put [Mr.] Kaufmann out of business.” Id. at ¶ 25.
Mr. Kaufmann was sentenced to almost four years in prison and $30,000 in fines. The plaintiffs charge that his sentence “was based, at least in part, upon the report of defendant Juppe, who skewed the same in an attempt to achieve a harsh sentence for [Mr.] Kaufmann.” Id. at ¶ 26. The plaintiffs also aver that the United States “has placed tax liens on [Mr.] Kaufmann’s home and rental property under the guise of attempting to protect its interest in collecting the $30,000 fine.” Id. at ¶27.
As a result of the alleged improper investigation and unlawful conduct by law enforcement officers and the agencies of the United States, the plaintiffs allege that Mr. and Mrs. Kaufmann “were forced to spend in excess of $250,000.00 to defend against the government’s allegations and suffered loss of income, emotional damages and other personal injuries.” Id. at ¶28. Furthermore, the plaintiffs charge that “KMC and KaufmannCampbell [KCL] sustained loss of profits, depreciation of assets, additional accounting fees and increased operating expenses” as a result of the actions of the United States and the other defendants. Id.
As relief, the plaintiffs request compensatory and punitive damages against the individual federal defendants and Mr. Schafer [collectively, the individual defendants] and compensatory damages against the United States. The plaintiffs also seek attorneys fees from the United States and the individual defendants.
The plaintiffs allege seven substantive claims for relief in their complaint: (1) “Violation of Plaintiffs’ 4th Amendment Rights Actionable Under Bivens ” [count I]; (2) “Violation of Plaintiffs’ 5th Amendment Rights Actionable Under Bivens ” [count II]; (3) “Violation of Plaintiffs’ 8th Amendment Rights Actionable Under Bivens” [count III]; (4) “Conspiracy Actionable Under 42 U.S.C. § 1985” [count IV]; (5) “Outrageous Conduct Actionable Under Wisconsin Common Law and Bivens ” [count V]; (6) “Malicious Prosecution Actionable Under Wisconsin Common Law and 28 U.S.C. 2680(h)” [count VI]; and (7) “Abuse of Process Actionable Under Wisconsin Law and 28 U.S.C. 2680(h)” [count VII].
The plaintiffs also seek attorneys fees pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2412(b) and 42 U.S.C. § 1988 in a claim designated as count VIII. However, the court will construe count VIII as a prayer for relief contingent upon the plaintiffs’ prevailing on the merits of one or more of their seven substantive claims for relief (i.e. counts I through VII) rather than a separate substantive claim for relief.
As to the seven substantive counts, the plaintiffs do not precisely allege the basis for federal court jurisdiction. Instead, they allege a smorgasbord of jurisdictional theories without linking them to the specific counts subsequently pleaded in their complaint. In particular, the plaintiffs allege that personal jurisdiction over the individual defendants “exists by virtue of their citizenship and WIS.STATS. § 801.05.” Complaint at ¶ 1. The plaintiffs allege subject matter jurisdiction is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343, 1346(b), 1367, 2680(h) and under the substantive rights created by the United States Constitution as first recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971).
Sifting through the plaintiffs’ jurisdictional allegations, the plaintiffs’ alleged jurisdictional basis for counts I, II, III and V appears to be 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and Bivens; for count IV, 28 U.S.C. § 1343; and for counts VI and VII, the Federal Torts Claim Act [FTCA], 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b) and 2671-80. The plaintiffs also specifically allege that the United States consented to suit under the FTCA pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h).
The plaintiffs also enigmatically allege that “[supplemental jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C. § 1367,” although it is not evident from the plaintiffs’ complaint that such an allegation is necessary. Complaint at ¶2. The plaintiffs do not appear to allege any pendant state law claims in their complaint although they do allege that counts V, VI and VII are claims “actionable under Wisconsin common law.” However, count V is designated as a Bivens claim which by definition must be premised on a violation of the federal Constitution and not state law. See Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 18, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 1471, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980).
The allegations that counts VI and VII are “actionable under Wisconsin law” would appear to be made simply in support of the plaintiffs’ respective FTCA claims; the FTCA permits actions against the United States for tort liability “under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred (i.e. Wisconsin).” See 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).
II. DISMISSAL OF THE IMPROPERLY NAMED DEFENDANTS IN EACH COUNT OF THE PLAINTIFFS’ COMPLAINT
As evidenced by the caption of their complaint, the plaintiffs ostensibly bring each count of their complaint against the United States and against each individual defendant in his or her official and personal capacity. However, not all counts of the plaintiffs’ complaint can be prosecuted against the United States and against each individual defendant in his or her official and personal capacity.
The plaintiffs have alleged four Bivens claims against the defendants (counts I, II, III, and V). All of the individual defendants are government employees except Mr. Schafer, who the government contends is a private citizen. However, the plaintiffs have alleged that he was an informant, agent and employee of the government and, accepting these allegations as true for purposes of the pending motions to dismiss, the court will treat Mr. Schafer as a government employee. See Duffy v. United States, 966 F.2d 307, 314 (7th Cir.1992) (citing Guccione v. United States, 847 F.2d 1031 (2d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1020, 110 S.Ct. 719, 107 L.Ed.2d 739 (1990), that held a FBI informant was a “federal employee for the purposes of the FTCA ... even though he was not an official government employee”).
Bivens claims against the United States are barred by sovereign immunity. See, e.g., Parsons v. Aguirre, 123 F.R.D. 293, 298 (N.D.Ill.1988); Anderson v. Luther, 521 F.Supp. 91, 96 (N.D.Ill.1981). Furthermore, a “suit against federal officers in their official capacity ... is a suit against the United States.” Del Raine v. Carlson, 826 F.2d 698, 703 (7th Cir.1987). Therefore, counts I, II, III and V are appropriately pleaded only against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. See Carlson, 446 U.S. at 20, 100 S.Ct. at 1472 (observing that 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) of the FTCA contemplates that victims of intentional wrongdoing by federal officials shall have a claim under the FTCA against the United States as well as a Bivens claim against such officials in their personal capacities); Williamson v. United States Dep’t of Agric., 815 F.2d 368, 380 (5th Cir.1987) (the “United States and its officers in pursuit of their official duties remain protected [from Bivens claims] by sovereign immunity”); Holloman v. Watt, 708 F.2d 1399, 1402 (9th Cir.1983) (a Bivens “suit is against the employee in his ... [personal] ... rather than official capacity, and is therefore not a suit against the sovereign at all”), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 958, 104 S.Ct. 2168, 80 L.Ed.2d 552 (1984). Accordingly, counts I, II, III, and V as alleged against the United States and the individual defendants in their official capacities will be dismissed, with prejudice.
Count IV is a conspiracy claim alleged against the defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1985. The United States has not waived its sovereign immunity by consenting to suit under the civil rights statutes, and therefore it, and derivatively, federal employees sued in their official capacities, see Del Raine, 826 F.2d at 703, are not subject to suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1985. See, e.g., Proffitt v. United States, 758 F.Supp. 342, 345 (E.D.Va.1990). Accordingly, count IV against the United States and the individual defendants in their official capacities will be dismissed, with prejudice. However, federal officials may be sued in their personal capacities pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1985. See Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 19 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied sub nom. Brennan v. Hobson, 470 U.S. 1084, 105 S.Ct. 1843, 85 L.Ed.2d 142 (1985); Jafree v. Barber, 689 F.2d 640, 643 (7th Cir.1982); Baird v. Haith, 724 F.Supp. 367, 384 (D.Md.1988). Thus, count IV is appropriately pleaded only against the individual defendants in their personal capacities.
Counts VI and VII are brought pursuant to the FTCA. These two counts against the individual defendants in their official capacities kaleidoscope solely into counts against the United States since claims “against federal officers in their official capacity ... [are claims] against the United States.” Del Raine, 826 F.2d at 703. Furthermore, the FTCA has no application to claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. See Wright v. United States, 719 F.2d 1032, 1034 (9th Cir.1983); Morris v. United States, 521 F.2d 872, 875 (9th Cir.1975); White v. Franklin, 637 F.Supp. 601, 613 (N.D.Miss.1986); Richcreek v. Grecu, 612 F.Supp. 111, 115 (S.D.Ind. 1985). The FTCA claims alleged in counts VI and VII against the individual defendants in their official and personal capacities will be dismissed with prejudice. However, counts VI and VII are appropriately pleaded against the United States. See Cross v. Fiscus, 830 F.2d 755, 756 (7th Cir.1987) (the FTCA “applies only to the United States”).
Ill ANALYSIS
In motions # 1 and # 3, the government has moved to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaint, and action, under three different branches of Rule 12(b), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. First, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), the government moves to dismiss all counts against Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez for lack of personal jurisdiction. Second, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), and, to some extent, pursuant to the doctrines of absolute and qualified immunity, the government asks this court to dismiss counts I through V against all defendants for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Third, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the government requests this court to dismiss counts VI and VII against all the defendants for lack of subj ect matter jurisdiction. The government also contends that the plaintiffs’ demand for attorneys fees has no merit.
A. Rule 12(b)(2), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — Lack of Personal Jurisdiction over Defendants Murphy and Nunez
The government has moved to dismiss all counts against Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez in their official and personal capacities for lack of personal jurisdiction. However, for reasons articulated already, the court will dismiss, with prejudice, all counts against the individual defendants (including Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez) in their official capacities and counts VI and VII against the individual defendants (including Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez) in their personal capacities. See supra Part II. Consequently, I will consider the government’s motion to dismiss (i.e. motion # 1) for lack of personal jurisdiction only with respect to its impact on counts I through V against Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez in their personal capacities.-
The government contends that this court does not have personal jurisdiction over Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez because they are not citizens of Wisconsin, Wisconsin’s long-arm statute does not reach them, and, even if the long-arm statute did reach them, the exercise of personal jurisdiction over them would be uneonstitútional. In the latter scenario, the government argues that exercising personal jurisdiction over Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez would offend “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice” since both Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez do not have the requisite “minimum contacts” with the state of Wisconsin to comport with due process. See Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 158, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). Conversely, the plaintiffs argue that Mr. Murphy’s and Mr. Nunez’s activities relating to the criminal indictment, prosecution and conviction of Mr. Kaufmann are within the reach of Wisconsin’s long-arm statute and that they have alleged enough jurisdictional facts in their complaint to pass constitutional muster under International Shoe.
In actions in federal court, “[ujnless authorized by federal statute or another rule of civil procedure, a district court ... can exercise personal jurisdiction over a party who is not an inhabitant of or found within the state in which the federal court sits only if the party is subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the state in which the district court sits.” Davis v. A & J Electronics, 792 F.2d 74, 75-76 (7th Cir.1986). The plaintiffs allege personal jurisdiction over Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez pursuant to Wisconsin’s long-arm statute, Wis.Stat. § 801.05(4)(a). This statute provides, in part, that:
A court of this state having jurisdiction of the subject matter has jurisdiction over a person served in an action pursuant to s. 801.11 under any of the following circumstances:
(4) Local injury; foreign act. In any action claiming injury to person or property within this state arising out of an act or omission outside this state by the defendant, provided in addition that at the time of the injury, either:
(a) Solicitation or service activities were carried on within this state by or on behalf of the defendant....
Wis.Stats. §.801.05(4) (1991-92).
Analysis of whether this court has personal jurisdiction over Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez is a two step process. First, the court must determine whether the Wisconsin long-arm statute subjects Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez to personal jurisdiction for them alleged activities in their personal capacities relating to counts I through V. Second, if the answer is yes, then the court must “determine whether the exercise of jurisdiction under the long-arm statute runs afoul of the due process requirements of the fourteenth amendment.” See Daniel J. Hartwig Associates v. Kanner, 913 F.2d 1213, 1216 (7th Cir.1990).
When ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the court is not limited to facts alleged in the complaint but may consider materials submitted by affidavit. See Nelson v. Park Indus., Inc., 717 F.2d 1120, 1123 (7th Cir.1983), cert. denied sub nom. United Garment Mfg. Co. v. Nelson, 465 U.S. 1024, 104 S.Ct. 1278, 79 L.Ed.2d 682 (1984). When deciding such a motion solely on the basis of the written submissions, the plaintiffs need only establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction and they are entitled to have all inferences about material jurisdictional facts resolved in their favor. See Wisconsin Elec. Mfg. Co. v. Pennant Prods., 619 F.2d 676, 677 n. 1 (7th Cir.1980).
The plaintiffs contend that Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez were responsible for supervising the conduct and directing the activities of IRS agents “involved in investigating and gathering information for presentation to the grand jury resulting in [Mr.] Kaufmann’s indictment.” See Complaint at HU’s 13-14. In my opinion, this does not amount to “[solicitation or service activities ... by or on behalf of’ them in Wisconsin such that the Wisconsin long-arm statute reaches them and subjects them to personal jurisdiction in Wisconsin. See Wis.Stat. § 801.05(4)(a). However, even if I were to conclude that such supervisory activities of Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez did fall within the scope of Wis.Stat. § 801.05(4)(a), there are no allegations in the plaintiffs’ complaint that the supervisory activities of Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez arose other than in their official capacities as employees of the federal government. Consequently, for purposes of counts I through V against Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez in their personal capacities, I cannot conclude that Wis.Stat. § 801.05(4)(a) reaches them for personal jurisdictional purposes. See, e.g., Green v. McCall, 710 F.2d 29, 30 (2d Cir.1983) (holding that state long-arm statute conferred jurisdiction over members of the United States Parole Commission in their official capacities but not their individual capacities).
Assume, arguendo, that I am able to make an even greater leap of faith and somehow conclude that Wis.Stat. § 801.05(4)(a) does reach Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez in their personal capacities; that would potentially subject them to personal jurisdiction before this court. In fact, however, I would not be able to find the exercise of such jurisdiction constitutional, based on the allegations in the plaintiffs’ complaint and supplemental materials submitted to the court. Specifically, the plaintiffs argue that Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez had the following contacts with Wisconsin: (1) Mr. Nunez wrote a letter to John Ader on June 15, 1990, on the topic of “Delegation of Authority to Seize and Forfeit Under 18 U.S.C. § 981 With Respect to Certain Financial Transactions Occurring in and Around Milwaukee, WI, Commencing January 1, 1987, and Continuing” (see exhibit A, Crook’s Affidavit); (2) Mr. Nunez was named as a witness in Mr. Kaufmann’s criminal case (see exhibit N, Crook’s Affidavit); and (3) Mr. Murphy testified before a congressional committee regarding the enforcement of federal money laundering statutes and showed a newspaper clipping to that committee concerning the indictment of Mr. Kaufmann in Milwaukee (see exhibit B, Crook’s Affidavit).
In my opinion, the plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts in their complaint, or presented additional evidence of significant contacts by Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez with the state of Wisconsin, to demonstrate that Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez purposefully availed themselves “of the privilege of conducting activity within ... [Wisconsin], thus invoking the benefits and the protections of its laws” such that they “could reasonably anticipate being subjected to suit there.” Kanner, 913 F.2d at 1217-18. But see Maney v. Ratcliff, 399 F.Supp. 760, 767-69 (E.D.Wis.1975) (finding personal jurisdiction over Louisiana law enforcement officers who had used National Crime Information Center to locate fugitive in Wisconsin). Therefore, I believe the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez would be unconstitutional.
Based on the above analysis, I conclude that this court does not have personal jurisdiction over Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez with respect to counts I through V, in their personal capacities. Therefore, counts I through V against Mr. Murphy and Mr. Nunez in them personal capacities will be dismissed, without prejudice, for lack of personal jurisdiction.
B. Rule 12(b)(6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — Failure to State a Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be Granted
The government has moved to dismiss counts I through V against the individual defendants in their official and personal capacities for failure to state claims for relief. However, for the reasons already articulated, the court will dismiss, with prejudice, counts I through V against the individual defendants in their official capacities. See supra Part II. Therefore, the court will now consider whether counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities should be dismissed for failure to state claims for relief.
The government argues that the plaintiffs’ complaint does not include sufficient factual allegations and contains only conclusory allegations that do not even satisfy the minimum notice pleading requirements of Rule 8(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Additionally, as to Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez and Ms. Svoboda, the government also argues that counts I through V against them in their personal capacities fail to state claims for relief because the plaintiffs’ complaint does not include allegations of their personal misconduct in their roles as supervisors.
The plaintiffs contend that they have satisfied the notice pleading requirements of Rule 8(a) and are not required to file “a 50 page complaint setting forth in. great detail the factual basis for their claims.” That is true, but nevertheless the plaintiffs have erred by failing to allege enough facts to 'support counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities.
1. Legal Framework
(a) Rule 12(b)(6) Standard
In considering the government’s argument to dismiss counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities for failure to state claims for relief, I am obligated to accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations contained in the plaintiffs’ complaint, drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs. Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S.Ct. 2229, 2232-33, 81 L.Ed.2d 59 (1984); Gillman v. Burlington Northern R.R. Co., 878 F.2d 1020, 1022 (7th Cir.1989). Counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities cannot be dismissed “ ‘unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff[s] can prove no set of facts in support of ... [their] ... claim[s] which would entitle ... [them] ... to relief.’ ” Strauss v. City of Chicago, 760 F.2d 765, 767 (7th Cir.1985) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)). Although all reasonable inferences are to be drawn in favor of the plaintiffs, the plaintiffs’ complaint must set forth factual allegations sufficient to establish the elements that are crucial to recovery under the plaintiffs’ claims. See Sutliff, Inc. v. Donovan Companies, Inc., 727 F.2d 648, 654 (7th Cir.1984). Legal conclusions without factual support are not sufficient. Benson v. Cady, 761 F.2d 335, 338 (7th Cir.1985).
The court’s inquiry into whether counts I through V state claims for relief against the individual defendants in their personal capacities is limited to the factual allegations contained within the four corners of the complaint; the court cannot consider supplemental materials filed subsequently to the complaint such as those in exhibits A through N contained in the affidavit of Michael P. Crooks filed with the plaintiffs’ responsive brief to motion # 1. See, e.g., Hill v. Trustees of Indiana Univ., 537 F.2d 248, 251 (7th Cir.1976). If such additional materials were considered by the court, the court would be obligated to treat the pending motions to dismiss as summary judgment motions which the court declines to do. See Rule 12(b), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(b) Requirement of Personal Misconduct of Defendants
Bivens claims (i.e. counts I through III and V in this action) and claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “are identical save for the replacement of a state actor (§ 1983) by a federal actor (Bivens).” Bieneman v. City of Chicago, 864 F.2d 463, 469 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1080, 109 S.Ct. 2099, 104 L.Ed.2d 661 (1989). Consequently, individuals sued in their personal capacities can be held liable under Bivens only for their individual wrongdoing. Bivens does not recognize the doctrine of superiors’ liability or the doctrine of respondeat superior. Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Bush, 791 F.Supp. 1314, 1325 (N.D.Ill.1992). Therefore, in counts I through III and V against Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez and Ms. Svoboda in their personal capacities, Bivens liability can be imposed on them for actions taken by them in their supervisory roles only if the plaintiffs allege facts in their complaint demonstrating that these individuals acted or failed to act in their supervisory roles “ ‘with a deliberate or reckless disregard of ... [the plaintiffs’] ... constitutional rights, or if the conduct causing the constitutional deprivation occur[red] at [his or] her direction or with [his or] her knowledge and consent.’ ” See Smith v. Rowe, 761 F.2d 360, 369 (7th Cir.1985) (quoting Crowder v. Lash, 687 F.2d 996, 1005 (7th Cir.1982)). The plaintiffs must also allege facts showing a causal connection or an affirmative link between the act of the supervisory official and the alleged constitutional violation. See Wolf-Lillie v. Sonquist, 699 F.2d 864, 869 (7th Cir.1983).
2. Analysis of Counts I through V for Failure to State Claims Against the Individual Defendants in Their Personal Capacities
(a) Count I
In count I, the plaintiffs allege a deprivation of their “rights under the 4th Amendment of the United States Constitution actionable under Bivens.” Complaint at ¶ 34; see also Bivens, 403 U.S. at 395, 91 S.Ct. at 2004 (holding that federal officials can be liable “for injuries consequent upon a violation of the Fourth Amendment”). In addition to the general allegations already summarized above in Part I, the plaintiffs make the following specific additional allegations in count I:
30. On September 13, 1990, federal agents executed a search and seizure warrant at the premises of KMC seizing all inventory, records and assets of the business, including ninety-nine automobiles. The search and seizure warrants were issued in conjunction with an indictment charging [Mr.] Kaufmann with four counts of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B) and one count of violating 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3)(B).
31. On information and belief, the indictment against [Mr.] Kaufmann had no basis in fact or law and was obtained through the presentation of evidence to the grand jury which was either untrue or gained through improper methods of investigation.
32. With regard to the first four counts, the untrue and improper information was gathered and presented by defendants Saari, Kaiser and Ansier under the direction of defendants Ader, Murphy and Nunez.
33. With regard to the fifth count of the indictment, the untrue information was furnished by defendant Thomas Schafer under the direction of defendants Myre, Saari, Kaiser, Ansier, Ader, Murphy and Nunez.
Complaint at Ws 30-33. The plaintiffs aver that the acts of the defendants and then-agents as alleged in count I resulted in “lost profits/income, impairment of reputation, humiliation, emotional distress, attorney’s fees and costs.” Id. at ¶ 34.
At a minimum, to plead a violation of the Fourth Amendment actionable under Bivens by the individual defendants in their personal capacities, the plaintiffs must allege facts in their complaint demonstrating that the individual defendants were in some way involved in an unreasonable search and seizure conducted at the premises of KMC that occurred without a warrant and/or without probable cause. See, e.g., Blackburn v. Snow, 771 F.2d 556, 563-64 (1st Cir.1985).
The plaintiffs allege that the search and seizure conducted at the premises of KMC on September 13, 1990, was pursuant to a warrant issued by Magistrate Judge Good-stein on September 12,1990. See Complaint at HH’s 20 and 30. Since the September 13, 1990, search and seizure was pursuant to a warrant, the gravamen of the plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment Bivens claims against the individual defendants in their personal capacities can only be that the warrant was issued without probable cause. However, the plaintiffs’ allegations describing the roles of the individual defendants in the issuance of the allegedly deficient September 12,1990, warrant are either nonexistent or completely conelusory.
The plaintiffs fail to make any meaningful factual allegations whatsoever in count I against Mr. Juppe concerning his role in the issuance of a warrant lacking in probable cause. Thus, as to him in his personal capacity, count I fails to state a claim for relief.
The allegations against the remaining individual defendants specifically named in count I (Mr. Saari, Mr. Kaiser, Mr. Ansier, Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez, Mr. Schafer, Mr. Myre), as well as those against Mr. Johnson, Mr. Ahern and Ms. Svoboda, who are not specifically named in count I but who are mentioned in the general allegations of the complaint tangentially related to count I, see, e.g., Complaint at ¶ 22, are entirely conelusory and thus also fail to state a Fourth Amendment Bivens claim. These allegations consist of statements such as “the indictment against [Mr.] Kaufmann had no basis in fact or law” and the grand jury evidence gathered and presented under the direction of, and by certain defendants “was either untrue or gained through improper methods of investigation.” Id. at Iffl’s 22 and 31.
In my opinion, the plaintiffs’ allegations are legally insufficient because they do not consist of facts alleging how the indictment had “no basis in fact or law” or what “untrue” evidence or improperly obtained evidence was presented to the grand jury. For example, there are no allegations that the indictment was obtained through the use of fraudulent drug transactions, fabricated transcripts of incriminating conversations, fallacious reports of undercover surveillance, unauthorized electronic recordings, warrantless searches, etc. Thus, count I will be dismissed, without prejudice, against the individual defendants in their personal capacities for failure to state a claim because virtually all the allegations against them consist of non-factual legal conclusions.
The government bolsters its already strong argument for the dismissal of count I against Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez and Ms. Svoboda in their personal capacities for failure to state a claim by pointing out that count I of the plaintiffs’ complaint is particularly deficient against these four defendants because no facts are alleged connecting these supervisory officials to the alleged violation of the Fourth Amendment by their subordinates. The plaintiffs contend that their complaint contains factual allegations of “authorization, approval, and knowing acquiescence” by Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez, and Ms. Svoboda of the unconstitutional activities allegedly carried out by their subordinates. I disagree.
The plaintiffs’ complaint is completely devoid of factual allegations demonstrating that Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez, and Ms. Svoboda directed their subordinates to gather “untrue” evidence or obtain evidence by “improper methods” to present to the grand jury so that ultimately an unlawful search and seizure could be conducted at the premises of KMC based on an illegally secured criminal indictment. In count I, all the plaintiffs allege is that untrue and improperly obtained information was gathered and presented to the grand jury “under the direction” of Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, and Mr. Nunez. See id. at HH’s 32-33. This conelusory allegation is insufficient to state a Fourth Amendment Bivens claim against these four defendants in their personal capacities. Thus, the already convincing case to dismiss count I against the individual defendants in their personal capacities is even more compelling with respect to Mr. Ader, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Nunez and Ms. Svoboda.
(b) Count II
In count II of their complaint, the plaintiffs allege that the defendants violated the plaintiffs’ Fifth Amendment due process rights actionable under Bivens. See Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 99 S.Ct. 2264, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979) (holding that a cause of action and damages remedy can be implied directly under the Constitution when the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment is violated).
In addition to the general allegations of the complaint summarized in Part I, the plaintiffs allege that Mr. Juppe “furnished a draft pre-sentence report compiled [sic] based solely upon information received from the government and ... [o]n information and belief, the report resulted in [Mr.] Kaufmann receiving an extra harsh sentence.” Complaint at ¶ 36. As to Mr. Johnson, the plaintiffs aver that he “knowingly presented untrue testimony and continued his prosecution of [Mr.] Kaufinann for one improper purpose, in order to ‘put [Mr.] Kaufmann out of business.’” Id. at ¶37. The complaint also charges that the acts of the defendants “resulted in the arrest of [Mr.] Kaufmann and the taking of plaintiffs’ property, in addition to lost profits/ineome, impairment of reputation, humiliation, emotional distress, attorney’s fees and costs” all in violation of the Fifth Amendment actionable under Bivens. Id. at ¶ 38.
A claim of unconstitutional deprivation under the Fifth Amendment has three essential elements: (1) the claimant must be deprived of a protectable interest; (2) that deprivation must be due to some government action; and (3) the deprivation must be without due process. Cospito v. Heckler, 742 F.2d 72, 80 (3d Cir.1984). Furthermore, “ ‘a showing of mere negligence on the part of [federal] officials is’ insufficient to implicate an individual’s due process rights for purposes of a claim under [Bivens] ” Bush, 791 F.Supp. at 1325 (quoting Rascon v. Hardiman, 803 F.2d 269, 273 (7th Cir.1986)). To prevail, the plaintiffs must allege facts “ ‘that the officials] knowingly, willfully, or at least recklessly caused the alleged deprivation by ... [their] ... action or failure to act.’ ” Id. (quoting Rascon, 803 F.2d at 274).
I find that the plaintiffs have failed to state a claim in count II against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. First, no specific factual allegations are made against any of the individual defendants except for Mr. Juppe and Mr. Johnson. Second, although the allegations against Mr. Juppe and Mr. Johnson constitute a charge that the plaintiffs were deprived of liberty and property by the action of government officials, the complaint is devoid of any factual allegations describing how the plaintiffs’ due process rights were violated.
In my opinion, based on the allegations in the plaintiffs’ present complaint, Mr. Kaufmann received due process. He was convicted only after a jury trial. He also prosecuted an unsuccessful appeal of his conviction. See United States v. Kaufinann, 985 F.2d 884 (7th Cir.1993). On the other hand, noticeably absent from the plaintiffs’ complaint are factual allegations of due process violations. For example, there are no claims of perjured testimony introduced and admitted during Mr. Kaufmann’s trial, phony exhibits introduced and admitted at trial, improprieties on the part of the prosecutor or probation officer at trial or during sentencing, or other facts that might establish that any of the individual defendants “knowingly, willfully, or at least recklessly caused the alleged ‘[Fifth Amendment] deprivation by ... [their] ... action or failure to act.’ ” Bush, 791 F.Supp. at 1325 (quoting Rasco, 803 F.2d at 274). Therefore, count II against the individual defendants in their personal capacities will be dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to state a claim for relief.
(c) Count III
In Count III, the plaintiffs allege that the actions of the defendants constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution and actionable under Bivens. See Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1979) (holding that allegations of a violation of the Eight Amendment’s proscription against cruel and unusual punishment gives rise to a cause of action for damages under Bivens).
The Eighth Amendment provides that “[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” To state an Eighth Amendment claim against the individual defendants in their personal capacities under Bivens, the plaintiffs must allege facts in their complaint satisfying both the objective and subjective elements of a cruel and unusual punishment allegation. See Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 295,-, 111 S.Ct. 2321, 2324, 115 L.Ed.2d 271 (1991). The objective test is whether the deprivation was sufficiently serious and looks to the conditions of confinement. Id. The subjective component looks to intent and asks whether officials acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind. Id.
I have no difficulty concluding that count III fails to state a claim against the individual defendants in their personal capacities. First, three of the four plaintiffs were never incarcerated so they do not have a claim against the defendants for “cruel and unusual punishment.” As for Mr. Kaufinann, the plaintiffs’ complaint includes no factual allegations that the individual defendants subjected him to prison conditions that, when viewed objectively, amounted to a serious deprivation of his rights (e.g. in prison environment with asbestos fibers, see Diaz v. Edgar, 831 F.Supp. 621, 624 (N.D.Ill.1993)) or that such a deprivation of his rights was inflicted upon him with a culpable state of mind by the individual defendants. Count III against the individual defendants in their personal capacities will be dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to state a claim for relief.
(d) Count IV
The plaintiffs concede in their responsive brief to the two pending motions to dismiss that count IV fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Therefore, count IV against the individual defendants in their personal capacities will be dismissed without prejudice.
(e) Count V
Count V is captioned “Outrageous Conduct Actionable Under Wisconsin Common Law and Bivens.” In addition to the allegations already summarized in Part I, count V consists of the following additional allegations:
44. The conduct of each of each of the individual defendants in conspiring to deprive the plaintiffs of their constitutional rights and in actually depriving them of their constitutional rights was so outrageous, willful and in wanton disregard of plaintiffs’ constitutionally protected rights that it warrants the assessment of punitive and exemplary damages in a sum to be deemed fair and reasonable by the trier-of-fact, recoverable under Bivens as well as Wisconsin common law.
45. The willful and wanton conduct of the defendants in total disregard of plaintiffs’ rights caused plaintiffs’ injuries.
Complaint at UK’s 44-45. The court will treat this as a Bivens claim since that is what the plaintiffs have captioned it.
Bivens “established that the victims of a [federal] constitutional violation by a federal agent have a right to recover damages against the official in federal court despite the absence of any statute conferring such a right.” Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 18, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 1471, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980) (emphasis added). I have found no authority that “outrageous conduct” is a federal constitutional violation. Furthermore, the allegations contained in count V alleging a deprivation of constitutional rights are entirely conclusory. Count V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities will be dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to state a claim.
3. Absolute Immunity
The doctrine of absolute immunity strengthens the case for dismissing counts I through V against Mr. Johnson, Mr. Juppe and Mr. Schafer in their personal capacities for failure to state a claim for relief. Absolute immunity may properly be raised in support of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. See Auriemma v. Montgomery, 860 F.2d 273, 275 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 906, 109 S.Ct. 3215, 106 L.Ed.2d 565 (1989); Eades v. Sterlinske, 810 F.2d 723, 724 (7th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 847, 108 S.Ct. 143, 98 L.Ed.2d 99 (1987). The government argues that Mr. Johnson and Mr. Juppe are shielded from liability in their personal capacities in counts I through V by absolute quasi-judicial immunity and that Mr. Schafer is protected from liability in his personal capacity in counts I through V under the doctrine of absolute witness immunity. Each argument will be addressed in turn.
(a) Mr. Johnson — Absolute Prosecutorial Immunity
Absolute prosecutorial immunity provides that “acts undertaken by a prosecutor in preparing for the initiation of judicial proceedings or for trial, and which occur in the course of his role as an advocate for the State, are entitled to the protections of absolute immunity.” Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, -U.S.-,-, 113 S.Ct. 2606, 2615, 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993). The doctrine of absolute prosecutorial immunity also applies to federal prosecutors. Cleavinger v. Saxner, 474 U.S. 193, 200, 106 S.Ct. 496, 500, 88 L.Ed.2d 507 (1985) ; Daniels v. Kieser, 586 F.2d 64, 68 (7th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 931, 99 S.Ct. 2050, 60 L.Ed.2d 659 (1979). The protection is a broad one: a prosecutor who in preparing for the initiation of judicial proceedings or for trial engages in malicious or dishonest actions that deprive a person of liberty is, nevertheless, shielded from liability under the doctrine of absolute immunity. Imbler v. Patchman, 424 U.S. 409, 427, 96 S.Ct. 984, 993, 47 L.Ed.2d 128 (1976). Absolute prosecutorial immunity also applies to prosecutors presenting evidence to grand juries. See Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 343, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 1097, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986) . However, “[a] prosecutor’s administrative duties and those investigatory functions that do not relate to an advocate’s preparation for the initiation of a prosecution or for judicial proceedings are not entitled to absolute immunity.” Fitzsimmons, — U.S. at-, 113 S.Ct. at 2615. When a prosecutor “ ‘functions as an administrator rather than as an officer of the court’ he is entitled only to qualified immunity.” Id. at-, 113 S.Ct. at 2616 (quoting Imbler, 424 U.S. at 431 n. 33, 96 S.Ct. at 995 n. 33).
The plaintiffs concede that Mr. Johnson is entitled to absolute immunity as to counts I through V against him in his personal capacity arising from his actions that were prosecutorial in nature. However, they argue that he is only entitled to qualified immunity for his non-prosecutorial actions. The problem with this argument is that the only significant allegations against Mr. Johnson allege that he presented untrue or improperly obtained evidence to the grand jury and ultimately prosecuted Mr. Kaufmann at trial. See Complaint at IfU’s 16, 22, 24 and 37. These actions on the part of Mr. Johnson clearly are acts undertaken by him as a prosecutor. The complaint is devoid of any allegations concerning Mr. Johnson’s “administrative duties” and “investigatory functions” unrelated to his preparation for the initiation of his prosecution of Mr. Kaufmann. Therefore, based on the allegations contained in the present complaint, I conclude that absolute prosecutorial immunity provides another ground for dismissing counts I through V against Mr. Johnson in his personal capacity.
(b) Mr. Juppe — Absolute Quasi-Judicial Immunity
Probation officers have quasi-judicial absolute immunity from damage claims for alleged misconduct in the investigation and preparation of pre-sentence reports. See Spaulding v. Nielsen, 599 F.2d 728, 729 (5th Cir.1979). See also Forrester v. White, 792 F.2d 647, 657 (7th Cir.1986) (citing Spaulding and noting that. “probation officers have derivative absolute immunity”), rev’d on other grounds, 484 U.S. 219, 108 S.Ct. 538, 98 L.Ed.2d 555 (1988). The plaintiffs’ allegations against Mr. Juppe (which appear primarily in count II — see Complaint at ¶ 36) solely concern his role in preparing Mr. Kaufmann’s presentenee report. I find that absolute quasi-judicial immunity provides another basis for dismissing counts I through V against Mr. Juppe in his personal capacity since the plaintiffs’ allegations against him fall squarely within his duties as a probation officer.
(c) Mr. Schafer — Absolute Witness Immunity
Witnesses who testify at trial are absolutely immune from an award of damages against them with, respect to claims premised on that testimony. Briscoe v. La-Hue, 460 U.S. 325, 326, 103 S.Ct. 1108, 1110-11, 75 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983). Such immunity also extends to testimony given at grand jury proceedings. Kincaid v. Eberle, 712 F.2d 1023, 1023-24 (7th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1018, 104 S.Ct. 551, 78 L.Ed.2d 725 (1983).
The only significant allegation in the plaintiffs’ complaint against Mr. Schafer is that he provided “untrue information” to the grand jury leading to the indictment of Mr. Kaufmann. See Complaint at ¶ 33. There is also the inference that he provided perjured testimony at Mr. Kaufmann’s trial. See id. at ¶ 24. Based on the limited eonclusory allegations against Mr. Schafer, I conclude that absolute witness immunity provides another reason to dismiss counts I through V against him in his personal capacity for failure to state a claim for relief.
4. Qualified Immunity
The doctrine of qualified immunity further fortifies the ease for dismissing counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities for failure to state a claim. Raising qualified immunity in a motion to dismiss is permissible although typically such a defense is presented in a summary judgment motion after the benefit of additional factual development. McMath v. City of Gary, Indiana, 976 F.2d 1026, 1031 (7th Cir.1992). Consequently, a court may refrain from ruling on qualified immunity until further development of the facts. See, e.g., Tracy v. Bittles, 820 F.Supp. 396, 405 (N.D.Ind.1993). Nevertheless, I elect to address the qualified immunity issue now.
Qualified immunity protects government officials performing discretionary functions from “liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). The test is an objective one, requiring a plaintiff to “ ‘demonstrate that a reasonable official, confronted with the specific facts at issue and the law in effect at the time, would have known that his conduct violated the plaintiffs constitutional rights.’ ” Davis v. Owens, 973 F.2d 574, 576 (7th Cir.1992) (quoting Schertz v. Waupaca County, 875 F.2d 578, 583 (7th Cir.1989)).
To avoid dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim based on qualified immunity, the plaintiffs must allege facts in their complaint which, taken as true, assert that the individual defendants violated clearly established constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. See Landstrom v. Illinois Dep’t of Children & Family Serv., 892 F.2d 670, 675 n. 8 (7th Cir.1990).
The words “clearly established ... constitutional rights” may not be used to read the defense of immunity out of federal tort law by the facile expedient of stating constitutional rights in the most general possible terms, so that anyone who prevails on the merits of a claim based on (for example) the First Amendment’s free exercise of religion clause, however novel that claim is, can defeat the defense of immunity simply by pointing out that the right to the free exercise of one’s religion has long been a clearly established constitutional right. The right must be sufficiently particularized to put potential defendants on notice that their conduct probably is unlawful.
Azeez v. Fairman, 795 F.2d 1296, 1301 (7th Cir.1986) (emphasis added). See also Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226,-, 111 S.Ct. 1789, 1793, 114 L.Ed.2d 277 (1991) (“A necessary concomitant to the determination of whether the constitutional right asserted by a plaintiff is ‘clearly established’ at the time the defendant acted is the determination of whether the plaintiff has asserted a violation of a constitutional right at all.”).
In my opinion, based on the dearth of meaningful factual allegations contained in the plaintiffs’ complaint, the doctrine of qualified immunity protects the individual defendants from liability based on counts I through V against them in their personal capacities. The plaintiffs’ allegations in counts I through V are entirely conclusory and do no more than state alleged constitutional rights violations by the defendants in the most general terms rather than in a particularized manner so as “to put potential defendants on notice that their conduct probably is unlawful” and violates the plaintiffs’ clearly established constitutional rights. Azeez, 795 F.2d at 1301. I find that qualified immunity provides yet another basis for dismissing counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities.
C. Rule 12(b)(1), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure — Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction over Counts VI and VII
The government does not seek dismissal of counts VI and VII based on a claim of failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Instead, the government has moved to dismiss counts VI and VII against the United States and the individual defendants in their official and personal capacities for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. However, for reasons already articulated, the court will dismiss, with prejudice, counts VI and VII against the individual defendants in both their official and personal capacities. See supra Part II. Thus, I will address the government’s motion (motion # 1) to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction only with respect to counts VI and VII against the United States.
The plaintiffs caption count VI as “Malicious Prosecution Actionable Under Wisconsin Common Law and 28 U.S.C. 2680(h),” and count VII is captioned “Abuse of Process Actionable Under Wisconsin Common Law and 28 U.S.C. 2680(h).” The plaintiffs allege that this court has subject matter jurisdiction over counts VI and VII because, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) of the FTCA, the United States has consented to suit and waived its sovereign immunity. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) provides, in part:
The provisions of this chapter and section 1346(b) of this title [i.e. the FTCA] shall not apply to ... [a]ny claim arising out of ... malicious prosecution, abuse of process ... Provided, That, with regard to acts or omissions of investigative or law enforcement officers of the United States Government, the provisions of this chapter and section 1346(b) of this title shall apply to any claim arising ... out of ... abuse of process, or malicious prosecution. For the purposes of this subsection, “investigative or law enforcement officer” means any officer of the United States who is empowered by law to execute searches, to seize evidence, or to make arrests for violations of Federal law.
Relying on 28 U.S.C. § 2680(c) of the FTCA, the government argues that this court does not have subject matter jurisdiction over counts VI and VII. 28 U.S.C. § 2680(c) states that “[t]he provisions of this chapter and section 1346(b) of this title [i.e. the FTCA] shall not apply to ... [a]ny claim arising in respect of the assessment or collection of any tax or customs duty....” The government contends that the alleged acts of the United States and those of the individual defendants in their official capacities which led to the criminal indictment, prosecution and conviction of Mr. Kaufmann relate solely to tax assessment' and collection activities. Therefore, the government argues that, as to counts VI and VII, it has not waived its sovereign immunity, and those counts must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
I disagree with the government because the alleged acts of the United States and its agents were undertaken to complete a criminal prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B) & (a)(3)(B) for money laundering and not primarily for the collection of taxes. Furthermore, I find that some or all of the individual defendants acting in their official capacities as employees of the IRS are law enforcement officers within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h). See Wright v. United States, 719 F.2d 1032, 1035-36 (9th Cir.1983) (holding that United States subject to FTCA claims under 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) and that 28 U.S.C. § 2680(c) does not apply where IRS agent participates in events related to a criminal prosecution). I conclude that this court does have subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ two FTCA claims (counts VI and VII) against the United States pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h). The government’s motion (motion # 1) to dismiss counts VI and VII against the United States will be denied.
D. Attorneys Fees
The plaintiffs also request attorneys fees in what is designated as “count VIII.” It is premature to make a dispositive ruling on the plaintiffs’ attorney fee request until the merits of this entire action are resolved since fees are contingent upon the plaintiffs’ prevailing in this action. This is especially true because the parties have not adequately briefed this issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
The government has moved in two separate motions (motions # 1 and # 3) for the dismissal of both the plaintiffs’ complaint and action. All claims in the plaintiffs’ complaint will be dismissed with prejudice except for counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities, which will be dismissed without prejudice, and counts VI and VI against the United States which will not be dismissed.
Although the court has concluded that counts I through V of the plaintiffs’ present complaint against the individual defendants in their personal capacities are legally insufficient, it is possible that these counts can be saved by amendment. For that reason, and the fact that counts VI and VII against the United States will not be dismissed, the court will deny the government’s motions (i.e. motions # 1 and # 3) to dismiss the plaintiffs’ action. See Benjamin v. United States, 833 F.2d 669, 672 (7th Cir.1987) (holding that only where the action cannot be saved by an amendment to the complaint may there be dismissal of the action). Pursuant to Rule 15(a), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[a] party may amend the party’s pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served____” A motion to dismiss is not a responsive pleading. Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1111 (7th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1054, 105 S.Ct. 1758, 84 L.Ed.2d 821 (1985). Therefore, the plaintiffs, if they elect to do so, may serve and file an amended complaint within thirty days from the date of this decision and order. However, failure to file timely an amended complaint attempting to correct the deficiencies in counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities will then result in the dismissal, with prejudice, of counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities.
ORDER
Therefore, IT IS ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants (motion # 1) be and hereby is granted to the extent that counts I through V of the plaintiffs’ complaint against the United States and the individual federal defendants in their official capacities are dismissed with prejudice.
IT IS ALSO ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants (motion # 1) be and hereby is granted to the extent that counts VI and VII of the plaintiffs’ complaint against the individual federal defendants in their official and personal capacities are dismissed with prejudice.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants (motion # 1) be and hereby is granted to the extent that counts I through V of the plaintiffs’ complaint against the individual federal defendants in their personal capacities are dismissed without prejudice.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants (motion # 1) be and hereby is denied to the extent that it seeks the dismissal of counts VI and VII against the United States.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants (motion # 1) be and hereby is denied to the extent that it seeks the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ action in its entirety-
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer (motion # 3) be and hereby is granted to the extent that counts I through V of the plaintiffs’ complaint against him in his official capacity are dismissed with prejudice.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer (motion # 3) be and hereby is granted to the extent that counts VI and VII of the plaintiffs’ complaint against him in his official and personal capacity are dismissed with prejudice.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer (motion #3) be and hereby is granted to the extent that counts I through V of the plaintiffs’ complaint against him in his personal capacity are dismissed without prejudice.
IT IS FURTHER' ORDERED that the motion to dismiss filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer (motion #3) be and hereby is denied to the extent that it seeks the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ action in its entirety.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the plaintiffs be and hereby are authorized to serve and file an amended complaint within thirty days from the date of this decision and order.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that counts I through V against the individual defendants will be dismissed, with prejudice, if the plaintiffs fail to serve and file, within thirty days from the date of this decision and order, an amended complaint attempting to correct the deficiencies in counts I through V against the individual defendants in their personal capacities.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to stay discovery filed by the government on behalf of the United States and the individual federal defendants (motion # 2) be and hereby is dismissed as moot.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion to stay discovery filed by the government on behalf of Mr. Schafer (motion # 4) be and hereby is dismissed as moot.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that no costs will be awarded to any party in connection with these motions. | CASELAW |
The Roman Republic was a political system run by a public representation of the Roman people.
It was a political system run through a representative democracy, with the top magistrates being the two consuls, who had enormous administrative, legislative, judicial, military, and religious authority.
Plenty of the Roman government’s concepts and systems inspired modern democracies.
Ancient Rome had three different types of government:
Ancient Rome History
While the myth of Rome’s origins involves Romulus killing his twin brother Remus to rule Rome and name it after himself, we know that the area was ruled by the Etruscans in the seventh century B.C.
This means that Rome was under the power of a monarchy in its earliest period, which is a system of government that has one ruler. Evidence points to seven different kings ruling Rome at this time.
However, sometime around 509 B.C., the citizens of Rome gained control from the Etruscans and established the Roman Republic. In a republic, the city or country becomes “public” and is no longer property owned or ruled by one person. Officials are elected, and the people all share the leadership.
In times of military emergency, Rome appointed a dictator, but he could not hold supreme military command for longer than six months.
The Senate, which advised the Roman people as well as the king, wielded immense power because of its members’ prestige.
During the republic, there were two popular assemblies, the centuriate assembly, and the tribal assembly. The centuriate assembly exercised military power.
Rome received its first written law code in 451 BCE, which became the basis of all subsequent Roman private law.
The Roman Republic, in many ways, set the standard for the future of many countries. The people began to elect magistrates, who shared power and represented the citizens of Rome.
Two of the magistrates were known as consuls. The consuls had the most power and decided when to add new laws and when to go to war.
Consuls had to work closely with the Roman Senate when making decisions. The Senate consisted of men from wealthier families, and many senators held the position for life.
The Senate itself began as advisors to the consuls but gained power steadily throughout the years of the republic.
Initially, the office of the magistrate was only open to patricians, a group of elite Roman families. Eventually, though, even plebeians (or common people) could be elected, giving most Roman citizens a voice.
Prefects were chosen to run various aspects of the city, sometimes acting as judges while also being similar to modern-day police. For example, these men helped to control the marketplaces.
Tribunes were elected to represent the people, particularly the plebeians. Tribunes, like the magistrates, prefects, and even the senators, were elected by the assembly, which was a group of people who represented each section of Rome.
During the republic, the Romans carved some of their more important laws into tablets, which became known as the Twelve Tables. Some of the laws may seem odd to us today, but they offer a great glimpse into everyday life during the republic.
One law forbade citizens to write songs that insulted other people, while another law allowed citizens to gather fruit that had fallen on someone else’s farm.
Interestingly, as Rome branched out and conquered other lands, the captured people were then invited to become Roman citizens themselves. They received all the rights of a person born in Rome and had equal voices within the Republic system.
In the later years of the Republic, Rome’s senators began to fight frequently, sometimes using violence. As Rome expanded, its military leaders began to have more power, due partially to having control of Rome’s army so far away from the decision-makers in the Senate.
As a result, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, serving as a consul, was able to seize the power of Rome in 83 B.C. following several successful military campaigns. Sulla assumed the title of dictator, giving him full control of the people and signaling the fall of the Roman Republic.
The expansion of Rome
Rome, Tibur, Praeneste, and Tusculum were important Latin states of the 6th century BCE. They banded together for mutual defense in times of danger.
In the 5th century BCE, Rome began to expand at the expense of the Etruscan states, possibly propelled by population growth. Rome fought three wars against the Samnites in the north and against Greek towns in the south.
Rome’s success in conquering Carthage and other nations in the Mediterranean led it into conflict with Carthage over control of the Mediterranean.
The Romans eventually conquered Carthage and destroyed it completely, gaining control of the entire Mediterranean area.
In Rome proper, citizens suffered the consequences of living in a nation that had its eyes invariably trained on the far horizon. After the triumvirate, which included Julius Caesar, the common people were placated with bread and circuses.
Another leader, Julius Caesar, took control in 49 B.C. and was also named dictator, a title he kept until he was murdered in 44 B.C. Eventually, Caesar’s nephew, Octavian, was the leader of Rome.
Julius Caesar disregarded the law, marched his army into Rome, and forced the Senate to accept the new rule.
He introduced a new system, known as an Empire, and became Rome’s first Emperor in 27 B.C. The Roman Empire kept the Senate and other positions in place, such as the consuls.
However, the Emperor had ultimate control, and his word could not be denied, regardless of how his people felt or voted. Having full control of the army, it was nearly impossible for an Emperor to be overthrown.
The Roman Empire remained a powerful force for another 300 years before beginning to decline. Following the rule of Constantine, the Empire fell early in the fifth century.
Many historians mark 476 as the year that the Empire ended, and the Middle Ages began.
What are the 3 forms of government used in Ancient Rome?
The government consisted of the Senate, Consuls, and Assemblies. The Senate was made up of patricians, the rich families of Rome.
How Rome was Governed for kids?
Rome began as a Republic. This meant that Rome’s leaders, such as senators, were elected officials, not kings born into the authority and rules for life.
They had established laws, a constitution, and a power balance. | FINEWEB-EDU |
@article{mbs:/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-27-2-211, author = "Buck, K. W. and Ratti, G.", title = "Biophysical and Biochemical Properties of Two Viruses Isolated from Aspergillus foetidus", journal= "Journal of General Virology", year = "1975", volume = "27", number = "2", pages = "211-224", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-27-2-211", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-27-2-211", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "1465-2099", type = "Journal Article", abstract = "SUMMARY Aspergillus foetidus virus S (AfV-S) and A. foetidus virus F (AfV-F) have been shown to be serogically unrelated. Amino acid compositions of the two virus capsids are compared and their capsid polypeptides have been examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AfV-F contained one major (Ø3) and two minor (Ø1 and Ø2) polypeptides with mol. wt. 87000, 125000 and 100000, while AfV-S contained one major (σ1) and one minor (σ2) polypeptide with mol. wt. 83000 and 78000 respectively. Evidence is presented that σ2 may be derived from σ1 polypeptide by proteolytic degradation in vitro. The mol. wt. of AfV-F4 and AfV-S1a particles were found from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients to be 13.1 × 106 and 12.4 × 106 respectively. AfV-F capsid was estimated to contain 120 molecules of polypeptide Ø3 and one molecule each of polypeptides Ø1 and Ø2, while AfV-S capsid was estimated to contain 120 molecules of polypeptide Ø1. It has been shown that S1a and S2a particles each contain a molecule of double-stranded RNA with mol. wt. 2.24 × 106 (RNA-224) and 2.76 × 106 (RNA-276) respectively, whereas S1b and S2b particles each contain a molecule of RNA-224 and RNA-276 respectively, together with an additional molecule of double-stranded RNA of mol. wt. 0.1 × 106. Evidence is presented that S4 particles contain two molecules of RNA-224. S3 particles gave only RNA-224 on extraction, but contain the equivalent of 1½ molecules of RNA-224; the nature of these particles and other possible virus replicative intermediates is discussed. Double-stranded RNA of mol. wt. 1.24 × 106 was derived from a newly described particle class, Fo.", } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Prolotherapy: a new "old" therapy for back and joint pain
reReprinted by permission from
THE HEALTH RESOURCE NEWSLETTER
Former Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop described his back and leg pain as 'incapacitating". "My pain was so severe when I lay down" said Koop, "that many nights I would go to sleep propped up with pillows leaning against a window sill".
.
Dr. Koop's Story
When Dr. Koop was in his forties, he was diagnosed with intractable back and leg pain. One evening at a banquet in Chicago, he complained about his pain to the person next to him. The individual pointed to a man seated at the end of the banquet table and told him there was a the doctor who could help him. Later that evening, Koop introduced himself to Gustav Hemwall, M.D. Koop told him about his condition and the pain he experienced. "I can help you" Dr. Hemwall said.
After listening to Hemwall's explanation about prolotherapy, Koop underwent the treatment and has no longer been troubled with pain.
Based on his personal experience, Dr. Koop became an advocate of prolotherapy. He relates that as a practicing pediatric surgeon, he would sometimes observe the back and joint pain of the parents of his young patients. One day in particular he recalls noticing a young mother having difficulty putting on her coat. He asked about her problem and she responded she had bursitis in her shoulder. He asked is she would allow him to examine her. After doing so, he told her she did not have bursitis; rather the pain was from the nerves in her neck and shoulder. He told her about prolotherapy which eventually resolved the pain in her shoulder. Koop treated scores of parents in his pediatric practice with prolotherapy, never charging them.
How and Why Prolotherapy Works
Ligaments, cable-like structures similar in design to a rope, hold joints and bones together. Auto accidents, falls, or repetitive movements can cause ligaments to become slack or tear, much as a rope stretches, separates, or frays. Over time, the consequences may be joint damage, disk degeneration, and pain.
Prolotherapy involves injections of an irritant-usually concentrated glucose-into areas where ligaments are weak or damaged. The injection must be precisely at the junction of a bone with a ligament. Dr. Koop stresses that injections that are not given at this junction could be inetteclual and even dangerous.
Multiple injections are given in one sitting because one injection affects an area limited to 5mm (3/16 in) in diameter. Koop says he has injected as many as twenty sites in the same sitting.
The body responds to the irritant solution with inflammation, although Koop stresses this inflammation is a "sterile" inflammation and should not be confused by an infection. This "sterile" inflammation, in turn, triggers the development of healthy new ligament tissue.
Usually the patient feels fine for four to eight hours after the injections because a local anesthetic is given with the irritant. Discomfort from the injections slowly disappear over the next several days. For some, a single treatment of multiple injections is adequate; for others, it is necessary to extend treatments over a period of weeks or months. Length of treatment depends on the severity of the patient's condition as well as the patient's response to the treatment. Prolotherapy is covered by many major health insurance companies.
Will Prolotherapy work for you?
Patients with chronic back pain who have not responded to physical therapy, medication, chiropractic manipulation, and other conservative measures may be candidates for prolotherapy. In fact, any condition involving loose or slack ligaments may be treated effectively with the therapy.
Conditions that have responded to this treatment include spine instability, scoliosis, degenerated discs, sciatica, arthritis, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and some hip, shoulder, wrist, elbow, knee, and ankle pain. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pamela Wu
Pamela Cynthia Wu (born March 5, 1974 in Arcata, California) is an American reporter and television host. She joined KCRA 3 in October 2001 as a General Assignment reporter. When Bianca Solorzano left to MSNBC, Wu became the weekend morning news anchor and three-day weekday reporter in 2003. Later in early 2006, she switched to the evening weekend shifts to anchor the 5, 6, 10, and 11pm newscasts. Her last on-air newscast was in late February 2009.
Wu graduated from UC Davis in 1995 with a degree in Rhetoric and Communication. She has received both an Emmy nomination and the Unity Award for her work as the host of the cultural affairs program, "KCRA 3 Common Ground."
Prior to joining KCRA 3, Wu worked as anchor and reporter at stations across Northern California, including KVIQ in Eureka, KION in Salinas/Monterey, and the KCRA 3 sister station in Salinas/Monterey, KSBW. She currently resides in Downtown Sacramento.
Since 23 February 2009, Wu has worked at the University of California, Davis School of Law (King Hall) as a Director of Marketing and Communications. | WIKI |
A couple of years ago I wrote a post explaining how to develop and Android application inside a Docker container. After some time away from Android development I tried to follow the instructions in my post but they didn’t work quite well.
A lot has changed in the way Android applications are developed since my last post. Installing SDK elements is easier and Kotlin is the language of choice now. Luckily, once we put everything inside Docker, we don’t have to worry much about the environment and just code.
Create a folder for your project and add a Dockerfile inside that folder:
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FROM ubuntu:18.04
RUN apt-get update
# Install some dependencies
RUN dpkg --add-architecture i386 && apt-get update \
&& apt-get install -y expect wget unzip \
libc6-i386 lib32stdc++6 lib32gcc1 lib32ncurses5 lib32z1
# Install java
RUN apt-get install -y openjdk-8-jdk-headless
# Install the Android SDK
RUN cd /opt && wget --output-document=android-sdk.zip --quiet \
https://dl.google.com/android/repository/sdk-tools-linux-4333796.zip \
&& unzip android-sdk.zip -d /opt/android-sdk && rm -f android-sdk.zip
# Setup environment
ENV ANDROID_HOME /opt/android-sdk
ENV PATH ${PATH}:${ANDROID_HOME}/tools/bin:${ANDROID_HOME}/platform-tools
# Install SDK elements. This might change depending on what your app needs
# I'm installing the most basic ones. You should modify this to install the ones
# you need. You can get a list of available elements by getting a shell to the
# container and using `sdkmanager --list`
RUN echo yes | sdkmanager "platform-tools" "platforms;android-28"
# Go to workspace
RUN mkdir -p /opt/workspace
WORKDIR /opt/workspace
Build the Docker image:
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docker build -t android-docker .
Get a shell to the container:
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docker run -it --privileged --volume=$(pwd)/workspace:/opt/workspace android-docker bash
I use –privileged so the container has access to the host’s USB ports (This is necessary so it can install the Android app to the connected device). I’m assuming the application code will be in a folder called workspace and mounting this folder in the container.
Build the Android app and install it to the connected device:
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./gradlew installDebug
I created a very small Hello world” application on Github that you can just download and modify as needed if you want to start an app from scratch.
[ android automation docker mobile productivity projects ]
Introduction to CloudFormation
AWS CodePipeline
Introduction to AWS CodeBuild
Introduction to Apache Ant
Introduction to AWS CLI | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
how can i read the ReferenceTo field on the FieldDefinition object
When I ran the command sfdx force:data:soql:query --query="SELECT QualifiedApiName, (SELECT ReferenceTo,QualifiedApiName FROM Fields WHERE RelationshipName!=null LIMIT 1) FROM EntityDefinition WHERE QualifiedApiName = 'Account' LIMIT 1" --targetusername sandbox --usetoolingapi --json, it gave the below output:
{
"status": 0,
"result": {
"size": 1,
"totalSize": 1,
"done": true,
"queryLocator": null,
"entityTypeName": "EntityDefinition",
"records": [
{
"attributes": {
"type": "EntityDefinition",
"url": "/services/data/v48.0/tooling/sobjects/EntityDefinition/Account"
},
"QualifiedApiName": "Account",
"Fields": {
"size": 1,
"totalSize": 1,
"done": true,
"queryLocator": null,
"entityTypeName": "FieldDefinition",
"records": [
{
"attributes": {
"type": "FieldDefinition"
},
"ReferenceTo": {
"referenceTo": [
"Account"
]
},
"QualifiedApiName": "MasterRecordId"
}
]
}
}
]
}
}
We can see that ReferenceTo contains property named referenceTo and it is a string array.
When I run this System.debug(Schema.SObjectType.FieldDefinition.fields.ReferenceTo.getType());, it gives the output COMPLEXVALUE and this is not listed here
Based on above findings, I came up with the below workaround where we can serialize and deserialize FieldDefinition object.
List<EntityDefinition> allObjects = [SELECT QualifiedApiName, (SELECT ReferenceTo,Label,QualifiedApiName FROM Fields WHERE RelationshipName!=null) FROM EntityDefinition WHERE QualifiedApiName = 'Account'];
for (EntityDefinition thisObj : allObjects) {
for (FieldDefinition thisField : thisObj.fields) {
String fieldDefinitionJSONStr = JSON.serialize(thisField);
Map<String,Object> fieldDefinitionJSONMap = (Map<String, Object>)JSON.deserializeUntyped(fieldDefinitionJSONStr);
Map<String,Object> referenceToJSONMap = (Map<String,Object>)fieldDefinitionJsonMap.get('ReferenceTo');
List<Object> referenceToList = (List<Object>)referenceToJSONMap.get('referenceTo');
if(referenceToList != NULL){
for(Object obj: referenceToList){
System.debug(thisField.QualifiedApiName + 'points to object: ' + (String)obj);
}
}
}
}
Tags:
Soql | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Aortic orifice
The aortic orifice (aortic opening) is a circular opening, in front and to the right of the left atrioventricular orifice, from which it is separated by the anterior cusp of the bicuspid valve.
It is guarded by the aortic semilunar valve.
The portion of the ventricle immediately below the aortic orifice is termed the aortic vestibule, and has fibrous instead of muscular walls. | WIKI |
Sven Verdonck (darts player)
Sven Verdonck (born 26 December 1963) is a Belgian professional darts player.
Career
Verdnock has played darts professionally since 2001. He has never won a tournament, with his highest placements being making it to the final of the Antwerp Open in 2016 semi-finals in 2015 England Masters and 2014 British Classic. Verdonck wins of the 2015 Brussels Open he defeated Scott Waites of England.
He qualified for the 2017 BDO World Darts Championship. | WIKI |
UNITED STATES of America, v. Angel Raphael LORA and Ruben Lora, Defendants.
No. CR. 98-10054-NG.
United States District Court, D. Massachusetts.
Feb. 20, 2001.
Eileen Donoghue, Lowell, MA, Leo S. Fama, II, Everett, MA, for Angel Rafael Lora, defendant.
Owen S. Walker, Office of the Federal Defender, Boston, MA, John M. Verdecc-hia, Providence, RI, for Rubin Lora, defendant.
Lenore Glaser, Stern, Shapiro, Weiss-berg & Garin, Boston, MA, for Luis Lora aka Chino, defendant.
Charles P. McGinty, Federal Defender Office, Boston, MA, RI, Matthew B. Smith, Providence, RI, for Victor Rojas aka Tito, defendant.
Andrew Morganstem, Mineóla, NY, for Bankers Trust Company of California, interested party.
Linda Taverni, Deily, Dautel & Mooney, Albany, NY, for Chrysler Financial Company, interested party.
Michael D. Ricciuti, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Boston, MA, for U.S.
SENTENCING MEMORANDUM
GERTNER, District Judge.
TABLE OF CONTENTS SENTENCING MEMORANDUM
I. INTRODUCTION.80
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND.81
A. The Offense .81
1. The January 21 Meeting.82
2. The January 26 and 27 Telephone Conversations.83
3. The January 28 Meeting..83
4. The January 29 Meeting.83
5. The Weekend Visit.85
6. The February 6 Transaction.85
B. The Defendants.86
III. THE SENTENCING HEARINGS.86
A. The Loras’ Expert — Michael Levine.86
B. The Government’s Expert — Michael Cunniff.87
IV. SENTENCING ANALYSIS.88
A. Note 15 Departures.88
1. Background to Note.88
2. The Note 15 Standard.90
a. Note 15’s Application to Reductiom-of-Domm-Payment Cases.91
b. The Defendant’s Resources and Predisposition.93
3. Application of Note 15 to the Loras.94
a. The Price of the Cocaine.94
' b. The Loras’ Ability and Intention to Purchase Sixty-Five Kilograms .95
B. Adjustments for Aggravated Roles in the Offense.96
1. Standard for Aggravating Role Adjustments.97
2. Angel Lora’s Role in the Offense.98
3. Ruben Lora’s Role in the Offense.. 99
4. Departure for Relative Responsibility.99
V. CALCULATION OF SENTENCES ...'..99
A. Angel Lora.99
1. Base Offense Level.99
2. Role Adjustment.'.100
3. Acceptance of Responsibility Adjustment.100
4. Total Offense Level.100
5. Criminal Histoi-y.100
6. Departures .100
7. Sentence.100
B. Ruben Lora.100
1. Base Offense Level.100
2. Role Adjustment.100
3. Acceptance of Responsibility Adjustment.100
4. Total Offense Level.100
5. Criminal History.100
6. Departures .101
7. Sentence.101
VI. CONCLUSION.101
I. INTRODUCTION
This Memorandum concerns the sentencing of two brothers, Angel Raphael Lora (“Angel”) and Ruben Lora (“Ruben”). The case raises important issues for sentencing in general, and drug cases in particular: In a sentencing regime that largely equates culpability with the amount of drugs attributable to the defendant, the potential for abuse by law enforcement agents is 'substantial. In normal sting operations, the agent can increase quantity simply by delaying arrest until the agent has made four or five “buys” rather than one or two. And the additional amount of drugs the defendant sells to the agent goes a long way to determine the defendant’s ultimate sentence under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (“the Guidelines”).
In reverse sting operations, where the government supplies the drugs, the risk of abuse is magnified. By changing the terms of the deal — lowering the price, offering favorable credit terms, etc. — the government can transform a defendant who is a small dealer into a more substantial one, without regard to the defendant’s proclivities. The government may not only fix the drug quantity, as in the ordinary sting, it may well expand the scope of the crime to include additional participants, firearms, or money laundering.
The Loras pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and one count of possession of, or aiding and abetting the possession of, cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. At sentencing, they filed motions for downward departures on the basis of U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.”) section 2D1.1, application note 15 (“Note 15”), which authorizes departures in certain reverse sting scenarios.
The Loras claim the government ensnared them in a reverse sting operation in which the quantity of cocaine increased while the down payment decreased. They allege that the government’s reduction of the down payment from $50,000 to $27,000, for a $1,137,500 purchase of sixty-five kilograms of cocaine, led them to purchase more cocaine than their available resources otherwise would have allowed.
The government opposed the motion for departure. The government argues that Note 15 does not even speak in terms of down payments, but only in terms of market price. In any event, the government asserts that (1) the price or down payment for the cocaine was not below market value, and (2) even if the price or down payment were artificially low, it did not lead the Loras to purchase more cocaine than they otherwise would have purchased.
Due to the significance of the issues and the stakes involved, I held three days of hearings, heard expert testimony on illicit drug markets, read six sentencing briefs, and reviewed volumes of exhibits, including transcripts of the undercover tape recordings of the Loras’ negotiations with government agents. After considering the entire record before me, I cannot find that the Loras were lulled by government conduct into a purchase beyond their means.
While it is true that over the course of the negotiations for the drugs, the drug quantity went up and the down payment went down, the Loras were not passive recipients of government largesse. Their words and their actions, both during the course of the negotiations and in their past, suggested that they were predisposed to deal at the multi-kilogram level and that their record of drug dealing put them in a position to demand more favorable payment terms. In the final analysis, the Loras were responsible for the vectors: The Loras, not the government agents, increased the quantity of drugs purchased; and the Loras, not the agents, insisted on no down payment. Thus, as I explain in more detail below, the Loras’ motions for downward departures [docket ## 147, 151] are DENIED.
While Ruben and Angel were both involved in the transactions, and both must be held responsible for the full sixty-five kilograms of cocaine they jointly agreed to purchase, Ruben played a lesser role in a number of significant ways. As a result, I depart down one offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. section 5K2.0. Given the unusual facts of this case, I find U.S.S.G. section 3Bl.l(b), which provides for a three-level upward adjustment on account of Ruben’s managerial status, places excessive weight on Ruben’s aggravated role in the offense.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
As becomes evident through my discussion in Part IV below, Note 15 cases require a fact-intensive analysis. I will describe my general findings first, and then more specific fact findings.
A. The Offense
In January 1998, the government’s primary cooperating witness (“CW1”) repeatedly contacted Ruben by telephone. CW1, as Ruben understood it, insisted that Ruben repay an outstanding debt Ruben owed to a former drug dealer, Nelson Mendez (“Mendez”). The initial contact led to protracted negotiations: On the one side, Ruben and Angel negotiated on behalf of the Lora conspirators. On the other side, CW1, a second unidentified cooperating witness (“CW2”), and undercover agents Eduardo Dominguez (“Dominguez”) and Antonio Dillon (“Dillon”) represented the government.
The Loras negotiated for the purchase of sixty-five kilograms of cocaine with the following conditions: (1) The Loras would pay $17,500 per kilogram of cocaine ($1,137,500 total), (2) with $50,000 cash on delivery, and (3) payment-in-full within fifteen days thereafter. While it is true that the terms got more favorable over time— more quantity, lower down payment — it is equally true that the Loras, not the agents, were responsible for the changes. In fact, if the Loras had listened to the informants, it is likely the Loras would have agreed to purchase a much smaller quantity of cocaine, with a more substantial down payment.
1. The January 21 Meeting
On January 21, 1998, CW1 and CW2 met with Ruben at a train station in Providence, Rhode Island. CW1 and CW2 posed as members of a large, Colombia-based, narcotics trafficking organization, which was operating locally in Boston, Massachusetts. CW2 informed Ruben that they contacted Ruben because CW2 had assumed an $18,000 debt Ruben owed to another drug dealer, Mendez. According to CW2, Mendez had conducted business with CW2 prior to Mendez’s incarceration on drug charges.
Ruben acknowledged that he owed Mendez such a debt, which derived from a transaction eighteen months earlier in which Ruben purchased cocaine from Mendez. Ruben indicated that the transaction involved thirty kilograms. Unable to distribute all of the cocaine, Ruben returned four kilograms to Mendez. Ruben then failed to produce $18,000 he owed Mendez on the deal. CW2 told Ruben, “[t]hat money is mine.”
CW2 relayed to Ruben that Mendez spoke highly of Ruben. In fact, Mendez informed CW2 that Ruben had been Mendez’s best customer. Ruben admitted to purchasing cocaine from Mendez at wholesale, suggesting that Mendez supplied Ruben with “thirty-five, forty points.” Ruben informed the cooperators that he did not have any money to pay off his debt to CW2. All he had was his business, a nightclub, which was not profitable. He could make money “on the street” but not in the bar. He owed money to credit card companies, the IRS, and the nightclub’s former owner.
CW2 then raised the subject of Ruben’s drug trafficking activities, asking “what capacity can you move weekly?” Ruben responded that it varied according to the price and quality. Currently, he paid a price of “eighteen” (i.e., $18,000 per kilogram of cocaine) in New York. Ruben also volunteered that he was visiting Providence that day with a friend who dealt in “H” (i.e., code for heroin). He informed the cooperators that he personally dealt in heroin as well. But, Ruben confessed, he had not been “doing anything” (referring to cocaine trafficking in particular) for the previous year and a half until he bought “ten” on January 12, 1998, roughly one week earlier. He owed his suppliers $8,000 on that deal. Ruben predicted that it would take him ten or eleven days total to collect all of the money his customers owed him.
The cooperators turned the discussion to the ways in which Ruben could pay off his $18,000 debt. They repeatedly emphasized the seriousness and the “urgency” of the situation. They proposed a deal: Ruben would purchase some cocaine from them so that he could sell it and pay off his debt from his profits. The cooperators, however, would require a down payment before they would supply Ruben with cocaine. Specifically, CW2 suggested fifteen kilograms and an $8000 down payment.
Repeatedly, Ruben resisted the idea. He indicated that he was unable to gather enough money to make a down payment because he owed other people money as well. He also rejected any down payment, claiming he always “fronts” drugs for his clients. His clients, he added, were people with assets who paid him without fail after receiving the drugs.
The cooperators encouraged Ruben to meet with his “friends” within the next few weeks, and to seek his friends’ assistance in raising a down payment for the fifteen-kilogram deal. Again, Ruben objected to the down payment, arguing that he had no cash but he did have a lot of “capacity” to sell cocaine. He alluded to “another person” (presumably his brother, Angel) who might be interested in making a deal. Indeed, he suggested a continuing relationship. Ruben offered to take the cooperators to his house in Rochester, New York, where they could meet his wife and children, and he could prove his legitimacy and seriousness.
Every fifteen days, Ruben indicated, Ruben and his partner could do “thirty,” “forty,” or “fifty.” Eventually, Ruben made a counter-offer: He would buy five or six kilograms on credit and fully repay the cooperators five days after delivery.
The conversation ended without an agreement. Ruben agreed to follow up on their proposal with his “friends,” but he insisted that it might be impossible for him to work with the cooperators due to his precarious financial situation.
2. The January 26 and 27 Telephone Conversations
On January 26, 1998, Ruben paged CW1. CW1 returned the call. Ruben told CW1 that Ruben would like to meet again. The clients could dispose of “four or five CD’s” during the next several days. CW1 told Ruben to call back later. While the parties did not reach agreement at this time, they agreed to meet on January 28, 1998, at a McDonald’s Restaurant located in North At-tleboro, Massachusetts.
3. The January 28 Meetiny
On January 28,1998, CW1 met Ruben at the McDonald’s Restaurant. The meeting covered much of the same ground covered during Ruben’s first meeting in Providence. The parties again discussed Ruben’s plans for paying off the $18,000 debt.
Ruben advised CW1 that Ruben, personally, did not sell cocaine in the Rochester area, but that Ruben’s brother, Angel, did. Ruben offered to introduce CW1 to Angel. The two brothers, Ruben stated, were interested in purchasing more than the fifteen kilograms the cooperators had proposed. The Loras were interested in purchasing thirty to thirty-five kilograms. During the meeting, Ruben spoke with Angel by telephone and arranged for Angel to meet with CW1 the next day in North Attleboro.
Again, CW1 insisted that his organization would require Ruben to pay a percentage of the deal up front. The parties agreed to meet the next day.
4. The January 29 Meetiny
On January 29, 1998, Ruben and Angel met CW1 for lunch at the Olive Garden Restaurant in North Attleboro, Massachusetts. CW1 and the Loras discussed Ruben’s debt to CWl. Ruben indicated that although the Loras usually worked separately, Angel would work with Ruben on this deal in order to help Ruben pay off the debt. Angel informed CWl that he purchased cocaine at $18,000 per kilogram in New York, and currently owed $60,000 to his suppliers.
The parties then discussed the details of the anticipated transaction. First, they addressed the amount of cocaine the Loras wished to purchase. At one point, Ruben offered to purchase twelve to fifteen kilograms for himself. Then, based on the information Ruben shared with CWl about the brothers’ joint capacity, CWl offered to supply the Loras with thirty to thirty-five kilograms. CWl explained that he would require a down payment to prove the Loras were operating in good faith. CWl also told them he would like to visit them in Rochester before completing the deal.
Angel agreed that CWl should visit their homes and businesses to earn CWl’s trust before CWl’s organization would entrust the Loras with something of such great value.
Angel then, as they say, “upped the ante.” He requested that his share of the purchase be fifty kilograms, with Ruben taking an additional fifteen. Angel assured CWl that Angel, acting alone, could handle sixty to seventy kilograms.
Second, the parties discussed the amount of the down payment. Angel argued that a down payment of $80,000 or less would be a “trifle” given the value of sixty-five kilograms of cocaine. The Loras insisted that no one required a down payment of that size.
Third, the discussion turned to the price. CWl asked if the Loras could pay $18,000 per kilogram. Angel agreed, but argued CWl should reduce the price in subsequent transactions. Ruben calculated the total value of the deal to be worth over $1,000,000.
CWl balked at the size of the transaction. Since it was their first deal together, CWl suggested the Loras buy a smaller amount. Ruben then proposed a thirty-five kilogram deal, the amount CWl had started with, but Angel opposed Ruben. Angel maintained that he could handle whatever quantity CWl supplied, and that he was seeking to replace his New York suppliers altogether. Angel would buy exclusively from CWl’s organization if CWl could offer a lower price than $18,000 per kilogram.
CWl gave them the choice of a smaller quantity of cocaine with a smaller down payment, or a larger amount with a larger down payment. Specifically, CWl proposed a transaction involving fifteen to twenty-five kilograms and $20,000 or $25,000 down payment, or a thirty-five to fifty kilogram deal and more money down. CWl emphasized the sensitivity of the matter: The Loras could not “play with” him.
More haggling ensued. Angel promised to send his brother, “El Chino” (a.k.a. Luis Lora), to deliver some of the money Angel owed CWl every three or four days. When Ruben momentarily absented himself to use the restroom, Angel proposed an even larger deal — 200 kilograms if CWl could offer Angel a good price. Angel said he did not want to speak openly in front of Ruben because Ruben did not know the extent of Angel’s business. When Ruben returned to the table, Angel told CWl the brothers had been in business for ten or twelve years. The parties agreed to finalize the terms of the deal when CW1 visited the Loras in Rochester.
5. The Weekend Visit
From January 30 to February 2, 1998, CW1 and CW2 visited the Loras in Rochester, New York. The cooperators met the brothers’ families and inspected the brothers’ properties and businesses, some of which were purportedly purchased with drug money, including Ruben’s business, the Quesqueya Night Club.
On January 30 and 31, Ruben filled in the details of his business dealings with Mendez. In addition, Ruben indicated that he purchased approximately two kilograms of heroin per week from individuals known by the names “Hector” and “Caesar.” (CW1 witnessed Hector and Caesar counting money at Ruben’s home on February 1.) Ruben also revealed that he laundered drug proceeds through his night club.
CW1 visited Angel and Sabrina on February 1 and 2. Angel and Sabrina claimed to be in business together, boasting that they had laundered money through National Bank and Credit in New York, New York, where Sabrina had worked for some time. During the weekend, Angel pressed CW1 for more than sixty-five kilograms. He proposed a 100 or 200-kilogram deal on the condition that CW1 charge less than $18,000 per kilogram. Finally, the terms of the transaction were ironed out: The Loras agreed to buy sixty-five Mo-grams of cocaine for $17,500 per kilogram, a $50,000 down payment, and repayment of the balance within fifteen days after delivery.
6. The February 6 Transaction
Originally, the parties agreed to conduct the transaction on February 3, but the Loras encountered difficulties raising the cash to make the $50,000 down payment. The deal was postponed.
Finally, on February 6, Agent Dominguez accompanied CW1 to the Holiday Inn in Boxboro, Massachusetts. Angel met them in the parking lot. He drove a Ford Windstar van. Angel’s girlfriend, Conde, accompanied him. Parked next to the Ford van was a green Dodge van occupied by Luis. CW1, Dominguez, and Angel entered the Holiday Inn to wait for Ruben.
Upon questioning by CW1 and Dominguez, Angel confessed to bringing only $27,500 for the down payment. Angel insisted the transaction should proceed as planned because Angel knew “good” people, clients who would buy all of the cocaine immediately. Angel promised to send the agents $200,000 or more every three or four days, until Angel paid off the balance. Angel would send Luis as the money courier.
Dominguez telephoned Agent Dillon to ask if the deal could go forward for $27,000 down. Despite the Loras’ inability to produce the $50,000 down payment, Dillon cleared the transaction. Subsequently, Ruben arrived in a truck with co-defendant Rojas. Ruben told the agents that neither Ruben nor Rojas brought money to make the down payment. Ruben explained that Rojas stashes the cocaine at Rojas’ mother’s house before Ruben and Rojas sell it.
The participants drove to a restaurant located near the warehouse where'the Lor-as planned to pick up the cocaine. There, Angel gave CW1 only $27,000 in cash. CW1, Ruben, and Rojas remained at the restaurant while Dominguez, Angel, Luis, and Conde drove to the warehouse. Angel and Luis backed Angel’s vans into the warehouse. After Angel inspected the cocaine, Dominguez placed fifteen kilograms in a box for Ruben. With help from Conde, Luis began to load cocaine into the secret compartments in one of the vans. Then, Angel hesitated and counted the kilograms. He found there were only fifty-one kilograms present in the warehouse. The agents subsequently arrested Angel, Luis, and Conde. Ruben and Rojas were arrested soon thereafter.
B. The Defendants
Angel, age forty-three, is a legal resident of the United States and a citizen of the Dominican Republic. His parents divorced when he was nine years old. At age twenty, Angel moved to the United States after graduating from the Technical and Vocational School of San Pedro De Mareonis.
Prior to the instant offense, Angel lived with Conde for ten years. The couple has two children together, Jennifer, age ten, and Angel, age seven. By his ex-wife, Theresa Javier, Angel has two other children: Angela, age seventeen, and Eurania, age fifteen. Angel divorced Javier in 1986, but Angela and Eurania resided with Angel until the time of the instant offense. Conde’s children from a prior marriage also lived with Conde and Angel. Angel has been active and supportive in his children’s lives. The PSR reports that Angel’s arrest and prosecution has taken its toll on his family.
Ruben, age thirty-eight, was born in the Dominican Republic as well. He is now a citizen of the United States. Six years old when his parents divorced, Ruben lived with his father until he was sixteen. He then moved to Santo Domingo to seek employment, where he had numerous occupations. In Santo Domingo, Ruben had two children — Dariana Merlisa Lora, age eighteen, and Ana Kela Obiedo, age fifteen — with two different women.
Ruben immigrated to the United States at age twenty-five. In 1987, he moved to Providence, Rhode Island, to live with his girlfriend, Eva Pagan. He has one child by Pagan, Larry, age ten, who resides with his maternal grandmother in Santo Domingo. Ruben and Pagan separated in 1992. Ruben became a naturalized citizen that same year.
Ruben married Luz Martes in 1993. The couple moved to Penfield, New York, in 1995 to open his bar. In 1996, Ruben and Martes divorced. In 1997, Ruben married his current wife, Melva Ivonne Fiorentino. Ruben’s three children were living him and his wife at the time of his offense. After Ruben’s arrest, his wife and children moved back to the Dominican Republic.
Neither defendant has a noteworthy criminal record.
III. THE SENTENCING HEARINGS
The central question addressed at the various sentencing hearings was whether the reverse sting operation in this case reflected actual market practices, particularly whether the down payment was artificially low in light of all the circumstances. The Loras and the government each offered the testimony of former special agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) to support their arguments on the Note 15 issue. I summarize both witnesses’ testimony before addressing the merits of the Loras’ motions.
A. The Loras’ Expert — Michael Levine
By way of affidavit and live testimony, the Loras offered the opinion of former DEA agent Michael Levine (“Levine”) to support their argument that the government agents offered the Loras an artificially low down payment. Levine concluded that it is “highly unlikely” that a large-scale drug organization would agree to deliver sixty-five kilograms of cocaine (worth $1,137,500 at $17,500 per kilogram) for only $27,000 down, particularly when the buyer had never purchased more than five kilograms in the past.
Levine testified that, if Ruben could not produce a satisfactory explanation for the discrepancy between the amount of cocaine Ruben requested and the amount of cocaine Ruben had dealt in the past, a true top-level dealer would take one of the following actions: (1) Refuse to deal with Ruben altogether; (2) insist on, at minimum, a down payment that would cover the dealer’s cost, which would be an estimated one-third to one-half of the total price; or (3) rely on some other tactic that would guarantee full payment. Levine Aff. at 6. As to the last option, Levine testified that legitimate drug suppliers would have taken two or more of the following steps to ensure repayment: (1) Only deal with people who possess real property or a business of sufficient value to cover the loss of the merchandise, and make that property accessible to the trafficker until the debt is paid; (2) deal through a letter of credit or other method of bank transfer; (3) tour the buyer’s drug-dealing operation to verify claims of abilities to distribute; and/or (4) on rare occasions, demand a hostage. Since he believed the government did not take sufficient steps to ensure repayment, Levine concluded the sting did not resemble true black market transactions.
B. The Government’s Expert — Michael Cunniff
The government submitted the testimony of former DEA agent Michael Cunniff (“Cunniff’) to rebut Levine’s testimony.
Cunniff testified that the price per kilogram of cocaine set by CW1 — $17,500— was well within market range. Defendants do not dispute this point. Cunniff also averred that the amount of down payment required in any given deal results from a delicate balance in the bargaining process. Often times, domestic traffickers are suspicious when a supplier requires a large down payment. Drug traffickers began to view down payments with suspicion in the mid-1980s when Congress passed asset forfeiture provisions authorizing the confiscation of drug proceeds upon the arrest and prosecution of defendants under Title 21. See 21 U.S.C. § 853. Following several well-publicized stings where agents seized large amounts of cash, drug traffickers came to believe that only undercover agents required down payments so the government could confíscate the cash brought to a drug buy.
Based on this background knowledge, Cunniff concluded that a small down payment is not unusual for a wholesale cocaine transaction in the local domestic market. In his opinion, the Loras’ agreement to make any down payment whatsoever, in addition to their offering alternative assurances of payment, underscored the seriousness of their intention to possess the cocaine shipment. In Cunniff s view, the negotiations between the government and the Loras yielded a transaction which accurately reflected transactions occurring in the real black market. In other words, the $27,000 down payment was not artificially low.
IV. SENTENCING ANALYSIS
With respect to the Note 15 departure claim I must consider the following: First, whether a Note 15 departure may be available in reduction-of-down-payment cases generally, though the price per kilogram of cocaine is within market range; second, the appropriate standard to be applied under Note 15; and third, whether that standard, when applied to the Loras, requires a departure as to either defendant.
With respect to the other issues raised by the Loras: I find Angel deserves a four-level upward adjustment as an organizer of criminal activity involving five or more participants. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(a). I find Ruben qualifies for a three-level enhancement as a supervisor or manager. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(b). I also depart down one offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G. section 5K2.0 because the three-level managerial adjustment significantly overstates Ruben’s role given the unusual circumstances of this case.
A. Note 15 Departures
1. Background to Note 15
In the years following the enactment of the Guidelines, many federal courts expressed their discomfort with reverse-sting operations, a sentiment I share. E.g., United States v. Stavig, 80 F.3d 1241, 1247 (8th Cir.1996) [hereinafter “Stavig”]; United States v. Naranjo, 52 F.3d 245, 250 (9th Cir.1995) [hereinafter “Naranjo ”]; United States v. Cambrelen, 29 F.Supp.2d 120, 125-26 (E.D.N.Y.1998) [hereinafter “Cambrelen”]. Where drug sentences are driven primarily by the type and quantity of drugs, the potential exists for the government, not the court, to effectively dictate the defendant’s ultimate sentence. Law enforcement agents are in a position to decide when (i.e., after how many drug transactions) to arrest the defendant. The agents, therefore, can fix the amount of drugs, and even the kind of drugs, that will be attributed to her. In the case of a reverse sting, where the government supplies the drugs, the potential for abuse of the government’s discretion is even greater. This is especially so where the drug deal is put together by confidential informants rather than field agents. Informants seeking a reduction in their own sentences through substantial government assistance, often have incentives to arrange large-scale transactions, and to encourage defendants to accept large amounts of drugs. Stavig, 80 F.3d at 1247.
There are several approaches to the problem. Courts and commentators speak of both “sentencing entrapment” and “sentencing factor manipulation.” Sentencing manipulation and sentencing entrapment are court-created doctrines that, to a degree, address situations in which the government has acted improperly. In addition, Note 15 of the Guidelines carves out a third alternative basis for departure that focuses more on the defendant’s predisposition.
Unlike some courts, the First Circuit uses the labels “sentencing entrapment” and “sentencing factor manipulation” interchangeably. United States v. Woods, 210 F.3d 70, 75 (1st Cir.2000) [hereinafter “Woods ”]. Under this approach to sentencing entrapment, like traditional entrapment, government misconduct must be found to have overborne the will of a defendant predisposed to commit a lesser crime than the one charged. Id.; United States v. Connell, 960 F.2d 191, 196 [1st Cir.1992) [hereinafter “Connell ”]; see also United States v. Staufer, 38 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir.1994) [hereinafter “Staufer ”]; United States v. Lenfesty, 923 F.2d 1293, 1300 (8th Cir.1991). (Traditional entrapment, of course, requires that the defendant not be predisposed to commit any crime.) The misconduct involved must be significant; sentencing entrapment is only available in “the extreme or unusual case.” Montoya, 62 F.3d at 4. The defendant also must show lack of predisposition to engage in an offense of the magnitude for which she is being sentenced. Woods, 210 F.3d at 75.
Some courts and scholars, however, distinguish between sentencing factor manipulation and sentencing entrapment. E.g., United States v. Jones, 18 F.3d 1145, 1152-53 (4th Cir.1994); United States v. Shephard, 4 F.3d 647, 649 (8th Cir.1993). Under this approach, sentencing factor manipulation may exist regardless of the defendant’s predisposition. The doctrine focuses exclusively on the motives of law enforcement authorities in manipulating the sentence, as when an agent delays an arrest with the purpose of increasing the defendant’s sentence. See Shephard, 4 F.3d at 649. One commentator illustrated the distinction:
An example of “sentencing entrapment” would be when a government agent offers a kilogram of cocaine to a person who has previously purchased only gram or “user” amounts, for the purpose of increasing the amount of drugs for which he ultimately will be held accountable. On the other hand, an example of “sentencing manipulation” would be when an undercover agent continues to engage in undercover drug purchases with a defendant, thereby stretching out an investigation which could have concluded earlier, for the sole purpose of increasing the defendant’s sentencing exposure, or when an undercover agent insists that a defendant “cook” powder cocaine into “crack,” well-knowing that sentences for dealing in crack are significantly higher than sentences for dealing in powder cocaine.
Amy Levin Weil, “In Partial Defense of Sentencing Entrapment,” 7 Fed. Sentencing Rep. 172, 174 (1995) (footnotes omitted). In any event, the sentencing entrapment and manipulation doctrines both require a finding of improper motive on the part of the government before a departure is warranted.
Note 15 of the Guidelines focuses less on the motives of the government, and more on the defendant’s predisposition. Note 15 asks whether government conduct, regardless of motive, induced a defendant to purchase more drugs than she otherwise would have purchased. See Montoya, 62 F.3d at 5. The significance of Note 15 has been described as follows:
[T]he Sentencing Commission now expressly recognizes that law enforcement agents should not be allowed to structure sting operations in such a way as to maximize the sentences imposed on defendants, and that courts may take into consideration the predisposition and ca-pacify of the defendant to engage in a deal of the magnitude for which he or she was convicted.
Staufer, 38 F.3d at 1107.
The Commission’s approach here makes sénse: The goal of sentencing is to impose punishments proportional to the defendant’s culpability. Even if the agent has an entirely legitimate purpose in seeking to increase the amount of drugs (e.g., to get more drugs off the street, to “climb up” the distribution hierarchy to arrest more substantial dealers, etc.), the defendant’s sentence should reflect her own culpability, her predisposition to commit an offense of the scope charged. See Guerra, supra note 12. Drug quantity may be an appropriate proxy for culpability in some cases. Plainly it should not be in others, where the quantity is largely not a product of the defendant’s proclivities.
It is clear Note 15 departures are encouraged departures. Cf. United States v. Cali 87 F.3d 571, 580 (1st Cir.1996) (finding section 3B1.1 departures “are clearly encouraged by the Commission” on the basis of language similar to the Note 15 language). But Note 15’s proper scope and application remains largely unsettled.
2. The Note 15 Standard
The Loras carry the burden of satisfying a two-part test under Note 15. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 15; United States v. Gaviria, 116 F.3d 1498, 1527 (D.C.Cir.1997); cf. Stavig, 80 F.3d at 1246-47 (defendant carries the burden of proof). The first prong concerns the government: Did the government agents offer a below-market price, or other financial terms that were overly generous, beyond what the market would have provided in like circumstances? The second prong concerns the defendants: Did the overly generous financial terms lead them to purchase more cocaine than their available resources otherwise would have allowed them to purchase? U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 15; Gaviria, 116 F.3d at 1527.
a. Note 15’s Application to Reduction-of-Down-Payment Cases
The threshold question raised by the government is whether Note 15 applies to reduction-of-down-payment cases, as well as below-market price cases. I conclude that it does.
In Montoya, the FBI engaged in a reverse sting operation in which its undercover agent, Antonio Dillon (“Dillon”), posed as a high-volume wholesaler of cocaine seeking new distributors. Montoya, 62 F.3d at 2. At the first negotiation session with the Montoya brothers, Dillon required a minimum purchase of ten kilograms, with a down payment equal to the value of three kilograms, and repayment of the balance within fifteen to twenty days after delivery. Id. After subsequent meetings, the Montoya brothers pled a shortage of cash and Dillon reduced the down payment to $25,000 for ten kilograms. Id. After the first ten kilograms were delivered, the defendants were arrested.
At sentencing, the defendants did not claim that the $17,000 price was below the market price. Instead, like the Loras, they argued that the government manipulated the quantity upward by reducing the down payment from $50,000 to $25,000. Id. at 3. Based on Dillon’s original proposal of a down payment equal to three kilograms (i.e., $51,000), the defendants urged the court to find each defendant liable for only three or four kilograms, rather than the full ten kilograms they received. The district court rejected their argument, finding the defendants were predisposed to purchase ten kilograms, and that they could, and did, purchase this amount. Id. The court then imposed the mandatory minimum ten-year sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A).
The First Circuit affirmed, concluding that there was no evidence of an illegitimate motive on the part of the government. At the' same time, the court emphasized that a district court may grant a discretionary departure “on something less ’ than extraordinary [government] misconduct.” Montoya, 62 F.3d at 4-5. The Commission made this clear for at least “one narrow class of conduct” by enacting Note 15. Id. at 5. While the sentencing entrapment doctrine focuses on the government’s misconduct, the Guidelines, and Note 15 in particular, “are centrally concerned with a proper sentence for the defendant in light of his own conduct and his own criminal history.” Id.
Of special note, the Montoya court acknowledged that departures may be warranted in circumstances analogous to those described by Note 15 — “although not literally within this application note — assuming that the general precepts for downward departures were met.” Id. (citing U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0, which authorizes departures if the court finds “that there exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines”). In effect, the Montoya court predicted the potential application of Note 15 to cases like the instant one.
Note 15 expresses the Commission’s concern that the government, via its position as the seller of drugs, may induce a defendant to purchase more drugs than the defendant intended to purchase by offering the defendant unusually generous terms. Staufer, 38 F.3d at 1107. The relevant question, then, is not simply whether the price per kilogram was artificially low, but whether the government’s financial terms in general were artificially generous, or otherwise unrepresentative of market practices.
Thus, I must consider all terms of the transaction including the down payment, credit, and repayment arrangements. See Cambrelen, 29 F.Supp.2d at 125. I must also look to factors other than the defendant’s ability to produce a cash down payment on delivery. It may be entirely reasonable for a seller to evaluate a defendant’s ability to distribute substantial quantities of drags post-delivery, or make future payments, especially in cases involving mid and upper-level drug traffickers. See Stavig, 80 F.3d at 1246; United States v. Cotts, 14 F.3d 300, 307 (7th Cir.1994). In that regard, it would not be unreasonable, as both Levine and Cunniff testified, for a purchaser to give the following kinds of assurances: (a) Proving to suppliers the defendant’s capacity to distribute large quantities of drugs through her established trafficking network; (b) pledging legitimate businesses or properties to be made accessible to the supplier in the event of default; (c) requiring another trusted trafficker to vouch for the defendant; and/or (d) offering a hostage to be held until the defendant makes full repayment.
b. The Defendant’s Resources and Predisposition
As far as predisposition is concerned, the First Circuit found the following factors were salient in Montoya:
This case involves a single transaction, not a string of crimes prolonged by the government; the price was within the market range; and the appellants by their own recorded admissions were well established drug dealers or abetters who had previously dealt in very substantial quantities.
Montoya, 62 F.3d at 4. Likewise, in Woods (not addressing Note 15, but considering predisposition), the court found no sentencing entrapment notwithstanding Woods’ argument that the low price of $15,000 per kilogram was well below the market price of $24,000, and that the credit arrangement persuaded him to purchase more than he otherwise would have purchased. Woods, 210 F.3d at 75. The First Circuit found: (1) The agent did not pressure Woods to accept the deal; (2) Woods was eager to receive the additional two kilograms on credit, and he indicated that he would pay the agent back shortly; (3) Woods’ taped admissions showed he was an established drug dealer who had previously handled substantial quantities; and (4) Woods expressed his intent to regularly purchase five kilograms or more from the agent. Id. Indeed, the agent, rather than ratcheting up the drug quantity, ultimately refused Woods’ request to purchase five kilograms. Id. at 76.
Thus, in determining whether the defendant lacked the predisposition and available resources to commit the crime charged, I should consider not just the defendant’s cash on hand, but also: (a) The non-monetary security offered by the defendant to complete the deal (e.g., Woods allowed an informant to stay at Woods’ home until Woods repaid the supplier); (b) the defendant’s history of, and capacity for, dealing in substantial quantities of the drug (e.g., the Montoyas’ admissions that they were established drug dealers); and (c) the defendant’s expressed intention to engage in future dealings of a similar size or scale (e.g., the Montoyas’ hope that the deal would be the first of many)'.
3. Application of Note 15 to the Loras
Based on the facts presented here, both Ruben and Angel are unable to meet their burden under the Note 15 standard. Considering all the circumstances, I find the government did not offer the Loras artificially favorable credit terms. I also find the Loras did not purchase more cocaine than their available resources would have allowed but for the favorable credit terms. Accordingly, no departures are warranted in this instance.
a. The Price of the Cocaine
As an initial matter, the Loras bargained for a price of $17,500 per kilogram, which was well within market range by all accounts. The Loras agreed to pay the agents a total of $1,137,500, not simply a $27,000 down payment. The government agreed to front the cocaine to the Loras for a period of fifteen days. This is not an unusual practice, even according to the Loras’ expert, so long as the Loras provided the government with other reasonable assurances of repayment.
Here, the $27,000 down payment constituted only a portion of the security pledged by the Loras. The informants actually took additional steps to ensure repayment in lieu of a large down payment.
First, the informants negotiated under the pretense that another drug dealer, Mendez, vouched for Ruben. The informants repeatedly told Ruben that they trusted Mendez’s word that Ruben was a good customer. Later, CW1 vouched for the Loras when Dominguez expressed concerns about the Loras’ legitimacy on the day of delivery.
Second, the Loras’ invited the informants to spend a weekend with the Loras in Rochester, New York, as a means of earning the informants’ trust. The informants actually did visit the Loras’ properties, homes, and families before agreeing to a deal. In so doing, the Loras assured the informants the brothers would not flee with the informants’ property because the informants now knew where the Loras lived and worked. Moreover, the informants would be able to recoup some of their losses should the Loras’ default on the obligation to repay the value of the cocaine.
Third, the Loras provided the government with details of the Loras’ drug trafficking activities in order to demonstrate their genuine ability to distribute sixty-five kilograms. For example, Ruben indicated that he sold heroin from his night club, which CW1 visited. Ruben allowed CW1 to see his heroin partners counting cash at Ruben’s home. Ruben disclosed that he laundered drug proceeds through the night club as well. Also, Ruben informed CW1 that Ruben distributed his cocaine in Providence, not Rochester.
Angel provided similar details of his drug trafficking network: Angel used Luis to collect money from Angel’s customers and to deliver money to Angel’s suppliers. Sabrina laundered, funds and shipped them out of the United States. Angel owned a laundry and an apartment complex to serve as legitimate fronts for his illegal business. Angel repeatedly assured the government agents he had several clients who could take fifty kilograms or more immediately. He indicated that his clients lived in various states and Canada. Angel’s business was so vast he often drove thousands of miles to make deliveries and collect profits. Finally, Angel owned at least two vehicles with sophisticated “hides” to transport multi-kilogram quantities.
In sum, the Loras negotiated around the down payment requirement by proving they were successful mid-level distributors, with legitimate businesses to launder funds, and families and homes that would be threatened if they failed to uphold their end of the bargain. In light of these circumstances, I find the government agents did not offer the Loras an artificially low down payment for sixty-five kilograms.
I am persuaded by the testimony of the government’s witness on this point as well. Cunniff reported that in New England, mid-level cocaine traffickers typically do not require large down payments (e.g., one-third to one-half of total cost), due, at least in part, to the asset forfeiture laws. Drug traffickers perceive unacceptable risk in carrying large amounts of cash to a drug buy. If the deal turns out to be a sting, as it did here, the government will confiscate the money brought to the deal. So long as the Loras convinced a drug wholesaler of their trustworthiness and ability to pay later, the typical wholesaler would not demand a large down payment. Thus, the $27,000 down payment was not artificially generous.
b. The Loras’ Ability and Intention to Purchase Sixty-Five Kilograms
Even were the government’s down payment requirement artificially low, the government’s credit terms did not induce the Loras to purchase more drugs than the Loras’ available resources otherwise would have allowed. The Loras’ joint distribution capacity, and other resources discussed above, enabled them to conduct business on this scale without offering a large down payment. Moreover, the Lor-as were predisposed to buy sixty-five kilograms or more before the government agents entered the picture. The informants originally proposed a transaction involving a much smaller quantity of cocaine. The Loras, primarily driven by Angel’s demands, drove the quantity up from that original proposal.
Ruben’s taped admissions revealed his prior dealings with Mendez involved as many as twenty to thirty kilograms. In addition, Ruben admitted to distributing several kilograms in the days preceding the initial meeting with the informants. Ruben backed up these assertions when the informants visited his home and nightclub in Rochester. Thus, the bargaining sessions progressed with the understanding that Ruben previously dealt in large wholesale quantities, and that he would be responsible for distributing only fifteen of the sixty-five kilograms.
Angel bought the bulk of the cocaine. Angel demonstrated to the informants that he could, and did, regularly distribute much larger quantities of cocaine than Ruben. Moreover, Angel owned a home, an apartment complex, and a laundry, through which he laundered drug proceeds. He also owned several vehicles with secret compartments for transporting large quantities of drugs.
The reduction of the down payment did not lead the Loras to purchase more cocaine than their available resources otherwise would have allowed. Rather, their joint capacity to distribute sixty-five kilograms enabled them to purchase that amount with little or no down payment.
Finally, unlike in Cambrelen, 29 F.Supp.2d at 125, there is no evidence here that the Loras lacked the predisposition to purchase sixty-five kilograms. Just the opposite is true. CW1 repeatedly told the Loras’ to accept a smaller quantity of cocaine—as little as fifteen kilograms—to start. At the behest of Angel, the brothers refused to accept less than sixty-five kilograms. They pushed for a much larger quantity throughout, with an eye to regularly buying as many as 100 to 200 kilograms on a biweekly basis.
To be sure, Ruben stands in a different position vis á vis the government than does Angel. But while I agree with Ruben on several points, they do not affect the outcome under Note 15. I acknowledge that the government informants pressured Ruben to “work” with them. The informants used a troubling tactic: They used Ruben’s debt to a large Colombian trafficking organization to play upon his fear of retaliation. The informants also pressured Ruben to seek the assistance of his friends when Ruben indicated he did not have the resources to buy drugs from the informants to pay off his debt.
Although Ruben did not possess the resources, acting alone, to bargain for sixty-five kilograms of cocaine, and at the outset, had no intention of purchasing that quantity, he was the one who facilitated his brother Angel’s entry into the negotiations. Ruben never objected or withdrew once he set the ship to sail with Angel at the helm.
From the transcribed conversations, it is clear that once Ruben joined the game, he was a willing and eager player. Despite the fact that Ruben endured some pressure from both the government and his brother, Ruben will be held responsible for the quantity of cocaine that he jointly undertook to purchase with Angel. U.S.S.G. § lB1.3(a)(l). To the extent adjustments should be made they will be directed at the relative roles performed by each brother.
B. Adjustments for Aggravated Roles in the Offense
The government and the Probation Office recommend that I assess both Loras four-level leadership enhancements for their aggravating roles in the offense. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(a) (providing for a four-level upward adjustment “[i]f the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive”). I accept this recommendation with respect to Angel, but I find Ruben should be assessed a three-level managerial enhancement only. I also grant Ruben a one-level departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. section 5K2.0 because the managerial enhancement significantly overstates Ruben’s culpability.
1. Standard for Aggravating Role Adjustments
The Guidelines punish the persons atop the criminal pyramid more severely based on their relative responsibility. United States v. Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d 105, 111 (1st Cir.1995). The Commission drafted U.S.S.G. section 3B1.1 to provide “a range of adjustments to increase the offense level based upon the size of a criminal organization (i.e., the number of participants in the offense) and the degree to which the defendant was responsible for committing the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. background.
For criminal activity involving five or more participants, subsection 3Bl.l(a) requires a four-level increase for an “organizer or leader” and subsection 3Bl.l(b) requires a three-level increase for a “manager or supervisor.” For defendants acting as “organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor” in any criminal activity other than those described in subsections 3Bl.l(a) and (b), subsection 3Bl.l(e) requires a two-level increase.
Both the “organizer or leader” adjustment, authorized by subsection 3Bl.l(a), and the “manager or supervisor” adjustment, authorized by 3Bl.l(b), require the Court to make two determinations — a scope determination and a status determination. As to scope, the Court must find the defendant’s criminal activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive. As to the defendant’s status, the Court must distinguish the top leadership or organizational roles from other, less culpable, managerial or supervisory roles.
The lines the Commission has drawn between these various roles, however, are hardly clear. As one court noted, the Commission did not intend the section 3B1.1 analysis “to devolve into a hollow exercise in spatial geometry.” United States v. Graham, 162 F.3d 1180, 1185 (D.C.Cir.1998). Rather, the Commission designed section 3B1.1 to distinguish between defendants based on “relative responsibility,” and the Commission has provided a list of substantive factors to assist courts in applying the guideline:
Factors the court should consider include the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over others.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n. 4. At the same time, the case law concerning these factors is filled with words of limitation: No one factor is dispositive, and the factors cannot be read “to create a formulaic sentencing methodology.” Graham, 162 F.3d at 1185; see also United States v. Cali, 87 F.3d 571, 578 (1st Cir.1996) (list of seven factors “is neither exhaustive nor imbued with ‘talis-manic significance’ ”).
Moreover, the application notes suggest that these are not formal factors, but rather functional categories. Application note 2, for example, suggests that a defendant can be an organizer, leader, etc., even if she did not supervise another participant, but she exercised managerial responsibility over the “property, assets or activities of a criminal organization.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n. 2.
A defendant may be classified as an organizer, though perhaps not as a leader, if he coordinates others “so as to facilitate the commission of criminal activity.” Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d at 112. The key to determining whether the organizer label applies “is not direct control but relative responsibility.” Id.
Under subsection 3Bl.l(b), a defendant must exercise some degree of control or organizational authority over others before supervisory or managerial status attaches. United States v. Voccola, 99 F.3d 37, 44 (1st Cir.1996). A defendant qualifies as a manager or supervisor if there is evidence that the defendant exercised control over, or was otherwise responsible for overseeing the activities of, at least one other person. Id.
2. Angel Lora’s Role in the Offense
Angel can be fairly characterized as an organizer of criminal activity involving five or more participants. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(a). The instant offense involved at least six participants: (1) Angel; (2) Ruben; (3) Luis; (4) Rojas; (5) Conde; and (6) Sabrina. Moreover, Angel’s role exhibits many of the “responsibility” factors enumerated by the Commission. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n. 4.
When Angel entered the negotiations, he assumed ultimate decision-making authority on the Loras’ end. For example, at the Olive Garden meeting with CW1, Angel vetoed Ruben’s proposal that the Loras purchase thirty or thirty-five kilograms rather than fifty or more kilograms. Angel claimed right to a larger share of the profits because he assumed responsibility for distributing fifty of the sixty-five kilograms of cocaine. Also, Angel recruited Luis, Sabrina, and Conde to participate and exercised control over them. For example, Angel directed Luis to drive one of the vans to pick up the cocaine on the day of delivery. Angel indicated that he would later send Luis to carry money to the agents.
Finally, Angel planned a great deal for the instant offense. He invited the informants to his home to display his properties and businesses. He collected the $27,000 down payment. On the day of delivery, Angel brought several people and vehicles to assist him in transporting the cocaine.
3. Ruben Lora’s Role in the Offense
Ruben is most accurately characterized as a manager or supervisor in the cocaine conspiracy. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(b). Without Ruben, the transaction would never have occurred. Ruben took the informants’ initial bait, and then recruited Angel to participate. Once serious negotiations started, however, Ruben, although he continued to participate, lost control and deferred to Angel’s authority.
Angel exercised ultimate authority for two reasons: (1) Angel was the larger drug dealer of the two brothers; and (2) Ruben was incapable of proceeding without Angel due to Ruben’s insolvency.
By the date of delivery, the brothers essentially supervised two different teams. Ruben led his own party, which would distribute Ruben’s fifteen kilograms. Angel led a considerably larger party, which would distribute Angel’s fifty kilograms. Unlike Angel, Ruben supervised only one person, Rojas. Ruben recruited Rojas to assist Ruben with pick-up and delivery of the cocaine. Ruben’s role in the offense, particularly his status relative to Rojas, and his position as the brother of the leader, warrants a three-level upward adjustment under subsection 3Bl.l(b).
4. Departure for Relative Responsibility
This role adjustment, however, does not entirely fit the facts here. While Ruben exercised some leadership, his position was anomalous. He was caught between a rock and a hard place. Ruben stated to the Court, and I credit the statement, that he feared retaliation if he did not pay the money. On the other, hand, once he agreed to participate— knowingly and willingly—he was swept along to ever higher quantities, not by government importuning, but by Angel, who needed a new wholesale supplier. Ruben did not intend to purchase sixty-five kilograms for himself, before Angel joined. He agreed to a crime of this scope because Angel demanded it. In a fundamental sense revealed by the undercover tapes, Ruben did not know how large Angel’s operation had become.
Moreover, while he played a somewhat aggravated role, it was much smaller than Angel’s role. Indeed, the government admits that Ruben essentially organized only his own team, consisting of himself and Rojas, while Angel supervised the rest (i.e., Luis, Conde, and Sabrina). In the hierarchy, Ruben’s relative culpability falls somewhere between Rojas and Luis, each of whom received five years, and Angel, who received seventeen and one half years.
The First Circuit has held that section 3B1.1 gives me three choices and three choices only: A four point increase, for organizer/leader; a three point increase for manager/supervisor; or no enhancement at all. United States v. Gonzalez-Vazquez, 219 F.3d 37, 44 (1st Cir.2000). None of those options fit Ruben.
Section 5K2.0 gives me the authority to depart from the Guidelines in an atypical case, “if the court determines that, in light of unusual circumstances, the weight attached to that factor under the guidelines is inadequate or excessive.” Such is the case here. Section 3B1.1 places disproportionate weight on Ruben’s relative responsibility. Accordingly, I depart down one level to reflect Ruben’s unusual situation. U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0.
V. CALCULATION OF SENTENCES
A. Angel Lora
1. Base Offense Level
Angel pled guilty to two counts charging him with violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841 and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. section 3D1.2, these counts are grouped together. The guideline for both counts sets a base offense level of thirty-six (for at least fifty but less than 150 kilograms of cocaine). U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(2).
2. Role Adjustment
Angel qualifies as an organizer of the instant offense. Accordingly, I adjust the offense level upward four levels to level forty. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(a).
3. Acceptance of Responsibility Adjustment
Angel receives a downward adjustment of three levels for his acceptance of responsibility because he entered a timely guilty plea and allowed the government to avoid preparation for trial. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1.
4. Total Offense Level
Angel’s total offense level, therefore, is thirty-seven.
5. Criminal History
Angel has no criminal record. He falls into Criminal History Category I. U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A.
6. Departures
I find rio departure is warranted under Note 15, or for any other reason. I sentence Angel to a term of imprisonment within the guideline range.
7. Sentence
For offense level thirty-seven and Criminal History Category I, the range of incarceration is 210 to 262 months. U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A. Apart from his criminal activity, Angel has maintained strong family ties and shouldered significant family responsibilities. He also has a record of legitimate employment during his years in the United States. Accordingly, I will sentence Angel to the bottom of the Guideline range at 210 months.
B. Ruben Lora
1. Base Offense Level
Ruben pled guilty to two counts charging him with violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841 and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Both counts are grouped together for sentencing purposes. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2. Ruben is responsible for conspiring to possess, and aiding and abetting the possession of, at least fifty but less than 150 kilograms of cocaine. Therefore, Ruben’s base offense level is thirty-six. U.S.S.G. § 2Dl.l(c)(2).
2. Role Adjustment
Ruben qualifies for a three-level upward adjustment for his managerial role in the offense. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.l(b).
3. Acceptance of Responsibility Adjustment
Ruben receives a downward adjustment of three levels for his acceptance of responsibility because he entered a timely guilty plea and allowed the government to avoid preparation for trial. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1.
4. Total Offense Level
Ruben’s total offense level is thirty-six.
5. Criminal History
Ruben has one prior conviction for disorderly conduct. He did not receive a term of probation or imprisonment for that offense. The Guidelines provide that the Court should not count convictions of this sort unless the defendant received “a term of probation of at least one year or a term of imprisonment of at least thirty days, or [] the prior offense was similar to an instant offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2. Thus, the prior conviction is not counted for criminal history purposes. Ruben falls into Criminal History Category I. U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A.
6. Departures
I find no departure is warranted under Note 15. Given the unusual facts of this case and my concerns about Ruben’s relative responsibility, however, I find the three-level aggravated role adjustment significantly exaggerates Ruben’s culpability. Therefore, I depart down one offense level from level thirty-six to level thirty-five. U.S.S.G. §§ 5K2.0, 3B1.1, cmt. background.
7. Sentence
For offense level thirty-five and Criminal History Category I, the guideline range of incarceration is 168 to 210 months. U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A. Like Angel, Ruben has maintained strong family ties and shouldered significant family responsibilities throughout his adult life. Ruben also has a record of legitimate employment before and after he immigrated to the United States. For these reasons, I sentence Ruben to the bottom of the Guideline range at 168 months.
VI. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Loras’ motions for downward departures are DENIED. I sentence Angel to the bottom of the applicable guideline range, 210 months’ incarceration. I depart down one offense level to ameliorate the excessive weight subsection 3Bl.l(b) places on Ruben’s aggravated role in the offense. U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. Taking into account this departure, I sentence Ruben to 168 months’ incarceration. The time the Loras have spent in pretrial detention shall count against their sentences.
SO ORDERED.
. In November 1993, the U.S. Sentencing Commission ("the Commission”) amended the Guidelines to provide:
If, in a reverse sling (an operation in which a government agent sells or negotiates to sell a controlled substance to a defendant), the court finds that the government agent set a price for the controlled substance that was substantially below the market value of the controlled substance, thereby leading to the defendant's purchase of a significantly greater quantity of the controlled substance than his available resources would have allowed him to purchase except for the artificially low price set by the government agent, a downward departure may be warranted.
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 15.
. As discussed below, the drug conspiracy involved at least six participants: (1) Ruben Lora; (2) Angel Raphael Lora; (3) Ruben’s associate, Victor Rojas ("Rojas”); (4) Ruben and Angel's brother, Luis Lora (“Luis”); (5) Angel’s girlfriend, Anna Conde (“Conde”); and (6) Ruben and Angel’s sister, Sabrina Lora (“Sabrina”). The indictment charged only Ruben, Angel, Rojas, and Luis with the instant offenses.
. Later, Mendez informed the U.S. Attorney's Office that Mendez dealt in much smaller quantities with both Ruben and Angel. The government's disclosure indicates that Mendez supplied Ruben with a total of ten to fifteen kilograms of cocaine. Mendez supplied Angel with cocaine on three or four occasions, totaling five kilograms.
. Angel brought along the Loras' mother, Bri-na. Angel indicated that the parties could discuss drug transactions in front of her.
. CWl responded that the Loras were scaring CWl by requesting such a large amount of cocaine. Angel assured CWl that Angel could handle that quantity, but Angel required two weeks to distribute it and make full repayment. Angel disclosed that he sold some cocaine through his laundry business for cover. Then, CWl asked the Loras to help CWl launder money. The parties discussed this possibility at great length, but the Loras did not guarantee anything. They insisted that CWl speak with their sister, Sabrina, about laundering funds when CWl visited Rochester. Subsequently, the conversation returned to the main theme.
. At the January 21 meeting in Providence, Ruben told the cooperators that Caesar was a Guatemalan source who supplied Ruben with heroin.
. Dominguez wore a recording device.
. Ruben pled guilty to a disorderly conduct charge in Rochester City Court, June 12, 1997. He was originally charged with Unlawful Dealing of Alcohol to a Minor after the Rochester Police conducted a routine inspection of his bar and determined that Ruben sold alcohol to a twenty-year old individual. The conviction does not yield any criminal history points.
. Levine enjoyed a distinguished career with the DEA for many years. I credit Levine's testimony, but I also find it less helpful than the testimony offered by the government. First, Levine retired more than ten years ago after having served much of his later career in Central and South America. Thus, his knowledge of black market practices in New England during the last decade is more limited than that of the government's witness. Second, at the hearing and in his affidavit, Levine acknowledged that he did not have the opportunity to review all of the transcripts of the undercover tapes in this case. His conclusions, therefore, are based on an incomplete set of facts. Third, Levine testified in response to specific questions, posed by defense counsel, that improperly narrow the scope of the present inquiry. Defense counsel asked Levine to answer two questions: (a) "[Wjould a genuine large-scale organization entrust, with a down payment of only $27,000, 65 kilograms of cocaine to individuals with whom they had [previously] dealt only at the 5-kilo-or-less level and with whom they had not dealt at all for at least 18 months and possibly longer?”; and (b) “if such an organization were to entrust that amount of cocaine (with $27,500 down payment) to such individuals, what (if any) steps would they take to ensure they would be repaid?” Affidavit of Michael Levine, dated July 14, 2000, at 1-2 [hereinafter “Levine Aff."]. These questions omit facts that are important to resolving the instant motions (e.g., that the transaction was premised on the Loras' joint distribution capacity — not simply on Ruben's capacity — and the cooperators’ visit to Rochester).
. Unlike Levine, Cunniff had the opportunity to read all of the transcripts of the undercover tapes before reaching his conclusion. Cunniff served the DEA as a Special Agent in New England for over seventeen years. He has extensive experience investigating Colombian and Dominican cocaine networks. Significantly, he is also intimately familiar with business practices in the local cocaine market during the past ten years.
. For example, in United States v. Shepherd, the undercover agent insisted that the defendant cook the powder cocaine — making it into crack cocaine — before the agent would purchase the cocaine from the defendant. 857 F.Supp. 105, 110 (D.D.C.1994). The defendant’s compliance with the agent’s demand added five years to her sentence under the Guidelines. Id. al 112. In an analogous reverse sting situation, an undercover agent encouraged defendants to buy a machine gun as well as handguns for the sole purpose of adding twenty-five years to the defendants’ sentences. United States v. Cannon, 886 F.Supp. 705, 708 (D.N.D.1995), rev’d on other grounds, 88 F.3d 1495 (8th Cir.1996).
. See generally Sandra Guerra, "The New Sentencing Entrapment and Sentence Manipulation Defenses,” 7 Fed. Sentencing Rep. 181 (1995).
. The First Circuit, however, clearly distinguishes between sentencing entrapment/manipulation departures, on the one hand, and Note 15 departures, on the other. See United States v. Montoya, 62 F.3d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir.1995) [hereinafter “Montoya "]. By contrast, some circuits refer to Note 15 departures as departures for "sentencing entrapment.” E.g., Stavig, 80 F.3d at 1246; Naranjo, 52 F.3d at 250. The First Circuit has adopted the better approach as the other circuits conflate different bases for departure. Thus, this memorandum characterizes the Loras’ motions as seeking "Note 15 departures” as opposed to "sentencing entrapment” or "sentencing factor manipulation” departures.
. The Eighth Circuit cited the First Circuit’s decision in Connell, 960 F.2d at 194, to support this distinction. Subsequent to the Con-nell decision, however, the First Circuit fused the entrapment and manipulation doctrines. See Woods, 210 F.3d at 75.
. Manipulation claims are difficult to prove because often there exists legitimate law enforcement purposes to stringing out the arrest. As one court indicated;
[I]t is legitimate for police to continue to deal with someone with whom they have already engaged in illicit transactions in order to establish that person's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt or to "probe the depth and extent of a criminal enterprise, to determine whether coconspirators exist, and to trace the drug deeper into the distribution hierarchy.”
Shephard, 4 F.3d at 649 (quoting United States v. Calva, 979 F.2d 119, 123 (8th Cir.1992)).
. Nole 15 is one of the few Guidelines provisions in which the Commission appears to be concerned with mens rea. See generally Jack B. Weinstein & Fred A. Bernstein, "The Denigration of Mens Rea in Drug Sentencing,” 7 Fed. Sentencing Rep. 121 (1994).
. Some cases suggest a court must make a third finding before a Note 15 departure is warranted: The government offered a lower down payment with an intent to increase the defendant’s sentence. E.g., Naranjo, 52 F.3d at 251; Cambrelen, 29 F.Supp.2d at 125. Clearly, a court must find improper motive before it may find the government engaged in sentencing factor manipulation or sentencing entrapment. Woods, 210 F.3d at 75; Montoya, 62 F.3d at 4. The text of Note 15, however, does not mention improper government motive. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. n. 15; see also United States v. Searcy, 233 F.3d 1096, 1101 (8th Cir.2000) (holding that sentencing entrapment analysis focuses on the defendant's predisposition, not the government’s conduct, and noting that Notes 12 and 15 "never mention outrageous government conduct”). While the sentencing entrapment doctrine focuses on the government’s misconduct, Note 15 focuses the court's inquiry on the defendant’s conduct and criminal history. Montoya, 62 F.3d at 5. Thus, a court may grant a Note 15 departure without finding that the government engaged in misconduct. Id.; Searcy, 233 F.3d at 1101.
. Dillon supervised the Lora sting operation as well.
. At the time Montoya was decided, the text now found in Note 15 was designated as application note 17.
. The application of Note 15 to analogous cases makes sense for another reason, apart from the general departure authority: This is an application note, not a guideline, and thus, it explains just one of the ways section 2D 1.1 is to be applied. To be sure, the Supreme Court in Stinson v. United States, held that an application note is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with the Guidelines themselves. See 508 U.S. 36, 38, 42-43, 113 S.Ct. 1913, 123 L.Ed.2d 598 (1993) (interpreting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, cmt. n. 2). The application notes function like an administrative agency's interpretation of its own legislative rules. Id. at 44, 113 S.Ct. 1913. The Guidelines are the equivalent of legislative rules adopted by federal agencies. The functional purpose of the Guidelines’ commentary "is to assist in the interpretation and application of those rules, which are within the Commission’s particular area of concern and expertise....” Id. at 45, 113 S.Ct. 1913.
Of course, application notes are not reviewed with the same precision as the legislative rules of other agencies. United States v. Juan, 59 F.Supp.2d 210, 214 n. 10 (D.Mass.1999). Like the Guidelines themselves, the application notes have no legislative history, and the formal requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act do not apply. See 28 U.S.C. § 994(x). Unlike the Guidelines, however, application notes may be added without Congressional review. See 28 U.S.C. § 994(p); Stinson, 508 U.S. at 46, 113 S.Ct. 1913.
Moreover, the analogy to the interpretation of legislative rules is somewhat misplaced when applied to Note 15. Note 15 does not interpret a guideline dealing with this issue— the relative roles of the defendant’s predisposition versus the government’s conduct — at all. It interprets a guideline dealing with various objective offense characteristics— quantity, the presence or absence of a gun, etc. Cf. Juan, 59 F.Supp.2d at 216 (D.Mass.1999) (construing U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, application note 3).
. Applying Note 15 generally, insofar as it illustrates the Commission’s thinking in an area, is one thing. Applying it literally, within the confines of a particular case, is quite another. For example, in Staufer, the Ninth Circuit applied Note 15 to a regular sting, rather than a reverse Sting. See 38 F.3d at 1107-08. The court explained that while Note 15 applied to only one type of transaction, Note 15 indicated the Commission’s awareness of the "unfairness and arbitrariness” of allowing undercover agents to pressure defendants to purchase or sell larger quantities of drugs in order to increase their sentences. Id. at 1107.
In Cambrelen, the district court granted a Note 15 departure where the government’s credit terms were extremely favorable, and not, strictly speaking, where agents offered a below-markel price. See 29 F.Supp.2d at 125. There, the informant essentially sold cocaine to the defendants on consignment. Id. The informant told the defendants they could steal as many as eighty kilograms of cocaine from a warehouse where the informant worked, so long as the defendants paid the informant one-quarter of the amount realized on the defendants’ ultimate sale of the cocaine. Id. In other words, the informant "fronted” cocaine to the defendants without a fixed repayment price.
Although Note 15’s language did not appear to directly address the Cambrelen facts, the court departed because the facts were "comparable” to "the usual reverse sting case” covered by Note 15. Id. The Court noted:
An analogy to Note 15, a modest attempt to deal with an acute problem, does not require this court to set the base-level calculated solely on the amount of drugs actually in the warehouse or believed by defendants to be there, but allows a downward departure in an appropriate case. While the Note addresses a reverse sting situation, there is no good reason why the court should not regard the Note as authorizing by analogy the power to depart where the government agent has led the defendant to steal drugs rather than to buy drugs.
Cambrelen, 29 F.Supp.2d at 126.
. With respect to credit arrangements, the Cotts court noted:
[I]n transactions in which the defendant is working as a mid-level distributor and drugs are to be fronted to him with the understanding that payment will be forthcoming from the proceeds of subsequent sales, a lack of cash on hand does not indicate an inability to purchase the negotiated amount. So long as the defendant working as a middleman genuinely intends to engage in such a pay-later transaction, his lack of currently available funds is irrelevant.
14 F.3d at 307 (citations omitted). For two reasons, the Seventh Circuit's reasoning that a lack of funds is "irrelevant” in mid-level drug trafficking cases is inapposite to the Lor-as’ case. First, the Cotts decision addressed a claim brought under U.S.S.G. section 2D1.1, application note 12 (“Note 12”), not Note 15. The text of Note 12 reads:
In an offense involving an agreement to sell a controlled substance, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance shall be used to determine the offense level unless the sale is completed and the amount delivered more accurately reflects the scale of the offense. For example, a defendant agrees to sell 500 grams of cocaine, the transaction is completed by the delivery of the controlled substance — actually 480 grams of cocaine, and no further delivery is scheduled. In this example, the amount delivered more accurately reflects the scale of the offense. In contrast, in a reverse sting, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance would more accurately reflect the scale of the offense because the amount actually delivered is controlled by the government, not the defendant. If, however, the defendant establishes that he or she did not intend to provide, or was not reasonably capable of providing, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance, the court shall exclude from the offense level determination the amount of controlled substance that the defendant establishes that he or she did not intend to provide or was not reasonably capable of providing.
The Loras' do not present a Note 12 claim. (Note 12 would be relevant to the instant case only if the Loras claimed that they should not be held responsible for sixty-five kilograms because the government delivered fifty-one kilograms at the warehouse. Note 12 provides, then, that sixty-five kilograms should be used to calculate the Guidelines offense level because that is the amount the Loras agreed to buy.)
Second, to the extent that Cotts can be read as saying "a lack of currently available funds is irrelevant” under Note 15, I must reject that notion. Note 15 addresses concerns that the government, via its position as seller, can manipulate the financial terms of a drug deal to increase the defendant's exposure at sentencing. Clearly, a defendant’s available funds are an important consideration in light of Note 15’s purpose and text.
. As discussed earlier, Levine testified that legitimate cocaine wholesalers would take several steps to ensure repayment by a new client in lieu of a large down payment. I find that the government actually took two or more of the steps outlined by Levine.
. Such tactics have provoked other judges to condemn the use of reverse stings altogether as violative of due process rights. E.g., United States v. Hulett, 22 F.3d 779, 782 n. 3 (8th Cir.1994) (Heaney, J.) ("In my view, the reverse sting not only violates due process but also leads to corruption within the government itself.”).
. Indeed, Ruben had not been "picked” by the government out of the blue. He owed $18,000 to Mendez for past multiple-kilogram cocaine purchases before CWl's contact. An independent investigation had identified both brothers as high level dealers. Ruben initiated the informants’ visit to his home and night club. Significantly, it was Ruben, not tbe informants, who originally upped the ante—from five or six kilograms to thirty or thirty-five kilograms—and introduced CW1 to Angel.
.The Guidelines provide:
With respect to offenses involving contraband (including controlled substances), the defendant is accountable for all quantities of contraband with which he was directly involved and, in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity, all reasonably foreseeable quantities of contraband that were within the scope of the criminal activity that he jointly undertook.
U.S.S.G. § IB 1.3, cmt. n. 2 (2000).
. Plainly, this is an area in which the court can consider relative culpability, i.e., where a given defendant stands relative to her code-fendants. The background commentary refers explicitly to "relative responsibility.”
How then to reconcile this guideline with the admonition that trial courts cannot depart "to equalize sentencing outcomes for similarly situated codefendants.” United States v. Kneeland, 148 F.3d 6, 16 (1st Cir.1998). The only way to do so is as follows: If the Court has sentenced one defendant, and based on the facts before the Court has concluded that a role adjustment is not proper, the Court may not then decline to make that adjustment in a second case where the Court now believes the facts call for it. See id. at 16; United States v. Wogan, 938 F.2d 1446, 1448-49 (1st Cir.1991). In effect, the Court cannot compound an earlier error just to equalize sentences of codefendants.
Here, both defendants are before me. Surely I can make a determination of relative responsibility as between the two.
. The next guideline, section 3B1.2 (dealing with “mitigating roles”), speaks in terms of adjustments for a defendant who plays a part in an offense that makes her "substantially less culpable than the average participant.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. background. The term "average” suggests courts are to consider not just the facts of this case, but compare those facts more broadly to typical cases. Presumably, the reason for this is to limit the government’s ability to determine a defendant's role just by the way in which the crime is charged—who is included within the indictment, and who is not.
While there is no similar language in section 3B1.1 dealing with "aggravating roles,” the rationale should be the same under both guidelines. As the Seventh Circuit observed, "[o]ne’s status as a middleman in a drug distribution chain does not, standing alone, make one a manager or supervisor." United States v. Thompson, 944 F.2d 1331, 1349 (7th Cir.1991) (citing United States v. Fuller, 897 F.2d 1217, 1220-21 (1st Cir.1990)). Such a person may be able to obtain a large quantity of drugs, but she may not be supervising one or more persons, or be high up on the distribution ladder. Id.
. In the First Circuit, it remains open as to what minimally qualifies a defendant for the "leader” label under subsection 3B1.1(a). See Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d at 112 n. 7. I do not resolve that issue here as Angel exercised sufficient managerial and organizational control to qualify as an "organizer.”
. The Second Circuit also gave section 3B1.1 this interpretation in United States v. Cotto, 979 F.2d 921, 923 (2d Cir.1992). It is curious that the aggravating role guideline should offer only these choices, while the mitigating role guideline, section 3B1.2, offers a compromise outcome in cases "falling between” minimal and minor participation. Compare U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, with U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. These two guidelines seem to address two sides of the same coin.
| CASELAW |
Functions as RxJS Subjects
Here's a nifty trick if you're using RxJS, and want to subscribe to plain ol' function invocation. This is especially useful if you want to use React, and don't want to bind with Rx.Observable.fromEvent with standard DOM event listeners.
import Rx from 'rx';
const RxFuncSubject = () => {
const subject = Object.assign(
(...args) => subject.onNext(...args),
Rx.Observable.prototype,
Rx.Subject.prototype);
Rx.Subject.call(subject);
return subject;
};
export default RxFuncSubject;
We create a regular function that we extend with both Rx.Observable and Rx.Subject (you need to mix in Rx.Observable as this is extended by Rx.Subject internally).
The function passes its arguments along to the internal onNext function: so it can be called as a regular function but still act like a Subject:
const clicker = RxFuncSubject();
clicker.subscribe(() => console.log('clicked!'));
clicker(); // clicked!
Now it can be used in a normal React component, wherever a function call would be expected!
<MyComponent onClick={clicker} />
mrspeaker's head in a monitorYou find yourself at the entrance to the Hompage of Mr Speaker. In a darkened corner sits a trunk containing HTML5 games and some JavaScript tidbits. In a dark corner you spy a Twitter account. Exits are North, East, and .
?> _
Five short years
On Friday, October 22, 2010 I conducted a scientific experiment: if one URL shortener can make a URL shorter, then fifteen URL shorteners can make it reaaaally short. The results were quite as you'd expect: the resulting link was longer than source, and browsers would go into convolutions trying to resolve the chain of shortened shorteners.
2010 was a big year for people who thought it would be a good idea to make smaller URLs. All it took was a rudimentary knowledge of a hash map and an hour of coding and suddenly you had a viable startup on your hands. There are a lot of URLs out there, so the thinking went, and people need a place to make them shorter. Phase 1: Shorten URLs...
So now it's 5 years later, and I thought it would be interesting to see what become of that unraveling chain of hopes and dreams. Here they are, in reverese order of resolve-y-ness:
1. http://bit.ly/6YuThD ALIVE. Correctly resolves to mrspeaker.net
2. http://goo.gl/oZrv ALIVE. Correctly resolves to mrspeaker.net
3. http://tinyurl.com/34ve64r ALIVE. Correctly resolves to mrspeaker.net
4. http://w8jyd.tk Service: ? Link: DEAD. I'm not even sure how this one ever worked!
5. http://nik.im/4iB1 DEAD. Domain squatter-ed
6. http://vbly.us/2ew7 ALIVE. "The internet's first and only sex-positive url shortener".
7. http://alturl.com/gv49t ALIVE "Free short URLS since 1999"
8. http://is.gd/gaWwV Service: ALIVE Link: DEAD. This looks reasonable though: "Link Disabled because of T&C violation".
9. http://xrl.in/6jbi DEAD. Domain squatter-ed
10. http://wurl.ca/?r=4oe DEAD. "Wurl Redirection Service is permanently closed."
11. http://eweri.com/Eh1u DEAD. Domain squatter-ed
12. http://snurl.com/1bmlco ALIVE. "Snippety snip snip". Whatever that means.
13. http://lnk.nu/snurl.com/1g6o DEAD. Redirects link to a google.com 404.
14. http://liteURL.com/?116051 DEAD. Domain squatter-ed. Also, my office router warns "Gateway BOTNET Filter Alert".
15. http://linkzip.net/F/4JC ALIVE. Resolves correctly, but the service has a lovely broken image gif as a logo now.
I was quite impressed to discover that 8 out 15 still resolve the links correctly (counting the T&C violation). That means that only around half of world's shortened URLs now 404: much better than I thought! I'll revisit this post in 2020, so be sure to come back then to see how it goes - just keeping this handy 8x shortened link lying around. I've run it through all the remaining contenders, so I see no reason it won't resolve in another 5 years.
Explostyx: explody 3D french fries
Some more crazy 3D action in the form of Explostyx: explody 3D french fries thing. It's what happens when you make one simple thing and then just repeat it a whole stack of times. Like all good pop art.
It's using Three.js, and 100-odd lines of ES2015 - so it's a pretty simple example if you want to delve into either.
explostyx
Wanna do new JavaScript + React?
Here's the "easiest" way to get started with the latest version of JavaScript (so much new stuff in es2105!) and the most popular kid (for this week, at least) in the JS framework playground: React.
This approach uses the wonderful new JSPM package manager... so if you're not willing to place your bet on this particular horse, then head over to WebPack land to see if they have a similar guide. Also, if you want to see the final product - here's my "ES2015+React boilerplate".
1. Create a new project with jspm install (and install JSPM if you haven't).
2. Hit enter over all the defaults, except for Transpiler: traceur/babel?. Change this to Babel. It's more cool this week, and supports JSX.
3. But it doesn't support JSX by default. To allow it, we need to tweak the babelOptions in the config.js file. Add the option "blacklist": [] to remove react from the blacklist.
4. Next we need a simple index.html page. Inside the body tag:
<body>
<div id="app"></div>
<script src="jspm_packages/system.js"></script>
<script src="config.js"></script>
<script>
System.import('src/main');
</script>
</body>
This loads the "System" module loader polyfill so we can load modules. The config file specifies a bunch of modules to load (such as React!). Finally, we do our own System.import and call our own file at /src/main.js.
5. Add a script at /src/main.js. Make it look like this:
import React from 'react';
export default React.render(
<div>Hello World </div>,
document.querySelector('#app')
);
6. Serve it up. Use the simple web server of your choice (I like http-server) to serve the page, and test all is well.
Phew, quite a lot still - but worth it to get all the magical goodness. Plus it's all in the boilerplate repo if you don't want to do these steps every new project.
Alien vs Joy Division
Above is from "Alien" released in May 1979. Below is from Joy Division’s "Unknown Pleasures", April 1979.
Screenshot from Aliens, contrasted with the classic Joy Division album cover
Announcing JS.scala v0.1
I'm pleased to announce the initial releas of JS.scala. JS.scala compiles JavaScript source code to Scala source code, allowing you to write your web application entirely in JavaScript! Finally, the expressive power of JavaScript available on the JVM via Scala (some call it "the bytecode of the JVM bytecode").
How does it work? Well, given the JavaScript input:
const a = 42
const b = "Hello, World"
const sq = x => x * x
const dsq = x => {
const dx = sq(x)
return dx * dx
};
const d = dsq(a)
const exclaimer = {
apply: name => name + "!"
}
exclaimer.apply("Hello, World")
We get the lovely Scala output:
val a = 42
val b = "Hello, World"
def sq (x:HandHolder) = x * x
def dsq (x:HandHolder) = {
val dx = sq(x)
dx * dx
}
val d = dsq(a)
object exclaimer {
def apply (name:HandHolder) = name + "!"
}
exclaimer("Hello, World")
You can then compile this and deploy to production.
What about types?
Those who rely on their IDE for autocompletion, or their compiler for type-checking get nervous when they have to know the types of things, so the next step is to add Flow type inference (https://github.com/facebook/flow) types to AST to restrict the expressive power of JavaScript, but export valid Scala.
That's for v0.2 though (keep an eye on the repo)... for now it just replaces types with a "HandHolder" placeholder.
Oculus Rift Reddit Internet Explorer
Recently both Firefox and Chrome released VR-enabled version of their browsers. Just as Lawnmower Man predicted.
I decided to test them out with the Rift, by hacking together "Mr Speaker's Internet Explorer" (or the repo): It loads any ImgUr images in a sub, and finds related subs mentioned in the "about" info.
gallery view
To load new subreddits, either hit "/" and type the name of your favourite time-wasting spot, or, better, look for the small obelisks around the space that contain a "/r/sub" title. If you look at these and hit enter, it will load automagically - so you can walk around exploring the space.
load sub view
I'm still just messing around with it, but it's kind of useful/interesting enough that you can almost feel the metaverse approaching.
“let” is the new “with”. But good.
The ES2015's let and const keywords give us better (actually useful!) control over variable scope. We can use this to write code in a more terse, cleaner manner.
Mozilla's original implementation of let had support for non-standard let blocks that looked like this:
let (x = x+10, y = 12) {
console.log(x+y); // 27
}
Let blocks also allowed us to define blocks similar to how we used to write with in the olden days: let (pos = obj.position) { pos.x++; }. I don't know why this got the boot from the final ES6 spec (I quite like the syntax), but we can recreate the idea using empty blocks and defining the variables like normal:
const stats = new Stats();
{
const dom = stats.domElement;
const style = dom.style;
stats.setMode( 0 );
style.left = "0px";
style.top = "0px";
document.body.appendChild( dom );
}
Thanks to const and let behaving sensibly, the dom and style are only defined inside the block. This gives us all the power of the let block, and none of the problems of the old school with statement.
Mac service: open iTerm at selection path
Opening the current folder or file path in iTerm is something I want to do a lot. The second time I ever wanted to do this I decided I should automate it. The 10,000th time I wanted to do this, I actually did automate it.
Here is an applescripted automator service to open the current selection path in a new iTerm window:
mac services list
Clicking on the option will spawn a new iTerm window, and cd to either the folder path, or the containing folder if it's a file:
path opened in bash
That's it. To install it, grab the Open iTerm to Path zip file and open the .workflow file inside. Open it in automator if you want to see the code, else just hit "install" and it will be available in services.
Also, if you want to change what shows up in your services context menu, go to prefs -> keyboard -> shortcuts -> services.
Annnd finally, if you just wanna see some code, here be it... | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Robert Lach
Robert Lach (1901–1971) was an Austrian cinematographer.
Selected filmography
* Joyless Street (1925)
* Secrets of a Soul (1926)
* Unmarried Daughters (1926)
* Sex in Chains (1928)
* The Insurmountable (1928)
* The Woman in the Advocate's Gown (1929)
* Tragedy of Youth (1929)
* The Right of the Unborn (1929)
* Somnambul (1929)
* Eros in Chains (1929)
* Three Days Confined to Barracks (1930)
* Poor as a Church Mouse (1931)
* Weekend in Paradise (1931)
* A Thousand for One Night (1933)
* Judgement Day (1940) | WIKI |
I/O performance and best way to run Native executable
I/O performance and best way to run Native executable
Hi,
In the past, I used to copy input files to the MIC local virtual disk, and then run my application (Hybrid MPI OpenMP) from the Xeon Phi.
This approach has some drawbacks:
- This consumes physical memory. In my case, the input deck was 2 GB, so 2 GB less physical memory for running my application.
- The input files need to be copied before running the application. I noticed that the scp performance between the host and the Xeon Phi appears to be very low, around 5 MB/s while I got 70 MB/s on my local network. This is far from the PCI express performance. I have no explanation why and don't know if it is specific to my system configuration. I would be pleased to get some feedback on this first point.
So, I am using another solution based on NFS disk mounted from the host and exported to the Xeon Phi card.
In this case, it is no more needed to copy the input deck on the Xeon Phi. I can run directly my application on the Xeon Phi reading the input deck from this exported directory.
However, the performance of reading and writing from the Xeon Phi with my application is really poor.The I/O is done using c code via fread and fwrite. I have been able to reproduce this behaviour by coding some simple c programs that mimic what I do in my application.
For example, to write 2 GB from the MIC to this NFS location, it takes around 200s, and around 100s to read.
If I monitor the Xeon Phi, it is idle or consuming some system time only. This amount of time may vary somehow, so those timings are an average.
Instead, if I use local "file system" (in memory), it takes only 10s to write and 5s to read on the Xeon Phi (and 1,7 s write, 0,5 s read on the Xeon) .
Instead of using the Xeon Phi, if I mount this directory from another Xeon machine in my network, it takes only 40s to write and 2s to read.
Maybe this is related to the way I mount this directory or to the way I am using C to perform the read/write but I don't understand those numbers and poor I/O performance on NFS.
Extract from my fstab on the Xeon Phi:
172.31.1.254:/home/micshare /home/micshare nfs rsize=8192,wsize=8192,nolock,intr 0 0
My dummy programs to read and write :
cat cw.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define BUFLEN 256
#define DIM 100000
main()
{
FILE *curfile;
int i, iter, k, len;
curfile=fopen("file_test","w");
double a[BUFLEN*DIM];
printf("begin\n");
len=BUFLEN*DIM;
iter=10;
for(k=0;k<len;k++) {
a[k]=k*2;
}
for(i=0;i<iter;i++){
printf("iter %d : write %ld double with fwrite\n",i+1,len*sizeof(double));
for(k=0;k<len;k+=BUFLEN)
{
fwrite(&a[k],sizeof(double),BUFLEN,curfile);
}
}
}
cat cr.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define BUFLEN 256
#define DIM 100000
main()
{
FILE *curfile;
int i, iter, k, len;
curfile=fopen("file_test","r");
double a[BUFLEN*DIM];
len=BUFLEN*DIM;
iter=10;
for(i=0;i<iter;i++){
printf("iter %d : read %ld double with fread\n",i+1,len*sizeof(double));
for(k=0;k<len;k+=BUFLEN)
{
fread(&a[k],sizeof(double),BUFLEN,curfile);
}
}
printf("finished %f\n",a[0]);
}
To compile them:
icc -O2 -o cr cr.c
icc -O2 -mmic -o cr.mic cr.c
icc -O2 -o cw cw.c
icc -O2 -mmic -o cw.mic cw.c
To run them on the Xeon Phi, please, add:
ulimit -s 400000
I hope you will give me some advice to figure out how to solve this I/O issue.
Thanks for your help,
Eric.
9 posts / 0 new
Last post
For more complete information about compiler optimizations, see our Optimization Notice.
I dont know why you have such low I/O. There is a alternative way if you can not solve your I/O issue. Do not use intel MIC to access the remote file in NFS. You could use SCIF API. I guess you want to use MIC to read files and do some operations and write back to files.
You can read files in host, then use scif_writeto to send data to MIC, After MIC finish operations, then use scif_readfrom to read data back to host, then save data back to files. When open one connection between MIC and host, the bandwidth of scif_writeto and readfrom is 6GB/s. If you open multiple conections, you can get much better bandwidth. I think it is enough for your application.
Are you certain that uploading the files to virtual disk is taking so much RAM?
I haven't seen a study on the performance trade-offs between scp and mounting the files. Both are disagreeably slow, and some people are willing to accept benchmarking which doesn't count scp time but does count time spent reading mounted files.
Hi,
Thanks for your answers.
@Wei, I don't want to use the host. I want to run pure native, not offload code. Furthermore, my code is an industrial application, so I can't rewrite the whole I/O module, especially, if you think that those I/O performance numbers are not the ones I should expect.
@Tim, I fully agree that for benchmarking purpose, this is better to do the scp before, and to make speedup comparizon w/o accounting those transfer times...On this other hand, when those files are big, and your application memory is close to the memory limit this becomes a problem. In my application, the files I need to transfer are "restart" files. They roughly correspond to the memory image of my application (at least to permanent data). So, their sizes are benchmark dependent.
I still not understand why NFS on my system is much more slower between the host and the Phi than between the host and any other machine on my local network. So, maybe there is something wrong in my setup. If someone else could confirm what he gets with my small program example, this would be really helpful to understand if I encounter a particular problem or not.
Thanks,
Eric.
I remember hearing in one of Intel's talks that the standard issue TCP/IP stack in MPSS is the cause of the slow speed of NFS and SSH. If I remember correctly, they said that PCIe is a reliable fabric, but TCP is trying to do its thing and maintain the reliability of communication on top of PCIe. This slows things down. I suspect that Intel is working on a new TCP/IP stack that will address the issue. I will try to find a link to this talk.
So, in the meantime, if file output is critical for the application, you can probably do this trick: create an additional MPI process on the host and MPI_Send your data from the MPI processes on the coprocessor to that new process on the host. Then the host process can do file output directly to the disk. With the standard MPI_Send you should be getting 6 GB/s, and you don't have to use offload.
Quote:
Andrey Vladimirov wrote:
I remember hearing in one of Intel's talks that the standard issue TCP/IP stack in MPSS is the cause of the slow speed of NFS and SSH. If I remember correctly, they said that PCIe is a reliable fabric, but TCP is trying to do its thing and maintain the reliability of communication on top of PCIe. This slows things down. I suspect that Intel is working on a new TCP/IP stack that will address the issue. I will try to find a link to this talk.
So, in the meantime, if file output is critical for the application, you can probably do this trick: create an additional MPI process on the host and MPI_Send your data from the MPI processes on the coprocessor to that new process on the host. Then the host process can do file output directly to the disk. With the standard MPI_Send you should be getting 6 GB/s, and you don't have to use offload.
He doesnt want to use host to do file output. I think your suggestion is still a kind of "offload". He needs native.
Wei is correct.
My main concern remains wheither what I observed in term of performance with my given implementation is expected or if I made a mistake somewhere or if it is possible to tune NFS to get better performance with PCI express between host and Phi.
Eric.
I can confirm that my scp speed between host and mic is also 5 MB/s.
Using "scp -c arcfour" improves the speed a bit, to > 6 MB/s. Arcfour is a simpler cypher, so this shows it's not ONLY the network.
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Straw Bale Construction/Techniques/Foundations
Foundations
The first rule of building with straw is to keep it dry ("good hat and goot boots"). This includes the foundations. Moisture will eventually find its way into even the best wall so foundations must allow any moisture to drain away. An impermeable foundation will trap moisture near the straw and cause it to degrade quickly. Care should also be taken positioning membranes for the same reason.
One possible solution is building a stone, lime mortar and rubble infill foundation. Build it up above ground level to protect against rising damp and rain splash. Other alternatives include rubble piers, rammed earth depending on the site and the desired aesthetic.
Car tires have recently gained in popularity as a cheap but labour-intensive foundation material.
Concrete footing/foundations or thickened-edge-slab-on-grade foundations are another option. A building with concrete foundations is generally much easier to attain building approval for. While the most common solution, the cement used in concrete does require large amounts of energy for cement production. Concrete foundations contribute up to 70% of the ecological footprint of a straw bale house.
Toe up
To further prevent water damage, on top of the foundations one will generally find a toe up, a basis for the straw bale wall. It is made out of two parallel 5x10 (2x2") or 10x10cm (4x4") beams. These are spaced evenly slightly less than the width of one bale apart. This is important to avoid water getting into the bales. The space between the toeup beams is filled with somewhat water resistant insulation like perlite, sheep wool, crushed shells or alternatives less friendly to the environment.
Pier foundations with joists raised well above ground level are a relatively common option in Australia and Germany. Even if the piers are poured or pre-fab concrete a vast savings on concrete is made. This technique also has the added bonus of allowing the use of straw bales as underfloor insulation as they are raised well above grade.
Bales can also be stacked over stem walls with joisted floors.
With load-bearing straw-bale homes rubble trench foundations or Earthbag construction foundations are increasingly used, as an alternative to conventional footings. Some pioneer designers are even using rock-filled gabions or earth-filled "bastions" in lieu of concrete.
Underfloor insulation
The use of straw as underfloor insulation is usually discouraged because straw will rot and grow mold if it gets damp (>18% moisture content). Avoiding moisture is especially important in kitchens and bathrooms where flooding is possible due to plumbing leaks/broken washing machines/over flowing bath tubs etc.
A commonly used option for insulating joisted floors is sheep's wool.
A bed of shells has been used with much success in Denmark as a combined rubble bed and insulation. At a thickness of between 119.4 and 124.9mm conductivity is between 0.120 and 0.112 W/mK. Compared to industrial products (such as expanded ceramic or spun glass or rock) shells therefore provide good insulation as a nearly carbon neutral industrial waste product.
Another practical alternative for underfloor insulation is hempcrete, consisting of hemp fibers mixed with natural hydraulic lime. As this is a fairly lightweight mix, it can also be applied as roof or ceiling insulation.
Recycled foam glass is yet another option. It's cheap, insulating and hydrophobic: no capillary effect, and no loss of insulation value if placed in a high humidity environment.
One experimental building in Belgium tried to avoid moisture problems in a straw insulated floor with a clever foundation floor structure. From bottom to top: big stones, sand, strong plastic tarp, sand, recycled building bricks (spaced so air can flow between them), straw blocks, and rammed earth for the floor.
Heating
While thinking about the design of your foundations, or more specifically the foundation pad, this is the time to think about heating options. One of the options gaining popularity is in-floor radiant heating. You can read more about this in the section on building services under heating and cooling.
US specific
Foundations can still be a major cost as most building codes still require a footing of at least 12 inches or to the frost line, whichever is deeper. They then require that a pad be poured that is at least the width of the bales being used(possibly three inches less if you are going to use rigid insulation on the outside of the foundation) for at least 8 inches above final grade. This is the least restrictive code that has been written to date. If you are not being bound by code (rural area) you might be able to get away with using something much less energy intensive than concrete.
* Note: Definitely check with the local code compliance or county property appraiser to get their input. Give them a bit of the information here and other places to warm them to the idea. If you are going to be bound by code you need to know that and follow it. Or alternatively, sell that piece of land and move elsewhere.
Further reading References
* Jay H. Crandell, Design Guidelines for Frost Protected Shallow Foundations (2Mb PDF), 1994, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
* Thermal insulation of mussell shells, three different densities (2001, Jørgen Munch-Andersen, Birte Møller Andersen and Danish Building and Urban Research.) These tests were to measure the conductivity of Mussel shells carried out in 2001 and can be downloaded in Danish from the Straw_Bale_Construction/Resources/Technical_Studies Technical studies section of this book. The shells were dried in a 60celcius oven before the tests. The tests were carried out following EN 822, 823 (1994) and ISO 8301 (1991). The margin of error is +-2%. There is an article about the tests in The Last Straw Journal (2005 Issue #52) Part of "Straw Bale Houses - design and material properties". | WIKI |
Author talk:Ibn Abi al-'Izz
Works
Are there any English translations that can be hosted here ?
Wikipedia lists several translations, but the oldest is 1995. -- Beardo (talk) 16:09, 19 March 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Boundary spanning
In social science research and organizational psychology, boundary spanning is a term to describe individuals within an innovation system who have, or adopt, the role of linking the organization's internal networks with external sources of information. While the term was coined by Tushman, the concept was being developed by social scientists from the late 1950s onwards. Most of the early work was conducted in large American corporations with well-established R&D laboratories. The term has since been used in relation to more general innovation networks.
Background
The post-WWII years saw the burgeoning of the American corporation and a subsequent increased interest in improving the efficiency of these workplaces to maximize productivity. However, workers tend to become siloed in their various specialties, making cross-boundary communication and collaboration a challenge. Organizational theorist Tushman noted that "”one critical aspect of the innovation process is the ability of the innovating unit to gather information from and transmit information to several external domains” but that “communication across organizational boundaries is both inefficient and prone to bias and distortion”." Identifying and utilizing boundary spanning individuals in organizations ranging from corporations to academia to healthcare has become a point of focus for communications researchers as well as industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists.
Academic adoption
The concept of a boundary spanning role has been popular throughout academic research into innovation systems with over 48,000 peer-reviewed articles referencing the term since 1958. With the exception of closed systems, all systems have a transference across their boundaries and this process is facilitated by the boundary spanner. As models of innovation developed, the role of the boundary spanner remained key in seeking out and bringing new ideas into the system or sub-system. Research has also found that boundary spanners tend to be opinion leaders. The role of the boundary spanner is defined largely by where the boundary is drawn.
Internal boundary spanners
One challenge within the field of knowledge management is that the collection and codification of explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge is frequently held in silos within the organization. Boundary spanners are needed to move that knowledge around the organization in a process sometimes referred to as socialization. Also, with increased interest in promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the workplace, it has been argued that boundary spanners performing extra tasks because of their various identities (such as serving on a disproportionate number of committees, more mentoring duties, and other DEI-related work) should be recognized and compensated more for this additional effort. Extra work without recognition only serves to reinforce existing imbalances of power and underrepresentation of minority identities that boundary spanners can help improve.
External boundary spanners
In business administration, boundary spanning is a key element in the acquisition capacity of a firm in Cohen's theory of absorptive capacity. In spheres such as science communication and political outreach, boundary spanning individuals can engender trust in communities generally underserved and overlooked by those in power. They can be particularly effective communicators because of their competence in a certain area in addition to shared values, language, and priorities with the community they are serving, in a way that outgroup academic researchers and political elites cannot.
Individual boundary spanners
At the individual level, this may be equated to the Resource Investigator role within Belbin's Team Inventory.
Broader adoption
The term boundary spanning is now widely used to describe any situation where an individual crosses the boundaries of a social group to enable knowledge exchange, translate language, and share values among various groups. | WIKI |
Truncate text?
Is there a Truncate tag or function? I’d like to show just a snippet of
posts on my homepage without having to do so manually.
So, that we enter a post, it can be any length, but on our homepage, we
only show, say 150 characters with a …(more) link following it (like
the Truncate text helper in rails).
Scott,
No, there’s not a default one, but it’s easy to implement:
tag ‘truncate’ do |tag|
length = tag.attr[‘length’].to_i rescue 150
tag.expand[0…(length-1)] + “…”
end
Obviously you could do clever things like massaging HTML, etc in
addition to what’s there, but there’s a start.
Sean
I’m a relative newbie to Radiant. Is this code something that can be
put directly into a page or snippet? Or does this need to go in an
external class and called from a page/snippet?
Scott
Sean C. wrote:
Scott,
No, there’s not a default one, but it’s easy to implement:
tag ‘truncate’ do |tag|
length = tag.attr[‘length’].to_i rescue 150
tag.expand[0…(length-1)] + “…”
end
Obviously you could do clever things like massaging HTML, etc in
addition to what’s there, but there’s a start.
Sean
That code is a radius tag. You can read more about them here:
http://radius.rubyforge.org/files/QUICKSTART.html
Additionally, you would pack this tag definition into your own
extension. You can read more about creating extensions here:
http://wiki.radiantcms.org/Creating_Radiant_Extensions
Good luck.
Cheers,
Marty
Scott,
The search extension comes with a somewhat better worked out truncate
tag;
Besides truncating, it first strips all html tags. Without this, the
truncate function may return a string that holds i.e. an un-closed
tag, which would screw up your page. Here’s how it works;
<r:truncate_and_strip [length=“100”] />
Truncates and strips all HTML tags from the content of the contained
block.
Useful for displaying a snippet of a found page. The optional
`length’ attribute
specifies how many characters to truncate to.
If you don’t mind the overhead, just install the search extension from
here:
http://svn.radiantcms.org/radiant/trunk/extensions/search/
Or, create your own extension, and copy the radius tag to it;
desc %{ <r:truncate_and_strip [length=“100”] />
Truncates and strips all HTML tags from the content of the contained
block.
Useful for displaying a snippet of a found page. The optional
`length’ attribute
specifies how many characters to truncate to.
}
tag ‘truncate_and_strip’ do |tag|
tag.attr[‘length’] ||= 100
length = tag.attr[‘length’].to_i
helper = ActionView::Base.new
helper.truncate(helper.strip_tags(tag.expand).gsub(/\s+/," "),
length)
end
On Tue, 2008-05-27 at 12:24 +0200, Benny D. wrote:
<r:truncate_and_strip [length=“100”] />
I was also in need of something like this. Thank you very much.
~Nate | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Khedivate of Egypt
Quick review
Please expand the intro to at least a paragraph to contain possibly all the information in the infobox (removing or reducing the size of the infobox considerably would be an improvement). Also the article is mainly about the history of that time and the events that took place. Why isn't there information on the economy (currency and so on) or the various projects that were done during that time in its own section?--Diaa abdelmoneim (talk) 19:49, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
"Treaty of 1841"
What is meant by "as a result of the Treaty of 1841"? If that refers to the London Straits Convention of 1841, then the result would be indirect, surely? Moonraker2 (talk) 01:06, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
Proposed merger
I've removed the merge tags to Khedive and Ottoman Egypt on WP:SNOW grounds, but having discovered the rather more substantial article at History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty I've suggested a merge with that. Le Deluge (talk) 20:42, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose: Khedivate of Egypt is not at all the same as Khedive, and the Khedivate is plainly a notable subject. Moonraker2 (talk) 00:57, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose per Moonraker2. Le Deluge (talk) 12:05, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
Proposed merger with History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
* support a merger, but I would like this article to remain somewhat intact. Perhaps merging all sections except "Sanctioned Khedival Rule" would make sense, as this is an important period in Egyptian history and should have an article devoted to it.DCI2026 (talk) 01:58, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
* I don't want to eliminate this article, but it's more just a question of rejigging things, some bits of history are being duplicated in 3-4 articles. The post-1867 khedivate is a very "clean" break, and it makes sense for all the post-1867 stuff to end up here, it's just a question of how we organise the various articles relating to Muhammed Ali in particular (and then there's the messy question of how we label 1848-67). I have a feeling the way to go may be to consolidate all the pre-1848 material into one, and then use that as a starting point for daughter articles on his social reforms, military campaigns and so on - there's a vast amount to cover there, much more than one article's worth. Since this goes way beyond this article, I've started a centralised discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ottoman Empire, and invited discussion from WP Egypt as well, I propose further discussion continues over there. Le Deluge (talk) 10:12, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
* tend to Oppose - there is no need to merge those, but perhaps we can rename the "history under Muhammad Ali dynasty" to "History of Khiedevate of Egypt".Greyshark09 (talk) 16:33, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
* Oppose. If a merger, it should be reversed and the history article's content transferred here, not that this article be terminated and transferred there. It's about the state and what concerns it, not about the Muhammad Ali dynasty. Making a difference can be hard since there will be obvious overlaps, hence, if a merger it should be into this article and the remnants from the History article be put in some background section. //Gotipe (talk) 20:36, 1 October 2012 (UTC)
"Unsanctioned khedival rule (1827-1867)"
Not sure about this as a section heading, Wikipedia should probably follow a source like the The Cambridge History of Egypt which makes no mention of MA explicitly claiming to be khedive although obviously he was effectively autonomous after the Ottoman fleet was lost in 1827. With most of the Cambridge History of Egypt being available on Google Books, there's no excuse for lack of references, and for not filling out sections on MA's reforms of the military, medical education etc.... Le Deluge (talk) 12:05, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
Why was the pretence of Ottoman Suzereinty kept up and why was it so common?
Whilst I recognise, of course, that the Khedivate of Egypt was to all intents and purposes independent, nonetheless it still recognised Ottoman suzerainy and paid tribute. I've noticed his was quite a widespread phenomenom with the territories agitating for freedom from Ottoman Domination: with Serbia and Romania having tributary status until 1878, Bulgaria until 1908, and Egypt and Sudan were technically parts of the Ottoman Empire until 1914, and Cyprus and Bosnia were de jure Ottoman Provinces until 1914 and 1908 respectively, despite their de facto control by Britain and Austria, respectively, not to mention places like the Cretan State and the Principality of Samos.
What I'm wondering is, why was this done, and why was it so widespread? Why was de facto control of these places preferred to de jure annexation, which would have happened in most other situations. Why was there so much trouble taken to not only accomodate the Ottoman Sultan, but to seemingly not offend him?JWULTRABLIZZARD (talk) 21:00, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
* My opinion is that the Great Powers were determined to maintain the status quo and protect their economic interests in the Ottoman Empire. In their minds, a weak but whole Porte was better than an empire shattered into pieces. As Muhammad Ali Pasha learned, going against the status quo brought the intervention of the West and reversed all his gains. Greece was an exception, but that may be due to protection from Britain if memory serves me right. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:14, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
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Was Khedivate of Egypt really a huge empire ?
I have problem with the part that says this.
"The Khedivate of Egypt had also expanded to control present-day Sudan, South Sudan, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, southern Turkey, and northwestern Saudi Arabia.[4][5]"
The map of the Khedivate of Egypt doesn't show it and the sources in both of those links are in Arabic.
( Happy New Years anyway )- Vamlos (talk) 23:25, 31 December 2020 (UTC)
* I tend to agree. It is one thing to send an army thru a foreign soil, it is another thing to rule and control. Same way Napoleon landed in Egypt and fought successful battles with Memluks, ventured up to Jaffe even, but never really controlled or ruled the place. Murat (talk) 14:44, 1 April 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
skin cancer
Recently Published Documents
TOTAL DOCUMENTS
10329
(FIVE YEARS 3919)
H-INDEX
137
(FIVE YEARS 32)
2022 ◽
Vol 1249 ◽
pp. 131556
Author(s):
Surendra Gulla ◽
Vajra C. Reddy ◽
Prasanna Babu Araveti ◽
Dakshayani Lomada ◽
Anand Srivastava ◽
...
2022 ◽
Vol 11 (2) ◽
pp. 398
Author(s):
Vikash Kansal ◽
Anshu Agarwal ◽
Angela Harbour ◽
Humaira Farooqi ◽
Vijay Kumar Singh ◽
...
Previously, we and others have shown that the regular intake of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) reduces ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced skin cancer by targeting multiple signaling pathways, including DNA damage, DNA repair, immunosuppression, and inflammation. Here, we determine the effect of GTPs on UVB-induced epigenetic changes, emphasizing DNA hypermethylation in UV-exposed skin and tumors and their association with miR-29, a key regulator of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Skin cancer was induced in SKH-1 hairless mice following repeated exposures of UVB radiation (180 mJ/cm2, three times/week, 24 weeks) with or without GTPs supplementation (0.2%) in drinking water. Regular intake of GTPs inhibited tumor growth by hindering the cascade of DNA hypermethylation events. GTPs supplementation significantly blocked UVB-induced DNA hypermethylation in the skin (up to 35%; p < 0.0001) and in tumors (up to 50%; p < 0.0001). Experimental results showed that the levels of DNA hypermethylation were higher in GTPs-treated mice than in the control group. The expressions of miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c were markedly decreased in UV-induced skin tumors, and GTPs administration blocked UVB-induced miR-29s depletion. Furthermore, these observations were verified using the in vitro approach in human skin cancer cells (A431) followed by treatment with GTPs or mimics of miR-29c. Increased levels of miR-29 were observed in GTPs-treated A431 cells, resulting in increased TET activity and decreased DNA hypermethylation. In conclusion, UVB-mediated miR-29 depletion promotes DNA hypermethylation and leads to enhanced tumor growth by silencing tumor suppressors. Regular intake of GTPs rescued UVB-induced miR-29 depletion and prevented tumor growth by maintaining reduced DNA hypermethylation and activating tumor suppressors. Our observations suggest that miR-based strategies and regular consumption of GTPs could minimize the risk of UVB-induced skin cancers and contribute to better management of NMSCs.
BMC Cancer ◽
2022 ◽
Vol 22 (1) ◽
Author(s):
Vanessa Gorasso ◽
Geert Silversmit ◽
Marc Arbyn ◽
Astrid Cornez ◽
Robby De Pauw ◽
...
Abstract Background The importance of assessing and monitoring the health status of a population has grown in the last decades. Consistent and high quality data on the morbidity and mortality impact of a disease represent the key element for this assessment. Being increasingly used in global and national burden of diseases (BoD) studies, the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is an indicator that combines healthy life years lost due to living with disease (Years Lived with Disability; YLD) and due to dying prematurely (Years of Life Lost; YLL). As a step towards a comprehensive national burden of disease study, this study aims to estimate the non-fatal burden of cancer in Belgium using national data. Methods We estimated the Belgian cancer burden from 2004 to 2019 in terms of YLD, using national population-based cancer registry data and international disease models. We developed a microsimulation model to translate incidence- into prevalence-based estimates, and used expert elicitation to integrate the long-term impact of increased disability due to surgical treatment. Results The age-standardized non-fatal burden of cancer increased from 2004 to 2019 by 6 and 3% respectively for incidence- and prevalence-based YLDs. In 2019, in Belgium, breast cancer had the highest morbidity impact among women, followed by colorectal and non-melanoma skin cancer. Among men, prostate cancer had the highest morbidity impact, followed by colorectal and non-melanoma skin cancer. Between 2004 and 2019, non-melanoma skin cancer significantly increased for both sexes in terms of age-standardized incidence-based YLD per 100,000, from 49 to 111 for men and from 15 to 44 for women. Important decreases were seen for colorectal cancer for both sexes in terms of age-standardized incidence-based YLD per 100,000, from 105 to 84 for men and from 66 to 58 for women. Conclusions Breast and prostate cancers represent the greatest proportion of cancer morbidity, while for both sexes the morbidity burden of skin cancer has shown an important increase from 2004 onwards. Integrating the current study in the Belgian national burden of disease study will allow monitoring of the burden of cancer over time, highlighting new trends and assessing the impact of public health policies.
Author(s):
Sharon Manne ◽
Carolyn J Heckman ◽
Deborah Kashy ◽
Lee Ritterband ◽
Frances Thorndike ◽
...
Abstract Background Identifying the characteristics of persons who benefit more from behavioral interventions can help health care providers decide which individuals should be offered particular interventions because this is the subgroup of persons who are more likely to derive greater benefit from the intervention and refine the underlying constructs of the model guiding the intervention. Purpose This study evaluated possible demographic, medical, knowledge and attitudinal, and psychosocial variables that may moderate the impact of an online intervention, called mySmartSkin (MSS), on engagement in skin self-examination (SSE) and sun protection behaviors among melanoma survivors. Methods Participants completed a baseline survey and were then randomized to the MSS condition or usual care. Follow-up surveys were completed by participants at 8-, 24-, and 48-week postrandomization. Results A greater impact of MSS on SSE was illustrated among participants with more phenotypic skin cancer risk factors and participants reporting lower baseline self-efficacy in conducting SSE. A more favorable response of MSS on sun protection behaviors was shown when initial knowledge about abnormal lesions and sun protection barriers were high. Greater use of MSS and more favorable evaluations of it were also associated with higher intervention response. Conclusions Future studies seeking to improve SSE and sun protection among melanoma survivors might benefit from focusing on survivors who report more skin cancer risk factors, lower self-efficacy in conducting SSE, less knowledge about what abnormal skin lesions look like, more perceived barriers to sun protection behaviors, and less worry about recurrence and cancer-related distress.
Author(s):
Leila K. Asadi ◽
Ahmad Khalili ◽
Steven Q. Wang
Keyword(s):
2022 ◽
Author(s):
Carolina Bonilla ◽
Cilia Mejia-Lancheros
Background: Skin cancer incidence has been increasing worldwide, representing a particularly high burden for populations of European ancestry. Outdoor and indoor tanning using ultraviolet radiation (UVR) devices are major risk factors for skin cancer. While tanning behaviours can be modified by targeted interventions to reduce skin cancer rates, there is insufficient evidence on the motivations for tanning preferences and their relationship with pigmentation phenotypes. The present observational and genetically-informed study investigates motives for tanning and the role that pigmentation phenotypes play on outdoor and indoor tanning behaviour in British young adults. Methods: This study included 3722 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in South West England. Skin, hair and eye colour features, and tanning ability and preferences were collected using a questionnaire applied when participants were ~25 years of age. Genotypes for 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with pigmentation were obtained from a subset of participants who provided a biological sample, and used to estimate the probability of having particular pigmentation traits with the HIrisPlex-S system. Results: Liking to tan and outdoor tanning were strongly influenced by skin, hair and eye pigmentation, and tanning ability. However, the association of these traits with UV indoor tanning was weaker. Conversely, females, participants of lower socioeconomic position, individuals who were unhappy with their pigmentation phenotype during adolescence, and participants who believed that tanning helps prevent sunburn were more likely to have used UVR-based tanning devices. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence to support the implementation of skin cancer preventative interventions that consider individual biological characteristics and motives for undergoing outdoor and indoor tanning.
Author(s):
Kelly C. Nelson ◽
Elizabeth V. Seiverling ◽
Nadeen Gonna ◽
Elizabeth Berry ◽
Elizabeth Stoos ◽
...
2022 ◽
Vol 0 ◽
pp. 1-8
Author(s):
V. T. Anjali ◽
Feroze Kaliyadan
Immunotherapy, in the context of cancers, involves the use of various drugs to stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. Immunotherapy is being increasingly used for cutaneous malignancies, especially melanoma. Immunity plays an important part in protection against cancer. One of the factors limiting the effectiveness of host immunity is improper recognition of cancer cells. Sometimes, despite recognizing the cancer cells as abnormal, the immune response, for various reasons might not be strong enough to deal effectively with the cancer cells. Immunotherapy basically tries to address the two points mentioned above by improving the capacity of the immune system to recognize and effectively destroy cancer cells. In skin cancers, immunotherapy is best established for melanomas, but is increasingly being used for non-melanoma skin cancers too. This article reviews some of the general concepts about immunotherapy in cancer and discusses in detail, the available options and future possibilities in the applications of immunotherapy in skin cancer.
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Quick Answer: Can everyone do pull ups?
They require nothing more than an overhead bar and some dig-deep grit. They’re a primal yet elegant way to test your might and strength-to-weight ratio while building core and upper-body strength.
Why are pull ups easier for some people?
Still, it’s true that pullups are naturally easier for some people than others. Pullups use your core, forearms, biceps, upper back, deltoids, and lats, so strength in those muscles is important, according to Stew Smith, a certified strength coach and former Navy SEAL.
Why can I do a chin up but not a pull up?
Why can I do chin-ups but not pull-ups? It’s likely because you lack the adequate strength in your lats necessary to pull yourself up to the bar like you can with chin-ups. And this is mostly because the biceps aren’t as involved in the pull-up as they are in the chin-up.
How many pull ups can the average person do?
Adults – Data for adults is harder to come by, but my research has led me to conclude the following. Men should be able to perform at least 8 pull-ups, and 13-17 reps is considered fit and strong. And women should be able to perform between 1-3 pull-ups, and 5-9 reps is considered fit and strong.
Are pull ups harder than push-ups?
According to Torre Washington, trainer and expert at Centr (Chris Hemsworth’s fitness platform), the reason pull-ups are harder than push-ups “boils down to distribution of weight.” In a push-up, four different points maintain contact with the ground.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Your question: Why squat depth is important?
Is 20 pull-ups a lot?
If you do pullups like I just described, 20 in a row is a great standard to aim for. The vast majority of guys can’t do that. If you get to 20 reps, it tends to be a game changer for your upper body strength. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Marvin Loría
Marvin Antonio Loría Leitón (born 24 April 1997) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Major League Soccer club Portland Timbers and the Costa Rica national team.
Club career
Loría came through the academy at Deportivo Saprissa, making his professional debut for the club on 24 November 2013 in a 1–1 draw with Cartaginés. He spent time on loan with Benfica B, before moving abroad again on 9 March 2018 to the United States with USL side Portland Timbers 2.
Loría signed a first-team contract with Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer in December 2018. In his debut match, Loria scored his first MLS goal with his very first shot on 22 June 2019.
International
On 2 February 2019, he made his debut for the Costa Rica national team as a starter in a friendly against the United States.
Honours
Saprissa
* Liga FPD: Apertura 2016, Clausura 2018
Portland Timbers
* MLS is Back Tournament: 2020 | WIKI |
5 Energy Stocks That Doubled in '16 - And Keep Going Up
We are almost at the last leg of 2016, a year that was marked by unprecedented energy market volatility.
The Story So Far
The year started on a disappointing note with crude prices falling to a 12-year low of $26.21 in Feb as investors worried about the oversupplied market. The commodity's collapse threatened the industry's creditworthiness by hurting cash flows, drying up liquidity and pummeling producer's profit margins.
However, indications that supply was easing helped oil prices rebound to $50/barrel mark in early Jun. The surge was driven by outages in Nigeria, Libya, Venezuela and Canada - countries that hold some of the world's major sources of crude. The upward pressure in oil prices also reflected the U.S. Energy Department's inventory releases that showed crude stockpile builds turning into draws. Things were further helped by a continued decline in U.S. crude production.
With factors like Canadian wildfires, Nigerian outages/disruptions, production issues in Venezuela and a strike by Kuwaiti oil workers vanishing from the market, oil slipped back under $40 in the first week of Aug. A glut of refined products also kept the commodity under pressure.
The volatility in oil prices continued with the benchmark touching the $50 threshold again last week. In fact, crude has managed to stay above the psychologically important mark since then, buoyed by government figures that continue to show large drawdowns, while investors bet on commitments by OPEC and non-OPEC players to slash production targets.
Energy Sector Performance
Despite the instability, the energy sector continued to be an outperformer. The 'The Energy Select Sector SPDR' has grown 17.04% year-to-date. Analysts attribute the strong performance to the buzz surrounding the OPEC announcement of a plan to cut output. All the sector behemoths right from Exxon Mobil Corp. XOM , Chevron Corp. CVX , Anadarko Petroleum Corp. APC to Royal Dutch Shell plc RDS.A have been making giant strides, thereby giving a boost to the overall energy sector.
However, record high inventories and tepid demand growth could still push the commodity to the depths of multiyear lows. But signs are emerging that oil prices are likely to stabilize and gradually pick up. Not only is global demand expanding but energy companies have significantly scaled back on plans to explore for and bring out more oil. This should lead to lower future production and supply/demand rebalancing.
Energy Stocks Poised for Further Growth
With the help of the Zacks Stock Screener, we have zeroed-in on five stocks that sport a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) or 2 (Buy), and have witnessed a year-to-date price change of more than 100%. You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here .
Ultra Petroleum Corp.UPLMQ : Houston, Texas-based Ultra Petroleum is an independent energy firm engaged in the acquisition, development, exploration and production of oil and gas properties. The company's operations are focused on the Green River Basin of southwest Wyoming, mainly covering the Pinedale and the Jonah fields.
Zacks Rank: #1
% Price Change (YTD): 110.40%
ULTRA PETRO CP Price
ULTRA PETRO CP Price | ULTRA PETRO CP Quote
Resolute Energy Corp.REN : Denver, CO-based Resolute Energy is an independent oil and gas finder in the U.S. with primary focus on its core Utah and Wyoming properties.
Zacks Rank: #2
% Price Change (YTD): 563.22%
RESOLUTE ENERGY Price
RESOLUTE ENERGY Price | RESOLUTE ENERGY Quote
CONSOL Energy Inc.CNX : CONSOL Energy, based in Canonsburg, PA, is a multi-fuel energy producer and an energy services provider, primarily catering to the U.S. power producers. The company principally operates two business divisions: Coal mining and oil and gas exploration and production.
Zacks Rank: #2
% Price Change (YTD): 149.62%
CONSOL ENERGY Price
CONSOL ENERGY Price | CONSOL ENERGY Quote
Encana Corp.ECA : Encana, based in Calgary, Alberta, is a focused pure-play natural gas exploration and production company.
Zacks Rank: #2
% Price Change (YTD): 115.91%
ENCANA CORP Price
ENCANA CORP Price | ENCANA CORP Quote
Pioneer Energy Services Corp.PES : Headquartered in San Antonio, TX, Pioneer Energy Services provides contract land drilling services to oil and gas operators in the U.S. and Colombia.
Zacks Rank: #2
% Price Change (YTD): 105.07%
PIONEER EGY SVC Price
PIONEER EGY SVC Price | PIONEER EGY SVC Quote
Bottom Line
The above-mentioned stocks have grabbed the spotlight with striking performances on the back of positive momentum in their stock price and solid future growth projections. What's impressive is that these market-beating money minters that are scaling newer heights still appear to have plenty of runway left.
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Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Gabriel París Gordillo
Photo
The person in the photo is Rubén Piedrahíta. Photo needs to be changed. However, I do not have an account and cannot change it right now. Thank you! 2603:6010:A503:901F:30CF:369A:C117:6788 (talk) 12:15, 16 August 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Redfinger | How to play Mir M Global faster?
Mir M Global was first published in South Korea by Wemade Co. Ltd. in 2003. The game was subsequently released in Japan by GameOn Co. Ltd., in Taiwan by SOGA Online, and in China by The9. The game quickly gained a large following in all of these markets, with millions of players signing up to explore the vast world of Mir. Mir M Global was officially launched in January of this year, as the game's popularity continued to increase.
Mir M Global quickly became one of the most popular MMORPGs in Asia, with millions of players logging in every day to explore the vast world of Mir. The game won numerous awards and was praised by critics for its innovative gameplay mechanics and attention to detail.
The Mir M Global mobile game has introduced the notion of virtual currency using blockchain technology. Players can obtain digital currency by exchanging the black iron they mine in the game, which can be traded in various markets. Notably, the currency has experienced a significant appreciation, with 100,000 pieces of black iron currently valued at three coins.
Game Background
The game is set in a fictional world called Mir, which is divided into three continents: Shilla, Chunjo, and Jinno. Players can choose to play as one of three factions, each with its own unique skills and abilities. The game features an extensive character customization system, allowing players to create their own unique avatars with a variety of different looks and abilities.
Related Events
Over the years, Mir M Global has been the subject of numerous events and tournaments, both online and offline. The game's publishers regularly held events and competitions to keep players engaged and to promote the game to new audiences. One notable event was the Mir M Global World Championship, which was held annually and attracted players from all over the world.
How to play Mir M Global faster?
Here are some tips to help you play Mir M Global faster:
1.Close unnecessary applications: Closing unnecessary applications running in the background can free up system resources and help Mir M Global run smoother and faster.
2.Lower graphics settings: Adjusting the graphics settings in Mir M Global to a lower setting can improve performance and make the game run faster.
3.Use a performance-boosting app: There are several performance-boosting apps available for mobile devices that can optimize your device's performance and help Mir M Global run faster. Some popular examples include Game Booster, DU Speed Booster, and Clean Master.
4.Use a faster internet connection: Playing Mir M Global on a faster internet connection can reduce lag and make the game run faster. If possible, try connecting to a Wi-Fi network instead of using cellular data.
5.Upgrade your device: If you are playing Mir M Global on an older or low-end device, upgrading to a newer and more powerful device can significantly improve performance and speed.
Although the method mentioned above may not be suitable for everyone due to its significant limitations, there's no need to worry because RedFinger can provide a solution. RedFinger is an online Android emulator that enables you to achieve optimal net speed and allows for uninterrupted gameplay for 24 hours a day, seven days a week. With RedFinger, you can also perform other tasks without any interruptions. Playing Mir M Global using RedFinger eliminates concerns about your mobile phone's configuration and network speed. Follow the steps below to download and play Mir M Global using Redfinger:
1.Search Redfinger in Google Play and download the app OR
2.Click the official website and use the app via browser.
3.Complete sign-in steps to access the Redfinger cloud smartphone.
4.Note: Please see Redfinger tutorial videos if you encounter some issues about that.
5.Look for Mir M Global in the search bar in Redfinger APP Store.
6.Download and install the game in Redfinger.
7.Run and enjoy playing Mir M Global with Redfinger.
Summary
This guide focuses on ways to enhance your gameplay experience in Mir M Global by increasing your equipment and network speed. However, for many players, these solutions may not be feasible. An excellent alternative is to use an Android emulator, which eliminates concerns about device performance and network speed. Additionally, the emulator allows you to stay connected to the game even if you experience network disconnections, which is quite remarkable. Give it a try by following the instructions in this guide!
MIR M | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of schools in Bangladesh
This is a list of schools in Bangladesh. The syllabus most common in usage is the National Curriculum and Textbooks, which has two versions, a Bengali version and an English version. Edexcel and Cambridge syllabus are used for most of the English-medium schools. Other syllabi are also used, although rarely. | WIKI |
JoAnne Fischer et al., Petitioners v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Public Welfare et al., Respondents.
Argued May 1, 1984,
before President Judge Crumlish, Jr. and Judges Williams, Jr., Craig, MacPhail, Doyle, Barry and Colins.
Kathryn Kolbert, with her, Susan Cary Nicholas, Seth Kreimer and Robert F. Williams, for petitioners.
Andrew S. Gordon, Senior Deputy Attorney deneral, with him, Daniel R. Schuckers, Deputy Attorney General, Allen C. Warshaw, Senior Deputy Attorney General, Chief, Litigation Section, LeRoy S. Zimmerman, Attorney General, and Stanley Slipahoff, Assistant'Counsel, Department of Public Welfare, for respondents.
Nadine Taub, with her, Pamela Pryor Cohen, Swenson and Cohen, for Amici Curiae of ’the National Women’s Health Network et al.
William Bentley Ball, with him, Philip J. Murren and Sandra E. Wise, Ball & Shelly, for Amici Curiae, Dr. Dorothy Czarnecki et al.
September 20, 1984:
Opinion by
President Judge Crumlish, Jr.,
Before us are petitioners’ and respondents’ exceptions to the decree nisi of Judge John A. MacPhail, dated March 9, 1984, sitting as Chancellor. Petition-©rs, a group of named individuals and a clergyman suing on their own behalf as well as all others similarly situated, a physician, and several non-profit medical service organizations, filed a petition for review seeking declaratory and injunctive relief which would prohibit the Commonwealth Respondents (hereinafter Commonwealth) from implementing .Section 453 of the Public Welfare Code entitled “Expenditure of public funds for abortions limited,” and -Section 3215(c) of the Abortion Control Aot (the 1982 Abortion -Control Act) also dealing with the public funding of abortion.
History
In August of 1981, petitioners ’ motion for preliminary injunction was granted and later affirmed by our state Supreme Court. Fischer v. Department of Public Welfare, 497 Pa. 267, 439 A.2d 1172 (1982). In March of 1984, Judge MagPhatl, acting as Chancellor, and after trial, made findings of fact and conclusions of law and issued a decree nisi declaring unconstitutional and prohibiting the enforcement of Section 453 of the Public Welfare Code and iSeotion 3215(c) of the 1982 Abortion .Control Act. Petitioners and respondents timely filed exceptions to the decree. For the reasons to follow, we sustain respondents’ exceptions which are based on article III, section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, the Commonwealth’s equal protection clause, and article I, section 28 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, the Commonwealth’s equal rights amendment (ERA), and overrule the remainder of their exceptions. We overrule petitioners’ exceptions.
A version of the 1982 Abortion Control Act was first enacted in 1974 (the 1974 Abortion Control Act), and its general funding .section read as follows:
Since it is the public policy of the Commonwealth not to use public funds to pay for unneeded and unnecessary abortions, no abortion shall be .subsidized by any State or local governmental agency in the absence of a certificate of a physician, filed with such body, stating that such abortion is necessary in order to preserve the life or health of the mother.
Nothing contained in this section shall he interpreted to restrict or limit in any way, appropriations, made by the Commonwealth or a local governmental agency to hospitals for their maintenance and operation, or, for reimbursement to hospitals for services performed.
However, in 1975, this section, and much of the 1974 Abortion Control Act, were held invalid in Planned Parenthood Association v. Fitzpatrick, 401 F. Supp. 554 (E.D. Pa. 1975). There, the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania considered the constitutionality of the 1974 Act and held, inter alia, that Section 7, the general funding section, conflicted with Title XIX of the Social Security Act and concluded that it violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. Judge Clifford Scott Green, writing for a panel of three, held that the state’s denial of 'subsidies for unnecessary abortions was inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), since it denied indigent pregnant women financial aid. Fitzpatrick, 401 F. Supp. at 581.
In an effort to revive the legislation following Fitzpatrick, the Pennsylvania General Assembly, in 1978, amended the 1974 Abortion Control Act. In particular, the broad language of the funding provision of the 1974 Act was replaced with language similar to that found in the so-called “Hyde Amendment.” The, by now well-known, Hyde Amendment prohibited the use of federal funds for reimbursement of tbe costs of abortions under tbe federal medicaid program unless sueb procedure were deemed necessary to save tbe life or preserve tbe bealtb of tbe mother. Significantly, it pronounced as public policy tbe preference for childbirth over abortion.
However, as was the case of the earlier version in Fitzpatrick, this amended section was enjoined in 1980 by the Third Circuit Court of Appeal in Roe v. Casey, 623 F.2d 829 (3d Cir. 1980). Judge Garth, writing for the Third Circuit, found that the amendment was, as modified by the Hyde Amendment, at odds with Title XIX of -the Social Security Act.
Undaunted by the result of the previous litigation, the General Assembly, in December of 1980, amended the Public Welfare Code to limit medicaid funding of abortion. Section 453 of the Code, entitled “Expenditure of public funds for abortions limited, ” provided:
Since it is the public policy of the Commonwealth to favor childbirth over abortion, no Commonwealth funds and no Federal funds which are appropriated by the Commonwealth shall be expended by any State or local government agency for the performance of abortion: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to deny the use of funds where a physician has certified in writing that the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to full term or except for such medical procedures necessary for the victims of rape or incest when such rape or incest has been reported promptly to a law enforcement agency or public health service. Nothing contained in this section shall be interpreted to restrict or limit in any way, appropriations, made by the Commonwealth or a local governmental agency to hospitals for their maintenance and operation, or, for reimbursement to hospitals for services rendered which are not for the performance of abortions. []
Subsequent to the enactment of the latter amendment to the Public Welfare Code, petitioners filed this action seeking to have Section 453 declared unconstitutional.
In June of 1982, in the midst of the pleading stage of the original petition for review, Governor Thorn-burgh signed into law the 1982 Abortion 'Control Act In response to the funding provisions of the 1982 Act, petitioners filed an 'amended petition for review seeking review of 'Section 3215(c) of the 1982 Abortion Control Act pertaining to the public funding of abortions, which provides in part:
(c) Public funds. — No Commonwealth funds and no Federal funds which are appropriated by the Commonwealth shall be expended by any State or local government agency for the performance of abortion, except:
(1) When abortion is necessary to avert the death of the mother on certification by a physician. When such physician will perform the abortion or has a pecuniary or proprietary interest in the abortion there shall be a separate certification from a physician who has no ¡such interest.
(2) When abortion is performed in the case of pregnancy caused by rape which has been reported within 72 hours of the rape to a law enforcement agency having the requisite jurisdiction and has been personally reported by the victim or her agent.
(3) When abortion is performed in the case of pregnancy caused by incest which has been reported within 72 hours from the date when the female first learns she is pregnant and she has named the other party to the incestuous act. Such information shall be turned over by the department to a law enforcement agency.
We are, of course, not unmindful of the very deep and devisive ancillary issues which accompany this controversy. While diverse cogent, moral, philosophical and legal arguments have been orchestrated to a crescendo, our expressions are impervious to the dinning public rhetoric which has been extensively and unremittingly directed to our attention. Rather than grapple with the moral, philosophical and legal arguments to exclude from its parameters what this case is not about, we need only turn to Judge David Craig’s thoughts when he overruled the Commonwealth’s preliminary objections:
[T]he ultimate principal issue here is whether a state law may withhold financial aid for a medical abortion needed to preserve the health of an indigent woman and allow it only if her very life is endangered, while not applying any similar limitation to other medical procedures necessary for health preservation alone — recognizing also that the nonindigent woman faces no such distinction.
Fischer v. Department of Public Welfare, 66 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 70, 82, 444 A.2d 774, 780 (1982).
Discussion
Equal Protection
After analyzing the funding statutes, the Chancellor concluded “that the funding restriction imposes an undue burden upon the fundamental right of indigent women to have a medically necessary abortion. ’ ’ The Chancellor reasoned that Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), recognized the right of a woman to terminate her pregnancy and that constitutionally-protected right, though not absolute, is fundamental and can be impeded only when the interest of the state is a compelling one. While the state’s interest in the potentiality of life is a recognizable one, it could not, as the Chancellor viewed present law, be regarded as so compelling an interest as to supersede a pregnant woman’s constitutionally-protected right of self-determination. When the Chancellor balanced the two not always compatible and at times competing interests in Roe v. Wade, i.e., the health of the mother and the potential for human life, he found the present funding scheme to impinge upon the mother’s fundamental right:
By denying funding for medically necessary abortions, the Commonwealth has attempted to elevate the right of potential life over the health of the mother. This it may not do. By singling out persons who have need of a medically necessary abortion from all other persons entitled to generally medically necessary services, the Commonwealth has allocated benefits on criteria which diseriminatorily burden the exercise of an indigent pregnant woman’s fundamental constitutional right. This it may not do. []
We must respectfully disagree with that analysis. Decisions of the United States Supreme Court are not always binding authority on us but can and often do serve as helpful guiding principles. See Kroger Co. v. O’Hara Township, 481 Pa. 101, 392 A.2d 266 (1978). The Chancellor considered but did not follow the abortion funding decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980), and Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. 464 (1977).
In Maher, the Supreme Court was faced with the task of determining whether restrictions upon state aid for non-therapeutic abortions impermissibly infringed upon the rights of privacy and freedom of choice recognized in Roe v. Wade. The Maher Court upheld the state welfare regulation. In Harris, the Supreme ¡Court upheld the federal Medicaid Act and Hyde Amendment thereto which restricted the use of federal funds for reimbursement of the cost of abortion under the Medicaid program to those situations where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term or where the mother was the victim of rape or incest. In either case, those incidents had to be promptly reported to the proper authorities.
While .we recognize that we are at liberty to consider the merits of a state-based constitutional challenge independently of the United States Supreme Court, see Danson v. Casey, 33 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 614, 382 A.2d 1238 (1978), aff’d, 484 Pa. 415, 399 A.2d 399 (1979), we are convinced, as we read the language of this Commonwealth’s Constitution, of the correctness and applicability of the rationale expressed in Harris and Maher that this legislation does not violate ¡the equal protection provision of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
The right enunciated in Roe v. Wade is a qualified one. There, it was held that state regulation of abortion in certain instances may be appropriate. The Court said, “ [A] state may properly assert important interests in safeguarding health, in maintaining medical standards, and in protecting potential life. At some point in pregnancy, these respective interests become sufficiently compelling to sustain regulation of the factors that govern the abortion decision.” Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. at 154.
A woman is protected from unduly burdensome interference with her freedom to terminate a pregnancy but, conversely, this prohibition against the placement of direct governmental barriers does not prohibit state legislation which encourages childbirth over abortion. A state is free “to make a value judgment favoring childbirth over abortion, and to implement that judgment by the allocation of public funds.” Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. at 474.
In Maher and Harris, the Supreme Court pointedly distinguished the privacy or self-determination right in Roe v. Wade from the public funding of the exercise of that right. In Maher, the Supreme Court looked at a Connecticut welfare regulation which provided benefits for medical services incident to childbirth but denied those benefits which were related to non-therapeutic abortions. The Court, in upholding the Connecticut regulation, distinguished between forbidden coercion and permissible incentive. “ There is a basic difference between direct state interference with a protected activity and state encouragement of an alternative activity consonant with legislative policy.” Id. at 475 (emphasis added).
The Maher Court observed that the case involved neither discrimination against a suspect class nor an impingement upon a fundamental right explicitly or implicitly protected .by tbe Constitution. Relying on San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973), tbe Court noted that financial need in itself does not identify a suspect class for the purposes of the equal protection argument. The Maher Court asserted:
The . . . regulation places no obstacles— absolute or otherwise — in the pregnant woman’s path to an abortion. An indigent woman who desires an abortion suffers no disadvantage as a consequence of Connecticut’s decision to fund childbirth; she continues as before to be dependent on private sources for the services she desires. The State may have made childbirth a more attractive alternative, thereby influencing the woman’s decision, but it has imposed no restriction on access to abortions that was not already there. The indigency that may make it difficult — and in some cases, perhaps impossible — for some women to have abortions is neither created nor in any way affected by the Connecticut regulation. (Emphasis added.)
Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. at 474.
In Harris, the forbidden coercion and permissible incentive distinction proved dispositive. There, the Court was faced with the constitutionality of the 1980 fiscal year Hyde Amendment. That Amendment provided :
[N]one of the funds provided by this joint resolution shall be used to perform abortions except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term; or except for such medical procedures necessary for the victims of rape or incest when such rape or incest has been reported promptly to a law enforcement agency or public health service.
The Hyde Amendment was found to place no governmental obstacle in the path of a woman choosing to terminate her pregnancy. “ [The] protection against unwarranted government interference with freedom of choice . . . does not confer an entitlement to such funds as may be necessary to realize all the advantages of that freedom.” Harris, 448 U.S. at 317-18. As in Maher, the regulation was construed to provide a means to encourage alternative activity through subsidization. The alternative activity (childbirth) was preferred because of established public policy favoring it. Harris, 448 U.S. at 315.
To consider whether the funding statute here in question denies petitioners’ equal protection of the laws, we must determine the appropriate standard of review. There are two tests which have surfaced in the evolution of this theory of constitutional interpretation — rational basis and strict scrutiny. “If the statutory classification bears some rational relationship to a legitimate state end, it is within the legislative power.” Martin v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 502 Pa. 282, 291, 466 A.2d 107, 111 (1983). If the statute burdens a suspect class or impinges upon one’s exercise of a fundamental right, the Court will strictly scrutinize the statute and the state is obliged to proffer compelling reasons for its classification. See McCoy v. State Board of Medical Education and Licensure, 37 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 530, 540, 391 A.2d 723, 728 (1978).
Judge MacPhail’s analysis of the infirmity of the present legislation led him to the conclusion that, because a woman has a right to an abortion in certain circumstances under Roe v. Wade, then necessarily, if she is indigent, the state has the obligation to fund this right. Thus, the right to a funded abortion would be present even if the state chose not to fund childbirth. His erroneous determinant is indigency. "We disagree with the Chancellor, for Roe v. Wade does not reach the end perceived' by him. A woman’s freedom of choice does not carry with it a constitutional entitlement to every financial resource with which to avail herself of the full range of protected choices. See Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. at 317-18. For example, a citizen has a constitutional right to travel but is not entitled to travel at the public expense. One has a constitutional right to freedom of expression but is not entitled to the use of public funds to finance the expounding of personal views. The economic constraints on the woman who would terminate her pregnancy are not caused by the Commonwealth. Her financial problems exist and continue to exist whether she elects to choose one or the other alternative. These problems are not the consequence of any action or legislation on the part of the Commonwealth.
We are convinced that the funding statutes do not impinge upon a fundamental right. Section 3202 of the 1982 Abortion Control Act states in part, “It is the intention of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to protect hereby the life and health of the woman subject to abortion and to protect the life and health of the child subject to abortion.” Section 443 of the Public Welfare Code provides in part: “[I]t is the public policy of the Commonwealth to favor childbirth over abortion.” We conclude that the Commonwealth is offering a legitimate permissible incentive and is not dictating a coercive course. The Commonwealth is simply offering an alternative.
We further hold that this legislation is not predicated upon a suspect classification. The Maher Court observed that ‘ ‘every denial of welfare to an indigent creates a wealth classification as compared to non-indigents who are able to pay for the desired goods or services. But this Court has never held that financial need alone identifies a suspect class for purposes of equal protection.” Maher, 432 U.S. at 471. It is well settled that discrimination based on the degree of comparative economic security alone does not give us the authority to invoke the strict scrutiny test. San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973). Our Supreme Court in Martin held that a classification based on wealth does not trigger a heightened standard of scrutiny.
Having concluded that there is no infringement upon fundamental rights or suspect classification, we must determine whether there is a reasonable basis for the legislation. Houtz v. Department of Public Welfare, 42 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 406, 410, 401 A.2d 388, 391 (1979). Our Supreme Court in Martin adopted the standard of the United States Supreme Court in Model v. Indiana, 452 U.S. 314, 331-32 (1982), for scrutinizing social and economic legislation:
Social and economic legislation ... that does not employ suspect classifications or impinge on fundamental rights must be upheld against equal protection attack when the legislative means are rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose. . . . Moreover, such legislation carries with it a presumption of rationality that can only be overcome by a clear showing of arbitrariness and irrationality. . . . [S]oeial and economic legislation is valid unless “the varying treatment of different groups or persons is so unrelated to the achievement of any combination of legitimate purposes that [a court] can only conclude that the legislature’s actions were irrational.” This is a heavy burden, and appellees have not carried it. (Citations omitted.)
Martin, 502 Pa. at 294, 466 A.2d at 113. This standard, strict as it may seem, is constitutionally-mandated so as to preserve the separation of powers, so basic to our system of government. Id. We hold that, through these funding statutes, the Commonwealth has reasonably furthered its interest in childbirth, recognized to be a vital governmental interest in Roe v. Wade.
Equal Rights Amendment
In addition to the equal protection clauses of the state constitution, petitioners argued a constitutional challenge based upon the Pennsylvania equal rights amendment (EBA) that provides, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania because of the sex of the individual.” While acknowledging that petitioners’ argument is not as strong as the equal protection argument, the Chancellor concluded that the funding statute unlawfully discriminates against women in respect to a physical condition which is unique to them. The cases of Anderson v. Upper Bucks County Area Vocational Technical School, 30 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 103, 373 A.2d 126 (1977), and Cerra v. East Stroudsburg Area School District, 450 Pa. 207, 299 A.2d 277 (1973) (employment discrimination cases in which women were being adversely discriminated against because of pregnancy), were cited in support of this conclusion.
We easily distinguish Anderson and Cerra. This Court held that this exclusion constituted sex discrimination because we found that pregnancy, under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act, should be treated as any other infirmity. In Cerra, a tenured female teacher was fired for incompetency and willful misconduct when she refused to resign at the end of her fifth month of pregnancy in accord with a school district regulation. Our Supreme Court held that, while incompetency may be a valid reason for termination, a physical disability which results ‘ ‘in a teacher’s temporary absence ... is not . . . incompetence.” Cerra, 450 Pa. at 211, 299 A.2d at 279. In a statutory rather than constitutional analysis, it stated:
Male teachers, who might be temporarily disabled from a multitude of illnesses, have not and will not be so harshly treated. In short, Mrs. Cerra and other pregnant women are singled out and placed in a class to their disadvantage. They are discharged from their employment on the basis of a physical condition peculiar to their sex.
Id. at 213, 299 A.2d at 280. These cases are not dis-positive of the issue before us. In the case sub judice, indigent women who choose to carry a fetus to term receive certain benefits which indigent women who choose to terminate their pregnancy do not. This simply is not actionable sex discrimination under the provisions of ERA.
This case does not involve a gender-abased classification cognizable under the equal rights amendment. True, this statute has a basis in gender, for only women may choose to have an abortion or bear a child. But women are not being unfairly discriminated against because of their sex. “The legislation is directed at abortion as a medical procedure, not at women as a class.” Moe v. Secretary of Administration, 417 N.E. 2d 387, 407 (Mass. Sup. Jud. Ct. 1982) (Hennessey, C.J., dissenting). The Commonwealth has chosen to further a legitimate state interest through the use of its funding power. We hold that the funding sections of the Public Welfare Code and the 1982 Abortion Control Act do not violate the provisions of the Pennsylvania equal rights amendment.
Reporting Requirement
-Section 453 of the Public Welfare Code and the Department’s own regulations require that a victim of rape report its occurrence within 72 hours to a law enforcement agency or a public health service to qualify for state funding of an abortion. Victims of incest must report to either a public authority or a public health service within 72 hours from the time the victim is advised of her pregnancy. Section 3215(c) of the Abortion Control Act, a more constrictive statute, provides that a victim of rape or her agent must report that rape to the law enforcement agency with proper jurisdiction within 72 hours of the rape’s occurrence. A victim of incest must report such pregnancy within 72 hours of the victim’s knowledge and name the incestuous partner. The information is then turned over by the Department of Public Welfare to a law enforcement agency.
We agree with the Chancellor that these provisions are unconstitutional in that they are so intrusive as to violate the right of privacy guaranteed under article I, section 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution:
All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, -among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness.
The right to privacy pronounced in article I, section 2 has been recognized by our -Supreme Court in In Re June 1979 Allegheny County Investigating Grand Jury, 490 Pa. 143, 415 A.2d 73 (1980). There, the right of privacy was said to encompass: (1) a freedom from disclosure of personal matters and (2) the freedom to make certain important decisions. Id. at 150-51, 415 A.2d at 77. To determine whether an intrusion into an individual’s -privacy is permissible, the individual’s right of privacy is balanced against the countervailing state interest. Denoncourt v. State Ethics Commission, Pa. , ,470 A.2d 945, 948 (1983). There, our .Supreme iCourt stated:
[the] government’s intrusion into a person’s private affair is constitutionally justified when the government interest is significant and there is no alternate reasonable method of lesser intrusiveness to accomplish the governmental purpose. Whether there is a significant state interest will depend, in part, on whether the state’s intrusion will effect its purpose; for if the intrusion does not effect the state’s purpose, it is a gratuitous intrusion, not a purposeful one. (Footnotes omitted.)
Id. at , 470 A.2d at 949.
It has been stipulated of record that rape and incest are intensely personal invasions into the victim’s privacy. There is, of course, no dispute that both rape and incest are so personal and so traumatic as to want for comparatives. From our perspective, it appears that the only function served by the reporting requirement is to compound the -original -abuse. The Commonwealth attempts to justify -the state intrusion into the victim’s personal lives by claiming profound interest in the prosecution and conviction of those who offend the criminal law, the maximization of federal funding, the promotion of “fresh complaints” by rape victims, the need to report crime in -order to prevent subsequent crime, and the legislative intention to pay only valid claims. We agree with the Chancellor’s analysis of these interests and his conclusion that the intrusion will not effect the Commonwealth’s purposes. The record discloses that the reporting requirements will not increase the veracity of the claim nor will they motivate physically- or psychologically-damaged victims to make “freshcomplaints.” There was no evidence that women will make false rape or incest claims merely to obtain the funding.
The right being invaded here is one of significant constitutional proportions. The statute requires disclosure of an intensely personal and traumatic experience when such a disclosure may very well be impossible due to physical or psychological injury. Justice Lassen, in his dissent in Matter of Pittsburgh Action Against Rape, 494 Pa. 15, 38, 428 A.2d 126, 138 (1981), aptly noted:
A rape victim suffers an invasion of her bodily privacy in an intensely personal and unsettling manner, triggering a number of emotional and psychological reactions running the gamut from shook, fear, distrust and anger to guilt, shame and disgust.
The “ rape trauma syndrome ’ ’ can bring about unconsciousness and amnesia in some victims, lasting for periods ranging from a few days to several weeks.
Incest is even more traumatic upon victims’ personal lives because children are the usual victims.
To require females of tender age not only to report a pregnancy, but to identify the perpetrator of the crime as well, infringes upon that victim’s fundamental right to privacy in a most damaging manner. Identifying another family member as a criminal within 72 hours of learning that she is pregnant is a terrifying experienee too formidable for an adult, let alone one of tender age.[]
Thus, we agree with the Chancellor that the interests enunciated by the .Commonwealth are greatly outweighed by the severe invasion of the woman’s privacy ,so as to transgress the constitutional guarantee of privacy.
There are far less intrusive measures that the Commonwealth could adopt to further its stated goals. For example, to prevent fraud and pay only valid claims, and to use funds in the most efficient manner, the legislature could enact legislation delineating abuses of the system to be a crime with penalties which would include reimbursement. A first trimester reporting period to balance the state and individual interest could be adopted. Under this timetable, the Commonwealth’s interests would be sufficiently protected, yet the invasion of privacy would not nearly be as severe. A rape or incest victim must at some point come to terms with her unwanted pregnancy in order to obtain an abortion, be it publicly funded or otherwise.
There is no inconsistency between upholding the constitutionality of the statutes’ funding provisions and the striking down of the reporting regulation and statutory provision. They have been decided on entirely different principles. The reporting provisions found to be repugnant to the constitutionally-protected right of privacy are not equivalent to nor were they subject to the same constitutional attack as the general funding sections. Thus, we have upheld the time-honored judicial exercise of legislative scrutiny, upholding those things in accord with the Pennsylvania Constitution and striking those things repugnant to it, though they are part and parcel with other provisions found not to be offensive.
This legislative scheme may not be one to which all of the members of this or any other Court subscribe. Whether we agree or disagree with the desirability, wisdom or consistency of the statutes here in question, the judiciary’s role has been defined:
[T]he judiciary may not sit as a superlegislature to judge the wisdom or desirability of legislative policy determinations made in areas that neither affect fundamental rights nor proceeds along suspect lines.
City of New Orleans v. Dukes, 427 U.S. 297, 303 (1976). We are also mindful of our state Supreme Court in Martin, quoting Daniel v. Family Security Life Insurance Co., 336 U.S. 220, 224 (1949):
Looking through the form of this plea to its essential basis, we cannot fail to recognize it as an argument for invalidity because this court disagrees with the desirability of the legislation. We rehearse the obvious when we say that our function is thus misconceived. We are not equipped to decide desirability; and a court cannot eliminate measures which do not happen to suit its taste if it seeks to maintain a democratic system. The focus for the connection for ill-considered legislation is a responsive legislature.
We sustain those exceptions of the respondents based on equal protection and the equal rights amendment and overrule the remainder of them.
We overrule the exceptions of petitioners.
Order
Respondents’ exceptions to the Chancellor’s Conclusions of Law Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, and the decree nisi dated March 9, 1984, are sustained; the remainder of respondents’ exceptions are overruled. Petitioners’ exceptions are overruled.
Judgment is entered in favor of the petitioners with respect to the reporting provisions of the statutes and the Commonwealth is permanently enjoined from their implementation. Judgment is entered in favor of the Commonwealth with respect to the remaining provisions of the statutes.
Concurring and Dissenting Opinion by
Judge MacPhail :
Inasmuch as my adjudication is now reported preceding the majority opinion, I feel it is unnecessary to repeat what I said therein. I note that the majority opinion is limited to sustaining exceptions to the conclusions of law I reached. The fair implication that follows is that'.the facts I found are not disturbed by the majority opinion.
I, accordingly, concur in the result reached by the majority with respect to the unconstitutionality of the reporting requirements of the statutes under consideration but, for the reasons set forth in my adjudication, I must respectfully dissent to the result reached by the majority that the remainder of the statutes under consideration do pass constitutional muster.
In addition, I believe that the majority in its statement at slip op. pp. 11 and 12 that my analysis would lead to the conclusion that “because a woman has a right to an abortion in certain circumstances under Roe v. Wade, then necessarily, if ishe is indigent, the state has the obligation to fund this right, ’ ’ misapprehends my adjudication. Clearly, the fact that any woman has the right to choose an abortion under the circumstances delineated in Roe v. Wade does not obligate the state to fund all abortions for indigent women. However, where the state funds a full panoply of medically necessary services for indigent persons I found that the state may not then refuse to fund medically necessary abortions for indigent pregnant women.
In summary, I would dismiss all exceptions and enter the decree nisi as a final decree.
Judge Craig joins in this concurring and dissenting opinion.
Fischer v. Department of Public Welfare, 85 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 215, 482 A.2d 1137 (1984).
The respondents in this controversy are the Governor, the Department of Public Welfare, the Secretary of Public Welfare, and the Deputy Secretary for Medical Assistance of the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare.
Section 453 of the Public Welfare Code (Code), Act of June 13, 1967, P.L. 31, as amended, added by Section 9 of the Aot of December 19, 1980, P.L. 1321, 62 P.S. §453. While the case was in the pleading stage, the Pennsylvania General Assembly enacted the 1982 Abortion Control Act, 18 Pa. C. S. §3201-3220.
18 Pa. C. S. §3215 (c). Section 453 of the Code and Section 3215(c) of the Abortion Control Act are substantially -the same. Hereinafter, they will either be referred to individually by name or collectively as “the funding statutes.”
Respondents’ preliminary objections were overruled by an equally-divided Commonwealth Court in June of 1982. See Fischer v. Department of Public Welfare, 66 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 70, 444 A.2d 774 (1982). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court declined to accept review of that interlocutory order.
Section 453 of the Public Welfare Code was found to violate tbe equal protection provisions of the Pennsylvania Constitution, article I, sections 1 and 26, and article III, section 32, and tbe so-called equal rights amendment of the Pennsylvania Constitution, article I, section 28.
Section 3215(e) of the 1982 Abortion Control Act was found to violate those constitutional provisions transgressed by Section 453 and the right to .privacy guaranteed by article I, section 1 and article III, section 32 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the first, fourth, fifth, ninth and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution.
Since we agree with the respondents’ argument that the Chancellor improperly decided the equal protection and equal rights claims, we need not singularly address every exception.
Section 7. of the Abortion Control Act, Act of September 10, 1974, P.L. 639, as amended, 35 P.S. §6607.
Social Security Act, §§1901-1917, as amended, 42 UjS.C. §§1396-1396P.
The funding sections of the Abortion Control Act, have resembled ihe so-called Hyde Amendments. These are riders to the Department of Labor and Health and Human Service (formerly the Health, Education and Welfare) annual appropriations bills, named after the original sponsor Rep. Henry Hyde (R. — 111.). Since September 1976 Congress has restricted the use of federal medicaid funds to subsidize abortions via the Hyde Amendments.
The original amendment restricted use of federal medicaid funds to subsidize abortions where “the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term.” P.L. No. 94-439, §209, 90 Stat. 1434 (1976). Until fiscal year 1978, its enforcement was enjoined due to a nationwide injunction set forth in McRae v. Matthews, 421 F. Supp. 583 (E.D. N.Y. 1976), vacated and remanded sub nom., Califano v. McRae, 433 U.S. 916 (1977). After exhaustive debates in 1977, a broader version of the Hyde Amendment was adopted. In addition to the original language, the rider allowed abortions for promptly reported cases of rape and incest or in “instances where severe and long-lasting physical health damage to the mother would result if the pregnancy were carried to term when so determined by two physicians.” P.L. No. 94-205, §101, 91 Stat. 1460 (1977). The 1978 Amendment was identical. P.L. 95-480, §120, 92 Stat. 1586 (1978). In 1979, the 1980 fiscal year, the category relating to the mother’s physical health damage was deleted from the Amendment. P.L. No. 96-123, §109, 93 Stat. 926 (1979). In 1980, the Hyde rider was amended again and read that all funds for abortions are prohibited “except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term; or except for such medical procedures necessary for the victims or [sic] rape or incest when such rape has been reported within seventy-two hours to a law enforcement agency or public health service; nor are payments prohibited for drugs or devices to prevent implantation of the fertilized ovum, or for medical procedures necessary for the termination of an ectopic pregnancy.” P.L. No. 96-536, §109, 94 Stat. 3170 (1980). The appropriation amendment for the 97th Congress, 1st Session, 1981, saw a return to the original most restrictive version proscribing abortion. P.L. No. 97-12, §402, 95 Stat. 95 (1981). For 1982 and the current year, the same limited provision was enacted, “None of the funds provided by this Act shall be used to perform abortions except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term.” P.L. No. 97-377, §402, 96 Stat. 1894 (1982) ; P.L. No. 98-139, §204, 97 Stat. 887 (1983).
Title XIX is also referred to as the “medicaid act” in Omey.
The Department of Public Welfare promulgated regulations in 11 Pa. B 657 (1981), which defined prompt reporting in the case of rape as that which must be done within 72 hours of the occurrence of the rape and, in the case of incest, that which must be done within 72 hours from the time the victim was advised she was pregnant.
In mid-December 1981, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Senate Bill 742 (SB 742). This bill originated in the Senate as a bill to outlaw “tough guy” competitions (physical contact bouts between amateurs). Dengthy debates occurred on the House floor as to the amendment’s germaneness since it was attached to this unrelated bill, but it was passed 114-81. The Senate concurred; however, Governor Dick Thornburgh vetoed the bill on December 23, 1981. The Governor expressed a concern of placing an unconstitutional burden on obtaining an abortion as the U.S. Supreme Court determined a woman was entitled to do. Furthermore, Governor Thornburgh stated,
I am also concerned that in its entirety the bill in its current form goes further than is necessary in protecting the state interests in this area to which I have referred. In so doing, it threatens to create additional regulation and bureaucracy and to unduly involve government in the private lives of its citizens.
Veto Message to the Senate (Dec. 23, 1981), History of Senate Bills V-2, V-4 (1981-1982).
In the early months of 1982, a cooperative effort between the Governor’s Office and the General Assmbly produced a compromise bill, Senate Bill 439. This bill originated as one regulating paramilitary training with the Abortion Control Act as an amendment. This bill was passed and signed by the Governor on June 11, 1982.
18 Pa. C. S. §§3201-20. This act was to become effective on December 8, 1982.
On May 31, 1984, Circuit Judge Sloviter of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit struck down most of the provisions of the 1982 Abortion Control Act determining them to be unconstitutional as a matter of law. American College of Obste
tricians and Gynecologists, Pennsylvania Section v. Thornburgh, 737 F.2d 283 (3d Cir. 1984). However, the issue of state funding of abortions was not raised before the Third Circuit. Id. at 289 n. 5.
We echo Judge MacPhail’s sentiments in our admiration and appreciation for counsels’ professionalism and courtesy in this very complicated and emotional matter. Let counsels’ conduct, filings and oral presentations stand as a paradigm to those seeking guidance for professional standards.
This case does not involve the issue of legality or morality of abortion. The constitutional Status of that issue has been resolved. See Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Fischer v. Department of Public Welfare, 85 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 215, 482 A.2d 1137 (1984).
Id. at 231-32, 482 A.2d at 1144.
A nontherapeutic abortion is one induced at the request of the woman or her doctor.
The Oourt held that during the first trimester the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the woman’s physician. During ’the second trimester, the state, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. During the last trimester, the state, in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life, may regulate or even proscribe abortion except where it is necessary for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. at 165.
Pub. L, 96-123, §109, 93 Stat. 926. This version of tbe Hyde Amendment for tbe fiscal year 1980 is very similar to the statute in tbe case sub judiee. See n. 10, supra.
Although the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution and article III, section 32, of the Pennsylvania Constitution vary in content, their substantive application is not significantly different insofar as traditional equal protection is concerned. Danson v. Casey, 33 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 614, 626, 382 A.2d 1238, 1244 (1978).
18 Pa. C. S. §3202.
Petitioners seriously misconstrue the Commonwealth’s position regarding the state’s constitutional duties and responsibilities when allocating public benefits and the United States Supreme Court’s holding in Harris. See petitioners’ brief in opposition to respondents’ motion for post-trial relief at p. 51. Nowhere in petitioners’ briefs or argument can the Commonwealth’s position be analogized to one where the state “could rationalize the exclusion of all women from participation in the food stamp program, or rule out all minority women from receiving low income energy assistance.” Id. Nor has any attempt been made to have Harris stand for the proposition that “the state may freely allocate public, benefits without constitutional limitation.” Id. To the contrary, respondents state that “the state is not obligated to fund programs for the needy, but once it does, the distribution of that aid is subject to constitutional limitations.” Respondents’ brief in support of post-trial motions, p. 9 (emphasis added).
Pa. Const, art. I, §28.
The Anderson Court did not follow the Supreme Court eases of Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974), and General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125 (1976). In Aiello, the Court held that exclusion of disability from pregnancy from the coverage of a state employment compensation disability insurance program does not amount to invidious discrimination under the equal protection clause, but that such an exclusion is a rationally supportable stopping point for benefits. In Gilbert, the Court held that the extension of such an exclusion to a private employer’s disability plan is not in violation of Title VII of the Civil Bights Act. Anderson was a case of statutory interpretation, not constitutional interpretation, decided under Section 5(a) of the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act, Act of October 27,1955, P.L. 744, as amended, 43 P.S. §955(a).
43 P.S. §§951-963.
11 Pa. B. 657 (1981).
“Fresh complaint” is no longer a factor in prosecuting those accused of rape. Section 3105 of the Crimes Code, 18 Pa. C. S. §3105. Also, the statute of limitations for rape and incest cases has been extended to five years. Section 5552 of the Judicial Code, as amended, 42 Pa. C. S. §5552.
Fischer v. Department of Public Welfare, 85 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 215, 236, 482 A.2d 1137, 1146 (1984).
Respondents in their brief point out that “[a]ny rape or incest victim who found it impossible, physically or psychologically, to comply with the 72-hour reporting requirement could not and would not be expected to comply.” Respondents’ brief in support of post-trial motions, p. 35 n. 20. 'Such a gratuituous statement of the obvious makes the implicit assumption that the legislature presumed and the Department and courts would so hold in cases of late reporting, where impossibility was used as the reason, that the statute or regulation would be waived.
We would be hard-pressed to find the requirement that victims of incest wanting an abortion would be required to identify their incestuous partner as a condition precedent to state funding constitutional. Such a requirement attempts to coerce the victim into a situation where the immediate problem of the termination of an incestuous pregnancy is directly related to the victim’s willingness to effectuate law enforcement. The connection between the two is so attenuated that one can hardly consider it to be a state interest sufficient to compel its constitutionality.
| CASELAW |
Four Russian biathletes charged with anti-doping rule violations
BERLIN (Reuters) - Four Russian biathletes have been charged with anti-doping rule violations after the International Biathlon Union (IBU) analyzed data from Russia’s anti-doping agency lab in Moscow, the IBU said on Friday. The four athletes are retired Olympic champions Evgeny Ustyugov and Svetlana Sleptsova as well as Alexander Chernysev, who is also retired, and active athlete Alexander Pechenkin, who has been provisionally suspended. “The IBU’s decision is based on the analytical findings in samples of the athletes collected between 2012 and 2015,” the IBU said in a statement. It said the IBU’s working group proposed the charges following analysis of the Moscow Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database, together with the World Anti-Doping Agency. The athletes will now be given an opportunity for hearings at the federation’s anti-doping body. The Russian Biathlon Union (RBU) did not immediately respond to requests for comment. The findings, the IBU said, were supported by “corroborative evidence” from data in the McLaren Report, an independent WADA report that detailed Russian doping across many sports. The RBU is currently only a provisional IBU member following the Russian doping scandal. In April, Austrian police raided IBU headquarters as part of an investigation into the organization’s leadership at the time that was linked to doping issues. Russia was banned by the International Olympic Committee from this year’s Pyeongchang Winter Games as punishment for alleged state-sponsored doping across many sports, including biathlon. Moscow has denied the allegations. Reporting by Karolos Grohmann; Editing by Toby Davis | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Tamil Nadu Cricket Association
The Tamil Nadu Cricket Association (TNCA) is the governing body of cricket activities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is affiliated with the Board of Control for Cricket in India and governs the Tamil Nadu cricket team. The TNCA is one of the permanent test centres of the BCCI.
History
The board was formed when organized league cricket in the state began in Madras in 1932. It was formed after two rival bodies — the Indian Cricket Federation and the Madras Cricket Club — merged, becoming the Madras Cricket Association (MCA).
The MCA was formally constituted on April 30, 1935, shortly thereafter affiliating with the Board of Control for Cricket in India. The Cricket Association was to control representative cricket in the province.
By 1933-34, the association had first and second division leagues, with a third division added on the next season. By 1939-40, it had added a fourth division.
In 1967-68 season, the M.C.A. was renamed as Tamil Nadu Cricket Association (TNCA). As of 2008, it had five divisions with a total of 132 teams.
Division leagues
The Tamil Nadu Cricket Association conducts various league tournaments, tournaments for the age groups of U19, U22, and U25 categories besides organizing and conducting National Tournaments. It also conducts league championship for city affiliated clubs.
There are 726 league matches played every year from first division to fifth division. A zone consisting of 12 teams each plays in the first and second divisions, whereas third, fourth, and fifth division consists of two, three, and four zones respectively. The city league format in the first division where league matches are played on a three-day duration follows the Ranji Trophy guidelines.
Home ground
M A Chidambaram Stadium or Chepauk Stadium located in Chennai is the home ground. The stadium was established in 1916 and it is the oldest continuously used cricket stadium in the country. It is named after M A Chidambaram, former President of BCCI, the stadium was formerly known as Madras Cricket Club Ground.
It is the home ground of the Tamil Nadu cricket team and the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings. The stadium is located at Chepauk, a few hundred meters from Marina beach along the Bay of Bengal.
Recent National Players from TNCA
* Dinesh Karthik - Wicket Keeper Batsman in the Indian cricket team
* Murali Vijay - Former Opening batsman in the Indian cricket team.
* Ravichandran Ashwin - Off-Spin Bowler in the Indian cricket team.
* T. Natarajan - Fast bowler in the Indian cricket team.
* Washington Sundar - All rounder in the Indian cricket team
* Abhinav Mukund - Former Batsman in the Indian cricket team.
* Vijay Shankar - All rounder in the Indian cricket team.
* Varun Chakravarthy - Spin bowler in the Indian cricket team.
Premier league
TNCA inaugurated its regional Twenty20 league Tamil Nadu Premier League in August, 2016. The inaugural edition featured eight teams, playing a total of 31 matches (28 league matches, two semi-finals and the final). Chennai, Dindigul (Natham) and Tirunelveli were the venues. Two new venues in Coimbatore and Salem were added in 2020. Albert Tuti Patriots won the inaugural edition beating Chepauk Super Gillies by 122 runs. | WIKI |
A P P E N D I X A
Setting Up a TIP Connection
You can use the TTYA or TTYB ports on your SPARC system to connect to a second Sun workstation. By connecting two systems in this way, you can use a shell window on the Sun workstation as a terminal to your SPARC system. (See the tip man page for detailed information about terminal connection to a remote host.)
The TIP method is preferable to simply connecting to a dumb termina, since it lets you use windowing and operating system features when working with the boot PROM. A communications program or another non-Sun computer can be used in the same way, if the program can match the output baud rate used by the PROM TTY port.
Note - In the following pages, "SPARC system" refers to your system, and "Sun workstation" refers to the system you are connecting to your system.
Use the following procedure to set up the TIP connection.
1. Connect the Sun workstation TTYB serial port to your SPARC system TTYA serial port using a serial connection cable. Use a 3-wire Null Modem Cable, and connect wires 3-2, 2-3, and 7-7. (Refer to your system installation manual for specifications on null modem cables.)
2. At the Sun workstation, add the following lines to the / etc/remote file.
If you are running a pre-Solaris 2.0 version of the operating environment, type:
hardwire:\
:dv=/dev/ttyb:br#9600:el=^C^S^Q^U^D:ie=%$:oe=^D:
If you are running version 2.x of the Solaris operating environment, type:
hardwire:\
:dv=/dev/term/b:br#9600:el=^C^S^Q^U^D:ie=%$:oe=^D:
3. In a Shell Tool window on the Sun workstation, type:
hostname% tip hardwire
connected
The Shell Tool window is now a TIP window directed to the Sun workstation TTYB.
Note - Use a Shell Tool, not a Command Tool; some TIP commands may not work properly in a Command Tool window.
4. At your SPARC system, enter the Forth Monitor so that the ok prompt is displayed.
Note - If you do not have a video monitor attached to your SPARC system, connect the SPARC system TTYA to the Sun workstation TTYB and turn on the power to your SPARC system. Wait for a few seconds, and press Stop-Auto interrupt the power-on sequence and start the Forth Monitor. Unless the system is completely inoperable, the Forth Monitor is enabled, and you can continue with the next step in this procedure.
5. If you need to redirect the standard input and output to TTYA, type:
ok ttya io
There will be no echoed response.
6. Press Return on the Sun workstation keyboard. The
ok
prompt shows in the TIP window.
Typing ~# in the TIP window is equivalent to pressng Stop-A at the SPARC system.
Note - Do not type Stop-A from a Sun workstation being used as a TIP window to your SPARC system. Doing so will abort the operating system on the workstation. (If you accidentally type Stop-A, you can recover by immediately typing go at the ok prompt.)
8. When you are finished using the TIP window, end your TIP session and exit the window:
9. Redirect the input and output to the screen and keyboard, if needed, by typing:
ok screen output keyboard input
Note - When entering ~ (tilde character) commands in the TIP window,
~ must be the first character entered on the line. To ensure that you are at the start of a new line, press Return first.
Common Problems With TIP
This section describes solutions for TIP problems occurring in pre-Solaris 2.0 operating environments.
Problems with TIP may occur if:
There should be a directory named /usr/spool/uucp . The owner should be uucp and the mode should be drwxr-sr-x .
The status field for TTYB (or the serial port you are using) must be set to off in /etc/ttytab . Be sure to execute kill -HUP 1 (see init(8) ) as root if you have to change this entry.
Sometimes, a program will have changed the protection of /dev/ttyb (or the serial port you are using) so that it is no longer accessible. Make sure that /dev/ttyb has the mode set to crw-rw-rw-.
If the TIP connection is in tandem mode, the operating system sometimes sends XON (^S) characters (particularly when programs in other windows are generating lots of output). The XON characters are detected by the Forth word key? , and can cause confusion. The solution is to turn off tandem mode with the ~s !tandem TIP command.
TIP opens a sub-shell to run cat , thus causing text to be attached to the beginning of your loaded file. If you use dl and see any unexpected output, check your .cshrc file.
Copyright © 2001, Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Comparing Snuff And Other Smokeless Tobacco And Nicotine Free Alternatives
Comparing Snuff And Other Smokeless Tobacco And Nicotine Free Alternatives
Published by Publishing Team on Oct 4th 2023
Within the world of tobacco and nicotine use, there is a wide array of choices available to meet the needs and preferences of consumers. In this extensive article, we will thoroughly examine the details surrounding snuff and conduct a comprehensive comparison with other smokeless tobacco products currently on the market.
Whether you are an experienced snuff user or someone exploring options for your nicotine intake, this comprehensive guide offers a wealth of information to help you make informed decisions. Join us on this informative journey as we look into the world of snuff and its available alternatives.
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Understanding Smokeless Tobacco
Smokeless tobacco refers to products that are consumed without burning or inhaling smoke. These products are commonly used as an alternative to traditional smoking. One such form of smokeless tobacco is snuff, which is popular among men seeking a gritty, nicotine-free experience.1
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Snuff Vs. Other Smokeless Tobacco Products
When comparing snuff with other smokeless tobacco products, it's essential to understand the key differences. Here, we go into the details and highlight the unique qualities of snuff:
Moisture Content
Snuff is typically categorized as a dry smokeless tobacco product, while other options may have varying moisture levels. This difference affects the texture and how it is consumed.
Manufacturing Process
Snuff, unlike other smokeless tobacco varieties, undergoes a special grinding and fermentation process, resulting in a fine texture. This sets it apart from alternatives like chewing tobacco that may come in different forms such as loose leaf or plug.
Method Of Consumption
Snuff is not ingested like chewing tobacco. Instead, it is typically sniffed or placed between the lip and gums for absorption. This method of consumption differentiates snuff from other smokeless tobacco products.
Nicotine Concentration
Snuff can contain varying levels of nicotine, depending on the specific product and brand. Other smokeless tobacco alternatives may have similar or higher nicotine content. It's important to check the label to determine nicotine levels when making a choice.2
Flavor Options
Snuff is available in diverse flavors, catering to individual preferences. From traditional tobacco flavors to fruity or minty options, there is a wide range of flavors available in the snuff market. Similarly, other smokeless tobacco options also provide a range of flavors to choose from.
Health Impacts Of Smokeless Tobacco
It's crucial to consider the potential health impacts when consuming any form of smokeless tobacco, including snuff. While snuff may be nicotine-free, it can still pose certain risks. Here are some key health implications to consider:
Oral Health Issues
Smokeless tobacco products are known to cause gum recession, tooth decay, and bad breath. Consistent use can lead to significant oral health problems, impacting overall dental hygiene.
Increased Risk Of Oral Cancer
Prolonged use of snuff and other smokeless tobacco can elevate the risk of developing oral cancer. While snuff might be free of nicotine, some products may contain known carcinogens that could contribute to this risk. It's important to note that the risk may vary depending on various factors such as personal health history and other lifestyle choices.3
Addiction
Although snuff is nicotine-free, other smokeless tobacco options may contain nicotine, which can lead to addiction and dependence. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance, and individuals using nicotine-containing alternatives should be aware of the addictive potential.4
Differences Between Snuff And Nicotine-Free Alternatives
While snuff provides a nicotine-free alternative, there are additional options available for those seeking to quit or reduce nicotine intake. These differences include:
1. Ingredients: Nicotine-free alternatives utilize various herbal and non-tobacco ingredients to mimic the experience of tobacco use while excluding nicotine. These alternative products aim to provide the sensory and behavioral aspects of smoking without the addictive properties of nicotine.
2. Behavior Replacement: Nicotine-free alternatives often aim to replicate the act of using tobacco products, allowing individuals to address their oral fixation and habitual behaviors associated with tobacco use. They can be helpful for individuals transitioning away from snuff or other forms of smokeless tobacco.
Transitioning From Snuff To Nicotine-Free Products
For individuals looking to transition from snuff to nicotine-free alternatives, here are some steps to consider:
1. Set A Quitting Date: Determine a specific day to completely stop using snuff and start using nicotine-free products. This helps in setting a clear goal and committing to the transition.
2. Gradual Reduction: Gradually decrease the amount of snuff used each day to minimize withdrawal symptoms. Slowly replacing snuff with nicotine-free alternatives can aid in adjusting to the change and reducing cravings.
3. Identify Triggers: Identify situations or emotions that trigger the desire to use snuff and find healthier alternatives to cope with them. Understanding and addressing these triggers can help prevent relapse and establish healthier habits.
4. Seek Support: Reach out to support groups, healthcare professionals, or friends and family for encouragement and assistance during the transition. Having a support network can make the process easier and provide guidance when facing challenges.
What Is Snuff?
Snuff is a type of smokeless tobacco that has a long history and cultural significance. It is finely ground tobacco that is typically dry and often flavored. Snuff is intended to be sniffed or placed between the lip and gums, allowing the nicotine to be absorbed through the oral mucosa.
Comparing Snuff And Other Smokeless Tobacco And Nicotine Free Alternatives
Why Is Snuff Important?
Snuff holds historical and cultural significance as a form of tobacco consumption. It has been used for centuries in various cultures around the world, and different forms of snuff have evolved. For individuals who prefer to avoid smoking or are looking for a smoke-free alternative, snuff can provide a way to consume tobacco. It also offers a unique sensory experience that some people find enjoyable.
How Does Snuff Work?
When snuff is sniffed or placed in the mouth, the finely ground tobacco allows nicotine to be absorbed through the oral mucosa. This absorption allows the nicotine to enter the bloodstream and provide a stimulating effect. The user may experience an initial rush followed by a longer-lasting, milder sensation.
What Are The Benefits Of Snuff?
Smoke-Free Alternative
Snuff provides a way to consume tobacco without inhaling smoke, which reduces the risks associated with smoking and secondhand smoke exposure.
Nicotine Control
Snuff allows users to regulate their nicotine intake by choosing products with different nicotine levels or opting for nicotine-free varieties. This can be particularly useful for those who are trying to quit smoking or manage their nicotine cravings.
Sensory Experience
Snuff comes in a wide range of flavors, textures, and strengths, catering to individual preferences and providing a unique sensory experience for those who enjoy tobacco.
What Are The Alternatives To Snuff?
If snuff is not suitable or desired, individuals can explore the following alternatives:
• Nicotine-Free Pouches: These pouches, often infused with CBD or nootropic ingredients, provide a tobacco-free experience with various flavors available. They offer a similar oral sensation without the inclusion of tobacco or nicotine.
• Herbal Snuff: Made from non-tobacco materials, herbal snuff aims to replicate the sensation of using traditional tobacco snuff without the inclusion of nicotine. It can offer a nicotine-free alternative for those who want to avoid tobacco but still enjoy the experience of using snuff.
• Chewing Tobacco: Chewing tobacco involves placing a larger portion of tobacco in the mouth and chewing it. It provides a different experience than snuff but is still a smokeless tobacco option. Like snuff, it carries its own set of risks and considerations.
Nicotine-Free Pouches
Final Thoughts On What Is Snuff
The world of snuff and smokeless tobacco is multifaceted, offering various options to satisfy cravings and habits. We've explored the differences between snuff and nicotine-free alternatives, weighed the health risks, and considered the factors crucial to making informed choices.
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Make the decision today to take control of your habits and prioritize your well-being with FlowBlend. Consider the potential benefits of incorporating our pouches into your journey towards a smokeless, nicotine-free lifestyle. Your future self will thank you for this bold step towards a healthier and more fulfilling life.
Frequently Asked Questions About What Is Snuff
Are there nicotine-free snuff alternatives?
Yes, indeed. There are nicotine-free snuff alternatives crafted from a blend of herbs and other non-tobacco ingredients. These alternatives offer a similar sensory experience without the presence of nicotine.
Is snuff safer than smoking cigarettes?
While snuff is considered less harmful than smoking, it is essential to note that it still carries health risks, including oral health problems and the potential for addiction.
Can I use snuff or alternatives to quit smoking?
Some individuals use snuff or nicotine-free alternatives as a smoking cessation aid. However, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for guidance and a tailored approach to quitting.
How do I choose the right product for me?
Choosing between snuff and alternatives is a decision influenced by numerous factors, including your nicotine dependency, health considerations, taste preferences, and product accessibility. Take time to evaluate these factors to make an informed choice that aligns with your goals and lifestyle.
Are nicotine-free alternatives completely safe?
Nicotine-free alternatives are generally considered safer than their nicotine-containing counterparts, but they are not entirely risk-free. While they reduce certain health risks, there is still a need for further research to determine their long-term safety fully.
Can nicotine-free alternatives help me quit smoking or using nicotine?
Nicotine-free alternatives have been used as smoking cessation aids by some individuals. However, their effectiveness varies from person to person. It's advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a tailored approach to quitting.
Are there any side effects associated with herbal snuff or nicotine pouches?
Side effects can vary depending on the individual and the specific product. Some users may experience minor irritation or allergic reactions to the ingredients in these alternatives. It's essential to monitor your body's response and discontinue use if you experience adverse effects.
Are nicotine-free alternatives less addictive than traditional tobacco products?
Nicotine-free alternatives are designed to be less addictive because they lack nicotine, which is the primary addictive component in tobacco. However, some users may still develop a psychological dependency on the act of consumption.
Are these alternatives suitable for people with certain medical conditions?
Individuals with specific medical conditions, such as allergies or respiratory issues, should exercise caution when using nicotine-free alternatives. It's advisable to consult a healthcare provider to ensure their safety.
Do nicotine-free alternatives stain teeth or cause bad breath?
Nicotine-free alternatives are less likely to cause teeth staining and bad breath compared to traditional tobacco products. However, maintaining good oral hygiene is still important to prevent any potential issues.
Sources:
1. Humans, I. W. G. on the E. of C. R. to. (2007). Description of Smokeless Tobacco Practices. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326503/
2. National Academies of Sciences, E., Division, H. and M., Practice, B. on P. H. and P. H., Systems, C. on the R. of the H. E. of E. N. D., Eaton, D. L., Kwan, L. Y., & Stratton, K. (2018). Nicotine. In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507191/
3. Tomar, S. L., Hecht, S. S., Jaspers, I., Gregory, R. L., & Stepanov, I. (2019). Oral Health Effects of Combusted and Smokeless Tobacco Products. Advances in Dental Research, 30(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519872480
4. FDA. (2021). Nicotine Is Why Tobacco Products Are Addictive. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/health-effects-tobacco-use/nicotine-why-tobacco-products-are-addictive | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Gnostic Religion
The Gnostic Religion:The Message of the Alien God and the Beginning of Christianity (1958) by, differs in scope, organization, and literary intention, but includes much of the information contained in his Gnosis und späntantiker Geist: Die mythologische Gnosis, the first volume of which was published in 1934. An enlarged edition of The Gnostic Religion was published in 1963 with an additional essay, and supplemented to include his research on the, discovered in 1945. This book, particularly the 1963 paperback edition, has had great influence to the present day, and has been used as a student textbook.
Quotes
* Gnosticism gave a new turn by conceiving the planetary constituents of the soul as corruptions of its original nature contracted in its descent through the cosmic spheres. The Christian Arnobius reports this as a Hermetic teaching. ...A very close parallel (in the inverse direction) to the account of the soul's ascent. ...[W]hat attaches itself to the soul on its downward journey has the character of substantial though immaterial entities... frequently described as "envelopes" or "garments." Accordingly the resultant terrestrial "soul" is comparable to an onion... on the model of the cosmos... in inverse order: what is outermost there is innermost here, and after the process is completed with incarnation, what is innermost in the spherical scheme of the cosmos, the earth, is as body the outer garment of man. That this body is a fatality to the soul had long ago been preached by the Orphics, whose teaching were revived in the era of Gnosticism. But now the psychical envelopments too are considered impairments and fetters of the transmundane spirit.
* The Hermetic... mythological fantasy: not just a rejection of the physical universe in light of pessimsism, but the idea of an entirely new idea of human freedom, very different from the moral conception of... the Greek philosophers... However profoundly man is determined by nature... there still remains an innermost center which is not of nature's realm and by which he is above all its promptings and necessities. ...It is the first time in history that the radical ontological difference of man and nature has been discovered and the powerfully moving experience of it given expression... This rift between man and nature was never to close again, and protesting his hidden but essential otherness became in many variations an abiding theme in the quest for truth concerning man.
* We come now to the ascent of the knower's soul after death, the main prospect held out to the true Gnostic or tic, in the anticipation of which he conducts his life. After what we have heard about... the astral descent of the soul, the description of the ascent in the requires no further explanation: it is the reversal of the former. ...The celestial journey of the returning soul is indeed one of the most common features in otherwise widely divergent systems, and its significance for the gnostic mind is enhanced by the fact that it represents a belief not only... expressive of man's relation to the world, but... the meaning of gnosis is to prepare for this final event, and all its ethical, ritual, and technical instruction is meant to secure its successful completion. Historically there is an even more far-reaching aspect... (though no longer passing under the name of Gnosticism) the external topology of the ascent through the spheres, with the successive divesting of the soul of its worldly envelopments and the regaining of its original cosmic nature, could be "internalized" and find its analogue in a psychological technique of inner transformations by which the self, while still in the body, might attain the Absolute as an immanent, if temporary, condition: an ascending scale of mental states replaces the stations of the mythical itinerary: the dynamics of progressive spiritual self-transformation, the spatial thrust through the heavenly spheres. Thus could transcendence itself be turned into, the whole process becomes spiritualized and put within the power and the orbit of the subject. With this transposition of a mythical scheme into the inwardness of the person, with the translation of its objective stages into subjective phases of self-performable experience whose culmination has the form of ecstasis, gnostic myth has passed into mysticism (Neoplatonic and monastic), and in this new medium it lives on long after the disappearance of the original mythological beliefs.
* In the the ascent is described as a series of progressive subtractions which leaves the "naked" true self, an instance of Primal Man as he was before his cosmic fall, free to enter the divine realm and to become one again with God. ...[W]hat begins the ascent is already the pure disengaged from its earthly encumbrances... the rulers of the spheres are hostile powers trying to bar its passage... Wherever we hear of the doffing of garments, the slipping of knots, the loosing of bonds in the course of the upward journey, we have analogies to the Poimandres passage. The sum of the knots, etc., is called "psyche": thus it is the soul that is put off by the pneuma... In this way the ascent is... putting off the worldly nature. ...[T]he mysteries of the Mithras had for their initiates the ceremonial passing through seven gates arranged on ascending steps representing the seven planets... in those of we find successive putting on and off of seven (or twelve) garments or animal disguises. The result... was called rebirth (palingenesia): the initiate himself was supposed to have been reborn as the god. The terminology of "rebirth," "reformation" (metamorphosis), "transfiguration" was coined in the context of these rituals as part of the language of the mystery cults. The meanings and applications... were wide enough to make them fit into various theological systems... But... they were eminently suited to gnostic purposes.
* [T]he individual correlation of elements with passions varies greatly... from the turning back or supplication resulted the "soul" of the world and of the and everything psychical, and from the rest of the passions the material elements: e.g., from the tears the moist substance, from the laughter the luminous, from the grief and shock the more solid elements of the cosmos; or "from shock (terror) and perplexity as the more inarticulate condition, the corporeal elements of the cosmos—namely earth according to the stiffening of terror; then water, according to the movement of fear; air, according to the flight of grief; the fire, however, is inherent in all of them as death and corruption, just as ignorance is hidden in the three passions"...
* The ontological relation of Sophia and is best expressed in the statement "the Sophia is called ',' the Demiurge, 'soul' "... For the rest, we meet in the Demiurge of the Valentinians... traits of the world-god... his ignorance first... which in the first place relates to things above him. These, including his mother, remain entirely unknown to him; but also considering his own fashioning beneath himself he "is unthinking and foolish, and knows not what he does and effects"... which permits his mother to slip her own designs into what he believes he does on his own. On his ignorance then is based the second major trait which he shares with the general gnostic conception of the Demiurge: the conceit and presumption in which he believes himself to be alone and declares himself to be the unique and highest God.
* Ptolemy's ... is at pains to make it clear from the outset that the, though certainly not from the perfect Father, is neither from Satan; nor is the world: both are the work of a god of justice. Those who attribute creation to an evil god are as much in error as those who ascribe the Law to the supreme God: the former err because they do not know the god of justice, the latter, because they do not know the Father of All. ...The "God" who ordained this Law, being neither the perfect Father nor the devil, can only be the , the maker of the universe... holding a median rank between them and therefore called the "middle principle."
* This is how the Stoics viewed the cosmic position of fire: "This warm and fiery essence is so poured out in all nature that in it inheres the power of procreation and the cause of becoming"... to them it is a "rational fire," "the fiery Mind of the universe," the most truly divine element in the cosmos. But what to the Stoics is thus the bearer of cosmic Reason, to the Valentinians is with the same omnipresence in all creation the embodiment of Ignorance. Where Heraclitus speaks of "the everlasting fire," they speak of fire as "death and corruption" in all elements. Yet even they would agree that as far as cosmic "life" so-called and demiurgical "reason" so-called are concerned these are properly symbolized in fire, as indeed in many gnostic systems the is expressly called the god of the fire; but since that kind of "life" and of "reason" are in their nature death and ignorance, the agreement in effect amounts to a subtle caricature of the Heraclitean-Stoic doctrine. We observe here the transition to the conception of fire as the hellish element: as such we shall meet it in the "burning fire of darkness" which the Manichaeans regarded as one of the properties of "Matter."
* What matters for the progress of the myth is the fact common to all versions that the godhead, to meet the aggressor, had to produce a special "creation" representing his own self... in response to the ensuing fate of this divine hypostasis the further multiplication of divine figures out of the supreme source comes about. This is the general gnostic principle of emanation...
* The purity of their substance, the perfection of their circular motion, the unimpededness with which in thus moving they follow their own law, the incorruptibility of their being and the immutability of their courses—all these attributes make them in the sense of Greek philosophy "divine"... eminence of being. Among these constancy of being and immortality of life are paramount. Divine, therefore, are the stars, primarily not by their action but by the rank which they occupy in the hierarchy of things according to their immanent properties. And these are just the properties of order, eternity, and harmony which constitute the "cosmos" character of the All in general: this they represent most purely and completely. ...Beyond this ideal significance, their perfection is also the real guarantee of the duration of the whole, i.e., of the eternity of cosmic movement and life. Thus they are the most powerful assurance which the Greek affirmation of the world had been able to conceive.
* The Pythagoreans had found in the astral order the proportions of the concordant musical scale... a harmonia... Thereby they created the most enchanting symbol of Greek cosmic piety: "harmony," issuing in the inaudible "music of the spheres," [as] the idealizing expression for the same fact of irrefragable order that astrology stresses less optimistically... Stoic philsophy strove to integrate the idea of destiny as propounded by contemporary astrology with the Greek concept of harmony: to the Stoics is the practical aspect of the harmony, i.e., its action as it affects terrestrial conditions and the short-lived beings here. And since the stellar movements are actuated by the cosmic and this logos functions in the world-process as providence (pronoia), it follows that in this wholly monistic system heimarmene itself is pronoia, that is, fate and divine providence are the same. The understanding of and willing consent to this fate... as the reason of the whole distinguishes the wise man, who bears adversity... as the price... for the harmony of the whole. The existence of the whole... is the ultimate and no further questionable, self-justifying end in this teleological scheme: for the sake of the cosmos its constituent parts exist... for the sake of the whole organism. Man... is by no means the highest mode of being, he is not the end of nature, and the cosmos is not for his sake.
* To scandalize has always been the pride of rebels, but much of it may satisfy itself in provocativeness of doctrine rather than deeds. Yet we must not underrate the extremes to which revolutionary defiance and the vertigo of freedom could go in the value-vacuum created by the spiritual crisis. The very discovery of a new vista, invalidating all former norms constituted an anarchical condition, and excess in thought and life was the first response to the import and dimensions of that vista.
* It is no accident that, whereas the libertinistic version of gnostic morality was represented by decidedly esoteric types, our examples for the ascetic version are taken from... exoteric types of Gnosticism. Both Marcion and Mani intended to found a general church... and ... was a community religion of popular complexion. Anarchy is incompatible with institution... and any religious establishment will lead in the direction of discipline. To some extent the church takes over the function of the ; ideally it aspires to being an all-embracing itself, in this world though not of this world, replacing the secular civitas in regulating the lives of its members. This must necessarily give rise to a canon of "virtues"... In short, institutionalized salvation, that is, the very idea of the "church," favors the discipline of ascetic morality over a literal understanding of the ideal of pneumatic freedom, which the anticosmic position... suggests. ...The Christian Gnostics listed by Irenaeus as holding libertine views regarded their "freedom" as an executive privilege never meant for the ordinary members... Generally... except for a brief period of revolutionary extremism, the practical consequences from gnostic views were more often in the direction of asceticism than of libertinism.
* Philo was enough heir to the Stoic and Platonic tradition to accord to the concept and name of areté an important place in his thought. ...The very meaning of areté is withdrawn from the positive faculties... and placed in the knowledge of nothingness. Confidence in one's own moral powers, the whole enterprise of self-perfection... and the self-attribution of the achievement—integral aspects of the Greek conception of virtue—this... is here condemned as the vice of self-love and conceit. ..."[Q]ueen of the virtues," the most perfect... is faith, which combines the turning to God with the recognition and contempt of one's own nothingness. ..."[T]he vice most odious to God" is vainglory, self-love, arrogance, presumption—in brief, the pride of considering oneself as one's own lord and ruler and of relying on one's own powers. This [is a] complete disintegration of the Greek ideal of virtue... While to the Hellenes from Plato to Plotinus man's way to God led through moral self-perfection, for Philo it leads through self-despair in the realization of one's nothingness. ..."For then is the time for the creature to encounter the Creator, when it has recognized its own nothingness"... To know God and to disown oneself is a standing correlation in Philo. "...fly from oneself and flee to God." ..."he who flees from his own flees to that of the All" ..."escape even thyself, and pass out of thyself, raving and God-possessed like the Dionysian Corybantes"
* The enlightenment by a ray of the divine light... which transforms the psychic nature of man... is sometimes claimed and even described... in the religious literature of the age, inside and outside Gnosticism. It involves the extinction of the natural faculties, filling the vacuum with a surprisingly positive and... negative content. Annihilation and deification of the person are fused in the spiritual ecstasis... immediate presence of the acosmic essence. In the gnostic context, this transfiguring... experience is ... exalted... paradoxical... knowledge of the unknowable. ...The mystical gnosis theoû—direct beholding of the divine reality—is itself an earnest of the consummation to come. It is transcendence become immanent... of divine activity and grace. It is... as much a "being known" by God as a "knowing" him, and in this ultimate mutuality the "gnosis" is beyond the terms of "knowledge"... As beholding a supreme object... "knowledge" or "cognition"; as being absorbed in, and transfigured by... "" or "rebirth"... the knower's being merges with that of the object—which "object" in truth means the obliteration of the whole realm of objects. The experience of the infinite in the finite cannot but be a paradox... it unites voidness and fullness. Its light illuminates and blinds. With an apparent... suspension of time, it stands within existence for the end of all existence: end in the... negative-positive sense of ceasing everything worldly and... spiritual... fullfilment... the double-edged character of the true eschaton... and anticipation of death...
* Here is one simple criterion for what is "Christian" (orthodox) or "gnostic" (heretical): whether the guilt is Adam's or the Archon's, whether human or divine, whether arising in or before creation.
* In the opening lines the is declared to be "a joy for those who have received from the Father of Truth the gift of knowing Him through the power of the Word (Logos) who has come from the ... and for the redemption of those who were in ignorance of the Father"; the name "gospel" (evangelium) itself is then explained as the "the manifestation of hope" (i.e., of the hoped-for). ...evangelium has here the original and literal meaning of "glad tidings" that hold out hope and give assurance of fulfillment of that hope.
* [C]osmos is said to be the "shape" (schema) of "Deficiency"; Deficiency we could equate with the "Oblivion"... Oblivion in turn is there related to "Error" (planē) and its formation (plasma), this in turn to "Anguish" and "Terror," they again to "Ignorance"—and so the whole chain of apparently psychological and human concepts, through which the mysterious tale moves, has almost by accident its cosmic meaning authenticated...
* "[T]he speculative principle of ...the "pneumatic equation"—namely: that the human-individual event of tic knowledge is the inverse equivalent of the pre-cosmic universal event of divine ignorance...
* In the Mandaean literature, it is a standing phrase: life has been thrown into the world, light into darkness, the soul into the body. ...Ejected into the world, life is a kind of trajectory projecting itself forward into the future.
* In the Gnostic formula it is understood that, though thrown into temporality, we had an origin in eternity, and so also we have an aim in eternity.
* To look at what is there, at nature as it is in itself, at Being, the ancients called... contemplation, theoria. But... if contemplation is left with only the irrelevantly extant, then it loses the noble status... as does the repose in the present... Theoria had that dignity because of its Platonic implications—because it beheld eternal objects in the forms of things, a transcendence of immutable being shining through the transparency of becoming. Immutable being is everlasting present, in which contemplation can share in the brief durations of the temporal present. Thus it is eternity, not time, that grants a present and gives it a status of its own in the flux of time; and it is the loss of eternity which accounts for the loss of a genuine present. Such a loss of eternity is the disappearance of the world of ideas and ideals in which Heidegger sees the true meaning of Nietzsche's "God is dead"; ...[i.e.,] the absolute victory of over realism. ...[T]he same cause which is at the root of nihilism is also at the root of the radical temporality of Heidegger's scheme of existence, in which the present is nothing but the moment of crisis between past and future.
Preface
* Out of the mist of the beginning of our era there looms a pageant of mythical figures whose vast, superhuman contours might people the walls and ceiling of another Sistene Chapel. ...The tale has found no Michelangelo to retell it, no Dante and no Milton. The sterner discipline of biblical creed weathered the storm of those days, and both the Old and New Testament were left to inform the mind and imagination of Western man. Those teachings which, in the feverish hour of transition, challenged, tempted, [and] tried to twist the new faith are forgotten, their written record buried in the tomes of their refuters or in the sands of ancient lands. Our art and literature and much else would be different, had the gnostic message prevailed. ...[W]ithout its voice, its insights, and even its errors, the evidence of humanity is incomplete. ...Its glow throws light upon the beginnings of Christianity, the birth pangs of our world; and the heirs of a decision made long ago will better understand their heritage by knowing what once competed with it for the soul of man.
* Preface (First Edition)
* The results of... prolonged studies are published in German under the title Gnosis und späntantiker Geist, of which the first volume appeared in 1934, the second—because of the circumstances of the times—only in 1954, and the third and concluding one is still to come. The present volume, while still retaining the point of view of the larger work and restating many of its arguments, is different in scope, in organization, and in literary intention. ...[T]his treatment ...strives to reach the general educated reader as well as the scholar. ...[I]n some respects the present volume goes beyond the earlier presentation: certain texts are more fully interpreted... and it has been possible to include new material of recent discovery. Inevitably... it does duplicate, with some rephrasing, certain parts of the German work.
* Preface (First Edition)
* This second edition... had been enlarged by two substantial additions: a new chapter... dealing with the great find at Nag Hamadi in Egypt... and... an essay... "Gnosticism, Nihilism, and Existentialism."
* Preface to the Second Edition
Quotes about The Gnostic Religion
* The ancient sources are elusive passages in esoteric books the ordinary student never encounters, and secondary treatments are fragmentary and recondite. Professor Jonas’s synoptic book, well organized and beautifully written, is therefore a pioneer effort, unrivaled and indispensable. It is at once a work of original scholarship by an acknowledged authority in its field, and so lucid in its presentation that the enormous learning which it exploits is never obtrusive. It is a feat of imaginative scholarship to combine scattered and tangled threads into a unified texture with patterns clearly revealed in their dark side and in their light, and it is no less a feat to clarify the strange patterns by relating them to more familiar ones.
* , Commentary (Jan 1, 1959) Vol. 28, p. 81.
* On July 23, 1925... Jonas gave a paper on "Die Gnosis im Johannesevangelium" (Gnosticism in the Gospel according to John). ...In 1928 he submitted his doctoral thesis in philosophy, "Über den Begriff deer Gnosis" (On the Concept of Gnosis), which appeared in print in 1930. The continuation of this work then culminated in the first volume, published in 1934, of the Gnosis und späntantiker Geist: Die mythologische Gnosis... The first half of the second part, already partly in typeset in 1934, did not appear until 1954. ...[T]his part remains a fragment... [S]poradic continuation of work... resulted from the unexpected resurfacing of new Coptic Gnostic texts from, which had been discovered in 1945... Jonas... intervened in the discussion of some of the most important texts in this find, [e.g.,] the ', the ', and the . His opinion [was] first published in 1962 in... the Journal of Religion... Prior to that, in 1958 Jonas had submitted an English version of his book on Gnosticism, entitled The Gnostic Religion: The Message of an Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity. As he said in the preface, this followed the point of view of the German work, but was different "in scope, in organization, and in literary intention." Here too, the second edition in 1963 was supplemented to take account of the Nag Hammadi texts. This book, particularly the paperback edition, has had a great influence up until the present day, and is often used as a text for students. In contrast to its German predecessor, it is easier to read, since... Jonas no longer used the "Heidegger style." A less well-known version of his interpretation of Gnosticism was included in 1967 in the third volume of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* , "Hans Jonas and Research on Gnosticism from a Contemporary Perspective", The Legacy of Hans Jonas: Judaism and the Phenomenon of Life (2008) ed., Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, Christian Wiese, pp. 94-95.
* Hans Jonas's particular articulation of the two pronged model of "gnostic" ethics has probably been the single most influential factor in its modern popularization. But although Jonas felt that the libertinistic "alternative" actually represented the most undiluted and consistent expression of the gnostic "metaphysical revolt," he viewed it as a form of protest so radical that it could not be sustained indefinitely. Thus Jonas conceded that rather early on the libertine option was eclipsed by the ascetic option. Jonas's analysis was developed at a time when he did not have the benefit of full access to the . Yet it is not clear that... would have in itself have altered Jonas's assessment. For no matter how much silence there is about "libertinism" from surviving sources, there remains the testimony given by the heresiologists.
* Michael Allen Williams, : An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category (1996) p. 164. | WIKI |
Source SDK: Mastering the Source/SDK Reference Docs
The Source SDK Reference Documents is a section located under the Documentation panel in the Application Browser. It is a link to the main directory page of the Valve Developer Community wiki, which houses complete tutorials on all aspects of the Source SDK and it's functions, and is the choice tutorial site sponsored by Valve Corporation itself.
This is the link to the Developer Community Directory, clicking the SDK Reference Docs tab in the Application Browser will take you directly to this same link.
https://developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/SDK_Docs | WIKI |
The Wonders (film)
The Wonders (Le meraviglie) is a 2014 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Alice Rohrwacher. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival; it won the Grand Prix.
Plot
Gelsomina and her three younger sisters live with their parents on an Italian farm. As the eldest, she takes on a heavier burden, taking care of her sisters and assisting her father, Wolfgang, with beekeeping. One evening, as the family is playing on the beach, they are told to be quieter and discover that a TV show is being filmed nearby. They watch and, as they are about to leave, the star, Milly, calls them over and gives Gelsomina a hair clip.
Watching the program on TV, Gelsomina learns that it is launching a competition called Countryside Wonders, in which seven farmers will compete to have their products featured. While her father is strongly against participating, her mother warms to the idea, even though the quality of their honey is not great.
Meanwhile, Wolfgang hires a juvenile delinquent named Martin to help with honey production. Martin never talks. Though Wolfgang tries to help Martin, he discovers that he is ineffectual.
Unbeknownst to her father, Gelsomina applies on behalf of her family. She forgets about it after her father's old friend comes to stay. Later, left alone by their parents, while switching out the honeycombs to put in the processor, she accidentally injures one of her sisters, Marinella. At the hospital, while Marinella is being stitched up, Gelsomina realizes that Martin forgot to change the bucket which collects the processed honey and, on returning home, they find honey spilled over the floor. At the same time, they are visited by a man from the competition to inspect their production room. The children clean the work area and they are accepted. However, Wolfgang is infuriated by the news.
Nevertheless, the family competes on the show, where they are dressed in ridiculous garb and must plead their case to the judges. On TV, Wolfgang freezes and cannot explain what makes his honey so special. However, Gelsomina steps up and, with Martin, performs a trick in which he whistles and bees crawl out of her mouth onto her face. The family loses the competition, however. Martin runs away and Gelsomina follows him but cannot find him. On the last boat ride back from the island, she finds herself alone with Milly, who takes off her wig and gives Gelsomina a hairpin. Gelsomina swims back to the island and finds Martin, but returns to her family without him.
Cast
* Alexandra Maria Lungu as Gelsomina
* Sam Louwyck as Wolfgang
* Alba Rohrwacher as Angelica
* André Hennicke as Adrian
* Monica Bellucci as Milly
* Sabine Timoteo as Coco
* Agnese Graziani as Marinella
* Eva Lea Pace Morrow as Caterina
* Maris Stella Morrow as Luna
* Luis Huilca Logrono as Martin
* Margarete Tiesel as social worker
Production
Director Alice Rohrwacher based the movie on her memories of her childhood working for her parents, who were beekeepers. Rohrwacher stated that some parts of the film were filmed illegally, particularly the parts with the bees which they were not supposed to film for insurance purposes and which she filmed anyway on a national holiday when no one was around to stop her.
Reception
The Wonders premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Wonders offers a charming coming-of-age tale that doubles as a quietly effective tribute to a vanishing way of life." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews". | WIKI |
Talk:La Mesa, California
Religion?
I deleted the Religion Section. It's not necessary and only listed a few of the Christian churches and failed to recognize the presence of any other faith. Besides, it's a pointless list. No sense in naming every church or every McDonalds in the city. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:24, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
* I think it had been an outgrowth of the addition of the factoid about Skyline Church which headed the section. Then someone added a list of other Christian churches, then a bit about the Mormon meetinghouse. I agree with this deletion only because it would be cumbersome to maintain and rarely useful and/or complete. Perhaps returnable in the future as a fleshed-out section on religion and spirituality in the city. --Dcgomez (talk) 16:41, 20 August 2010 (UTC)
Schools
I noticed there is quite a list of schools and wondered if that was necessary? Per WikiProject Cities/US Guideline, every school does not need to be listed. I just wondered?--BuzyBody (talk) 20:55, 13 September 2012 (UTC)
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Please correct "in California in California"
When I look at this article in the Wikipedia app on my iPhone, the line immediately below the article's title says "City in California in California". I don't know how to edit that. Would somebody please correct that? Thanks! Mksword (talk) 20:58, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
* Doesn't happen on my phone - or on my desktop. Just some kind of weirdness, I guess. -- MelanieN (talk) 00:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
* It doesn't happen on my desktop, but it is still happening on my iPhone. Is your phone an iPhone? Mksword (talk) 01:24, 18 September 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Infinite Series and Mathematica
The following lesson is designed to show you how to work with series in Mathematica and to improve
your understanding of infinite series as a sequence of partial sums.
(Dont forget: To execute code in Mathematica, press Shift-Enter or just Enter on the number pad.)
Visualizing Sequences
Lets start by exploring the p-series
and the harmonic series
To see the first 20 terms in the sequence
If you prefer decimals, type and execute N[%] for numerical approximations of the previous output.
Create a list of coordinates to graph: Table[{n,1/n^2},{n,1,20}]
To graph these points type and execute: ListPlot[Table[{n,1/n^2},{n,1,20}]]
Note: You can copy-and-paste the line above into the new code after ListPlot[
Repeat these steps for the harmonic series. To make this graph red, type ,PlotStyle->Hue[1]
just before the last ] in the ListPlot command. Dont forget the comma. To make the points
larger, insert ,PlotStyle->{Hue[1],PointSize[0.02]} instead.
What do you notice about each of these sequences? Which test does this relate to for the series?
With the analysis thus far, what can we say about the convergence or divergence of the series?
type and execute: Table[1/n^2,{n,1,20}]
Finding the Sums
-
To add the first 20 terms in the p-series, type and execute: Sum[1/n^2,{n,1,20}]
Move the cursor back to the Sum command, change the 20 to 200, and re-execute.
Try 2000. Yikes! Thats the largest fraction Ive ever seen!
To get a numerical approximation to this most recent output, type and execute: N[%]
Lets create the sequence of the first 20 partial sums for the p-series.
- Type and execute Table[Sum[1/n^2,{n,1,m}],{m,1,20}]//N
(The //N converts the output to decimal form without seeing the fractions first.)
- What do you notice about this new sequence? Does it appear to be converging? If so, to what?
Change the 20 to 200, and re-execute. Try 2000. What do you think now?
For a convergent series, Mathematica can find the infinite sum:
Sum[1/n^2,{n,1,Infinity}]
Find the numerical approximation for this value. How does it compare to S2000?
Return to the line of code that generated the first 2000 partial sums.
Change {m,1,2000} to {m,1,3000,100} This counts to 3000 by 100s. Try to 5000 by 1000s.
(Note: If you make the numbers too large, it will take a long time to calculate.)
Repeat this section for the harmonic series.
-CONTINUED -
Infinite Series and Mathematica Page 2
Graphing the Sequence of Partial Sums
-
Return to the end of your code.
To graph the sequence of partial sums, we will follow the same basic pattern. However were going
to name the graphs this time so we can use them later. First the p-series.
plot1 = ListPlot[Table[{m, Sum[1/n^2, {n, 1, m}]}, {m, 1, 20}]]
This graphs the sequence of the first 20 partial sums. What do you notice about this sequence?
Graph the sequence of the first 20 partial sums for the harmonic series in red.
plot2=ListPlot[Table[{m,Sum[1/n,{n,1,m}]},{m,1,20}],PlotStyle->Hue[1]]
What do you notice about this sequence of partial sums?
To compare both sequences, lets graph them together: Show[plot1, plot2]
Does this result make sense?
To explore this further, change the p-series to 5/n2 and re-execute ListPlot and Show.
Now what do you see? What do you think will happen as we plot more partial sums?
Download the example code from Ms. Browns web site to make this next part easier.
www.abbymath.com ~ Mathem atica Files ~ Find Infinite Series and Mathematica and download the example code.
Execute the code. You should see the same three plots you just created.
To plot the first 200 partial sums, change nmax=20; to nmax=200; and re-execute.
Does this tell you anything new?
Try nmax=2000; but also change countby=10; to countby=100;
Now, what do you see? Try nmax=3000;
What do you think would happen if you changed 5/n2 to 5000/n2 ? Or 5,000,000/n2 ?
What does this tell you about series convergence?
Further Examples and Exploration
Use what you learned about infinite series and Mathematica to determine and illustrate the convergence
or divergence of the following series.
1.
2.
3.
The codes for these expressions are listed below. If you define it as a function a(n) as below, you can
work with it more easily. Also, you can find any term you want by inserting it into the function.
1. a[n_] = (n/(3n + 1))^n
2. a[n_] = (-1)^(n - 1)Sqrt[n]/(5n + 1)
3. a[n_] = Log[n]/Sqrt[n] (For ln in Mathematica, use Log[expression])
A B B Y B R O W N - www.abbymath.com - 10/2002 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mock Constants for Isolation Testing
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MockConstants Build Status
Mock Constants for Isolation Testing
Installation
Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
gem 'mock_constants'
And then execute:
$ bundle
Or install it yourself as:
$ gem install mock_constants
Usage
Blistering fast tests of framework software is possible when portions of code can be tested in isolation of frameworks, such as Rails, and other dependencies. Advocates such as Gary Bernhard, Corey Haines and others have convinced me of the virtues of this approach, and the sheer joy and productivity of TDD when test results appear almost as soon as you hit the key to initiate them.
However, isolation testing may require some doubles, creation or modification of the values for global constants from the framework or dependency, such as "ActiveRecord," and its progeny. This can create problems when fast tests are joined as part of a test suite including tests requiring full framework testing.
This Gem facilitates the installation, modification and removal of constants for isolation tests. For example, consider the following minitest spec:
describe PasswordResetService do
subject{PasswordResetService.new}
let(:user){stub}
it "sends e-mail to user on request" do
UserMailer.expects(:notify_user).with(user)
subject.request_password_reset(user)
end
end
Of course, we could simply require Rails and let it go. Unfortunately, loading and initializing the entire framework is costly and unnecessary (often by a factor of 40 or more!). Because the test does not require any knowledge of UserMailer, apart from its notify_user protocol, or User, beyond it being a parameter to notify_user, this is a waste of resources, particularly the psyche of the programmer.
We might run the test in isolation, stubbing UserMailer and User with empty class definitions, such as: Class User; end The difficulty is that the definition must be carefully defined to avoid conflicts when run in a suite with tests that require a full framework load. Even so, the mere leaking of any definition of UserMailer can interfere with the proper autoloading behavior. Despite Bernhards compelling arguments for this solution as simpler and less invasive, I have not been able to make them work for the autoloaded portions of Rails.
We might finesse all of this with the more rational dependency injection solutions. (See _____ video at destroyallsoftware.com.) However, many rails users might not be drawn to changing the models as an improvement in design, perceiving the only benefit to be somewhat faster tests.
The only solution I could find short of dependency injection is to expressly modify the environment, adding, changing or removing constants for mocking, while retaining the necessary information to reinstate the environment at the conclusion of the test. The difficulty is that the code to do this is complex and invasive, requiring great care to ensure that what is done is undone.
Ruby does not make this an easy task, because constants are supposed to be constants. This module eases the complexity and assures that the "constant pool" will be restored to the state it was prior to the test. This is accomplished in this example with:
MockConstants.minispec(User: Class, Usermailer: Class) do
describe PasswordResetService do
... as above ..
end
end
or if a single test is needed:
describe PasswordResetService do
subject{PasswordResetService.new}
let(:user){stub}
it "sends e-mail to user on request" do
MockConstants.with(User: Class, UserMailer: Class) do
UserMailer.expects(:notify_user).with(user)
subject.request_password_reset(user)
end
end
end
The first example actually creates an outer 'describe' class, having before and after routines in that scope to establish the desired state and restore it thereafter from information retained in the before block. The latter wraps and yields to the inner block, establishing the desired state with an ensure block to restore it thereafter. It should be straightforward to implement this protocol for other testing regimes, and the author would welcome contributions to that effect.
Contributing
1. Fork it
2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Added some feature')
4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
5. Create new Pull Request | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Noralou P. Roos
Noralou Preston Roos (born April 21, 1942, in Pomona, California) is an American-Canadian professor emerita of community health sciences. She has won several awards for her work in health policy, public health, publicly funded health care, and advocacy of evidence-based medicine and health promotion.
Biography
Noralou Preston grew up in California and Oregon with a sister and two brothers. Their parents were married for 67 years. She graduated with an A.B. in 1963 from Stanford University. She married Leslie Leon Roos, Jr. on June 17, 1963, in Santa Clara, California. He was born in 1940 in San Francisco. She and her husband both became graduate students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She graduated with a Ph.D. in political science in 1968 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her Ph.D. thesis The Turkish Administrative Elite was supervised by Frederick W. Frey (1929–2020). She was at Northwestern University for three years before joining the University of Manitoba in 1972.
Noralou P. Roos is a professor emerita in the Department of Community Health Sciences of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba. From 1973 to 1998, she was a National Health Research Scientist supported by Canada's National Health Research and Development Program. She has received numerous national and international fellowships and grants. She has published extensively in books and journals in collaboration with her husband. As of the year 2021, according to the Institute for Scientific Information, she is among the leading 100 Canadian scientists in terms of citations to her publications.
Noralou Roos was the founding co-director, with her husband Leslie Roos, of the University of Manitoba's Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP) and became a co-director of the Get Your Benefits (GYB) project supported by The Winnipeg Foundation. She and her collaborators have researched variations in the medical practices of physicians, outcomes in surgery, factors in the quality of medical care, variations in health care use, and quality, reliability, and use of data in managing the Canadian health care system, Leslie and Noralou Roos have a daughter and three grandchildren.
Awards and honours
* 1988 — Woman of the Year Award from YWCA of Manitoba
* 2005 — Appointed Member of the Order of Canada
* 2009 — Elected to the Life Sciences Division, Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada
* 2011 — Elected to Fellowship in the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences
* 2016 — Appointed Officer of the Order of Canada
* 2020 — Vanier Medal from the Institute of Public Administration of Canada (IPAC)
* 2021 — Manitoba 150 Women Trailblazers Award
* 2022 — Inducted into Canadian Medical Hall of Fame | WIKI |
Nonwovens Industry
Welcome to Nonwovens Industry
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Print
Absorbent article
Patent #: 8,105,300
Inventor(s): Patricia Lee Christon, Cincinnati, OH, Bryan Keith Feller, Sunman, IN, Ronda Lynn Glassmeyer, Cincinnati, OH, and Rose Alejandra Hernandez, West Chester, OH
Company: The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH
Filed: 2008-06-28
Issued: 2012-01-31
Description:
An absorbent article having an upper surface, a lower surface and a periphery, the absorbent article comprising: a topsheet having a bottom surface and a viewing surface positioned opposite to the bottom surface, the viewing surface facing upwardly toward the upper surface of the absorbent article; a backsheet having a garment facing surface and a user facing surface positioned oppositely to the garment facing surface, the backsheet being joined to the topsheet; an absorbent core having a top surface and a bottom surface positioned opposite to the top surface, the absorbent core being positioned between the topsheet and the backsheet; the bottom surface of the topsheet having a colored portion printed thereon, the colored portion being viewable from the viewing surface of the topsheet, the colored portion having a first shade printed in a first area of the bottom surface of the topsheet and a second shade printed in a separate area of the bottom surface of the topsheet, the first shade comprising a plurality of first printed marks, the second shade comprising a plurality of second printed marks, the second shade being different from the first shade, the first shade and the second shade being orange, green, blue, violet or indigo, and being surrounded by a portion that is white and that extends to the periphery, wherein the first shade is positioned substantially centrally with respect to the second shade.
View on USPTO | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Traveller (horse)
Untitled
I deleted reference to caisson. Freeman and the Lexington Gazette of 10/21/1870 describe a hearse. Actually the article had mentioned both a hearse and a caisson, which made no sense. One or the other, can't have both. What is source for boots reversed in stirrups? Junglerot56 03:22, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* Well, this is embarrassing. I am pretty sure it was in the cited brochure from the Lee Chapel, but I cannot find my copy of it anymore and the Chapel does not have it online. Therefore, I removed the reference to the boots and stirrups and clarified that the casket was riding on the caisson (which is what was informally called the hearse previously). If anyone finds a copy of the brochure, please help us out. Hal Jespersen 00:09, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
Traveller by Adams
How does Adams' book equate to further reading? "Traveller" by Adams is a fiction book; the article is about a non-fictional subject. Linking a fictional work in "Further reading" to a non-fictional article is disingenuous, if not out-right unencyclopedic. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:56, 16 July 2010 (UTC)
Which battles?
Apart from Second Bull Run, it doesn't say in which battles Lee rode Traveller. Valetude (talk) 16:57, 3 May 2014 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 6 external links on Traveller (horse). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Corrected formatting/usage for https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=traveller%2Ctraveler&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=17&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Ctraveller%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctraveler%3B%2Cc0
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110910233246/http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/warhorse.htm to http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/warhorse.htm
* Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/5QVXNUZmW?url=http://www.westegg.com/inflation/ to http://www.westegg.com/inflation/
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100610155427/http://www.stratfordhall.org/learn/lees/leehorses.php to http://www.stratfordhall.org/learn/lees/leehorses.php
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110910233246/http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/warhorse.htm to http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/warhorse.htm
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050216093416/http://home.att.net/~lah-rbh/civilwar/poem65.html to http://home.att.net/~lah-rbh/civilwar/poem65.html
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 14:27, 30 December 2017 (UTC)
Spelling
I removed the bit about double-L vs single-L spelling in the lead. It was based on an ngram as a source, which was misinterpreted anyway. Regardless, it was original research. The bottom line is that the double-L spelling was more common in contemporary en-US as well as en-UK; but that is also "original research". 2606:A000:1126:28D:E5B5:B088:3A46:1619 (talk) 07:01, 16 July 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
A Simple Explanation
Construction is a broad term meaning both the science and art of constructing objects, structures, or systems and derives from Latin adhaerens reae, literally, “to build up.” To build is the subject word: the object of construction is the verb: to be created, and the subject is art: the mode of creating. Both verbs are used to mean work (as in the dictionary definition), but only one sense of each word refers specifically to the activity of constructing. In constructing an object, building refers to a specific process, a definite process, while building up is broader and refers loosely to any activity that produces objects.
Construction is not limited to building things (houses, monuments, etc. ) but extends to their support. Natural structures, such as those found in nature at the earth’s surface, are considered construction sites; artificial constructions, such as buildings, are not.
A number of the building blocks of the modern industry have been derived from the activities of construction. The most obvious among these is the wheel, which was invented partly due to the wheel being used as a carriage in the early Renaissance. Machinery is partially constructed, through what is called mechanical invention, by the actions of human workers engaged in work (labor). Machines themselves are constructed, through what is called mechanical invention, by machines that are driven by human beings operating them. The processes involved in construction explain many of the activities of modern industry.
Many of today’s questions regarding what is construction? Can be answered by looking at the various activities that human beings engage in every day. People build houses, structures, automobiles, ships, tunnels, bridges, towers, parks, museums, and even political buildings.
Many of these activities are performed by people who are not necessarily trained professionals but just ordinary people. What is the construction? It is a question that arises all the time when one sees an automobile or a building being constructed. Construction is not just about making things; it is about the discipline of putting things together so that they work. And this goes far beyond the realm of art, engineering, architecture, surveying, etc., because it is a process that takes time, money, effort, materials, workforce, and skill.
In what is construction? one must think of the various ways in which men and women construct the things they use every day. One major way is through simple hand labor, such as building something from scratch by oneself. Another way is to use machines designed to do much of what hand labor does, but of course, much faster and more efficient than any person could do it.
The third way in which we can understand what construction is! It is by way of the wide range of products that have been built by people all over the world. We know that the entire world now knows how to construct buildings and vehicles, but very few of us know how to build our homes. Indeed, many of the most beautiful homes that have ever been built were in the style of someone who was not trained in the construction trade but just took advantage of some basic plans and tools available to them.
What is the construction? It is a question that is probably occupying the minds of even the greatest minds of our time, yet there is still a great deal that remains unknown about the process. We do know that nearly every building in the world today is being constructed by some machine or process, but very few people really understand the construction process as a whole! We know that construction businesses are the fastest-growing sector of our economy, yet very few people understand the basics of how a construction business works! In a world where knowledge is almost as valuable as cash, anyone interested in starting a career in the construction field must take the time to gain as much knowledge as possible! | FINEWEB-EDU |
Ernest MARTIN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Betty MITCHELL, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.
Nos. 00-3357, 00-3359.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued: Aug. 7, 2001.
Decided and Filed: Feb. 7, 2002.
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied: March 28, 2002.
J. Joseph Bodine, Jr., Timothy R. Payne (argued and briefed), Public Defender’s Office, Ohio Public Defender Commission, Columbus, OH, Kyle E. Timken (briefed), Ohio Public Defender’s Office, Columbus, OH, for Petitioner-Appellant in Nos. 00-3357, 00-3359.
Ernest Martin (briefed), Mansfield Correctional Institute, Mansfield, OH, pro se in Nos. 00-3357, 00-3359.
Jon W. Oebker (briefed), Heather L. Gosselin, Norman E. Plate (argued), Office of the Attorney General of Ohio, Capital Crimes Section, Columbus, OH, for Respondents-Appellees in Nos. 00-3357, GO-3359.
Before: NORRIS, SILER, and DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
SILER, Circuit Judge.
Petitioner Ernest Martin, an Ohio death row inmate, appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). The respondent warden will be referred to as the “State.” This court granted Martin’s application for a certificate of appealability (“COA”), allowing review of his claims of prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective assistance of counsel, and sufficiency of the evidence, subparts of those issues, and the question of procedural default as it relates to these issues. For the reasons stated hereafter, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
On direct appeal, the Ohio Supreme Court summarized the relevant facts as follows:
On December 20, 1982, Ernel Foster, a security guard, was robbed of his .38 caliber Smith & Wesson revolver, Model 10, Serial No. D431784, by a black male, while waiting at a bus stop on East 93rd Street and Kinsman Avenue. Foster testified that he chased the offender for a block and a half and was able to see his face. He further noted that the offender’s hair was in small braids. On February 1,1983, Foster was summoned to the police station to view a line-up composed of six black males. Foster was able to identify the defendant-appellant, Ernest Martin, noting that his hair was braided in the same manner as it appeared on December 20, 1982. Later, Foster identified appellant in the courtroom as the man who had taken his weapon.
Appellant’s girlfriend, Josephine Pedro, testified that he had threatened her with a gun earlier that year, telling her that he had stolen the weapon from a security guard at East 93rd and Kinsman. Pedro wrote down the serial number of the gun on the back of an envelope box. The number was identical to the serial number of Foster’s weapon except that the letter “D” had been purposely transformed into a “9.” Pedro testified that this was done to make the number sequence look like a telephone number in order to ward off any suspicion.
Pedro further testified that in the early hours of January 21, 1983, appellant revealed a plan to rob Robinson’s Drug Store. She attempted to dissuade him but the appellant threatened her if she did not cooperate in the robbery. Appellant then left the apartment and returned approximately ten minutes later with the gun he had taken from Foster.
Appellant devised a plan whereby Pedro was to go to the store and attempt to buy medicine for a cold. When Robert Robinson, owner of the store, unlocked the door to allow Pedro’s entrance, appellant planned to follow her in and rob the premises. The appellant wore gray pants, tennis shoes and a waist length black leather jacket. He covered his face with a brown knit cap in which he cut holes for his eyes to avoid identification. At approximately 12:45 a.m., Pedro arrived at the store and knocked on the door. Upon recognizing Pedro, Robinson unlocked the door to let her in. However, he locked the door again before the appellant had a chance to gain entrance. As Robinson stood in front of the door after locking it, two shots were fired through the door fatally wounding him. After firing the shots the appellant allegedly went to the apartment to change his clothes and then returned to the store to finish the robbery.
Monty Parkey, an employee of Robinson, was in the back room at the time of the shooting. After hearing the shots and seeing what had occurred, Parkey called an ambulance and the police. He then instructed Pedro to go to Robinson’s house to get Mrs. Robinson. Pedro complied and upon returning was interviewed by the police concerning the events. She gave them her name and address and stated she knew nothing about the shooting. The appellant was also present at this time and talked to the police. Upon completing her interview, Pedro returned to her apartment.
When Pedro reached the apartment she called her neighbor, Larry Kidd. Appellant returned approximately thirty-five minutes later. Pedro asked appellant whether the evening’s events had been worth it. He showed her a pile of bills under a blanket which he then took into the bathroom and explained that he had stolen between $38 and $39 from the store.
Appellant then drove Kidd and Pedro to an “after hours” spot for drinks. After they sat down at the table, appellant took two spent cartridges from his pocket and placed them on the table. Kidd remarked: “ * * * [MJust be a night of the duces [sic], you got a duce [sic] and a quarter, and Mr. Robinson got shot twice, and you got two cartridges.” Appellant did not respond to this comment.
Several days after the shooting the police again questioned Pedro and appellant. By this time the two had put together a story for the police that Pedro had gone to the store to get cough medicine when the deceased was shot and that appellant only came to the store after she had been gone for an unusually long time. On January 29, 1983, the police returned and arrested Pedro and appellant for the murder of Robinson. After several days in jail, Pedro told the police that she had helped set up the robbery by going to the store and that the appellant had shot the deceased. Soon afterwards, appellant’s father contacted Pedro asking her to change her statement. WTdle visiting appellant in jail, appellant’s father again asked Pedro to change her story. During the trial, the state introduced a letter dated February 13, 1983, wherein appellant asked Pedro to “tell the truth” and implicate a man named “Slim” for the murder-robbery of Robinson. An additional letter dated February 17, 1983, in which appellant again asked her to implicate “Slim,” was also introduced into evidence. Pedro has continually denied that “Slim” had anything to do with these crimes.
The state also offered another letter into evidence which had been written by the appellant to Pedro when he was in jail in February 1981 for another offense. Pedro identified the letter and read it into the record. The letter asked Pedro to lie for appellant and to implicate someone else for the commission of the offense for which the appellant was charged. Pedro admitted lying for the appellant pursuant to the letter in the previous trial for the other offense.
Finally, Antoinette Henderson testified that she lived with Pedro for about five or six months until the middle of December 1982. During December she heard the appellant say he was going to rob Robinson’s store. Appellant threatened her with a gun, warning her that she had better not tell anyone of his plan.
During the trial the defense presented no witnesses, but sought to introduce into evidence written statements of Pedro and Henderson. The court denied this request finding the written statements were not inconsistent as alleged by the defense.
The jury found the appellant guilty of the aggravated robbery of Ernel Foster and of the aggravated robbery and aggravated murder of Robert Robinson with the specification of being the principal offender of the aggravated murder while committing or attempting to commit aggravated robbery. After the mitigation hearing was conducted, the jury recommended that appellant receive the death penalty. On July 8, 1983, the trial court sentenced appellant to death. On July 13, 1983, appellant filed a motion for a new trial. On May 9, 1984, the motion was denied. On May 23, 1984, the court filed its required judgment entry and separate opinion, pursuant to R.C. 2929.03(F), finding that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating factors. The following day, the trial court filed its opinion on the motion for a new trial.
On August 5, 1983, appellant appealed his conviction to the court of appeals. The court of appeals affirmed the sentence of the trial court and issued a separate opinion as required by R.C. 2929.05(A) on September 27,1984.
State v. Martin, 19 Ohio St.3d 122, 483 N.E.2d 1157, 1159-61 (1985).
E.J. Rieves-Bey lived across the street from the victim’s store and witnessed someone running away from the scene after hearing shots fired. Within two weeks of the killing, he gave a statement to the Cleveland police describing the man he saw fleeing as 5'10" and 170 lbs, roughly matching Martin. Approximately a month later, he told a court-appointed investigator that the man was “About six foot, two maybe three ... Maybe about 180, 200 pounds.” He also stated, “I know he’s taller than Ernest Martin, and Ernest Martin is smaller, way smaller.”
The State subpoenaed Rieves-Bey to testify, but he arrived just as jury deliberations began. The State sought to reopen its case and present the testimony of Rieves-Bey. The defense successfully objected, and deliberations continued.
At the hearing on Martin’s motion for a new trial, Rieves-Bey described the man he saw fleeing from the scene as “about six foot, 200 pounds.” He also stated that the man was wearing “a black coat, and a brown mask and sort of a hat.” He testified that several minutes after he saw the fleeing man, he saw Martin walking toward the crime scene, and that he was wearing “[a] brown long coat, lighter, a brown coat.” This description corroborated Pedro’s testimony that Martin wore a black leather jacket and brown mask with holes cut for eyes, prior to and during the crime, and that when he returned to the store after the shooting, he wore a “long grey coat.”
Rieves-Bey gave a 1997 deposition for purposes of Martin’s habeas action. He was incarcerated at the time. He insisted that Martin “wasn’t the man” that he saw fleeing the scene. During the deposition, he admitted that his cocaine addiction had impaired his memory, and that he couldn’t remember giving testimony in 1983 about the case.
The United States Supreme Court denied Martin’s petition for a writ of certiorari, see Martin v. Ohio, 474 U.S. 1073, 106 S.Ct. 837, 88 L.Ed.2d 808 (1986), and later, his petition for rehearing. See Martin v. Ohio, 475 U.S. 1040, 106 S.Ct. 1253, 89 L.Ed.2d 360 (1986). Thereafter, Martin unsuccessfully exhausted his remaining post-conviction state court remedies and appeals.
In 1995, Martin filed a motion for stay of execution and appointment of qualified federal counsel in the district court. In 1996, Martin filed his petition for a writ of habe-as corpus in the district court. The district court denied his petition and a certificate of appealability on November 2, 1999. In February 2000, it denied his motion for amended judgment. In November 2000, we granted Martin’s application for a certificate of appealability to review his claims of prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective assistance of counsel and sufficiency of the evidence.
In sum, Martin makes the following claims: (A) ineffective assistance of trial counsel, Herbert Adrine and James Carnes, for their failure to (1) challenge Martin’s warrantless arrest; (2) investigate and otherwise prepare for trial; (3) interview witnesses; (4) subpoena Rieves-Bey; (5) effectively cross-examine witnesses; (6) investigate and otherwise prepare for the mitigation phase; (7) object to jury instructions; (8) object to the use of presentence investigation and psychiatric clinic reports at mitigation; (B) ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing to make the transcript of his hearing on his motion for a new trial part of the record on his direct appeal; (C) prosecuto-rial misconduct at trial by improperly commenting on his failure to testify; and (D) insufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Because Martin filed his habeas petition on June 20, 1996, our review is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996) (“AEDPA”). See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 326-27, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997).
A federal court is authorized to grant a writ of habeas corpus to a person in custody pursuant to a state-court judgment, but only if the adjudication of the claim
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
The Supreme Court has declared that “a federal habeas court making the ‘unreasonable application’ inquiry should ask whether the state court’s application of clearly established federal law was objectively unreasonable.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 409, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). In its elaboration on the meaning of the term “objectively unreasonable,” the Court stated that “a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable.” Id. at 411, 120 S.Ct. 1495. Finally, a district court’s denial of the writ is subject to de novo review. See Rogers v. Howes, 144 F.3d 990, 992 (6th Cir.1998).
Wilson v. Mitchell, 250 F.3d 388, 393-94 (6th Cir.2001). We review the district court’s findings of fact on a disposition of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus for clear error. See Cone v. Bell, 243 F.3d 961, 967 (6th Cir.2001).
Habeas corpus relief is available only if the applicant first exhausts remedies available in state court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). “If the state court adjudicates and rejects a claim on adequate and independent state grounds, such as a state procedural rule that precludes adjudicating the claim on the merits, the petitioner is barred by this procedural default from seeking federal habeas review of such claim, unless the petitioner can show ‘cause and prejudice’ for the default.” See Cone, 243 F.3d at 967 (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750-51, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 87-88, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977)).
However, there are several prerequisites before the cause and prejudice test is applied in a federal court to any kind of state procedural default. “First, the court must determine that there is a state procedural rule that is applicable to the petitioner’s claim and that the petitioner failed to comply with the rule.” Maupin v. Smith, 785 F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir.1986). “Second, the court must decide whether the state courts actually enforced the state procedural sanction.” Id. Third, the procedural default must be an “independent and adequate” state ground on which the state can rely to foreclose review of a federal constitutional claim. County Court of Ulster County, New York v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 148, 99 S.Ct. 2213, 60 L.Ed.2d 777 (1979). If these three prerequisites are met, a federal court must determine whether the petitioner is able to meet the cause and prejudice test to excuse the state procedural default.
The cause and prejudice standard is a two-part test in which the petitioner must: (1) present a substantial reason to excuse the default, Coleman, 501 U.S. at 754, 111 S.Ct. 2546; and (2) show that he was actually prejudiced as a result of the claimed constitutional error, United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 167-69, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982).
If the claims presented in the federal court were never actually presented in the state courts, but a state procedural rule now prohibits the state court from considering them, the claims are considered exhausted, but are procedurally barred. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 752-53, 111 S.Ct. 2546.
Id. In Coleman v. Mitchell, 244 F.3d 533 (6th Cir.2001), we explained the last resort for habeas petitioners who fail to show cause and prejudice for procedural default:
When a habeas petitioner has failed to show cause for not asserting his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim properly in the Ohio courts, a federal court may not reach the merits of the habeas claim unless the petitioner can show that refusal to consider his claim would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. The fundamental miscarriage of justice exception requires a showing that “in light of the new evidence, no juror, acting reasonably, would have voted to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 329, 115 S.Ct. 851, 130 L.Ed.2d 808 (1995).
Id. at 540.
As relevant here, we have recognized that Ohio applies res judicata to bar the consideration of constitutional issues that were not, but could have been, raised on direct appeal.
In 1967, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “[ejonstitutional issues cannot be considered in post-conviction proceedings under Section 2953.21 et seq., Revised Code, where they have already been or could have been fully litigated by the prisoner while represented by counsel, either before his judgment of conviction or on direct appeal from that judgment, and thus have been adjudicated against him.” State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104, 105-06 (1967) (syllabus para. 7). In State v. Cole, 2 Ohio St.3d 112, 443 N.E.2d 169 (1982), the state supreme court articulated how this procedural rule would apply with respect to ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims. The court explained: “Where defendant, represented by new counsel upon direct appeal, fails to raise therein the issue of competent trial counsel and said issue could fairly have been determined without resort to evidence dehors [i.e., outside] the record, res judicata is a proper basis for dismissing defendant’s petition for post-conviction relief.” Id. at 170 (syllabus).
Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486, 520 (6th Cir.2000) (emphasis added).
DISCUSSION
I. Procedural Default
A.Sufficiency of the Evidence
Martin’s sufficiency of the evidence claim was raised in his direct appeal and thus preserved for federal habeas review.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel
The district court found that Martin had not procedurally defaulted his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. This claim took issue with counsel’s failure to make the transcript of the hearing on Martin’s motion for a new trial part of the record for his direct appeal. This argument, and other ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims, as discussed infra, were raised in Martin’s post-conviction application for delayed reconsideration, as authorized by State v. Murnahan, 63 Ohio St.3d 60, 584 N.E.2d 1204, 1209 (1992). The application was denied by the Ohio Court of Appeals in a one-sentence opinion that did not state whether the decision was on the merits or based upon procedural grounds. The district court, while recognizing this court’s holding in Simpson v. Sparkman, 94 F.3d 199, 203 (6th Cir.1996) (when a state court of appeals decision is silent as to the grounds for denying a claim, it is assumed that the court observed its own procedural bar), nonetheless ruled that it was improper to assume that the claim was rejected upon a procedural ground, because Mumahan had just been decided, and the brief Court of Appeals opinion did not state the basis of its denial as required by Mumahan. The State does not challenge this finding or otherwise argue that this claim was not preserved for federal habeas review.
C. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel/Prosecutorial Misconduct
Martin raised his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel in post-conviction proceedings rather than by direct appeal. Thus, these claims were barred by res judicata pursuant to Perry. See Byrd, 209 F.3d at 520. Nonetheless, he argues that these claims are not procedurally defaulted because the last state court rendering judgment on the case did not clearly and expressly state that its judgment rested on a procedural bar See Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989). This contention is not accurate. When addressing these claims, the court held:
We find that these were all matters that could have been addressed on defendant’s direct appeal since defendant was represented by new appellate counsel and are therefore barred by the doctrine of res judicata as found by the trial court.
State v. Martin, 1995 WL 66698, *3 (Ohio App.1995). Martin simply ignores this opinion and focuses on a lower court opinion that was not the last state court rendering judgment on the case. Thus, this argument is without merit.
Martin also argues that the ineffective assistance of his appellate counsel is cause and prejudice for not raising his claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal. In Martin’s post-conviction application for delayed reconsideration, he raised claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, based upon the failure of his appellate counsel to raise the ineffectiveness of trial counsel for not challenging his warrantless arrest, objecting to jury instructions, obtaining the attendance of Rieves-Bey, and performing effectively at the mitigation phase. If Martin can show that he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel that rose to the level of a violation of his Sixth Amendment rights, it would excuse his procedural default. See Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 550 (6th Cir.2000) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986)). In Mapes v. Coyle, 171 F.3d 408 (6th Cir.1999), we provided guidance on considerations relevant to claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
The cases decided by this court on the issue of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel suggest the following considerations that ought to be taken into account in determining whether an attorney on direct appeal performed reasonably competently.
(1) Were the omitted issues “significant and obvious”?
(2) Was there arguably contrary authority on the omitted issues?
(3) Were the omitted issues clearly stronger than those presented?
(4) Were the omitted issues objected to at trial?
(5) Were the trial court’s rulings subject to deference on appeal?
(6) Did appellate counsel testify in a collateral proceeding as to his appeal strategy and, if so, were the justifications reasonable?
(7) What was appellate counsel’s level of experience and expertise?
(8) Did the petitioner and appellate counsel meet and go over possible issues?
(9) Is there' evidence that counsel reviewed all the facts?
(10) Were the omitted issues dealt with in other assignments of error?
(11) Was the decision to omit an issue an unreasonable one which only an incompetent attorney would adopt?
Id. at 427-28.
The government responds by arguing that Martin waived this issue by not arguing cause and prejudice before the district court. Martin submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court which included the general statement, “In this case, the ineffective representation received by Ernest Martin both at trial and in his direct appeals resulted in any procedural default found to exist and was so egregious as to produce a miscarriage of justice and to justify the exercise of this Court’s equitable discretion to grant habeas review of any and all claims found to be otherwise defaulted.” However, his claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel on his habeas petition were limited to the failure of appellate counsel to have the transcript of the hearing on his new trial motion made part of the record on appeal.
Excusing procedural default for “cause and prejudice” and a grant of relief for ineffective assistance of counsel involves an examination of whether prejudice occurred, see Frady, 456 U.S. at 167-69, 102 S.Ct. 1584; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Thus, if Martin’s underlying ineffective assistance of trial counsel arguments lack merit, he cannot show “cause and prejudice” via ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Of course, our procedural default analysis is ultimately complicated by the fact that, although Martin apparently preserved ineffective assistance of appellate counsel arguments for federal review through his Murnahan application, he only presented one such argument with specificity on his habeas petition and that argument did not include his claim that appellate counsel should have raised ineffective assistance of trial counsel with regard to the merits he attempts to present in this action.
Just prior to the Mopes court’s recital of the considerations relevant to the constitutional effectiveness of appellate counsel, it noted that Mapes’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel at the mitigation stage was procedurally defaulted, but could be addressed in considering whether appellate counsel was ineffective in failing to raise it on direct appeal. Mapes, 171 F.3d at 427. Like Martin, Mapes raised ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, with regard to mitigation, in a post-conviction proceeding, id. at 412; however, unlike here, Mapes’s habeas petition also sought relief on this specific ground.
Another concern in this regard is the fact that our COA did not grant review of the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims that charged ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Of course, we would have no reason to do so since these specific issues were not raised in the habeas petition or considered by the district court. The COA did provide that the parties could address the question of procedural default related to the merit issues upon which the COA was granted. Inasmuch as the merits of the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel arguments are hopelessly intertwined with the procedural default arguments regarding the merit claims upon which we granted review, our grant of review on procedural default encompasses these claims.
At oral argument, the State conceded that Martin’s ineffective assistance of counsel arguments that relate to the performance of his counsel at the mitigation stage required an examination of evidence dehors the record and that these claims therefore were not procedurally defaulted.
Martin makes essentially the same procedural default argument with regard to his claim of prosecutorial misconduct. In claim O(c) of his post-conviction application for delayed reconsideration, he argued that he received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because his counsel had not argued that the prosecutor had improperly commented on his failure to testify. He argues that appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness in this regard is cause and prejudice and thus excuses his failure to raise the issue on direct appeal. He did not raise this argument before the district court.
Martin’s failure to raise ineffective assistance of counsel and prosecutorial misconduct on direct appeal resulted in procedural default. He raised the merits of these claims in his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel on his Mumahan application, but he did not petition the district court for habeas relief in this regard. Thus, our discussion of the merits of these claims, save the effectiveness of his counsel at mitigation, is limited to his cause and prejudice arguments.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
“The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Both prongs of the inquiry are mixed questions of law and fact reviewed de novo. See id. at 698, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
A. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
1. Failure to challenge Martin’s warrantless arrest.
Martin argues that his counsel should have moved to suppress evidence that he contends was the fruit of his January 29, 1983 warrantless arrest at the apartment he shared with Pedro. The district court held that this challenge failed because the police had probable cause to arrest Martin. Martin points out that, absent exigent circumstances, police officers are required to secure an arrest warrant prior to arresting a suspect in his home. See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 587-90, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980). The State responds by arguing that New York v. Harris, 495 U.S. 14, 17-18, 110 S.Ct. 1640, 109 L.Ed.2d 13 (1990), demonstrates that Martin’s warrantless arrest would not have entitled him to have the subsequent identification by Foster and Pedro’s statement to police suppressed.
Martin does not argue that the police lacked probable cause to arrest him. Thus, although Martin’s arrest could have been illegal, his identification by Foster and Pedro’s statement to police were not suppressible fruits of this tainted action. See id. As any motion to suppress this evidence would have failed, Martin cannot show how the failure to make the motion was a result of his counsel’s deficient performance or that the failure resulted in prejudice to his defense. Accordingly, Martin cannot show that his appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to raise this issue on direct appeal, and, therefore, he cannot show cause and prejudice for his procedural default in this regard.
2. Failure to investigate and prepare for trial.
Martin argues that his trial “counsel failed to adequately prepare the case and failed to conduct minimal investigation.” Specifically, he takes issue with counsel’s alleged failure to: (1) retain the services of experts such as a ballistics expert or a psychologist for purposes of mitigation; (2) adequately prepare for cross-examination of the State’s witnesses, to wit, (a) to examine the statement that Antoinette Henderson gave to police, which provided probable cause for his arrest; and (b) to contact and/or interview Martin’s mother, brother, any of the State’s witnesses, and Rieves-Bey. Martin did not raise this issue in his direct appeal; thus, these issues are proeedurally defaulted. However, we will review the merits of these issues for purposes of cause and prejudice analysis.
As evidence of his counsel’s failings, Martin points to a fee application, which shows that one of two counsel spent 31 hours preparing for trial. What he does not show, however, is how the retention of experts, an examination of Henderson’s statement, and contacting and/or interviewing his family members would have been beneficial to his defense. Thus he has shown no prejudice with regard to these alleged failings.
He argues that Rieves-Bey’s belief that Martin was not the man he saw fleeing from the scene of the crime shows that the failure to secure this testimony prejudiced his case. As stated above, Rieves-Bey’s statements, while inconsistent with regard to the description of the fleeing man, corroborated the factual account of events testified to by Pedro. Also, Rieves-Bey’s reliability as a witness is questionable at best, given the inconsistencies in his statements and testimony, and his admission of drug use and its effect on his memory. Both the State and the defense sought to secure Rieves-Bey’s testimony, but he could not be located in time to appear at trial. His testimony would have been detrimental to Martin’s defense and its absence will not support a finding that his trial counsel performed ineffectively, that his appellate counsel was ineffective for not raising the issue on appeal, or that he suffered prejudice by these alleged failings.
3. Ineffective cross-examination
Martin argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to: (1) effectively cross-examine Pedro regarding: (a) the inconsistency between Pedro’s and Kidd’s testimony and Pedro’s previous statement concerning whether Martin dropped the two off, or went inside with them, at an after-hours establishment; (b) Pedro’s “falling out” with Henderson and the question of whether Henderson held a grudge against Pedro and Martin; (c) Pedro’s rendition of how she found money at Robinson’s store; (d) Pedro’s testimony that she had argued with Martin on the day of their arrests; and (2) effectively cross-examine Henderson, regarding: (a) her grudge against Martin; and (b) inconsistency between her testimony and Pedro’s testimony about overhearing discussions of the plan to rob Robinson.
Martin’s arguments with regard to effective cross-examination of Pedro and Henderson are without merit. Martin points only to attenuated collateral facts and nonexistent inconsistencies in making this argument. Where arguably material inconsistencies exist, such as Henderson’s and Pedro’s recollections of when the robbery was discussed, other evidence (Foster’s testimony about the theft of the gun, ballistics evidence, Kidd’s testimony about Martin’s possessing empty shell casings) corroborates or independently proves the facts that Martin contends effective cross-examination would have questioned. In sum, the overwhelming nature of the evidence of guilt precludes Martin from showing prejudice resulting from any alleged deficiency in his counsel’s cross-examination.
B. Mitigation
Martin makes three ineffective assistance of counsel arguments related to the mitigation phase of his capital conviction: (l)failure to investigate or prepare for mitigation; (2)failure to object to a jury instruction on the role of the jury with regard to the imposition of the death sentence; and (3) counsel’s request for and the preparation and introduction of a pre-sentence investigation report and a psychiatric clinic report.
1. Failure to investigate and otherwise prepare for the mitigation phase.
Martin argues that his counsel’s most egregious failings occurred during the mitigation stage of the trial. He contends that an examination of what occurred (or did not occur) prior to and at the mitigation hearing proves that his counsel failed to investigate or otherwise prepare for sentencing. Counsel made no opening argument at mitigation. They called three witnesses: probation officer Joanna Hair-ston, who testified to place her presen-tence report into evidence; Martin’s mother; and his grandmother. Martin’s reply brief also points to statements that his counsel made to the judge as evidence of prejudice and/or total abandonment.
Martin claims that his counsel failed to prepare for the mitigation hearing by failing to conduct an investigation into his background. He points to the failure of counsel to contact his immediate family members, save counsel’s “talking” with his father and requesting a written statement from his mother. He does note the possibility of “limited contact [between counsel and] other family members at the courthouse on the day of the hearing.” He lists eight family members that have stated, through affidavits, that they were ready and willing to testify at mitigation but were not interviewed by counsel. Martin does not show what they would have testified to, or how such testimony could have aided him at sentencing.
Martin also takes issue with his counsel’s failure to collect records and documentary evidence pertinent to his medical, mental health, educational, employment, juvenile, and incarceration histories. In his arguments, Martin points to two instances where the trial judge took an exceptionally active role (in his view, taking the place of counsel upon realizing their deficiencies) at the mitigation hearing. As relevant to this argument, he points to the trial judge’s independent procurement of his records from the Mansfield Reformatory and the “Human Services Agency.” A discussion of this information occurred outside of the presence of the jury. The judge called the reformatory’s warden, who informed the judge that a psychological profile resulting from interviews and testing revealed “nothing extraordinary that would trigger their interests in having further psychiatric examinations of treatment done of [sic ] the man.” The judge later provided defense counsel with a letter from the warden that was consistent with their previous conversation about the records. Defense counsel concluded that the letter was of no value for mitigation, but made it part of the record for “appellate purposes.”
Mrs. Martin’s affidavit states that counsel did not prepare her to testify, and that she did not know that she would testify until the day of the hearing. A review of her testimony shows that it described the following: Martin’s problems with juvenile court and school; his institutionalization as a juvenile; her being on welfare during his youth; the lack of financial support from Martin’s father; Martin’s abnormal behavior at school, which led to his referral to the Child Guidance Center; his psychiatric testing at school; his abuse at the hands of her alcoholic husband; his physical and psychological injuries that resulted from a gas explosion; his dropping out of school to work for money to purchase adequate clothing; and other employment history. This testimony and the probation report apparently provided the factual basis for the one mitigating factor that the trial judge found — Martin’s background, although the court concluded that it was outweighed by the aggravating circumstance of the crime.
After Mrs. Martin’s testimony, the defense stated that it had nothing further to offer. The judge then began calling into the audience, inquiring as to whether other family members were present and wished to testify. This constitutes the other action by the judge that Martin contends demonstrates his counsel’s ineffectiveness at the hearing. When the judge asked Martin’s father, “Don’t you want to come up here and speak for your son?”, he replied, “You mean come now?” Defense counsel then stated that Martin’s father did not want to testify, and the judge asked, “You feel that would not be helpful to the defendant?”, to which counsel responded, “It might not be in the best interest.” The judge then inquired whether Martin’s counsel wanted to talk to a lady in the courtroom. Counsel responded, “I would like the record to show, Judge, that this is not the first time we have talked to Mr. Wilkins about testifying.... Mr. Adrine [co-counsel] has been in constant communication with him. Up to this point, they were fine, but now, there seems to be some interest — ” Adrine then interrupted, indicating that Martin’s grandmother would testify. The judge then stated, “Okay. Bring in the jury.” Earlier in the proceeding, Adrine stated, “Yes, we might further state for the record, that we have been in constant contact with the family outside, inside, during the course of the hearing, and we have discussed the matters fully with both mother and father, the brother, sister, and by telephone we have had several conversations.”
Martin’s grandmother, Hattie Mae Johnson, then testified about the following facts: she took care of Martin when he was a baby and when he was five and six years old; he wanted to go to church with her at that age; she cooked for Martin and his siblings and their frequent hunger as children was due to a lack of financial support from their father; Martin’s mother had a hard time raising her children due to her asthma and resulting inability to work steadily; and Martin’s limited contact with his father and their relationship was not a typically “tight” one between father and child.
Both parties then indicated they had nothing further and closing statements followed. Defense counsel gave a closing statement in which he attempted to convey a metaphor which analogized Martin to a knotty “cord of wood” that society had unjustly cast aside at an early age. He concluded by stating:
If Ernest Martin is guilty of this, I say, let’s improve. If he is going to a [sic ] institution, let’s see if we can’t do something to change the outlook or the view or maybe his like that cord of wood, and all he is worth is casting aside, or putting it in a wood burning stove.
I don’t know, but this will be your choise [typo]. My Bible always says, judge, and says judge thee not — -we have to be careful as to whether you want the same judgment.
Thank you again.
Martin argues that the course of these proceedings shows his counsel’s complete failure to investigate mitigating evidence and that this insufficiency was so severe that we should infer prejudice pursuant to United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658, 104 S.Ct. 2089, 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984).
In regard to the cooperation of Martin, Carnes stated, “We found him to be [a] very difficult, uncooperative client.” Co-counsel Adrine, added, “And even hostile at times.” Id. Martin argues that this statement shows that “Defense counsel was [sic] sabotaging their own client’s case.” Martin’s lack of cooperation is evident from an exchange between his counsel and the judge in which counsel stated that Martin wanted to give an oral statement, not under oath, at sentencing, but that he was unwilling to tell counsel what the statement would relate, even though they had advised him that he should do so.
He also argues that defense counsel impeached his credibility by telling the judge, just after the exchange described immediately above, that he had admitted lying to them about a letter “relating to a different matter.” They argue that these two statements further provide evidence of “counsel’s abandonment of Mr. Martin.”
In support of these propositions, he cites several recent cases from this circuit in which habeas relief has been granted for the failure of counsel to investigate at mitigation. This court’s opinion in Carter v. Bell, 218 F.3d 581 (6th Cir.2000), reviewed these cases and Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000), as follows:
In Williams, the Supreme Court found that trial counsel’s representation of the petitioner during the sentencing phase fell short of professional standards....
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In Mapes v. Coyle, 171 F.3d 408, 426 (6th Cir.1999), this Court noted that “when a client faces the prospect of being put to death unless counsel obtains and presents something in mitigation, minimal standards require some investigation.” Moreover, in Rickman [v. Bell, 131 F.3d 1150 (6th Cir.1997)], this Court found deficiencies so severe as to dispense with the need for a showing of prejudice under Strickland. 131 F.3d at 1157. The Court noted that trial counsel “did not interview any witnesses, conduct any legal research, or obtain and review any records, including those regarding [petitioner’s] employment, education, mental health, social services contacts, military service, or prison experience.” Id. Further, trial counsel’s trial preparation “consisted solely of interviews he conducted with [the petitioner].” Id. Although we note that, unlike Rickman, there was no hostility on the part of trial counsel in this case, we find that Rickman stands for the relevant proposition that the complete failure to investigate, let alone present, existing mitigating evidence is below an objective standard of reasonable representation, and may in fact be so severe as to permit us to infer prejudice.
In Groseclose v. Bell, this Court considered a Tennessee case in which trial counsel “almost entirely failed to investigate the case; he never, for example, interviewed the crime-incident witnesses or any family members.” 130 F.3d 1161, 1166 (6th Cir.1997). In Groseclose, trial counsel failed to present mitigating evidence during the sentencing stage of the proceedings. Among other things, trial counsel failed to present the defendant’s military record, religious and volunteer activities, or experts who could testify about sociological or psychological factors. See id. Under these circumstances, the Court found the representation was objectively unreasonable. See id. at 1170-71.
In Austin v. Bell, 126 F.3d 843, 848 (6th Cir.1997), this Court held that the failure of trial counsel “to investigate and present any mitigating evidence during the sentencing phase so undermined the adversarial process that [defendant’s] death sentence was not reliable.” Relying on this Court’s holding in Glenn v. Tate, 71 F.3d 1204, 1206-08 (6th Cir.1995), that counsel provided ineffective assistance where information was not presented to the jury at sentencing because counsel made little attempt to prepare for the sentencing phase, the Austin court found that “given that several of [defendant’s] relatives, friends, death penalty experts, and a minister were available and willing to testify on his behalf,” failure to present any mitigating evidence “does not reflect a strategic decision, but rather an abdication of advocacy.” Austin, 126 F.3d at 849.
Id. at 595. In Coleman v. Mitchell, 244 F.3d 533, 544-45 (6th Cir.2001), we clarified the import of some of these recent cases as follows:
We recognized in Mapes v. Coyle, 171 F.3d 408 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 946, 120 S.Ct. 369, 145 L.Ed.2d 284 (1999):
Under the Ohio statute, a capital defendant found guilty of a death specification has to present some mitigating evidence in order to avoid the death penalty. If a jury has nothing to weigh against the aggravating circumstance, it almost certainly must find that the aggravating circumstance outweighs the (nonexistent) mitigating circumstances, and recommend death.
Id. at 426.
And, the Mapes court also stated that “when a client faces the prospect of being put to death unless counsel obtains and presents something in mitigation, minimal standards require some investigation.” Id. Recently, in Carter v. Bell, 218 F.3d 581, 600 (6th Cir.2000), and Skaggs v. Parker, 235 F.3d 261, 269, 271 (6th Cir.2000), this court has held that failure to investigate possible mitigating factors and failure to present mitigating evidence at sentencing can constitute ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment.
# ^ !}« #
While recent decisions from this court have emphasized that failure to present mitigating evidence at sentencing may constitute ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment, counsel may nevertheless make a reasonable decision that investigation is not necessary. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Indeed, the Strickland Court noted that “[t]he reasonableness of counsel’s actions may be determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s own statements or actions. Counsel’s actions are usually based, quite properly, on informed strategic choices made by the defendant and on information supplied by the defendant.” Id.
Id. (emphasis in original). We then rejected Coleman’s claim that the failure of his counsel to investigate mitigating evidence amounted to ineffective assistance because Coleman had been uncooperative and had directed his counsel to present limited evidence at the hearing, instructing him “not to investigate mitigating factors.” Id. at 545-46.
Campbell v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 531 (6th Cir.2001), another case involving a habeas petition filed by an Ohio death row inmate, further illuminates the standards applicable to ineffective assistance of counsel arguments related to capital sentencing proceedings. The Campbell court stated:
[W]e note that the cases where this court has granted the writ for failure of counsel to investigate potential mitigating evidence have been limited to those situations in which defense counsel have totally failed to conduct such an investigation. In contrast, if a habeas claim ‘does not involve a failure to investigate but, rather, petitioner’s dissatisfaction with the degree of his attorney’s investigation,’ the presumption of reasonableness imposed by Strickland will be hard to overcome.
Id. at 552 (citing Lewis v. Alexander, 11 F.3d 1349, 1353 (6th Cir.1993)) (emphasis added). The court then rejected the petitioner’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing, which were based upon the alleged failure of his counsel to discover that he suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”), because the petitioner had not pointed to anything in the record that showed he suffered from PTSD or any other psychological disorder. Id. at 554-55. The court stated:
We also note that, unlike in Seidel [v. Merkle, 146 F.3d 750, 752 (9th Cir.1998)] and Glenn [cited siopra], Campbell has not pointed to anything in his childhood medical records indicating that he has either PTSD or some form of brain damage. He has never been diagnosed or treated for PTSD, whereas the medical records in Seidel explicitly noted the defendant’s mental afflictions. See Seidel, 146 F.3d at 755-56. At most, Campbell’s childhood medical records would have provided another list of people to interview. These former physicians and healthcare workers, Campbell argues, would have been able to expose his mental condition.
This is much too tenuous a claim to support the conclusion that Campbell was prejudiced by his attorneys’ failure to look into his childhood medical records.
Id.
Here, there was “something[,]” Coleman, 244 F.3d at 544, of a mitigating nature presented at the hearing by defense counsel. There was limited contact between defense counsel and family members, and his counsel requested a presentence report, which detailed his background, and a psychiatric report, which recounted his history of psychological evaluations and included a “mental status examination.” Counsel elicited the testimony of Martin’s mother and grandmother, in which they provided details of his troubled youth. While certainly not exhaustive, this action constitutes an investigation. Thus, Martin cannot show that he suffered constructive denial of counsel, so he must show how his counsel’s deficiencies prejudiced the outcome of his sentencing proceeding. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
Martin’s initial brief completely fails to point to what mitigating evidence further action on the part of his counsel would have uncovered. The affidavits of those he claims should have been witnesses at the hearing do not state what they would have offered on his behalf. Martin’s reply brief references the affidavit of Dr. Nancy Schmidtgoessling, which states “the transcript material suggests that the defense could not have put on a well thought out, well developed mitigation, as they lacked the data to do so.” The affidavit also states:
Among the significant factors that defense counsel failed to present to the jury in mitigation of the sentence are the following extremely significant psychological data:
A) family history of alcoholism;
B) family history of physical abuse;
C) parental dysfunctional and chaos that had a significant impact on Ernest Martin’s adult psychological functioning;
D) the impact of Martin’s less than average intellectual functioning (as noted in school records) in his adaptation;
E) the history of inappropriate behavior and troubled emotional status that was recognized and even attempted to be treated during Martin’s childhood years.
* * * * *
Perhaps most significantly, however, the trial defense failed in any way to develop the fact that Ernest Martin suffers a severe psychological disorder that substantially impairs his functioning in society. This diagnosis provides considerable evidence toward a finding of a psychological disorder that fulfills the characteristics of statutory mitigating factors under R.C. 2929.04(B)(3) and (7). This diagnosis was not developed in the cursory and incomplete psychological workup completed by the Cleveland Court Clinic.
As is evident from the summaries above, the testimony of Martin’s mother and grandmother did discuss most, if not all, of the factors in the affidavit. Granted, defense counsel did not produce expert testimony to draw conclusions from the facts presented by these two witnesses, but their testimonies did recount facts and occurrences showing everything that Dr. Schmidtgoessling contends was not, but should have been, presented. Some of this information is also found in the presen-tence investigation and the psychological report given to the jury. Dr. Schmidt-goessling’s affidavit also fails to specify the “severe psychological disorder” from which Martin allegedly suffers. Thus, this “diagnosis” is no more than a conclusory statement from a psychologist who has never examined Martin. This part of the affidavit makes reference to the fact that the “Cleveland Court Clinic” completed a psychological workup of Martin for purposes of mitigation. The report generated from this workup was attached to Martin’s motion to supplement the record. Thus, a psychological examination of Martin was conducted and a report of the examination was provided to the judge and jury during the mitigation phase. Martin argues that the report’s conclusions were self-serving to the State and lacked credibility merely because it was generated by a State-employed pschyoanalyst. We have never found counsel to be ineffective solely because the expert used was on the State payroll. After all, the expert, Dr. Schmidtgoessling, now being touted by Martin, is apparently a government employee. Martin also argues that his counsel was ineffective for agreeing to have the report prepared, as discussed infra, but in truth, his argument rests on the fact that he did not like the conclusions it conveyed. As discussed below, once the report was requested, Ohio law required that the sentencing judge, the jury, and both parties obtain copies for review. Thus, this “psychological workup” is also included in the quantum of counsel’s preparation for and performance at the mitigation phase.
The affidavits of Martin’s family members state their willingness to testify at his sentencing but do not show what mitigating evidence would have been presented had they testified. Although Martin has made an attempt to show prejudice with regard to mitigating evidence about his background and psychological makeup, evidence of his background was presented and he has not pointed to mitigating psychological evidence that should have been presented. Thus, he has not shown prejudice and his claims are without merit,
Martin’s briefs did not take issue with the lack of an evidentiary hearing in the district court with regard to these specific claims. In his Rule 59(e) motion for an amended judgment, he complained generally about the district court’s application of AEDPA to his petition and stated that the application of the standards for deciding the necessity of an evidentiary hearing in § 2254(e)(2) “presented] the potential for retroactive effects.” At oral argument, Martin’s counsel, in a limited way, argued that he should be entitled to an evidentiary hearing with regard to his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel at the mitigation phase.
The applicable version of § 2254(e)(2) provides:
(2) If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that—
(A) the claim relies on—
(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and
(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable fact-finder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.
As stated above, these ineffective assistance of counsel claims were not raised during Martin’s direct appeal. The Ohio courts declined to review these claims for this failure. See Perry, 226 N.E.2d at 105-06; Cole, 443 N.E.2d at 170. Martin has “failed to develop the factual basis of [these] claim[s] in State court proceedings,” § 2254(e)(2), and, thus, a hearing is only warranted if he has shown that his claims fit the exceptions in § 2254(e)(2)(A) or (B).
Section 2254’s Subsection (e)(2)(A)(i) is not applicable to this claim. Therefore, a hearing would be warranted only if Martin has provided the requisite showing that: “[this] claim relies on ... (ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and (B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.”
Martin has not attempted to show that the factual predicate to his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the mitigation phase could “not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” His brief attempted no such showing, and, at oral argument, his counsel could not explain why nearly 20 years had passed without an attempt to depose, interview, or .otherwise contact Martin’s trial counsel. Likewise, Martin’s failure to point to mitigating evidence that presumably should have been, but was not presented, at sentencing, i.e., his failure to show prejudice, makes it clear that he has not met the requirement of § 2254(e)(2)(B). Thus, Martin is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing with regard to this claim.
2. Failure to object to jury instructions
This claim does not involve evidence de-hors the record, was not raised on Martin’s direct appeal, and thus is procedurally defaulted. However, we will review the merits of these issues for purposes of cause and prejudice analysis.
Martin argues that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to jury instructions, which he contends were constitutionally infirm pursuant to Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985), because they allegedly improperly led the jury to believe that the ultimate responsibility for the imposition of death lay elsewhere by stating that the jury only recommended the death penalty to the judge. Our court recently rejected this argument in Scott v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 854, 877 (6th Cir.2000), as follows:
We further conclude, however, that the district court correctly determined that neither of these claims had merit. The trial judge instructed the jury that its recommendation of death would be “just that—a recommendation,” while a recommendation of life imprisonment “is binding upon the Court, and I, the Judge, must impose the specific life sentence which you recommend.” Scott claims that this violates the principle established in Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985), that courts must not mislead the jury into believing it has less responsibility than it actually does for choosing the death sentence.
We recently rejected this precise claim in Mapes v. Coyle, 171 F.3d 408, 414-15 (6th Cir.1999). Moreover, as the district court correctly held, Caldwell is limited to situations in which the jury is misled as to its role “in a way that allows [it] to feel less responsible than it should for the sentencing decision. Thus, to establish a Caldwell violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by local law.” Romano v. Oklahoma, 512 U.S. 1, 9, 114 S.Ct. 2004, 129 L.Ed.2d 1 (1994) (citations and alterations omitted); see also Dugger, 489 U.S. at 407, 109 S.Ct. 1211, 103 L.Ed.2d 435; Kordenbrock, 919 F.2d at 1101. As Mapes points out, this instruction accurately describes Ohio law. There is no error with regard to this instruction.
Id. This holding also reflects the state of Ohio law at the time of Martin’s sentencing, and, thus, this argument is without merit.
3. Presentence investigation and psychiatric clinic report
In Martin’s final subclaim involving allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel at sentencing, he contends that his counsel ineffectively agreed to the production of a presentence report and psychological evaluation. The presentence investigation report contained the following statement concerning the impact of the crime on the victim’s wife: “Mrs. Robinson was very abrupt in her comments and very dramatic, indicating ‘He shot my husband in the back, he is a skunk, and he needs to get the electric chair.’ ” Martin argues that this statement is unconstitutional under Payne v. Tenn., 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S.Ct. 2597, 115 L.Ed.2d 720 (1991), which overruled Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496, 107 S.Ct. 2529, 96 L.Ed.2d 440 (1987), but left intact its prohibition against such statements. Although Mrs. Robinson’s statement was somewhat inflammatory, the presentation of the reports also allowed Martin to present his defense of the charges without being subjected to cross examination. Both reports relate that Martin denied the robbery and the homicide. The presentence investigation also elaborated on more specific parts of his defense, such as the appearance of “Slim” with Pedro near the time of the crime.
We are careful to point out that Martin has argued this issue in terms of whether his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by requesting these reports and whether appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not making an issue of the requests for the reports on appeal. In this context, even if we assumed that the inclusion of Mrs. Robinson’s statement ran afoul of Payne and Booth, this claim is without merit in the form in which it is presented—ineffective assistance of counsel. The State points out that once such a report is requested, Ohio Rev.Code § 2929.03(D)(1), requires that it be furnished to the court, the trial jury, if applicable, the prosecutor, and the offender or his counsel. This requirement also applies to the psychiatric report. Thus, a request for the reports involves the type of strategic decision that Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. 2062, holds should not be second-guessed. Martin’s counsel did not know that this specific statement would be in the presentence report, and their strategic decision to request it should not be second-guessed. The same reasoning is applicable to the conclusions of the psychological report. Because raising the effectiveness of his trial counsel with regard to these reports on direct appeal would have been fruitless, we cannot fault Martin’s appellate counsel for not doing so.
C. Appellate Counsel
Martin argues that his appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to make the transcript of the proceedings on his motion for a new trial part of the record on his direct appeal. Viewing this claim in the framework outlined in Mapes, quoted above, it lacks merit because its underlying premises, that counsel ineffectively failed to procure Rieves-Bey’s testimony and that the testimony would have changed the outcome of the trial, is incorrect.
As discussed previously, both parties attempted to locate Rieves-Bey in time to testify at trial. He gave inconsistent statements and testimony about the physical description of the man he saw flee from the crime scene, stated that Martin was not the fleeing man, and that the police had the wrong man; however, his other testimony corroborated Pedro’s version and sequence of the events, which was highly incriminating. At best, he was a problematic witness because of his admitted drug use and the effect he admits it had on his memory. Martin cannot show prejudice as Rieves-Bey’s testimony was incriminating and would not have aided his defense. Accordingly, this claim is without merit.
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In habeas cases we review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury verdict, through the framework of § 2254(d), to determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
Martin argues that the evidence supporting his conviction was insufficient because: (1) Foster’s identification of him at the line-up was unreliable and tainted by police comments to Foster that “we [have] the guy that robbed you”; (2) the government presented very little physical evidence; (3) witnesses Pedro and Henderson were unreliable because Pedro was not charged for her involvement and Henderson had a grudge against him; and (4) the evidence did not support a finding that he had the specific intent to kill Robinson.
As an initial matter, it must be noted that “attacks on witness credibility-are simply challenges to the quality of the government’s evidence and not to the sufficiency of the evidence.” United States v. Adamo, 742 F.2d 927, 935 (6th Cir.1984). Thus, Martin’s arguments with regard to Pedro and Henderson are misplaced. The district court’s opinion contains an exhaustive review of the trial evidence that proved Martin’s guilt. This recitation is consistent with the record and demonstrates that a rational juror could conclude that Martin committed the crimes beyond a reasonable doubt consistent with Jackson. Thus, Martin’s argument is without merit.
IV. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Martin argues that “the State’s comment on Mr. Martin’s failure to testify violated Martin’s rights under the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.” Martin complains that the following statement by prosecutor in closing argument caused these violations: “Everybody available testified.... Everybody could identify the defendant as the perpetrator of the crime. Everybody testified, and there is no indications [sic ] when the police officer testified that anyone other than the defendant committed the crime.” Martin argues that he was the only person that could have refuted the prosecutor’s statement and that the lack of evidence of his guilt makes it likely that the statement contributed to his prosecution.
The government reiterates the district court’s conclusion that, when read in context, it is apparent that the prosecutor’s statements were referring to the thorough nature of the police investigation and the presentation of the evidence generated therefrom. The district court also found that the prosecutor “was not describing the evidence as uncontradicted by the defense.” (Emphasis in original). The State’s argument also focuses on the factors we outlined in Byrd v. Collins, 209 F.3d 486 (6th Cir.2000), for analysis of such claims.
This Circuit has explained that we will not find “manifest intent” where some other explanations for the prosecutor’s comments are equally possible. United States v. Ursery, 109 F.3d 1129, 1135 (6th Cir.1997). In addition, we have made clear that the question is not whether the jury possibly or even probably would view the statements as comments on the defendant’s failure to testi fy, “but whether the jury necessarily would have done so.” Id.
Id. at 534.
Martin’s argument is without merit. As the district court found, the entire quote shows that “some other explanations for the prosecutor’s comments are equally possible.” Id. The comment was isolated, as this is the only comment complained of by Martin. Evidence of guilt was overwhelming. Finally, the court instructed the jury to draw no inference about Martin’s decision not to testify.
AFFIRMED.
. We granted a motion permitting Martin to file these documents, although they were not before the district court. There is no assertion of how many hours were spent by co-counsel or the investigator.
. The relevant part of the prosecutor's statement is apparently not included in the joint appendix in the form of trial transcript. The district court quoted the statement as follows:
[Prosecutor:] The detectives investigated this case at length. I dare say that defense counsel cannot tell you a witness who saw something or did something in this case, that the State could not present as we have here&emdash;
[Defense Counsel:] Objection, your Honor, to that statement.
Court: Overruled.
[Prosecutor:] Everybody available testified. Everybody could testify the defendant as the perpetrator of the crime. Everybody testified, and there is not indications when the police officer testified that anyone other than the defendant committed the crime. That’s why I am saying when the defense counsel argues to you, I want you to be thinking if you agree that this is reasonable; that would any counsel from my standpoint, defense counsel says, we presented evidence in this case, ask me, in my mind’s eye, or them, where is the evidence that substantiates the position that you are asking us to take.
Where is the evidence that supports your argument? And I am going to go through the evidence now, and you will find that there are facts given to you by various witnesses, some unknown to one another, and so interrelated and so pointing at Mr. Martin, that there is not doubt in this case.
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The UvA-LINKER will give you a range of other options to find the full text of a publication (including a direct link to the full-text if it is located on another database on the internet).
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Zoekresultaten
Zoekopdracht: faculteit: "FNWI" en publicatiejaar: "2008"
AuteursC.P. Dullemond, C. Dominik
TitelSize-sorting dust grains in the surface layers of protoplanetary disks
TijdschriftAstronomy & Astrophysics
Jaargang487
Jaar2008
Nummer1
Pagina's205-209
ISSN00046361
FaculteitFaculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica
Instituut/afd.FNWI: Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (IAP)
SamenvattingContext. The shape of dust emission features measured from protoplanetary disks contains information about the typical size of the dust particles residing in these disks. A flattened 10 mu m silicate feature is often interpreted as proof that grain growth has taken place, while a pointy feature is taken as evidence for the pristine nature of the dust.
Aims. We wish to investigate what the effect of dust sedimentation is on the observed 10 mu m feature and how this may affect the interpretation of the observations.
Methods. Using a combination of modeling tools, we simulated the sedimentation of a dust grain size distribution in an axisymmetric 2-D model of a turbulent protoplanetary disk, and we used a radiative transfer program to compute the resulting spectra.
Results. We find that the sedimentation can turn a flat feature into a pointy one, but only to a limited degree and for a very limited set of particle size distributions. If the distribution is too strongly dominated by small grains, then the feature is pointy even before sedimentation. If the distribution is too strongly dominated by big grains, the sedimentation will not be enough to cause the feature to be pointy. Only if we have a bimodal size distribution, i.e. a very small grain population and a bigger grain population, do we find that the transformation from a flat to a pointy feature upon dust sedimentation is strong. However, our model shows that, if sedimentation is the sole reason for the variety of silicate feature strengths observed in protoplanetary disks, then we would expect to find a correlation such that disks with weak mid- to far-infrared excess have a stronger 10 mu m silicate feature than disks with a strong mid- to far-infrared excess. If this is contrary to what is observed, then this would indicate that sedimentation cannot be the main reason for the variety of 10 mu m silicate features observed in protoplanetary disks.
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Quicksort
Quicksort is an efficient, general-purpose sorting algorithm. Quicksort was developed by British computer scientist Tony Hoare in 1959 and published in 1961. It is still a commonly used algorithm for sorting. Overall, it is slightly faster than merge sort and heapsort for randomized data, particularly on larger distributions.
Quicksort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It works by selecting a 'pivot' element from the array and partitioning the other elements into two sub-arrays, according to whether they are less than or greater than the pivot. For this reason, it is sometimes called partition-exchange sort. The sub-arrays are then sorted recursively. This can be done in-place, requiring small additional amounts of memory to perform the sorting.
Quicksort is a comparison sort, meaning that it can sort items of any type for which a "less-than" relation (formally, a total order) is defined. It is a comparison-based sort since elements a and b are only swapped in case their relative order has been obtained in the transitive closure of prior comparison-outcomes. Most implementations of quicksort are not stable, meaning that the relative order of equal sort items is not preserved.
Mathematical analysis of quicksort shows that, on average, the algorithm takes $$O(n \log{n})$$ comparisons to sort n items. In the worst case, it makes $$O(n^2)$$ comparisons.
History
The quicksort algorithm was developed in 1959 by Tony Hoare while he was a visiting student at Moscow State University. At that time, Hoare was working on a machine translation project for the National Physical Laboratory. As a part of the translation process, he needed to sort the words in Russian sentences before looking them up in a Russian-English dictionary, which was in alphabetical order on magnetic tape. After recognizing that his first idea, insertion sort, would be slow, he came up with a new idea. He wrote the partition part in Mercury Autocode but had trouble dealing with the list of unsorted segments. On return to England, he was asked to write code for Shellsort. Hoare mentioned to his boss that he knew of a faster algorithm and his boss bet a sixpence that he did not. His boss ultimately accepted that he had lost the bet. Hoare published a paper about his algorithm in The Computer Journal Volume 5, Issue 1, 1962, Pages 10–16. Later, Hoare learned about ALGOL and its ability to do recursion that enabled him to publish an improved version of the algorithm in ALGOL in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, the premier computer science journal of the time. The ALGOL code is published in Communications of the ACM (CACM), Volume 4, Issue 7 July 1961, pp 321 Algorithm 63: partition and Algorithm 64: Quicksort.
Quicksort gained widespread adoption, appearing, for example, in Unix as the default library sort subroutine. Hence, it lent its name to the C standard library subroutine qsort and in the reference implementation of Java.
Robert Sedgewick's PhD thesis in 1975 is considered a milestone in the study of Quicksort where he resolved many open problems related to the analysis of various pivot selection schemes including Samplesort, adaptive partitioning by Van Emden as well as derivation of expected number of comparisons and swaps. Jon Bentley and Doug McIlroy in 1993 incorporated various improvements for use in programming libraries, including a technique to deal with equal elements and a pivot scheme known as pseudomedian of nine, where a sample of nine elements is divided into groups of three and then the median of the three medians from three groups is chosen. Bentley described another simpler and compact partitioning scheme in his book Programming Pearls that he attributed to Nico Lomuto (ex italian singer on '60 years). Later Bentley wrote that he used Hoare's version for years but never really understood it but Lomuto's version was simple enough to prove correct. Bentley described Quicksort as the "most beautiful code I had ever written" in the same essay. Lomuto's partition scheme was also popularized by the textbook Introduction to Algorithms although it is inferior to Hoare's scheme because it does three times more swaps on average and degrades to $O(n^{2})$ runtime when all elements are equal. McIlroy would further produce an AntiQuicksort (aqsort) function in 1998, which consistently drives even his 1993 variant of Quicksort into quadratic behavior by producing adversarial data on-the-fly.
Algorithm
Quicksort is a type of divide-and-conquer algorithm for sorting an array, based on a partitioning routine; the details of this partitioning can vary somewhat, so that quicksort is really a family of closely related algorithms. Applied to a range of at least two elements, partitioning produces a division into two consecutive non empty sub-ranges, in such a way that no element of the first sub-range is greater than any element of the second sub-range. After applying this partition, quicksort then recursively sorts the sub-ranges, possibly after excluding from them an element at the point of division that is at this point known to be already in its final location. Due to its recursive nature, quicksort (like the partition routine) has to be formulated so as to be callable for a range within a larger array, even if the ultimate goal is to sort a complete array. The steps for in-place quicksort are:
* 1) If the range has fewer than two elements, return immediately as there is nothing to do. Possibly for other very short lengths a special-purpose sorting method is applied and the remainder of these steps skipped.
* 2) Otherwise pick a value, called a pivot, that occurs in the range (the precise manner of choosing depends on the partition routine, and can involve randomness).
* 3) Partition the range: reorder its elements, while determining a point of division, so that all elements with values less than the pivot come before the division, while all elements with values greater than the pivot come after it; elements that are equal to the pivot can go either way. Since at least one instance of the pivot is present, most partition routines ensure that the value that ends up at the point of division is equal to the pivot, and is now in its final position (but termination of quicksort does not depend on this, as long as sub-ranges strictly smaller than the original are produced).
* 4) Recursively apply the quicksort to the sub-range up to the point of division and to the sub-range after it, possibly excluding from both ranges the element equal to the pivot at the point of division. (If the partition produces a possibly larger sub-range near the boundary where all elements are known to be equal to the pivot, these can be excluded as well.)
The choice of partition routine (including the pivot selection) and other details not entirely specified above can affect the algorithm's performance, possibly to a great extent for specific input arrays. In discussing the efficiency of quicksort, it is therefore necessary to specify these choices first. Here we mention two specific partition methods.
Lomuto partition scheme
This scheme is attributed to Nico Lomuto and popularized by Bentley in his book Programming Pearls and Cormen et al. in their book Introduction to Algorithms. In most formulations this scheme chooses as the pivot the last element in the array. The algorithm maintains index i as it scans the array using another index j such that the elements at lo through i-1 (inclusive) are less than the pivot, and the elements at i through j (inclusive) are equal to or greater than the pivot. As this scheme is more compact and easy to understand, it is frequently used in introductory material, although it is less efficient than Hoare's original scheme e.g., when all elements are equal. The complexity of Quicksort with this scheme degrades to $O(n^{2})$ when the array is already in order, due to the partition being the worst possible one. There have been various variants proposed to boost performance including various ways to select the pivot, deal with equal elements, use other sorting algorithms such as insertion sort for small arrays, and so on. In pseudocode, a quicksort that sorts elements at lo through hi (inclusive) of an array $A$ can be expressed as:
// Sorts a (portion of an) array, divides it into partitions, then sorts those algorithm quicksort(A, lo, hi) is // Ensure indices are in correct order if lo >= hi || lo < 0 then return // Partition array and get the pivot index p := partition(A, lo, hi) // Sort the two partitions quicksort(A, lo, p - 1) // Left side of pivot quicksort(A, p + 1, hi) // Right side of pivot // Divides array into two partitions algorithm partition(A, lo, hi) is pivot := A[hi] // Choose the last element as the pivot // Temporary pivot index i := lo for j := lo to hi - 1 do // If the current element is less than or equal to the pivot if A[j] <= pivot then // Swap the current element with the element at the temporary pivot index swap A[i] with A[j] // Move the temporary pivot index forward i := i + 1 // Swap the pivot with the last element swap A[i] with A[hi] return i // the pivot index
Sorting the entire array is accomplished by quicksort(A, 0, length(A) - 1).
Hoare partition scheme
The original partition scheme described by Tony Hoare uses two pointers (indices into the range) that start at both ends of the array being partitioned, then move toward each other, until they detect an inversion: a pair of elements, one greater than the pivot at the first pointer, and one less than the pivot at the second pointer; if at this point the first pointer is still before the second, these elements are in the wrong order relative to each other, and they are then exchanged. After this the pointers are moved inwards, and the search for an inversion is repeated; when eventually the pointers cross (the first points after the second), no exchange is performed; a valid partition is found, with the point of division between the crossed pointers (any entries that might be strictly between the crossed pointers are equal to the pivot and can be excluded from both sub-ranges formed). With this formulation it is possible that one sub-range turns out to be the whole original range, which would prevent the algorithm from advancing. Hoare therefore stipulates that at the end, the sub-range containing the pivot element (which still is at its original position) can be decreased in size by excluding that pivot, after (if necessary) exchanging it with the sub-range element closest to the separation; thus, termination of quicksort is ensured.
With respect to this original description, implementations often make minor but important variations. Notably, the scheme as presented below includes elements equal to the pivot among the candidates for an inversion (so "greater than or equal" and "less than or equal" tests are used instead of "greater than" and "less than" respectively; since the formulation uses do...while rather than repeat...until which is actually reflected by the use of strict comparison operators). While there is no reason to exchange elements equal to the pivot, this change allows tests on the pointers themselves to be omitted, which are otherwise needed to ensure they do not run out of range. Indeed, since at least one instance of the pivot value is present in the range, the first advancement of either pointer cannot pass across this instance if an inclusive test is used; once an exchange is performed, these exchanged elements are now both strictly ahead of the pointer that found them, preventing that pointer from running off. (The latter is true independently of the test used, so it would be possible to use the inclusive test only when looking for the first inversion. However, using an inclusive test throughout also ensures that a division near the middle is found when all elements in the range are equal, which gives an important efficiency gain for sorting arrays with many equal elements.) The risk of producing a non-advancing separation is avoided in a different manner than described by Hoare. Such a separation can only result when no inversions are found, with both pointers advancing to the pivot element at the first iteration (they are then considered to have crossed, and no exchange takes place).
In pseudocode,
// Sorts a (portion of an) array, divides it into partitions, then sorts those algorithm quicksort(A, lo, hi) is if lo >= 0 && hi >= 0 && lo < hi then p := partition(A, lo, hi) quicksort(A, lo, p) // Note: the pivot is now included quicksort(A, p + 1, hi) // Divides array into two partitions algorithm partition(A, lo, hi) is // Pivot value pivot := A[lo] // Choose the first element as the pivot // Left index i := lo - 1 // Right index j := hi + 1 loop forever // Move the left index to the right at least once and while the element at // the left index is less than the pivot do i := i + 1 while A[i] < pivot // Move the right index to the left at least once and while the element at // the right index is greater than the pivot do j := j - 1 while A[j] > pivot // If the indices crossed, return if i >= j then return j // Swap the elements at the left and right indices swap A[i] with A[j]
The entire array is sorted by quicksort(A, 0, length(A) - 1).
Hoare's scheme is more efficient than Lomuto's partition scheme because it does three times fewer swaps on average. Also, as mentioned, the implementation given creates a balanced partition even when all values are equal. , which Lomuto's scheme does not. Like Lomuto's partition scheme, Hoare's partitioning also would cause Quicksort to degrade to $O(n^{2})$ for already sorted input, if the pivot was chosen as the first or the last element. With the middle element as the pivot, however, sorted data results with (almost) no swaps in equally sized partitions leading to best case behavior of Quicksort, i.e. $O(n^{2})$. Like others, Hoare's partitioning doesn't produce a stable sort. In this scheme, the pivot's final location is not necessarily at the index that is returned, as the pivot and elements equal to the pivot can end up anywhere within the partition after a partition step, and may not be sorted until the base case of a partition with a single element is reached via recursion. Therefore, the next two segments that the main algorithm recurs on are (lo..p) (elements ≤ pivot) and (p+1..hi) (elements ≥ pivot) as opposed to (lo..p-1) and (p+1..hi) as in Lomuto's scheme.
Subsequent recursions (expansion on previous paragraph)
Let's expand a little bit on the next two segments that the main algorithm recurs on. Because we are using strict comparators (>, <) in the "do...while" loops to prevent ourselves from running out of range, there's a chance that the pivot itself gets swapped with other elements in the partition function. Therefore, the index returned in the partition function isn't necessarily where the actual pivot is. Consider the example of [5, 2, 3, 1, 0], following the scheme, after the first partition the array becomes [0, 2, 1, 3, 5], the "index" returned is 2, which is the number 1, when the real pivot, the one we chose to start the partition with was the number 3. With this example, we see how it is necessary to include the returned index of the partition function in our subsequent recursions. As a result, we are presented with the choices of either recursing on (lo..p) and (p+1..hi), or (lo..p - 1) and (p..hi). Which of the two options we choose depends on which index (i or j) we return in the partition function when the indices cross, and how we choose our pivot in the partition function (floor v.s. ceiling).
Let's first examine the choice of recursing on (lo..p) and (p+1..hi), with the example of sorting an array where multiple identical elements exist [0, 0]. If index i (the "latter" index) is returned after indices cross in the partition function, the index 1 would be returned after the first partition. The subsequent recursion on (lo..p)would be on (0, 1), which corresponds to the exact same array [0, 0]. A non-advancing separation that causes infinite recursion is produced. It is therefore obvious that when recursing on (lo..p) and (p+1..hi), because the left half of the recursion includes the returned index, it is the partition function's job to exclude the "tail" in non-advancing scenarios. Which is to say, index j (the "former" index when indices cross) should be returned instead of i. Going with a similar logic, when considering the example of an already sorted array [0, 1], the choice of pivot needs to be "floor" to ensure that the pointers stop on the "former" instead of the "latter" (with "ceiling" as the pivot, the index 1 would be returned and included in (lo..p) causing infinite recursion). It is for the exact same reason why choice of the last element as pivot must be avoided.
The choice of recursing on (lo..p - 1) and (p..hi) follows the exact same logic as above. Because the right half of the recursion includes the returned index, it is the partition function's job to exclude the "head" in non-advancing scenarios. The index i (the "latter" index after the indices cross) in the partition function needs to be returned, and "ceiling" needs to be chosen as the pivot. The two nuances are clear, again, when considering the examples of sorting an array where multiple identical elements exist ([0, 0]), and an already sorted array [0, 1] respectively. It is noteworthy that with version of recursion, for the same reason, choice of the first element as pivot must be avoided.
Choice of pivot
In the very early versions of quicksort, the leftmost element of the partition would often be chosen as the pivot element. Unfortunately, this causes worst-case behavior on already sorted arrays, which is a rather common use-case. The problem was easily solved by choosing either a random index for the pivot, choosing the middle index of the partition or (especially for longer partitions) choosing the median of the first, middle and last element of the partition for the pivot (as recommended by Sedgewick). This "median-of-three" rule counters the case of sorted (or reverse-sorted) input, and gives a better estimate of the optimal pivot (the true median) than selecting any single element, when no information about the ordering of the input is known.
Median-of-three code snippet for Lomuto partition: mid := ⌊(lo + hi) / 2⌋ if A[mid] < A[lo] swap A[lo] with A[mid] if A[hi] < A[lo] swap A[lo] with A[hi] if A[mid] < A[hi] swap A[mid] with A[hi] pivot := A[hi] It puts a median into first, then that new value of is used for a pivot, as in a basic algorithm presented above.
Specifically, the expected number of comparisons needed to sort $n$ elements (see ) with random pivot selection is $O(n log(n))$. Median-of-three pivoting brings this down to $1.386 n log n$, at the expense of a three-percent increase in the expected number of swaps. An even stronger pivoting rule, for larger arrays, is to pick the ninther, a recursive median-of-three (Mo3), defined as
Selecting a pivot element is also complicated by the existence of integer overflow. If the boundary indices of the subarray being sorted are sufficiently large, the naïve expression for the middle index, $C_{n, 2} ≈ 1.188 n log n$, will cause overflow and provide an invalid pivot index. This can be overcome by using, for example, $ninther(a) = median(Mo3(first 1⁄3 of a), Mo3(middle 1⁄3 of a), Mo3(final 1⁄3 of a))$ to index the middle element, at the cost of more complex arithmetic. Similar issues arise in some other methods of selecting the pivot element.
Repeated elements
With a partitioning algorithm such as the Lomuto partition scheme described above (even one that chooses good pivot values), quicksort exhibits poor performance for inputs that contain many repeated elements. The problem is clearly apparent when all the input elements are equal: at each recursion, the left partition is empty (no input values are less than the pivot), and the right partition has only decreased by one element (the pivot is removed). Consequently, the Lomuto partition scheme takes quadratic time to sort an array of equal values. However, with a partitioning algorithm such as the Hoare partition scheme, repeated elements generally results in better partitioning, and although needless swaps of elements equal to the pivot may occur, the running time generally decreases as the number of repeated elements increases (with memory cache reducing the swap overhead). In the case where all elements are equal, Hoare partition scheme needlessly swaps elements, but the partitioning itself is best case, as noted in the Hoare partition section above.
To solve the Lomuto partition scheme problem (sometimes called the Dutch national flag problem ), an alternative linear-time partition routine can be used that separates the values into three groups: values less than the pivot, values equal to the pivot, and values greater than the pivot. (Bentley and McIlroy call this a "fat partition" and it was already implemented in the qsort of Version 7 Unix. ) The values equal to the pivot are already sorted, so only the less-than and greater-than partitions need to be recursively sorted. In pseudocode, the quicksort algorithm becomes:
// Sorts a (portion of an) array, divides it into partitions, then sorts those algorithm quicksort(A, lo, hi) is if lo >= 0 && lo < hi then lt, gt := partition(A, lo, hi) // Multiple return values quicksort(A, lo, lt - 1) quicksort(A, gt + 1, hi) // Divides array into three partitions algorithm partition(A, lo, hi) is // Pivot value pivot := A[(lo + hi) / 2] // Choose the middle element as the pivot (integer division) // Lesser, equal and greater index lt := lo eq := lo gt := hi // Iterate and compare all elements with the pivot while eq <= gt do if A[eq] < pivot then // Swap the elements at the equal and lesser indices swap A[eq] with A[lt] // Increase lesser index lt := lt + 1 // Increase equal index eq := eq + 1 else if A[eq] > pivot then // Swap the elements at the equal and greater indices swap A[eq] with A[gt] // Decrease greater index gt := gt - 1 else // if A[eq] = pivot then // Increase equal index eq := eq + 1 // Return lesser and greater indices return lt, gt
The algorithm returns indices to the first ('leftmost') and to the last ('rightmost') item of the middle partition. Every other item of the partition is equal to the pivot and is therefore sorted. Consequently, the items of the partition need not be included in the recursive calls to.
The best case for the algorithm now occurs when all elements are equal (or are chosen from a small set of $(lo + hi)/2$ elements). In the case of all equal elements, the modified quicksort will perform only two recursive calls on empty subarrays and thus finish in linear time (assuming the subroutine takes no longer than linear time).
Optimizations
Other important optimizations, also suggested by Sedgewick and widely used in practice, are:
* To make sure at most $lo + (hi−lo)/2$ space is used, recur first into the smaller side of the partition, then use a tail call to recur into the other, or update the parameters to no longer include the now sorted smaller side, and iterate to sort the larger side.
* When the number of elements is below some threshold (perhaps ten elements), switch to a non-recursive sorting algorithm such as insertion sort that performs fewer swaps, comparisons or other operations on such small arrays. The ideal 'threshold' will vary based on the details of the specific implementation.
* An older variant of the previous optimization: when the number of elements is less than the threshold $k$, simply stop; then after the whole array has been processed, perform insertion sort on it. Stopping the recursion early leaves the array $k$-sorted, meaning that each element is at most $k$ positions away from its final sorted position. In this case, insertion sort takes $k ≪ n$ time to finish the sort, which is linear if $k$ is a constant. Compared to the "many small sorts" optimization, this version may execute fewer instructions, but it makes suboptimal use of the cache memories in modern computers.
Parallelization
Quicksort's divide-and-conquer formulation makes it amenable to parallelization using task parallelism. The partitioning step is accomplished through the use of a parallel prefix sum algorithm to compute an index for each array element in its section of the partitioned array. Given an array of size $n$, the partitioning step performs $O(log n)$ work in $O(kn)$ time and requires $O(n)$ additional scratch space. After the array has been partitioned, the two partitions can be sorted recursively in parallel. Assuming an ideal choice of pivots, parallel quicksort sorts an array of size $n$ in $O(log n)$ work in $O(n)$ time using $O(n log n)$ additional space.
Quicksort has some disadvantages when compared to alternative sorting algorithms, like merge sort, which complicate its efficient parallelization. The depth of quicksort's divide-and-conquer tree directly impacts the algorithm's scalability, and this depth is highly dependent on the algorithm's choice of pivot. Additionally, it is difficult to parallelize the partitioning step efficiently in-place. The use of scratch space simplifies the partitioning step, but increases the algorithm's memory footprint and constant overheads.
Other more sophisticated parallel sorting algorithms can achieve even better time bounds. For example, in 1991 David M W Powers described a parallelized quicksort (and a related radix sort) that can operate in $O(log^{2} n)$ time on a CRCW (concurrent read and concurrent write) PRAM (parallel random-access machine) with $n$ processors by performing partitioning implicitly.
Worst-case analysis
The most unbalanced partition occurs when one of the sublists returned by the partitioning routine is of size $O(n)$. This may occur if the pivot happens to be the smallest or largest element in the list, or in some implementations (e.g., the Lomuto partition scheme as described above) when all the elements are equal.
If this happens repeatedly in every partition, then each recursive call processes a list of size one less than the previous list. Consequently, we can make $O(log n)$ nested calls before we reach a list of size 1. This means that the call tree is a linear chain of $n − 1$ nested calls. The $i$th call does $1$ work to do the partition, and $$\textstyle\sum_{i=0}^n (n-i) = O(n^2)$$, so in that case quicksort takes $0$ time.
Best-case analysis
In the most balanced case, each time we perform a partition we divide the list into two nearly equal pieces. This means each recursive call processes a list of half the size. Consequently, we can make only $n − 1$ nested calls before we reach a list of size 1. This means that the depth of the call tree is $n − 1$. But no two calls at the same level of the call tree process the same part of the original list; thus, each level of calls needs only $O(n − i)$ time all together (each call has some constant overhead, but since there are only $O(n^{2})$ calls at each level, this is subsumed in the $log_{2} n$ factor). The result is that the algorithm uses only $log_{2} n$ time.
Average-case analysis
To sort an array of $n$ distinct elements, quicksort takes $O(n)$ time in expectation, averaged over all $O(n)$ permutations of $n$ elements with equal probability. Alternatively, if the algorithm selects the pivot uniformly at random from the input array, the same analysis can be used to bound the expected running time for any input sequence; the expectation is then taken over the random choices made by the algorithm (Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms, Section 7.3).
We list here three common proofs to this claim providing different insights into quicksort's workings.
Using percentiles
If each pivot has rank somewhere in the middle 50 percent, that is, between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile, then it splits the elements with at least 25% and at most 75% on each side. If we could consistently choose such pivots, we would only have to split the list at most $$\log_{4/3} n$$ times before reaching lists of size 1, yielding an $O(n)$ algorithm.
When the input is a random permutation, the pivot has a random rank, and so it is not guaranteed to be in the middle 50 percent. However, when we start from a random permutation, in each recursive call the pivot has a random rank in its list, and so it is in the middle 50 percent about half the time. That is good enough. Imagine that a coin is flipped: heads means that the rank of the pivot is in the middle 50 percent, tail means that it isn't. Now imagine that the coin is flipped over and over until it gets $k$ heads. Although this could take a long time, on average only $O(n log n)$ flips are required, and the chance that the coin won't get $k$ heads after $O(n log n)$ flips is highly improbable (this can be made rigorous using Chernoff bounds). By the same argument, Quicksort's recursion will terminate on average at a call depth of only $$2 \log_{4/3} n$$. But if its average call depth is $n!$, and each level of the call tree processes at most $n$ elements, the total amount of work done on average is the product, $O(n log n)$. The algorithm does not have to verify that the pivot is in the middle half—if we hit it any constant fraction of the times, that is enough for the desired complexity.
Using recurrences
An alternative approach is to set up a recurrence relation for the $2k$ factor, the time needed to sort a list of size $n$. In the most unbalanced case, a single quicksort call involves $100k$ work plus two recursive calls on lists of size $O(log n)$ and $O(n log n)$, so the recurrence relation is
* $$T(n) = O(n) + T(0) + T(n-1) = O(n) + T(n-1).$$
This is the same relation as for insertion sort and selection sort, and it solves to worst case $T(n)$.
In the most balanced case, a single quicksort call involves $O(n)$ work plus two recursive calls on lists of size $0$, so the recurrence relation is
* $$T(n) = O(n) + 2T\left(\frac{n}{2}\right).$$
The master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences tells us that $n−1$.
The outline of a formal proof of the $T(n) = O(n^{2})$ expected time complexity follows. Assume that there are no duplicates as duplicates could be handled with linear time pre- and post-processing, or considered cases easier than the analyzed. When the input is a random permutation, the rank of the pivot is uniform random from 0 to $O(n)$. Then the resulting parts of the partition have sizes $i$ and $n/2$, and i is uniform random from 0 to $T(n) = O(n log n)$. So, averaging over all possible splits and noting that the number of comparisons for the partition is $O(n log n)$, the average number of comparisons over all permutations of the input sequence can be estimated accurately by solving the recurrence relation:
* $$C(n) = n - 1 + \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (C(i)+C(n-i-1)) = n - 1 + \frac{2}{n} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} C(i)$$
* $$n C(n) = n (n - 1) + 2 \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} C(i)$$
* $$n C(n) - (n - 1) C(n - 1) = n (n - 1) - (n - 1) (n - 2) + 2 C(n - 1)$$
* $$n C(n) = (n + 1) C(n - 1) + 2n - 2$$
* $$\begin{align}
\frac{C(n)}{n + 1} & = \frac{C(n - 1)}{n} + \frac{2}{n+1} - \frac{2}{n(n+1)} \le \frac{C(n - 1)}{n} + \frac{2}{n+1} \\ & = \frac{C(n-2)}{n-1} + \frac{2}{n} - \frac{2}{(n-1)n} + \frac{2}{n+1} \le \frac{C(n-2)}{n-1} + \frac{2}{n} + \frac{2}{n+1} \\ & \ \ \vdots \\ & = \frac{C(1)}{2} + \sum_{i=2}^n \frac{2}{i + 1} \leq 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \frac{1}{i} \approx 2 \int_1^n \frac{1}{x} \mathrm{d} x = 2 \ln n \end{align} $$
Solving the recurrence gives $n − 1$.
This means that, on average, quicksort performs only about 39% worse than in its best case. In this sense, it is closer to the best case than the worst case. A comparison sort cannot use less than $n − i − 1$ comparisons on average to sort $n$ items (as explained in the article Comparison sort) and in case of large $n$, Stirling's approximation yields $n − 1$, so quicksort is not much worse than an ideal comparison sort. This fast average runtime is another reason for quicksort's practical dominance over other sorting algorithms.
Using a binary search tree
The following binary search tree (BST) corresponds to each execution of quicksort: the initial pivot is the root node; the pivot of the left half is the root of the left subtree, the pivot of the right half is the root of the right subtree, and so on. The number of comparisons of the execution of quicksort equals the number of comparisons during the construction of the BST by a sequence of insertions. So, the average number of comparisons for randomized quicksort equals the average cost of constructing a BST when the values inserted $$(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$ form a random permutation.
Consider a BST created by insertion of a sequence $$(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$ of values forming a random permutation. Let $C$ denote the cost of creation of the BST. We have $$C=\sum_i \sum_{j<i} c_{i,j}$$, where $$c_{i,j}$$ is a binary random variable expressing whether during the insertion of $$x_i$$ there was a comparison to $$x_j$$.
By linearity of expectation, the expected value $$\operatorname{E}[C]$$ of $C$ is $$\operatorname{E}[C]= \sum_i \sum_{j<i} \Pr(c_{i,j})$$.
Fix $i$ and $n − 1$. The values $${x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_j}$$, once sorted, define $C(n) = 2 n ln n ≈ 1.39 n log_{2} n$ intervals. The core structural observation is that $$x_i$$ is compared to $$x_j$$ in the algorithm if and only if $$x_i$$ falls inside one of the two intervals adjacent to $$x_j$$.
Observe that since $$(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)$$ is a random permutation, $$(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_j,x_i)$$ is also a random permutation, so the probability that $$x_i$$ is adjacent to $$x_j$$ is exactly $$\frac{2}{j+1}$$.
We end with a short calculation:
* $$\operatorname{E}[C] = \sum_i \sum_{j<i} \frac{2}{j+1} = O\left(\sum_i \log i\right)=O(n \log n).$$
Space complexity
The space used by quicksort depends on the version used.
The in-place version of quicksort has a space complexity of $log_{2}(n!)$, even in the worst case, when it is carefully implemented using the following strategies.
* In-place partitioning is used. This unstable partition requires $log_{2}(n!) ≈ n(log_{2} n − log_{2} e)$ space.
* After partitioning, the partition with the fewest elements is (recursively) sorted first, requiring at most $j<i$ space. Then the other partition is sorted using tail recursion or iteration, which doesn't add to the call stack. This idea, as discussed above, was described by R. Sedgewick, and keeps the stack depth bounded by $j+1$.
Quicksort with in-place and unstable partitioning uses only constant additional space before making any recursive call. Quicksort must store a constant amount of information for each nested recursive call. Since the best case makes at most $O(log n)$ nested recursive calls, it uses $O(1)$ space. However, without Sedgewick's trick to limit the recursive calls, in the worst case quicksort could make $O(log n)$ nested recursive calls and need $O(log n)$ auxiliary space.
From a bit complexity viewpoint, variables such as lo and hi do not use constant space; it takes $O(log n)$ bits to index into a list of $n$ items. Because there are such variables in every stack frame, quicksort using Sedgewick's trick requires $O(log n)$ bits of space. This space requirement isn't too terrible, though, since if the list contained distinct elements, it would need at least $O(n)$ bits of space.
Another, less common, not-in-place, version of quicksort uses $O(n)$ space for working storage and can implement a stable sort. The working storage allows the input array to be easily partitioned in a stable manner and then copied back to the input array for successive recursive calls. Sedgewick's optimization is still appropriate.
Relation to other algorithms
Quicksort is a space-optimized version of the binary tree sort. Instead of inserting items sequentially into an explicit tree, quicksort organizes them concurrently into a tree that is implied by the recursive calls. The algorithms make exactly the same comparisons, but in a different order. An often desirable property of a sorting algorithm is stability – that is the order of elements that compare equal is not changed, allowing controlling order of multikey tables (e.g. directory or folder listings) in a natural way. This property is hard to maintain for in-place quicksort (that uses only constant additional space for pointers and buffers, and $O(log n)$ additional space for the management of explicit or implicit recursion). For variant quicksorts involving extra memory due to representations using pointers (e.g. lists or trees) or files (effectively lists), it is trivial to maintain stability. The more complex, or disk-bound, data structures tend to increase time cost, in general making increasing use of virtual memory or disk.
The most direct competitor of quicksort is heapsort. Heapsort has the advantages of simplicity, and a worst case run time of $O((log n)^{2})$, but heapsort's average running time is usually considered slower than in-place quicksort, primarily due to its worse locality of reference. This result is debatable; some publications indicate the opposite. The main disadvantage of quicksort is the implementation complexity required to avoid bad pivot choices and the resultant $O(n log n)$ performance. Introsort is a variant of quicksort which solves this problem by switching to heapsort when a bad case is detected. Major programming languages, such as C++ (in the GNU and LLVM implementations), use introsort.
Quicksort also competes with merge sort, another $O(n)$ sorting algorithm. Merge sort's main advantages are that it is a stable sort and has excellent worst-case performance. The main disadvantage of merge sort is that it is an out-of-place algorithm, so when operating on arrays, efficient implementations require $O(log n)$ auxiliary space (vs. $O(n log n)$ for quicksort with in-place partitioning and tail recursion, or $O(n2)$ for heapsort).
Merge sort works very well on linked lists, requiring only a small, constant amount of auxiliary storage. Although quicksort can be implemented as a stable sort using linked lists, there is no reason to; it will often suffer from poor pivot choices without random access, and is essentially always inferior to merge sort. Merge sort is also the algorithm of choice for external sorting of very large data sets stored on slow-to-access media such as disk storage or network-attached storage.
Bucket sort with two buckets is very similar to quicksort; the pivot in this case is effectively the value in the middle of the value range, which does well on average for uniformly distributed inputs.
Selection-based pivoting
A selection algorithm chooses the $k$th smallest of a list of numbers; this is an easier problem in general than sorting. One simple but effective selection algorithm works nearly in the same manner as quicksort, and is accordingly known as quickselect. The difference is that instead of making recursive calls on both sublists, it only makes a single tail-recursive call on the sublist that contains the desired element. This change lowers the average complexity to linear or $O(n log n)$ time, which is optimal for selection, but the selection algorithm is still $O(n)$ in the worst case.
A variant of quickselect, the median of medians algorithm, chooses pivots more carefully, ensuring that the pivots are near the middle of the data (between the 30th and 70th percentiles), and thus has guaranteed linear time – $O(log n)$. This same pivot strategy can be used to construct a variant of quicksort (median of medians quicksort) with $O(1)$ time. However, the overhead of choosing the pivot is significant, so this is generally not used in practice.
More abstractly, given an $O(n)$ selection algorithm, one can use it to find the ideal pivot (the median) at every step of quicksort and thus produce a sorting algorithm with $O(n^{2})$ running time. Practical implementations of this variant are considerably slower on average, but they are of theoretical interest because they show an optimal selection algorithm can yield an optimal sorting algorithm.
Multi-pivot quicksort
Instead of partitioning into two subarrays using a single pivot, multi-pivot quicksort (also multiquicksort) partitions its input into some $s$ number of subarrays using $O(n)$ pivots. While the dual-pivot case ($O(n log n)$) was considered by Sedgewick and others already in the mid-1970s, the resulting algorithms were not faster in practice than the "classical" quicksort. A 1999 assessment of a multiquicksort with a variable number of pivots, tuned to make efficient use of processor caches, found it to increase the instruction count by some 20%, but simulation results suggested that it would be more efficient on very large inputs. A version of dual-pivot quicksort developed by Yaroslavskiy in 2009 turned out to be fast enough to warrant implementation in Java 7, as the standard algorithm to sort arrays of primitives (sorting arrays of objects is done using Timsort). The performance benefit of this algorithm was subsequently found to be mostly related to cache performance, and experimental results indicate that the three-pivot variant may perform even better on modern machines.
External quicksort
For disk files, an external sort based on partitioning similar to quicksort is possible. It is slower than external merge sort, but doesn't require extra disk space. 4 buffers are used, 2 for input, 2 for output. Let N = number of records in the file, B = the number of records per buffer, and M = N/B = the number of buffer segments in the file. Data is read (and written) from both ends of the file inwards. Let X represent the segments that start at the beginning of the file and Y represent segments that start at the end of the file. Data is read into the X and Y read buffers. A pivot record is chosen and the records in the X and Y buffers other than the pivot record are copied to the X write buffer in ascending order and Y write buffer in descending order based comparison with the pivot record. Once either X or Y buffer is filled, it is written to the file and the next X or Y buffer is read from the file. The process continues until all segments are read and one write buffer remains. If that buffer is an X write buffer, the pivot record is appended to it and the X buffer written. If that buffer is a Y write buffer, the pivot record is prepended to the Y buffer and the Y buffer written. This constitutes one partition step of the file, and the file is now composed of two subfiles. The start and end positions of each subfile are pushed/popped to a stand-alone stack or the main stack via recursion. To limit stack space to O(log2(n)), the smaller subfile is processed first. For a stand-alone stack, push the larger subfile parameters onto the stack, iterate on the smaller subfile. For recursion, recurse on the smaller subfile first, then iterate to handle the larger subfile. Once a sub-file is less than or equal to 4 B records, the subfile is sorted in-place via quicksort and written. That subfile is now sorted and in place in the file. The process is continued until all sub-files are sorted and in place. The average number of passes on the file is approximately 1 + ln(N+1)/(4 B), but worst case pattern is N passes (equivalent to O(n^2) for worst case internal sort).
Three-way radix quicksort
This algorithm is a combination of radix sort and quicksort. Pick an element from the array (the pivot) and consider the first character (key) of the string (multikey). Partition the remaining elements into three sets: those whose corresponding character is less than, equal to, and greater than the pivot's character. Recursively sort the "less than" and "greater than" partitions on the same character. Recursively sort the "equal to" partition by the next character (key). Given we sort using bytes or words of length $W$ bits, the best case is $O(n)$ and the worst case $O(n log n)$ or at least $s − 1$ as for standard quicksort, given for unique keys $s = 3$, and $K$ is a hidden constant in all standard comparison sort algorithms including quicksort. This is a kind of three-way quicksort in which the middle partition represents a (trivially) sorted subarray of elements that are exactly equal to the pivot.
Quick radix sort
Also developed by Powers as an $O(KN)$ parallel PRAM algorithm. This is again a combination of radix sort and quicksort but the quicksort left/right partition decision is made on successive bits of the key, and is thus $O(2^{K}N)$ for $N$ $K$-bit keys. All comparison sort algorithms implicitly assume the transdichotomous model with $K$ in $O(N^{2})$, as if $K$ is smaller we can sort in $N<2^{K}$ time using a hash table or integer sorting. If $O(K)$ but elements are unique within $O(KN)$ bits, the remaining bits will not be looked at by either quicksort or quick radix sort. Failing that, all comparison sorting algorithms will also have the same overhead of looking through $Θ(log N)$ relatively useless bits but quick radix sort will avoid the worst case $O(N)$ behaviours of standard quicksort and radix quicksort, and will be faster even in the best case of those comparison algorithms under these conditions of $K ≫ log N$. See Powers for further discussion of the hidden overheads in comparison, radix and parallel sorting.
BlockQuicksort
In any comparison-based sorting algorithm, minimizing the number of comparisons requires maximizing the amount of information gained from each comparison, meaning that the comparison results are unpredictable. This causes frequent branch mispredictions, limiting performance. BlockQuicksort rearranges the computations of quicksort to convert unpredictable branches to data dependencies. When partitioning, the input is divided into moderate-sized blocks (which fit easily into the data cache), and two arrays are filled with the positions of elements to swap. (To avoid conditional branches, the position is unconditionally stored at the end of the array, and the index of the end is incremented if a swap is needed.) A second pass exchanges the elements at the positions indicated in the arrays. Both loops have only one conditional branch, a test for termination, which is usually taken.
The BlockQuicksort technique is incorporated into LLVM's C++ STL implementation, libcxx, providing a 50% improvement on random integer sequences. Pattern-defeating quicksort (pdqsort), a version of introsort, also incorporates this technique.
Partial and incremental quicksort
Several variants of quicksort exist that separate the $k$ smallest or largest elements from the rest of the input.
Generalization
Richard Cole and David C. Kandathil, in 2004, discovered a one-parameter family of sorting algorithms, called partition sorts, which on average (with all input orderings equally likely) perform at most $$n\log n + {O}(n)$$ comparisons (close to the information theoretic lower bound) and $${\Theta}(n\log n)$$ operations; at worst they perform $${\Theta}(n\log^2 n)$$ comparisons (and also operations); these are in-place, requiring only additional $${O}(\log n)$$ space. Practical efficiency and smaller variance in performance were demonstrated against optimised quicksorts (of Sedgewick and Bentley-McIlroy). | WIKI |
User:Romak JR
: Romak Jayanta Roy Chowdhury '''5 March 2002 (Age 15) Basirhat, West Bengal'''
Residence : Hatiara, Kolkata, India
Nationality : Indian Education : North Point Boarding School
Occupation : Student
Romak is a blogger, a creative writer and he is also involved with an online News Portal. | WIKI |
Talk:Next Generation 9-1-1
RFC NG9-1-1
Please provide comments and suggestions on this article. NextGen911 (talk) 14:20, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
* Welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for starting this page on Next Generation 9-1-1! I've removed links to [Next Generation 9-1-1.org] from the article as a potential Conflict of Interest. Thanks again for your contribution. Jc3 (talk) 06:01, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
* Thank you! I see you did some editing - I'll take a look at it later. Not sure what you saw as a COI issue here, but I don't see how I can contact you - you have no user page. I have a wiki mentor now, so I can ask him. Or maybe you'll watch this page? At any rate, thanks - and do reply if you see this, as I'm trying to learn. NextGen911 (talk) 00:23, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
* Hello - The multiple links to "Next Generation 9-1-1.org" (a commercial site for products and services for NG9-1-1) are not appropriate for Wikipedia. Also, it could be inferred that you're directly connected to this enterprise, which would also be a COI. As described on the COI page, you're urged to: "...exercise great caution when: Editing articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with..." Jc3 (talk) 01:28, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
* Hey, thanks for replying! No, I'm not connected to that website. I did see they had a products page, but didn't think that would be a problem, since the NENA site did too. I did like the diagram they had there (the DOT ones were too complicated for laymen), and the way they described things in layman's terms, but I think I can find other refs to replace those if that would be best. I want to do more work on this article, and you seem to know something about the subject - will you help further? I'd like to discuss one of your edits - see the new talk section below called "NENA and DOT contributions". And thanks again! NextGen911 (talk) 02:29, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
* Sorry for jumping to conclusions, the site just seemed odd to include (not highly ranked in searched, etc.) I look forward to helping improve the article. Jc3 (talk) 22:07, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
NENA and DOT contributions
Jc3: The NENA page referenced does state "NENA identified this need in 2000, published the Future Path Plan in 2001, and began development activities toward this end in 2003". But if you look at the Future Path Plan itself there is no reference to "Next Generation" at all, and many of the methods of reporting an emergency that were later identified in the DOT initiative weren't mentioned either. NENA participated in the DOT initiative. Looking at the documents, it appears that NENA merged its earlier FPP project into this initiative, and then started referring to it as "Next Generation 9-1-1". If that's true, then shouldn't we somehow reflect that sequence of events? (Interesting note: the FPP was on the very page you referenced when I looked this morning - now it's moved to http://www.nena.org/media/File/ESFutureDesign.pdf. And they have a whole new set of docs on that page now. Things are moving fast). NextGen911 (talk) 02:44, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
* I'll look for a better source to reference Jc3 (talk) 22:07, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
Introduction
Looks good overall. I'd suggest though that the first sentence's use of the word "nation's" should be changed to reflect what nation you're talking about. It's not until the last section of the intro that we're told that this is concerning the United States. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:54, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
* Will do, thanks. I'm also going to post a todo section here when I get a chance; there are several things that I think would help, including using a cite template for the refs. NextGen911 (talk) 18:08, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
Todo list for this article
Please feel free to add to this list, and to do any of the suggested edits! NextGen911 (talk) 14:16, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
* Edit article intro as suggested above to identify NG 9-1-1 as a U.S. project
* Proof read carefully and correct grammmar, usage, and clumbsy phrasing
* Use cite template for all references
* Add info about 2008 U.S. law that mandated implementation of an NG 9-1-1 system (NET 911 Improvement Act of 2008) NextGen911 (talk) 17:42, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
* Did this one. Dashunderscore (talk) 16:24, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
* DOT and NENA refs are necessary, as they define the initiative. However, these are "primary sources". Find additional independent sources about the initiative.
* Add information about current status of 'early adopter' efforts (e.g. State of Vermont http://e911.vermont.gov/sites/e911/files/pdf/E911-NG911.pdf and Indiana Wireless Board https://www.in911.net/documents/Indiana_Statewide911_Plan_Final.pdf [Page 22])
* Add information about the technology and standards being deployed (e.g. SIP, LoST: A Location-to-Service Translation Protocol (http://tools.ietf.org/wg/ecrit/), etc.) Jc3 (talk) 22:07, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
External links modified
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Trailmobile Company v. Whirls/Dissent Jackson
Mr. Justice JACKSON, with whom Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER joins, dissenting.
Of the millions of wage earners whom the War took from their jobs into the armed services, some came from organized industries, others from unorganized industries; some had priority rights incident to their jobs, others had no such rights. For all, Congress provided the security of being able to get back their old jobs for at least a year after their return to civil life. But since industrial priority rights usually prevailing in organized industry have important bearing both on permanence of employment and wages, Congress guaranteed the veteran not merely 'against loss of position' but also against 'loss of seniority by reason of his absence.' 'He acquires not only the same seniority he had; his service in the armed services is counted as service in the plant so that he does not lose ground by reason of his absence.' Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corporation, 328 U.S. 275, 285, 66 S.Ct. 1105, 1111. In brief, in employments that were governed by priority rights, absence in the armed services was treated as presence in the plant. The veteran acquired a rating which he would have had, had he not been away.
Congress thus dealt with two very different aspects of employment. It gave all wage earners the assurance of having their old jobs for a year. It further made imperative that wage earners who, by virtue of employment contracts, normally union contracts, had preferred positions should have the same preferred positions as those enjoyed by their fellows who had their status but remained behind. Congress limited the right to have a job to a year. But Congress, having assured a veteran the priority status he would have had had he remained at work, did not take away that status at the end of twelve months. Accordingly, because of the Congressionally assured status, whereby a veteran had a priority right that he would have had, had he never left, he has whatever rights that status gave an employee under the general law of contract and more particularly, as in this case, under the National Labor Relations Act.
The veteran at the end of the year certainly is not in a worse position than he would have been had he not been in the armed services. If he could not be deprived of his seniority rights under the employment contract had he remained behind, he cannot be deprived of them because he is a veteran. Therefore, if under the National Labor Relations Act, those wielding the power of an exclusive bargaining agency on behalf of the veteran could not have discriminated against him had he not been a veteran, they cannot discriminate against him because he is a veteran. Any other result would fly so completely in the face of what Congress was about in fashioning economic security for the returning veterans, that it would require language totally wanting in what Congress wrote to find such a strange purpose on its part.
Congress did not authorize arbitrary reduction of the seniority rights to which the veteran had been restored at the end of the year. If his rights under the contract of employment assure that he will not be discharged before an employee with lower seniority and that he is entitled to a certain wage scale, he continues in employment with this seniority status and is entitled to all its benefits, as long as others with lower seniority remain on the job.
In assuring not merely the retention of seniority status but its progression during the years in the service, Congress aimed to insure that the years which the veteran gave to his country should not retard his economic advancement. It is not likely that in furthering this policy Congress would say that an employee, because he is a veteran, should suffer the consequences of having been to war after a year's return. The equality of treatment which Congress designed as between employees who went and employees who stayed could not be achieved by delaying for one year the disadvantages of having been away and then letting them affect the veteran.
Whirls came back from the army to his old work, where he had certain advantages of seniority. Now he has lost his seniority, and because he asked the courts to say whether he lost it legally he was booted out of his job and, moreover, was expelled from the union he had been compelled to join by reason of a closed shop agreement. He may find other employment at his old craft closed to him. This is rather shocking and it is hard to believe that Whirls has no protection in law.
What happened to Whirls is this: The employer to whose service he returned was merged or consolidated with a bigger concern of the same kind-a corporation which had owned the company for which Whirls worked-and both businesses were continued under one ownership. This united the two working forces and the question arose as to relative seniority rights. Both groups had belonged to American Federation of Labor unions, so the problem was submitted to its national authorities. They ruled that each employee should retain seniority rights dating from the time he entered the employ of either company.
The bigger group revolted. They demanded their own seniority and demanded that the smaller group coming into the consolidation be treated as entirely new employees. They reorganized as a C.I.O. unit, demanded recognition as the exclusive bargaining agent of the whole enterprise and, of course, won the election. They then demanded and obtained a contract allowing their own seniority and establishing a closed shop. To keep his job at all, Whirls was obliged thereby to join the C.I.O. union and, with others, suffered reduction of pay and loss of seniority rights.
Believing that he and others had been unlawfully dealt with and being supported by the Government in the belief, he sought a remedy in the courts. His claim was not frivolous, for two courts below granted him relief. But because he tested his rights in court, he was expelled from the union on charges that he negotiated for himself through others than the union and acted in a way contrary and harmful to its interests. Since he was no longer a member of the union, it demanded under the closed shop agreement that the employer oust him from even the reduced job which its bargaining had left to him. The employer was obliged by its contract to comply but has been paying him on a leave-of-absence-with-pay basis. The short of it is that Whirls is out of seniority, out of work, and out of the union with all that this means in a closed shop industry. His predicament comes about not because of any fault of Whirls as a workman, nor because of his employer's wish.
The employer urges that we relieve it from the duty imposed by the court below of reinstating Whirls in his seniority rights because 'the majority union members may compel the employer to discharge such returning veteran after the expiration of said one-year period. As in this case, the union might expel the veteran from the union, and thereby compel this employer to discharge such veteran under its closed shop contract with the union.' One might have thought this an exaggerated fear conjured up in hostility to the union except that it is just what has happened, and that instead of repudiating it now the union endorses the threat. It says that the union 'must do one of two things, (a) either discriminate against the Trailmobile veterans and allow the Highland veterans to supersede them on the seniority list, or, (b) in fairness to the Trailmobile veterans, negotiate for the discharge of Highland veterans at the end of one year's guaranteed employment.'
This combines a false alternative with a disingenuous threat. Both alternatives presuppose that the employer has an absolute right to discharge veterans after reemploying them for a year, whether or not they work under a contract which gives them seniority rights. But the question for decision is whether the veteran is secured in his seniority rights by the Act. If he is, he is to the extent of those rights under the employment contract entitled to his job even after the assured year has ended.
There is neither need nor authority to discriminate against any veteran of either plant. The fair solution would be that each employee go on the seniority list as of the date he entered either of the two units now consolidated. That was the solution under the collective agreement by which Whirls worked at the time of the consolidation. To thwart it, the whole machinery of the National Labor Relations Board was set in motion and apparently has been used in disregard of Whirls' rights under the Labor Act. Before we reach the question whether rights under the Labor Act have been infringed, however, it should be clear that the Selective Service Act secured Whirls' seniority rights, for it is those rights which he asserts were taken from him.
Section 8(b)(B) refers to the job to which the veteran is entitled to be restored, i.e., simply the same job which he left, or its equivalent. Section 8(c) specifies what rights he shall have in that job. He is to have the seniority which would have accumulated while he was in service and he is to be assured against discharge for one year, regardless of what his or others' seniority rights are. Such assurance against discharge certainly does not terminate seniority rights after one year. Section 8(b)(B) together with the provision against arbitrary discharge is enough to assure that the veteran will remain in the same job for one year without diminution of its incidents. See Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corporation, 328 U.S. 275, 286, 66 S.Ct. 1105, 1111, 1112, in which this Court said, 'What it (Congress) undertook to do was to give the veteran protection within the framework of the seniority system plus a guarantee against demotion or termination of the employment relationship without cause for a year.' 328 U.S. at page 288, 66 S.Ct. at page 1113.
That case interpreted the provisions against discharge as broad enough to prohibit also any reduction in status, pay, or seniority, during the year. But we did not hold that seniority rights ended with the year. Seniority rights are rights which, by their nature, endure as long as the employment does, and become more and more valuable in protecting that employment and enhancing its benefits. Ordinarily, one of their most important functions is to give a measure of security in the job. To have seniority rights for a year may not be an impossibility, but it is almost a contradiction in terms.
The job guaranteed against discharge for a year, then, is the job defined in § 8(b)(B). But the right to discharge after the year is not unconditional where the employee is the beneficiary of a seniority plan. Of course, where employees have no seniority rights, the guarantee of one year's employment is their only right. But if a seniority system does exist, the Congress gave the employee 'protection within the framework of the seniority system plus a guarantee against demotion or termination of the employment relationship without cause for a year.' (Emphasis added.) Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corporation, 328 U.S. at page 288, 66 S.Ct. at page 1113.
It is to be noted that the seniority rights of Whirls were bargained away from him by a union which, under the National Labor Relations Act, was entitled to bargain as his representative. The Act makes the majority union 'the exclusive representatives of all the employees in such unit' for bargaining. 49 Stat. 453, § 9(a), 29 U.S.C. s 159(a), 29 U.S.C.A. § 159(a). We have held that this not only precludes the individual from being repre ented by others but also prevents him from bargaining for himself. J. I. Case Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 321 U.S. 332, 64 S.Ct. 576, 88 L.Ed. 762. While the individual is thus placed wholly in the power of the union, it does not follow that union powers have no limit. Courts from time immemorial have held that those who undertake to act for others are held to good faith and fair dealing and may not favor themselves at the cost of those they have assumed to represent. The National Labor Relations Act, in authorizing union organizations 'for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection,' 49 Stat. 452, § 7, 29 U.S.C. § 157, 29 U.S.C.A. § 157, indicates no purpose to excuse unions from these wholesome principles of trusteeship.
We have held under a similar Act that the courts may intervene to prevent a majority union from negotiating a contract in favor of itself against a colored minority. Speaking for all but two members of the Court, Chief Justice Stone, after recognizing that the representatives may make 'contracts which may have unfavorable effects on some of the members of the craft represented' in such matters as seniority, based on relevant differences of conditions, said: 'Without attempting to mark the allowable limits of differences in the terms of contracts based on differences of conditions to which they apply, it is enough for present purposes to say that the statutory power to represent a craft and to make contracts as to wages, hours and working conditions does not include the authority to make among members of the craft discriminations not based on such relevant differences.' Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., 323 U.S. 192, 203, 65 S.Ct. 226, 232, 89 L.Ed. 173. That opinion also declared that 'It is a principle of general application that the exercise of a granted power to act in behalf of others involves the assumption toward them of a duty to exercise the power in their interest and behalf, and that such a grant of power will not be deemed to dispense with all duty toward those for whom it is exercised unless so expressed.' 323 U.S. at page 202, 65 S.Ct. at page 232, 89 L.Ed. 173. And in Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, 323 U.S. 210, 65 S.Ct. 235, 89 L.Ed. 187, we held that where an individual is without available administrative remedies, the courts must grant him protection.
I do not think that Whirls' seniority rights after one year are made immutable or immune from collective bargaining. But the statute restored these rights to him as a veteran. They stand until they are lawfully modified. The record indicates that they have never been terminated or modified by good faith collective bargaining in the interests of the craft. It raises the suspicion that they were simply misappropriated to the benefit of the majority group which was under a duty to represent his interests as well as its own.
The courts cannot tolerate the expulsion of a member of a union, depriving him of his right to earn a living merely because he invokes the process of the courts to protect his rights-even if he does so mistakenly. The Labor Relations Act makes it an unfair labor practice by an employer 'To discharge or otherwise discriminate against an employee because he has filed charges or given testimony' in proceedings under it. 49 Stat. 453, § 8, 29 U.S.C. § 158, 29 U.S.C.A. § 158. Neither may a union use its own power over its members to by-pass the courts. Cf. Dorchy v. State of Kansas, 272 U.S. 306, 47 S.Ct. 86, 71 L.Ed. 248.
This action is equitable in character and equity traditionally adapts its remedies to the facts as developed by trial rather than to the form of pleadings. There could be no objection if the Court would remand the case for development of a more complete record. But I could not agree that it should be done with the suggestion that Whirls was not treated with discrimination because all in the Highland group were treated alike. If the Trailmobile Company had absorbed the wholly-owned Highland Company before Whirls returned and used the consolidation as an excuse to deny Whirls reemployment rights, this Court would hardly have approved so transparent a scheme. The union has no more right to rely on the consolidation to justify deprivation of seniority rights. | WIKI |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 91.djvu/853
Popular Science Monthly
��837
���Photo by Bureau of Education, Washington
Ready to start a reindeer race at Igloo, Alaska. Two hundred Eskimos, all of them engaged in the reindeer industry, fourteen wild deer and numerous collie dogs took part in the sport
��How the Eskimos of Alaska Held an Exciting Reindeer Fair
THE first reindeer fair held in Alaska took place recently at Igloo. It was attended by about two hundred Eskimos, all engaged in the reindeer industry on Seward Peninsula. The fair was a great success; for it gave the Eskimos a chance to exchange views on such problems as the best way to raise and drive reindeer and the best types of sleds and harness.
A herd of eight hundred deer was ex- hibited. They were not confined in a corral, but were kept in place by the crowd of eager sightseers, ever alert to prevent an ex- cape. Intelligent, train- ed collie dogs hovered around the outskirts of the crowd to round up a deer that might break through.
Interesting features of the fair were the lassoing contests and the races. Thirty minutes each day for three days were de- voted to lassoing. Only bulls without horns were lassoed. The winner of the contest had eleven deer to his credit. The bulls are difficult to lasso because of their wariness.
The driving race was held over a course a mile long. There were four- teen wild deer in it.
���Photo Museum of American Indian
��A "swallow stick
old relic from the Virgin Islands
��The Old Indian Priests Had No Easy Time of It
THE Indians are faith curists. But in South America certain tribes, more highly developed than others, had priests instead of medicine men in their religious ceremonies. These tribes were very partic- ular about their priests. They argued that in order to be a successful intermediary the priest must be thoroughly cleansed of all impurities himself.
To make perfectly sure that the priest was worthy, a "swallow stick," such as the one shown in the illustration, was thrust down his throat. This, of course, acted as an emetic, and satisfied the audience that the priest was purged of his iniq- uities and could proceed with the ceremony.
The "swallow stick" in the photograph is one of four specimens brought from the Virgin Islands to the United States by Captain Theo- dore De Booy, explorer for the Museum of the American Indian, of New York City. It is esti- mated to be over four hundred years old, and is made of the rib of a sea cow. Three inlays of mother-of-pearl form the teeth. The eyes are shells set into hollows.
��a 400-year-
�� � | WIKI |
Treatment
Bursitis often improves over time, so treatment is usually aimed at symptom relief. However, depending on the cause of your knee bursitis and which bursa is infected, your doctor might recommend one or more treatment approaches.
Medications
If an infection has caused the knee bursitis, your doctor will prescribe a course of antibiotic treatment.
Therapy
Your doctor might refer you to a physical therapist or specialist in sports medicine, who can help you improve flexibility and strengthen muscles. This therapy might alleviate pain and reduce your risk of recurring episodes of knee bursitis. Protective knee braces might help if you can't avoid kneeling, and compressive knee sleeves can help reduce swelling.
Surgical and other procedures
More-invasive treatments for knee bursitis treatment include:
• Corticosteroid injection. If the bursitis is persistent and not responding to basic treatments, your doctor might inject a corticosteroid drug into an affected bursa to reduce inflammation. The inflammation usually subsides rapidly, but you might have pain and swelling from the injection for a couple of days.
• Aspiration. Your doctor might aspirate a bursa to reduce excess fluid and treat inflammation. He or she will insert a needle into the affected bursa and draw fluid into the syringe. Aspiration might cause short-term pain and swelling, and you might need to wear a knee immobilizer for a short period after the injection to reduce the chance of recurrent swelling.
• Surgery. If you have severe chronic or recurrent bursitis and don't respond to other treatments, your doctor might recommend surgery to remove the bursa. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Controlling Your Brain Health As You Age
You Really Can Control Your Brain Health As You Age
As we each age, all parts of our bodies begin to deteriorate. In fact, this is the whole idea of aging, your body starts to slowly shut down. Even looking older is caused by the decline in the amount of elastin in the skin, so the skin’s loss of function.
Some of the hardest times in aging is watching and struggling with the deterioration of your brain. One important reason why controlling your brain health as you age is very important is the serious concern of the increase of diagnosis of dementia and Alzheimer’s in the past decades.
It is a scary prospect, our brains are aging everyday losing the ability to make new connections, learn new skills, make new memories, or recall old ones. All the way through until the prospect of your brain losing its ability to recall who you are becomes a real possibility. Why does this happen?
There are a number of effects aging has on the brain that effect your cognition and slow your brain:
• First, after age 40 the brain loses a significant and measurable amount of mass each decade.
• Then, around the same age, your myelin sheaths (the outer fatty part of your nerves and brain cells that protects the electrical signals traveling through them) start to deteriorate as well.
• Finally, with age brain connections slowly lose plasticity, their ability and flexibility that allows them to change and form new connections (Ageing and the brain; R Peters).
However, that does not have to be the case.
Brain Health And Wellness
You can take some control of your brain’s agility even as it and the rest of your body ages. Just like your muscles and bones, with proper care, nutrition, and exercise you can expect your brain to carry you well into your golden years. Forgetfulness does not have to be an inevitable fact of aging.
There is a range of every day steps you can take to protect your brain. A lot of these steps you should already be taking to protect other parts of your health. Simple healthy living tips like keeping blood sugar and blood pressure within normal limits, regular exercise, getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet rich in necessary nutrients, and avoiding bad habits like smoking and alcohol will all contribute to helping keep your brain health as you age per Harvard Medical.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle while all your faculties are intact can keep your brain on top of the game, minimizing, and delaying “senior moments.”
However, what if you are not satisfied with just eating right and living well for your brain, what more can you do?
Brain Health And Diet
mediterranean diet - Brain Health As You Age
Adopting a Mediterranean diet may boost your brain performance. This style of eating contains more of the vital brain nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids than your standard western diet. According to WebMD, this diet may be able to boost brain performance by nearly 20% as compared to the diet most American are accustomed to.
Staying in touch with friends, family, and even strangers is also known to boost brain activity and thus longevity. A healthy social network can fend off the negative brain effects caused by aging. In fact, in more than study loneliness has been a direct link to mental decline and aging.
AARP Brain Exercises
brain teaser - Brain Health As You Age
Play mind games! Whether you download one of the apps for brain teasers and mind puzzles or simply start brushing your hair and teeth with your non-dominant hand, exercising your mind could be one of the simplest and most important steps you take to preserve brain function. Brain exercises build new connections, grow your brain, and help maintain speed and plasticity.
The effects of aging on the brain can be particularly scary, but you don’t have to accept them as facts of life. You can take control your brain health as you age by taking control of your own health! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Question: How Do I Automatically Move Emails To A Folder In Gmail?
How do you move emails to folders in Gmail on iPad?
Move iPad e-mail messagesAfter displaying the folder containing the message you want to move (for example, Trash or Inbox), tap the Edit button.
Tap the circle next to the message you want to move.
Tap the Move button.
Tap the folder where you want to store the message..
What are folders called in Gmail?
labelsFolders in Gmail are actually called labels. The emails themselves will stay in your regular inbox once you “label” them, but will also be sorted into “folders” in your sidebar according to the labels you give them.
How do I enable drag and drop in Gmail?
Open Gmail and go to your Inbox or another view. Hover over the message you want to move. To the left of the message, select the handle (the double dotted, vertical lines). To move multiple messages, make sure they’re all checked, then drag the handle for any selected message.
How do I sort Gmail folders?
The first step to organizing your Gmail is to select your preferred layout. When you open your inbox, click on the gear symbol in the upper right corner and select “Settings.” Then along the top of the settings window, click on the “Inbox” tab. From here, Gmail gives you five layout options for your inbox.
How do I move emails from one sender to a folder in Gmail?
Can I automatically move emails from a sender to a folder?go to Gmail settings –> filters and click on “new filter”in the “from” field, put the address the emails are arriving from.click on Next.select “Skip the inbox (archive it)” as well as “Attach a label”, and specify a label, optionally “mark as read”you can sheck a box to apply this filter to emails you already have.More items…
What is the difference between labels and folders in Gmail?
The labels function in Gmail essentially serves the same purpose as folders, allowing you to group your emails into different categories. Gmail also has a “Move to” feature, which lets you easily send your email to a specific folder you’ve created.
Why can’t I drag my emails into folders?
Make sure that the Outlook window is active, and press the ESC key several times. After that, you should be able to use the drag & drop feature again. Use the Folder List view. Try to change the view to Folders (Fig.
How do I organize my email folders?
Sending Sanity: How to Organize Your Inbox to Be More ProductiveUnsubscribe from Junk Mail. … Stop Using Complex Folder Structures. … Make Use of Enhanced Search Capabilities. … Adopt a Five-Sentence Rule. … One-Click Rule. … Different Signatures. … Don’t Waste Time Typing Every Response. … Use Labels and Filters.
Can you change the order of labels in Gmail?
While it’s not possible to reorder by drag-and-drop, they are alphabetized just like labels in Gmail, so you can change their position by renaming them. A “-” or a period will move them up, or you can leverage numeric order, i.e.
How do I move multiple emails to a folder in Gmail?
The whole point of drag and drop is to move from one folder to another. Hi T and K, you can select multiple messages in the Inbox by clicking in the selection box at the left side of each message. Once you have them selected, you should be able to drag them to another label and they should leave the Inbox.
Does Gmail have folders like Outlook?
Gmail doesn’t have folders. All your messages are saved in All Mail. … When you Archive a message, the only thing that does is remove the Inbox label from the message. The original message is still in All Mail along with all your other messages, and you can apply labels to them to make them easier to find later.
Can you set up folders in Gmail?
While Gmail refers to its folders as “labels”, the concept is the same. You can create a new label using both the desktop version of Gmail and the Gmail app for iPhones and iPads, though Android users cannot create a new label from within the Gmail app.
How do I move multiple emails to a folder?
Right-click the selected messages – Move To This opens a drop-down menu with a list of accounts. Pick the desired account and select the destination folder.
Why can’t I move emails to folders in Gmail?
Gmail doesn’t use folders in the same traditional sense as you may be familiar with from your computer. Instead, folders in Gmail are called “labels,” and each email can have multiple labels at the same time. When an email is assigned a label, the email actually doesn’t move anywhere.
How do I move emails to a folder?
Move messages into a folderSelect an email message.Drag and drop it into a folder. Note: To move more than one email, select an email, hold down the Shift key and select other messages, and then click, drag, and drop them into a folder.
Why can’t I see emails in my folders?
If you cannot see any emails at all in a folder, check that you have not maximized the message preview (so the message list pane is hidden). To do this, click View ▸ Preview ▸ Show Message Preview. Look in the Junk folder.
How do I get email folders on my iPhone?
This is easily done and you don’t need to install any new applications.Tap the “Mail” icon on the iPhone to launch the email application.Scroll down the “Mailboxes” screen until you see the “Accounts” section. … Tap the name of the account that has subfolders you need to check.More items…
How do I organize my Gmail inbox into folders?
1. The Difference Between a Label, a Folder, and a Tab in GmailYou can see Gmail labels in the sidebar and next to the message subject lines.Gmail tabs appear across the top of the inbox. … Use the Label tools to manage labels and create new labels.Type the name of your new label and click the Create button.More items…•
How do I save emails to a folder in Gmail?
How to Create Folders in Gmail in 30 SecondsClick the Settings icon.Go to the Labels tab.At the bottom, click Create New Label.Name the label.Click Save.
How do I automatically label emails in Gmail?
Open one of those emails and click the More drop-down list. Click on Filter messages like these, click Create Filter, check the boxes – Skip the inbox (Archive it) and Apply the label: Choose Label. You’d choose the “Indeed” label at that point. Then again click Create Filter.
How do I organize my Gmail labels?
On a computer, open Gmail. You can’t edit labels from the Gmail app.On the left side of the page, hover your cursor over your label’s name.Click the Down arrow .Click Edit.Make changes to your label.Click Save.
How do I transfer my emails to my new iPhone?
How to transfer your data to your new iPhone using iCloudOpen Settings on your old iPhone.Tap the Apple ID banner.Tap iCloud. Source: iMore.Tap iCloud Backup.Tap Back Up Now. … Turn your old iPhone off once the backup is finished.Remove the SIM card from your old iPhone or if you’re going to move it to your new one. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Odeda
Odeda (or Awdeda) is a Local Government Area and town in Ogun State, Nigeria. The headquarters of the LGA are at Odeda on the A5 highway7.21667°N, 3.51667°W.
It has an area of 1,560 km$2$ and a population of 109,449 at the 2006 census. The local government is bounded at Bakatare. A small village close to Oyo State and also bounded at Alogi, a big urban centre that bound the local government area from Abeokuta-south.
The postal code of the area is 110. | WIKI |
Wayne Popham
Wayne G. Popham (born October 23, 1929) is an American politician in the state of Minnesota. He served in the Minnesota State Senate from 1963 to 1972 (district 35). | WIKI |
Ultraviolet inspection techniques are a staple in the nondestructive testing world to detect flaws and indications on a variety of parts.
Fluorescent penetrant is used to show an indication on a metal cylinder. Source: Magnaflux
Ultraviolet (UV) NDT inspections may be thought of as “low tech” when compared with some of the more sophisticated techniques available with expensive equipment, but there is a reason UV has been around for decades-it does its job. Two types of UV inspections are magnetic particle inspection (MPI) and fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI). Both use an ultraviolet light during the inspection process to detect flaws on a part. Because of the nature of the inspection process, ideally, parts should be non-porous-though they may be large or small, ranging from steel gears to shafts, small aluminum brackets, engine blocks, connecting rods, missile housings and jet engine blades.
“These methods were developed a long time ago and there is still nothing in this high-tech world that has made UV inspection not useful,” says Bob Foley, an NDT supervisor and Level III certified inspector at Protective Coatings (Kent, WA), an aerospace parts finisher. Foley and his team at Protective Coatings perform both MPI and FPI to check for flaws on steel, titanium or aluminum parts before coatings are applied.
Brian MacCracken, a Pratt and Whitney (East Hartford, CT) Level III certified senior NDT engineer, uses UV FPI and MPI inspections for gears, castings and forgings on critical parts in the aerospace industry. Pratt and Whitney also performs NDT inspections with UV videoscopes-a relatively newer use of the technology. “UV borescopes have been around many years, but UV videoscopes came into play the last nine years. We use them to inspect cavities like shafts where using dental mirrors or the typical UV borescope or handheld UV light is not useful. We use them for drum rotors or spools or other complex configured IDs,” MacCracken says.
But despite the availability of UV borescopes, fiberscopes and videoscopes for remote UV inspections, this NDT technique still is most often used for visual inspections.
The shaft of a gear component is ideal for magnetic particle inspection. Source: Magnaflux
Differences
Determining which type of inspection to perform is typically left up to the Level III certified personnel at a facility; however, there are a few large differences between MPI and FPI techniques that can help point inspectors in the right direction.
Magnetic particle inspection is an ideal NDT method for detecting inclusions, while fluorescent particle inspection does a better job of detecting shrinkage and porosity, according to MacCracken. Inclusions are pieces of metal that have not been homogenized with the other metal of the part or the shell from the casting mold. “Inclusions are bad for the life of the part because it can set it up for a crack during the service life of the part,” MacCracken says.
There are automatic, semi-automatic and multi-directional MPI machines available in the marketplace, such as those made by Magnaflux (Glenview, IL) and Gould-Bass Inc. (Pomona, CA), which the inspector can use to magnetize and demagnetize the part. While the inspector still needs to visually examine the part and evaluate it, this type of automation can help save time.
Demagnetizing the part after inspection is important. “If you don’t [demagnetize], the part will retain the magnetic field. You have to ensure the parts are nonmagnetic when done,” Foley emphasizes.
That is not the only important step in MPI, however. The inspection technique can be used for either wet or dry methods. “Dry is usually for field inspections in a lot of cases or for a higher temperature environment because you don’t want the fluids [from wet inspection] to burn,” explains Paul Dunnwald, equipment business unit manager at Magnaflux.
Magnetic particle inspection only can be used with alloys or metals that can be magnetized, such as steel. “If you can’t magnetize it, you can’t use MPI,” Foley notes. The technique detects surface and subsurface indications or defects. This can be seen as an advantage over FPI, since penetrant inspection only shows surface defects.
While MPI works well with ferrous materials, FPI, or penetrant inspection, can be used on just about any non-porous surface. This is because a porous material can hold the penetrant in a lot of non-defect areas and it can make it much more difficult for actual defects to stand out. Typical FPI inspections include washing and drying the part, applying a penetrant, washing the part, applying a developer and inspecting the part.
“Cleaning the part is very important. Penetrant and mag are designed to be fast processes and if a part is not prepared right then it slows everything down. If the preparation is right, you can really trust what you are seeing. If you did not prepare it right-this can cause bad readings,” Foley explains.
A part that is improperly washed can show false indications or defects. In the event that a valid inspection cannot be performed, the inspection process must be restarted from the beginning. While the amount of time FPI takes to perform varies with the volume of parts and type of part being inspected, Foley averages that the non-automated FPI process from cleaning through inspection takes about three to four hours.
Magnetic particle inspection reveals an indication on the end of a pipe. Source: Magnaflux
Penetrant Options
Penetrants are broken down into five sensitivity levels: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4. “There are different concentrations of dyes in the penetrant that fluoresce more than others,” Foley explains.
At Pratt and Whitney, says MacCracken, due to the nature of the critical components being inspected, they do not allow 0.5 to be used. “For major rotating parts such as shafts, discus, hubs and spaces, we only allow a level 4 post emulsified. It’s a critical component, so we want to use the most sensitive penetrant we can use,” he explains.
Penetrants-which can be applied several different ways including dipping, spraying or brushing-are available as water soluble or water wash, and post emulsified-which is further broken down into hydrophilic and lipophilic. “Some penetrants work better with higher or lower temperature washes,” Foley says. “You use whatever makes the best sense [for your application].” The types of defects and the parts to inspect will help make the call for which products to use. Emulsified penetrants, for example, tend to be a little more sensitive than water wash and are at less risk of over washing when compared with water wash penetrants. Over washing can cause false or difficult readings.
According to MacCracken, most of the aerospace industry uses hydrophilic post emulsified and water wash penetrants. “Water wash is the most simplified: you apply penetrant and wash it off under a UV light to make sure you don’t over wash it,” he explains. Once the part is completely dry, a dry developer is applied to the part, which acts as a blotter to soak up or draw out the penetrant from a discontinuity. After a specific waiting time or dwell time, the developer causes a capillary reaction, which draws the penetrant out and makes it visible to the inspector under UV light.
Inspection using a post emulsified hydrophilic penetrant calls for a pre-rinse after the penetrant is applied, which removes 80% to 90% of the surface penetrant off the part, according to MacCracken. “A hydrophilic emulsifier, which acts like a soap, is applied and makes the oily penetrant that you applied earlier water soluble,” he explains. The part is then rinsed again to remove the emulsified penetrant/emulsifier, dried and a developer is applied.
Remote UV
An additional use of UV light is for remote inspections with borescopes and fiberscopes, and even more recently, with videoscopes. Previously, delivering the UV light deep into a cavity was difficult and cumbersome. More recently, given newer technology and products, some manufacturers offer lighting options as ancillary components to the scope, while others offer UV light options that enter into the part parallel with the scope for UV inspections.
“The chief issue over the years was getting the UV light down the tubes with the borescope. With reduction in price of lighting technologies such as fiberoptics and LED, we are seeing a shift,” Dunnwald says.
Often, most of these attachments are white light capable and UV capable. The inspector will use the white light mode to get to the part of the cavity or piece they would like to inspect and then turn on the UV light to inspect for defects.
“For many years, only fiberscopes offered the availability [of UV inspection]. Using a videoscope with an external cable is something that has just recently been more available because of the demand for magnification and measurement capability,” says Richard Walsh, national sales manager for remote visual inspection and NDT portable products at Olympus NDT (Waltham, MA).
“Today, a single UV videoscope can now deliver UV light and imaging in a single package, whereas in the past, inspectors had to introduce two components: one element for delivering UV light and another for imaging,” says Gene McGarry, general manager at Karl Storz Industrial-America Inc. (El Segundo, CA). Having the lighting and imaging in a single, small diameter package makes it easier to access even smaller areas than were previously possible with a multiple component system, he notes.
White light borescopes can be used for traditional remote inspection applications, however, operators may not be able to see certain minute or subsurface characteristics, such as voids, porosity or small cracks, McGarry says. With the addition of UV light, inspection professionals can now identify smaller defects.
Another benefit of UV borescope and fiberscope applications, according to McGarry, is scrap reduction. “You get a more detailed inspection of internal parts that you couldn’t see before. You can now do an FPI and salvage a part; without a borescope, you have to section the parts, at some defined sample interval for evaluation, and then scrap the part once confident the production process is consistent. In most industrial applications, especially aviation, these parts are extremely expensive,” he says.
UV light sources enable an inspection professional to find defects and indications on a range of parts from large to small. Source: Karl Storz Industrial-America Inc.
What UV Won't Find
While UV inspection has been around for decades and does a great job of helping professionals find indications and defects, not all defects show up with UV light.
“The process is never designed to catch all defects all the time,” Foley says. For example, he says, his company does not consider UV particularly reliable for finding very large defects.
Other defects, including dents, will not show up as indications under UV light either. “Part of our inspection procedure includes a fairly good white light inspection as well to make sure there are no dents, etc. We check for dents and large defects,” Foley explains.
Another important consideration with UV NDT inspection is that, like other visual inspections, operators can get bored or complacent-making the inspection process only as detailed as the person performing the inspection.
“[Many inspectors] have been doing the job for many years and never find anything-there is not really anything new and they can get complacent,” MacCracken says. One way to help combat this, he adds, is through regular training and audits. The more trained, prepared and motivated NDT inspectors are, the more successful the plant’s UV NDT inspection program will be.
UV NDT inspection remains a constant in the manufacturing world. Consistent results and highly-trained professionals make UV inspection a technique that has withstood the test of time and will continue to do so into the future. By following the appropriate inspection techniques, using quality products such as penetrants and washes, and ensuring that staff is continually trained and educated thoroughly on the technique, manufacturers can use UV inspections to test a range of parts both large and small in a variety of industries. NDT
Tech Tips
• Ultraviolet inspections can be used to inspect large or small parts, ranging from steel gears to shafts, small aluminum brackets, engine blocks, connecting rods, missile housings and jet engine blades.
• Magnetic particle inspection can detect surface and subsurface defects or indications.
• Typical fluorescent penetrant inspection inspections include washing and drying the part, applying a penetrant, washing the part, applying a developer and inspecting the part.
• For more information on the organizations mentioned in this article, visit:
Karl Storz Industrial-America Inc., www.karlstorzindustrial.com
Magnaflux, www.magnaflux.com
Olympus NDT, www.olympus-ims.com
Pratt and Whitney, www.pratt-whitney.com
Protective Coatings Inc., www.protectivecoatingsinc.com | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Spectra Energy Beats on Earnings, Up Y/Y - Analyst Blog
Premier natural gas company, Spectra Energy Corp. ( SE ) reported first-quarter 2014 earnings per share from continuing operations of 62 cents, beating the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 50 cents. Moreover, the results were up 21.6% from 51 cents in the year-ago quarter. The upside came from all segments.
The company's operating revenues of $1,843.0 million rose 16% from the year-earlier level of $1,589.0 million and came in line with our projection.
Operational Analysis
On Nov 1, 2013, Spectra Energy completed dropdown of the remainder of its U.S. Storage and Transmission assets to its MLP Spectra Energy Partners, LP. The transaction transformed Spectra Energy Partners into one of the largest fee-based MLPs in North America, with an enterprise value of almost $20 billion.
Spectra Energy Partners : The segment posted quarterly earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) of $429.0 million, reflecting an increase of 23.6% from the year-ago quarter. The rise was attributable to dropdown of Express-Platte, the performance of which exceeded expectations and increased earnings from pipeline expansions, mainly the New Jersey to New York project commissioned on Nov 1, 2013. Moreover, higher natural gas transportation revenues stemming from a record demand in the winter aided the increase.
Distribution : The segment reported a year-over-year 2.7% increase in EBITDA to $226.0 million from $220.0 million. The increase was mainly due to higher approved rates, a colder winter and the favorable decision by the Ontario Energy Board requiring certain transportation revenues to be treated as utility earnings.
Western Canada Transmission & Processing : The segment witnessed an EBITDA of $237.0 million, up 24.7% from the year-earlier level. The upside came from increased earnings at the Empress NGL business, attributable to higher propane sales prices.
Field Services : The segment's EBITDA of $130.0 million rose 47.7% from the year-ago level of $88.0 million. The improvement came primarily on the back of higher volumes from new processing plants, higher commodity prices and positive results from gas and natural gas liquid (NGL) marketing during the quarter. These factors were partially offset by increase in interest expense, depreciation expense and operating costs.
Production and Price Realizations
The company produced NGLs of 445 thousand barrels per day (MBbl/d), up from the year-ago quarter level of 396 MBbl/d. Price of NGLs averaged $1.06 per gallon (up 19.1% year over year), while crude oil averaged approximately $98.68 per barrel (up 4.2% year over year). Natural gas was sold at $4.94 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) versus $3.34 per MMBtu in the first quarter of 2013.
Balance Sheet
As of Dec 31, 2014, Spectra Energy had long-term debt of approximately $14.4 billion with a debt-to-capitalization ratio of 58% (unchanged from the preceding quarter).
Outlook
Spectra Energy is one of North America's major natural gas infrastructure players and has a strong business position in growth markets. The company plans to invest about $25 billion over the next decade in fee-based gas infrastructure growth projects. It also intends to allocate $25 billion in growth projects through the end of the decade.
Spectra Energy carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). Some better-ranked stocks in the oil and gas sector include Unit Corp. ( UNT ), Targa Resources Partners LP ( NGLS ) and Boardwalk Pipeline Partners LP ( BWP ). All of these sport a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) and would offer above-average returns to investors.
BOARDWALK PIPLN (BWP): Free Stock Analysis Report
TARGA RESOURCES (NGLS): Free Stock Analysis Report
SPECTRA ENERGY (SE): Free Stock Analysis Report
UNIT CORP (UNT): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
(No. 93208.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. PAUL A. DE LA PAZ, Appellant.
Opinion filed May 8, 2003.
THOMAS, J., specially concurring.
KILBRIDE, J., dissenting.
Michael J. Pelletier, Deputy Defender, of the Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, and Alison J. Norwood, of Streamwood, for appellant.
James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Richard A. Devine, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (William L. Browers, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Renee G. Goldfarb, Linda Halperin and Alan J. Spellberg, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
JUSTICE FREEMAN
delivered the opinion of the court:
Petitioner, Paul De La Paz, is currently serving an extended-term sentence for an armed robbery conviction. He has exhausted his direct appeals and is now before this court on appeal from the dismissal of his petition for postconviction relief. He argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in the postconviction proceedings and also argues that his extended-term sentence should be reversed because the procedures followed by the circuit court did not comply with the Supreme Court’s mandate in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000). We affirm, finding specifically with respect to the latter claim that Apprendi does not apply retroactively to causes in which the direct appeal process had concluded at the time that Apprendi was decided.
BACKGROUND
In 1985, a jury in the circuit court of Cook County convicted petitioner of armed robbery, armed violence, home invasion and aggravated battery. A detailed recitation of the circumstances of the crime is not necessary for our analysis, but the facts adduced at trial established that petitioner entered the home of the 77-year-old victim brandishing a hammer and demanding the victim’s wallet. After the victim produced his wallet, petitioner hit him on the head with the hammer and began to ransack his home. Petitioner later also hit the victim with a gun, knocking him unconscious. The circuit court sentenced petitioner to a 55-year extended sentence on the armed robbery conviction and a concurrent 5-year sentence for the aggravated battery conviction. The appellate court affirmed petitioner’s convictions on direct appeal. People v. De La Paz, No. 1 — 85—3293 (1989) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
Petitioner first petitioned for postconviction relief in September 1986, while his direct appeal was still pending. Appointed counsel filed an amended petition in October 1999, and petitioner followed with a supplemental pro se petition. Because the arguments raised on appeal do not involve the arguments raised in the various petitions, we will not recount them in detail. We do note that in petitioner’s supplemental pro se petition, he stated that he had “spoken with the Assistant Public Defender Ingrid Gill, [p]rior to her filing this Supplemental Petition for Post Conviction relief, whereas she had said in a telephone conversation that she was only going to raise One Issue and that issue being the one she now raised in” the October petition. (Emphasis in original.) Petitioner continued: “Petitioner not only argued with her about this only issue [szc], he filed a complaint with the ARDC Attorney Registration Disciplinary Commission of the Illinois Supreme Court.” Petitioner stated that according to his review of the authorities — specifically citing People v. Britz, 174 Ill. 2d 163 (1996) — the issue counsel raised in the amended petition was “worthless.”
The State moved to dismiss, and the court granted the State’s motion in March 2000. Petitioner appealed, and the appellate court affirmed the dismissal. No. 1 — 00—0976 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
During the unusual length of time that the petition remained pending in the circuit court, petitioner composed numerous documents complaining of the circumstances that had resulted in his conviction. These included a complaint with the Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission (ARDC) against his trial attorney; a letter to the circuit court of Cook County that indicated that he was planning to file a lawsuit against the trial judge, his trial attorney, and the State’s Attorney; and a second letter to a deputy clerk of the circuit court of Cook County reiterating that the assistant State’s Attorney and petitioner’s trial judge were prejudiced against him.
Also, after petitioner filed his postconviction petition, he filed a “motion for leave to file an original petition for writ of mandamus” and a “petition for writ of mandamus,” requesting that his postconviction petition be heard in another county. This request was based on petitioner’s contention that Judge Gillis, who had presided over petitioner’s original trial, was prejudiced against him to such an extent that petitioner could not receive a fair hearing on his postconviction proceeding before Judge Gillis or any other judge in the circuit court of Cook County. The motion was denied. Later, petitioner filed motions for extensions of time to file a “supplemental brief,” contending that the assistant public defender assigned to his case was indifferent to his claims. As a result of these allegations, the assistant public defender was permitted to withdraw as counsel in 1987, and petitioner proceeded pro se. However, no further activity occurred in the case until the court granted a motion to reinstate the petition in June 1993, with the matter reassigned to a different judge. In July 1997 petitioner filed a motion for supervisory order, naming as respondents the judge before whom his petition was pending, the public defender, and two assistant public defenders. In that motion petitioner complained that no progress was being made in his case.
A new assistant public defender, Ingrid Gill, filed an appearance in the case in May 1999. Soon thereafter, petitioner filed a complaint against her with the ARDC, which the ARDC found to be “unfounded.”
The matter was set for hearing in March 2000. At that time, counsel filed a certificate of compliance with Rule 651(c). Counsel then summarized for the court’s benefit the course of proceedings until that point, including the fact that in addition to the filings above, petitioner had also filed lawsuits in federal court against the police and Cermak Hospital, which had been dismissed. The court dismissed the postconviction petition, the appellate court affirmed, and we granted petitioner leave to appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 315(a).
ANALYSIS
Before this court, petitioner raises two issues. He contends that (1) his sentence should be reversed because the circuit court did not comply with the procedures required by Apprendi in sentencing him, and (2) his post-conviction counsel was ineffective in failing to request a hearing on petitioner’s competency to participate in post-conviction proceedings.
I. Apprendi
We first address petitioner’s argument that his 55-year sentence for armed robbery must be vacated and the cause remanded for resentencing because the circuit court entered that sentence without following the procedures required by the Supreme Court in Apprendi.
Initially, we note that petitioner failed to present this argument in his postconviction petition. A petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act must, inter alia, “clearly set forth the respects in which petitioner’s constitutional rights were violated.” 725 ILCS 5/122 — 2 (West 1994). Just as the legislature has set forth what must be contained in a petition, it has specified the consequences of omitting a claim: “[a]ny claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.” 725 ILCS 5/122 — 3 (West 1994). “Waiver” is a well-established term of art in the legal field. This court has long recognized that we may, in appropriate cases, reach issues notwithstanding their waiver. At least as long ago as 1957, this court had held that
“the general rule is that where a question is not raised or reserved in the trial court, or where, though raised in the lower court, it is not urged or argued on appeal, it will not be considered and will be deemed to have been waived. However, this is a rule of administration and not of jurisdiction or power, and it will not operate to deprive an accused of his constitutional rights of due process. ‘The court may, as a matter of grace, in a case involving deprivation of life or liberty take notice of errors appearing upon the record which deprived the accused of substantial means of enjoying a fair and impartial trial, although no exceptions were preserved or the question is imperfectly presented.’ ” People v. Burson, 11 Ill. 2d 360, 370-71 (1957), quoting 3 Am. Jur. Appeal & Error § 248, at 33 (1936).
See also Flynn v. Ryan, 199 Ill. 2d 430, 438 n.l (2002) (waiver is an admonition to the parties, not a limitation upon the powers of this court); Hux v. Raben, 38 Ill. 2d 223, 225 (1967) (this court has “the responsibility *** for a just result and for the maintenance of a sound and uniform body of precedent [that] may sometimes override the considerations of waiver that stem from the adversary character of our system”).
“ ‘Where statutes are enacted after judicial opinions are published, it must be presumed that the legislature acted with knowledge of the prevailing case law.’ ” Burrell v. Southern Truss, 176 Ill. 2d 171, 176 (1997), quoting People v. Hickman, 163 Ill. 2d 250, 262 (1994). We may thus assume that the legislature understood the legal ramifications of the term “waiver” — including the fact that reviewing courts may overlook waiver in appropriate circumstances — when it enacted section 122 — 3 in 1964.
In view of the principles noted above, this court has never considered section 122 — 3 to be jurisdictional in nature. Indeed, we have consistently rejected any notion that section 122 — 3 stands as an “ironclad” bar to attempts to litigate claims not raised in the original or an amended petition. People v. Free, 122 Ill. 2d 367, 376 (1988). In this case, the State has not made any argument based on defendant’s waiver of the issue. It is well established that the State may waive waiver. See, e.g., People v. Williams, 193 Ill. 2d 306, 347 (2000); Fagan v. Washington, 942 F.2d 1155, 1157 (7th Cir. 1991).
Accordingly, we address the waived issue on the merits.
These preliminary concerns aside, we now turn to the question whether Apprendi should be applied retroactively to criminal cases in which direct appeals were exhausted before Apprendi was decided.
In general, new rules do not apply retroactively to cases on collateral review. People v. Moore, 177 Ill. 2d 421, 430 (1997); Flowers, 138 Ill. 2d at 239. However, this court has adopted the test the Supreme Court promulgated in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334, 109 S. Ct. 1060 (1989) (plurality op.), to determine when, in derogation of the default rule, a new rule should apply retroactively. According to that test, retroactivity will obtain when
“the new rule either (1) places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law making authority to proscribe, or (2) requires the observance of those procedures that are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” Flowers, 138 Ill. 2d at 237, citing Teague, 489 U.S. at 307, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 353, 109 S. Ct. at 1073 (plurality op.).
Petitioner does not argue that retroactive application of Apprendi is authorized under the first Teague exception. Nor would such an argument be persuasive, if made — Apprendi did not “decriminalize” (see Gilmore v. Taylor, 508 U.S. 333, 345, 124 L. Ed. 2d 306, 320, 113 S. Ct. 2112, 2119 (1993), citing Saffle v. Parks, 494 U.S. 484, 495, 108 L. Ed. 2d 415, 429, 110 S. Ct. 1257, 1263 (1990)) any conduct. The case dealt solely with procedural, not substantive, law.
Accordingly, if Apprendi is to be applied retroactively, it can only be because the rule announced in that case falls within the second Teague exception. We conclude that this is not the case. Thus, Apprendi should not be taken outside the general rule barring retroactivity.
A new rule does not qualify for the second Teague exception merely because it “is aimed at improving the accuracy of trial. More is required.” Sawyer v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227, 242, Ill L. Ed. 2d 193, 211, 110 S. Ct. 2822, 2831 (1990). The second Teague exception permits retroactive application only of those “ ‘watershed rules of criminal procedure’ ” that “ ‘ “alter our understanding of the bedrock procedural elements” ’ essential to the fairness of a proceeding” (emphasis omitted) (Sawyer, 497 U.S. at 241-42, Ill L. Ed. 2d at 211, 110 S. Ct. at 2831, quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at 311, 315, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 357, 359, 109 S. Ct. at 1076, 1078 (plurality op.), quoting Mackey v. United States, 401 U.S. 667, 693, 28 L. Ed. 2d 404, 421, 91 S. Ct. 1160, 1180 (1971)), “without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is seriously diminished” (Teague, 489 U.S. at 313, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 358, 109 S. Ct. at 1077 (plurality op.)). See also Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 620, 140 L. Ed. 2d 828, 838, 118 S. Ct. 1604, 1610 (1998) (“The Teague doctrine is founded on the notion that one of the ‘principal functions of habeas corpus [is] “to assure that no man has been incarcerated under a procedure which creates an impermissibly large risk that the innocent will be convicted” ’ ”). Teague cautioned that because “such procedures would be so central to an accurate determination of innocence or guilt, we believe it unlikely that many such components of basic due process have yet to emerge.” Teague, 489 U.S. at 313, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 358, 109 S. Ct. at 1077.
Our appellate court is divided on the issue of whether Apprendi should be given retroactive application under the second Teague exception. The seminal cases for the two lines are People v. Beachem, 317 Ill. App. 3d 693 (2000), vacated & remanded, 201 Ill. 2d 577 (2002) (supervisory order) (Apprendi is retroactive), and People v. Kizer, 318 Ill. App. 3d 238 (2000) (Apprendi is not retroactive).
In Beachem, the appellate court acknowledged that “[finding retroactivity never should be lightly done” (Beachem, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 706), and recognized that neither this court nor the Supreme Court has ever found any new rule to qualify for retroactivity under the second Teague exception (Beachem, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 702). Nevertheless, the court concluded that am Apprendi violation is so “repugnant to our notions of fundamental fairness” as to necessitate retroactive application under the second Teague test. Beachem, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 702, 706. That conclusion was based on the following characterization of Apprendi-.
“We take Apprendi to mean that once the defendant serves the prescribed maximum sentence, he or she remains in prison on a charge never made and never proved. And if we acknowledge the defendant remains in prison on a charge never made or proved, we have impugned the integrity of our criminal justice system. It is as if the sentencing judge actually said to the defendant: T have convicted you of a charge never made against you and never heard by the jury, and I have done it based on the preponderance of the evidence.’ ” Beachem, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 702.
In Kizer, the appellate court diverged from Beachem. Kizer looked first to Flowers, the case in which this court adopted the Teague framework. The appellate court noted that in Flowers, this court declined to extend retroactive application to our earlier decision in People v. Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d 184 (1988). In Reddick, we had determined that
“the Illinois pattern jury instructions regarding murder and voluntary manslaughter, used by the trial court at the Reddick defendants’ trials, incorrectly advised the jury that it was the State’s burden to prove one of the mitigating mental states that would reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter. This court determined that the instructions should have told the jury that it was the State’s burden to disprove the pertinent mitigating mental states.” (Emphases in original.) People v. Salazar, 162 Ill. 2d 513, 518 (1994) (discussing Reddick).
The Kizer court reasoned that if the second Teague exception was to be so narrowly construed that a determination that instructions reversing the burden of proof did not merit retroactive application, neither then could Apprendi.
The difficulty with the approach taken in Beachem stems from the overstatement in its characterization of Apprendi. Apprendi is about sentencing only. For Apprendi concerns to come into play, a criminal defendant must already have been found guilty of the underlying crime. A defendant raising an Apprendi claim on appeal is simply complaining that he received a sentence in excess of the normal sentencing range, without the fact or facts necessary to permit such sentence having been proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Sanchez-Cervantes, 282 F.3d 664, 671 (9th Cir. 2002) (rejecting retroactive application of Apprendi because Apprendi “only affects the enhancement of a defendant’s sentence once he or she has already been convicted beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, it does not rise to the level of importance of’ other cases which have been found to apply retroactively). Thus an Apprendi violation does not mean that a defendant is imprisoned on “a charge never made *** and never heard by the jury.” The most that can be said is that an Apprendi violation results in a defendant’s imprisonment on a charge one element of which — the sentencing enhancement — was not proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Supreme Court has already held that “failure to submit [an] element of’ a crime to a jury may constitute harmless error (Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 19-20, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35, 53, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 1839 (1999)), a holding which applies in the Apprendi context (People v. Thurow, 203 Ill. 2d 352 (2003)). We decline to hold that an Apprendi violation comprises such constitutional “bedrock” as to require retroactive application, when such error is potentially harmless.
In a similar vein, we also find guidance in United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 152 L. Ed. 2d 860, 122 S. Ct. 1781 (2002). There, the Court held that an Apprendi violation was not plain error because there was “ ‘no basis for concluding that the error “seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” ’ ” Cotton, 535 U.S. at 633, 152 L. Ed. 2d at 869, 122 S. Ct. at 1786, quoting Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 470, 137 L. Ed. 2d 718, 729, 117 S. Ct. 1544, 1550 (1997).
We recognize that the Court so concluded because the evidence of the particular fact in question in the case before it was “overwhelming.” Nevertheless, the implication of the Court’s statement for the instant case is plain. Retroactivity is an all-or-nothing proposition. See Kizer, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 249, citing E. Boshkoff, Resolving Retroactivity After Teague v. Lane, 65 Ind. L.J. 651, 658 (1990); Sanchez-Cervantes, 282 F.3d at 671. An error which does not seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings in one or more cases cannot be such a bedrock procedural element essential to the fairness of a proceeding as to fall within the second Teague exception, requiring retroactive application in all cases.
Additional support for our conclusion is drawn from Teague itself. There, the specific question before the Court was whether Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712 (1986) — which concerned the sixth amendment “fair cross-section” requirement— should be given retroactive application. The Court answered this question in the negative. In the course of its analysis, the Court stated that
“the fair cross section requirement ‘[does] not rest on the premise that every criminal trial, or any particular trial, [is] necessarily unfair because it [is] not conducted in accordance with what we determined to be the requirements of the Sixth Amendment.’ ” (Emphases added.) Teague, 489 U.S. at 314-15, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 359, 109 S. Ct. at 1077-78 (plurality op.), quoting Daniel v. Louisiana, 420 U.S. 31, 32, 42 L. Ed. 2d 790, 793, 95 S. Ct. 704, 705 (1975).
In other words, a sixth amendment violation does not necessarily render every or any particular trial unfair— thus, again, lending support to our conclusion that the violation of the sixth amendment recognized in Apprendi is not such a “bedrock procedural element” as requires retroactive application under the second Teague exception.
Finally, although as noted our own appellate court is divided on the question, our conclusion that Apprendi does not apply retroactively is in accord with the vast majority of foreign authority, both state and federal. Indeed, our research has revealed no current decision extending retroactive effect to Apprendi outside of Illinois. Although this is not a deciding factor, it does lend additional weight to the conclusion we reach. We choose to align ourselves with these other jurisdictions, and hold that Apprendi does not fall within the second Teague exception. Accordingly, it does not apply retroactively.
Because we have found that Apprendi does not apply in this case, we need not further address petitioner’s Apprendi-h&sed argument.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
Petitioner also contends that his postconviction counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of his mental fitness to participate in postconviction proceedings. We find this issue to be without merit. People v. Johnson, 191 Ill. 2d 257, 269 (2000). The level of competency required during postconviction proceedings is less than that required at trial:
“A defendant is considered unfit to stand trial when, ‘because of his mental or physical condition, he is unable to understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against him or to assist in his defense.’ 725 ILCS 5/104 — 10 (West 1998). In contrast, a defendant is considered unfit to proceed with the post-conviction process [only] when, because of a mental condition, he cannot communicate his allegations of constitutional deprivations to counsel, thus frustrating his entitlement, under the Act, to a reasonable level of assistance.” Johnson, 191 Ill. 2d at 269.
Moreover, as a defendant has no constitutional right to the assistance of counsel at a postconviction proceeding, we require only “a reasonable level of assistance” by appointed counsel at such proceedings. People v. Moore, 189 Ill. 2d 521, 541 (2000).
In this case, nothing indicates that petitioner did not receive that level of assistance to which he was entitled. He complains before this court that his various filings complaining about the judge and the attorneys in his original trial should have alerted postconviction counsel that he was possibly mentally unfit to participate in post-conviction proceedings. We find no basis for concluding that postconviction counsel erred in failing to raise this claim. We note that counsel was cognizant of the presence of issues concerning mental fitness, as the amended petition counsel filed contained allegations concerning petitioner’s fitness at the time of trial. However, postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c) certificate (see 134 Ill. 2d R. 651(c)), in which she certified, inter alia, that she had “consulted with the petitioner by letter and phone on numerous occasions to ascertain his contentions of deprivations of constitutional rights.” Further, in petitioner’s own supplemental pro se petition, he affirmatively stated that he had “spoken with the Assistant Public Defender” about the issues to be included in the supplemental petition, that he had indeed “argued with” counsel about the matter, filed a complaint with the ARDC because of their disagreement, and conducted his own review of the authorities counsel cited.
All the “fitness” that was required for the postconviction matter to proceed was that petitioner be able to “communicate allegations of constitutional violations to counsel.” Johnson, 191 Ill. 2d at 270. Petitioner’s anger and frustration with the outcome of his initial criminal trial, and his exploration of many potential alternative avenues in search of relief, does not overcome the presumption of fitness, the plain language of postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) affidavit, and petitioner’s own admission that he had communicated with counsel. Nothing in the record before us leads us to conclude that counsel failed to provide a “reasonable level of assistance” by believing the evidence of her own eyes that petitioner was perfectly capable of communicating with her about the alleged constitutional violations at his trial. An angry or difficult client is not, intrinsically, a client unfit to participate in postconviction proceedings.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court, which affirmed the circuit court’s dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition.
Affirmed.
JUSTICE THOMAS,
specially concurring:
I agree with the majority’s conclusion that petitioner’s postconviction petition was properly dismissed, and therefore I concur in its judgment. I also agree with its conclusion that Apprendi does not apply retroactively. I cannot agree, however, with its decision to resolve that issue in this case because there is no Apprendi claim in petitioner’s postconviction petition. In reaching the merits of the Apprendi issue, the majority has disregarded both the entire Post-Conviction Hearing Act and this court’s binding precedent interpreting the Act. As I will demonstrate below, the majority’s stated justifications for addressing the issue reveal a manifest confusion over the difference between a direct appeal from a judgment of conviction and review of a trial court’s order dismissing a postconviction petition.
The majority opinion should come to an end shortly after the third paragraph. In this paragraph, the majority alerts the reader that, “Because the arguments raised on appeal do not involve the arguments raised in the various petitions, we will not recount them in detail.” 204 Ill. 2d at 429. This, of course, should signal that the end of the opinion is coming soon, but the majority manages to go on for 30 paragraphs after acknowledging that petitioner is raising arguments unrelated to the claims he made in his petitions.
Before getting into the specific requirements of the Act, I would note that even as a matter of plain common sense, we should not be addressing arguments about claims that do not appear in the petition. As this court stated in People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 388 (1998), “[t]he question raised in an appeal from an order dismissing a post-conviction petition is whether the allegations in the petition, liberally construed and taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act.” How can an argument about a claim that does not appear in the petition have any bearing on whether the trial court erred in dismissing that petition? For instance, if the majority had reached the opposite conclusion in this case and determined that Apprendi claims can be raised in postconviction petitions, would the majority have reversed the trial court and said that the trial court erred in dismissing the petition? How could the trial court have made such an error if there is no Apprendi claim in the petition?
A perfect analogy would be in the civil context when a trial court dismisses a complaint. Assume that a plaintiff files a three-count complaint against a defendant, and the trial court dismisses the complaint with prejudice. The plaintiff then appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in dismissing the complaint. However, the plaintiff argues that the trial court erred not because any of the counts in the complaint have merit but because a different count, never filed and presented for the first time on appeal, has merit. No reviewing court would give the time of day to such a preposterous argument, yet that is exactly the position the majority has adopted in the postconviction context.
Turning to the specific requirements of the Act, the majority acknowledges that section 122 — 3 of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122 — 3 (West 2000)) specifically provides that “[a]ny claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.” The majority immediately treats this provision as merely directory rather than mandatory. Several reasons are then given for why this court is free to ignore section 122 — 3.
The majority asserts that the State has not argued that the claim is waived, and thus the State waived the waiver argument. 204 Ill. 2d at 433. In support, the majority cites this court’s opinion in a direct appeal, People v. Williams, 193 Ill. 2d 306 (2002). As noted earlier, the only question for a reviewing court on review of the dismissal of a postconviction petition is whether the allegations in the petition, liberally construed and taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 388. Yet the majority would have us believe that unless the State points out that a claim is not included in the petition, this court cannot look at the petition but instead must address the petitioner’s argument raised for the first time on appeal. The absurdity of the majority’s argument can be demonstrated by the following hypothetical. A defendant files a postconviction petition raising three issues. The trial court dismisses it as frivolous and patently without merit. The defendant appeals, but does not raise any of the issues in his petition. Instead he raises seven new issues. The State then either neglects to file a brief or files its brief too late for consideration by the reviewing court. According to the majority, the reviewing court would then have to consider all seven of these arguments and could not rely on the defendant’s failure to include them in his petition. Such a position is obviously untenable.
The majority’s position on the State having “waived waiver” overlooks the difference between a direct appeal from a judgment of conviction and an appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition. In a direct appeal of a judgment of conviction and sentence, everything that occurred at trial is potentially before the appellate court. The appellate court has appellate jurisdiction over the entire case and can potentially address any errors that occurred. However, it may be that certain errors were not properly preserved and thus are considered waived. Because waiver is a limitation on the parties and not on the reviewing court, the court may sometimes choose to ignore waiver and reach an issue not properly preserved.
In a postconviction proceeding, the entire case is the petition. Any issues must be raised by a petition filed in the circuit court. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 1(b) (West 2000). On appeal from the dismissal of the petition, the court of review obtains appellate jurisdiction only over the judgment of dismissal. See Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 388; 725 ILCS 5/122 — 7 (West 2000) (“Any final judgment entered upon such petition shall be reviewed in a manner pursuant to the rules of the Supreme Court” (emphasis added)); People v. Hartman, 408 Ill. 133, 138 (1951) (“Where the statute refers to ‘such petition’ it refers to one in which specific actions, constituting denial of constitutional right, are alleged to have resulted in the petitioner’s imprisonment. The act does not cover any other type of review”). Thus, unlike in a direct appeal, the only matters before the appellate court are those specifically identified in a petition filed in the circuit court. The problem with issues left out of the petition is not they were not properly preserved; they are not even part of the case.
Essentially what the majority argues is that it can assert original jurisdiction over postconviction claims. It would have to do so to consider a claim not included in the petition because its appellate jurisdiction is limited to reviewing the trial court’s dismissal of the petition. The appellate court may exercise original jurisdiction only “when necessary to the complete determination of any case on review.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6. The supreme court may exercise original jurisdiction for the same reason, or in other specified cases, such as revenue, mandamus, prohibition or habeas corpus. Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 4. Original jurisdiction is not given to the supreme or appellate courts in postconviction cases, and reaching a postconviction claim filed for the first time in the appellate court is not necessary for the complete determination of the case on review. All that is necessary to determine completely the case on review is to determine if the allegations of the petition, liberally construed and taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 388. Thus, a reviewing court would act outside its constitutional authority in exercising original jurisdiction over a postconviction claim. That is why it makes no sense to talk about the State having “waived waiver” in the context of claims omitted from postconviction claims. The reviewing court’s appellate jurisdiction is limited to the contents of the petition, regardless of what the State argues in its brief and regardless of whether the State even files a brief. The parties cannot confer jurisdiction by consent or acquiescence. Droste v. Kerner, 34 Ill. 2d 495, 498 (1966).
In People v. Day, 152 Ill. App. 3d 416 (1987), the appellate court recognized the concept that eludes today’s majority. In Day, the trial court improperly allowed the State to file its motion to dismiss at the first stage of a postconviction proceeding. In dismissing the petition, the trial court relied on the State’s motion to dismiss and did not enter either a verbal or written order specifying findings of fact and conclusions of law. On appeal, the defendant argued that the appellate court could make the original determination of whether the petition was frivolous or patently without merit. The appellate court agreed with the State that it did not have the jurisdiction do to so:
“We further observe that we cannot, as defendant argues, make a determination as to whether or not his petition is frivolous or patently without merit. We agree with the State that we do not have jurisdiction to do so. Jurisdiction to determine whether Day’s petition is frivolous or patently without merit is vested in ‘the court in which the conviction took place.’ (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 122 — 1.) Day’s conviction took place in the circuit court of Cook County, not in this court.” Day, 152 Ill. App. 3d at 421. Similarly, here, defendant’s conviction took place in the circuit court of Cook County, not in the appellate court and not in the supreme court. Thus, pursuant to the Act, defendant can raise a postconviction claim solely by means of a verified petition filed in the circuit court of Cook County. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 1(b) (West 2000). The Act does not provide for postconviction claims to be raised by means of a brief filed in a reviewing court. Thus, we simply do not have jurisdiction over defendant’s Apprendi claim, and the majority commits a serious error in reaching it.
The majority further asserts that it can excuse petitioner’s compliance with section 122 — 3 because “waiver is an admonition to the parties, not a limitation upon the powers of this court.” 204 Ill. 2d at 432, citing Flynn v. Ryan, 199 Ill. 2d 430, 438 n.l (2002). Not surprisingly, the majority does not cite a case construing section 122 — 3 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act for this proposition. Rather, the majority cites Flynn v. Ryan, 199 Ill. 2d 430 (2002), a direct appeal from a trial court ruling that the Gift Ban Act was unconstitutional. Also included is a block quote from a direct appeal, People v. Burson, 11 Ill. 2d 360 (1957). While it may be proper for this court to say that waiver is a limitation on the parties and not on the court when discussing our Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7) (188 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7)), which provides that issues are waived when not included in the appellant’s brief, or the rule we stated in People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988), that both an objection and a written posttrial motion are necessary to preserve an error for review, it is quite another thing to say that we can ignore waiver in a situation in which the waiver is mandated by the legislature.
The majority provides no support for its assertion that the legislature intended its pronouncement in section 122 — 3 to be merely directory. A postconviction
proceeding, unlike a criminal trial and appeal, is entirely a matter of statute. The legislature prescribes the rules that must be followed, and this court may not ignore them. The best statement of this principle can be found in Justice Freeman’s special concurrence in People v. Wright, 189 Ill. 2d 1, 23-24 (1999), overruled in part on other grounds, People v. Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d 89 (2002). Discussing the mandatory requirements of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, Justice Freeman wrote:
“This court has consistently recognized that the legislature, having conferred a right of action, ‘may determine who shall sue and the conditions under which the suit may be brought.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Wilson v. Tromly, 404 Ill. 307, 310 (1949). We have also consistently adhered to the notion that the General Assembly may attach conditions to the relief it creates. See Wilson, 404 Ill. at 311. That being the case, it is the party seeking the statutorily created relief who must ‘ “bring himself within the prescribed requirements necessary to confer the right of action.” ’ ” 189 Ill. 2d at 23-24 (Freeman, C.J., specially concurring, joined by McMorrow, J.), quoting Wilson, 404 Ill. at 311, quoting Hartray v. Chicago Rys. Co., 290 Ill. 85, 87 (1919).
Here, by raising his Apprendi claim for the first time on appeal from the dismissal of his postconviction petition, petitioner did not “bring himself within the prescribed requirements necessary to confer the right of action,” and this court cannot consider the claim. This court is not free to ignore the legislature’s pronouncement in section 122 — 3.
Further, what the majority apparently does not realize is that it is excusing compliance not only with section 122 — 3, but also with the entire Post-Conviction Hearing Act. As noted above, the Post-Conviction Hearing Act is entirely a creature of statute, and the legislature has mandated specific requirements that a petitioner must meet to assert a claim under the Act. Any allegation of a substantial denial of constitutional rights must be included in the postconviction petition, and the petition must be verified. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 1(b) (West 2000). The Act sets out specific time limits for filing the petition. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 1(c) (West 2000). The petition must contain certain information required by the Act (725 ILCS 5/122 — 2 (West 2000)) and must have attached thereto “affidavits, records, or other evidence supporting its allegations” or shall state why they are not attached (725 ILCS 5/122 — 2 (West 2000)). “Any claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.” 725 ILCS 5/122 — 3 (West 2000).
After the petition is filed, the trial court examines it to determine if it is frivolous or is patently without merit. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 2.1(a)(2) (West 2000). At this stage, counsel may be appointed for an indigent defendant if it is a capital case. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 2.1(a)(1) (West 2000). If the trial court determines that the petition is frivolous or patently without merit, it dismisses the petition. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 2.1(a)(2) (West 2000). If not, the trial court dockets the petition for further consideration pursuant to sections 122 — 4 through 122 — 6. 725 ILCS 5/122— 2.1(b) (West 2000).
At the second stage, the trial court may appoint counsel for an indigent defendant. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 4 (West 2000). Counsel may seek leave to file amendments to the petition. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 5 (West 2000). Also, the State has 30 days to either answer the petition or move to dismiss. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 5 (West 2000). If it files a motion to dismiss which is denied, it then has 20 days to answer the petition. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 5 (West 2000). The court may “receive proof by affidavits, depositions, oral testimony, or other evidence” and, in its discretion, may require the petitioner to be brought before the court for a hearing. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 6 (West 2000). Finally, the court enters a final judgment on the petition, and any final judgment may be reviewed in the manner provided for in the supreme court rules. 725 ILCS 5/122 — 7 (West 2000).
Petitioner did not follow any of the above procedures with respect to his Apprendi claim. Thus, the majority is not only excusing compliance with section 122 — 3, it is excusing compliance with the entire Post-Conviction Hearing Act. Defendant’s Apprendi claim was not in a petition (violating section 122 — 1(b)), was not verified by affidavit (violating section 122 — 1(b)), was not served upon the State’s Attorney (violating section 122 — 1(b)), was not timely (violating section 122 — 1(c)), did not have attached thereto affidavits or other evidence supporting its claims (violating section 122 — 2), and was not filed in the trial court (violating section 122 — 1(b)). Further, the trial court did not have an opportunity to review it (violating section 122 — 2.1), and the State’s Attorney did not have a chance to move to dismiss it (violating section 122 — 5). The majority confines its analysis solely to section 122 — 3 and refuses to discuss how compliance with the Act’s other sections may be excused. There is no provision in the Act that says that the supreme court can decide that the entire Act is merely optional. See 725 ILCS 5/122 — 1 et seq. (West 2000). I cannot emphasize enough that this issue does not merely involve relaxing waiver. It involves whether this court can excuse compliance with all of the Act’s substantive and procedural requirements.
According to the majority, a claim under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act can be asserted either by following all of the procedures set forth in the Act or by simply raising the claim for the first time on appeal. No support is provided for this novel proposition, and it would seem to directly contradict this court’s opinion in People v. Collins, 202 Ill. 2d 59 (2002). In that case, we held that a petitioner’s verification affidavit (725 ILCS 5/122 — 1(b) (West 2000)) could not also serve as the affidavits or other evidence supporting the petition’s allegations required by section 122 — 2; We explained that these provisions are distinct requirements, and that a petitioner must comply with both of these to properly assert a claim under the Act. Collins, 202 Ill. 2d at 66-67. A contrary reading would render section 122 — 2 meaningless surplusage. Collins, 202 Ill. 2d at 67. Contrast that with today’s case, in which the majority allows a petitioner to ignore the entire Act. The majority’s claim renders the entire Post-Conviction Hearing Act mere surplusage if a petitioner can ignore all of its procedures and simply assert a post-conviction claim for the first time in an appellate brief. If this is true, the petitioner in Collins would have been better off waiting until appeal to assert the claim he truly wanted to raise.
Curiously, the majority refiises to follow People v. McNeal, 194 111. 2d 135 (2000), in which we directly confronted the same situation as in this case. The petitioner wished to assert a claim based on a decision that was filed after his petition was already in the appellate stage. We summarily rejected this attempt:
“The defendant cannot raise this question for the first time on review. Section 122 — 3 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides, ‘Any claim of substantial denial of constitutional rights not raised in the original or an amended petition is waived.’ 725 ILCS 5/122 — 3 (West 1996). Accordingly, the issue has been waived. People v. Johnson, 154 Ill. 2d 227, 233 (1993). We need not consider here whether this court’s determination in Woods would support the filing of a successive petition by the defendant. Cf. People v. Caballero, 179 Ill. 2d 205 (1997) (defendant allowed to pursue second post-conviction petition to raise sentence-disparity issue after codefendant was sentenced). It is well established, however, that the defendant may not add an issue to the case while the matter is on review.” McNeal, 194 Ill. 2d at 147.
This statement in McNeal reflected the approach this court has consistently taken; indeed, the only approach the statute permits this court to take. See, e.g., People v. Gaultney, 174 Ill. 2d 410, 423 (1996); People v. Orange, 168 Ill. 2d 138, 154-55 (1995); People v. Guest, 166 Ill. 2d 381, 405 (1995); People v. Brisbon, 164 Ill. 2d 236, 258 (1995) (all citing section 122 — 3 and refusing to consider issues not raised in the postconviction petition).
The majority’s approach turns McNeal on its head. In McNeal, we held that if a petitioner neglects to include an issue in his petition he cannot raise it on appeal from the dismissal of the petition but he may raise the issue in a subsequent petition. However, he can raise the issue in a successive petition only if he can satisfy the cause and prejudice test. People v. Orange, 195 Ill. 2d 437, 449 (2001). Today, the majority holds that a petitioner is actually better off if he raises the claim for the first time on appeal. A petitioner has to meet the cause and prejudice test to raise the waived issue in a subsequent petition, but has to show nothing to raise the claim for the first time on appeal. Once the petitioner fails to include the issue in an original or amended petition it is waived pursuant to section 122 — 3. Why does the majority place the petitioner who ignores what we said in McNeal in a better position than the petitioner who does exactly what we told him to do in McNeal? The majority must address why a petitioner who asserts a postconviction claim for the first time on appeal does not have to meet any standard before doing so.
Although not stated in the majority opinion, it can be assumed that the reason the majority is ignoring the entire Post-Conviction Hearing Act and acting outside its jurisdiction is that Apprendi retroactivity is an important issue and the majority wishes to resolve it. In addition to this court’s lack of jurisdiction over the claim, two problems with such an approach are immediately apparent. First, the issue is not in petitioner’s postconviction petition, and we are reviewing whether the trial court erred in dismissing the petition. “The question raised in an appeal from an order dismissing a post-conviction petition is whether the allegations in the petition, liberally construed and taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act.” Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 388. Regardless of the issue’s importance, we simply cannot consider it on appeal from the dismissal of a petition if it is not in the petition. Second, the majority is being disingenuous if it is suggesting that the importance of the issue mandates that we resolve it in this particular case. There is currently another case pending on this court’s advisement docket, People v. Lee, Nos. 93221, 93363 cons., that also involves Apprendi retroactivity. In Lee, the issue was raised in the postconviction petition. Additionally, this court is currently holding 177 petitions for leave to appeal that raise the issue of Apprendi retroactivity. Thus, we do not have to resolve Apprendi retroactivity in this particular case.
Recently, the Appellate Court, Fourth District, was asked to consider a claim on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition, but the claim was not included in the petition. The appellate court explained that it simply could not consider such a claim:
“Defendant’s contentions of error, even if they were of constitutional magnitude, are forfeited. As we have previously stated, ‘[defendant does not cite, nor are we aware of, any case in which the [Post-Conviction Hearing Act] has been construed as permitting a defendant to raise on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition an issue he never raised in that petition. This court will not be the first to so hold.’ ” People v. Reed, 335 Ill. App. 3d 1038, 1040 (2003), quoting People v. Griffin, 321 Ill. App. 3d 425, 428 (2001).
Regrettably, this court will be the first to so hold.
In sum, I would hold that the trial court properly dismissed petitioner’s postconviction petition. I would not reach the issue of whether Apprendi applies retroactively because petitioner did not include his Apprendi argument in his petition. I simply cannot fathom why deciding Apprendi retroactivity in this particular case, when we have been petitioned to consider the argument in so many cases in which the claim has been presented properly, is worth ignoring common sense, the entire Post-Conviction Hearing Act, years of established precedent by this court, and firmly established rules of appellate procedure. I therefore cannot join the majority opinion.
JUSTICE KILBRIDE,
dissenting:
I agree with the following reasoning of the Beachem court:
“Apprendi *** mean[s] that once the defendant serves the prescribed maximum sentence, he or she remains in prison on a charge never made and never proved. And if we acknowledge the defendant remains in prison on a charge never made or proved, we have impugned the integrity of our criminal justice system. It is as if the sentencing judge actually said to the defendant: T have convicted you of a charge never made against you and never heard by.the jury, and I have done it based on the preponderance of the evidence.’ ” People v. Beachem, 317 Ill. App. 3d 693, 702 (2000).
The fundamental meaning of the sixth amendment’s jury trial guarantee is that all facts essential to impose the level of punishment that a defendant receives must be found by the trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt. Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 610, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556, 578, 122 S. Ct. 2428, 2444 (2002) (Scalia, J., concurring, joined by Thomas, J.). This was true long before the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Apprendi, at least 202 years before Apprendi to be sure. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368, 373-74, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1071 (1970) (though expressed from ancient times, the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard seems to have developed by 1798 and is now the accepted “ ‘measure of persuasion by which the prosecution must [prove] all the essential elements of guilt,’ ” quoting C. McCormick, Evidence § 321, at 681-82 (1954)). Accordingly, the majority’s decision not to apply Apprendi retroactively is unnecessary and incorrect. The core of the Apprendi holding — the requirement that each element necessary to prove a crime be submitted to the trier of fact for proof beyond a reasonable doubt — is nothing new. The principle has been active for at least two centuries. I believe that the failure to comply with this basic tenet of constitutional law is an error so injurious to our fundamental civil liberties that no sentence meted out in derogation of Apprendi should be allowed to stand. See People v. Swift, 202 Ill. 2d 378, 392 (2002) (finding that defendant’s crime was brutal and heinous unconstitutionally made by a trial judge); People v. Thurow, 203 111. 2d 352, 375-78 (2003) (Kilbride, J., dissenting); People v. Crespo, 203 111. 2d 335, 349-51 (2003) (Kilbride, J., dissenting). Through Thurow, Crespo and now the case at bar, the majority has rendered the sixth amendment jury trial guarantee, identified in Apprendi, an illusion in this state. For this reason, I respectfully dissent.
See People v. Bradbury, No. 01 — CA—0541 (Colo. App. September 12, 2002); State v. Sepulveda, 201 Ariz. 158, 32 P.3d 1085 (App. 2001); Sanders v. State, 815 So. 2d 590, 591-92 (Ala. App. 2001); Whisler v. State, 272 Kan. 864, 36 P.3d 290 (2001); State ex rel. Nixon v. Sprick, 59 S.W.3d 515 (Mo. 2001); Teague v. Palmateer, 184 Or. App. 577, 591, 57 P.3d 176, 186 (2002); Greenup v. State, No. W2001 — 01764—CCA—R3—PC (Tenn. App. October 2, 2002). See also Hughes v. State, 826 So. 2d 1070 (Fla. App. 2002) (finding Apprendi nonretroactive under pre-Teague test set forth in Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1199, 87 S. Ct. 1967 (1967), and Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 14 L. Ed. 2d 601, 85 S. Ct. 1731 (1965)).
See Goode v. United States, 305 F.3d 378, 385 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Brown, 305 F.3d 304 (5th Cir. 2002); Curtis v. United States, 294 F.3d 841, 842-43 (7th Cir. 2002); United States v. Mora, 293 F.3d 1213, 1219 (10th Cir. 2002); Sanchez-Cervantes, 282 P.3d at 671; McCoy v. United States, 266 F.3d 1245, 1258 (11th Cir. 2001); United States v. Moss, 252 F.3d 993, 1001-02 (8th Cir. 2001); United States v. Sanders, 247 F.3d 139, 150-51 (4th Cir. 2001).
The majority has implicitly overruled this portion of Coleman. Today, the majority holds that the question on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition is whether the allegations in the petitioner’s appellate brief, liberally construed and taken as true, are sufficient to invoke relief under the Act.
I do not mean by this argument to endorse the cause and prejudice test for reaching claims asserted for the first time on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition. Such a test would be completely unnecessary because we already have a mechanism for petitioners to assert waived claims when fundamental fairness so requires — the successive petition. More importantly, this cannot be a test to reach claims left out of the petition because our review is limited to the four corners of the petition and we do not have original jurisdiction over postconviction claims. I simply raise the issue to point out that the majority is putting the petitioner who refuses to follow proper procedure in a better position than one who does exactly what he is supposed to do.
This does not include additional petitions for leave to appeal held at the March 2003 term.
| CASELAW |
Hovis biscuit
The Hovis biscuit is a British manufactured digestive biscuit.
Manufactured under license from 1980 from Hovis by Nabisco's then Irish subsidiary Jacob's, they are shaped like a miniature flat copy of the traditional Hovis loaf, and like the bread have the word "HOVIS" stamped on their top surface.
Now produced by United Biscuits, Hovis biscuits are sweet enough to be eaten on their own, with their slow release carbohydrates, dunked, or are plain enough to be taken as a savoury snack with a cheese topping. | WIKI |
Page:American Anthropologist NS vol. 1.djvu/337
286 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s., i, 1899
the inevitable attribution of wealth and power to the most intelli- gent individuals, which, according to Ammon, is and always has been a fact through a sort of providential necessity. Is it quite certain, he will ask, that in the lottery of greatness and fortune the greatest prizes are drawn by the best? Is it true that rich and intelligent, poor and dull, are and always have been synony- mous? But these childish doubts, the marks of profound ignor- ance of anthropologic laws, are received by the author with a smile of superiority. Above all, he says, if we compare the curve of incomes with the curve of geniuses, we find a marvelous corre- spondence between them — few great geniuses and cretins, and few greatest and least incomes ; the greatest number of medium intellects, and the greatest number also of those of medium prop- erty ; a gradual decrease in the number of those who stand be- tween mediocrity and genius on the one side and cretinism on the other, just as there is a gradual decrease in the number of those whose wealth is between medium and the milliard on one side and the most abject pauperism on the other. Now, this parallel- ism demonstrates precisely that the individuals who occupy the points on the first curve are the same as those who occupy the cor- responding points on the second curve ; in other words, it fur- nishes the irresistible proof of the necessary correlation between the conditions of intelligence and of wealth. Furthermore, there is abundant proof, more direct and convincing, of such correla- tion. De Candolle showed long ago that the noble and high- placed families of the cities have produced a number of scientists far above the average. Again, " from the anthropologic studies I made in Baden from 1886 to 1894," continues the author, "it appears that among the higher classes the long heads predom- inate, while among the medium classes the broad heads predom- inate." Is anything further needed to give to every laborer on the globe a patent of imbecility and to every bourgeois a diploma of intellectuality ? But that is not all. " Prof. Julius Wolf has found that the hats of laborers have lower numbers than those of
�� � | WIKI |
RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Clark, Leann A1 Martinez-Argudo, Isabel A1 Humphrey, Tom J. A1 Jepson, Mark A. YR 2009 T1 GFP plasmid-induced defects in Salmonella invasion depend on plasmid architecture, not protein expression JF Microbiology, VO 155 IS 2 SP 461 OP 467 DO https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.025700-0 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1350-0872, AB We have investigated the impact of plasmids and GFP expression on invasion of cultured epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium strain SL1344. The invasiveness of SL1344 carrying plasmids derived from pBR322, encoding promoterless GFP or constitutively expressed rpsM-GFP, was compared under optimal growth conditions with that of SL1344(pBR322), unmodified SL1344 and a strain with chromosome-integrated rpsM-GFP. The strain carrying pBR322 exhibited normal invasion, but the presence of modified plasmids impaired invasiveness, and impairment was exacerbated by plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol resistance (CmR). Using a different antibiotic resistance marker, kanamycin (KmR), did not impair invasiveness. Despite the effect of plasmid-encoded CmR, the strain containing chromosomally encoded GFP, also carrying a CmR gene, was as invasive as the wild-type. To investigate the mechanism by which plasmid carriage decreases invasion, we monitored SPI-1 gene expression using prgH promoter activity as an index of SPI-1 activity. An SL1344 strain with a chromosome-integrated prgH : : gfp reporter construct exhibited lower GFP expression during exponential phase when carrying plasmids incorporating CmR or gfp, mirroring invasion data. These data provide evidence that suppression of SPI-1 gene expression is a major factor in the loss of invasiveness associated with plasmid carriage. Our findings also indicate that some plasmids, especially those carrying CmR , should be used with caution, as virulence traits and gene expression may be affected by their presence. Integration of reporter proteins into the bacterial chromosome, however, appears to circumvent the adverse effects observed with plasmids., UL https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.025700-0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ronnie Tober
Ronald Edwin Tober (born 21 April 1945) is a Dutch singer, known for representing the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 with the song "Morgen".
Early life
Tober was born in Bussum, Netherlands, but moved to the United States with his family at the age of three. He grew up in Albany, New York.
Early career
Invited to appear on "The Teen Age Barn", a television show on the channel WRGB, he performed every week for several years. During this time, he appeared on television as a guest of singer Perry Como, performing "O Holy Night" together. He was also a guest star on the CBS series Route 66 with George Maharis and Martin Milner, and appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show.
Tober went on to perform for several notable people, including Senator John F. Kennedy, Vice-President Richard Nixon, and Governors W. Averell Harriman and Nelson Rockefeller.
Tober played the role of Tony in the musical The Boy Friend and Billy Jester in Little Mary Sunshine. After being introduced to songwriter and record producer Bob Crewe, Tober recorded his first record in 1959 entitled "Who Taught You How To Love".
Return to the Netherlands
In 1963, while in the Netherlands to visit his grandmother, he appeared on Voor de vuist weg, a television show hosted by Willem Duys. Based on the positive reactions to his performance, he decided to move back to the Netherlands. He signed with Phonogram/Philips and produced his first Dutch record "Iedere avond" in 1964.
In 1966, he participated in the Sopot International Song Festival in Sopot, Poland, with the medley "Showtime on Broadway".
In 1968, he won the Dutch national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest and represented the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 held in London, United Kingdom, with the song "Morgen". He finished in sixteenth place with only one point.
Tober has had TV shows with the broadcasting organizations AVRO and KRO, and his guests have included Vikki Carr, Roger Whittaker and Nancy Wilson.
Personal life
Tober married Jan Jochems, who he had been in a relationship with since 1968, on 24 February 1998. In 1999, Tober was diagnosed with bladder cancer and underwent chemotherapy.
On 27 December 2003, during his 40th year in show business, Tober was invested as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Tober's name is also inscribed on the Wall of Fame in the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam.
Philanthropy
In 2002, Tober founded the Ronnie Tober Foundation to help assist people with a developmental disability through cultural and musical works. In 2007, Tober, his husband, and their friends raised €10,000 for his foundation by completing the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen.
Discography
* Who Taught You How To Love – 1959
* Iedere Avond – 1964
* Al Jolson Hits − 1965
* Geweldig − 1965
* Geweldig/Iedere Avond − 1965
* Marijke Uit Krabbendijke – 1965
* Verboden Vruchten – 1965
* Wat Was Jouw Bedoeling – 1965
* The Ronnie Tober Show – 1965
* Tunes van Toen – 1965
* Merci Cherie – 1966
* More Than Love – 1966
* Niets Dan Zorgen Geeft Zij Mij – 1966
* Zij Draagt Mijn Naam – 1966
* De Beste van Ronnie Tober – 1966
* Sopot 1966 – 1966
* Onbereikbaar Ver – 1967
* Put Your Head on My Shoulder – 1967
* Alleluja No. 1 – 1968
* Mexico – 1968
* Morgen – 1968
* Someday – 1968
* Ronnie's Songparade – 1968
* Ronnie's Songparade 2 – 1968
* Arrivederci Ans – 1969
* M'n Papegaai – 1969
* Wiederseh'n – 1969
* Waar Zijn de Dagen – 1969
* Ronnie Tober Successen – 1969
* Christina – 1970
* Carmen – 1971
* Laat Me Niet Alleen – 1971
* Voor Sandra – 1971
* Kerstfeest Met Ronnie Tober – 1971
* Een Vuist Vol Hollandse Hits! – 1971
* Alle 13 Goed deel 1 – 1971
* Met Een Roos in Je Blonde Haren – 1972
* Joseph, Joseph – 1972
* Petite Mademoiselle – 1972
* Ronnie & Gonnie – Met liedjes het land in – 1972
* Alweer Alle 13 Goed – 1972
* Het Beste Uit...Muziek in uw Straatje – 1972
* Gitte, Bitte – 1973
* Petites Mesdemoiselles – 1973
* Yesterdays Dreams – 1973
* Hollands Kwartet – 1973
* Vol Met Super! deel 1–1973
* Een Witte Eend – 1974
* Mama Weet Wat Goed Is – 1974
* Koelewijk Behoeft Geen Frans – 1974
* Met Vlag en Wimpel! – 1974
* Prima! Prima! – 1974
* Alleen – 1975
* Een Heel Gelukkig Kerstfeest – 1975
* Een Witte Eend – 1975
* Naar de Kermis – 1975
* Petite Mademoiselle – 1975
* Alle 13 Goed! deel 8 – 1975
* Liedjes van Johnny Holshuysen – 1975
* Tanz Mit Mir Samba Margarita – 1976
* Pootje Baaien – 1977
* Rosemarie – 1977
* Speel Nog Een Liedje Orgelman – 1977
* Dat Was 'n Kus – 1978
* 15 Jaar Ronnie Tober – 1978
* De Zon in M'n Hart – 1979
* Glory Glory Halleluja – 1979
* You Are My Sunshine – 1979
* Love me with all of your heart – 1980
* De Zon in M'n Hart – 1980
* Ik Ben Zo Eenzaam Zonder Jou – 1981
* Dubbel Goud – 1981
* Christmas Around The World – 1981
* Olé Espana – 1982
* Zomer, Zon en Witte Stranden – 1983
* Leven Met Jou – 1986
* Afscheid Nemen Doet Pijn – 1987
* Lolita – 1987
* De Nacht Van M'n Dromen – 1988
* Holland Amerika Story – 1988
* Voor Altijd en Eeuwig – 1988
* 25 Jaar Ronnie Tober – 1988
* Zilver – 1988
* 4 Gouden Hits – 1989
* Morgen Schijnt de Zon Voor Jou – 1989
* Jij Bent 't Helemaal – 1990
* Zoals ik ben – 1990
* 'n Lange Hete Zomer – 1991
* Ronnie Tober & Gonnie Baars – 28 Populaire Liedjes – 1991
* Ronnie Tober Nu – 2008
* Ronnie Tober & Willeke D'estell – Kom in m'n armen – 2010
* Ronnie Tober & Willeke D'estell – De zomer komt weer gauw – 2011
* De Mooiste Duetten Aller Tijden – 2011
* Terug in de Tijd – 2011
* Er is niemand zoals jij – 2012
* Ronnie Tober & Belinda Kinnaer – Het zijn van die kleine dingen – 2012
* Marco de Hollander & Ronnie Tober – Twee artiesten, hand in hand – 2012
* Kom in mijn armen vannacht – 2012
* Altijd – 2012
* Dank U Majesteit – 2013
* Duet with René Riva
* Majesteit, ik vind u geweldig – 2013
* Van Toen naar het Heden – 2013
* Duet with Edwin van Hoevelaak
* Ronnie Tober & Friends – 2013
* Ronnie Tober & Belinda Kinnaer – Geluk − 2014
* Vaarwel, Adios... – 2015
Other sources
* Biography (in Dutch) | WIKI |
Witches' Sabbath (Goya, 1798)
Witches' Sabbath (El Aquelarre) is a 1798 oil painting on canvas by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. Today it is held in the Museo Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid.
It was purchased in 1798 along with five other paintings related to witchcraft by the Duke and Duchess of Osuna. The acquisition of the witchcraft paintings is attributed to the duchess rather than her husband, but it is not known whether they were commissioned or bought after completion. In the twentieth century the painting was purchased by the financier José Lázaro Galdiano and donated to the Spanish state upon his death.
Description
Witches' Sabbath shows Satan, surrounded by a coven of young and aged witches in a moonlit barren landscape. The goat possesses large horns and is crowned by a wreath of oak leaves. On the right, an old crone can be seen holding an extremely starved looking, but apparently still living, infant in her hands, while a younger witch to her right does the same with a healthier looking child, implying they will follow the same fate. The Devil seems to be acting as a sort of priest at an initiation ceremony for the children, although popular superstition at the time believed the Devil often fed on children and human fetuses. The dead body of an infant can be seen discarded to the left, whereas the legs of another can be seen held down with force to the ground by a presumably younger witch in the center foreground. More witches, young and old, can be seen in the background, as well as three dead infants hanging from the neck on a stake to the left.
Typical of the imagery of witchcraft, many of the symbols used are inverted. The goat extends his left rather than right hoof toward the child, while the quarter moon faces out of the canvas at the top left corner. In the middle high-ground, a number of bats can be seen flying overhead, their flocking motion echoing the curve of the crescent moon.
Link with the Witch In The Air
Goya used the imagery of covens of witches in a number of works, most notably in one of his Black Paintings, Witches' Sabbath or The Great He-Goat (1821–1823). His paintings have been seen as a protest against those who upheld and enforced the values of the Spanish Inquisition, which had been active in Witch hunting during the seventeenth-century Basque witch trials. Critics in the 20th century surmise that the Witches Sabbath was painted in 1798 as a bitter struggle raged between liberals and those in favour of a church and a royalist-led state, which culminated in the so-called Ominous Decade (1823–1833).
Both paintings can be seen as an attack on the superstitious beliefs rife in Spain during a period when tales of midnight gatherings of witches and the appearance of the devil were commonplace among the rural populace. They reflect Goya's disdain for the popular tendency towards superstition and the church-led return to medieval fears. Goya's depictions of such scenes in a painting commissioned by landed aristocrats somehow in one critic's words mocked what he saw as medieval fears exploited by the established order for political and capital gain. | WIKI |
User:Sandbh/sandbox
Nonmetals sometimes counted as metalloids
The six elements most commonly recognized as metalloids—boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium—are sometimes instead counted as nonmetals. In the periodic table, they occupy a diagonal region within the p-block extending from boron at the upper left to tellurium at the lower right, along the notional dividing line between metals and nonmetals shown on some tables.
They all have a metallic appearance, and are brittle and poor-to-good conductors of heat and electricity. Specifically, boron, silicon, germanium, and tellurium are semiconductors. Arsenic and antimony have the electronic band structures of semimetals, although both have less stable semiconducting allotropes: arsenic as arsenolamprite, an extremely rare naturally occurring form; and antimony in its synthetic thin-film amorphous form.
Chemically, such elements generally behave like weak nonmetals. Among the nonmetals they tend to have the lowest ionization energies, electron affinities, and electronegativity values, and are relatively weak oxidizing agents. Additionally, they tend to form alloys when combined with metals.
It is not relevant whether elemental nonmetals are sometimes called metalloids. Metalloids are a different topic, and should only be cross-referenced and/or in a "See also". Otherwise this is coatracking.
"Metalloids" --> "Nonmetals sometimes counted as metalloids"; ce accordingly
Talk 2
Thanks for clarifying your points. I acknowledge several uses of the term "nonmetal." However, it’s important to note that the Wikipedia nonmetal article has already established its scope clearly with its hatnote...
* "This article is about the chemical elements that are not metals. For other meanings, see Nonmetal (disambiguation)."
...and the first sentence of the lede:
* In the context of the periodic table a nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks distinctive metallic properties.
This hatnote and statement are intended to define the article's focus on nonmetals within the context of chemistry.
Re “There are four main uses of the words
* 1. Nonmetallic elements, referring to the periodic table.
* 2. Everything that is not a metal, the standard use in research articles and 21st century science. Definition is based upon electrical conductivity.
* 3. Astronomy, probably because of Kirchhoff & early solar spectroscopy.
* 4. Venacular, shiny stuff for cars etc.”
Sandbh (talk) 14:21, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
* 1: No, the overwhelming popular use is the term “nonmetal”. I invite you to provide evidence to the contrary.
* 2: Please provide evidence of such prevalent standard use, and that such standard use is based on electrical conductivity. By this criterion, graphite, which has a conductivity of up to 3 × 104 S•cm−1 would be a metal. See: Jenkins GM & Kawamura K 1976, Polymeric carbons—carbon fibre, glass and char, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 88.
* 3: Agreed
* 4: Please provide evidence of such use in reliable sources.
Talk
Thanks for sharing your perspective. I feel there may be some misunderstandings that we can clarify.
Firstly, I don't recall making a statement equating nonmetal=non-metal=not a metal. If you could provide specifics on this, it would help me understand your concern better. For instance, in our previous discussion, you mentioned, "And, of course, 'non-metal' is the same as 'nonmetal' which is also the same as 'not a metal.'" Well, no, "nonmetal" is not necessarily the same as "not a metal." Arsenic, commonly regarded as a nonmetal, is considered a metal from an electronic band structure perspective and sometimes as a full-blown metal.
It's important to acknowledge that there isn’t a unified popular concept of a nonmetal across all scientific disciplines. For example, a theoretical physicist colleague recently mentioned that "Astronomers, Physicists, Chemists are sitting in different bubbles. Each bubble has its own language." Philip Ball, past editor of Nature, in a Chemistry World article posted on July 11th, refers to "today’s era of siloed disciplines".
Given this lack of a unified conception, the term "nonmetal" most commonly refers to chemical elements that mostly lack distinctive metallic properties. I understand that there are other meanings, but these are not as prevalent.
Regarding the opinions of others, I strive to consider them when they align with the state of the literature and WP policies and guidelines. I believe my suggestions for acknowledging other meanings of the term "nonmetal," such as updating the disambiguation page, reflect this effort.
Discovery of applicable elements
While the concept of a chemical element came to fruition during the 18th and 19th centuries, some elements now classified as nonmetals (or sometimes as metalloids) were known and used from as early as antiquity, even if they were not recognized as such at the time.
Early recognition
Hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony were variously known from as early as antiquity up to 1671. Carbon, sulfur, and antimony date from antiquity. Arsenic was discovered in the Middle Ages (credited to Albertus Magnus), and phosphorus in 1669 (isolated from urine by Hennig Brand). Hydrogen was discovered and first described in 1671 as the product of the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids.
Modern identification
The noble gases, renowned for their low reactivity, were first identified via spectroscopy, air fractionation, and radioactive decay studies. Helium was initially detected, in 1868, by its distinctive yellow line in the solar corona spectrum, making it the only element not initially discovered on Earth. It was subsequently observed escaping as bubbles when uranite UO2 was dissolved in acid. Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon were obtained between 1894 and 1898 via the fractional distillation of air. The discovery of radon occurred three years after Henri Becquerel's pioneering research on radiation in 1896.
The isolation of the halogen nonmetals—chlorine (1774), iodine (1811), bromine (1826), and fluorine (1886)—from their halides involved techniques including electrolysis, acid addition, or displacement. These efforts were not without peril, as some chemists died in their pursuit of isolating fluorine.
The remaining unclassified nonmetals have a diverse history. Nitrogen was discovered, in 1772, by examining air after carefully removing oxygen. Oxygen itself was obtained, in 1774, by heating mercurous oxide. Selenium was first identified in 1817 as a residue in sulfuric acid.
The rest of the metalloid nonmetals were obtained by thermal treatments. Tellurium was isolated in 1783 by heating gold telluride AuTe2, in 1783. Boron was first obtained in an impure form, by heating borate with potassium metal, in 1808. Silicon was isolated in 1824 by heating potassium fluorosilicate K2[SiF6] with potassium metal, and germanium in 1886 by heating germanium sulfide (GeS2) in hydrogen (1886).
Disambig
ping|Ldm1954 I agree WP works via consensus, and strive to accommodate the opinions of other editors when they are consistent with WP policies, guidelines, and the literature. I acknowledge the existence of less common uses of the term "nonmetal". That is why the nonmetal article includes a hatnote saying:
* "This article is about the chemical elements that are not metals. For other meanings, see Nonmetal (disambiguation)."
Having established the scope of the article, which is about the the most frequent conception of what a nonmetal is, I feel that the first sentence of the lede should remain straightforward and focused on this scope:
* "A nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks distinctive metallic properties."
This approach ensures clarity for readers while respecting the article's defined scope.
I suggest the infrequent use of the term "nonmetal" to refer to e.g. AgBr, NiO, and paraffin wax be mentioned in the Nonmetal (disambiguation) page. For example, by adding the following entry:
* Insulating compounds, e.g. silver bromide, diamond, or paraffin wax
Nonmetal organisation
* Sorry, but I think prefer the current organization of pages. It seems more useful for navigation, and more aligned with WP conventions. With this list, there are multiple problems:
* I still think #2 and #3 are the same definition, or at least close enough to be discussed in the same entry. And most likely they should be discussed together with the more amorphous definition of a "nonmetallic material", which may also include considerations of mechanical properties, not only conductivity.
* Hatnotes are mostly unhelpful here. Absolute zero or materials science are not useful for the reader interested in this topic.
* Some entries rely on long quotations, which is not not the preferred style. In contrast, the dab page entries do not need to define the subject exhaustively and can be kept short.
* The title "Nonmetallic material" seems more natural than "List of nonmetal meanings". Also I think it is better to focus on the concept (the class of materials), and not on the terminology. Of course terminology is important in order to establish boundaries on what to include in the article, but it is not usually the central topic. Currently the article Nonmetallic material also focuses heavily on terminology, but I think that can be fixed.
* Jähmefyysikko (talk) 12:15, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
ping|Jähmefyysikko Thanks for your further thoughts.
The current organisation of pages (which is fragmented) alongside the proposed organisation is:
* ^ sharpened focus
The current organisation is fragmented since related information is spread across different pages. The proposed organisation streamlines navigation by centralising different meanings of nonmetals into a single "List of nonmetal meanings" page. This approach reduces fragmentation and provides a clearer pathway for users to find the specific context they are interested in.
The "sharpened focus" qualifier for Nonmetallic material means that e.g. the content re nonmetals in astronomy should be removed. This is because "nonmetallic material" has a specific meaning in a materials science context, one that has no relation to nonmetals in astronomy.
As far as WP conventions go, the proposed list is a Stand-alone list. I've edited it to make its appearance more consistent with such a list, such as Lists of mathematics topics.
Re your list of multiple problems:
* I understand your point about the related nature of #2 and #3. However, combining these definitions might lead to an overly complex entry for the general reader. I feel it's important to distinguish the broader category of semiconductors and insulators from the specific condition of conductance approaching absolute zero. Regarding nonmetallic materials, discussing their mechanical and other properties alongside electrical characteristics would indeed create a "too much information" omnibus entry. For clarity and ease of understanding, I suggest keeping these entries distinct.
* The wikilinks in the article are the best currently available, as far as I could discern. I agree they aren't really useful to the reader. In a sense they're the equivalent of red links. They represent an invitation to add more relevant content to the article at the end of the wikilink or to hive off the same into a new article.
* There's no preferred style that I know of; the quotations are there to illustrate usage of the term in the literature.
* The title, "Nonmetallic material" would not work since "nonmetallic materials" excludes gases.
List of nonmetal meanings
The term nonmetal has several meanings, listed from general to more specific, as follows:
* Chemical elements that mostly lack the distinctive characteristics of metals. This is the definition found in most dictionaries.
* A semiconductor or insulator. These are materials (or gases) that do not conduct electricity as well as metals.
* A material in which electrical conductivity tends to zero at a temperature of absolute zero.
* In astronomy, the elements hydrogen and helium. In this context, all other elements prevalent in stars and interstellar space are regarded as metals.
A related term is nonmetallic material which refers to solid and liquid compounds and elements that do not exhibit the properties of metals. These materials include ceramics, polymers, and possibly some composites.
Uses
The individual uses of each of the 23 non-metallic elements can be aggregated into 13 types, shared by many, a signficant number or a few of the elements concerned.
Many of these elements have uses in household accoutrements; medicine and pharmaceuticals; and lasers and lighting. They are components of mineral acids; and prevalent in plug-in hybrid vehicles; and smartphones.
A significant number have attenuative and agricultural applications. They are used in lubricants ; and flame retardants and fire extinguishers. They can serve as inert air replacements, such as fluorine in SF6; and are used in cryogenics and refrigerants. Their significance extends to agriculture, through their use in fertilizers.
Additionally, a smaller number of nonmetals find specialized uses in explosives; and welding gases, including carbon (in CO2).
Nonmetal and related meanings (inc. electrochemistry)
I'd've thought that physics would've referred to nonmetals as semiconductors or insulators but it turns put that this instead occurs in electrochemistry (see meaning 2 below, 1973).
For reference, please find hereafter a summary of the five to six "nonmetal or related" meanings in 1. metallurgy; 2. chemistry; 3. astronomy; 4. physics; and 5. materials science. I’ve included extracts from the literature, where possible.
The entries are arranged in chronological order of (loosely) either their field or the earliest date from which the applicable notion seems to have originated.
Corrections and clarifications welcome.
1. Metallurgy (1556) When distinguishing nonmetals from metals, the latter are characterised by the presence of free electrons in their structures, and electrical conductivity decreasing when temperature decreases. Chemically, metals have alkaline hydroxides. More broadly, nonmetals include structural plastics, structural ceramics, and possibly metal-nonmetal composites.
See: Chandler H (ed.) 1998, Metallurgy for the Non-metallurgist, ASM International, Materials Park. OH, pp. 242, 154
2. Chemistry (1789) Chemical elements that mostly lack the distinctive characteristics of metals. This is the general defintion found in dictionaries. Nonmetals have low densities and high electronegativity.
See: Moeller T 1958, Qualitative Analysis: An Introduction to Equilibrium and Solution Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 11. 178 (low density and high EN)
There's also:
* "In a pure nonmetal, i.e., a semiconductor or an insulator, the uppermost or "conduction" band is empty, whereas all others below it are completely occupied."
* Vijh AK 1973, Electrochemistry of Metals and Semiconductors: The Application of Solid State Science to Electrochemical Phenomena, volume 3 of Monographs in electroanalytical chemistry and electrochemistry, M Dekker, New York, p. 4.
3. Astronomy (late 19th C?) Hydrogen and helium, all other elements prevalent in stars and interstellar space being regarded as metals.
* “Metals: (a term which is used very equivocally). Stellar interior specialists use 'metals' to designate any element other than hydrogen and helium, and in consequence ‘metal abundance’ implies all elements other than the first two. For spectroscopists this is very misleading, because they use the word in the chemical sense. On the other hand, photometrists, who observe combined effects of all lines (i.e. without distinguishing the different elements) often use this word 'metal abundance', in which case it may also include the effect of the hydrogen lines. It is important to make sure in each particular case what the author really meant."
* Jaschek C & Jascheck M 1990, The Classification of Stars, Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
4. Physics (1930?) A material in which conductance tends to zero at T = 0.
See: Davis EA 1998, Nevill Mott: Reminiscences And Appreciations, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 255
At T = 0, there is also:
* "In nonmetals, the energy bands are either completely filled or completely empty, and in metals, ar east one band is partially filled."
* Zabet-Khosousi J & Dhiriani A-A 2011, Coupling in metallic nanoparticles: Approaches to optical nanoparticles, in Sattler KD, Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 25-2
5. Nonmetallic materials in materials science (1940s?) Nonmetallic materials encompass solid and liquid compounds and elements that do not exhibit the properties of metals. These materials include ceramics, polymers, and certain composites.
While there are many mentions of “non-metallic materials” in the literature, it is the Aims & Scope statement for Nature Materials that clarifies that "materials" generally exclude gases (e.g. H, He, CO2, SF6):
* Nature Materials is a monthly multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. Materials research is a diverse and fast-growing discipline, which has moved from a largely applied, engineering focus to a position where it has an increasing impact on other classical disciplines such as physics, chemistry and biology. Nature Materials covers all applied and fundamental aspects of the synthesis/processing, structure/composition, properties and performance of materials, where "materials" are identified as substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal) designed or manipulated for technological ends."
--- Sandbh (talk) 08:30, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
Feedback requested on tentative proposal
{ping|YBG|Ldm1954|Johnjbarton|Double sharp}
I'm not an expert in the nonmetal field, but I've developed my understanding of the relevant and related literature to the point where I feel I can propose a potential way forward, considering recent discussions.
In this context, I suggest creating a list article with the following title:
* List of nonmetal and related meanings
The contents would include:
* Nonmetal in general use
* Draft summary: "Nonmetals are chemical elements that mostly lack the distinctive characteristics of metals. They are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity and have high ionization energies and electronegativities."
* Link: Nonmetal
* Nonmetal in physics
* Draft summary: To be further developed, based on current content in Nonmetallic materials.
* Link: Not currently applicable
* Link: Not currently applicable
* Nonmetal in astronomy
* Draft summary: "In astronomy, nonmetals refer to hydrogen and helium, all other elements prevalent in stars and interstellar space being regarded as metals."
* Link : Nonmetal (astronomy) —> Metallicity
* Nonmetal in metallurgy
* Draft summary: "When distinguishing nonmetals from metals, the latter are characterised by the presence of free electrons in their structures, and electrical conductivity decreasing when temperature decreases. Chemically, metals have alkaline hydroxides. More broadly, nonmetals include structural plastics, structural ceramics, and possibly metal-nonmetal composites."
* Link : Not currently applicable
* Comment: The source is, Chandler H (ed.) 1998, Metallurgy for the Non-metallurgist, ASM International, Materials Park. OH, pp. 242, 154:
* metal. (1) An opaque lustrous elemental chemical substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector of light. Most elemental metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than the other elemental substances. (2) As to structure, metals may be distinguished from nonmetals by their atomic binding and electron availability. Metallic atoms tend to lose electrons from the outer shells, the positive ions thus formed being held together by the electron gas produced by the separation. The ability of these "free electrons" to carry an electric current, and the fact that this ability decreases as temperature increases, establish the prime distinctions of a metallic solid. (3) From a chemical viewpoint, an elemental substance whose hydroxide is alkaline. (4) An alloy.
* metal. (1) An opaque lustrous elemental chemical substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector of light. Most elemental metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than the other elemental substances. (2) As to structure, metals may be distinguished from nonmetals by their atomic binding and electron availability. Metallic atoms tend to lose electrons from the outer shells, the positive ions thus formed being held together by the electron gas produced by the separation. The ability of these "free electrons" to carry an electric current, and the fact that this ability decreases as temperature increases, establish the prime distinctions of a metallic solid. (3) From a chemical viewpoint, an elemental substance whose hydroxide is alkaline. (4) An alloy.
* metal. (1) An opaque lustrous elemental chemical substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector of light. Most elemental metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than the other elemental substances. (2) As to structure, metals may be distinguished from nonmetals by their atomic binding and electron availability. Metallic atoms tend to lose electrons from the outer shells, the positive ions thus formed being held together by the electron gas produced by the separation. The ability of these "free electrons" to carry an electric current, and the fact that this ability decreases as temperature increases, establish the prime distinctions of a metallic solid. (3) From a chemical viewpoint, an elemental substance whose hydroxide is alkaline. (4) An alloy.
* Nonmetals...include structural plastics, structural ceramics, and possibly metal-nonmetal composites...
* Nonmetallic materials in materials science
* Draft summary: "In materials science, nonmetallic materials encompass solid and liquid compounds and elements that do not exhibit the properties of metals. These materials include ceramics, polymers, and certain composites."
* Link : Materials science, with some mention of the five types of engineering materials other than "Metals and alloys", and several relevant citations mentioning “nonmetallic materials”.
* Link : Materials science, with some mention of the five types of engineering materials other than "Metals and alloys", and several relevant citations mentioning “nonmetallic materials”.
* * * This proposal would involve:
* deleting Nonmetal (disambiguation);
* retitling Nonmetallic materials to List of nonmetal and related meanings; and
* adjusting and reusing some of the existing content of Nonmetallic materials.
I'm particularly conscious of the work that Ldm1954 has put into Nonmetallic materials which, in a roundabout way, may well turn out to be quite useful.
I'd appreciate any feedback or suggestions on this proposal. — Sandbh (talk) 08:28, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
Ldm
In a nonmetal, electrical conductivity approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Conversely, metals maintain a finite conductivity at absolute zero. This difference can be explained by their electronic band structures: nonmetals have energy bands that are fully occupied or completely vacant, whereas metals have at least one band that is partially occupied.
These definitions are equivalent to stating that metals conduct electricity at absolute zero, as suggested by Nevill Francis Mott and can also be found in chemistry textbooks such as Chemistry of the Non-Metals by Ralf Steudel.
Zabet-Khosousi J & Dhiriani A-A 2011, Coupling in metallic nanoparticles: Approaches to optical nanoparticles, in Sattler KD, Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots, p. 25-2
Band structure definitions of metallicity are the most widely used, and apply both to single elements such as insulating boron as well as compounds such as strontium titanate. (There are many compounds which have states at the Fermi level and are metallic, for instance titanium nitride. ) There are many experimental methods of checking for nonmetals by measuring the band gap, or by ab-initio quantum mechanical calculations.
Relevant meanings
I am posting this for discussion, having for some time worked on it in the background. I feel it's now in a form that's suitable for further consideration.
My impression is that there are three types of relevant and distinguishable meanings associated with the term "nonmetal": 1. metal (inc. in physics); 2. nonmetal; 3. nonmetallic material. These three types seem to imply the existence of an undocumented type: 4. nonmetallic substance.
Types 1. " Metal ", in the general use meaning of the term, refers to a class of elements and their alloys generally characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and lustre, and their capacity, as elements, to form positive ions. This general meaning is what most people understand and use in everyday language and in many practical applications. I appreciate that "postive ions" is not what most people would understand about metals. That said, in the ten dictionaries I looked up the definition of "metal", six of them included a reference to chemical properties.
There are some niche meanings of the term metal, in physics and in astronomy, but apparently not in metallurgy (strangely enough):
* a. In physics, a metal is a solid with a Fermi surface at zero temperature. Only metals conduct electricity at this temperature.
* b. In astronomy, the situation is complicated:
* Stellar interior specialists use 'metals' to designate any element other than hydrogen and helium, and in consequence ‘metal abundance’ implies all elements other than the first two. For spectroscopists this is very misleading, because they use the word in the chemical sense. On the other hand, photometrists, who observe combined effects of all lines (i.e. without distinguishing the different elements) often use this word 'metal abundance', in which case it may also include the effect of the hydrogen lines.
* See: Jaschek C & Jaschek M 1990, The Classification of Stars, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 22
* c. In metallurgy, one would think there would be a generally agreed meaning or definition of a metal, but there isn’t, from what I could find.
2. " Nonmetal ", in the general use meaning of the term, is a chemical element mostly lacking distinctive metallic properties.
* a. In 1996, the physicist Nevill Mott said that at T = 0, a nonmetal doesn't conduct (whereas a metal does). The earliest reliable source mentioning this seems to be Davis EA 1998, Nevill Mott: Reminiscences And Appreciations, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 255.
* b. One would think that in physics—given the widely-recognised trichotomy of metal, semiconductor, and insulator—that there would be a generally agreed meaning or definition of "non-metal" as a semiconductor or an insulator, but there isn’t from what I could find.
3. " Nonmetallic materials ", in materials science, are substances in the condensed state (liquid, solid, colloidal) designed or manipulated for technological ends. Gases are generally not included here unless designed or manipulated etc. An explanation for the exclusion of gases is given by the Aims & Scope statement for Nature Materials:
* Nature Materials is a monthly multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. Materials research is a diverse and fast-growing discipline, which has moved from a largely applied, engineering focus to a position where it has an increasing impact on other classical disciplines such as physics, chemistry and biology. Nature Materials covers all applied and fundamental aspects of the synthesis/processing, structure/composition, properties and performance of materials, where "materials" are identified as substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal) designed or manipulated for technological ends."
So, there it is: gaseous substances are out of scope of "materials", unless they are "designed or manipulated for technological ends". The term "nonmetallic material: then becomes somewhat of an artificial distinction, rather than a properties-based one.
Eleven extracts from the literature illustrating the use of the term "nonmetallic materials" can be found here.
4. "Nonmetallic substances" are solids, liquids and gases, other than metals. Curiously, there is no unified notion of such a type in the literature, from what I could find. It includes the type 2a non-extant meaning of semiconductors and insulators; and the type 3 meaning of nonmetallic materials.
Nonmetallic materials
I've been looking into conceptions of "nonmetallic materials". Most curiously, gases like H, N and O are generally out of scope, unless designed or manipulated for technological ends (never mind their status as nonmetals).
Weird, eh? The explanation is give by the Aims & Scope statement for Nature Materials:
* "Nature Materials is a monthly multi-disciplinary journal aimed at bringing together cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. Materials research is a diverse and fast-growing discipline, which has moved from a largely applied, engineering focus to a position where it has an increasing impact on other classical disciplines such as physics, chemistry and biology. Nature Materials covers all applied and fundamental aspects of the synthesis/processing, structure/composition, properties and performance of materials, where "materials" are identified as substances in the condensed states (liquid, solid, colloidal) designed or manipulated for technological ends."
So there it is: gaseous substances are out of scope of materials science, unless they are "designed or manipulated for technological ends". The term "nonmetallic material" in the case of gaseous substances, is an artificial distinction, rather than a properties-based one.
What follows are eleven extracts from the literature. Note that while compounds and nonmetal elements are mentioned, only the solid nonmetals get a seat at the table, being C, P and S in these examples. Quote #9 is interesting since it recognises O as a nonmetallic element but presumably not as a nonmetallic material.
1. Meire Rl 1951, The long-term prospects for essential minerals, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 7. no. 7, pp. 214—216 (215)
""Non-metallic materials…Salt…Lime…Sulfur" 2. Glaeser WA 1963, Wear characteristics in non-metallic materials. Wear, 6(2), 93–105
* "Non-metallic materials used in situations requiring high wear resistance include elastomers, plastics, carbon-graphite, ceramics and jewels."
* "Pure graphite also has a significantly higher thermal conductivity than most non-metallic materials, making it attractive for high-speed sliding applications."
* "Graphite is one of the few natural materials which exhibits self-lubricating properties. As a powder, it is used as a lubricant, and in solid form it is used in dry-sliding conditions. The fundamental reasons for the low-friction properties of graphite have yet to be resolved. However, it is known that both wear and friction are influenced dramatically by adsorbed vapors and gases. When graphite slides in high vacuum or in a dry gaseous environment, the friction is high and the graphite dusts away very rapidly." See: R. H. SAVAGE, J. Appl. Phys., 19 (1948) I.
3. Tottle CR 1974, The Science of Engineering Materials, reprint of 1966 ed., Heinemann Educational Books, London, p. 20
As well as referring to metals and nonmetals in the periodic table sense Tottle later includes a chapter on Metals and alloys, and a chapter on Non-metallic materials. Some examples given by him of non-metallic materials are alumina, magnesia, graphite, beryllia, titanium carbide, glass, rubber, nylon and wood.
He gets into trouble in his chapter on Metals and alloys, since he includes some discussion on interstitial solid solutions, such as cementite Fe3C, which is an insulator, and intermetallic compounds, which appears fine on the surface, until one realises that some intermetallic compounds are semiconductors, such as FeGa 3, RuGa3, and IrGa3. I've never heard of semiconducting or insulating metals or alloys. 4. Waldron RD 1993, Production of non-volatile materials on the moon, in Lewis J, Matthews MS & Guerrieri ML (eds) Resources of Near-Earth Space, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 257–296
* "The only nonmetallic material resisting fluorine attacks at high temperatures (~1270 K) is highly sintered clay." p. 144
"Nonmetals
* "This group includes ceramics, glasses and, in the terrestrial case, polymers
and elastomers." p. 275
* "Products Derivable from Lunar Metals
* The source materials may include natural lunar free metal (Fe with < 10% combined Ni + Co), refined lunar free metals, metals refined from lunar silicate or oxide minerals (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti and in lesser quantities, Cr or Mn) and alloys derived from the above sources plus optional minor fractions of Earth-imported elements." p. 276
* "Refined crystalline nonmetals such as Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, can be used for refractories, abrasives, insulation, dielectrics, etc." p. 290
* "Chemical refining is required for propellant production, specifically for oxygen, which will co-produce metals such as Fe, Al, Mg, Ti, Ca and Si (semi-metal) or mixtures depending on the refining systems selected." p. 293
5. Komatina M 2004, Medical Geology: Effects of Geological Environments on Human Health, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 186
* "Non-metallic mineral raw materials are characterized by the enormous diversity of rocks and minerals. The group of main raw materials includes the following: limestone, crushed rock, rock for block making, sand, gravel, phosphate rocks, clays, sulfur, potassium salts, and gypsum."
6. Smith P 2005, Piping Materials Guide, Elsevier, Amsterdam
* "Carbon (C). Element no. 6 of the periodic system; atomic weight 12.01; has three allotropic modifications, all nonmetallic. Carbon is preset in practically all ferrous alloys and has a tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal. Carbon is also an essential compound of the cemented carbides. Its metallurgical use, in the form of coke, for reduction of oxides, is extensive." p. 248
* "Corrosion. The attack on metals by chemical agents converting them to nonmetallic products." p. 253
* "Inclusion. A nonmetallic material in a solid metallic material. Slag or other foreign matter entrapped during welding. The defect is usually more irregular in shape than a gas pore." p. 263
* "Phosphorus(P). Element no. 15 of the periodic system; atomic weight 30.98. It is a nonmetallic element occurring in at least three allotropic forms." p. 270
* "These are the abbreviations commonly used to describe nonmetallic materials:
FRP Fiber-reinforced plastic NR Natural rubber SIC Silicon carbide XPS Extruded polystyrene"
Diabon Graphite Sigri, Germany Hfr cement Potassium silicate cement Hoechst, Germany", pp. 317+ 7. Phull B & Abdullahi AA 2010, Marine corrosion, in Cottis et al. (eds) Shreir's Corrosion, vol 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1107–1148
* "Nonmetallic Materials
* Nonmetallic materials do not generally corrode in the same manner as metals and alloys in seawater, that is, by thinning. Instead, they may suffer marine borer attack which is usually not very deep, except in wood. In addition, nonmetallics may undergo swelling and some reduction in mechanical strength – which is usually less for synthetic materials than those derived from nature (e.g., to make ropes). Deterioration is generally greater in warm seawater and close to the seabed. Other hazards are fish bites, for example, on cables. Results of long-term exposures of polymeric materials have been reviewed." pp. 167,168
8. Taheri-Ledari R 2022, Classification of micro and nanoscale composites, in Maleki A (ed.), Heterogeneous Micro and Nanoscale Composites for the Catalysis of Organic Reactions, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1–21
* "Nonmetallic materials
* Engineering materials can be classified into three main groups: metals and alloys (Metals and Alloys) and nonmetallic materials (Nonmetallic Materials) and coatings. Nonmetallic Materials refers to all nonmetals that are divided into two general groups: Natural Materials and Synthetic Materials. Natural materials that are branches of nonmetallic materials are materials that are essentially found in nature. These materials are used in the same way as they are found in nature, while other categories of nonmetallic materials, namely Synthetic Materials, are materials made by humans by modifying, combining, and transforming natural materials found in nature. Synthetic materials, which are an important component of nonmetallic materials, can also be divided into three general categories: Plastic or polymer, Ceramics, and Plastic or polymer, each of which can be divided into subcategories according to criteria. For example, ceramics are divided into two general categories in terms of application: Traditional Ceramics or silicate ceramics and New Ceramics. The composites are divided into three main groups in terms of background phase: Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC), Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC), and Metal Matrix Composite (MMC)."
9. Abdelbary A & Chang L 2023, Principles of Engineering Tribology, Elsevier, Amsterdam
* "Tribology of nonmetals; Introduction
* Nonmetals (non-metals) are those materials, both natural and synthetic, which do not contain metal. They are produced easily, able to keep their chemical and physical composition during the machining process, and do not require posttreatment finishes as metals. These materials have the advantage of being significantly more inexpensive in both the short term and long term. There are a wide variety of nonmetallic materials, including polymers, polymer composites, rubber, ceramics, and others (Myshkin & Kovalev, 2017)."
* "Nonmetals (non-metals) are those materials, both natural and synthetic, which do not contain metal."
* "In general, nonmetals are more lightweight and designed to have superior tribological properties than metals."
* "There are a wide variety of nonmetallic materials, including polymers, polymer composites, rubber, ceramics, and others (Myshkin & Kovalev, 2017)."
* "According to the American Ceramic Society (ACS), ceramics are defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials, which are typically crystalline, and are compounds formed between metallic and nonmetallic elements such as aluminum and oxygen, calcium, and oxygen, and silicon and nitrogen."
10. Huang Z, Shao G & Li L 2023, Micro/nano functional devices fabricated by additive manufacturing, Progress in Materials Science, vol. 131, 101020
* "Inorganic nonmetallic materials and associated composites
* Inorganic nonmetallic, metal, and organic polymer materials constitute a complete material system. These materials usually have high compressive strength, hardness, temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance [184]. Typical inorganic nonmetallic materials include ceramics and quartz glass [185–188]. In addition, inorganic nonmetallic materials, including oxides, carbides, and nitrides of many elements, have become important components of composites."
11. Li Z & Yu C 2024, Nanostructured Materials: Physicochemical Fundamentals for Energy and Environmental Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 4
* "Most nano nonmetallic materials (such as carbon and phosphorus)…"
Dictionary definitions 2
* 1) Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2024) Defines a nonmetal as a chemical element that lacks the characteristics of a metal.
* 2) Collins English Dictionary (2024) Refers to chemical elements that form negative ions, have acidic oxides, and are poor conductors.
* 3) Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus (2024) Defines a nonmetal as a chemical element that is not a metal.
* 4) The Chambers Dictionary (1998) States that a nonmetal is an element that is not a metal.
* 5) MacMillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2012) Defines nonmetals as chemical elements that are not metals, specifically mentioning that they are solids and gases and poor conductors.
* 6) Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2001) Defines nonmetals as elements like carbon or nitrogen, and mentions their inability to form simple positive ions.
* 7) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition (2022) States that nonmetals lack the physical and chemical properties of metals.
* 8) Oxford English Dictionary (1989) Defines nonmetals as non-metallic elements.
* 9) Webster's New World College Dictionary (2014) Refers to nonmetals as elements lacking the characteristics of a metal.
* 10) Oxford English Dictionary (2003) Includes non-metallic elements or substances, but this broad definition is not consistently supported by the historical quotes provided:
Historical quotes set out in the Oxford English Dictionary
* 1857. "In Prussian blue..iron in part acts as a metal, in part acts as a non-metal, as if it replaced both the sodium and the chlorine of common salt." G. Wilson in Edinburgh Essays 340
* 1866. "The chlorides of the metals, like those of the non-metals, must also be divided into monochlorides." W. Odling, Lectures on Animal Chemistry 14
* 1871. "The number of the metals is much larger than that of the non-metals." Roscoe Elem. Chem. 6
* 1933. "The earliest attempts to measure the conductivity of the non-metals showed that it is about fifty times less than that of the metals." A. W. Barton, Text Book on Heat xiv. 325
* 1966. "One aspect of importance is the occurrence of many of the true non-metals in these two short periods." C. R. Tottle, Science of Engineering Materials i. 14
* 1995. "Some meteorites—‘stony-irons’—contain metal and non-metal components." Focus August 54/4
Five of six of the quotes refer to non-metal elements rather than non-metallic elements or substances.
Conclusion A sizeable majority of dictionary definitions (close to 10 out of 10) support a primary use meaning of “nonmetal” as an element that is not a metal.
Dictionary defintions
1. Merriam-Webster Dictionary a chemical element (such as boron, carbon, or nitrogen) that lacks the characteristics of a metal
2. Collins English Dictionary any of a number of chemical elements that form negative ions, have acidic oxides, and are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity
3. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus noun CHEMISTRY specialized a chemical element that is not a metal
4. The Chambers Dictionary (1998) an element that is not a metal
5. MacMillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2012) Noun Chemistry a chemical element that is not a metal, for example CARBON or oxygen. Nonmetals are SOLIDS and gases and are not good CONDUCTORS of heat and electricity.
6. Random House Webster's unabridged dictionary 2001 n. Chem. 1. having the character of a metal, as carbon or nitrogen. 2. an element incapable of forming simple positive ions in solution
7. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
n. Any of a number of elements, such as oxygen or sulfur, that lack the physical and chemical properties of metals.
8. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989) A non-metallic element. 1866 Odling Anim. Chem. 14 The chlorides of the metals, like those of the non-metals, must also be divided into monochlorides. 1871 Roscoe Elem. Chem. 6 The number of the metals is much larger than that of the non-metals.
9. Webster's New World College Dictionary Any of those elements lacking the characteristics of a metal; specif., any of the electronegative elements (e.g., oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur) whose oxides form acids and stable compounds with hydrogen.
10. Oxford English Dictionary (2003) A non-metallic element or substance.
* 1857 In Prussian blue..iron in part acts as a metal, in part acts as a non-metal, as if it replaced both the sodium and the chlorine of common salt. G. Wilson in Edinburgh Essays 340
* 1866 The chlorides of the metals, like those of the non-metals, must also be divided into monochlorides. W. Odling, Lectures on Animal Chemistry 14
* 1933 The earliest attempts to measure the conductivity of the non-metals showed that it is about fifty times less than that of the metals. A. W. Barton, Text Book on Heat xiv. 325
* 1966 One aspect of importance is the occurrence of many of the true non-metals in these two short periods C. R. Tottle, Science of Engineering Materials i. 14
* 1995 Some meteorites—‘stony-irons’—contain metal and non-metal components. Focus August 54/4
Comments by Sandbh: Close to 10 out of 10 definitions support the primary use meaning of nonmetal as an element that is not a metal. Meaning #10 is not supported by the accompanying quotes, four of five of which are referring to nonmetal elements, rather than nonmetallic elements and substances.
The 1857 and 1866 quotes are for nonmetal elements.
For the 1933 quote, Barton earlier writes, "We may speak of metals and non-metals, but there are certain elements, such as tellurium and selenium, which it is difficult to assign to one class or the other." Quite cleary then, the author was referring to nonmetals as elements.
For the 1966 quote, the reference to true non-metals in the two short periods is a reference to the two short periods of the periodic table.
The 1995 quote appears to be a reference to the composition of stony metorites as 10–25% nickel-iron alloy, 75–90% silicon-based minerals, and trace amounts of iron sulfide. --- Sandbh (talk) 07:12, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
Uses
In the context of the nonmetal article, this table compares the main uses of metals and nonmetals. Frex, nearly all metals have uses in electronics and metallurgy. The table is based on the elements up to uranium.
For the metals, "Metallurgy" includes any application where metals are used in their primary form or processed into alloys, components, or structures for various industrial purposes.
Still on the metals, "Medical" covers implants and prosthetics; surgical instruments; diagnostic equipment; dental applications; medical devices (pacemakers, stents, defibrillators); radiation therapy; pharmaceuticals; orthodontics; biomaterials; laboratory equipment (centrifuges, incubators, autoclaves).
In terms of the broad contours of the situation, there are no surprises that I can see, with metal uses being based on their conductivity and structural strength; and the nonmetals being used for their semiconducting properties, and their biogenic properties. I guess the frequency of uses of metals in ceramics and glass production includes the capacity of transition metals to form coloured compounds.
I intend to update the nonmetal article accordingly in due course.
Johnjbarton
Thanks Johnjbarton for staying the course. Some context and clarification follows.
The nub of the problem is the "Nonmetallic compounds and elements" article. I'm not referring to its title, per se, but rather its confusing overlap with the "Nonmetal" article and other extant articles, as well as its lack of notability. There is no unified concept in the literature of the term "Nonmetallic compounds and elements."
In literature and scientific contexts, the term "nonmetal" primarily refers to chemical elements that lack metallic properties.
For example, I can go into a bookstore and find books for the general reader dealing with the periodic table, such as Sam Kean's best-selling The Disappearing Spoon and Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements, which employs the primary meaning of the term nonmetal. However, I cannot find any consolidated sources dealing with "Nonmetallic compounds and elements."
Regarding the title of the "Nonmetal" article, from 2013 to date, 46 editors have reviewed the article in the course of one GA nomination, two peer reviews, and nine FAC nominations (attracting 11 supports). Not one of these editors raised any concern about its title.
I've been editing the article since 2013, during which time it may have been viewed approximately 1,000,000–1,500,000 times. During this period, no concerns about the article title have been raised.
In this context there is no "out of the blue" sudden renaming requirement, as if all previous editors and viewers were asleep at the wheel.
It’s also worth noting that normal people typically don't use the term "nonmetal," and certainly not in normal conversations. OTOH, Wikipedia’s responsibility is to provide clear, accurate information based on established scientific usage.
The obvious solution is to retain the "Nonmetal" article as it stands, given the availability of sources and established usage.
To address the context-dependent nature of the term, we should use the "Nonmetal (disambiguation)" page to clearly differentiate its use in other fields, linking to relevant articles where these uses are discussed (e.g., "Metallicity" for astronomy).
The content of the "Nonmetallic compounds and elements" article should be merged into other applicable articles to avoid redundancy and confusion.
My interest here is in abiding by WP policy and respecting the primary use of the term nonmetal, which is widely recognized, used and written about in the context of chemical elements.
Ldm1954
As mentioned I've reviewed the edits made to the article during the period 10 to 12 June 2024 by Ldm1954.
Italics = summary; A = assessment
Edits 1–5
''Chemistry is not just about elements, so the disambiguating before was inaccurate. The current form is more accurate'' +26
This edit changed the hatnote from "This article is about the use in chemistry..." to "This article is about the elements which are not metallic when solid."
A: Clumsily put; no support in the literature for such a notion. Correcting some science inaccuracies in lead +59
This edit added that nonmetals have high EN; and removed mention that they were brittle or crumbly if solid.
A: No, non-metals do not have high EN; some metals have higher EN than some nonmetals. In fact, nonmmetals in their most stable forms are in fact, brittle or crumbly when solid. Typo –5
A: Is good Cleaning the lead, for instance biosphere was mentioned twice (life) and the nonmetals are typically in compounds in the core. –162
This edit was concerned that biosphere was mentioned twice; remove "widely" from the expression seventeen elements are "widely" known as nonmetals; added a mention that non-metal are compounds in the Earth; and that “the” classification of elements as metallic or nonmetallic emerged only in the late 18th century.
A: Yes, the biosphere is mentioned twice once for occurrence, once for uses, in order to match the main body of the article; yes, seventeen elements are widely known as nonmetals; no it it is not necessary to say that nonmetals are compounds in the earth: that is a given; no, "the" classification of elements as metallic or nonmetallic emerged only in the late 18th century. Cleaned up, removed some mistakes particularly on plasticity which has very little to do with electrons. +82
Addition of "standard temperature and pressure" (A: unnecessary); "Often" added to (being brittle or crumbly) (A: unnecessary); plasticity clarified to include, "which depends upon the movement of dislocations" (A: looks good).
Edits 6–10
''Physical: Removed the last paragraph which was already covered better earlier, and was wrong. The sources are probably right, just not how they have been interpreted.'' –717
A: Unjustified removal of cited content Physical: Not all nonmetals are brittle +6
A: They are in their most stable forms in ambient conditions, which is the focus as the article make clear Property overlaps: Brittleness of W is temperature dependent +10
A: Irrelevant given focus of the article is most stable forms in ambient conditions, ''Added {Very long} and {Excessive examples} tags: There is extensive duplication of material, for instance comparisons of metals/nonmetals, weak descriptions of bonding. I estimate it should be 30% shorter.'' +89
A: Unsubstantiated nonsense. Readable prose size is 6088 words. Per WP:LENGTH:
* > 8,000 words May need to be divided or trimmed; likelihood goes up with size.
* < 6,000 words Length alone does not justify division or trimming.
See also FAC criterion 1b: "It is comprehensive: it neglects no major facts or details and places the subject in context." Metalloids: diamond is not brittle, neither is graphite –12
A: Nonsense. See: Brittle nature of graphite and diamond.
Edits 11–15
Section on history does not need para about sources -- just history –342
This edit deleted 342 words of main body text.
A: The section is on the discovery of nonmetals; the deleted contet provides context. See FAC Criterion 1b: "It is comprehensive: it neglects no major facts or details and places the subject in context. First para was not relevant, material already there – 341
This edit deleted 341 words of main body text from "Origin and use of the term"
A: Unsubstantiated. See FAC Criterion 1b: "It is comprehensive: it neglects no major facts or details and places the subject in context." Plasticity & not brittle – 23
A: Plasicity: good; not brittle: nonsense First row anomaly: Partial repair incorrect quantum +41
A: Unsubstantiated; ignored an extant source. Unclassified nonmetals: H in TM is common ±0
A: Unsubstantited edit' ignored extant source. I understand that ten to twelve of the thirty period 4 to 6 transition metals form alloy-like hydrides in ambient conditions. That's not “many”.
Edits 16–18
Nil comment +6
Changed "Metalloids are brittle and poor-to-good conductors of heat and electricity" to "Metalloids are often [italics added] brittle and poor-to-good conductors of heat and electricity."
A: Poor sentence construction in that all elements are poor-to-good conductors of heat and electricity. Physical: Ductility etc are NOT elasticity, they are plasticity. –21
A: Checks out Being clearer about term. +13
Changed "Nonmetals or non-metallic elements are chemical elements..." to "Nonmetals in chemistry [italics added] or non-metallic elements are chemical elements..."
A: Eh?
Nonmetal (disambig)
Nonmetal may refer to:
* Nonmetal, a chemical element characterized by relatively low density and high electronegativity such as silicon, phosphorus, chlorine and argon
* Nonmetal (astronomy), the elements hydrogen or helium, with all others being regarded as metals
* In chemistry, a chemical substance or mixture lacking a predominance of metallic properties, such as water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), or table salt (NaCl)
* In materials science, all substances which are not metals or alloys, including biomaterials, ceramics, composite materials, polymers, and semiconductors
* In physics, a substance with an electronic band gap; or which would not conduct electricity at a temperature of absolute zero; or the insulator in a metal-insulator transition.
A fly in the ointment: WP article title conventions
Notwithstanding everyone's good intentions, there is WP:TITLEDAB, which provides as follows:
* "As a general rule, when a topic's preferred title can also refer to other topics covered in Wikipedia:
* If the article is about the primary topic to which the ambiguous name refers, then that name can be its title without modification, provided it follows all other applicable policies.
* If the article is not about the primary topic for the ambiguous name, the title must be disambiguated."
Now, the term "Nonmetal" is most frequently understood in the context of chemistry and the periodic table of elements. This being so, Nonmetal becomes the primary topic, as is currently the case. All other nonmetal-related articles must be disambiguated, including (where appropriate) via the use of brackets.
There's no need to type in brackets. Entering "nonmetal" into the Search Wikipedia box gives the following drop-down list:
* Nonmetal
* Nonmetallic compounds and elements
* Nonmetal mining
* Nonmetal (astronomy)
* Nonmetallic cable
* Nonmetal (disambiguation)
* Non-metallic inclusions
* Non-metallic cable
* Non-metalliferous deposit
* Non-metalic cable
As far as the Nonmetal article goes, I've edited the hatnote to read:
* This article is about the chemical elements. For other uses, see Nonmetal (astronomy) and Nonmetal (materials science and physics).
Consolidated proposal for nonmetal article names
Ldm1954|King of Hearts|YBG|Johnjbarton
I suspect the following proposal could sort out the current mess, having regard to the general reader:
This structure helps clarify the different contexts in which the term "nonmetal" is used, making it easier for readers to find the specific information they need.
Sources and extraction proceses
Nonmetallic elements can be broadly categorized according to their sources and extraction methods. The first three categories below encompass the nine of the 23 nonmetallic elements that are uniquely light enough, or form compounds that are light enough, to be extracted from either natural gas or liquid air.
Natural gas treatment. For hydrogen, heating natural gas (mainly composed of methane CH4) with steam yields hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. For sulfur, reacting the hydrogen sulfide in natural gas with oxygen forms water, and sulfur is left behind.
Fractional distillation. The noble gases (bar radon) and nitrogen and oxygen are obtained from liquid air, or natural gas in the case of helium.
Gas extraction. Radon is obtained from uranium ores via gas extraction and purification methods.
The extraction processes that follow are shared with some metals:
Native extraction. Graphite occurs in native form cf. copper, platinum, gold.
Reduction. The common extraction process for boron, silicon, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, selenium, antimony, and tellurium typically involves an initial roasting or chemical treatment to convert their ores to oxides or other intermediate compounds, followed by a reduction step. This reduction is usually carried out using a reducing agent such as carbon, hydrogen, or another suitable chemical to produce the pure elemental form of these nonmetals. Cf. titanium, iron, zinc.
Electrolysis. Fluorine is obtained via the electrolysis of potassium difluoride or hydrofluoric acid with potassium fluoride. Chlorine is produced via the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution in the chlor-alkali process. Cf. alkali metals.
Oxidation. Bromide and iodide ions in brine solutions are oxidized by an oxidizing agent such as chlorine. The elements are then purified by filtration and recrystallisation or sublimation. Cf. Mn which is extracted from pyrolusite (MnO2) using an oxidizing agent; also, the extraction of vanadium from magnetite (Fe3O3) ores where oxidation processes are involved.
Hydrometallurgy. An iodate ore, such as calcium iodate is crushed and leached with water to dissolve the iodate ions. The iodate solution is treated with a reducing agent, such as sulfur dioxide to reduce iodate to iodide. Iodine is then precipitated out of the solution by adding an oxidizing agent or simply allowing it to settle, followed by filtration and purification. Cf. nickel, copper, gold.
Uses2
Nonmetals exhibit a broad range of uses due to their diverse chemical and physical properties. From essential roles in biology and industry to specialized applications in technology and everyday household items, nonmetals demonstrate a unique versatility that sets them apart from metals. This diversity not only underscores the cohesive nature of nonmetals as a group but also highlights the wide array of applications that make them indispensable in various fields.
Characteristic
Nonmetals are characteristically used as or in insulators, acids, biology, light emission and photonics, semiconductors, and inert atmospheres and shielding gases. Nonmetals such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur are widely used as insulators due to their poor electrical conductivity. For instance, nitrogen and sulfur compounds are used as insulating materials in various industrial processes. This property is a direct consequence of nonmetals' tendency to form covalent bonds, which do not allow free movement of electrons as metals do. Many nonmetals are fundamental in forming acids. For example, hydrogen forms hydrochloric acid (HCl) with chlorine, sulfur forms sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and nitrogen forms nitric acid (HNO₃). These acids are critical in various industrial and chemical processes. Nonmetals such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are essential for life. These elements form the backbone of organic molecules like DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates, highlighting their critical role in biology and medicine. Noble gases like neon, argon, and krypton are used in lighting and lasers due to their ability to emit light when electrified. This property is utilized in neon signs and laser technologies. Silicon and germanium, both metalloid nonmetals, are pivotal in the electronics industry. Their semiconducting properties make them essential for manufacturing integrated circuits and solar cells. Noble gases (e.g., helium, neon, argon) are often used to create inert atmospheres in welding and in protecting reactive elements during manufacturing processes. Their lack of reactivity makes them ideal for these purposes.
Varied
The varied uses of nonmetals exends to explosives, fertiizers, flame retardants and extinguishers, lubricants, cryogenics and refrigerants, and medicines and pharmaceuticals. Nonmetals such as nitrogen and oxygen are key components in explosives. Nitrogen, in particular, is found in compounds like ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), which is widely used in explosives and fertilizers. Elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are critical components of fertilizers, which are essential for modern agriculture. These nonmetals help replenish soil nutrients, promoting plant growth. Compounds of nonmetals like bromine and phosphorus are used as flame retardants. Halons (compounds containing bromine) are effective fire extinguishers due to their ability to disrupt the chemical reactions in flames. Graphite (a form of carbon) is used as a lubricant due to its layered structure, which allows layers to slide over one another easily, reducing friction. Nonmetals such as nitrogen and helium are used in cryogenics and as refrigerants due to their low boiling points and inert properties. Nonmetals such as iodine and fluorine are used in medicine. Iodine is crucial for thyroid health, while fluorine is added to dental products to prevent tooth decay.
Exotic
Nonmetals have some exotic uses including as high-performance materials, nanotechnology, and smart technology. Xenon is used in specialized lighting and anesthetics due to its unique properties. Krypton is utilized in high-performance light bulbs and lasers. Boron and silicon are used to create high-strength materials. Boron fibers are used in advanced aerospace materials, while silicon carbide is used for cutting tools and abrasives. Carbon, in the form of graphene and carbon nanotubes, is used in nanotechnology applications for its extraordinary strength and electrical properties. Germanium and selenium are used in photovoltaic cells and infrared optics, making them crucial for developing smart technology and renewable energy sources.
Surprisingly common
Nonmetals are found in many everyday items or locations:
Uses
* For prevalent and speciality uses of individual nonmetallic elements see the main article for each element
Near universal uses for nonmetals are for household accoutrements; lasers and lighting; and medicine and pharmaceuticals. One or two of germanium, arsenic, and or radon will be absent. To the extent that metalloids show metallic character, they have speciality uses extending to (for example) oxide glasses, alloying components, and semiconductors.
Further shared uses of different subsets of the nonmetals encompass their presence in, or specific uses in the fields of air replacements; cryogenics and refrigerants; fertilizers; flame retardants or fire extinguishers; mineral acids; plug-in hybrid vehicles; welding gases; and smart phones.
Drive-by Comments Ajpolino
Just a few things in passing. Can't promise the time to really go through this article, though I applaud your substantial work.
* "Sometimes counted as a nonmetal" (lead image caption) references sources from 1844 and 1897. Is there anything more recent that could support that claim? I'm concerned about conflating "this sometimes happens" with "this used to happen". For example I could write "Syphilis is sometimes treated with mercury salts" with an 1896 source, but the world changed and my sentence would be untrue.
* Many thanks. The "sometimes counted" box has 1844, 1897, 1976, 1993, and 2006 cites. My intent was to show the "sometimes" status has a recurring history. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* The next line "status as nonmetal or metal unconfirmed" cites six sources. Three are called out as verifying the claim about Cn, Fl, and Og. Are the other three all for At? If so, perhaps two can be cut?
* I've adjusted the footnote to make it clear that the first three refer to At. The 2013 cite was the pivotal one, predicting that At would be an fcc metal on relativistic grounds. The two other cites, which can be hard to find in the literature, are there to show that it was earlier expected that At would be a metal. Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* I have a similar question as my first regarding "There is no widely-accepted precise definition" referenced to works from 2020, 1957, and 1892. What do the earlier works do for us here?
* Those three were included to show that since Mendeleev published his 1st periodic table in 1869, the lack of a widely-accepted precise definition has been an ongoing phenomenon. Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* References 2 and 10 appear to be the same and can be merged.
* Done. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Nonmetals closer to the left or bottom ...this occurs in... phosphorus[32]" Are the four sources necessary to support this statement for phosphorus? Also is there a system for when you include quotes in the reference? You do so for just a few scattered throughout.
* P is often thought of as being white P whereas the most stable form is black P. The thought of P having some metallic character seems most peculiar, but there it is. The four sources all bring something different to this perspective. I include quotes with references when I feel this would add value to the citation. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Ditto iodine in the same list (ref 37). At a glance the quote suggests Steudel 2020 would suffice?
* Iodine is another oddity. Who would think that iodine, a halogen, would have some metallic character, yet it does. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Redmer, Hensel & Holst, preface" (ref 41) and "Criswell p. 1140" (ref 222) consider adding the year for consistency with your other refs.
* Done --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Typo in ref "Smith DW 1990, Inorganic Substances: APprelude to the Study"
* Fixed. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "The number of compounds formed by nonmetals is vast." cited to two different textbooks. Are both necessary to support this relatively simple statement?
* Done. Trimmed the older cite. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Typo in ref 204 "Baja, Cascella & Borger 2022..." should be Bajaj.
* Done. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "They have significant roles in biology" referenced to "Crawford 1968, p. 540; Benner, Ricardo & Carrigan 2018, pp. 167–168:[quote]" assuming the quote comes from Benner, that seems to plenty cover the cited text. Is Crawford needed?
* Crawford is important in that they refer to the other nonmetals (H, C, N, O, P, S) as biogens, which is impressive for the time. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Bertomeu-Sánchez et al. 2002 - you usually spell out three-author refs, but this one gets an "et al." Any particular reason?
* Yes, all three authors have double-barreled surnames. I felt that the resulting cite would be clumsily long. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Bertomeu-Sánchez et al. 2002, p. 249" is twice, currently as ref 280 and 281.
* Fixed. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Is "Bodner GM & Pardue HL 1993" used anywhere?
* Done. I checked for redundant refs just before FAC submission, and evidently missed this one. Thank you, --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Reinhardt at al. 2015" typo for et al. (I assume)
* Done. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "the notably reactive halogen nonmetals—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine" is backed up by 9 references. Are these all necessary to support this claim?
* There was some controversy among WP:ELEM members as to whether "halogen nonmetals" was a legitimate term rather than "halogens". This was partly fuelled by uncertainty as to whether At was a nonmetal or a metal. The first three references show contempary use of the term. The rest of the cites show alternative terms for the set F, Cl, Br, I. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Csele 2016 - page numbers would be nice. Unless it has examples of each nonmetal sprinkled throughout (I didn't look)?
* Done. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Are the two Glinka textbooks the same? Is there an edition number to separate them?
* Fixed. One textbook was redundant. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Graves 2022 - I haven't read his book, but a geneticist's memoir seems an odd source to back up statements on boron and silicon reactivity. Not demanding it be changed, but if you have something from a more established source in the chemistry world, that would be nice.
* Graves was referring to the absence of silicon-based life-forms on our planet. The mention of boron was missing its separate cite; now addressed. Thanks for that. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Gregerson 2023" (ref 206) is this supposed to point to Gregersen 2008 "Radon"? I didn't check to see which spelling and year are correct.
* Yes, 2008. Fixed. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "the notably reactive halogen nonmetals—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine;" similar to above, this is supported by three sources, then two alternative names with three sources each. Is this necessary?
* I addressed this point earlier. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Just checking that Jones 2010, a book called "Pluto: Sentinel of the Outer Solar System" is indeed what's intended here. Didn't read the book. Just surprised the author has a due opinion on distinguishing nonmetals.
* Jones was discussing classification science principles, in general. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Lémery 1699, p. 118;" points to a 1714 paper. Not sure which is correct.
* Fixed --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "in his classic[289] and influential[290] textbook" I think classic and influential mean the same thing in this context. I'd just pick one.
* I feel that Lavoiser's textbook had so monumental an impact on chemistry that two epithets are deserved. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* In table "List of properties suggested for distinguishing metals from nonmetals" Was Martin JW's 1969 book a serious attempt to distinguish metals and nonmetals? A contemporaneous book review suggests the book was targeted at "sixth formers and undergraduates" rather than a work in conversation with the field. Putting my concern another way, is Martin's entry in that table due coverage?
* The title of Martin's book is Elementary Science of Metals. It was a part of the Wykeham Science Series of books. The aim was, "To broaden the outlook of the senior grammar school pupil and to introduce the undergraduate to the present state of science as a university study..." For its time it was quite topical. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Arsenic is stable in... semi-noble metal." I think the footnote within a footnote is stretching the bounds of due material. If it can't even be squeezed into a first-level footnote, perhaps it should be trimmed from the article?
* The first footnote has one reference to each of the six metalloids. Arsenic merits some closer attention given its susceptibility to react with air. I felt that this would be easier and clearer if it was mentioned in a second-level footnote rather than trying to squeeze it in to the first footnote. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Is Oderberg's opinion (which I'm sympathetic to) due here? Is he considered an important player in this debate?
* There is no ongoing debate as such, there is only a lack of agreement in the literature. Since attempts to distingush between metals and nonmetals deal with classifications science, Oderberg's view is a worthy as any other attempt to shed light onto the question. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Oxford English University 1989" Is there a reason for the ref to say this instead of "Oxford University Press" or "Oxford English Dictionary"?
* Fixed.
* "Radon shows some cationic behavior" do we need both Pitzer and Stein to support this relatively simple claim?
* I felt that the notion of radon, a noble gas, showing some cationic behaviour is so mind boggling that it warrented two cites. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* "Rosenberg 2018, p. 847" I assume refers to the citation "Rosenberg E 2013..." but I'm not sure which year is the typo.
* Fixed. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
* Could be my ignorance talking, but footnote [af]: "Exceptionally, a study... tiny amounts of uranium." seems like an undue factoid. Do others comment on the exceptional nature of the finding?
* Yes, I felt that the thought of F, the most reactive element in the periodic table, being found in native form is so extraordinary that it warranted a mention. --- Sandbh (talk) 01:07, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
Nonmetal
The term "nonmetal" was unfortunate, since explaining what something isn't is quite hard. From when the article was last at FAC, in October 2023, it's undergone considerable refinement including with respect to prose, the definition, history, tables and images. Much of this work was discussed at the nonmetal talk page, onwards from the section "Outstanding items from FAC7 nomination".
Nonmetal pre-FAC check
Graham Beards, Mike Turnbull, Mirokado, JJE, YBG, Double sharp
Since this article was last at FAC in Oct 2023, I’ve been fine tuning it with the help of the latter two editors.
Much of this work has been discussed at the nonmetal talk page, onwards from the section "Outstanding items from FAC7 nomination".
Aspects of the article worked on have included prose, the definition, history, tables and images.
On a no obligation basis could you please now let me know if you have any concerns about the article before I list it at FAC?
DS @ PT
Re:
From a chemistry perspective, it is the trivalent cations that are important. Here, the configurations are:
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
More specifically, the filling of the 4f sub-orbital is the raison d’etre of the Ln metals (Ce to Lu). While 4f electrons rarely participate in bonding interactions they contribute to the Ln contraction starting in Ce and culminating in Lu, and the uniform and characteristic +3 oxidation state among the metals concerned (Mingos 1998, p. 375; Cotton 2006, p. 12).
Re:
Well, no. In terms of chemical separation behaviour, that Sc, Y and Lu occurred in the so-called "Y" group, and that La occurred in the “Ce” group did not imply anything particularly significant; it is simply a reflection of the increasing basicity of these elements as atomic radius increases. Taking the alkaline earth metals as another example, Mg (less basic) belongs in the “soluble group” and Ca, Sr and Ba (more basic) occur in the “ammonium carbonate group”. Moving Lu under Y because they occur in the same chemical separation group fails to consider separation group patterns elsewhere in the periodic table.
Further, the separation group behaviour of Y can be ambiguous, and Sc, Y, and La appear to show complexation behaviour different to that of Lu. As observed by Vickery (1960, p. 37):
* "In separating Y from the heavy Ln, advantage is always taken of the phenomenon by which Y sometimes assumes characteristics similar to those of the light Ln, and sometimes follows the heavy Ln in behaviour."
Over a decade later Vickery (1973, p. 344) observed that:
* "Polymerization of the Y ion has been shown now to account for its apparently nomadic behaviour in earlier classical separation techniques. Evidence is also available for the existence of La hydroxy-polymers in solution. There is, indeed, to be seen an interesting sequence through…Group III in this respect. Hydroxyl bridged polymerization has been shown for Al, Sc, Y, and La ions, but does not appear to exist with the series Ce3+ → Lu3+. On the other hand, Ga, In and Tl do appear to complex in this fashion. On a thermodynamic basis, ionic hydration—or hydroxo complex formation—may depend upon free energy rather than enthalpy and plots of such free energy link the pre-lanthanon triad more closely to Al, on the one hand, and Ge, etc., on the other, than to the Ln group of elements.
The chemists who kept La under Y were on the mark, chemically speaking.
Re:
In fact Y is unique among the rare earth elements in that, depending on the circumstances, it can behave like a light Ln e.g. Pr, Nd, Sm, or a heavy Ln e.g. Dy, Tm, Lu (Marsh 1947, p. 1084; Jowsey et al. 1958, p. 64; Bünzli and McGill 2011, pp. 19, 26; Gupta and Krishnamurthy 2005, p. 165). In terms of the stoichiometry of binary compounds, Y is reported to be more like La than Lu (Restrepo (2018, pp. 94–95). In a similar vein, La has a sufficiently distinct nature compared to the Ce to Lu series (Liu et al. 2019).
Re:
In fact, no less than Scerri argued for the use of gas phase configurations on the basis of the dominant differentiating electron in each periodic table block:
* “…for the purpose of selecting an optimal periodic table we prefer to consider block membership as a global property in which we focus on the predominant differentiating electron.” (Scerri and Parsons 2018, p. 151).
It is a simple enough exercise to show that with La under Y there are a total of 12 differentiating electron discrepancies whereas with Lu under Y there are 13.
Re:
For Lu, Ratto, Coqblin and d'Agliano (1969, pp. 498, 509) suggested that its lack of superconductivity might be attributable to a small 4f character.
A few other authors referred to some of the properties of Lu being influenced by the presence of its filled 4f shell: Langley 1981; Tibbetts and Harmon 1982; Clavaguéra, Dognon and Pyykkö 2006; Xu et al. 2013; Ji et al. 2015. The most surprising of these is likely to have been Clavaguéra and colleagues, who reported a pronounced 4f hybridisation in LuF3 on the basis of three different relativistic calculations. Their findings were questioned by Roos et al. (2008) and Ramakrishnan, Matveev and Rösch (2009). More recently Ji et al. (2015) found errors in bond lengths and energies if the presence of a full 4f shell was not taken into account.
An analogous situation certainly occurs at the end of the d-block, in group 12. Zinc and cadmium have HCP crystal structures with c/a ratios of 1.856 and 1.886, much higher than the ideal value (of 1.633). These deviations have been attributed to covalent bonding contributions arising from hybridisation of the filled d band with the conduction band (Steurer & Dshemuchadse 2016, p. 207). Condensed mercury has a distorted structure, and mixed metallic-covalent bonding (Steurer & Dshemuchadse 2016, p. 207; Russell & Lee 2005, p. 354).
In terms of condensed phase configurations, La represents the first occurrence of a 5d electron and Lu the thirteenth. There is no prima facie case for skipping La in favour of Lu.
In a lanthanum table, the number of f-electrons, for the elements in their condensed states, is congruent with the place of each f-block element in 12 of 14 cases; in a Lu table the situation is reversed, with congruency seen in only 2 of 14 places.
Another way of putting it, is that in terms of condensed phase configurations, and in an La table, the 4f row starts regularly wheres the 5f row starts with one irregulary. OTOH, in an Lu table the 4f row starts with six irregularities and the 5f row starts with ten irregularities,
Re:
The counterargument is that 4f electrons rarely participate in bonding interactions and that the more important consideration is the 4f-induced Ln contraction starting in Ce3+ and peaking in Lu3+. Further, "...its 4f character, if there is one, is in any case very small (B. Coqblin 1977, The Electronic Structure of Rare-earth Metals and Alloys, Academic Press, p. v).
Re:
In fact, L&L did not put the writing on the wall, given they placed La above Lu. See, specifically, L&L's depiction of the "Platinum group", as they labelled it.
Re:
In fact, it was Scerri who wrote that: "Chemically similar groups should be close together, either as vertical groups or horizontal triads, with links between related elements clearly visible." (Scerri 2004, p. 138) Now, it is well known that group 3 are more like groups 1 and 2 than group 4. It then follows that in the 32-column table, group 3 should be adjacent to group 2 rather than group 4. This can only be achieved with group 3 as Sc-Y-La.
Re:
It was not fundamentally about valence. Instead it was about the periodic law, expressed by Mendeleev as:
* "The measurable chemical and physical properties of the elements and their compounds are…[an approximate] periodic function of the atomic weight [now Z] of the elements."
Valence was used by Mendeleev as an initial sorting rubric. Werner's long form appeared before the structure of the atom was known, before the importance of atomic number was recognised and before quantum mechanics had been developed.
As far as the periodic law is concerned, the smoothness of physicochemical trendlines going down (B-Al-)Sc-Y-La is better than that going down (B-Al-)Sc-Y-Lu.
Re:
Chistyakov's (1968) article is too short (2 pp.) and too selective to draw any conclusions from. Further, as with Jensen, Chistyakov only looked at one-half of the situation. Both authors failed to mention the fact that the trends going down Sc-Y-La were more like those going down -Ca-Sr-Ba and -K-Rb-Cs.
Re:
Your point was that, "Lu cannot use f-orbitals whereas La can, making Lu obviously more like a transition metal." Here in, the same way that Ba is not more like a transition metal in its chemistry, neither is Lu more like a transition metal. --- Sandbh (talk) 02:11, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
* Bünzli J & McGill I, Rare-earth elements. In: Elvers, B. (ed.) Ullmann’s Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edn, Wiley-VCH, Wiesbaden (2011)
* Clavaguéra C, Dognon J-P & Pyykkö P, Calculated lanthanide contractions for molecular trihalides and fully hydrated ions: The contributions from relativity and 4f-shell hybridization, Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 429, nos. 1–3, pp. 8–12 (2006)
* Cotton S, Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry, Wiley, Chichester (2006)
* Gupta CK & Krishnamurthy N, Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005)
* Ji et al. 2015, Ionic bonding of lanthanides, as influenced by d- and f-atomic orbitals, by core-shells and by relativity, Journal of Computational Chemistry, 36(7), 449–458.
* Jowsey J, Rowland RE & Marshall JH, The comparative deposition of yttrium, cerium, and thallium in bone tissue of dogs. In: Argonne National Laboratory, Radiological Physics Division Semiannual Report, July to December 1957, Illinois, 63–75 (1958)
* Langley RH, Structure and phase transitions of the lanthanide metals, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 300–306 (1981)
* Liu R, Mao G & Zhang N, Research of chemical elements and chemical bonds from the view of complex network, Found. Chem., 21, 193–206 (2019)
* Marsh JK, The relation of yttrium to the lanthanons: A study of molecular volumes. J. Chem. Soc., 1084–1086 (1947)
* Mingos DMP, Essential Trends in Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998)
* Ramakrishnan R, Matveev AV & Rösch N, The DFT + U method in the linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals framework: Role of 4f orbitals in the bonding of LuF3, Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 468, nos. 1–3, pp. 158–161 (2009)
* Ratto CF, Coqblin B & d'Agliano EG 1969, Superconductivity of lanthanum and cerium at high pressures, Advances in Physics, vol. 18, pp. 489–513
* Restrepo G, The periodic system: A mathematical approach, In: Scerri & Restrepo (2018)
* Roos et al. New relativistic atomic natural orbital basis sets for lanthanide atoms with applications to the Ce diatom and LuF3, Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 112, no. 45, pp. 11431–11435 (2008)
* Russell AM & Lee KL, Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals, Wiley-Interscience, New York (2005)
* Scerri E & Restrepo G (eds.): Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table, Oxford University Press, New York (2018)
* Scerri, E.R., Parsons, W.: What elements belong in Group 3 of the periodic table? In: Scerri, E., Restrepo, G. (eds.) Mendeleev to Oganesson: A multidisciplinary perspective on the periodic table, pp. 140–151. Oxford University Press, New York (2018)
* Steurer W & Dshemuchadse J, Intermetallics: Structures, properties, and statistics, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2016)
* Tibbetts TA & Harmon BN, "The electronic structure of Lu", Solid State Communications, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1409–1412 (1982)
* Vickery RC, The Chemistry of Yttrium and Scandium, Pergamon Press, New York (1960)
* Vickery RC, Scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum, In: Bailar Jr et al. (eds.), Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 3, pp. 329–354, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1973)
DS
Thank you Double sharp. That was a good read.
1. Re, "there really isn't any good physical or chemical case for La under Y", good physical and chemical arguments in support of La in group 3 are set out in (19 citations) and in Vernon R 2023, The location and composition of Group 3: A follow-on examination, ChemRxiv (235 views, 249 downloads).
2. Regarding the actinides, and any possible intention of matching the chemistry of the lanthanoids, Scerri (2021, p. 132) noted that the level at which a science operates is a question for its practitioners and the deepest most fundamental bases are not necessarily the best for all purposes. That is to say, it does not matter that the actinides have a more complex chemstry than the lanthanides. In any event, the An (and Ln) are united by all of them being known in the +3 oxidation state.
3. No, the situation for group 3 is not different from the situation with H and He. It all comes down to the perspective of interest.
Density of fcc metallic At (conjectures)
1. Iodine at 53 GPa adopts a metalic FCC structure, with a volume (Å/atom) of 19.91 (, p. 3727). Such a stucture has a packing efficiency of 74%.
The volume of one mole of such iodine atoms is 19.91 x 10–24 x 6.022 x 1023 = 11.99 cc.
Since the atomic weight of iodine is 126.9 this suggests a density of 0.74 x 126.9/11.99 = 7.83 gm/cc, compared to 4.93 gm/cc for ordinary iodine. Thus, the density from orthorhombic to fcc iodine increases 1.58 times.
If this occurs for fcc astatine, it suggests a density of 6.2–6.5 x 1.58 = 10.03±0.24 gm/cc. The figure of 6.2–6.5 is from, pp. 1182. 1185.
2. Another way to look at this is the metallization collapse that occurs when R/V = 1. Here, R = molar refractivity and V = molar volume. Pauling pointed out that the cube root of molar refractivity is tantamount to an approximate measure of the radius of the outermost valence electrons in the atom. The orbital radius of At is 114.6 pm. Cubed, this yields an R value value of 15.05 cc which is ≈ to V. The density is then the atomic weight of At = 210 divided by the molar volume of 11.137 cc = 13.96 x 0.74 packing efficiency = 10.33 gm/cc.
3. "From the known atomic or molecular dipole polarizabilities, we can estimate the atomic densities required to form metallic solids as a consequence of an emerging polarization catastrophe. As these polarizabilities increase monotonically proceeding down the halogen group, the estimated compressions necessary for metallization decrease monotonically" (, p. 2). The polarizability for I is 32.9± atomic units and that for At is 42.2±4. On this basis the density of At is 42.2/32.9 x 7.83 (fcc I density) = 10.04 gm/cc.
Nonmetal history of discovery
Most nonmetallic elements were discovered after the freezing of mercury in 1759 by the German-Russian physicist Josef Adam Braun and the Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov. Before then, carbon, sulfur and antimony were known in antiquity. Arsenic and phosphorus were discovered in the middle ages and in the Renaissance, respectively. In the ensuing century and a half, from 1766 to 1895, all the remaining nonmetallic elements, bar radon had been isolated. The latter three were discovered in 1898.
Antiquity
Carbon (C) and sulfur (S) were known in antiquity.
The earliest known use of charcoal dates to around 3750 BCE. The Egyptians and Sumerians employed it for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze. Diamonds were probably known from as early as 2500 BCE. The first true chemical analyses were made in the 18th century; Antoine Lavoisier recognized carbon as an element in 1789.
Sulfur usage dates from before 2500 BCE; it was also recognized as an element by Lavoisier, in 1777.
17th century
Phosphorus (P) was prepared from urine, by Hennig Brand, in 1669.
18th century
Henry Cavendish, in 1766, was the first to distinguish hydrogen (H) from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle (1670), and Joseph Priestley (?) had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen (O) by heating mercuric oxide (HgO) and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Priestley also prepared this new "air" by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777.
Ernest Rutherford discovered nitrogen (N) while he was studying at the University of Edinburgh. He showed that the air in which animals breathed, after removal of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2), was no longer able to burn a candle. Scheele, Cavendish, and Priestley also studied this element at about the same time; Lavoisier named it in 1775 or 1776.
In 1774, Scheele obtained chlorine (Cl) from hydrochloric acid (HCl) but thought it was an oxide. Only in 1808 did Humphry Davy recognize it as an element.
Early 19th century
Iodine (I) was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois from the ashes of seaweed.
In 1817, when Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn were working with lead (Pb) they discovered a substance that was similar to tellurium (Te). After more investigation Berzelius concluded that it was a new element, related to sulfur and tellurium. Because tellurium had been named for the Earth, Berzelius named the new element "selenium" (Se), after the moon.
Antoine Jérôme Balard and Leopold Gmelin both discovered bromine (Br) in the autumn of 1825 and published their results in the following year.
Late 19th century
In 1868, Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer independently observed a yellow line in the solar spectrum that did not match that of any other element. In 1895, in each case at around the same time, William Ramsay, Per Teodor Cleve, and Abraham Langlet independently observed helium (He) trapped in cleveite.
André-Marie Ampère predicted an element analogous to chlorine obtainable from hydrofluoric acid (HF), and between 1812 and 1886 many researchers tried to obtain it. Fluorine (F) was eventually isolated in 1886 by Henri Moissan.
Lord Rayleigh and Ramsay discovered argon (Ar) in 1894 by comparing the molecular weights of nitrogen prepared by liquefaction from air, and nitrogen prepared by chemical means. It was the first noble gas to be isolated. Lord Rayleigh would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies".
In 1898, within a period of three weeks, Ramsay and Travers successively separated krypton (Kr), neon (Ne) and xenon (Xe) from liquid argon by exploiting differences in their boiling points.
20th century
In 1899, Rutherford and Robert B. Owens discovered a radioactive gas resulting from the radioactive decay of thorium (Th); Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw-Gray subsequently isolated radon (Rn) in 1910.
History metalloids
Newth says that the following elements encompass metalloid and nonmetals: As, B, Br, C, Cl, F, H, I, N, O, P, Se, Si, S, Te.
Friend
The difficulty of drawing a dividing line between metals and non-metals is clearly shown by the existence of an alternative method of classifying the elements, which divides them into three groups, namely, non-metals, metalloids, and metals. A metalloid is an element which, although it resembles a metal in most characteristics, yet lacks some one or more of the features which typical metals generally present. Usually, the metalloids possess the form or appearance of metals, but are more closely allied to the non-metals in their chemical behaviour. The following elements are included in the metalloids : a hydrogen, tellurium, germanium, tin, titanium, zirconium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, columbium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium.
* Berzelius, in 1818, thought Se was a metal due to its lustre. He further ascertained that it was acidifiable. I guess Dumas (1828) was still going by Berzelius's classification, and that by 1844, Dupasquier (among others) had worked it out.
* Germanium has a record of being regarded as a poorly conducting metal, with its conductivity arising from impurities. AFAIK its status as a nonmetallic element was not sorted out until the 1930's(?) when the physics of semiconductors emerged. Curiously there is this:
* "Germanium, Ge, a new nonmetallic[sic] element…" (Winkler 1886)
* --- Winkler C (1886), Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, vol. 19, pp. 210–211
* Arsenic and antimony have a long history of causing difficulties for classification science. The oldest quote I have for As is:
* "Arsenic is in the main, however, an acid-forming element and plays the part of a non-metal in its compounds."
* --- Schrader FC, Stone RW & Sanford S 1917, Useful minerals of the United States, Bulletin 624, United States Geological Survey, Washington
* The oldest quote I have for Sb is:
* "Antimony…is of more metallic appearance than arsenic, but, although it has some of the properties of the metals (lustre, electrical and thermal conductivity), in its chemical behaviour it is closely connected with arsenic and phosphorus…Bismuth…has no non-metallic characters [sic] and may be considered as a metal, as it forms no gaseous hydrogen derivative and its oxide has basic characteristics." (Molinari 1920, pp. 426, 792)
* --- Molinari E 1920, Treatise on general and industrial inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., J & A Churchill, London.
* I suspect Te may have ended up with an "-ium" suffix due to it appearing to Müller (1783) to form a metallic alloy with gold, as AuTe2, bearing in mind the limited understanding of time as to the distinction between metals an nonmetals.
* * *
* In 1864, calling nonmetals "metalloids" was still sanctioned "by the best authorities" even though this did not always seem appropriate. The greater propriety of applying the word metalloid to other elements, such as arsenic, had been considered.
* --- The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science 1864, Notices of books: Manual of the metalloids, Jan 9, p. 22
* As late as 1888, classifying the elements into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, rather than metals and metalloids, was still regarded as peculiar and potentially confusing.
* --- The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science 1888, Books received: The students' hand book of chemistry, Jan 6, p. 11
* In 1894 (Newth) and 1914 (Friend) noted the metalloids have a predominately nonmetallic chemistry.
* --- Newth GS 1894, A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry, Longmans, Green, and Co, London, pp. 7−8
* --- Friend JN 1914, A Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 1. Charles Griffin and Company, London, p. 9: “Usually, the metalloids possess the form or appearance of metals, but are more closely allied to the non-metals in their chemical behaviour.”
* Use of the word "metalloid" (for in-betweens) didn't take off until post-1947 when Pauling wrote in his classic and influential textbook, General chemistry: An introduction to descriptive chemistry and modern chemical theory. He described them as "elements with intermediate properties ... occupy[ing] a diagonal region [on the periodic table], which includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium."
Metalloid reactivity
the highly to moderately reactive halogen nonmetals—fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine;
a set of unclassified nonmetals, of high to low reactivity, encompassing elements like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, for which there is no widely recognized collective name; and
the metalloid elements, none being particularly reactive, and which are considered either as nonmetals or as a third category distinct from metals and nonmetals.
"Crystalline boron is relatively inert" ; silicon "is generally highly unreactive"; "germanium is a relatively inert semimetal"; "pure arsenic is also relatively inert"; "metallic antimony is ... inert at room temperature"; "compared to S and Se, Te has relatively low chemical reactivity."
* Reid R 2018, Inorganic Chemistry, Ed-Tech Press, Waltham Abbey Essex, ISBN 978-1-83947-198-8
* Graves Jr JL 2022, A Voice in the Wilderness: A Pioneering Biologist Explains How Evolution Can Help Us Solve Our Biggest Problems, Basic Books, New York, ISBN 978-1-6686-1610-9,
* Hill G 1997, GCSE science, 2nd ed., Letts Educational, London, ISBN 978-1-85758-592-6
* Rosenberg E 2013, Germanium-containing compounds, current knowledge and applications, in Kretsinger RH, Uversky VN & Permyakov EA (eds), Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins, Springer, New York,
* Obodovskiy I 2015, Fundamentals of Radiation and Chemical Safety, Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 978-0-12-802026-5
* Orisakwe OE 2012, Other heavy metals: antimony, cadmium, chromium and mercury, in Pacheco-Torgal F, Jalali S & Fucic A (eds), Toxicity of Building Materials, Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, pp. 297-333,
* Yin et al. 2018, Hydrogen-assisted post-growth substitution of tellurium into molybdenum disulfide monolayers with tunable compositions, Nanotechnology, vol. 29, no 14, item 145603 (9pp),
Comparable metals
In a periodic table context, metals display a similar range of reactivity. Highly to fairly reactive metals, such as sodium and uranium, are found in the s- and f-blocks on the left side of the table (and below its main body). In the middle are d-block metals, such as scandium, iron and nickel, of high to low reactivity. To the right are p-block metals such as tin and lead, none being particularly reactive. The least reactive ("noble") metals, such as platinum and gold, are clustered in an island within the d-block.
Complements
Well, there is a long history in the literature of similarly described types of metals and nonmetals, ranging from highly reactive metals to less reactive metals, even noble metals, and then transitioning through metalloids, moderately active nonmetals, highly reactive nonmetals and culminating in the noble gases.
* 1. "What, in general, is the difference between active metals, less active metals, less active non-metals, active non-metals, and inert gases…?"
* --- Friedenberg EZ 1946, A Technique for developing courses in physical science adapted to the needs of students at the junior college level, University of Chicago, Chicago
* 2. "Between Groups I and VII there are gradations from active metals (Col. I) to less active metals to moderately active nonmetals to volatile nonmetals (halogens Col. VII)." (Perlman 1970, p. 439)
* --- Perlman JS 1970, The atom and the universe, Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, California
* 3. "As one examines the elements…a progression is observed from slightly nonmetallic to strongly nonmetallic and very active." (Stafford et al. 1977, p. 225)
* --- Stafford DG, Renner JW & Rusch JJ 1977, The physical sciences: inquiry and investigation, Glencoe Press, Beverly Hills
* 4. "There are groups of elements that have similar properties, including highly reactive metals, less-reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals (such as chlorine, fluorine, and oxygen), and some almost completely nonreactive gases (such as helium and neon)."
* --- American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1993, Benchmarks for Science Literacy, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 78
* 5. "Between the "virulent and violent" metals on the left of the periodic table, and the "calm and contented" metals to the right are the transition metals, which form "a transitional bridge between the two" extremes. (Atkins 2001, pp. 24–25)
* --- Atkins PA 2001, The periodic kingdom: A journey into the land of the chemical elements, Phoenix, London
* 6. "Describe how groups of elements can be classified including highly reactive metals, less reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, less reactive nonmetals, and some almost completely nonreactive gases."
* --- Padilla MJ, Cyr M & Miaoulis I 2005, Science explorer (Indiana Grade 6), teachers's edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, p. 27
* 7. "Grade 7: While engaged in tasks that address the structure and properties of matter, the student demonstrates an understanding of important information, such as distinctions between various ways elements can be grouped (highly reactive metals, less reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, almost completely nonreactive gases) (e.g., explaining the differences between two ways that elements can be grouped—for example, describing how highly reactive metals differ from less reactive metals)."
* --- Marzano RJ & Haystead MW 2008, Making Standards Useful in the Classroom, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA, p. 211
* 8. "The elements change from ... metalloids, to moderately active nonmetals, to very active nonmetals, and to a noble gas."
* --- Welcher SH 2009, High marks: Regents Chemistry Made Easy, 2nd ed., High Marks Made Easy, New York,
* 9. "Elements to the left of the zigzag line are all, at least marginally, metallic. Elements to the right of the same line are all at least marginally nonmetallic." (Dougherty & Kimel 2012, p. 48)
* --- Dougherty R & Kimel JD 2012, Superconductivity revisited, CRC Press, Boca Raton
* 10. "... with "no-doubt" metals on the far left of the table, and no-doubt non-metals on the far right... the gap between the two extremes is bridged first by the poor metals, and then by the metalloids—which, perhaps by the same token, might collectively be renamed the "poor non-metals".
* --- Dingle A 2017, The Elements: An Encyclopedic Tour of the Periodic Table, Quad Books, Brighton, p. 101
* 11. "Those [elements] classified as metallic range from the highly reactive sodium and barium to the noble metals, such as gold and platinum. The nonmetals…encompass…the aggressive, highly-oxidizing fluorine and the unreactive gases such as helium."
* --- Overton et al. 2018, Inorganic Chemistry, 7th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, preface
A similar pattern occurs along the periods:
* 12. "Across each period is a more or less steady transition from an active metal through less active metals and weakly active non metals to highly active nonmetals and finally to an inert gas."
* --- Beiser A 1968, Perspectives of modern physics, McGraw-Hill, New York
* 13. "A period represents a stepwise change from elements strongly metallic to weakly metallic to weakly nonmetallic to strongly nonmetallic, and then, at the end, to an abrupt cessation of almost all chemical properties." (Booth & Bloom 1972, p. 426)
* --- Booth VH & Bloom ML 1972, Physical science: a study of matter and energy, Macmillan, New York
Types
A broadly comparable range of types occurs among the metals, from highly reactive to less reactive (even noble). On the left side of the periodic table, and below its main body, are highly to fairly reactive s- and f-block metals such as sodium, calcium and uranium. Towards the middle of the periodic table are transition metals, such as scandium, iron and nickel, of high to low reactivity. To the right of the transition metals, from group 13 onwards, are p-block metals such as tin and lead, none of which are particularly reactive. A subset of the transition metals (including platinum and gold) are referred to as noble metals on account of their reluctance to engage in chemical activity.
Pairs
For comparative purposes, the metals range from highly reactive to less reactive (even noble). On the left side of the periodic table are very active metals, such as sodium and calcium. Towards the middle of the periodic table are transition metals, such as iron and chromium, which (mostly) have moderate to low reactivity. To the right of the transition metals are the post-transition metals, such as tin and lead, none of which are particularly reactive. A subset of the transition metals, including platinum and gold, are referred to as noble metals on account of their reluctance to engage in chemical activity.
A broadly comparable range of types occurs among the metals, from highly reactive to less reactive (even noble). On the left side of the periodic table, and below its main body, are highly to fairly reactive metals, such as sodium, calcium, and uranium. Towards the middle of the periodic table are transition metals, such as scandium, iron and nickel, of high to low reactivity. To the right of the transition metals, (from group 13 onwards) are metals such as tin and lead, none of which are particularly reactive. A subset of the transition metals including platinum and gold, are referred to as noble metals on account of their reluctance to engage in chemical activity.
More pairs
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NG/NM comparisons
YBG (talk) 06:24, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
* I think my recent addition to the 1st paragraph on the section includes all that is needed about noble gases.
* Do the sources for the 1st sentence in the comparison all say this comparison is “commonly drawn”? Or is “commonly” justified by the fact that three sources are listed?
* The other two sentences of the comparison paragraph essentially compare a specific NG (Xe) and a specific NM (Os) - hardly significant enough to include in a general article about nonmetals. What’s left is just a statement that both categories are unreactive and that is adequately covered in the first paragraph. So I think this paragraph should be removed.
* The comparison - with or without its paragraph - hardly deserves to be elevated in importance by using a paired illustration. Better to show just an example of a NG.
* I do agree that the Xe-Os comparison could be removed. It is not really about the pairing, but is merely a case of a secondary relationship. Both elements have eight valence electrons over an inert core. In that sense it is like Cl-Mn (replace eight with seven), which does not fit the set of pairings too well. Double sharp (talk) 09:51, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
* @Double sharp would you favor removing the first sentence also and not just the Xe-Os comparison? If so, do you think that the mention of gold and platinum should be added to the first paragraph if the section? YBG (talk) 15:30, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
* Well, I just had the chance to look at Holleman & Wiberg. They compare noble gases to noble metals in the sense that one is group VIIIA, and the other is group VIIIB. It's part of a general comparison of main-group vs transition elements. So okay, there is a similarity, but for them it is not part of the full category-by-category set. Given that, I think I'd rather restrict it to what you suggested, indeed. Double sharp (talk) 16:02, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
In my opinion, incidentally, the mention of Xe intermetallics is misplaced here. It is not really about the noble gases, but rather it is about how metallicity, or lack thereof, inherently depends on pressure. So it should rather be part of a general discussion of what happens at high pressure, like we have that deep down. Yes, all elements eventually become metals, but there is sometimes weirdness along the way (Na first de-metallises before re-metallising). Double sharp (talk) 16:09, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
* Recent 1st para. additions. With respect YBG, the recent additions to the first paragraphs of noble gases and halogen nonmetals have thrown out the structure of the sub-section. Comparative comments about each of the four types of nonmetal are made in the penultimate paragraph of each sub-section. For now, I've therefore reverted these edits.
* Recent 1st para. additions. With respect YBG, the recent additions to the first paragraphs of noble gases and halogen nonmetals have thrown out the structure of the sub-section. Comparative comments about each of the four types of nonmetal are made in the penultimate paragraph of each sub-section. For now, I've therefore reverted these edits.
* Commonly drawn comparison? It's been drawn from as early as 1924, and continues to be drawn. While I haven't kept track of all the sources that I stumbled upon saying so, here are some of them:
* The inclusion of the "noble gases" and the "noble metals" in the same periodic group 8, is therefore necessitated in the classification of the elements according to chemical properties and according to atomic structure. Mendeleef’s division of the “long periods” into even and odd series of over fifty years ago is today abundantly justified, and, though he later failed to appreciate the close relation between the “noble metals” and the “noble gases”…
* — Main Smith JD 1924, Chemistry & Atomic Structure, Ernnest Benn Ltd., London, p. 78
* Gold is not acted upon by air or oxygen at any temperature, hence the alchemists called gold a noble metal in contrast with base metals—like copper, lead, tin, etc. — which are oxidized and lose their metallic character when heated in air. Silver and platinum are noble metals for the same reason as gold. The inert gases argon and its congeners have been called noble gases because they are chemically inactive.
* — Mellor JW 1927, Modern Inorganic Chemistry, Longmans, Green and Co., London, p. 460
* The eighth vertical series is, however, remarkable in one aspect, in that its two natural families are the inert gases and the nine metals of the iron-platinum family. At first sight no two families of elements could appear more dissimilar, and yet popular phraseology has seized on one point of resemblance. For the former family is often spoken of as the "noble gases" ("Edelgasen"), whereas the platinum sub-family is generally referred to as the "noble metals," with the inclusion of gold from the currency group. In the opinion of hardworking chemists, the badge of nobility seems to be idleness and detachment from ordinary mundane matters. To this ideal the inert gases - the key elements thoroughly conform in all readily realisable circumstances. They are the "rois fainéants" of the chemical elements.
* Under ordinary atmospheric conditions the noble metals display considerable chemical activity, although it is significant that this power of combination is manifested mainly in their co-ordination compounds, whence it may be deduced that a considerable part of the chemical affinity is supplied by electrons derived entirely from the associating addenda, which thus conduce to the stability of the resulting compounds.
* At temperatures round about the melting point of lead most of the chemical energy of the platinum metals has already disappeared, and nearly all their compounds would have undergone thermal decomposition. If we could habitually live under such conditions we should experience very little reluctance in linking together in one group of inert elements the noble gases and the noble metals.
* Moreover, some four members of the eighth metallic series give rise to volatile carbonyls in which the metallic atom appears not actively to contribute electrons, but to receive them passively from the various proportions of carbon monoxide, which go to form these remarkable metallic carbonyls (see pages 351).
* Again it will be noted in the chapter on intermetallic compounds (page 336) that the Hume-Rothery rule giving simple ratios between the total number of valency electrons and total number of atoms in the molecule is valid for the alloys of iron, cobalt, nickel and palladium only if these metals contribute no electrons, or, in other words, have zero valency. Accordingly these passive attributes of the eighth family of metals afford some justification for their inclusion in the same periodic series as the inert gases.
* — Morgan GT & Burtsall FH 1936, Inorganic Chemistry: A Survey of Modern Developments, W Heffer & Sons, Cambridge, p.256–257
* The alchemists called gold, platinum and other metals that are resistant to acids and to oxygen the "noble metals". Following this nomenclature, chemists call helium, neon and other inert gases the noble gases.
* — Gordon NE & Trout WE 1940, Introductory College Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 371
* With the exception of the 'noble gases', helium and its relatives, and the 'noble metals', gold and platinum, etc., we rarely find atoms existing as collections of single atoms.
* Swanson MA 1959, Scientific Epistemologic Backgrounds of General Semantics: Lectures on Electro-colloidal Structures, Institute of General Semantics, Lakeville, CT, p. 29
* ... Most chemists began to refer to the family as the noble gases' just as the rather unreactive and chemically aloof elements such as gold and platinum are referred to as the noble metals.
* — Wood JH, Keenan CW & Bull WE 1968, Fundamentals of College Chemisty, 2nd ed., Harper International, New York
* The gases are called the "noble" gases, in recognition of their low reactivity, which parallels that of the "noble" metals.
* — Eastman RH 1970, General Chemistry: Experiment and Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, p. 455
* Early chemists called gold, silver, and platinum, which were rather unreactive with other elements, the noble metals. So it seemed appropriate to call these, by analogy, the noble gases.
* — Fuller EC 1974, Chemistry and Man's Environment, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 194, ISBN 978-0-395-17086-1
* Use of the terms transition or transitional elements … were originally applied solely to the group VIII triads (i.e., Fe-Co-Ni in period 4, Ru-Rh-Pd in group 5, and Os-lr-Pt in period 6) … These elements were very similar in their ... chemical properties ... and frequently resisted attack by common reagents (hence the name noble metal for the heavier members). When the rare or noble gases were later discovered, it was suggested that they too were transition elements, as they also bridged the gap between successive cycles of increasing maximum oxidation states. Indeed, they were considered to be more perfect examples of transitional species as the contrast between the elements at the end and beginning of successive periods (e.g., CI(VII) and K(I)) was much sharper than that between elements at the beginning and end of successive series (e.g., Mn(VII) and Cu(I)), and the transition occurred in these cases in one step rather than three. Finally, the noble gases appeared to be chemically inert, and thus represented truly "noble" elements, in contrast to the known reactivity of the so-called noble metals. This view of the group VIII triads as imperfect "noble gases" was also used by later writers on the periodic table and the observation that they should really be extended to transitional tetrads by incorporating Cu, Ag, and Au was first pointed out by Jorgensen.
* — Jensen WB 1986, "Classification, symmetry, and the periodic table," Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 12B (1−2), pp. 487−510 (496),
* Emphasis has been placed on the chemistry of elements which are most resistant to oxidation, such as the noble metals and the noble gases."
* — Banks RE 2000, Fluorine Chemistry at the Millennium: Fascinated by Fluorine, Elvesier Science, Kidlington, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-08-043405-6, p. 60
* The name 'noble gases' has been chosen to replace 'inert gases'. It is reminiscent of the name 'noble metals' (for metals such as gold and platinum that do not react readily.
* — Clugston M & Flemming R 2000, Advanced Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-914633-8, p. 354
* In place of the noble gases, the transition metal grouping has the noble metals.
* — Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9
* Noble gases ... The name comes from the same root as noble metals.
* — Ede AG 2006, The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective, Greenwood Press, Westport CT, ISBN 978-0-313-33304-0, p. 163
* It is rare to find elements in nature in pure form ... There are some exceptions. however ... these metals are sometimes called the noble metals since they have a low reactivity. The noble gases are also not reactive and can be found in nature in uncombined form.
* — Hein M & Arena S 2011, Foundations of College Chemistry, 13th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, ISBN 978-0470-46061-0, p. 50
* Noble metals and noble gases do not easily enter chemical reactions with other elements.
* — Pulaczewska H 2011, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics: Examples and Case Studies, De Gruyter, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-484-30407-9, p. 262
* The 'noble' metals are unreactive -- echoing the inert noble gases of group 18 ... and resistant to corrosion.
* — Green D 2016, The Periodic Table in Minutes, Quercus, London, ISBN 978-1-78429-605-6, p. 130
* The start of noble gas chemistry in 1962 [occurred] with the help of a noble metal, platinum ... Interestingly, two nobles [noble metal and noble gas] make so strong [a] bond…that some of them reach the covalent limit. Gold is really a golden candidate to form a chemical bond with a noble gas atom due to relativistic contraction in radius and subsequent enhancement in electronegativity. Gold has the highest capability to form strong bond with noble gas atoms followed by copper and silver.
* — Pan et al. 2019, "Noble-noble strong union: Gold at its best to make a bond with a noble gas atom", ChemistryOpen, February, pp. 173–187,
* Noble gases ... do not readily react ... like the noble metals they resist undergoing chemical reactions, but they can react in the right circumstances.
* — Barton A 2021, States of Matter, States of Mind, CRC Press, Boca Raton, ISBN 978-0-429-33290-6, p. 182
* There are some other considerations.
* The start of noble gas chemistry in 1962 occurred with the help of a noble metal, platinum, albeit no Pt-Xe bond was involved.
* The field of noble gas-noble metal chemistry, which began in 1977, experienced a renaissance in 2000. While the focus of the linked article is to Cu, Ag and Au, there are mentions of other NM-NG compounds in the literature.
* Xe-Os comparison. I included this in order to add "color" and interest to the paragraph. Scerri mentions it in his The Periodic Table: Its Story and Significance (2020, p. 411) as follows, "As Geoffrey Rayner Canham, a leading advocate of teaching inorganic chemistry in a qualitative manner, has written, the similarities shown far exceed any expectations on electronic grounds."
* Paired illustrations. I've replaced all these with single images.
Taking into account the repeated comparisons made between noble gases and noble metals since 1924, and the ongoing interest in noble gas-noble metal chemistry I feel it is reasonable to
Group 17/1 comparisons
YBG (talk) 06:24, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
* I think my recent addition to the 1st paragraph includes all that is needed about alkali metals.
* In keeping with the name halogen and the content of the first paragraph, I think a good illustration would have a picture with sodium metal on the left, chlorine gas on the right and a pile of table salt (or a salt shaker) in the center, with Na, NaCl, and Cl in the caption or even better in the pic itself.
* The most salient parts of the comparison paragraph have been incorporated into the first paragraph. The only significant fact not in that paragraph is the common ability of group 1 and 17 to form -1 ions. I don’t think that is very significant in the context of a general article about nonmetals, and so I think that whole paragraph should be deleted.
* I can agree with this, since −1 anions are not too characteristic of alkali metals even though they are mostly possible (for Li it is not even known yet, IIRC). Probably Au with actual aurides is a better comparison to the halogens, though off the top of my head I can't remember if it's been done in RS. Double sharp (talk) 16:05, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
Thanks.
I've previously addressed the 1st para., and mentioned the removal of all the image pairs.
Regarding −1 alkalide anions, the context is:
* 1) Nonmetals cannot be understood without appreciating metals i.e. the name "nonmetal" includes the term "metal". Please further see the two tables of comparative properties at the end of the article, both of which include a metals column.
* 2) As noted, many nonmetallic elements have some metallic aspects; and many metallic elements (including e.g. Au) have some nonmetallic aspects. Hence the comparison with metals is relevant and fruitful.
* 3) The synthesis of a crystalline salt of the sodium anion Na– was reported in 1974. It represented the second major overturning of conventional wisdom (Dye at al. 2006, p. 206), the first being the preparation of a noble gas compound in 1962. Since then further compounds (“alkalides”) containing anions of the other alkali metals (bar Li and Fr) as well as that of Ba(!), have been prepared.
* 4) I feel that the existence of −1 alkalide anions is a noteworthy and interesting illustration of items 1 and 2.
* Dye et al. 2006, "Role of cation complexants in the synthesis of alkalides and electrides", Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, 205–231.
YBG (talk) 06:24, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
* The quote box would be a great quote IF the subject of this section were the comparison of groups 1&17 - or IF the subject were L-R PT trends. But it is neither. The subject of this section is halogen nonmetals as a type of nonmetal. Better to find another article for this quote.
* Furthermore, having 5 elipses and one bracketed addition in a relatively short quote seems problematic. Just how much was left out?
* Finally, when a section has a pic, a high bar must be reached to also have a quote box. That bar is far from met. Best to drop the quote box.
* Here's the background to mentioning metals in an article about nonmetals:
* Nonmetals are one of the two great divisions of the periodic table, the other being the metals.
* One cannot understand nonmetals without appreciating metals i.e. the name "nonmetal" includes the terms "metal".
* As noted, many nonmetallic elements are said to have some metallic aspects; and many metallic elements have some nonmetallic aspects. Hence the comparison with metals is relevant and fruitful.
* There is a long history of the idea of parallels among the elements between e.g. active metals, less active metals, less active nonmetals and active nonmetals.
* The most stable compounds of nonmetals are those with metals, a classic example being NaCl.
* As you say, the subject of the section is the halogens as a type of nonmetal.
* As noted, the comparison of halogen nonmetals with alkali metals is part of Chemistry 101 rather then being too much in the weeds.
* The paired picture happens to complement what the lede paragraph says:
* "Although the halogen nonmetals are notably reactive and corrosive elements, they can be combined with equally reactive alkali metals to form relatively stable and unreactive chemical salts such as everyday toothpaste (NaF); table salt (NaCl); swimming pool disinfectant (NaBr); or food supplements (eg KI). The term "halogen" itself means "salt former".[142]"
* It provides valuable context.
* I've restored most of the quote. Here's a before and after comparison:
--- Sandbh (talk) 12:05, 28 October 2023 (UTC)
Noble
* The inclusion of the "noble gases" and the "noble metals" in the same periodic group 8, is therefore necessitated in the classification of the elements according to chemical properties and according to atomic structure. Mendeleef’s division of the “long periods” into even and odd series of over fifty years ago is today abundantly justified, and, though he later failed to appreciate the close relation between the “noble metals” and the “noble gases”…
* — Main Smith JD 1924, Chemistry & Atomic Structure, Ernnest Benn Ltd., London, p. 78
* Gold is not acted upon by air or oxygen at any temperature, hence the alchemists called gold a noble metal in contrast with base metals—like copper, lead, tin, etc. — which are oxidized and lose their metallic character when heated in air. Silver and platinum are noble metals for the same reason as gold. The inert gases argon and its congeners have been called noble gases because they are chemically inactive.
* — Mellor JW 1927, Modern Inorganic Chemistry, Longmans, Green and Co., London, p. 460
* Each period comprises eight groups, commencing with I and ending with VIII, the simple periods and the first sub-periods of the long periods terminating with inert or noble gases whereas the second sub-periods of the long periods terminate with noble metals.
* — The Encyclopædia Britannica 1937, volume 17, p.520
* The gases are called the "noble" gases, in recognition of their low reactivity, which parallels that of the "noble" metals.
* — Eastman RH 1970, General Chemistry: Experiment and Theory, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, p. 455
* Early chemists called gold, silver, and platinum, which were rather unreactive with other elements, the noble metals. So it seemed appropriate to call these, by analogy, the noble gases.
* — Fuller EC 1974, Chemistry and Man's Environment, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 194, ISBN 978-0-395-17086-1
* Use of the terms transition or transitional elements … were originally applied solely to the group VIII triads (i.e., Fe-Co-Ni in period 4, Ru-Rh-Pd in group 5, and Os-lr-Pt in period 6) … These elements were very similar in their ... chemical properties ... and frequently resisted attack by common reagents (hence the name noble metal for the heavier members). When the rare or noble gases were later discovered, it was suggested that they too were transition elements, as they also bridged the gap between successive cycles of increasing maximum oxidation states. Indeed, they were considered to be more perfect examples of transitional species as the contrast between the elements at the end and beginning of successive periods (e.g., CI(VII) and K(I)) was much sharper than that between elements at the beginning and end of successive series (e.g., Mn(VII) and Cu(I)), and the transition occurred in these cases in one step rather than three. Finally, the noble gases appeared to be chemically inert, and thus represented truly "noble" elements, in contrast to the known reactivity of the so-called noble metals. This view of the group VIII triads as imperfect "noble gases" was also used by later writers on the periodic table and the observation that they should really be extended to transitional tetrads by incorporating Cu, Ag, and Au was first pointed out by Jorgensen.
* — Jensen WB 1986, "Classification, symmetry, and the periodic table," Computers & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 12B (1−2), pp. 487−510 (496),
* Emphasis has been placed on the chemistry of elements which are most resistant to oxidation, such as the noble metals and the noble gases."
* — Banks RE 2000, Fluorine Chemistry at the Millennium: Fascinated by Fluorine, Elvesier Science, Kidlington, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-08-043405-6, p. 60
* The name 'noble gases' has been chosen to replace 'inert gases'. It is reminiscent of the name 'noble metals' (for metals such as gold and platinum that do not react readily.
* — Clugston M & Flemming R 2000, Advanced Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-914633-8, p. 354
* In place of the noble gases, the transition metal grouping has the noble metals.
* — Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9
* Noble gases ... The name comes from the same root as noble metals.
* — Ede AG 2006, The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective, Greenwood Press, Westport CT, ISBN 978-0-313-33304-0, p. 163
* It is rare to find elements in nature in pure form ... There are some exceptions. however ... these metals are sometimes called the noble metals since they have a low reactivity. The noble gases are also not reactive and can be found in nature in uncombined form.
* — Hein M & Arena S 2011, Foundations of College Chemistry, 13th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, ISBN 978-0470-46061-0, p. 50
* Noble metals and noble gases do not easily enter chemical reactions with other elements.
* — Pulaczewska H 2011, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics: Examples and Case Studies, De Gruyter, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-484-30407-9, p. 262
* The 'noble' metals are unreactive -- echoing the inert noble gases of group 18 ... and resistant to corrosion.
* — Green D 2016, The Periodic Table in Minutes, Quercus, London, ISBN 978-1-78429-605-6, p. 130
* The start of noble gas chemistry in 1962 [occurred] with the help of a noble metal, platinum ... Interestingly, two nobles [noble metal and noble gas] make so strong [a] bond…that some of them reach the covalent limit. Gold is really a golden candidate to form a chemical bond with a noble gas atom due to relativistic contraction in radius and subsequent enhancement in electronegativity. Gold has the highest capability to form strong bond with noble gas atoms followed by copper and silver.
* — Pan et al. 2019, "Noble-noble strong union: Gold at its best to make a bond with a noble gas atom", ChemistryOpen, February, pp. 173–187,
* Noble gases ... do not readily react ... like the noble metals they resist undergoing chemical reactions, but they can react in the right circumstances.
* — Barton A 2021, States of Matter, States of Mind, CRC Press, Boca Raton, ISBN 978-0-429-33290-6, p. 182
Outliers
Some elements widely regarded as either metals or other types of nonmetals have instead been less commonly counted as metalloids. Among the metals, aluminium and polonium (for example) have occasionally been so recognized. Examples of other types of nonmetals occaisionally having been recognized as metalloids include carbon and selenium.
Aluminium has some properties that are unusual for a metal; taken together, these are sometimes used as a basis to classify it as a metalloid. Its crystalline structure shows some evidence of directional bonding. Aluminium bonds covalently in most compounds. The oxide Al2O3 is amphoteric and a conditional glass-former. Aluminium can form anionic aluminates, such behaviour being considered nonmetallic in character.
Polonium shows nonmetallic character in its halides, and by the existence of polonides. The halides have properties generally characteristic of nonmetal halides (being volatile, easily hydrolyzed, and soluble in organic solvents). Many metal polonides, obtained by heating the elements together at 500–1,000 °C, and containing the Po2− anion, are also known.
Graphite, the most stable form of carbon has a lustrous appearance and is a fairly good electrical conductor. Like a metal, the conductivity of graphite in the direction of its planes decreases as the temperature is raised; it has the electronic band structure of a semimetal. The allotropes of carbon, including graphite, can accept foreign atoms or compounds into their structures via substitution, intercalation, or doping. The resulting materials are referred to as "carbon alloys". Carbon can form ionic salts, including a hydrogen sulfate, perchlorate, and nitrate (C$+ 24$X−.2HX, where X = HSO4, ClO4; and C$+ 24$NO$– 3$.3HNO3). In organic chemistry, carbon can form complex cations – termed carbocations – in which the positive charge is on the carbon atom; examples are carbenium ion and carbonium ion, and their derivatives.
Its most stable form, the grey trigonal allotrope, is sometimes called "metallic" selenium because its electrical conductivity is several orders of magnitude greater than that of the red monoclinic form. The metallic character of selenium is further shown by its lustre, and its crystalline structure, which is thought to include weakly "metallic" interchain bonding. Selenium can be drawn into thin threads when molten and viscous. It shows reluctance to acquire "the high positive oxidation numbers characteristic of nonmetals". It can form cyclic polycations (such as Se$2+ 8$) when dissolved in oleums (an attribute it shares with sulfur and tellurium), and a hydrolysed cationic salt in the form of trihydroxoselenium(IV) perchlorate [Se(OH)3]+·ClO$– 4$.
YBG3
Thanks YBG.
Could you kindly clarify what you meant by "the system as a whole ...[being] too novel to be prominently displayed"? At no time has the article displayed the system as a whole. Instead the parallels have been mentioned on a type basis.
While this is an article about nonmetals, many nonmetallic elements are said to have some metallic aspects; and many metallic elements have some nonmetallic aspects. Hence the comparison with metals is relevant and fruitful.
I've removed all the paired images except for the alkali metal-halogen image since this is Chemistry 101.
Please note that the text for each of the four types of nonmetals includes a reference to geographic analogies, which I've listed hereunder for convenience:
* 1. "An analogy can be drawn between the noble gases and noble metals such as platinum and gold, as they share a similar reluctance to combine with other elements.[132] As a further analogy, xenon, in the +8 oxidation state, forms a pale yellow explosive oxide, XeO4, while osmium, another noble metal, forms a yellow, strongly oxidizing oxide,[133] OsO4. Additionally, there are parallels in the formulas of the oxyfluorides: XeO2F4 and OsO2F4, and XeO3F2 and OsO3F2.[134]"
* 2. "The highly nonmetallic halogens in group 17 find their counterparts in the highly reactive alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, in group 1.[149] Further, and much like the halogen nonmetals, most of the alkali metals are known to form –1 anions, a characteristic seldom observed among metals.[150]"
* 3. "In the periodic table, to the left of the weakly nonmetallic metalloids are an indeterminate set of weakly metallic metals including tin, lead and bismuth,[153] sometimes referred to as post-transition metals.[154] Dingle explains the situation this way:
* ... with "no-doubt" metals on the far left of the table, and no-doubt non-metals on the far right ... the gap between the two extremes is bridged first by the poor (post-transition) metals, and then by the metalloids—which, perhaps by the same token, might collectively be renamed the "poor non-metals".[155]"
* 4. "There is a geographic analogy between the unclassified nonmetals and transition metals. The unclassified nonmetals are positioned between the strongly nonmetallic halogens on the right and the weakly nonmetallic metalloids on the left. Similarly, the transition metals occupy a region between the "virulent and violent" metals on the left side of the periodic table, and the "calm and contented" metals on the right. They effectively serve as a "transitional bridge" connecting these two regions.[184]"
Could you please advise me if you have any concerns about any of these paragraphs? --- Sandbh (talk) 07:09, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
YBG2
"My biggest concern is related to the pairing of nonmetal classes with a “complementing” set of metals.
* The pairing of nonmetal classes and metal classes is a beautiful and symmetric, but I suspect it is a bit fringe to be so prominently displayed in this article. There are RS listed in the pictures that presumably show that a given author compared a specific nonmetal category with a specific metal category. But the sources are different for each one.
* Let me draw a comparison. In we see a list of planets and corresponding metals. The entire set of pairings is well attested in RS.
* But what if I only found one RS that compared the Sun to gold, a different RS that compared the moon to silver, and a third that compared Mercury to mercury, and a fourth that compared Venus to copper, a fifth, Mars to iron, a sixth, Jupiter to tin, and a sixth, Saturn to lead? In this case, I believe it would be violate WP:SYNTH to prominently display the whole set of pairings as though it were some sort of organizing principal.
The pairings of nonmetal categories with metal categories appears to be this same sort of synthesis, and so I say, no matter how beautiful and symmetrical this is, it does not belong in a WP article. I would be very interested to know what other reviewers think of this concern. YBG (talk) 06:22, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
* ping Graham Beards|Michael D. Turnbull|Jo-Jo Eumerus|Double sharp|Sandbh Please consider commenting on this. I will consider this concern resolved if either (1) the nominator removes the info about complementary sets of metals, or (2) no other reviewer voices a concern about this, or (3) one other reviewer gives what they (not me) consider is a good reason that this is not a concern. YBG (talk) 13:37, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
I agree with your concern. Not only is each comparison cited to a different source, but the last one (unclassified to transition) is straightforwardly SYNTH (see ref. 158; neither source quoted actually spells out the connexion). Double sharp (talk) 14:11, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
* ping Jo-Jo Eumerus|Double sharp|YBG: I've added a citation that mentions the four complementary sets. --- Sandbh (talk) 03:55, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
* WP:NOT says
* (emphasis added)
* Citing your own article suggests that someone as well read as you could find no other RS that organizes things this way, which seems to prove my point: this is a novel idea not yet ready for WP. I suggest that it is best to leave it out for now. In a few years, if this organizing scheme is as useful as it is beautiful, other authors will pick it up and it can be included with no objection. YBG (talk) 04:28, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
* Thank you YBG.
* There is nothing "novel" in this.
* The background to the complementing sets is that the pairing of metals and nonmetals, and alkali metals and halogens, forms a foundational technique in chemistry education:
* ... we focus mainly on the gross structure – the metals are here, the non-metals are there, and so on. Once they have grasped this, you can start to show that there's some order to it. We talk about the Group 1 alkali metals and start to see that they're all similar in some way. Then at the other extreme there are the ...halogens. The idea that the table shows us how to group similar elements starts to come together in this way.
* Niki Kaiser (2019)
* Notre Dame High School, Norwich, UK
* There is a long history in the literature of complementing sets, for example:
* "What, in general, is the difference between active metals, less active metals, less active non-metals, active non-metals, and inert gases…?
* --- Friedenberg EZ 1946, A Technique for Developing Courses in Physical Science Adapted to the Needs of Students at the Junior College Level, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 230"
* --- Friedenberg EZ 1946, A Technique for Developing Courses in Physical Science Adapted to the Needs of Students at the Junior College Level, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 230"
* For more recent references there are:
* "Describe how groups of elements can be classified including highly reactive metals, less reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, less reactive nonmetals, and some almost completely nonreactive gases.
* --- Padilla MJ, Cyr M & Miaoulis I 2005, Science explorer (Indiana Grade 6), teachers's edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, p. 27"
* "Those [elements] classified as metallic range from the highly reactive sodium and barium to the noble metals, such as gold and platinum. The nonmetals…encompass the…the aggressive, highly-oxidizing fluorine and the unreactive gases such as helium.
* --- Weller et al. 2018, Inorganic Chemistry, 7th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, preface"
* A similar pattern occurs along the periods:
* "Across each period is a more or less steady transition from an active metal through less active metals and weakly active non- metals to highly active nonmetals and finally to an inert gas.
* --- Beiser A 1968, Perspectives of modern physics, McGraw-Hill, New York"
* --- Beiser A 1968, Perspectives of modern physics, McGraw-Hill, New York"
* The pairing of the noble metals and gases is mentioned in no less a reputable source then Wiberg.
* The pairing of the post-transition metals and the metalloids occurs even in a popular science book by Adrian Dingle (2017) who has written extensively on PT matters:
* "[With] no-doubt metals on the far left of the table, and no-doubt non-metals on the far right ... the gap between the two extremes is bridged first by the poor [post-transition] metals, and then by the metalloids—which, perhaps by the same token, might collectively be renamed the "poor non-metals"."
* That just leaves the transition metals and the unclassified nonmetals, both of which are bridging in nature, as observed by Atkins, and Welcher.
* I won't fuss about this; if need be it'll be easy enough to revert the complementing sets.
* That said, could you please consider the following:
* The long history of the idea of parallels among the elements between e.g. active metals, less active metals, less active nonmetals and active nonmetals.
* The cited article was published in a reliable, peer reviewed journal.
* It's been cited seven times by other authors.
* Each complementing set has been cited in other reliable sources.
* An encyclopedia, as I understand the nature of WP, collects and presents what is understood to be factual information, as is the case here.
* --- Sandbh (talk) 13:08, 22 October 2023 (UTC)"
YBG
Thank you YBG.
There is nothing "novel" in this.
The background to the complementing sets is that the pairing of metals and nonmetals and alkali metals and halogens forms a foundational technique in chemistry education:
* ... we focus mainly on the gross structure – the metals are here, the non-metals are there, and so on. Once they have grasped this, you can start to show that there's some order to it. We talk about the Group 1 alkali metals and start to see that they're all similar in some way. Then at the other extreme there are the ...halogens. The idea that the table shows us how to group similar elements starts to come together in this way.
* Niki Kaiser (2019)
* Notre Dame High School, Norwich, UK
There is a long history in the literature of complementing sets, for example:
"What, in general, is the difference between active metals, less active metals, less active non-metals, active non-metals, and inert gases…?
* --- Friedenberg EZ 1946, A Technique for Developing Courses in Physical Science Adapted to the Needs of Students at the Junior College Level, University of Chicago, Chicago, p. 230"
For more recent references there are:
"Describe how groups of elements can be classified including highly reactive metals, less reactive metals, highly reactive nonmetals, less reactive nonmetals, and some almost completely nonreactive gases.
* --- Padilla MJ, Cyr M & Miaoulis I 2005, Science explorer (Indiana Grade 6), teachers's edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, p. 27"
"Those [elements] classified as metallic range from the highly reactive sodium and barium to the noble metals, such as gold and platinum. The nonmetals…encompass the…the aggressive, highly-oxidizing fluorine and the unreactive gases such as helium.
* --- Weller et al. 2018, Inorganic Chemistry, 7th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, preface"
The pairing of the noble metals and gases is mentioned in no less a reputable source then Wiberg.
The pairing of the post-transition metals and the metalloids occurs even in a popular science book by Adrian Dingle (2017) who has written extensively on such matters:
"[With] no-doubt metals on the far left of the table, and no-doubt non-metals on the far right ... the gap between the two extremes is bridged first by the poor [post-transition] metals, and then by the metalloids—which, perhaps by the same token, might collectively be renamed the "poor non-metals"."
That just leaves the transition metals and the unclassified nonmetals, both of which are bridging in nature, as observed by Atkins, and Welcher.
I won't fuss about this; it'll be easy enough to remove the complementing sets.
Before I do so, could you please consider the following:
* The long history of the idea of parallels among the elements between e.g. active metals, less active metals, less active nonmetals and active nonmetals.
* The cited article was published in a reliable, peer reviewed journal.
* It’s been cited seven times by other authors.
* Each complementing set has been cited in other reliable sources.
* An encyclopedia, as I understand the nature of WP, collects and presents what is understood to be factual information, as is the case here.
--- Sandbh (talk) 07:25, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
DS
Thanks Double sharp.
Some of your concerns are addressed in my 00:51, 20 October 2023 response to your philosophical concern/s.
The 7 g/cm3 figure wasn’t chosen by me. It so happened that the chart mapping the elements according to their density and EN happened to fall out that way. It was only after I drew the chart that I remembered the 7 figure.
I've changed the footnote to read: ""A survey of definitions of the term "heavy metal" reported density criteria ranging from above 3.5 g/cm3 to above 7 g/cm3.[276]""
I feel this is a neutral statement.
I’ve shied away from 3D-electrical conductivity for the following reasons:
* Single properties don't work as per Emsley, and over two centuries of attempts have shown.
* It requires a caveat in the case of As and Sb.
* Density has a long association with pre-chemistry and chemistry, at first as a way to distinguish metals from other substances. With the isolation in 1807 and 1808 of Na and K (both being lighter than water, which was an astonishing finding in its day) chemists had to further look to chemical behaviour to conclude that Na and K were indeed metals.
* Na and K highlighted that while density was an important property often associated with metals (and it still is in terms of the loose concept of heavy metals), it wasn’t the sole determinant of their behavior i.e. there were such things as lightweight metals that still behaved chemically as electropositive metals.
* Chemistry, rather than physics so much, is the broad focus of the article.
* Electronegativity as a way to characterise the elements dates back to the days of Berzelius, in the 1810s and 1820s, with his notions of electropositive and electronegative behaviour.
* Goldwhite & Spielman (1984, p. 130) related density and EN, when they wrote, "lighter elements tend to be more electronegative than heavier ones".
Summarizing, density and electronegativity have had a significant interrelated relationship and still do.
3D electrical conductivity is nevertheless included in the table of 22 suggested single properties for distinguishing metals from nonmetals (1811–2017).
Like Metalloid, and Planet, I've attempted to broadly describe nonmetallic elements. One of the important things is the nature of their physical and chemical properties, hence the mention of density and electronegativity.
Those two properties are just two of the up to fifty or so properties that RS use in attempts to characterise nonmetals.
In light of your concerns I've changed the opening sentence to:
"A nonmetal is a chemical element generally characterized by, among other properties, low density and high electronegativity (the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself)."
This seems to be (a) accurate, with wriggle room provided by the "generally"; (b) relatively inclusive; (c) balanced; and (d) congruent with the literature.
The article further mentions a plethora of properties, and I've attempted to go to considered and considerable lengths to mention the general and indicative-only nature of those properties, including density and EN.
I’ve expanded the start of the last paragraph in the Suggested distinguishing criteria subsection to read: "Several authors[278] have noted that, in general, and among other properties, nonmetals have low densities and high electronegativity, which is consistent with the data presented in the table."
The article mentions Sb and As being sometimes conceived of as metals:
"Since metalloids occupy a transition region or "frontier territory",[122] where metals meet nonmetals, their classification varies among authors. Some consider them distinct from both metals and nonmetals, while others classify them as nonmetals[123] or as a sub-class of nonmetals.[124] There are also authors who categorize certain metalloids as metals, such as arsenic and antimony, due to their similarities to heavy metals.[125][n 17] In this context metalloids are here treated as nonmetals, based on their relatively low densities, high electronegativity, and chemical behavior,[120] and for comparative purposes.[n 18]"
FAC response to DS
* Thank you . In my following reply, italicization appearing in quotes from the article has been added by me.
* There is no single source that I'm aware of that defines nonmetals precisely in terms of the two criteria. Rather, low density and high EN are two of the many properties mentioned in numerous texts as being characteristic of nonmetals. This is why the lede is worded the way it is namely, "A nonmetal is a chemical element generally characterized by low density and high electronegativity ...". Similary, the ◇ Definition and applicable elements ◇ section starts, "In general, a nonmetal is a chemical element that can be characterized by low density and high electronegativity." This is why the penultimate paragraph of the "Suggested distinguishing crieria" section is worded as follows:
* Hein and Arena[65] observed that nonmetals generally have low densities and high electronegativity, which is consistent with the data presented in the table. Nonmetallic elements are predominantly located in the top right quadrant of this table, where density is low and electronegativity values are relatively high. In contrast, the other three quadrants are primarily occupied by metals.
* The ◇ Definition and applicable elements ◇ section further caveats that, "There is no precise definition of a nonmetal;[4] any list of such is open to debate and revision.[5]"
* Nonmetals are typically characterized by physical and chemical properties. That tin has a density of 7.265 g/cm3 is, by itself, neither here nor there (so to speak). That it has an EN of 1.96 is, by itself, neither here nor there. When the two are taken together the result is an element with a relatively high density and a relatively high EN, which suggests it is not a nonmetal. I remembered that the FA Heavy metals article mentioned a range of density cut offs, one of which was 7 gm/cc: "Density criteria range from above 3.5 g/cm3 to above 7 g/cm3.[3]". The age of a source does not necessarily affect its relevance. I was going to say that I could deprecate mention of the 7 gm/cc figure to a footnote, only to find that I had already done so. I've now added a wlnk to the mention of "heavy metals" so as to place the mentioned figure into context.
Nonmetal
The variegated monatomic, diatomic and directional structures of nonmetallic elements compared to the mostly non-directional centrosymmetrical structures of metals are largely explained by differences in the number of valence electrons and atomic size. In general, whereas metals tend to have fewer valence electrons than available orbitals, the converse applies to nonmetallic elements. Consequently metals share their electrons with usually six or eight to twelve or fourteen other nearby atoms to achieve the maximum in bonding capacity. The resulting crystalline structures tend to be centro-symmetrical. In contrast, nonmetals share only as many electrons as are needed to achieve the electron configuration of the next noble gas. Nitrogen, for example, needs three electrons to achieve the electron configuration of the next noble gas, neon. It does this by sharing three of its electrons with three electrons of another atom, and in the process forms a stable diatomic nitrogen molecule in which their is a triple bond. In the case of antimony, which also needs three electrons to achieve the electron configuration of the next noble gas, its atomic size is too large to make a triple bond with another antimony atom feasible. Consequently, the crystalline structure of antimony comprises buckled layers of antimony atoms, in which each antimony atom forms a singe bond with three other nearby antimony atoms in the same sheet. Attractions between the positive nucleus of each antimony atom and the negatively charged valence electrons in other nearby antimony atoms in adjacent layers, are sufficient to further permit some minor delocalisation of electrons between layers but not to the extent of making antimony a full-blown metal. Similar considerations explain, for example, the three-dimensional network structures of silicon and germanium, in which each atom forms a single bond with four other nearby atoms, and the infinite chains comprising the crystalline structures of selenium and tellurium.
Cahn RW & Haasen P, Physical Metallurgy: Vol. 1, 4th ed., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, ISBN 978-0-444-89875-3
DeKock RL & Gray HB 1989, Chemical Structure and Bonding, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, ISBN 978-0-935702-61-3
Boreskov GK 2003, Heterogeneous Catalysis, Nova Science, New York, ISBN 978-1-59033-864-3
At
* Yes, At has usually been counted as a nonmetal, sometimes as a metalloid, and occasionally as a metal. Effectively, nearly all authors did not do sufficient research into the nature of At, instead classifying it as nonmetal due to its status as a halogen and the "publish or perish" imperative. The latter was way more important than diving into the nature of such a rare and highly radioactive element. Here's some more background to At as a metal, including a timeline:
* The bulk properties of astatine remain unknown as a visible quantity of it would immediately self-vaporize from the heat generated by its radioactivity. It remains to be seen if, with sufficient cooling, a macroscopic quantity could be deposited as a thin film.
* Qualitative and quantitative assessments of its status, including having regard to relativistic effects, have been consistent with it being a metal:
* 1940. Astatine was judged to be a metal when it was first synthesized. That assessment was consistent with some metallic character seen in iodine, its lighter halogen congener.
* 1948. Seaborg GT, "The eight new synthetic elements", American Scientist, vol. 36, no. 3, p. 368:
* "They have found that it behaves in many ways like a metal and is more electropositive in character than is the case for the other halogens. This is not surprising in view of the pronounced trend in this direction as we go toward the heavier end of the halogen group, but the possible extent of this effect was apparently overlooked in the chemical searches which have been made for this element in its natural form."
* 1949. Bladel WJ 1947, Nuclear Chemistry: Notes on a Series of Lectures, Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, pp. 51–52:
* "Examination of the periodic chart shows that astatine falls in the seventh group with the halogens, and hence would be expected to resemble chlorine, bromine, and iodine in its chemical behavior. In fact it was so sought by chemists for many years who missed finding it because they worked from this assumption. Actually the astatine is much more metallic than even iodine, and in this behavior it resembles that of the elements in Group VI and Group III. In Group VII, bromine, iodine, and astatine are analogous to selenium, tellurium, and polonium, of Group VI and arsenic, antimony, and bismuth of Group III. The last-named element of each of these three triads displays considerably more metallic character than do the preceding two.
* Astatine is not dissolved by CCl4 as is iodine. Its properties follow closely those of the other metals. It is precipitated as the sulfide along with bismuth, mercury, cadmium, and copper. The astatine is not volatile with iodine, can be separated by the water-CCl4 binary extraction system, and can not be precipitated by silver ion as an astatinide. Something is known about the reduction of astatine. It can be reduced by SO2 or zinc. Immersion of a copper plate in an astatine precipitates the astatine as a metal on the plate. This shows its ease of reduction, since copper is a quite weak reducing agent."
* 1950. Kleinberg J, "Unfamiliar oxidation states and their stabilization," Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 32:
* "The behavior of astatine, in many of its reactions, is that of a typical metal; for example, hydrogen sulfide precipitates element 85 quantitatively as sulfide in hydrochloric acid solution up to 6 normal. At first glance, this is extremely surprising, but it appears less so when it is realized that iodine, the element above 85 in the family, also possesses some metallic character istics. Indeed, compounds in which iodine exists as a unipositive ion stabilized by coordination with organic amines have been prepared (7). The behavior of astatine is also in line with the increased metallic character of the elements in a given group with increasing atomic number from carbon to lead, nitrogen to bismuth, and oxygen to polonium."
* 1954. Fearnside K, Jones EW & Shaw EN, Applied Atomic Energy, Philosophical Library, New York, p. 102:
* "The position of 85 in the periodic table is that of a halogen, yet astatine has most of the chemical properties of a metal."
* 1956. Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 6, p. 823:
* "Astatine may well be a metal"
* 1972. Batsanov calculated astatine would have a band gap of 0.7 eV [which is metalloid- and hence nonmetal-territory] (but see the 2013 entry)
* 1975. Furse AJ & Rendle GP, The Pattern of Chemistry, Edward Arnold, London, p. 82:
* "Probably the most important difficulty would be to decide how much different astatine is from iodine, i.e. how far the trend has gone. Perhaps astatine has such a high melting point that we ought to consider the possibility that it is a metal."
* 1983. Edwards and Sienko speculated that, on the basis of the non-relativistic Goldhammer-Herzfeld criterion for metallicity, astatine was probably a metalloid. As the ratio is based on classical arguments it does not accommodate the finding that polonium (cf. 2006 entry following) adopts a metallic (rather than covalent) crystalline structure, on relativistic grounds. Even so it offers a first order rationalization for the occurrence of metallic character amongst the elements.
* 2002. Siekierski and Burgess presumed astatine would be a metal in the context of some of the properties of iodine.
* 2006. Restrepo et al., on the basis of a comparative study of 128 known and interpolated physiochemical, geochemical and chemical properties of 72 of the elements, reported that astatine appeared to share more in common with polonium (a metal) than it did with the established halogens and that, "At should not be considered as a halogen." In so doing they echoed the 1940 observation that, "The chemical properties of the unknown substance are very close to those of polonium."
* 2010. Thornton and Burdette observed that "Since elements at heavier periods often resemble their n+1 and n-1 neighbours more than their lighter congeners, eka-iodine [astatine]...was expected to be radioactive and metallic like polonium."
* 2013. Hermann, Hoffmann, and Ashcroft predicted At would be an fcc metal, once all relativistic effects are taken into account, and that it would have a band gap of 0.68 eV (cf. Batsanov) if only some of these effects were taken into account.
I guess I'm saying that all of the assessments of At as a nonmetal are unreliable. Hence it shows as a metal i.e., a post-transition halogen metal.
Alternatively there is always the tricolor version, which corresponds to At usually being counted as a nonmetal, sometimes as a metalloid, and occasionally as a metal. --- Sandbh (talk) 06:59, 6 October 2023 (UTC)
Uses
Nonmetallic elements have distinct properties that enable a wide range of natural and technological uses. In living organisms, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen serve as the foundational building blocks of life. Some key technological uses of nonmetallic elements are in lighting and lasers, medicine and pharmaceuticals, and ceramics and plastics. The accompanying table groups nonmetallic elements according to the endemicity of their uses.
The higher cost nonmetallic elements have further specific uses in, or roles as, specialized high-performance materials, structural components and electronic devices, and technological advancements and enhancements:
* Boron is used in the form of high-strength fibers for aerospace components and certain sporting goods. It is also added to steel alloys to improve hardenability.
* Black phosphorus (including as phosphorene) is employed mainly in high-performance electronic devices, including field-effect transistors (FETs), owing to its exceptional charge carrier mobility. It also has potenital applications in photodetectors, optoelectronic devices, advanced solar cells and thermoelectric materials.
* Germanium was historically used in electronics, particularly early transistors and diodes, and still has roles in specialized high-frequency electronics. It is also used in the production of infrared optical components for thermal imaging and spectroscopy.
* Xenon finds use in high-intensity discharge lamps for bright white light in automotive headlights and marine lighting. Additionally, it serves as a contrast agent in medical imaging techniques like xenon computed tomography and xenon-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. In space exploration, xenon is a propellant for ion thrusters, known for their efficiency.
* Radon was formerly used in radiography and radiation therapy. Usually, radium in either an aqueous solution or as a porous solid was stored in a glass vessel. The radium decayed to produce radon, which was pumped off, filtered, and compressed into a small tube every few days. The tube was then sealed and removed. It was a source of gamma rays which came from bismuth-214, one of radon’s decay products. Radon has now been replaced by sources of 137Cs, 192Ir, and 103Pd.
YBG and nonmetal
In general, a nonmetal is a chemical element characterized by low density and high electronegativity. They lack most or all the properties commonly associated with metals: luster or shininess; malleability and ductility; good thermal and electrical conductivity; and a tendency to produce basic oxides when combined with oxygen.
Any list of nonmetals is open to debate and revision as there is no precise definition of a nonmetal. Consequently there are variations among sources as to which elements are counted as such. The criteria applied depend on the properties viewed as most representative of nonmetallic or metallic character.
The following fourteen elements are commonly to definitively recognized as nonmetals:
* Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur
* Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
* Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
The classification of carbon, phosphorus, and selenium is less clear cut; though commonly deemed nonmetals, some sources have labelled them as metalloids. Elements such as boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, often termed metalloids, can be seen as intermediates between metals and nonmetals when clear differentiation is challenging. Nonetheless, their predominantly nonmetallic chemistry, characterized by weak acidity, also supports their classification as nonmetals.
Of the 118 known chemical elements, roughly 20% are classified as nonmetals. Astatine, the fifth halogen, is often ignored on account of its rarity and intense radioactivity; theory and experimental evidence suggest it is a metal. The superheavy elements copernicium (element 112), flerovium (114), and oganesson (118) may turn out to be nonmetals. As of August 2023 their status has not been confirmed.
Nonmetal FAC
Graham Beards
* We are discussing if the article is of FA standard and I don't think it is. I also think there are problems with the title, (do chemists have a unique concept of a metal that material scientists don't share?) and current scope of the article. I find the noisy table confuses me more than it informs me. The article just doesn't come across as an "example of our best work". Sorry. Graham Beards (talk) 09:38, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
UndercoverClassicist
* I don't feel in a position to support, I'm afraid. Scanning through the remainder of the article, there's still work to be done on prose, clarity and MOS. I'm not sure whether that makes me an oppose, but it certainly makes me a not yet. UndercoverClassicist (talk) 16:35, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
Nonmetal FAC intro
While the idea of what a metal is has been around since BCE times it was not until over two millenia later that the term "nonmetal" appeared. It was an unfortunate term since explaining what something isn't is quite difficult.
The main body of the article has only six sections: Definition—Properties—Types—Prevalence—Uses—History.
There is a table at the end comparing the properties of metals and the different types of nonmetals.
Since the article was last at FAC in May-June 2023, it’s been further copy edited, checked for compliance with the MOS, the title simplified, the scope honed, and the lede table streamlined.
The two prior FAC noms can be found here: --- Sandbh (talk) 03:32, 17 September 2023 (UTC)
* Nonmetal (chemistry) archive 1
* Nonmetal archive 5
Article structure
To improve the flow and balance of the first two sections I've rearranged things as follows:
Before, I felt there was too much technical content in the first section—which is supposed to be an overview—dealing with atomic structure and electron configurations. As well, atomic structure is important enough to merit its own section.
After, the "Overview and variations" section now has more of an holistic flavour, before moving on to look under the hood in the next section, "Atomic structures of the elements."
In the process I trimmed some duplicated content at the head of the original "Overview" section.
WP: Chemistry
DePiep: Examining the periodic tables shown in 27 chemistry books immediately at hand to me gave the following result:
The nonmetal article says, in part:
* "On a standard periodic table, they [the metalloids] occupy a diagonal area in the p-block extending from boron at the upper left to tellurium at lower right, along the dividing line between metals and nonmetals shown on some tables."
The term metalloid appears 49 times in the nonmetal article.
The phrase, "intermediate class between the metals and the nonmetals" refers to metalloids.
For the term "nonmetal halogens" here are 20 examples from the literature:
* "It will be seen that these elements of zero valence and no chemical character form a natural passage from the strongly electro-negative non-metallic halogens…"
* — A review of some of the recent literature of the periodic law, RH Bradbury - Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1902
* "In the decidedly nonmetallic halogen group…"
* — Qualitative analysis as a laboratory basis for the study of… Page 64, William Conger Morgan · 1906
* "And among the nonmetallic halogens we find the…"
* — Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry - Page 245, Alfred Walter Stewart · 1920
* "In a similar manner the nonmetal halogen elements are arranged"
* — Essentials of Chemistry - Page 54, Luros G · 1955
* "The alkali metals of Group la combine readily with the nonmetal halogens of Group VIIa."
* — General Chemistry - Page 87, John Arrend Timm · 1966
* "Nitrogen was the subject of Chapter 15, and the nonmetallic halogens, of Chapter 17."
* — Introduction to Chemistry - Page 226, Williams et al. · 1973
* "The electron configurations of atoms of some of the elements, the alkali metals and the nonmetallic halogens and noble gases, are given in Table 4-1."
* — Geology: Our Physical Environment, Page 30, Davis et al. 1976
* "The nonmetallic halogen atoms easily pick up an electron, thus forming halide ions."
* — Chemistry Decoded - Page 346, Leonard W. Fine · 1976
* "Iodine is a nonmetallic halogen, having the lowest reactivity of any substance in this group."
* — Properties of Nonmetallic Fluid Elements - Volume 3, Part 2 - Page 115, Yeram Sarkis Touloukian, Cho Yen Ho · 1981 · p. 115
* "An activity series for the nonmetallic halogens was given in Chapter 6."
* — Understanding Chemistry - Page 386, Robert J. Ouellette · 1987
* "Other properties are similar to those of the nonmetallic halogen elements in Group VIIA or 17 in the second column from the far right of the table…in this case, the nonmetal halogen element is reduced to its halide ion."
* — Chemistry: A Basic Introduction - Pages 125, 271, George Tyler Miller · 1987
* "Iodine resembles bromine because they are nonmetallic halogens that form compounds like those of chlorine."
* — Chemistry - Page 8, Nathan · 1993, p. 8
* "What causes gold to emulate many properties of the nonmetallic halogens?"
* — Chemical Principles, Page 549, Steven S. Zumdahl · 1995
* "Particular but we must not forget the novel involvement of the non-metal halogens."
* — The Chemistry of Evolution: The Development of our Ecosystem, R.J.P Williams, J.J.R Fraústo da Silva · 2005
* "Among the other nonmetal halogens used to partially halogenate metal oxides…"
* — Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to…, A. P. Hagen · 2009, p. 221
* "Non-metallic halogens such as chlorine, iodine and bromine are salt-forming elements."
* — "TRPM7 is regulated by halides through its kinase domain", H Yu, Z Zhang, A Lis, R Penner, A Fleig - Cellular and molecular life… 2013
* "Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 53…
* — Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary - Page 765, Michael D Larrañaga, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Robert A. Lewis · 2016
* "Non-metallic halogens are very attractive"
* — "Hydrothermal preparation of visible-light-driven Br-doped Bi2WO6 photocatalyst", P Dumrongrojthanath, A Phuruangrat, S Thongtem… Materials Letters, 2017 - Elsevier
* "…chlorine; element #17; a nonmetal halogen gas"
* — Trauma, 8th Edition - Page 1139, Moore et al. 2017, p. 1139
* "…and a more detailed grouping in families of: alkali Earth, alkaline Earth, transition metal, rare Earth, other metal, metalloid, and nonmetal halogen to noble gas."
* — Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, Robert Splinter · 2017, p. 382
Smokefoot: The distinction between metals and nonmetals is a part of Chemistry 101. For example, the RSC's English Chemistry Curriculum Map for KS4 (Years 10 and 11) says, "Trends in the periodic table; Explain the reactivity and general properties as related to the atomic structure of groups 1, 7 and 0; between metals and non-metals."
When I search American Chemical Society journals for “metals” I get 287,959 hits; for “non-metals” I get 286,100 hits. Sandbh (talk) 07:52, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
Colour categories
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas
* "Effectively all the literature" refers to F, Cl, Br, I, and At as halogens, indeed. They also refer to O, S, Se, Te, and Po as chalcogens (maybe some would exclude O, so let's stick to the heavy four). So why are halogens a category and not chalcogens, especially when it's common for inorganic textbooks to split their chapters by groups? The RSC table even has both, whereas the polyatomic/diatomic scheme the article you refer to recognises neither, proving once again the point that the literature is clearly not unified behind any particular categorisation scheme. What literature provides the "common sense" for the radioactives, noting that the diagonal line between metals and nonmetals meets the halogens and noble gases at At, Ts, and Og? In the literature, B and Sb are noticeably less commonly classed as metalloids than Si, Ge, As, and Te. And again, where does the name "unclassified nonmetals" come from? (talk) 15:06, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
* 1. In this case, halogens are a "category" and "chalcogens" are not, since two different contexts are involved. The first context is as a category for showing the metallic to nonmetallic progression across the PT e.g. from the alkali metals to the halogens, which is the traditional contrast. The second context is for naming vertical groups where both chalcogens and halogens, and others, are de rigeur. WP takes both approaches i.e. we have articles on e.g. transition metals; post-transition metals; and metalloids; and at the same time we have articles on e.g. pnictogens, and chalcogens.
* 2. The Wikipedia polyatomic/diatomic scheme that the Nature article used happened to be the WP scheme of the day, which the authors presumably used thinking that if it was on WP then it must've have represented some kind of consensus in the literature. In fact, the polyatomic/diatomic categories are not representative of the literature, and I now regret proposing its adoption. Older, wiser.
* 3. For the first context of a L-R metallic to nonmetallic transition, I feel the literature is broadly in agreement on a categorisation scheme. Perhaps the biggest and sharpest categories are alkali metals, transition metals, lanthanoids, actinoids, halogens, and noble gases. What's left? The alkaline earth metals; the metals after the transition metals; metalloids; and the rest of the nonmetals: H, C, N, O, P, S, Se.
* 4. My radioactives fu is not strong. I guess some of them may have have ended up where they did on account of their presence in Th and U decay chains. For Tc I know that this is an abbreviation for critical temperature. So we are talking about Tc, Rn, Ra, Po, Pm, At and Fr. We know Tc is a TM; Rn is a noble gas; Ra is an alkaline earth; Po is a metal as far as we know; Pm is an Ln; At is a halogen; and Fr is an alkali metal.
* 5. There is no need to lose sleep about how the period 7 elements in the p block are classified: I suggest "unknown" until enough evidence comes in to make a reasonable call.
* 6. According to Lists of metalloids, the % appearance frequencies are B 86, Si 95, Ge 95, As 99, Sb 87 and Te 98. The next cluster is Po 49, At 40. The gap between the first and second clusters is wide enough to conclude that the elements most commonly recognised as metalloids are those in the first cluster.
* 7. The term unclassified nonmetals is a descriptive version of other nonmetals.
* --- Sandbh (talk) 11:37, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
Talk
Here are three reasons.
1. This chemistry stack exchange page appears to shed some light on the question:
* "Q: Are the elements La and Ac considered to be in the d block or the f block of the periodic table?
* A: The real lesson here is that the boundaries between "blocks" of the Periodic Table, like the boundary between "strong" and "weak" acids or bases or even between what is a stable compound and what isn't, is not sharp. Some other examples of a rough, spotty, changeable real world:
* Most simple magnesium compounds, even the best known hydride and boride compounds, are primarily ionic, but when they have covalent character the magnesium often bonds tetrahedrally as if using 3𝑝 as well as 3𝑠 valence orbitals. See for instance the coordinated structure given here for methylmagnesium chloride in THF. Beryllium shows this effect even more prominently in its wider variety of covalent compounds.
* Calcium could be called a 𝑑-block element when it bonds with its 3𝑑 orbitals in this calcium(I) compound (and yes it is +1, showing multiple oxidation states like a transition element).
* Cerium, the second element is the lantanide series, does some straddling of its own between 𝑑 and 𝑓 blocks as its valence in the metal is changeable between 3 (with a core-like 5𝑓 electron) and 4 (with this electron engaged in the bonding). See Johanssen et al. 2 and the WP article citing this reference.
* Among the actinides there is also thorium, which appears to involve only 7𝑠 and 6𝑑 valence electrons in the gas phase but brings in 5𝑓 orbitals in the metal (see this answer and the references therein)."
* Johansson, Börje; Luo, Wei; Li, Sa; Ahuja, Rajeev (17 September 2014). "Cerium; Crystal structure and position in the periodic table". Scientific Reports. 4: 6398. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E6398J. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06398.
* Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic elucidation of the formation of the inverse Ca(I) sandwich complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and stability of aryl-substituted phenylcalcium xomplexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja105534w.
On a related, note Sanderson (1960, p. 8) wrote:
* "If a d electron, for example, can easily behave like an f electron, or vice versa, the argument as to the exact ground state configuration becomes relatively unimportant."
* That is to say, both La and Lu can relatively easily behave as if they were f elements never mind their 4f05d16s2 and 4f145d16s2 formal configs.
* Sanderson RT 1960, Chemical Periodicity, Reinhold, New York
The chemistry stack exchange response and Sanderson show that the presence of this or that kind of electron, especially in marginal cases at the borders of putative blocks is less than a major consideration.
2. Each of the two options has something to offer and each comes with advantages and drawbacks.
For the La-Ac form, many of the advantages were set out in my article that appeared in Foundations of Chemistry (13 citations). As well, each block starts with the first appearance of the relevant electron.
For the disadvantages, I suppose the biggest is that it requires a split d-block, if shown in 32-column form.^ And Sc-Y-La-Ac messes up the regularity of spin multiplicity.
* ^ I qualify this by noting that a split between groups 1 to 3 and 4 accords with a transition from largely ionic chemistry to covalent chemistry.
For the Lu-Lr form, some advantages I can think of are:
* if the 4f row is shown as La to Yb, the number of f electrons in each atom corresponds to its position in the row, in all bar three cases (La, Ce and Gd);
* the situation in the 5f row is a little more involved, but still pretty regular;^^
* a cohesive d-block in the 32-column form;
* more amenable (?) to being mathematised.
* ^^ For Ac–No, the actinide series can be divided into three relatively cohesive sets:
* Ac and Th, which each have a number of d electrons equal to their position;
* U and Am, which have a mix of d and f electrons; and
* Pu to No, in which the number of f electrons in each atom corresponds to its position in the row in all bar one case (Cm).
Some drawbacks are:
* an extra differentiating electron discrepancy;
* Sc-Y-Lu-Ac is inconsistent with stoichiometric considerations;
* reduced regularity of term symbols;
* disaggregated lanthanide contraction.
3. Over the past 85 years, since it was found that La and Lu each had a d differentiating electron and (ostensibly) an equal claim to the position under Y in group 3, nobody has been able to mount a sufficiently compelling case for the superiority of either Sc-Y-La-Ac or Sc-Y-Lu-Lr over the other. In the category of "insufficiently compelling" I include "making such a decision on the basis of convention".
DS
1. The abstract of the Chinese paper says:
* "The Ln 4f orbitals do not directly participate in bonding from the view-point of traditional bonding theory..."
OK; that's interesting.
* "...but may influence the bonding to a certain extent through mixing a little match orbitals into the localized 4f orbitals and mixing some 4f component into the delocalized molecular orbitals, causing the bond lengths shortened and the bonding energy increased by about several hundredths in general."
OK; so we are talking about several per cent.
On page 1380 (right column) they say there is almost [bold added] no difference for Lu vis à vis f participation, i.e. there is some f participation.
Now, Table 1 shows that the difference in calculated bond lengths for frozen 4f v unfrozen 4f is CeS 0.011; EuS 0.005; GdS 0.003; YbS 0.002; LuS 0.001. Table 2 shows that the difference in calculated bond energies for frozen 4f v unfrozen 4f in CeO is 2.42 (eV); EuO 1.06; GdO 1.03; YbO 0.58; Lu 0.07 (i.e. 7%).
So there is some 4f involvement in the Lu compounds.
Table 3 shows that 4f contribution to the bond level for frozen and unfrozen 4f is CeO 0.065:0.065; EuO 0.017:0.033; GdO 0.012:0.045; YbO 0.008:0.008; Lu 0.007:0.007.
Either way, Lu has some 4f contribution.
In the conclusion the authors write: "In Lu compounds 4f orbitals basically [bold added] have no contribution to bond formation." That is to say, they did not write, "In Lu compounds 4f orbitals have no contribution to bond formation" because they couldn't.
2. I didn't write that "f is the most significant orbital for Lu."
Instead, here's what I wrote:
* "As to Sc and Y as f-elements my position is (as set out in my peer-reviewed article in FoC) that it is the most important orbital that influences the positioning of an element. Hence La is d-block and Lu is f-block given La is not subject to the f-induced Ln contraction whereas Lu is."
For La, the most important orbital is d. For Lu, the most important orbitals are f (the poor shielding of which results in the Ln contraction) and d.
3. That La fits better under Y than Lu on e.g. stoichiometric grounds, per Restrepo, does not strike me as a side issue. It certainly wasn't for DIM. Simon Cotton and team's recent article noting zero support for shifting Lu under Y is the same.
I further wrote in my article:
* ”For example, since yttrium is commonly found in nature together with the heavier lanthanoids including lutetium it is sometimes argued that this supports Group 3 as Sc-Y-Lu-Ac (Thyssen and Binnemans 2011, p. 80). In fact yttrium is unique among the rare earth elements in that, depending on the circumstances, it can behave like a light lanthanoid e.g. Pr, Nd, Sm, or a heavy lanthanoid e.g. Dy, Tm, Lu (Marsh 1947, p. 1084; Jowsey et al. 1958, p. 64; Bünzli and McGill 2011, pp. 19, 26; Gupta and Krishnamurthy 2005, p. 165). In terms of the stoichiometry of binary compounds, yttrium is reported to be more like lanthanum than lutetium (Restrepo (2018, pp. 94–95). In a similar vein, lanthanum has a sufficiently distinct nature compared to the cerium to lutetium series (Liu et al. 2019).”
4. I acknowledged La 4f involvement in my FOC article (note 29). That said, this is not of the same magnitude as occurs in Ce to Lu, by way of the Ln contraction, which starts at Ce and peaks at Lu.
5f is present in Th metal, and explains its crystalline structure.
5. The ionic v covalent distinction is a useful rubric in chemistry, as relied on by the several authors cited in my peer-reviewed article. As expressed by Nelson (2011):
* "…care needs to be taken to remember that…[this classification scheme] is only an approximation, and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements. Provided that this is done, however, it constitutes a very useful classification, and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature, the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it, if only subconsciously, in thinking of the chemistry of different elements.
While Nelson was referring to a scheme for classifying the nonmetals according to their electronegativity, the principle is the same.
5a. Li is over H on account of a mix of historical, didactic, pragmatic, electronic and physicochemical considerations.
Yes, different physicochemical properties suggest different answers to the group 3 puzzle. Hence there are other considerations, including electron configurations.
If the PT was truly electronic then Scerri and Parson’s argument…
* "For the purpose of selecting an optimal periodic table we prefer to consider block membership as a global property in which we focus on the predominant differentiating electron.” (Scerri and Parsons 2018, p. 151)
…supports La in group 3, since such a table has one less differentiating electron discrepancy than an Lu table.
6. I did not say:
* "blocks aren't specifically an electronic concept."
Instead, what I wrote was:
* "Blocks are indeed named by subshells but that does not limit their scope to electronic phenomena."
I had in mind what Philip Stewart wrote:
* "The division into blocks is justified by their distinctive nature: s is characterized, except in H and He, by highly electropositive metals; p by a range of very distinctive metals and non-metals, many of them essential to life; d by metals with multiple oxidation states; f by metals so similar that their separation is problematic. Useful statements about the elements can be made on the basis of the block they belong to and their position in it, for example highest oxidation state, density, melting point… Electronegativity is rather systematically distributed across and between blocks."
7. Re: "different physicochemical properties suggest different answers to the group 3 puzzle." Not so. Based on the smoothness of 40 physicochemical trendlines, La is a better option by 6.0%. That said, it is evident that the PT is based on more than physicochemical considerations.
7a. QM is one more of the considerations that go into compiling the PT.
8. Spectroscopy is another of the considerations that go into compiling the PT. I will grant you that La-Ac under Lu-Lr brings out a nice secondary relationship. That said, a periodic table cannot show all desirable relationships. Further, it is rather easy to maintain the secondary relationship in an La table. So, group 3 becomes 3* and another 3* is placed over Lu-Lr. The asterisk note then reads: "Group 3 bifurcates after Y into an -La-Ac tranche and an -Lu-Lr tranche.
Group 3 poll wording
Question Based on the considerations listed below (ca. 450 words) should the default periodic table in the lede of the periodic table article, show group 3 as Sc-Y-La-Ac? It currently shows Group 3 as Sc-Y-Lu-Lr. Considerations 1. IUPAC has not recommended any form of PT.
2. Whether group 3 should be [A] Sc-Y-La-Ac or [B] Sc-Y-Lu-Lr has been debated since at least 1921; both variations occur in the literature.
3. A 1988 IUPAC report on the 1-18 group numbering scheme briefly mentioned the composition of group 3. It said the group should be Sc-Y-Lu-Lr, citing several sources in favour but not citing any sources supporting Sc-Y-La-Ac. In the event, the next edition of the IUPAC Red Book showed the 18-column Sc-Y-*-** form on its inside cover and, in the appendix, 8- and 18-column Sc-Y-*-** forms and a 32-column Sc-Y-Lu-Lr form.
4. As students and instructors are typically puzzled by this variation, IUPAC started a project in 2015 to give a recommendation to IUPAC on whether group 3 should be [A] or [B].
5. A 2021 provisional progress report by the project found there was no objective way of adjudicating in favour of either [A] or [B]. It added it was therefore important IUPAC make a recommendation, which in the final analysis is one of convention rather than decided on objective scientific grounds. The report added:
* Perhaps a compromise could be reached on "[B]", on the basis of three desiderata. First, it displays all the elements in order of increasing atomic number. Secondly, it avoids splitting the d-block into two highly uneven portions, and thirdly, it depicts all the blocks of the periodic table in accordance with the underlying quantum mechanical account of the periodic table which calls for 2, 6, 10 and 14 orbitals to occur in the extra-nuclear electron-shells.
6. As part of their work the project team surveyed PTs in university textbooks from the 1970s to the 2010s. Version [A], Sc-Y-La-Ac, was most common in each decade (see accompanying chart), but in the 2010s it was a plurality not a majority.
7. In a public address to the University of Hampshire on March 1, 2022, Scerri said [at ca. 54:11]:
* "...i'm afraid that we this [Group 3 question] has not been resolved it's been left hanging and i'm afraid it's i this is just a personal opinion which i hesitate to say publicly but i think they're they're copping out iupac is afraid of a pluto situation or something like it where a major change to the periodic table occurs and everybody freaks out and says no no you've destroyed my favorite periodic table."
8. Relevant WP policy includes WP:ENC, WP:NPOV, WP:DUE.
Conflict of interest declarations:
* Eric Scerri, chair of the IUPAC group 3 project, has written extensively in support of Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.
* Sandbh, the originator of this RFC, has written in support of Sc-Y-La-Ac.
Votes
Group 3 poll wording (mini)
Question Based on the considerations listed below should the default periodic table in the lede of the periodic table article be changed to show Group 3 as Sc-Y-La-Ac? It currently shows Group 3 as Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.
Please reply Yes or No with a brief supporting statement in the Survey. Do not respond to other editors in the Survey. The Discussion section is for back-and-forth discussion.
Considerations 1. A 2021 provisional progress report by an IUPAC Group 3 project team found there was no objective way of adjudicating in favour of either Sc-Y-La-Ac or Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.
2. The project team surveyed periodic tables in university textbooks from the 1970s to the 2010s. Sc-Y-La-Ac was most common in each decade (per the chart), but in the 2010s it was a plurality not a majority. In this light the current default periodic table in the lede of the periodic table article is not representative of the literature.
3. The project team suggested that perhaps group 3 could be shown as Sc-Y-Lu-Lr. They did so since, compared to Sc-Y-La-Ac, this would avoid a split d-block if the table was shown in 32-column form. The form with 32-columns appeared in five of the 193 university textbooks surveyed.
4. Advice from the editor of IUPAC’s Chemistry International is as follows:
* I have consulted with Division II former officers who have in length followed the project which ultimately only ended with a provisional report. As it happened, the task group could not provide a way forward to the project, and the ongoing debate is an ample illustration of that. In consequence, the Inorganic Chemistry Division is for now considering the matter closed. (F Meyers pers. comm., May 5, 2023)
The mention of an “ongoing debate” is a reference to Neve (2022), who wrote: "Evidence of [a] cold reception of the IUPAC panel working hypothesis is already manifest in the work of several scholars."
5. Relevant WP policy includes WP:ENC, WP:NPOV, WP:DUE.
Interested parties
* Eric Scerri, chair of the IUPAC Group 3 project team, has written extensively in support of Sc-Y-Lu-Lr
* Sandbh, sponsor of this RfC is the author of a peer-reviewed journal article in support of Sc-Y-La-Ac
Survey
Discussion
NM article CE
Before
Definition and applicable elements A nonmetal is a chemical element that has low density and moderate to high electronegativity. They also lack metallic attributes such as luster, deformability, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and low electronegativity.[11] Since there is no rigorous definition of a nonmetal,[10][12][13] some variation exists among sources as to which elements are classified as such. The decisions involved depend on which property or properties are regarded as most indicative of nonmetallic or metallic character.[14]
After
Definition and applicable elements Properties characterising nonmetals include low density[00] and moderate to high electronegativity[00] (the power of an atom to attract an electron to itself). Some also lack metallic attributes such as luster, deformability, and good thermal and electrical conductivity.[11]
There is is no rigorous definition of a nonmetal; [10][12][13] some variation therefore exists among sources as to which elements are classified as such. The decisions involved depend on which properties are regarded as most indicative of nonmetallic character.[14] Such properties include low density, low deformability, moderate to high electronegativity (the power of an atom to attract an electron to itself) and, for those nonmetals that combine with oxygen, acidic oxides.
Since there is no rigorous definition of a nonmetal,[10][12][13]
Shiny: B, C, Si, P, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te, I (10) Coloured: F, S, Cl, Br (4) Colourless: H, He, N, O, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn (9)
Line 35
Before: In chemistry, a nonmetal is a chemical element that generally lacks a predominance of metallic properties...
After: A nonmetal is a chemical element that lacks a predominance of metallic properties...
* I think that exclusion of In chemistry, a works only if the name of the article becomes "Nonmetal (chemical element)". I included the generally qualifier to indicate that this was a qualitative judgement.
Before: Nearly all nonmetals have individual uses in medicine and pharmaceuticals; lighting and lasers; and household items.
After: Nearly all nonmetals have uses in medicine and pharmaceuticals; lighting and lasers; and household items.
* I included "individual" as not all nonmetals have uses in all three areas.
Before: Some elements have a marked mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties;
After: Some elements have a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties;
* Virtually all elements, to varying degrees, have a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties. Only a few have such a mixture to a marked extent.
Line 48
Before: A nonmetal is a chemical element that has, among other properties, a relatively low density and moderate to high electronegativity. More generally, they lack a preponderance of more metallic attributes such as luster, deformability, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and low electronegativity.
After: No widely accepted specific definition of a nonmetal exists. Properties characterising nonmetals include low density, low to moderate electronegativity, being brittle if solid, and
a chemical element that has low density and moderate to high electronegativity. They also lack metallic attributes such as luster, deformability, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and low electronegativity.
* Tricky. The "after" version does not quite work, since quite a few nonmetals have luster (e.g. C, black P, Se and I) and C, As, Sb are pretty good electrical and thermal conductors.
Before: Fourteen effectively always recognized as such are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the corrosive halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; and the noble gases helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon (see e.g. Larrañaga et al).
After: Fourteen almost always recognized are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the reactive halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; and the noble gases helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon (see e.g. Larrañaga et al)
* Suggest replacing "reactive" with "highly reactive" (in order to distinguish them from H, O, N and S. Sandbh (talk) 02:33, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
Line 86
Before: Outwardly, a bout half of nonmetallic elements are colored or colorless gases; most of the rest are shiny solids. Bromine, the only liquid, is so volatile that it is usually topped by a layer of its fumes; sulfur is the only colored solid nonmetal.
After: About half of nonmetallic elements are gases; most of the rest are shiny solids. Bromine, the only liquid, is so volatile that it is usually topped by a layer of its fumes; sulfur is the only colored solid nonmetal.
* Suggest this ce be reverted given the reference to S as being colored. Sandbh (talk) 02:46, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
NM article
A noble metal is ordinarily regarded as a metallic chemical element that is more or less reluctant to combine with oxygen and usually found in nature in a raw form. Gold, platinum, and the other platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium) are most often so classified. Silver, copper and mercury are less often to sometimes included as noble metals although each of these usually occurs in nature combined with sulfur.
The number of elements counted as noble metals can be smaller or still larger in more specialized fields of study and applications. In physics, there are only three noble metals: copper, silver and gold. In dentistry, silver is not always counted as a noble metal since it is subject to corrosion when present in the mouth. In chemistry, the term noble metal is sometimes applied more loosely to any metallic or semimetallic element that does not react with a weak acid and give off hydrogen gas in the process. This broader set includes copper, mercury, technetium, rhenium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and polonium, as well as gold, the six platinum group metals, and silver.
NM comments
Thanks for the comments.
My general point is that Wikipedia editors sometimes seem to focus on defining terms with the implication that practioners follow those definitions, when in fact practitioners rarely fuss about such definitions.
The disconnect arises because few editors are practitioners but implicitly purport to speak for them.
No harm done I guess, except that definitions are just definitions: definitions are no substitute for facts, and the exposition of facts is supposed to be the main job of editors.
Of the tens of thousand of publications appearing annually, no doubt the term noble metal occurs often.
To which I say, so what?
My specific point is that noble metal is about metals (bands, corrosion, heterogeneous catalysis), but nobility is irrelevant to compounds and ions.--Smokefoot (talk) 13:54, 16 April 2022 (UTC)--Smokefoot (talk) 13:54, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
Smokefoot, You gave me a lot to think about, thanks.
I can't speak for other editors and a possible disconnect between definitions and practice. OTOH, MOS:FIRST suggests that the first sentence of the lead should tell the nonspecialist reader what the subject is, be in plain English and, if the subject is definable, then the first sentence should give a concise definition. Since the term "noble metals" is ill-defined, the best that can be done is to survey the literature and sketch a defintion on that basis. The facts will vary depending on the source, and judgements will need to made about which facts to include and any differences between sources. Since chemistry is replete with fuzzy definitions the result ought to be par for the course.
The "so what" of noble metals, as I see it, is to wonder what is so special about them that merits categorising them as such.
I kind of get your distinction between metals, and compounds and ions, in that we do not speak of noble compounds or noble ions. And few chemists work with pure elements, so I can see that the notion of "noble metals" wouldn't be immediately relevant. OTOH, noble metals form solvated aqueous ions, and Schweitzer and Porterfied (2010), in The Aqueous Chemistry of the Elements, discuss Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt together under the rubric, "Introduction to the Noble Metal Elements". Rayner-Canham (2018), in "Organising the transition metals", assigns the PGM + Au to a cluster, on the basis of their behaviour under oxidizing conditions:. Much has been written about the analytical chemistry of noble metals. This all strikes me as "chemistry" over and above the metals by themselves, at least as far as their behaviour in ionic form is concerned. For the compounds, at least the noble metals are more of less characterized by the unstable nature of their oxides, which have a reputation for decomposing when heated.
Brooks (1992, p. 9), in Noble metals and biological systems: their role in medicine, mineral exploration, and the environment, adds that:
* "The most noteworthy feature of compound formation in the noble metals is their ability to form complexes. It is these complexes that determine their abundance and transport within the biosphere, and it is these complexes that govern the development and use of noble metal drugs in medicine."
(Obviously, complex formation is not limited to noble metals but it is evidently the combination of properties of the noble metals that make them distinctive.)
Double sharp, yes, the category of noble metals is similar to attempting to distinguish between metals and nonmetals. There is universal agreement that Au is a noble metal, just like there is universal agreement that Cs is a metal and F is a nonmetal. From there, Au and Pt are universally regarded as noble metals in chemistry whereas Cu-Ag-Au are counted as the noble metals in physics. After that, the broadest definition of what is a noble metal extends to the other ten metals having a positive standard reduction potential: Tc, Re, the other 5 PGM; Hg, Bi, Po. And then there are As and Sb which are among the elements commonly recognised as metalloids. That said, the other five PGM and Hg are the only ones I've seen being unambiguously counted in the literature as noble metals.
The answer to my original physics-based question appears to lie in three sources:
* 1) A Physics Stack Exchange Q&A (2019) on "Role of 𝑑 -band in metals";
* 2) a Nature article (1995) on "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals", and
* 3) a ChemPhysChem article (2020), "Chemical causes of metal nobleness".
Some of the physics invoked in these sources is beyond by my ken so feel free to point out my errors, in the following interpretations.
Source 1 says that d states have less spatial extent than s- or -states, and that in transition metals the more localized outer 3d-, 4d- and 5-d states screen the interaction of the half-filled outer s-band with other states. So, early TM supposedly react more readily with e.g. O than later TM. This screening is most efficient if the outer d-shell is completely filled as in Cu-Ag-Au. While I don't understand everything written in this source I've hopefully understood the gist of it.
Source 2 says in its abstract:
* "Gold is the least reactive metal towards atoms or molecules at the interface with a gas or a liquid. The inertness of gold does not reflect a general inability to form chemical bonds, however—gold forms very stable alloys with many other metals. To understand the nobleness of gold, we have studied a simple surface reaction, the dissociation of H2 on the surface of gold and of three other metals (copper, nickel and platinum) that lie close to it in the periodic table. We present self-consistent density-functional calculations of the activation barriers and chemisorption energies which clearly illustrate that nobleness is related to two factors: the degree of filling of the antibonding states on adsorption, and the degree of orbital overlap with the adsorbate. These two factors, which determine both the strength of the adsorbate-metal interaction and the energy barrier for dissociation, operate together to the maxima] detriment of adsorbate binding and subsequent reactivity on gold."
This is consistent with what Source 1 said in the following passage:
* "In the case of Cu, Ag, and Au, the screening effect is particularly strong, because the upper 𝑑-bandedge lies energetically deep below the Fermi-level (due to complete 𝑑-band filling as explained above), and thus corresponding anti-bonding states in the vicinity of this edge are (generally) more or less completely filled leading to a strong suppression of interaction with the reactant."
Source 3 is remarkably comprehensive. Here's the abstract:
* "Humans have appreciated the 'noble' metals for millennia, yet modern chemistry still struggles with different definitions. Here, metal nobleness is analyzed using thermochemical cycles including the different bulk, gas, and solution states implied by these definitions. The analysis suggests that metal nobleness mainly reflects inability to fulfil the electron demands of electronegative oxygen. Accordingly, gold is the most noble metal in existence, not because of d-band properties of the solid state, but because gold’s electronegativity is closest to that of oxygen, producing weaker polar covalent bonding. The high electronegativity arises from the effective nuclear charge due to diffuse d-states, enforced by relativistic effects. This explanation accounts for the activity series, corrosion tendency, and trends in oxygen chemisorption, which other models do not. While gold is the most noble metal, the ranking of Ag, Pt, and Pd depends on the thermochemistry as discussed in detail.
Here's what I noticed in this article:
The reference to oxygen as the major oxidant of Earth may explain why the corrosion of Ag by S is overlooked in some cases whereas in a few other occasions its noble status is queried. In classification science, classes are usually classified by more than two criteria. At this point I thought, "Far out! Really?" Mere EN is the primary cause of nobility in metal atoms?
* In the abstract, I don't understand the reference to "diffuse" d-states (but I return to this later on).
* "These [noble] metals are less reactive towards oxygen, the major oxidant of this planet’s atmosphere, and are less willing to give away their electrons in solution, otherwise a hallmark of metals, as measured by their high standard half reduction potentials." (p. 3)
* "...the relative nobleness of metals depends substantially on the reactivity considered and the theory applied... [italics added]" (p. 3)
* "Surprisingly, whereas single [italics added] theories have been applied to rationalize metal nobleness in several cases, a combined perspective and analysis of the most important features that define nobleness seems missing in the literature." (p. 3)
* "[This] analysis is particularly aided by thermochemical cycles that feature both the solid bulk metal state, the metal atoms in gas phase, and the aqueous solvated metal ions. Much of the confusion relates to the fact that the defining processes do not always involve the same of these states. For example, the "physicist" definition of nobleness focuses on the properties of the d-band and orbital overlap of the bulk metal interacting with an adsorbed atom[source 2], whereas the "chemist" definition focuses mainly on the solution electrochemistry." (p. 3)
* "From the analysis, it emerges that nobleness is not primarily caused by the d-band structure [italics added] of the bulk metals but to the state-independent and thus more universally applicable electronegativity of the metal atoms... Since the descriptor applies to all thermodynamic states, which e.g. d-band properties do not, it lends promise to estimates of metal reactivity and nobleness in systems without band structure, e.g. single-atom catalysts, solvated ions, clusters, and superatoms of much interest in current research efforts.[20–24]" (pp. 3–4)
Table 1 in the article (p. 5) then ranks the nobleness of Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, and Hg according to 12 descriptors/properties relevant to understanding nobility.
* the standard half reduction potential of the divalent metal ion, E° (M2+ + 2e– → M)
* the reactivity towards pure strong acids HCl and HNO3
* the experimental and computed enthalpy of chemisorption of O2 to the bulk metal surface
* the d-band center energy of the solid metal
* the first ionization potential and electron affinity of the gas-phase metal atom
* the Pauling electronegativity
* the bulk polycrystalline metal work function
* the relativistic s-shell contraction and oxophilicity of the metal; and
* the cohesive free energy (free energy of atomization) of the bulk metal state.
These 12 properties are then discussed, In fact the average rankings across the 12 properties are: Au 1.5; Pt 2.58; Ag 3.0; Pd 3.75; Hg 4.8; Cu 5.08; Ni 5.5, so there is no contest for second place: Pt is the winner. It seems that the reference to spatially diffuse d orbitals is referring to the relatively poor shielding capacity of the d electrons. The crystalline structures of the TM are:
* "The values of the listed properties are not necessarily exceptional to the noble metals. For example, the first IP of the group-12 metals mercury (10.4 eV) and zinc (9.4 eV) are higher than that of gold (9.2 eV) due to their complete s- and d-shells." (p. 5)
* "The common view that gold is the most noble metal is directly rationalized by gold having the highest rank when averaged over the properties in Table 1 typically associated with nobleness. It is this consensus, rather than any single property alone, [italics added] which explains the universal acceptance of gold as the most noble metal." (pp. 4–5)
* "In contrast, the second place is fiercely contested. Specifically, the relative ranking of Pt, Pd, and Ag is a matter of substantial interest and disagreement: Thus, it has been argued that the completely filled d-shell makes the coinage metal Cu (and by inference Ag) more noble than Pt and Pd[19], and DFT-computed O2-chemisorption enthalpies put all coinage metals before platinum[29], yet, no other property of Table 1 supports the notion that Cu is noble. Electrochemical[27] and corrosion data[40,41] and electronic properties suggest that Pt and Pd are particularly noble." (p. 6)
* "As discussed further below, the electrochemical definition involves two specific states of the metal, the bulk solid state and the hydrated metal ion state." (p. 7)
* "Resistance toward strong acids is part of the chemist’s typical definition of nobleness...Aqua regia, the famed mixture of HCl and HNO3, solvates gold but not silver, whereas HNO3 can dissolve silver but not gold, i.e. the reactivity depends on both the metal and acid as a pair." (pp. 7–8)
* "A useful definition of nobleness is the negative heat of chemisorption (ΔHchem) of molecules to the bulk metal surface. A more exothermic chemisorption implies that the metal surface binds more strongly to the adsorbed atom, which again implies higher reactivity. A previous attempt to explain nobleness[19] used H2 chemisorption as defining reaction. A more logical choice is chemisorption of O2, because... it is the atmospheric oxygen responsible for the corrosion that has inspired the concept of noble metals for thousands of years much more than reactions with H2." (pp. 9–10)
* "Without relativistic effects, Ag can appear the noblest of all metals, perhaps explaining its absence in the previous study[19]. Later more complete computations[30], tabulated in Table 1, confirm this, i.e. that the non-relativistic d-band center is lower for Ag than for Au, clearly not explaining why gold is more noble than silver. Finally, Cu was found to be much more noble than Pt and was referred to as a “noble metal” together with Au[Source 2]. These points should not be taken as a criticism of the d-band center[55], which remains a useful descriptor in particular if corrected for relativistic spin-orbit effects[53] and structural and charge perturbations on the metal surface[56]. Hg, Cd, and Zn have lower d-band centers, so one needs to invoke the antibonding states of the adsorbing molecule, and neglect of spin-orbit coupling makes the d-band inherently more uncertain than the experimental descriptors in Table 1. In conclusion, both the d-band center and the total number of valence d-electrons correlate decently with the empirical tendency of nobleness, as also summarized in Table 1." (p. 12)
* "The most important fundamental variation in the d-transition series is the increased effective nuclear charge moving towards the right, which arises from the gradual occupation of spatially diffuse d orbitals. This effective charge stabilizes the valence electrons of the late transition metals, which makes them less reactive towards electronegative elements such as oxygen, which requires a partial electron transfer from the d-band to the electronegative adsorbate atom." (p. 12)
* "The nobleness of Pt and Au is significantly enhanced by relativistic effects." (p. 13)
* "The noble metals are among the least oxophilic, or most “thiophilic”, in the periodic table[38], although even these metals can be oxidized under aggressive conditions such as ultraviolet light and ozone[65]. Accordingly, they are less reactive towards oxygen and favor sulfur and other less electronegative adsorbing atoms in competition with oxygen, as is well-reflected in their most prominent mineral ores." (p. 15)
* "The noble metals generally tend to adopt cubic closest packed structures, which is probably not a coincidence but relates to the same underlying cause, the high effective nuclear charges producing small metal radii in these metals. A good negative control of this hypothesis is supported by the group 12 metals with larger radii (Zn, Cd, Hg) adopting hexagonal or other structures. The major drivers of nobleness, as explained above, are ultimately, after account of the sizable relativistic effects on the 5d/6s states, the effective nuclear charge and the resulting electronegativity, which should be considered in context with the adsorbate atom’s electronegativity to estimate the strength of the adsorption." (p. 22)
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn HCP HCP BCC BCC αMn BCC HCP FCC FCC HCP --- Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd HCP HCP BCC BCC HCP HCP FCC FCC FCC HCP --- La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg αLa HCP BCC BCC HCP HCP FCC FCC FCC Rho
Conclusions
* "Because electronegativity is a major driver of metal nobleness and reactivity, it also partly explains why noble metals are very proficient at forming alloys with metals that differ from them, notably d-transition metals." (p. 24)
* "The d-band is not the reason for nobleness but only a modestly correlating feature. This finding is important because research increasingly addresses nano-sized systems and clusters and even single-atom catalytic systems where d-band considerations are inappropriate[20,22,77]." (p. 25)
* I think I have enough now to be able to provide a simple explanation of the physics-based notion of a noble metal and how a complete set of 10 electrons contributes to nobility.
* Source 3 provides an almost solid outline of what noble metals are:
* "In the periodic table, metals to the lower right of the d-transition series such as gold, platinum, silver, and palladium are the most noble according to human experience. These metals are less reactive towards oxygen, the major oxidant of this planet’s atmosphere, and are less willing to give away their electrons in solution, otherwise a hallmark of metals, as measured by their high standard half reduction potentials. Humans have appreciated them for thousands of years due to their rarity, malleability, and exceptional resistance to corrosion, making them ideal stores of value and coinage metals."
* But this isn't quite right since Os is unworkably hard and brittle even at high temperature.
* I'm especially impressed by the 12 properties or diverging definitions of nobleness used to understand nobleness.
* I'd earlier wondered about W and its EN of 2.36 and what bearing this had on the nobility question. There's evidently more to W than its high EN. When I looked up the values for its other 11 properties, and worked out where its average place was compared to Au 1.5; Pt 2.58; Ag 3.0; Pd 3.75; Hg 4.8; Cu 5.08; and Ni 5.5, I got a figure of about > 4.83 i.e. maybe in the vicinity of Hg and Cu, which seems like an OK outcome. W doesn't occur in native form whereas Hg can rarely be found as the pure metal in droplets trapped in rocks. W too, is quite oxophilic. On a normalised scale of oxophilicity (low = 0; 1 = high) W has a rating of 0.8 compared to 0.0 to 0.4 for the PGM, Au and Ag:, p. 9463.
PR2
Modern uni-level chemistry textbooks vary at the margins on which elements are counted as nonmetals. It comes down to the perspective of interest of the author—as noted in the article—or, more often, which older reference they decided to base their decision in the face of publish or perish. The situation hasn't changed since the 1950s–early 60s, when interest in the semiconducting properties of first germanium, and later silicon, took off.
Most scholarly monographs on nonmetals (or metalloids) appeared from 1966 to 1977. Steudel (1977) published a 2nd ed. in 2020 ($US90, or ca. $117 for the e-book!) which contains no new encyclopedia-level information about nonmetals. A fair summary of modern thinking as to which elements are nonmetals inextricably rests on these historical sources. That's how I attempted to construct the article, and the result is a fair summation of modern, still inconsistent, thinking.
AFAIK, no modern source will verify "always, frequently, sometimes". OTOH, innumerable modern sources will count the noble gases, the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) and H, N, O, and S as nonmetals. And a significant number will count B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te as metalloids. And every now and then C, P or Se will cause hiccups (for considered reasons), as per the 2013 cite.
All that said, I've replaced the older cites in the lede image with a cite to Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 16th edition (2016). This reference most helpfully, relevantly, and importantly adds, "Any such list [of nonmetals] is open to challenge".
For the red-shaded metalloids, which sometimes are or aren't counted as nonmetals, I trimmed the 70s and 90s cites; kept the 2006 cite; and added a 2020 cite.
I hope this will be acceptable. I'll check the rest of the article for any knock-on editing requirements.
Physical props
Groups 1–2, Sc, Y, Ti, V, Zr, La, Eu
Peer review 2
I'm submitting this article for a second peer review in order to assess its suitability for an FAC nomination, following four unsuccessful such nominations.
The comments in the last column are my personal views.
Days in FAC: 99 FAC editors: 64 (not counting me and the FAC Coord) Approx. net FAC word count: 86,470 Days between FAC 1 and 2: 71 Days between FAC 2 and 3: 13 Days between FAC 3 and 4: 17 Word count here at FAC talk: 9,564 Article word count: 6,800
At the end of each of the first three FAC nominations I acted on all o/s feedback before resubmitting. This included an extensive PR between the first two FAC nominations.
What follows are some further comments by me, and some responses to specific FAC 4 feedback organised according to the associated editor. Thank you. Sandbh (talk) 22:46, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
Sandbh
All FAC 4 feedback has been considered and acted on accordingly. I was astonished by the amount of effort that went into that feedback and will always be grateful to the editors involved.
I read Sandy Georgia's article on Achieving excellence through featured content, and Tony1's article on How to improve your writing. Some of the content in these articles comes down to stylistic differences with which I did not always agree, and I found the latter to be belaboured, and didn't finish it. Nevertheless, I get the point of such advice and applied it where I thought it would add value.
The gist of the nonmetal article can be got by reading only the topic sentence in each paragraph. The technical subject matter means there is some WP:JARGON, which I've attempted to minimise. YMMV. Sandbh (talk) 22:46, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
Jo-Jo Eumerus
* Is it absolutely necessary to have all these citations in the lead section? [while I am no fan of WP:WIAFA's requirement of MOS compliance, it is one of the FA criteria and Manual of Style/Lead section discourages adding references to lead sections when they aren't needed, and they aren't needed here]
* Thank you(!), I agree they aren't needed here and have removed them. They were originally added following previous challenges, when I wasn't aware of that nice bit of MOS guidance.
* Some sources have page numbers given and others don't - instead only featuring a "passim" even if the source is a long book.
* Passim is used six times out of ca. 280 citations, for three sources. I use it when the information concerned is found in the source generally or in multiple places throughout. For example, I cite Wiberg 2001 as a source of information for the appearance and structures of the 23 nonmetals within scope of the article rather than list 23 specific page references. Sandbh (talk) 22:46, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
Licks-rocks
* The [distinguishing criteria] section also does does not seem to make any attempt to establish what the current most used criteria are, or to explain how any of the criteria suggested would work or what differences it would make. Are all of them E?
* I've added a paragraph about probably the best known attempt to distinguish nonmetals from metals, and noted the shortcomings of this criterion. They're more or less E, although not necessarily I, as the article now notes:
* "Kneen et al. suggested that the nonmetals could be discerned once a [single] criterion for metallicity had been chosen, adding that, "many arbitrary classifications are possible, most of which, if chosen reasonably, would be similar but not necessarily identical." Sandbh (talk) 22:46, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
Sandy Georgia
* This passage: "Fourteen elements effectively [H, O, N, and S; F, Cl, Br and I; and He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Ze, and Rn] always recognized as nonmetals…Up to a further nine elements are frequently or sometimes considered as nonmetals" What is the meaning of "effectively"? Why "frequently", in relation to such an old source? Is all of this still the case, or not? If so, an updated source would be helpful.
* "Effectively" means that there are some very peculiar instances of H, N, S, I and Rn being referred to as metalloids, rather than nonmetals. I feel that these instances are so peculiar that they can be effectively ignored. The magnitude of the number of elements treated as nonmetals hasn't changed significantly since at least the 1960s.
* The prose is unnecessarily dense and jargon-filled.
* I've edited the article in an attempt to reduce the density and to remove jargon where feasible.
* "Homberg's approach represented "an important move toward the modern concept of an element".[57] Subsequently, the first modern list of chemical elements was given by Lavoisier in his "revolutionary" [58] 1789 work..."
* Both attributions namely [57] and [58] were there at the time.
* There are three uses of the word subsequently...
* There's now one left:
* "Homberg's approach represented "an important move toward the modern concept of an element".[26] Subsequently, the first modern list of chemical elements was given by Lavoisier in his "revolutionary"[27]..."
* I feel this one is fine since the "subsequently" is designed to provide a thematic link.
* This looks like original research: "Since there are 118 known elements,[17] as of February 2022, the 23 nonmetals within the scope of this article are outnumbered by the metals several times." While it may be an obvious calculation of simple math, why is it in the article if not citeable to a high quality source?
* Since metals and nonmetals represent the two great classes in chemistry it's there to provide some context as to the proportions involved. For example, even though there are so many metals, nonmetals nevertheless occupy the first ten places in a "top 20" table of elements most frequently encountered in 895,501,834 compounds, as listed in the Chemical Abstracts Service register for November 2021. See the Chemical section, para. 5.
* Look at Noble gases in edit mode. Why do short-note citations, which will almost never wrap, use non-breaking spaces, while something like "core may contain ca. 1013" does not?
* I've used non-breaking spaces in short-note citations ever since receiving feedback as to the desirability of doing so during the successful 2014 FAC nomination of metalloid. The heavy metals FA (2016) likewise does so.
* One of the first things the reader encounters is a WP:GALLERY (that did nothing to enhance my comprehension of the article).
* The gallery was intended to show the variety in colour and form of the nonmetals. The gallery caption now makes this clear. Sandbh (talk) 22:44, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
Sequence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SandyGeorgia/Achieving_excellence_through_featured_content https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tony1/How_to_improve_your_writing 9,214 words; 94,724 bytes
Days in FAC: 99 FAC editors: 64 (not counting me and the FAC Coordinator) Approx. net FAC word count: 86,470 Days between FAC 1 and 2: 71 Days between FAC 2 and 3: 13 Days between FAC 3 and 4: 17 Word count at Talk:Featured article candidates: 9,564 Article word count: 6,800
Proposed changes to FAC system Proposed system changes Aug 3 to Aug 8
Nonmetal
Featured_article_candidates/Nonmetal/archive4
Jo-Jo Eumerus
* Is it absolutely necessary to have all these citations in the lead section? [while I am no fan of WP:WIAFA's requirement of MOS compliance, it is one of the FA criteria and Manual of Style/Lead section discourages adding references to lead sections when they aren't needed, and they aren't needed here]
* Some of the footnotes contain claims that need to be sourced.
* Some sources have page numbers given and others don't - instead only featuring a "passim" even if the source is a long book.
* Passim is used seven times out of 267 citations. I use it when the information concerned is found in the source generally or in multiple places throughout the work. For example, I cite Wiberg 2000 as a source of information for the appearance and structures of the 23 nonmetals within scope of the article rather than list 23 specific page references.
* "elemental selenium is occasionally found" and the second paragraph of the chemical sections is unsourced.
Licks-rocks
* I am a bit confused by the distinguishing criteria section. the combination of a (seemingly largely unnecessary) quote, infobox, bullet list and enumeration make it very cluttered.
* The section also does does not seem to make any attempt to establish what the current most used criteria are, or to explain how any of the criteria suggested would work or what differences it would make. Are all of them E?
SandyGeorgia
* Black phosphorus copyvio
* WP:NOPRICE
* Other odd citation issues, eg, "Johnson[37] noted that physical properties can best indicate the metallic or nonmetallic properties of an element, with the proviso that other properties will be needed in a number of ambiguous cases." (If Johnson noted all of this, why isn't the citation at the end of the sentence?)
* This whole passage is cited to a 1966 source: "Fourteen elements effectively always recognized as nonmetals are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the corrosive halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; and the noble gases helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Up to a further nine elements are frequently or sometimes considered as nonmetals, including carbon, phosphorus, and selenium; and the elements otherwise commonly recognized as metalloids namely boron; silicon and germanium; arsenic and antimony; and tellurium, bringing the total up to twenty-three nonmetals.[4]" Why source to something that old? What is the meaning of "effectively", especially in relation to a more than 50-year-old source? Why "frequently", in relation to such an old source? Is all of this still the case, or not? If so, an updated source would be helpful.
Prose
<S>The prose is unnecessarily dense and jargon-filled. Some samples only: These are samples only; similar is spotted wherever the eye falls.
* The distinguishing criteria section has a long-list of red-linked terms that are never defined (anywhere in the article, or anywhere on Wikipedia). This renders the text a mystery to layreaders.
* One sample paragraph for examination:
* The term "nonmetallic" dates from as far back as 1708 when Wilhelm Homberg mentioned "non-metallic sulfur" in his Des Essais de Chimie.[56] He had refuted the five-fold division of matter into sulfur, mercury, salt, water and earth, previously in vogue, as postulated by Étienne de Clave [fr] (1641) in New Philosophical Light of True Principles and Elements of Nature. Homberg's approach represented "an important move toward the modern concept of an element". [57] Subsequently, the first modern list of chemical elements was given by Lavoisier in his "revolutionary" [58] 1789 work Traité élémentaire de chimie in which he distinguished between simple metallic and nonmetallic substances. In its first seventeen years, Lavoisier's work was republished in twenty-three editions and six languages, and carried his "new chemistry" across Europe and America.[59]
* There are three uses of the word subsequently (always a tipoff to other prose issues); in this case, they are all either confusing, or point two things that only could have happened afterwards, hence redundant. Looking at one of those:
* "The discovery of a quasi-spherical allotropic molecule, borospherene (B40), was announced in 2014. Silicon was most recently known only in its crystalline and amorphous forms. The synthesis of an orthorhombic allotrope, Si24, was subsequently reported in 2014." I can't decipher what this text even means, much less the circular reasoning on 2014, most recently, and back to 2014.
* The other two instances of subsequently (It can lose its single valence electron in aqueous solution, leaving behind a bare proton with tremendous polarizing power.[80] This subsequently attaches itself to the lone electron pair of an oxygen atom in a water molecule,) and (The term "nonmetallic" dates from as far back as 1708 ... Subsequently, the first modern list of chemical elements was given by Lavoisier) are examples of convoluted prose and issues that could not have happened before the first, hence redundant.
* This looks like original research: "Since there are 118 known elements,[17] as of February 2022, the 23 nonmetals within the scope of this article are outnumbered by the metals several times." While it may be an obvious calculation of simple math, why is it in the article if not citeable to a high quality source?
* There are unattributed quotes throughout.
* The distinction between metals and nonmetals arose, in a convoluted manner,
MOS issues
This is not an exhaustive list; these suggest a MOS review has not been done.
* Incorrect use of "Main" hatnotes. For example, (oddly) the halogen article never mentions nonmetal, so the content in this article cannot be a summary of that article.
* MOS:ELLIPSES
* Look at Noble gases in edit mode. Why do short-note citations, which will almost never wrap, use non-breaking spaces, while something like "core may contain ca. 1013" does not?
* MOS:WAW: The term "nonmetallic" dates from ...
* 2 Concept origin, distinguishing criteria, and use of term as a section heading, followed by the exact same words at 2.1 Origin of the concept, 2.2 Distinguishing criteria, 2.3 Use of the term (don't repeat words at lower levels)
Presentation
* One of the first things the reader encounters is a WP:GALLERY (that did nothing to enhance my comprehension of the article).
* The juxtaposition of an indented long list with a quote box in the Distinguishing criteria section is visually awful, and I wonder what our screenreading users might say about it. Why isn't that example algorithm prosified ? Why "example" (as in, which sources disgree and have other examples)?
Talk I wrote User:SandyGeorgia/Achieving excellence through featured content mostly for medical editors, but the recommendations in the "Advice for FA aspirants" section works for everyone.
ComplexRational
Also, in my opinion, this has been rushed into FAC4 and several editors have raised valid concerns, so I would strongly recommend working on the article outside FAC and perhaps send it through peer review again before coming back here. While I'm all for trying again in principle, I get the impression that this is the third time it's rushed back into FAC after a closed nomination and that won't sit well with some reviewers. I sincerely believe the article has potential to reach FA, and don't feel like opposing on these grounds alone, but rushing improvements and re-nominations won't do it any good. ComplexRational (talk) 15:46, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
ANI
I concur with the above sequence of events but not the interpretation and omissions.
A. As El_C noted, posting what DePieP posted into the RfC statement before the Vote section was inappropriate.
C. I did not "change" DePiep’s post, I manually reverted it and moved it into the discussion section and, in response to DePiep’s question/concern about Voting, I replied as follows: "I put the rfc as a question. A "vote" then is an expression of one's wish or choice with respect to the question." DePiep ignores BRD, reverts my revert, and posts an incivil "serious warning" to my talk page.
D. I reverted DePiep’s contribution to the RfC since it was a commentary on the reasons for my vote, posted straight after my vote. That was my bad, as El_C noted., as ack by me. DePiep ignores BRD and reverts my revert.
As DePiep noted, I asked him to add comments or discussion to the Votes section, in this edit summary, a request which he has ignored. Sandbh (talk) 06:45, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
Alleged interference in RfC by DePiep
I regret the need to be here but this matter concerns a currently open RfC.
I recently initiated an RfC. After the RfC statement section itself, there is a subsection for Votes and a subsection for Talk, notes, questions, suggestions.
User:DePiep then posted a question to the RfC statement section itself.
I effectively boldly reverted DePeip’s edit by moving his question to the RfC Talk, notes, questions, suggestions subsection, and added my answer to his question. I also asked DePiep to, “Please do not edit my rfc statement” adding that the place for questions is the RfC Talk etc. sub-section.
DePiep has now reverted my revert and added a “serious warning” to my talk page, saying he is surprised to have to tell me, once more, on how to behave in a discussion; that my revert of his edit was unacceptable, including my “misleading” edit summary; that I’ll understand this is tearing his patience with me and my editing behaviour; that there are other paths for me to walk if I have questions or issues “(but not me is gonna point them out to you any more)”. Further, "I will not accept you breaking or spoiling a discussion. So best consider this as a serious warning."
DePiep has also added a Glossary to the RfC statement section itself, without consulting me as the initiator of the RfC, and ignoring my previous request to please not edit my RfC statement.
In bringing my allegations here I am only looking to run the RfC free from interference of this kind by DePiep, and to be free from incivil postings to my talk page.
If this is an inappropriate forum to raise allegations and concerns of this nature I will be happy to raise them via another avenue.
Thank you. I’ve tried to be polite. If I’m at fault I am happy to be corrected. Sandbh (talk) 10:05, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
* I will reply later on. Most clarifying diffs will be from the . -DePiep (talk) 11:01, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
Update: DePiep has now added commentary immediately after my vote, rather than adding such comments to the Talk, notes, questions, suggestions subsection.. I thanked him for this edit and then boldly reverted it, saying, “Please do not add comments or discussion to the Votes section”. DePiep reverted my revert, commenting, “"it is a discussion. Read WP:RFC. Do not change my edits. Stop tit-for-tat.". While I stand ready to be corrected, I regard these alleged actions by DePiep as a form of vandalism, misguided as it may be. Sandbh (talk) 11:17, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
FAC nom
This is my third outing at FAC for this vital article. The subject matter is one half of the fundamental distinction made in chemistry between metals and nonmetals.
Following FAC #2:
* the lede has been trimmed down to four paragraphs;
* nine images, tables or quote boxes have been removed or integrated into the text; and
* ca. 150 minor edits have been made to improve the article.
Please note that addressing the nature of nonmetals necessitates a fair amount of descriptive, list-like content. Where feasible I've sought to avoid long, list-like sentences by instead using dot point lists or summary tables.
As suggested at FAC #2, here's my assessment against the FAC criteria.
<ol> It is: <ol STYLE="list-style-type: lower-alpha"> <li id="1A">well-written: its prose is engaging and of a professional standard;
* That's been my aim. Each paragraph in the article addresses one idea, as flagged by its lead sentence. The logical flow of the article can then be grasped by reading only each first sentence. As requested at FAC #2, the article has been subject to a formal copy edit. I did this by starting at its end, and working back up to the start, making adjustments along the way.
<li id="1B">comprehensive: it neglects no major facts or details and places the subject in context;
* That's certainly the case.
<li id="1C">well-researched: it is a thorough and representative survey of the relevant literature; claims are verifiable against high-quality reliable sources and are supported by inline citations where appropriate;
* I doubt there's a more focused encyclopedic and citation supported survey of nonmetals anywhere.
<li id="1D">neutral: it presents views fairly and without bias;
* There's some variability in the literature as to which chemical elements are nonmetals. I've attempted to take a balanced approach to this question, and to make this consideration explicit in the article.
<li id="1E">stable: it is not subject to ongoing edit wars and its content does not change significantly from day to day, except in response to the featured article process;
* It's certainly that.
<li id="1F">compliant with Wikipedia's copyright policy and free of plagiarism or too-close paraphrasing.
* To the best of my ability that's the case.
</ol></li> It follows the style guidelines, including the provision of: <ol STYLE="list-style-type: lower-alpha"> <li id="2A">a lead: a concise lead section that summarizes the topic and prepares the reader for the detail in the subsequent sections;</li>
* Check. The lead focuses on only the most important ideas.
<li id="2B">appropriate structure: a substantial but not overwhelming system of hierarchical section headings;</li>
* Check.
<li id="2C">consistent citations: where required by criterion 1c, consistently formatted inline citations using footnotes—see citing sources for suggestions on formatting references. Citation templates are not required.</li>
* Check.
</ol></li> Media. It has images and other media, where appropriate, with succinct captions and acceptable copyright status. Images follow the image use policy. Non-free images or media must satisfy the criteria for inclusion of non-free content and be labeled accordingly.
* An image check was conducted and passed at FAC #2. The article has no new images. All images bar one have succinct captions. The exception is the "Periodic table extract" image which needs an extended caption in order to explain the features it (the image) is encapsulating. I've considered moving the bulk of the content of the caption into the text however I feel that to do so would make it harder to unpack the image.
Length. It stays focused on the main topic without going into unnecessary detail and uses summary style.</li> </ol>
* The number of endnotes has been criticised in past FAC's. Consistent with Help:Explanatory notes I generally use endnotes to elaborate items which would otherwise seem to make the main body text too detailed for the general reader. At the same time, the footnotes may appeal to the specialist reader. For a technical subject of this kind, I feel this is a good way of addressing FA criterion 1c, "it is a thorough and representative survey of the relevant literature." This is particularly the case for descriptive chemistry in which, unlike the laws of physics, there are always exceptions. Of the 66 endnotes, 40% belong to images or tables.
I thank numerous peer- and FAC-reviewers for previous feedback on the article.
Sandbh (talk) 06:55, 30 October 2021 (UTC)
Nonmetal halogens
* "It will be seen that these elements of zero valence and no chemical character form a natural passage from the strongly electro-negative non-metallic halogens…"
* — A review of some of the recent literature of the periodic law, RH Bradbury - Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1902
* "In the decidedly nonmetallic halogen group…"
* — Qualitative analysis as a laboratory basis for the study of… Page 64, William Conger Morgan · 1906
* "And among the nonmetallic halogens we find the…"
* — Recent Advances in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry - Page 245, Alfred Walter Stewart · 1920
* "In a similar manner the nonmetal halogen elements are arranged"
* — Essentials of Chemistry - Page 54, Luros G · 1955
* "The alkali metals of Group la combine readily with the nonmetal halogens of Group VIIa."
* — General Chemistry - Page 87, John Arrend Timm · 1966
* "Nitrogen was the subject of Chapter 15, and the nonmetallic halogens, of Chapter 17."
* — Introduction to Chemistry - Page 226, Williams et al. · 1973
* "The electron configurations of atoms of some of the elements, the alkali metals and the nonmetallic halogens and noble gases, are given in Table 4-1."
* — Geology: Our Physical Environment, Page 30, Davis et al. 1976
* "The nonmetallic halogen atoms easily pick up an electron, thus forming halide ions."
* — Chemistry Decoded - Page 346, Leonard W. Fine · 1976
* "Iodine is a nonmetallic halogen, having the lowest reactivity of any substance in this group."
* — Properties of Nonmetallic Fluid Elements - Volume 3, Part 2 - Page 115, Yeram Sarkis Touloukian, Cho Yen Ho · 1981 · p. 115
* "An activity series for the nonmetallic halogens was given in Chapter 6."
* — Understanding Chemistry - Page 386, Robert J. Ouellette · 1987
* "Other properties are similar to those of the nonmetallic halogen elements in Group VIIA or 17 in the second column from the far right of the table…in this case, the nonmetal halogen element is reduced to its halide ion."
* — Chemistry: A Basic Introduction - Pages 125, 271, George Tyler Miller · 1987
* "Iodine resembles bromine because they are nonmetallic halogens that form compounds like those of chlorine."
* — Chemistry - Page 8, Nathan · 1993, p. 8
* "What causes gold to emulate many properties of the nonmetallic halogens?"
* — Chemical Principles, Page 549, Steven S. Zumdahl · 1995
* "...but we must not forget the novel involvement of the non-metal halogens."
* — The Chemistry of Evolution: The Development of our Ecosystem, R.J.P Williams, J.J.R Fraústo da Silva · 2005
* "Among the other nonmetal halogens used to partially halogenate metal oxides…"
* — Inorganic Reactions and Methods, The Formation of Bonds to…, A. P. Hagen · 2009, p. 221
* "Non-metallic halogens such as chlorine, iodine and bromine are salt-forming elements."
* — "TRPM7 is regulated by halides through its kinase domain", H Yu, Z Zhang, A Lis, R Penner, A Fleig - Cellular and molecular life… 2013
* "Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 53…
* — Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary - Page 765, Michael D Larrañaga, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Robert A. Lewis · 2016
* "Non-metallic halogens are very attractive"
* — "Hydrothermal preparation of visible-light-driven Br-doped Bi2WO6 photocatalyst", P Dumrongrojthanath, A Phuruangrat, S Thongtem… Materials Letters, 2017 - Elsevier
* "…chlorine; element #17; a nonmetal halogen gas"
* — Trauma, 8th Edition - Page 1139, Moore et al. 2017, p. 1139
* "…and a more detailed grouping in families of: alkali Earth, alkaline Earth, transition metal, rare Earth, other metal, metalloid, and nonmetal halogen to noble gas."
* — Illustrated Encyclopedia of Applied and Engineering Physics, Robert Splinter · 2017, p. 382
Groups that bridge blocks
On the group 12 metals (zinc, cadmium and mercury), Smith observed that, "Textbook writers have always found difficulty in dealing with these elements." A 2003 survey of chemistry books showed that they were treated as either transition metals or main group elements on about a 50/50 basis. They are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block. Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13. In a like manner, the relatively inert noble gases, in group 18, bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table—the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1.
Chemically, the group 3 elements, lanthanides, and heavy group 4 and 5 elements show some behaviour similar to the alkaline earth metals or, more generally, s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals.
Meanwhile, lutetium (at the end of the f-block) behaves chemically as a lanthanide (with which it is often classified) but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties (as does yttrium). Lawrencium, as the heavier congener of lutetium, would presumably display like characteristics. The coinage metals in group 11 (copper, silver, and gold) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals.
Notes
References
= Park =
Introduction
As promised, here is a discussion on the (non-)relevance of aesthetics and regularity in the context of the Group 3 question. It is taken and adapted from my peer-reviewed open access articlewhich now has 400 accesses, in Foundations of Chemistry. The editor is Eric Scerri, who is also the chair of the IUAPC Group 3 project.
* I caution readers to not confuse Eric's personal view on the group 3 question with his role as the editor of FoC, nor with his role as the chair of the IUPAC project.
My conclusion is that, akin to a game of whack-a-mole, attempts to improve regularity in the appearance of the periodic table increases the number of irregularities amongst various other properties and relationships across the table, and cognitive dissonance with respect to chemical relationships between or within groups or series of elements. Further, while Nature does not care about aesthetics, the composition of Group 3 as Sc–Y–La–Ac appears to be more consistent with the texture of the world.
Scerri sets the scene
Scerri (2008, p. 57) has argued for lutetium under yttrium (and helium over beryllium), since the periodic table can then be arranged, from a philosophical point of view, so that it shows the greatest degree of regularity and symmetry. Such a table may better reflect the regularity of the periodic law. He cites as an example, the left-step or Janet periodic table (Fig. 9). Such a table facilitates a regular array of vertical triads (Fig. 10), in which the middle element of the triad has an atomic number that is the average of those of the first and third elements. Scerri does not support lanthanum under yttrium since, in a 32-column table, and on the basis of regularity and symmetry, this once again results in awkward split d-block (Fig. 11).[n13]
* n13: Hamilton (1965) shows a periodic table extract (Groups 1 to 11, plus footnoted lanthanoids and actinoids, showing Ce, Pr…Lu; and Th, Pa…Lw) with a split d-block (the gap is between Groups 3 and 4) and says that—without any fuss—this is “the periodic table as it is usually presented”. Reger et al. (2010, p. 295) write that “perhaps” the correct shape of the 32-column periodic table should feature a split d-block given the electron configurations of La and Ac, but that “we avoid these structures by splitting the f-block from the rest of the periodic table. This also has the advantage of being able to print a legible periodic table on a single piece of paper.” (They show La below Y in the rest of their book.)
* In a similar vein, Scerri (2020b, p. 5) notes that with respect to the 32-column form, “After any new insights are gained, one can well return to the 18-column format with deepened knowledge.”
* The split-d table dates from as early as 1934 (Romanoff). It was the table of choice for van Spronsen (1969) in his history of the first hundred years of the periodic system of chemical elements.
Scerri's argument remains inconclusive
His argument remains inconclusive as there is no basis to regard regularity or symmetry as fundamental requirements (Scerri 2004, p. 149; 2019, p. 385). Stewart (2018b, p. 75) observed that, “Triads are a consequence of the structure of the system and cannot at the same time be its cause.” Scerri (2020a, pp. 387, 401) acknowledges that we should be aware of arguments based on regularity or symmetry. Jensen (2019), whose 1982 article in the Journal of Chemical Education kicked off the debate on the composition of Group 3, recently attacked the relevance of [vertical] triads.
Curiously, as discussed later in this article, increasing regularity in the shape of the periodic table increases the number of irregularities amongst various other properties and relationships across the table.[n14] Indeed, as Imyanitov (2016, pp. 153–154) observed: If one seeks for the maximum chemical utility…[one] should opt for the more ‘unruly’ tables. If one seeks maximum elegance and orderliness above all…[one] should favor the more regular representations.
* n14: A simple example is to rearrange the line of elements shown on the cover of Bent’s (2006) monograph, into the conventional 18-column layout with the two Group 3 options, as follows:
* [here].
The historical obsession with symmetry
The obsession of the Greeks with the concept of symmetry retarded progress in astronomy for at least 1500 years (Yang 1996, p. 271). They perpetuated the idea of the Harmony of the Spheres and the Dogma of the Circles. According to these works, the heavenly bodies must observe the most symmetrical rules, and the circle and the sphere are the most symmetrical forms. But the heavenly bodies do not make simple circular motions. So they tried to fit their motions with circular ones superposed on circular ones. When that did not work either, they tried circular ones on circular ones on circular ones, and so on.
My shock and realisation
The first time I saw a 32-column table with a split d-block (Fig. 11) I thought it must have been “wrong” since it appeared so awkward; I later came to realise that I’d subconsciously adopted the Western cultural obsession with symmetry.[n15] Jensen earlier referred to the abuse of (Platonic) symmetry considerations in the construction and interpretation of periodic tables in general, including to the extent of triumphing over the inconvenient facts of chemistry (Jensen 1986, passim; 2003, pp. 953–954).
* n15: In a related manner, notions of beauty and ugliness show some variation across time, and between cultures and people (Shiraev and Levy 2013, p. 102). For example:
* Mountains are seen as sublime expressions of nature; only two hundred years ago they were regarded as loathsome things to be avoided at all costs (Bayley 2015).
* Two years before it was finished, the great Paris “intellos” of the day lined up in opposition to the Eiffel Tower, writing letters to the papers denouncing it as an ugly and hateful column of bolted tin; of course, it is now one of the world’s most beloved monuments (Bayley 2015).
* Foreigners in Japan were known to refer to a good deal of ikebana (flower arrangement) as unattractive (Shiraev and Levy 2013, p. 102).
* The ACS Division of Inorganic Chemistry had been using a split-d table as its e-mail header, without any concerns being raised, as far as I know, on ugliness or disorderliness. It looks engaging to my subjective eye—ordered, yet with intriguing flourishes:
* [here]
* Scerri (2020b, p. 11) reports that the logo was withdrawn due to the controversy associated with the Group 3 question. It has subsequently been reinstated.
Symmetry breaking
An emerging field of thought is the importance of symmetry breaking,[n16] rather than pure symmetry:
* …symmetries matter, largely because we like to see them broken sometimes: the laws, particles and forces of physics all have their roots in symmetry-breaking. They create what David Gross of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, calls the “texture of the world”. These considerations have led Florian Goertz at the Max Planck Institute for Particle and Astroparticle Physics in Heidelberg to propose the existence of a new particle that is single-handedly capable of cleaning up five of the stickiest problems in physics. “Complete symmetry is boring,” says Goertz. “If symmetry is slightly broken, interesting things can happen.” (Brooks 2018, p. 30)[n17]
* n16: Yang (1996), p. 286:
* "Through the work of many physicists, the concept of broken symmetry was introduced into elementary particle physics in the 1960s and 1970s. The idea was, in the simplest language, to keep the mathematical forms symmetrical, but the physical consequence unsymmetrical. The standard model, for which Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg shared the Nobel prize in 1979, was based on gauge theory with broken symmetry. It has been extremely successful."
* n17: "Physical chemistry is fundamentally asymmetric. How could it not be when the proton weighs so much more than the electron?" (Philip Stewart, pers. comm. 30 Dec 2019). A recent article along these lines appeared in New Scientist:
* "Evidence of new physics could have been under our noses all along
* Many of these remaining problems boil down to one. Crudely phrased, some things are exceptionally small while related things are exceptionally big. This is known as the hierarchy problem, and once you spot it, you start seeing it everywhere.
* Take the four fundamental forces of nature. The weakest two are gravity, and the weak nuclear force, which only operates on the tiniest of scales and is responsible for certain types of radioactive decay. The weak force is weak, but compared with it, gravity is some 25 orders of magnitude weaker—a bizarre state of affairs that, as yet, has no good explanation.
* The asymmetry reappears elsewhere. Dark energy, the mysterious force that is causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate, is 120 orders of magnitude weaker than we would expect. Dark matter, which is the dominant form of matter in the universe, interacts very weakly with regular matter. Neutrinos, the lightest particles in the standard model, are thousands of times lighter than anything else.
* These disparities are profoundly vexing to physicists, who prefer to see related parameters in a theory take broadly consistent values. This preference for "naturalness" drives much theoretical speculation—some would say to a fault. 'Nature doesn't care about our aesthetics,' says [Nathaniel] Craig [a theoretical physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara].
style="text-align:center"|* * *
* Ten years on, nothing has changed. We were fixated on supersymmetry for too long, says Isabel Garcia at the University of California, Santa Barbara, searching under the convenient street light to the detriment of the field. But the story of the LHC is far from over. The collider has recorded only 3% of the data we expect it to collect in its lifetime, and an upgrade to higher energies in 2020 will further raise its chances of seeing something surprising.
* But the LHC's failure to break any new ground has emboldened a new generation to question the hunches that motivated previous searches. 'This optimism is most widespread amongst the youth,' says Matthew McCullough, a theoretical physicist at CERN. 'We’ve shaken off the cobwebs of the theories handed down by our PhD advisers.'" (Eure 2019)
* It remains to be seen if the YAPs (young asymmetrical pups) can teach the OSDs (old symmetrical dogs) some new tricks.
As Eugen Schwarz (2019, pers. comm., 8 Dec) stated, "The real, rich pattern of elements’ chemistry does not fit into a clear-cut rectangular grid." This view is consistent with that of Dias (2004, p. 375), who asserted that:
* "A periodic table is defined as a partially ordered [italics added] set forming a two-dimensional array which complies with the triad principle where any central element has some metric property that is the arithmetic mean of two flanking [i.e. horizontal] member elements."[n18,n19]
* 18: Klein (1995, pp. 341–342) elaborates the concept of a periodic table as a partially ordered set:
* Even in elementary chemistry texts many "rules of thumb" are given which in effect make partial orderings of various chemico-physical properties (melting points, boiling points, electronegativities, solubilities, reactivities, etc.). For example, the ionization potentials of elements arranged in a suitable typical periodic chart generally decrease in proceeding down columns and in proceeding right-to-left across rows, so that while some pairs of elements have ionization potentials ordered by this rule, others pairs don't…Indeed, the periodic chart can be viewed as what we might call a multi-poset, where there are ordering links along both vertical and horizontal directions but orderings are to be in different directions (interchanging upward vs. downward and/or leftward vs. rightward) for various properties.
* 19: Even so I consider that (a) asymmetry cannot be appreciated or understood without understanding (b) symmetry, and how and why things go from (b) to (a). See also Hegstrom and Kondepudi (1990), and Rosen (1996).
Real chemists
In this vein, Mendeleev used horizontal triads when he predicted the properties of the then undiscovered elements scandium, gallium, and germanium. He discussed his technique using the horizontal triad arsenic-selenium-bromine to estimate the atomic weight of selenium (Scerri 2008, pp. 585–589).
A high degree of orderliness, and explanatory power, can nevertheless be found in Rossotti’s (1998) split d-block periodic table template (Fig. 12).
Rossotti shows where each subshell starts; how the lanthanoids and actinoids are interpositioned between Groups 2 and 4 and, in this instance, the electron configuration make-up of gadolinium and its predecessor, europium. Here, the lanthanoids run from cerium to lutetium; and the actinoids from thorium to lawrencium.
The split d-block is thus integrated into the overall design of the table.
The domain of chemistry
A related consideration is that the internal structure and external shape of a chemical periodic table is determined by chemical facts rather than considerations of regularity, beauty or symmetry (Cao et al. 2019, p. 26, passim). Here, the use of multiple considerations to triangulate a solution is consistent with the role of classification science, as well as the premise that “Classes are usually defined by more than two attributes…” (Jones 2010, p. 169). In other words, in the absence of a categorical solution we are obliged to use quantitative or qualitative arguments to establish a solution.[n24]
* 24: Jones adds (2010, pp. 169–171):
* "Though classification is an essential feature of all branches of science, there are always hard cases at the boundaries. The boundary of a class is rarely sharp…Scientists should not lose sleep over the hard cases. As long as a classification system is beneficial to economy of description, to structuring knowledge and to our understanding, and hard cases constitute a small minority, then keep it. If the system becomes less than useful, then scrap it and replace it with a system based on different shared characteristics."
Conclusion
It is ironic that, akin to a game of whack-a-mole, attempts to improve regularity in the appearance of the periodic table increases the number of irregularities amongst various other properties and relationships across the table, and cognitive dissonance with respect to chemical relationships between or within groups or series of elements. While Nature does not care about aesthetics, the composition of Group 3 as Sc–Y–La–Ac appears to be more consistent with the texture of the world.
That said, since periodic tables or systems form a continuum-like series of representations, different approaches to the Group 3 question (even that used within the IUAPC) will continue to have their uses. And please remember to explain the relevant context to your students.
= Park 2 =
Electrochemistry
The following table lists standard reduction potential in volts, and electronegativity values (revised Pauling) for some metals and metalloids. Metals commonly recognised as noble metals are flagged with a ✣ symbol; metalloids are denoted MD; values with a † are predicted; a blank na = not available or applicable.
The simplified entries in the reaction column can be read in detail from the Pourbaix diagrams of the considered element in water. All elements not in this table are either not metals or have a negative standard potential.
Arsenic, antimony and tellurium are considered to be metalloids rather than noble metals.
The black tarnish commonly seen on silver arises from its sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide: 2Ag + H2S + ½O2 → Ag2S + H2O. Rayner-Canham contends that, "silver is so much more chemically-reactive and has such a different chemistry, that it should not be considered as a 'noble metal'."
The relevance of the entry for water is addressed by Li et. al. in the context of galvanic corrosion. Such a process will only occur when:
* "(1) two metals which have different electrochemical potentials are…connected, (2) an aqueous phases with electrolyte exists, and (3) one of the two metals has…potential lower than the potential of the reaction ( + 4e + = 4 OH•) which is 0.4 V…The…metal with…a potential less than 0.4 V acts as an anode…loses electrons…and dissolves in the aqueous medium. The noble metal (with higher electrochemical potential) acts as a cathode and, under many conditions, the reaction on this electrode is generally − 4 e• − = 4 OH•)."
The superheavy elements from hassium (element 108) to livermorium (116) inclusive are expected to be "partially very noble metals"; chemical investigations of hassium has established that it behaves like its lighter congener osmium, and preliminary investigations of nihonium and flerovium have suggested but not definitively established noble behavior. Copernicium's behaviour seems to partly resemble both its lighter congener mercury and the noble gas radon.
Electronegativity is included since it is reckoned to be, "a major driver of metal nobleness and reactivity."
Status of some current categories
=Garden=
Tertiary sources. Yes, I agree these are important. So are well-known, well-defined categories.
Yes, I agree these important aspects sometimes clash, or cannot be so well-attained.
For example:
* At the very start, the boundary between metals and nonmetals is blurry.
* Halogen is a well known collective term, and the most popular of the IUPAC-endorsed names. We do not show it since it clashes with the metalloid category.
* The metalloid category is not well defined. Some authors do not recognise such a category. However, we can at least see, based on the COSMIC database (z = 194), which elements are most commonly recognised as metalloids.
Already we have to exercise some editorial pragmatism. This does not matter as long as we provide the context for doing so, and the basis for the decision.
Noble metals. Rayner-Canham (2018) recently considered how to parse the transition metals, on chemistry grounds. He surveyed the TM classification literature. His biggest sub-category was the noble metals, as PGM + gold. Silver, in comparison, is so much more chemically reactive and has such a different chemistry. Mercury is effectively not a transition metal. Once again we need to exercise some editorial pragmatism. IUPAC does not endorse noble metals as category. Nor do they endorse post-transition metals; metalloids; and reactive nonmetals. The great German text by Wiberg comments, "In place of the noble gases, the transition metal grouping has the noble metals." (2001, p. 1133).
Categories should not overlap. It’s a commendable aspiration but very many categories overlap. The overlaps are not so important. More important is that the categories provide an economy of description, a tool for structuring knowledge, and can also lead to deeper understanding.
Overlaps are solvable. We can show them using diagonal lines of demarcation, as some other authors do. The German Wikipedia has a nice table, in its lead, featuring some of these. This table has its own issues but we can do better.
Taxonomy of our scheme. Our category scheme is based primarily on metallicity and secondly on categories (not Groups):
* I. Metals-metalloids-nonmetals
* II. Categories.
Note the absence of a Roman-numeral-level for Groups. So the coinage metals, volatile metals, chalcogens, and pnictogens are not shown. Of course, the noble gases are shown as a category and that is fine. The noble gases are not a “Group” per se since they will not be able to accomodate oganesson, which is expected to be a solid, reactive (i.e. not noble) semiconductor (band gap 1.5 eV) having a sub-metallic appearance.
Census of periodic tables in chemistry (COPTIC database) I looked up the taxonomical structure of periodic tables found in 62 more recent chemistry textbooks:
* ^ Groups 1 and 2
Observations and conclusion
* 1) The frequency with which the Ln and An are flagged is astonishing.
* 2) The frequency with which Groups are not flagged is remarkable.
* 3) 67.5% of sources include the words lanthanides and actinides on their table.
* 4) Given only 10% of sources (on average) flag Groups, the field is wide open after the allocation of the categories: s-block or equivalent (~20%)§; Ln; An; TM; Metalloid; and Noble gas.
* 5) Post-transition metals appears to be a reasonable choice for the leftover metals between the TM and the metalloids, given the limited range of names for the metals in this part of the periodic table.
* 6) I'm not sure I ever understood what was "wrong" about poor metals.
* 7) Looking subsequently at the ngram results, "Halogen" warrants a place in some fashion, as does "Noble metal".
* 8) The periodic table in the lead of our periodic table article is deficient given there is no immediately accompanying colour category legend (cf the German example).
* § = s-block (15%) + Active metal; Light metal; Reactive metal (~5%) = ~20%
Nonmetal categories
* "While I am eager to be proven wrong, I continue to think that there is no good divide at all. I see myself agreeing on a divide with two clear self-descriptive relevant terms, but throughout all of this time, we haven't found a single one. --R8R (talk) 17:36, 10 September 2017 (UTC)
In light of item 7 above this does indeed happen.
Light metals
* "If there were a category even remotely resembling in popularity AM and AEM, we could consider it. " R8R (talk) 11:43, 11 September 2020 (UTC)
Deming included Al among the light metals, along with the group 1 and 2 metals. It’s a good category name since that is exactly what these metals are. The link between Be and Al is strong. And light metals avoids the problems with the "alkaline earth metals" name i.e. that Be and Mg are not alkaline earths. Light metals got an Ngram of 13-15; the AM and AEMs average 77. I’d say 18% is more than good enough to regarded as, at least, "remote".
Light metals is fourteen times as popular as post-transition metals and reactive nonmetals, both of which we show. The numerous properties the distinguish the halogen nonmetals from the remaining "reactive nonmetals" are set out in the literature. Here they are again:
* † A small clarification about oxygen. Metal oxides are usually ionic. On the other hand, high valence oxides of metals, and the oxides of metalloids and nonmetals, are usually either polymeric or covalent.
* ‡ Since H3+ is featured in interstellar chemistry this could be said to be unconvincing. Yet that is not the point. Instead, there is a spectrum of applicable properties in each category. Carbon is the most prolific catenator. Hydrogen happens to the poor cousin, that is all.
* While it is essential that a periodic table displays important trends in element chemistry at ambient conditions we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behaviour in near ambient, or unusual conditions. A combination of ambient, near ambient, and unusual condition experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
* In ambient or near ambient conditions there is more to hydrogen:
* Theories of the structure of water involve three-dimensional networks of tetrahedra and chains and rings, linked via hydrogen bonding.
* A polycatenated network, with rings formed from metal-templated hemispheres linked by hydrogen bonds, was reported in 2008.
* In organic chemistry, hydrogen bonding is known to facilitate the formation of chain structures. C10H16O 4-tricyclanol, for example, shows catenated hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups, leading to the formation of helical chains; crystalline isophthalic acid C8H6O4 is built up from molecules connected by hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chain.
* In unusual conditions, a 1-dimensional series of hydrogen molecules confined within a single wall carbon nanotube is expected to become metallic at a relatively low pressure of 163.5 GPa. This is about 40% of the ~400 Gpa thought to be required to metallise ordinary hydrogen, a pressure which is difficult to access experimentally.
* In light of these further considerations I argue that hydrogen has a not insignificant linking capacity.
Here's where this is headed; I've discussed replacing the lanthanides with the rare earth metals elsewhere:
* A Including aluminium
* ρ Transition (rare earth) metal: Sc, Y, La
* ✣ Transition (noble) metal: Ru-Pd, Os-Pt, Au
Rare earth metal is there in light of its ngram popularity, and the fact that at least the label "Lanthanide series" ought to be shown on our table. That is, the lanthanide category name will be retained. R8R: I see you responded to the rare earth proposal separately; I'll follow on with a response.
YBG supports a merge of AM and AEM, as do I. R8R has expressed support for two nonmetal categories, in addition to the noble gases. I support this one too.
R8R: In terms of encyclopedia-building, all of the above more closely follows the literature than is the case now. It therefore represents an improved taxonomy.
I'll draft a better PT for the lead of our article, for you all to consider.
* Grateful for your thoughts. Sandbh (talk) 06:42, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
=Colour categories=
=Clean: Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 =
Introduction
Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members.
Origin
It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s, with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the ground-state electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron. The ground-state configurations of caesium, barium and lanthanum are [Xe]6s1, [Xe]6s2 and [Xe]5d16s2. Lanthanum thus emerges with a 5d differentiating electron and on these grounds it was considered to be "in group 3 as the first member of the d-block for period 6". A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3: scandium [Ar]3d14s2, yttrium [Kr]4d15s2 and lanthanum [Xe]5d16s2. Still in period 6, ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of [Xe]4f135d16s2 and lutetium [Xe]4f145d16s2, "resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f-block for period 6". Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact [Xe]4f146s2. This meant that ytterbium and lutetium—the latter with [Xe]4f145d16s2—both had 14 f-electrons, "resulting in a d- rather than an f- differentiating electron" for lutetium and making it an "equally valid candidate" with [Xe]5d16s2 lanthanum, for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium.
Chemistry
In terms of chemical behaviour, and trends going down group 3 (if Sc-Y-La is chosen) for properties such as melting point, electronegativity and ionic radius, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium are more similar to their group 1–2 counterparts, than the other groups in the d-block.
In this variant, the number of f electrons in the most common (trivalent) ions of the f-block elements consistently matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f-block elements are Ce 1, Pr 2 and Nd 3.
Thorium conundrum
Lanthanum under yttrium has been criticised on the basis that it appears to create a double standard. It has been argued that La and Ac should not start the f-block as this would represent an unprecedented case of two elements in such a position with neither having electrons (f- in this case) appropriate to the block [cite L]. The double standard is said to arise since Th, with no f electron, would then start the 5f row of the f-block. If not Th, why not La and Ac? [cite J] The counterargument is that there has never been a requirement for an element to have the same differentiating electron (in this case) as its block [cite Scerri]. Thus, arguments relying on such an assumption do not shed any light on the placement question.
Split d block
This form necessitates a split d-block if expanded to a 32-column periodic table. That said, Reger, Scott and Ball (2010, p. 295) write that "perhaps" the correct shape of the 32-column periodic table should feature a split d block given the electron configurations of La and Ac, but that "we avoid these structures by splitting the f block from the rest of the periodic table. This also has the advantage of being able to print a legible periodic table on a single piece of paper." (They show La below Y in the rest of their book.) Eric Scerri considers it to be an ad hoc move that for justification requires an independent argument, that "is especially not available to authors ... who maintain that the d-block perfectly reflects the filling of five d orbitals by ten outer electrons. Why should there be a break only between the first and second of these electron-filling processes?"
Gas phase v condensed phase
Electron configurations, as commonly taught, are based on isolated atoms in a vacuum as opposed to bonded atoms in compounds, the latter being more relevant for chemistry. Moreover, for any particular atom, the lowest levels of two different configurations are often are separated by only very small energies, making which configuration happens to be the ground state chemically almost irrelevant. It is the dominant electron configuration of atoms in chemical environments, and not free gaseous atoms in a vacuum, that can rationalise qualitative chemical behaviour.
That said, the configurations associated with bonded atoms in compounds, often show different configurations.
Equally, in an Sc-Y-La-Ac table based on solid-state configurations, there are 21½ out of 28 matches with the number of f electrons in each Ln and An compared to the position of each element in the f-block, compared to 6 out of 28 for an Sc-Y-Lu-Lr table.
On this basis, solid-state electron configurations appear to support La under Y, rather than Lu.
Introduction
In other tables, lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members.
Origin
1920s–30s: Early techniques for chemically separating scandium, yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so-called "yttrium group" whereas La and Ac occurred together in the "cerium group". Accordingly, lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s.
1950s–60s: Several physicists in the 1950s and '60s favoured lutetium, in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum.
Electron configurations
Scandium, yttrium, and lutetium show a consistent set of electron configurations matching the global trend on the periodic table: the 5d metals then all add a closed 4f14 shell. For example, the shift from yttrium [Kr]4d15s2 to lutetium [Xe]4f145d16s2 exactly parallels that from zirconium [Kr]4d25s2 to hafnium [Xe]4f145d26s2.
Yttrium and lutetium metals have similar d-band occupancies of about 1.5 d electrons per atom; lanthanum instead has about 2.5.
The gas phase ground-state atomic electron configuration of lawrencium was confirmed in 2015 as [Rn]5f147s27p1. Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly, regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f-block or the d-block, as the only potentially applicable p-block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of [Rn]5f146d107s27p1. However, it is expected that in the condensed phase and in chemical environments lawrencium has the expected 6d occupancy, and simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide, in particular being a homologue of lutetium.
In this variant, the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f-block atoms usually matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the first five f-block elements are La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 and Pm 5.
Vertical trends
Trends going down group 3 (if Sc-Y-Lu is chosen) for properties such as melting point, electronegativity and ionic radius, are similar to those found among their group 4–8 counterparts in the same block, as noted by Jensen in an often-cited 1982 article in which he argued for this placement.
In this variant, the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f-block atoms usually matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the first five f-block elements are La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 and Pm 5.
Horizontal trends
Lawrencium's return to +3 as the only stable oxidation state and being predicted to form a trivalent metal is distinct from the behaviour of the other late actinides fermium, mendelevium, and nobelium, which have a tendency towards forming lower oxidation states and form (or are predicted to form) divalent metals; it also makes an exception to the actinide contraction generally being larger than the analogous lanthanide contraction at the end of both series. The steadily increasing stability of the +2 state along the actinide series going to nobelium is similar to that along the 3d series going to zinc.
The inclusion of lutetium rather than lanthanum also homogenises the 5d transition series: trends in atomic size, coordination number, and relative abundance of metal–oxygen bonds all reveal that lutetium is closer than lanthanum to the behaviour of the uncontroversial 5d metals hafnium through mercury. The same is true considering conduction band structures of the elements: lutetium has a transition-metal-like conduction band structure, but lanthanum does not.
General
While scandium, yttrium and lutetium (and lawrencium, so far as its chemistry is known) do often behave like trivalent versions of the group 1–2 metals, being hard class-A cations mostly restricted to the group oxidation state, they are not the only elements in the d-block or f-block that do so. The early transition metals zirconium and hafnium in group 4, as well as niobium and tantalum in group 5, also display such behaviour, as does the actinide thorium. (The heavy group 4 elements and thorium are tetravalent; the heavy group 5 elements are pentavalent.)
Separation groups
The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius, and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu, rather than La, below Y. Thus, among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals, Mg (less basic) belongs in the "soluble group" and Ca, Sr and Ba (more basic) occur in the "ammonium carbonate group". Nevertheless, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table.
Lack of 4f electron
This arrangement, in which lanthanum is the first member of the f-block, is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f-electrons.
=Commented: Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 =
Introduction
Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members.
Origin
It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s, with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the ground-state electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron. The ground-state configurations of caesium, barium and lanthanum are [Xe]6s1, [Xe]6s2 and [Xe]5d16s2. Lanthanum thus emerges with a 5d differentiating electron and on these grounds it was considered to be "in group 3 as the first member of the d-block for period 6". A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3: scandium [Ar]3d14s2, yttrium [Kr]4d15s2 and lanthanum [Xe]5d16s2. Still in period 6, ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of [Xe]4f135d16s2 and lutetium [Xe]4f145d16s2, "resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f-block for period 6". Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact [Xe]4f146s2. This meant that ytterbium and lutetium—the latter with [Xe]4f145d16s2—both had 14 f-electrons, "resulting in a d- rather than an f- differentiating electron" for lutetium and making it an "equally valid candidate" with [Xe]5d16s2 lanthanum, for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium.
However, many elements do not have a well-defined single differentiating electron from the previous element when considering ground-state gas-phase electron configurations; for example, the ground-state configuration of vanadium is [Ar]3d34s2, and that of chromium is [Ar]3d54s1, in which two d electrons are added and one s electron is removed.
Lanthanum has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d1 electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium, having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium. However, the same may be said of thorium which has incumbency over rutherfordium for the 6d2 position; yet rutherfordium is universally placed there.
Chemistry
In terms of chemical behaviour, and trends going down group 3 (if Sc-Y-La is chosen) for properties such as melting point, electronegativity and ionic radius, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium are more similar to their group 1–2 counterparts, than the other groups in the d-block.
* I dispute this. I believe it should read "Sc, Y, La, Ac are similar to their group 1-2 counterparts. However, they are not the only elements to show such similarities: so do the heavy group 4 and 5 elements." We may discuss these similarities first, of course. Double sharp (talk) 08:09, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
In this variant, the number of f electrons in the most common (trivalent) ions of the f-block elements consistently matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f-block elements are Ce 1, Pr 2 and Nd 3.
[Notes] IUPAC survey? Goncharova & Il'ina? Lavelle? Reger, Scott and Ball Restrepo? Scerri, on d/e; Shchukarev; Shriver & Atkins; Spedding and Beadry? Success of electron configuration as first obtained from spectroscopy, noting this field primarily deals with gas phase atoms; Ternstrom; d occupancy of La = dhcp structure?
* The last does not work. La without f involvement would be hcp, as Sc, Y, Lu, Lr indeed are, but La is not (per Wittig). Not to mention that Y and Lu have ~1.5 d electrons per atom, and according to Pettifor La has ~2.5. I also note that Pettifor says Zr also has ~2.5, yet it is somehow not dhcp. Pettifor claims hybridisation, but Hamilton notes that dhcp seems to only appear in the f elements. Besides, Pettifor in his later book Bonding and Structure of Molecules and Solids already notes that the part of the transition metal trend where hybridisation is needed to get the right structures are the late transition metals (group 10), and notes that the trend of structures for nonmagnetic transition metals "is driven by the d bond contribution alone" (p. 223). So La still ends up looking mysterious as usual, whereas Lu smoothly continues the trend as expected (same for Ac vs Lr).
* Actually, most of these have either already been dealt with by the exposure of the irrelevance of ground-state gas-phase configurations below, or by Jensen's call for intraperiod as well as intragroup analogies.
* The few topics in chemistry that require focusing on gas-phase configurations certainly do not form a significant majority. Double sharp (talk) 03:24, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Lavelle's "pair out of place" argument, in which he writes "However placing lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac) in the f-block is the only case where a pair4 of elements that belong in the same group are systematically placed in a group that results in their being part of a block with no outer electrons in common with that block." has two serious problems:
(1) The exact same thing is true if you put lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr) in the f-block. Neither has outer f electrons, those f electrons are never used for chemistry.
(2) Lavelle's only argument for why thorium shouldn't be treated like actinium (neither have an f-electron) is because thorium's lighter congener is cerium, which does have the required f electron. Which suggests that once element 122 is discovered (only four elements away), and if the calculations are right that it lacks the requisite g-electron in the ground state, then we cannot tell whether it is supposed to go in the g-block until we discover its heavier congener and see if it has a g-electron. Because if eka-122 doesn't have a g electron, then it's a "pair out of place", but if it does, then it's just the reverse of the Ce-Th situation. I think this is obviously undesirable: the placement of an element should clearly be established from its own properties. Double sharp (talk) 04:54, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
Thorium conundrum
Lanthanum under yttrium has been criticised on the basis that it appears to create a double standard. It has been argued that La and Ac should not start the f-block as this would represent an unprecedented case of two elements in such a position with neither having electrons (f- in this case) appropriate to the block [cite L]. The double standard is said to arise since Th, with no f electron, would then start the 5f row of the f-block. If not Th, why not La and Ac? [cite J] The counterargument is that there has never been a requirement for an element to have the same differentiating electron (in this case) as its block [cite Scerri]. Thus, arguments relying on such an assumption do not shed any light on the placement question.
* As noted in the commentary I think this is not an accurate summary of the arguments. I propose the following instead: Double sharp (talk) 08:15, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
The form with lanthanum under yttrium has been defended on the grounds that lanthanum and actinium in their ground-state configurations (respectively [Xe]5d16s2 and [Rn]6d17s2) have no electrons in f subshells and therefore should not be placed in the f-block. However, this creates an inconsistency in the treatment of thorium, which has no f-electrons in the ground-state (being [Rn]6d27s2), similar to actinium as [Rn]6d17s2; yet it places thorium in the f-block but not actinium. Considering only ground-state gas-phase configurations, thorium [Rn]6d27s2 by itself is just as good a homologue to zirconium [Kr]4d25s2 as lanthanum [Xe]5d16s2 is to scandium [Ar]3d14s2; yet thorium is invariably placed in the f-block, not in group 4 with zirconium. Thorium thus demonstrates that the possession of an f electron in the ground-state gas-phase configuration of an element is not necessary for it to belong to the f-block. Lanthanum and actinium in a Sc-Y-Lu table do form the only paired anomaly where both elements in a group have no outer electrons in their ground-state gas-phase configurations that match their block. However, the same is true for lutetium and lawrencium in a Sc-Y-La table, neither of which are known in states beyond +3 and for which the f orbitals are definitely core orbitals.
* This is still not exactly the double standard. Starting the row was not Jensen's and Scerri's point. It was just that Ac [Rn]5f06d17s2 and Th [Rn]5f06d27s2 are being treated inconsistently: one is allowed into the f-block despite having no f electrons in the ground-state gas-phase configuration, the other is not. What Scerri is furthermore saying is that having f electrons in the ground-state gas-phase configuration, not having an f "differentiating electron" (which he did not refer to), is not actually relevant to whether an element gets to go into the f block. Jensen similarly points to ideal Madelung configurations, which also implies agreement with Scerri's point. And that is why they both refer to thorium: differentiating electrons have nothing to do with it. I attach the quotes below for easy reference. Double sharp (talk) 09:19, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
In his commentary, Lavelle argues that the above reasoning is outdated based on recent calculations that suggest that Lr does not have an outer (n – 1)d1ns2 valence configuration but rather a ns2np1 valence configuration, thus placing it in the p-block as a heavier analog of Tl. I must confess that this was news to me as I am sure it was to most of the readers of this Journal. As a chemist I do not feel qualified to pass judgement on how seriously one should take such results, but I do know if the results are correct, then they seriously undermine our current understanding of the periodic table. Furthermore, I also know that one cannot consistently argue that these results negate the placement of Lr in the d-block and then turn around, as Lavelle does in ref 1, Note 1, and argue that they can be blithely ignored when it comes to assigning Lr to the f-block!
Similarly, it is inconsistent for Lavelle to dismiss (ref 1, Note 4) the (n – 1)d2 ns2 valence configuration of Th as an inconvenient irregularity that should not affect its assignment to the f-block as an idealized (n – 2)f2 ns2 element and then turn around and insist that it is absolutely verboten to entertain the idea that La and Ac may have similar irregular valence configurations corresponding to an idealized (n – 2)f1 ns2 valence configuration. After all both elements have low-lying empty f orbitals, which is more than can be said for Lu and Lr. Indeed, more than a quarter of the elements in the d- and f-blocks have irregular valence configurations and in several instances these irregularities apply to the majority of the elements within a given group. The simple fact is that the periodic table is based on idealized electronic configurations rather than on actual configurations and in this fashion functions in chemistry much as the ideal gas law or the concepts of ideal crystals and ideal solutions. However, there is no requirement that every block of the periodic table must necessarily consist of atoms that contain exactly the number and type of electrons predicted from the combination of quantum numbers that are obtained from solving the Schrödinger equation for a one-electron system. For example, much theoretical work has been conducted into which element will feature the first appearance of a g electron. Although there is some debate about this question there is unanimous agreement among theoreticians that it will not take place at element 121 as one might expect on simplistic grounds. The first few elements in what will be termed the g-block will probably not contain a g electron (7)! Better still, consider the configuration of thorium, [Rn]6d27s2. This element follows actinium, and nobody disputes placing it in the f-block even though it does not possesses any outer f electrons. The possession of an outer f electron is clearly not a requirement for an element to be placed in the, nominally named, f-block.
* That is not at all why Sc-Y-La is criticised. Sc-Y-Lu places more elements without f electrons in ground-state gas-phase configurations into the f-block. Sc-Y-La is criticised, e.g. by Jensen, because it creates a double standard. Ac and Th are treated differently by it. Double sharp (talk) 05:18, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
[Notes]: Jensen does not argue this in the cite. He said it was hypocritical of L to dismiss Th as an inconvenience and to then not entertain La and Ac on the same grounds. But that is not an argument L ever raised. His point was having two elements each having no f electron in the ground state at the start of the f block would be unprecedented.
* I accept that these are two different arguments, and we may certainly add Lavelle's argument separately. It is, I note, already addressed by other matters (i.e. that gas-phase configurations don't matter and the 4f collapse starts at La anyway). Double sharp (talk) 06:25, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Jorgensen is only stating the obvious. He did not add, "yet thorium is invariably placed in the f-block, not in group 4 with zirconium."
* No, he did not indeed. But you can see that in pretty much all periodic tables published since Seaborg. I am not opposed to removing the addition, but even if it is removed the conclusion it represents pretty obviously jumps out at the reader. Double sharp (talk) 06:25, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Split d block
This form necessitates a split d-block if expanded to a 32-column periodic table. That said, Reger, Scott and Ball (2010, p. 295) write that "perhaps" the correct shape of the 32-column periodic table should feature a split d block given the electron configurations of La and Ac, but that "we avoid these structures by splitting the f block from the rest of the periodic table. This also has the advantage of being able to print a legible periodic table on a single piece of paper." (They show La below Y in the rest of their book.) Eric Scerri considers it to be an ad hoc move that for justification requires an independent argument, that "is especially not available to authors ... who maintain that the d-block perfectly reflects the filling of five d orbitals by ten outer electrons. Why should there be a break only between the first and second of these electron-filling processes?"
Gas phase v condensed phase
Electron configurations, as commonly taught, are based on isolated atoms in a vacuum as opposed to bonded atoms in compounds, the latter being more relevant for chemistry. Moreover, for any particular atom, the lowest levels of two different configurations are often are separated by only very small energies, making which configuration happens to be the ground state chemically almost irrelevant. It is the dominant electron configuration of atoms in chemical environments, and not free gaseous atoms in a vacuum, that can rationalise qualitative chemical behaviour.
[Note]: Where is this going?
* It is going to the point that La has 4f involvement. Unfortunately, due to the organisation into La-Ac and Lu-Lr sections it is difficult to accomplish this without some repetition... Double sharp (talk) 08:13, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
* The point of this is that ground-state electron configurations don't mean very much at all for chemistry and therefore they are not a particularly strong argument against putting La in the f-block. I suppose it should say something here, rather than below, about lanthanum's 4f involvement in chemical environments, viz. its occupancy in compounds and its collapsing at La. Which is stronger than that of any other lanthanide. Double sharp (talk) 09:25, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
That said, the configurations associated with bonded atoms in compounds, often show different configurations.
Equally, in an Sc-Y-La-Ac table based on solid-state configurations, there are 21½ out of 28 matches with the number of f electrons in each Ln and An compared to the position of each element in the f-block, compared to 6 out of 28 for an Sc-Y-Lu-Lr table.
On this basis, solid-state electron configurations appear to support La under Y, rather than Lu.
* Disputed by me, see below. Double sharp (talk) 08:16, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
* What do you think the solid-state configurations of the Ln are? There isn't any integer occupancy here, so there's literally speaking 0 matches with anything. Just a mix of various configurations with localised and delocalised 4f electrons and therefore with fluctuating f electron counts. That incidentally gives the right understanding of the 4fn to 4f(n-1) motif. You just have to consider averages, which will contain for La configurations with a 4f electron in the conduction band (that's what the non-integers mean), but never for Lu. Double sharp (talk) 09:16, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
[Note] Gas phase consistent; condensed phase variable
* Gas phase consistent and irrelevant, condensed phase varying according to the compound and respecting real chemistry. Double sharp (talk) 05:17, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
* Configurations were first obtained from spectroscopy and this field primarily deals with gas phase atoms. Following on, Jensen (2009, Misapplying the periodic law) said:
* "The simple fact is that the periodic table is based on idealized electronic configurations rather than on actual configurations and in this fashion functions in chemistry much as the ideal gas law or the concepts of ideal crystals and ideal solutions."
* I get that. Why then are there no such things as idealised solid state configurations to teach instead? Sandbh (talk) 06:53, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
* It is not too hard to create such things. Either follow the Madelung rule as if it had no exceptions (and in some sense it doesn't because the "right" configurations are always within a few eV anyway), e.g. Cr = [Ar]3d44s2, or go for my "fuzzy configurations" like La = [Xe] (4f5d6s6p)3 that is similar to how authors talk about (sd)3 band metals. The first one is exactly what Jensen is obviously referring to in his response to Lavelle. I suppose you don't see them much explicitly only because gas-phase configurations usually get put in this role instead, even though their irregularities from the Madelung rule don't have much in the way of chemical relevance. Double sharp (talk) 07:09, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Introduction
In other tables, lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members.
Origin
1920s–30s: Early techniques for chemically separating scandium, yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so-called "yttrium group" whereas La and Ac occurred together in the "cerium group". Accordingly, lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s.
1950s–60s: Several physicists in the 1950s and '60s favoured lutetium, in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum.
d-electron presence
The physical properties of the group 3 elements are affected by the presence of a d electron, which forms more localised bonds within the metals than the p electrons in the similar group 13 metals; exactly the same situation is found comparing group 4 to group 14.
[Note] As is the case for La
* The point of this was to show that physically speaking, group 3 is absolutely a d-block group, and should follow d-block trends. Double sharp (talk) 05:12, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Crystal structure
Most of the transition metals, including lutetium, have normal, close-packed, crystalline strutures except for manganese and mercury. Zinc and cadmium show distorted structures associated with being closer to the metal-nonmetal dividing line. With the exception of the strongly relativistic late 6d elements and the magnetic middle 3d elements, crystal structure varies completely regularly with valence. This is observed with Lu in group 3, but not with La in group 3: La is dhcp, Ac is fcc.
Melting point
schneidner, analysing the melting points of the lanthanides, concluded it was likely that 4f, 5d, 6s, and 6p electrons were all involved in the bonding of lanthanide metals except for lutetium. 4f electrons have been invoked to explain the low melting point of lanthanum metal (La 920 °C, versus Sc 1541 °C, Y 1526 °C, Lu 1652 °C)) The fact that lanthanum was demonstrated to be a 4f-band metal (with about 0.17 electrons per atom in fcc lanthanum, which is metastable at standard conditions) whereas the 4f shell appears to have no influence on the metallic properties of lutetium, has been used as an argument to place lutetium in group 3 instead of lanthanum.
It was noted, for example, that since the 4f sub-shell was complete in Lu it should be placed in the d-block [cite L & L].
4f electron influence in La: Lanthanum has low-lying non-hydrogenic empty f orbitals, which lutetium lacks. These orbitals contribute measurably to the bonding in some lanthanum compounds, for example in lanthanum(III) fluoride (LaF3). While this contribution is small, it is greater for lanthanum than for any other lanthanide. Meanwhile, the Lu–F 4f–2p bond order in LuF3 is less than the analogous one of IrF3, with iridium well into the 5d block.
[Eh?]: The order of involvement of 4f in lanthanum is as minor as that of 5f in thorium; that of 4f in cerium is at least as important as that of 5f in uranium.
* Point being, that (1) 4f collapses faster than 5f; (2) and therefore thorium has about as strong f involvement as lanthanum, and so the spectre of the double standard gets raised again if you allow one in the f-block but not the other on the grounds of f involvement. Double sharp (talk) 09:19, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Electron configurations
Scandium, yttrium, and lutetium show a consistent set of electron configurations matching the global trend on the periodic table: the 5d metals then all add a closed 4f14 shell. For example, the shift from yttrium [Kr]4d15s2 to lutetium [Xe]4f145d16s2 exactly parallels that from zirconium [Kr]4d25s2 to hafnium [Xe]4f145d26s2.
Yttrium and lutetium metals have similar d-band occupancies of about 1.5 d electrons per atom; lanthanum instead has about 2.5.
The gas phase ground-state atomic electron configuration of lawrencium was confirmed in 2015 as [Rn]5f147s27p1. Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly, regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f-block or the d-block, as the only potentially applicable p-block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of [Rn]5f146d107s27p1. However, it is expected that in the condensed phase and in chemical environments lawrencium has the expected 6d occupancy, and simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide, in particular being a homologue of lutetium.
In this variant, the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f-block atoms usually matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the first five f-block elements are La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 and Pm 5.
Vertical trends
Trends going down group 3 (if Sc-Y-Lu is chosen) for properties such as melting point, electronegativity and ionic radius, are similar to those found among their group 4–8 counterparts in the same block, as noted by Jensen in an often-cited 1982 article in which he argued for this placement.
In this variant, the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f-block atoms usually matches their position in the f-block. For example, the f-electron counts for the first five f-block elements are La 0, Ce 1, Pr 3, Nd 4 and Pm 5.
Horizontal trends
Lawrencium's return to +3 as the only stable oxidation state and being predicted to form a trivalent metal is distinct from the behaviour of the other late actinides fermium, mendelevium, and nobelium, which have a tendency towards forming lower oxidation states and form (or are predicted to form) divalent metals; it also makes an exception to the actinide contraction generally being larger than the analogous lanthanide contraction at the end of both series. The steadily increasing stability of the +2 state along the actinide series going to nobelium is similar to that along the 3d series going to zinc.
The inclusion of lutetium rather than lanthanum also homogenises the 5d transition series: trends in atomic size, coordination number, and relative abundance of metal–oxygen bonds all reveal that lutetium is closer than lanthanum to the behaviour of the uncontroversial 5d metals hafnium through mercury. The same is true considering conduction band structures of the elements: lutetium has a transition-metal-like conduction band structure, but lanthanum does not.
General
While scandium, yttrium and lutetium (and lawrencium, so far as its chemistry is known) do often behave like trivalent versions of the group 1–2 metals, being hard class-A cations mostly restricted to the group oxidation state, they are not the only elements in the d-block or f-block that do so. The early transition metals zirconium and hafnium in group 4, as well as niobium and tantalum in group 5, also display such behaviour, as does the actinide thorium. (The heavy group 4 elements and thorium are tetravalent; the heavy group 5 elements are pentavalent.)
[Notes] Jensen too selective; Zr-Hf have no aqueous chemistry other than in abnormal conditions; Nb, Ti = very little aqueous chemistry: C&W pp. 882, 887; +4 is too high to be ionic (G&E, p. 958).
* {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:20px"
! Group !! Cation !! % area !! pH range
* 1 || +1 || 80 || −1 to 15
* 2 || +2 || 57 || −1 to 15
* 3 (Sc-Ac) || +3 || 36 || −1 to 4–7¾
* 3 (Ce-Lu) || +3 || 35 || −1 to 5½–7
* -| style="border-top:2px solid black;"
* 4 (Ti) || +2 || 4.7 || −1 to 4
* 4 (Ti) || +3 || 0.3 || −1 to 1
* 4 (Ti) || +4 || nil || n/a
* 4 (Zr, Hf) || +any || nil || n/a
* -| style="border-top:2px solid black;"
* 5 (V) || +2 || 4.9 || −1 to 7
* 5 (V) || +3 || 1.7 || −1 to 2¾
* 5 (Nb, Ta) || +any || nil || n/a
* -| style="border-top:2px solid black;"
* 6 (Cr) || +2 || 2.5 || −1 to 6
* 6 (Cr) || +3 || 6.0 || −1 to 4
* 6 (Mo) || +3 || 0.5 || −1 to 1
* 6 (W) || +any || nil || n/a
* -| style="border-top:2px solid black;"
* 7 (Mn) || +2 || 11 || −1 to 8
* 7 (Tc) || +any || nil || n/a
* 7 (Re) || +3 || 0.4 || −1 to 1
* }
* 6 (Cr) || +2 || 2.5 || −1 to 6
* 6 (Cr) || +3 || 6.0 || −1 to 4
* 6 (Mo) || +3 || 0.5 || −1 to 1
* 6 (W) || +any || nil || n/a
* -| style="border-top:2px solid black;"
* 7 (Mn) || +2 || 11 || −1 to 8
* 7 (Tc) || +any || nil || n/a
* 7 (Re) || +3 || 0.4 || −1 to 1
* }
* 7 (Tc) || +any || nil || n/a
* 7 (Re) || +3 || 0.4 || −1 to 1
* }
* 7 (Re) || +3 || 0.4 || −1 to 1
* }
* That's not true, as even if Zr4+ and Hf4+ need low pH (which is a criterion that will exclude the tetravalent actinides) there are still going to be moderately hydrolysed species at normal pH above 0 like ZrO2+ and HfO2+ (see Marcel Pourbaix's Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions). As for +4 supposedly being too high to be ionic, just look at the high melting point of HfO2 (cite: Wulfsberg again). As usual this is just a matter of how electronegative the counter-anion is. Cationic species of Nb and Ta in water are indeed hard to find, but for sure both elements show a variety of anionic species in alkaline solutions as Greenwood and Earnshaw note. Greenwood and Earnshaw agree that heavy group 4 and 5 are mostly restricted to the group oxidation state and are class-A elements.
* I don't disagree that we have to report that Jensen has been accused of being too selective. But to back that up we will need to quote some trends that are supposed to favour Sc-Y-La. Double sharp (talk) 16:54, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
* In my sandbox please refrain from expressions such as "completely false".
* It's a question of how to present this information in a balanced, contextual manner. C&W write, "Aqueous chemistry: This is not very extensive because a +4 ion, even a large one, tends to be extensively hydrolysed. Only at very low concentration (~10−4 M) and high acidity ([H+] of 1–2 M) does the Zr4+ (aq) ion appear to exist…No ZrO2+ ion has been detected convincingly. Instead there seems to be a more or less direct conversion of Zr4+ (aq) to tetranuclear [Zr4(OH)8(H2O16]8+ and octanuclear [Zr8(OH)20(H20O)24]12+ species…[Nb and Ta] have very little cationic behaviour.
* Schweitzer and Porterfield (The aqueous chemistry of the elements, 2010), give E-pH diagrams covering pH –1 to 15, and E(V) −4 to 3. The table shows how much area each group's cations (aq) occupy in their diagrams. There is a good contrast between groups 1 to 3, and 4+.
* The pH ranges for An(IV) are Th: −1 to 3; Pa: −1 to 0; U: −1 to −0.5; Np: −1 to 0.5; Pu −1 to 0; Bk −1 to 4.5. In the context of S&P, the An are not excluded, whereas Zr-Hf, and Nb-Ta are. Sandbh (talk) 04:30, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
* Fine, changed to "not true". Just look at Pourbaix and you will see predominance regions for Zr4+ below 0.5, Hf4+ below about -0.7. Of course MO2+ are just stoichiometries and you will have lots of other hydrolysed species. That is not in any sense different from the behaviour of Be or Al. There is still no contrast, only a continuum as the needed acidity goes up from +1 cations to +2 cations to +3 cations to +4 cations. Also, you see exactly the same difference passing from group 13 to group 14, actually even worse because Ge4+, Sn4+, and Pb4+ can't persist in water at any pH, which at the very least proves that this is not a sufficient reason by itself to split a block. Double sharp (talk) 05:15, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
[Notes] Further, the choice of electronegativity scale is a little arbitrary. The Pauling scale, for example, favours Sc-Y-La. Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 have the period 6 element somewhat more electropositive than the period 5 element; this works with La (1.1) under Y (1.22) but not with Lu (1.27) under Y. In the Mulliken scale (Boeyens 2008, pp. 207–208), the values for La (1.74) and Lu (1.70) are both less than that of Y (1.81).
Separation groups
The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius, and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu, rather than La, below Y. Thus, among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals, Mg (less basic) belongs in the "soluble group" and Ca, Sr and Ba (more basic) occur in the "ammonium carbonate group". Nevertheless, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table.
* Quite apart from the fact that "increasing basicity with increasing radius" is not the full story (as Wulfsberg notes, the most electronegative metals have in fact an acidity that belies their size, just look at BiIII as an obvious example), it also depends on the whole idea that radius must increase down the table, which Jørgensen already addressed. Already Zr-Hf and Nb-Ta are not increases. Why should there be one below Y? Double sharp (talk) 16:57, 24 May 2020 (UTC)
Lack of 4f electron
This arrangement, in which lanthanum is the first member of the f-block, is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f-electrons.
* This is a repetition of a La argument, which has been dealt with by pointing to (1) the irrelevance of ground-state gas-phase configurations and (2) the double standard of thorium. Double sharp (talk) 05:19, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
First sweep progress line:
=THE REST OF THE SANDBOX=
Classifying the elements (C)
The progression from metallic to nonmetallic character in traversing the periodic table shows a pleasing symmetry
Notes 1. The category name related nonmetals is analogous to older references to the transition metals as related metals, for example:
* Ebel IL 1938, "Atomic structure and the periodic table", Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 15, no. 12, p. 575
* Quagliano JV & Vallarino LM 1969, Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 848
* Luder WF 1970, "The atomic structure chart of the elements," Canadian Chemical Education, April, p. 13
That is a pleasing coincidence i.e. that the transition metals line up with the related nonmetals.
2. The related nonmetals are related by the H-C-P-N-S-Se thread.
3. I'm eschewing the term post-transition metal so as to not have to deal with the question of Al, or perhaps I should move it into the active metals category?
4. I was inspired to revisit the symmetry and names of these eight categories by:
* Scerri ER 2012, "A critique of Wiesberg's view on the periodic table and some speculations on the nature of classifications", Foundations of Chemistry, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 275–284.
5. Praise be that all category names are relatively short.
6. The balanced 6-6-5-6 distribution of the nonmetals is pleasing.
7. An article to follow, in an appropriate publication. Sandbh (talk) 04:38, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
Antimony as a metalloid
I've been wondering why, from a literature perspective, antimony came to be included among the elements commonly recognised as metalloids.
I suspect there are various "memes" involved. A meme is an idea, behaviour, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture. Here they are, in rough historical order:
0. Pliny the Elder made a distinction between "male" and "female" forms of antimony; the male form was probably the sulfide, while the female form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, has been suspected to be native antimony.
1. Bastardry. Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth were historically called bastard metals or semimetals on account of their brittle nature. As well, metals were supposed to be fusible. The fact that arsenic sublimed rather than melted further sullied its reputation.
2. Allotropy. Antimony, like arsenic, was known in "metallic" and non-metallic forms. Tin escaped this meme because it was malleable. An equivalent non-metallic allotrope of bismuth was not known.
3. Mendeleev described tellurium as forming a transition between metals and nonmetals. Curiously, he referred to As and Sb as metals, and to Bi as a perfect [sic] metal. That got the hares running as to which other elements could be regarded as forming a transition between metals and nonmetals.
4. Semiconductivity. Johan Koenigsberger classified solid materials as metals, insulators and "variable conductors" in 1914 although his student Josef Weiss already introduced the term Halbleiter (semiconductor in modern meaning) in his PhD thesis of 1910. The subsequent development of semiconductor physics sparked a renewed interest in Ge and Si, and to a lesser extent, B, as halfway elements. As well, the elements to either side of Sb namely Sn and Te existed in semiconducting forms (noting that grey tin behaves like a semiconductor but is actually a semimetal) so it was expected that Sb would also exist in a semiconducting form, which it did (Moss 1952, p. 173).
5. Metalloid line. Deming's 1923 periodic table made it easier to make out a notional dividing line between metals and nonmetals, naturally focusing attention on the elements to either side namely Be and B; Al and Si; Ge and As; Sb and Te; and Po and At. Note the absence of Bi.
6. Amphoterism. The amphoteric character of:
* Ge and As, lying as they do between Ga (a metal) and Se (usually considered to be a nonmetal; and
* Sb and Te, lying as they do between Sn (a metal) and I (a nonmetal),
came to be associated with a transition in metallic character, from metallic to nonmetallic.
The situation in period 6 was less clear. The sequence of elements involved is Pb Bi, Po, and At. Lead is a metal. Astatine was popularly thought to be a halogen, and therefore a nonmetal (although the folks who first synthesised it thought it was a metal). On this basis it could’ve been thought that Bi and Po would be amphoteric. However Bi was regarded as basic, and only Po showed some amphoteric character, which may have resulted in some authors regarding it as a metalloid.
7. Pauling published his influential book General chemistry (1947) in which he referred to B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and Po as being metalloids. (He erroneously referred to Sb as being a semiconductor.)
8. Rochow published The metalloids (1966) and recognised B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te as such.
9. Group 15. The progression in metallic character going down group 15 tended to reinforce regarding Bi as a metal, but not Sb. For example:
* "Antimony…is more nonmetallic than metallic…bismuth…more nearly approaches a metal in physical and chemical properties." (Norris & Young 1938, p. 529)
* "The trisulphides of arsenic and antimony are acidic, forming salts with yellow ammonium sulphide and alkali, while that of bismuth is typical of a metal." (Moody 1969, pp. 267, 321)
* "All the elements react readily with halogens but are unaffected by non-oxidising acids. Nitric acid gives, respectively, phosphoric acid, arsenic acid, antimony trioxide, and bismuth nitrate, which well illustrates the increasing metallic character as the group is descended." (Cotton & Wilkinson 1976, p. 288)
* "The paucity of [stereochemical] information about Bi is due to the more metallic character of this element, which does not form many of the simple covalent molecules formed by As and Sb." (Wells 1984, p. 878)
* "Bismuth(III) oxide occurs naturally as bismite and is formed when Bi combines with O2 on heating. In contrast to earlier members of group 15, molecular species are not observed for Bi2O3 and the structure is more like that of a typical metal oxide." (Housecroft & Sharpe 2008, p. 474)
I guess Sb came to be regarded as a metalloid mainly due to its brittle comportment; existence of a non-metallic semiconducting allotrope; proximity to the metalloid line; perceived amphoterism; and apparent lack of genuine salts. In contrast, Bi had only one of these features.
References
* Cotton FA & Wilkinson G 1976, Basic inorganic chemistry, Wiley, New York
* Housecroft CE & Sharpe AG 2008, Inorganic chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson, Harlow
* Moody B 1969, Comparative inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold, London
* Moss TS 1952, Photoconductivity in the elements, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London
* Norris JF & Young RC 1938, A textbook of inorganic chemistry for colleges, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York
* Wells AF 1984, Structural inorganic chemistry, 5th ed., Oxford University, Oxford.
-- Sandbh (talk) 10:14, 24 May 2018 (UTC)
Table
* Bulk astatine has been predicted to have a face-centred cubic structure †  Hydrogen can also form alloy-like hydrides
Response to DePiep
I haven’t replied so far as I’ve been stumped for an answer. I proceed with the greatest of trepidation in submitting the following thoughts.
In trying to understand the nonmetals I think there are seven perspectives to consider:
I think if you can keep all this in your head than you can follow why the nonmetals are as diverse as they are. The current nonmetal article only largely does (1) and (2). The rewrite adds some of (4) and (5); a little of (6); and (7). A further rewrite would add or expand (3); (4); (5); and (6).
I tend to think a further rewrite might best be done by having only two formal categories of nonmetal: the top-shelf nonmetal category for H, C, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br and I; and a single noble gas subcategory (noting the metalloids are similarly in a top-shelf category and have no subcategory).
The nonmetal article might go partly like this:
Nonmetals are H, C, N, P, O, S, Se in group 1 or groups 13–16; F, Cl, Br, and I in group 17; and the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn in group 18. For convenience within this article, nonmetals other than the noble gases are hereafter referred to using the descriptive phrase "chemically active nonmetals"; and the four group 17 elements are referred to as "halogen nonmetals". Of these terms only "noble gases" and "halogen" are IUPAC-approved.
The chemically active nonmetals have a diverse range of individual physical and chemical properties. In periodic table terms they largely occupy a position between the weakly nonmetallic metalloids to the left and the noble gases to the right.
Physically, four are solids, one is a liquid (bromine), and six are gases. Of the solids, carbon, selenium, and iodine are metallic-looking, whereas sulfur has a pale-yellow appearance. Ordinary white phosphorus has a yellowish-white appearance but the black allotrope, which is the most stable form of phosphorus, has a metallic-looking appearance. Bromine is reddish-brown in colour. Of the gases, fluorine and chlorine are coloured pale yellow, and yellowish green. Electrically, most are insulators whereas carbon is a semimetal and black phosphorus, selenium and iodine are semiconductors.
Chemically, they tend to have higher ionisation energies, electron affinities, and electronegativity values, and be relatively strong oxidising agents, in comparison to metals. Collectively, the highest values of these properties are found among oxygen and the halogen nonmetals. Manifestations of this status include oxygen's major association with the ubiquitous processes of corrosion and combustion, and the intrinsically corrosive nature of the halogen nonmetals. All five of these nonmetals exhibit a tendency to form predominately ionic compounds with metals whereas the remaining nonmetals tend to form predominately covalent compounds with metals.
Characteristic and other properties of metalloids, chemically active nonmetals, and noble gases are summarised in the following table. Metalloids have been included in light of their generally nonmetallic chemistry. Physical properties are listed in loose order of ease of determination; chemical properties run from general to specific, and then to descriptive. While the table shows the main points of difference it is somewhat arbitrary since exceptions and boundary overlaps can be found within each category. Important instances of these are so noted.
In writing this it occurs to me that such an approach might work just as well for the di/polyatomic/noble gases. So, after all that, I still don’t know which one will work best. At least you know I haven’t stopped thinking about this/working on it.
I presume project members would be happy with either outcome, depending on how the article in question looked. Whatever the outcome my intention is to have a better, more lucid nonmetal article. It may be that I'll have to do both rewrites.
Somewhere, if we do not do so already, we perhaps need to say that:
And perhaps these caveats need to be flagged some more in the periodic table article. Sandbh (talk) 08:45, 5 October 2017 (UTC)
RfC
I am seeking comments on a proposal to change part of the current nonmetal categorisation scheme, as follows:
Origin The origin of this proposal can be traced to literature conceptions of nonmetals as either halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At), noble gases, or other metals (H, C, N, O, P, S, Se), with the last of these three groupings representing a poorly characterised "orphan" or leftovers category.
The Wikipedia periodic table used to show the three categories of halogens, noble gases, and other nonmetals up until we recategorised astatine as a metalloid. Astatine has been predicted to have a metallic crystalline structure, which suggests there may be grounds to categorise it as a post-transition metal. But condensed astatine has not yet been observed so for the moment is left as a metalloid.
When astatine was recategorised as metalloid the opportunity was taken to get rid of the nondescript "other nonmetal" category name by moving C, P, S, and Se into a new polyatomic nonmetal category, and moving H, N, and O, into a new diatomic nonmetal category, along with F, Cl, Br, and I.
You can see this current arrangement, which is based on structural considerations, in the nonmetal article. It works, but I've never been completely satisfied with it since it does not necessarily show the most relevant trends associated with nonmetallic character. Chemists tend to think of nonmetals primarily in terms of such things as oxidative power, electronegativity, activity, reactivity, anionic behaviour, or electron affinity, rather than whether the nonmetals have polyatomic or diatomic molecular structures.
Proposal In retrospect I think it would better to categorise H, C, N, P, S, and Se as less active nonmetals, and O, F, Cl, Br, and I as active nonmetals. Such a division would be based on multiple electrochemical properties, rather than a single structural consideration.
In this arrangement, O, F, Cl, Br, and I are individually and collectively characterised by relatively high ionisation energies, high electronegativities, high electron affinities, high oxidising power, and simple anion formation, consistent with their depiction in the literature.
H, C, N, P, S and Se are unable to consistently match the active nonmetals across the aforementioned electrochemical properties.
The proposed category names, which end with the form "-ive", can accommodate the fact that, for example, while the overall tendency of H and S is to act as reducing agents, they are sometimes capable of acting as oxidants. Another example would be the fact that nitrogen has a higher electronegativity than bromine and iodine. Now nitrogen does show some "active" character in its capacity to form hydrogen bonds and complexes, but it is a poor oxidising agent unless combined with an active nonmetal like O or F; and it is a reluctant anion former, unlike the active nonmetals. So, at the broadbush level being dealt with here, N is a less active nonmetal, with some "active" nuances if you dig deeper. This is consistent with the meaning of the "-ive" suffix: "that performs or tends toward or serves to accomplish an indicated action esp. regularly or lastingly" or "having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)". Hence it has the meaning of a tendency rather than a finality.
On the question of boundary overlaps such as these I turn also to Jones (2010, pp. 169–171): "'Classes are usually defined by more than two attributes…Though classification is an essential feature of all branches of science, there are always hard cases at the boundaries. The boundary of a class is rarely sharp…Scientists should not lose sleep over the hard cases. As long as a classification system is beneficial to economy of description, to structuring knowledge and to our understanding, and hard cases constitute a small minority, then keep it. If the system becomes less than useful, then scrap it and replace it with a system based on different shared characteristics.'"
Similar overlaps occur elsewhere in the periodic table. For example, beryllium in group 2, an alkaline earth metal, behaves chemically more like aluminium in group 3, a post-transition metal; the group 3 transition metals scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or, more generally, s block metals; and gallium in group 13, tin in group 14, and bismuth in group 15, all of which are post-transition metals, have some metalloid properties.
The periodic table nevertheless retains its status as an organising icon of chemistry.
What does IUPAC say? IUPAC does not provide any guidance on category names for the nonmetals. They have endorsed use of the terms "noble gases" and "halogens" however these are group names rather than category names such as post-transition metal, and metalloid, neither of which are IUPAC endorsed. We do show the group names in our larger periodic table, but we don't have a halogen colour category since we count astatine as a metalloid, which has a different colour category.
What's the go with "halogens" and "other nonmetals"? As I mentioned, the literature largely distinguishes between noble gases, halogens, and "the rest of the nonmetals". Categorising astatine as a metalloid mitigates against the use of the "halogens" category. The term other nonmetal is occasionally used however this is not based on any consideration of the shared attributes that should characterise a useful category name. And it's an awkward term to use if you want to say something like, for example, "nonmetals form compounds with metals and other nonmetals" or "like hydrogen, carbon forms molecular covalent compounds with most other nonmetals."
What does the literature say? As it turns out, there is support in the literature for the terms "less active nonmetal", and "active nonmetal". Here are some quotes that use this terminology and highlight the distinctiveness of O, F, Cl, Br, and I.
* "A salt is a compound of metal ions and nonmetal ions. The halogens being active nonmetals are excellent salt-formers." (Allen et al. 1942, p. 484)
* "What, in general, is the difference between active metals, less active metals, less active non-metals, active non-metals, and inert gases…?" (Friedenberg 1946, p. 230)
* "Most commonly metals and halogens form ionic solids." (Pearson & Mawby, 1956, p. 55)
* "The halogens and oxygen are the most active non-metals." (Lee & Van Orden 1965, p. 197)
* "The most active non-metals are in the upper right-hand corner of the chart; the most active metals are in the lower left-hand corner." (Luder 1965, p. 39)
* "From Group V on, the series passes from the less active nonmetals to the most active ones, like chlorine, in Group Vll." (Gardiner & Flemister 1967, p. 22)
* "Across each period is a more or less steady transition from an active metal through less active metals and weakly active non-metals to highly active nonmetals and finally to an inert gas." (Beiser 1968, p. 234)
* "If you don't count the noble gases, Family 18, the most active non-metals are found in the upper right corner." (Aldridge 1993, p. 175)
* "Active nonmetals, such as the halogens (Group VIIA) and oxygen, are good oxidizing agents." (Grolier Incorporated 1999, p. 162)
* "Oxygen is one of the most active nonmetals and one of the most important. It forms compounds with all the elements except the light noble gases (He, Ne, and Ar). In general, oxygen forms ionic compounds with metals…" (Hill and Petrucci 1999, p. 903)
What the new scheme would look like A draft rewrite of the nonmetal article using the proposed descriptive category names of less active nonmetal and active nonmetal can be found here.
The proposed scheme would result is a more balanced distribution of nonmetals, from 4 + 7, to 6 + 5.
It is the culmination of around five months of discussion with members of WikiProject Elements. Along the way we considered but discarded a range of alternative paired category names, including: weak/strong; intermediate/corrosive; reactive/corrosive; reductive/corrosive; covalent/ionic, heterogenic/corrosive; foundation/corrosive; formative/corrosive; and less active/corrosive.
Summary I propose to replace the diatomic and polyatomic nonmetal categories with the newly constituted categories of less active nonmetal, and active nonmetal, as sourced from the literature. These categories are more consistent with the most relevant trends associated with nonmetallic character.
References
* Aldridge B et al. 1993, Science interactions, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, New York
* Allen JS, French SJ, Woodruff JG 1942, Atoms, rocks and galaxies: a survey in physical science, Harper and Brothers, New York
* Beiser A 1968, Perspectives of modern physics, McGraw-Hill, New York
* Friedenberg EZ 1946, A Technique for developing courses in physical science adapted to the needs of students at the junior college level, University of Chicago, Chicago
* Gardiner MS & Flemister SC 1967, The principles of general biology, Macmillan, New York
* Grollier Incorporated 1999, The encyclopaedia Americana, vol. 21, Danbury, Connecticut
* Hill JW & Petrucci RH 1999, General chemistry: An integrated approach, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
* Jones BW 2010, Pluto: Sentinel of the outer Solar System, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
* Lee GL & Van Orden HO 1965, General chemistry: Inorganic and organic, 2nd ed., Saunders, Philadelphia
* Luder WF 1965, General chemistry, Saunders, Philadelphia
* Pearson RG & Mawby RJ 1967, "The nature of metal–halogen bonds", in V Gutmann (ed.), Halogen chemistry, Academic Press, London
-- Sandbh (talk) 03:29, 9 September 2017 (UTC)
Nonmetal boxes
* Pauling's EN values had an uncertainty of ±0.05
Nonmetal redraft
Is here.
Abstract
In this essay the nonmetals are described in terms of what is generally well-known about them, and how they are summarised in the literature. Specific aspects of their nonmetallic character are then highlighted, namely oxidative power, electronegativity, activity, reactivity, anionic behaviour, and electron affinity. On the basis of a high degree of correlation among these properties, there is an evident trichotomy among the nonmetals.
The view from the top
1. From the literature we know that:
* nonmetals, at the outset, are characterised by a lack of metallic properties;
* the alkali metals and the halogens provide the most distinct contrast between metals and nonmetals;
* the most reactive metals are found towards the bottom left of the PT, and the most reactive nonmetals are found in the upper right hand corner just inside the noble gases; and that
* apart from the halogens, and the noble gases, there are the remaining nonmetals.
2. The noble gases will not further be considered.
3. This quote then provides an overview of the nonmetals under consideration:
The behaviour of the nonmetals can be summarised as follows. Nonmetals tend to oxidize metals…Nonmetals with relatively large electronegativities (such as oxygen and chlorine) oxidise substances with which they react…Nonmetals with relatively small electronegativities (such as carbon and hydrogen) can reduce other substances…Oxygen is the perfect example of an oxidizing agent because it increases the oxidation state almost any substance with which it reacts (p. 9)…The chemistry of the halogens is dominated by oxidation-reduction reactions (p. 35).
* – Bodner, Rickard & Spencer 1996, module 1 pp. 3, 9, 35
Cross-cutting themes
4. We can compare the former approach (that of Bodner et al.) with the nonmetal groupings of Synder (1966, p. 242) in Table 1, and Nelson (2011, p. 55) in Table 2. The latter author wisely writes (p. 57): "In using [the table]…care needs to be taken to remember that it is only an approximation, and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements. Provided that this is done, however, it constitutes a very useful classification, and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature, the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it, if only subconsciously, in thinking of the chemistry of different elements."
5. We can consider the nonmetal displacement series of (a) Parkes & Mellor (1943, p. 205), and (b) Ashford (1967, p. 312), and observe a similar pattern:
* (a) F…O…Cl…Br…I…S…P…Se…N…C
* (b) F…Cl…O…Br…I…S…N
6. On the relationship between an element and its compounds Jones (1973, p. 159) writes that: "It is usual when discussing the factors which contribute to the overall chemistry of an element to consider the fundamental atomic properties. Such properties fall broadly into two groups: (1) properties of the free…atom itself which can be measure or calculated directly, e.g., atomic weight or ionisation energy, and (2) properties associated with concepts used to rationalise the behaviour of the…atom in chemically combined states, such as electro-negativity and electron affinity."
7. In this context, average standard reduction potentials for the elements and their stable species in aqueous solution (table 3) correlate well with the observations of all of these authors. Note that while nitrogen itself has a high electronegativity it is a poor oxidising agent. And only when it is in a positive oxidation state (i.e. in combination with oxygen or fluorine) are its compounds good oxidising agents (Cox 2004, p. 161). The latter author thus writes that "Nitrogen is a moderately electronegative element…" In contrast, oxygen and the halogens are relatively strong oxidising agents (Rudolph 1974, p. 133).
8. Consistent with table 3, and in discussing the redox behaviour of the elements, Silberberg (2006, p. 548), in a periodic table extract, shows only O, F, Cl, Br, and I as strong oxidising agents.
9. The theme of distinguishing O, F, Cl, Br and I from the other nonmetals is further reinforced by the literature:
* (a) "The halogens and oxygen are the most active non-metals." (Lee & Van Orden 1965, p. 197)
* (b) "…under SSIMS [secondary ion mass spectrometry] conditions…the electronegative elements, i.e. oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, give intense negative ion signals." (Briggs 1998, p. 119)
* (c) "Simple anionic chemistry is limited to oxygen and the halogens, although polyanions and polycations can be formed by many [nonmetals]." (Cox 2004, p. 145)
* (d) "For chemists…the most important feature of an element is its pattern of chemical behaviour, in particular, its tendency toward covalent bond formation (or its preference for cation formation)." (Rayner-Canham & Overton 2006, p. 29)
* (e) "Of the nonmetals, oxygen and the halogens are highly reactive." (Frank, Miller & Little 2004, p. 19)
* (f) "A few nonmetallic elements, such as oxygen and the halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2) are strong oxidizing agents…" (Moore & Stanitski 2015, p. 114)
10. More generally, the higher an element's ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity, the more nonmetallic that element is (Yonder, Suydam & Snavely 1975, p. 58). Table 4 shows that O, F, Cl, Br and I collectively have the highest values of these properties among the nonmetals.
Boundary overlaps
11. Notwithstanding the shared characteristics of oxygen and the halogen nonmetals, some of these are evident in the remaining nonmetals such as nitrogen with its high ionisation energy and electronegativity, and sulfur which has an ionisation energy near that of iodine, and a high electron affinity.
12. On the question of boundary overlaps such as these I turn to Jones (2010, pp. 169–171): "'Classes are usually defined by more than two attributes…Though classification is an essential feature of all branches of science, there are always hard cases at the boundaries. The boundary of a class is rarely sharp…Scientists should not lose sleep over the hard cases. As long as a classification system is beneficial to economy of description, to structuring knowledge and to our understanding, and hard cases constitute a small minority, then keep it. If the system becomes less than useful, then scrap it and replace it with a system based on different shared characteristics.'"
13. Similar overlaps occur elsewhere in the periodic table. For example, beryllium in group 2, an alkaline earth metal behaves chemically more like aluminium in group 3, a post-transition metal; the group 3 transition metals scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or, more generally, s block metals; and gallium in group 13, tin in group 14, and bismuth in group 15, all of which are post-transition metals, have some metalloid properties.
14. The periodic table nevertheless retains its status as an organising icon of chemistry.
15. On the specific question of nitrogen we can see that, like oxygen, its high electronegativity manifests in its ability to form relatively strong hydrogen bonds, its capacity to enter into coordination complexes, and a preference for multiple bonding over catenation.
16. Unlike oxygen, we can see that nitrogen is reluctant to form simple anions, hence nearly all of its compounds are covalent, that it is a poor oxidising agent, and that the metal nitrides resemble in many ways, the borides, carbides, and phosphides.
17. On the basis of the relative importance of anion formation, covalent bonding, and oxidising power, I concur with the distinction made in the literature between (a) oxygen and the halogen nonmetals as being more nonmetallic than (b) nitrogen, and the assignment of the latter, on an overall basis, to a moderately or weakly electronegative nonmetal category, on par with the treatment of e.g. carbon or sulfur.
18. On the specific question of sulfur I rely on a comparison with iodine, and note that iodine:
* has a significantly higher electron affinity, and a higher electronegativity rating, and a marginally higher ionisation energy;
* is a stronger oxidizing agent, by itself, and on average;
* occurs before sulfur in various nonmetal displacement series;
* is most stable in an oxidation state of –1 compared to the +6 of sulfur; and
* generally resembles the other halogen nonmetals in its chemical properties.
19. While nitrogen and sulfur share some characteristics with oxygen and the halogens these similarities are either selective or of a relatively second order nature. Neither element exhibits a sufficiently effective preponderance of headland nonmetallic properties.
The remaining nonmetals
20. These are the metalloids B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and At, and the other nonmetals H, C, N, P, S, and Se. The metalloids are counted here in view of their generally nonmetallic chemistry. The properties of the remaining nonmetals are summarised in Table 5. Oxygen and the halogen nonmetals are included for comparative purposes. Physical properties are listed in loose order of ease of determination; chemical properties run from general to specific, and then to descriptive.
21. A distinction can be seen between (a) oxygen and the halogens and (b) the other nonmetals, in terms of the most important properties that characterise nonmetals, namely oxidising power and covalent v ionic bonding tendencies. This distinction is correlated with differences in ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.
22. A comparable distinction can be made between the other nonmetals and the metalloids, consistent with increasing metallic character in proceeding back from the noble gases. In this sense, the metalloids represent the most metallic of the nonmetals. If they were any more metallic they would likely be classed as metals, rather than occupying the eastern half of the periodic table's frontier territory, the western half being occupied by post-transition metals.
23. It is pertinent to note that, just as the metalloids cluster along a diagonal path, similar diagonal relationships occur among the other nonmetals between carbon and phosphorus, and between nitrogen and sulfur; and amidst oxygen and the halogen nonmetals, between oxygen and chlorine.
24. As flagged, the divides between the three categories of nonmetals, in terms of receding metallicity, are not absolute. Boundary overlaps occur as outlying elements in each category show (or begin to show) less-distinct, hybrid-like or atypical properties.
25. They nevertheless provide a useful way of organising and structuring what is known about the nonmetals, consistent with literature-based conceptions of more active and less active nonmetals, and the generally nonmetallic chemistry of the metalloids.
Nomenclature
26. Oxygen and the halogens are hereafter referred to as "corrosive nonmetals", oxygen by its association with the ubiquitous processes of corrosion and combustion, both of which are forms of oxidation (itself a paronym of oxygen); and the halogen nonmetals by virtue of their intrinsically corrosive nature.
27. The remaining nonmetals are hereafter referred to as "intermediate nonmetals" in light of their intermediate nonmetallic character, and periodic table location between the metalloids and the corrosive nonmetals.
Conclusion
Literature-based conceptions of the nonmetals and their electro-active properties show a high degree of correlation. The most nonmetallic of the nonmetals are O, F, Cl, Br, and I. They are individually and collectively characterised by high ionisation energy, high electronegativity, high electron affinity, high oxidising power, and simple anion formation. "Though by no means all identical, their similarities sufficiently outweigh their differences" such that it is conceptually and didactically convenient to group O, F, Cl, Br, and I under the rubric of corrosive nonmetals, "as an approximate expression of all of them." (Nelson 2011, p. 55) The metalloids are characterised as the most metallic of the nonmetals. The other nonmetals are neither as metallic as the metalloids to the left nor as nonmetallic as the corrosive nonmetals to the right and, accordingly, are most appropriately conceived of as intermediate nonmetals.
Arguing for a one-move adjustment
In previous posts I've argued that the literature likes to draw a distinction between the alkali/alkaline earth metals and the halogens/noble gases.
The net effective result is a three-way division of the nonmetals into halogens, noble gases, and the other nonmetals, consistent with literature references (as noted) to stronger, inactive, and weaker nonmetals.
In reflecting this division in our periodic table we need to account for the fact that we decided, quite a while ago, that the halogens were not worth a colour category. This is because we wanted to show astatine as a metalloid, which is fair enough; it's either that or a post-transition metal.
Now, when we adopted the poly-di scheme, with best intentions, the net result was that we moved three elements i.e. H, N, and O out of what the literature regards as an unnamed "other nonmetal" category, and co-located them with F, Cl, Br and I so as to form a new diatomic nonmetal category.
Looking back, that was a "seismic" move that resulted in a major misalignment with the literature.
In contrast, the current proposals (when compared to the literature) only require a one-move adjustment i.e. moving O—which is arguably the most nonmetallic of the "other nonmetals"—out of the unnamed "other nonmetals" category, and placing it with F, Cl, Br and I, consistent with the resulting five elements collectively representing the most chemically active nonmetals.
There is enough daylight between N and O to justify leaving N where it currently is, with the unnamed other nonmetals. On this point, although Double sharp has expressed the view that there is too much of a focus on elemental N and O when making categorisation decisions, the simple fact is that it is the properties of the elements themselves which contribute to the chemistry of their combined states.
While N and O have high ionisation energies and electronegativities, N has no electron affinity (which is a byproduct of its half-filled p sub-shell, a similar effect being seen in P) whereas O has quite a high electron affinity. More specifically, Massey (2000, p. 267) says, "It is possible for the Group 15 elements to achieve a rare gas electron configuration by accepting three electrons to form M3– anions…this process is not very energetically favourable and, owing to strong inter electron repulsions, the formation of N3– requires a huge 2130 kJ mol–1…Electrons have more space on P, which lowers their mutual repulsion and results in the formation of P3– requiring only about 1450kJ."
Consequently very little of the chemistry of nitrogen is that of simple ions and nearly all its compounds are covalent, whereas oxygen (with an electronegativity surpassed only by F) and the rest of the halogens readily form simple ions and ionic compounds.
Now, chemical reactions yielding N2 are, as a rule, explosive but this is an outcome of nitrogen in compounds very much preferring to form a highly stable triatomic bond to itself  and does not represent a generalised nonmetallic property. The same triatomic bond is responsible for elemental nitrogen's inertness. Whereas the eagerness of oxygen and the halogens to combine with other elements generally is characteristic of "strong" nonmetals.
Agonising about the distinguishability of sulfur v iodine, or nitrogen v oxygen (or even iodine), is not consistent with the literature. According to the literature, the halogens are regarded as the epitome of non-metallic character and, in this sense, N, O and S are regarded as "other nonmetals". We have rightly removed astatine from this epitome category thereby increasing the category's nonmetallic calibre. The proposals before us, involving a one-move adjustment of O, would further enhance the nonmetallic character of the corrosive nonmetals category, and reduce the nonmetallic character of the "other nonmetals" category, to boot.
I don't claim that the resulting schemes are perfect. Indeed, Double sharp has noted that N is capable of forming hydrogen bonds, and coordination complexes by donating its lone pairs of electrons. That is fine if you want to drill down into the detail: I further note that H-bonds formed by S (like those formed by N) are normally also considered to be be strong, despite the lower electronegativity of S; and that C, P, and S (like N) are also capable of acting as ligands. So what? Classification schemes are often characterised by boundary overlaps, just as our current scheme is. I only claim that the proposed schemes are pragmatic minimalist constructs that are the closest we are going to get to the way the nonmetals are broadly conceived of in the literature (which is not at the drill-down level).
In summary it seems to me that whereas the current three-move scheme was "seismic", and a two-move scheme involving O and  N would be needlessly controversial, a one-move scheme would be "minimalist".
I'll still do a sandbox come what may; this "seismic v one-move" perspective only occurred to me recently, and I wanted to post it in case it chimed with any other project members.
Nitrogen article
Nitrogen may be usefully compared to its horizontal neighbours carbon and oxygen as well as its vertical neighbours in the pnictogen column (phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth).
Like carbon, nitrogen is limited to a maximum covalency of four. In its compounds, particularly in biochemistry, it is capable of forming hybrid orbitals analogous to those seen in carbon. Examples include ammonia and amines (sp3 tetrahedral); histidine, purines, and pyrimidines (sp2 planar); and nitrogen gas and cyanide (sp linear). (Beckman 2000, pp. 18–19)
Its proclivity for catenation is less than that of carbon but more than that of oxygen. The longest chain of nitrogen yet synthesised has eleven atoms (C is unlimited; O has an effective limit of three).
Nitrogen resembles oxygen in its capacity to form hydrogen bonds and coordination complexes by donating its lone pair of electrons. Its high electronegativity, while comparable to that of oxygen, has been described as "misleadingly high" (Phillips & Williams 1965, p. 609) on account of nitrogen's negative electron affinity.
One property nitrogen shares with its horizontal neighbours is preferentially forming multiple bonds, typically with carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen atoms, through pπ – pπ interactions; thus, for example, nitrogen occurs as a diatomic molecule and thus has very much lower melting (−210 °C) and boiling points (−196 °C) than the rest of its group, as the N2 molecules are only held together by weak van der Waals interactions and there are very few electrons available to create significant instantaneous dipoles. This is not possible for its vertical neighbours; thus, the nitrogen oxides, nitrites, nitrates, nitro-, nitroso-, azo-, and diazo-compounds, azides, cyanates, thiocyanates, and imino-derivatives find no echo with phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth. By the same token, however, the complexity of the phosphorus oxoacids finds no echo with nitrogen (Greenwood p. 412).
Nitrogen has a less-well known diagonal relationship with sulfur, manifested in like charge densities and electronegativities (the latter are identical if only the p electrons are counted; see Hinze and Jaffe 1962) especially when S is bonded to an electron-withdrawing group. They are able to form an extensive series of seemingly interchangeable sulfur nitrides, the most famous of which, polymeric sulfur nitride, is metallic, and a superconductor below 0.26 K. The aromatic nature of the S3N22+ ion, in particular, serves as an exemplar of the similarity of electronic energies between the two nonmetals (Rayner-Canham 2011, p. 126).
Quotes from the literature
Are here.
Classifying the elements (A)
Symmetry in the periodic table The progression from metallic to nonmetallic character in traversing the periodic table shows a pleasing symmetry
Thoughts
The reactive metals and mundane transition metals have distinctive chemistries. I'm reasonably sure this is the case for the poor metals, too. Do the noble metals have a distinctive chemistry, in addition to being transition metals? I don't know.
The corrosive nonmetals have distinctive chemistries, as do the weak nonmetals and the noble gases. I suspect the intermediate nonmetals do too, certainly in the way they combine with metals to yield the different kinds of hydrides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides; and I think sulfides and selenides may behave the same way---not that sure about the last two. Would like to check oxygen, to see to what degree it forms ionic, metallic, covalent, or interstitial oxides with metals, or are metal oxides mainly ionic? Never had to consider this before.
The literature
————— ————— ————— —————
* Noble metals. It seems they do have a signature chemistry: Noble Metals, Analytical Chemistry of. Or try this 624-page whopper from 1966. Or Noble Metals and Biological Systems.
* Intermediate nonmetals. The hydrides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, sulfides and selenides of the metals are all either ionic/saline, metallic/interstitial, or covalent.
* Phosphorous and nitrogen. Cotton and Wilkinson say that P, like N, is essentially covalent in all of its chemistry. So much for the high electronegativity of N.
* Oxygen as a corrosive nonmetal. "…oxygen is a potent, reactive, and corrosive gas…liable to generate free radicals, highly reactive bleachlike compounds that burn up organic molecules. We are able to tolerate an oxygen-rich environment only because our cells possess complex biochemical mechanisms for suppressing its many harmful influences." (Ball 2013, p. 232) ✦ "In the United States alone, more than $10 billion is lost each year to corrosion…Much of this corrosion is the rusting of iron and steel…The oxidizing agent causing all of this corrosion is usually oxygen." (Joesten, Hogg & Castellion 2007, p. 217). ✦ "Oxygen is super dangerous; it’s a corrosive gas…".
* Oxygen and fluorine. "Fluorine tends to bring out the highest valence of the element with which it combines. In this its shows a strong resemblance to oxygen. In combination with metals, oxygen appears to be the best for the highest valences, e.g. OsO4 and KMnO4, but fluorine appears best if the highest valence is relatively low, e.g. for CoF3, CuF3, AgF2, TbF4, and BrF5. With non-metals the difference between oxygen and fluorine is less apparent." (Phillips & Williams, p. 446)
* Oxygen and chlorine. "Chlorination reactions have many similarities to oxidation reactions. They tend not to be limited to thermodynamic equilibrium and often go to complete chlorination. The reactions are often highly exothermic. Chlorine, like oxygen, forms flammable mixtures with organic compounds." (Kent 2010, p. 104).
* Metal oxides. Most are are ionic and contain the O2– ion. Cotton & Wilkinson say that (a) there are great differences between the chemistry of sulfur and oxygen; and (b) some oxides with transition metals in very low oxidation states are metallic e.g. NbO. Wiberg, however, says NbO is ionic—go figure.
* Metal oxide types. Phillips and Williams (1965, p. 478) have a nice table classifying the oxides. So, yes metal oxides are often ionic. The only ones shown as covalent are MO3 for groups 6 and 7; M2O7 for group 7; and MO4 for group 8. The following oxides are shown as being often metallic: MO in groups 4–6 and 8; M2O2 in group 1; M2O3 in group 4; and MO2 in groups 1 and 2.
* Metal halides 1. Greenwood & Earnshaw (2nd ed., p. 823) say that, "The majority of pre-transition metals (Groups 1, 2) together with group 3, the lanthanides and the actinides in the +2 and +3 oxidation states [the reactive metals!] form halides that are predominately ionic in character, whereas the non-metals and metals in high oxidation states (≥ +3) tend to form covalent molecular halides." They go on to note the tendency of the refractory transition metals to form cluster halides.
* Metal halides 2. "Most metal halides are substances of predominately ionic character, although partial covalence is important in some." (Cotton & Wilkison, p. 554)
* Iodides. Eagleson says the group 1 and 2 iodides are ionic and water-soluble while a few heavy-metal iodides are insoluble—AgI, CuI, HgI2 and TlI.
* Halide types. Phillips and Williams (p. 432) say that the electronegativity values of the halogens are among the highest in the periodic table so that many of their compounds are expected to contain negatively charged halogen ions. Despite the substantial differences between the individual halogens, their compounds are sufficiently similar to permit a collective classification (p. 433). ✦ "The elements in the middle of the perioidic table form hydrides which are mostly metal-like or interstitial, although rather unstable 'covalent' hydrides can also be formed by some of the metals. There are no directly equivalent compounds among the halides. The nearest parallels occur in the low-valence iodides such as TiI2 and NbI4, which are grossly defect, and semiconductors or metals…In general, however, the halogen atoms are themselves too electronegative to enter into an alloy-like structure, and they are too large—particularly when carrying some negative charge—to be accommodated in the interstices of the metal structure. Instead, there is a large class of semi-ionic halides, often consisting of layer, or less commonly chain lattices. Such structures will require some appreciable binding between the halogen atoms, and are noticeably absent among the fluorides in contrast to the chlorides, bromides, and iodides. Within the layers the pattern retains something of the ionic type lattice, but the layers are held together by van der Waal's forces between adjacent halogen atoms. A characteristic feature of such lattices is the unsymmetric environment of the halogen atom as compared to its environment in the ionic crystal. In one direction it resembles an ionic while in another a simple molecular crystal. Such structures are therefore intermediate between those which occur with halides of the elements at the two ends of the Periodic Table." (pp. 434–435). ✦ The periodate/iodate couple is the most oxidising among the halogen oxyacids (p. 459).
* Halide structures. Wells (pp. 408–409) says many fluorides and oxides of similar formula-type are isostructural, while chlorides, bromides and iodides often have the same types of structure as sulfides, selenides and tellurides. The great majority of halides MX, MX2, and MX3 adopt 3D complex structures, and most monohalides and most fluorides MF2 and MF3 crystallise with highly symmetrical structures suited to essentially ionic crystals. Golden-yellow ThI2 exhibits metallic conduction (p. 415).
* Halogens. "With the exception of the Li–Cs group there are closer similarities within the group than in any other in the Periodic Table." (Cotton & Wilkison, p. 547)
* Periodic table of diatomic molecules " In 1979 Ray Hefferlin published a periodic ordering of all of the diatomic molecules that could result from combinations of the first 118 elements of the periodic table". I have to get me one of these.
Metals
The reactive metals (see tables 1 and 2) undoubtedly start at "strong", and are undoubtedly mostly strong. (Aluminium is included here).
The start of the transition metals is a bit blurry. If they are taken to include group 3 then they certainly start at strong. If not then even some of the group 4 metals have relatively high average reduction potentials: Hf –1.7 and Zr –1.55; and Ti is "only" –0.87. The eight noble metals are undoubtedly weak. So, strong to weak sounds OK. If group 3 and 12 are excluded, that leaves 24 metals. Eight of these are noble ("very weak"). Which ones are strong is a bit blurry, but say Hf –1.7 and Zr –1.55 (the next most "reactive" is Nb at –0.93, so that looks like a natural break). That leaves 14 moderate to weak metals. So the range is strong to noble, with most being moderate to weak. If Sc (–2.03) and Y (–2.37) in group 3 are included as transition metals, that changes the count to 4 strong, 14 moderate to weak, and 8 noble. If group 12 are also included as transition metals, that changes it to 4 strong, 17 moderate to weak, and 8 noble.
Among the poor metals, Zn (–0.76) and Ga (–0.53) have reduction potentials that are reasonably electropositive, but these metals are regarded by Rayner-Canham and Overton (2006, pp. 29–30) as chemically weak. Cadmium (–0.44) and indium (–0.34) are next but they are not, as far I know, generally regarded as chemically weak metals, although Steele (1966, pp. 67–68) says that "in their reactions the metals show weak electropositive character." The rest of the poor metals have positive reduction potentials, so they can be described as weak. The approximate count is two moderate and nine weak. If the group 12 metals are counted as transition metals the count would be one moderate and seven weak. So the poor metals are mostly weak.
If aluminium is counted as a poor metal how can it be accommodated as such given its respectable –1.65 electrode potential? Stott (1956, p. 100) says that a lot of the chemistry of aluminium suggests it is a comparatively weak metal and that in many ways it is weaker than transition metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt and manganese, all of which have lower electrode potentials. Steele (1966, p. 60) notes the paradoxical chemical behaviour of aluminium: "It resembles a weak metal in its amphoteric oxide and in the covalent character of many of its compounds ... Yet it is a highly electropositive metal ... [with] a high negative electrode potential". Kneen, Rogers and Simpson (1972, p. 363) say that aluminium "is only moderately electropositive…". Moody (1991, p. 300) says that, "aluminium is on the "diagonal borderland" between metals and non-metals in the chemical sense." Rayner-Canham and Overton (2006, pp. 29–30) count it as a chemically weak metal.
Categorising the metals is based on more than just their electrode potentials. So I think the categorisation of aluminium is neither here nor there (it's either moderate or weak).
Nonmetals
Average standard reduction potentials provide a reasonable demarcation (see table 3). Although nitrogen has a high electronegativity it is a poor oxidising agent. Only when it is in a positive oxidation state (i.e. in combination with oxygen or fluorine) are its compounds good oxidising agents but even then their reactivity is often limited by kinetic factors (Cox 2004, p. 161).
Table 4 lists a similar nonmetal demarcation based on bonding strengths with F, O and Cl (Synder 1966, p. 242).
Table 5 is an electrochemical series given by Nelson (2011, pp. 55, 57). He wisely writes, "In using the series, care needs to be taken to remember that it is only an approximation, and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements. Provided that this is done, however, it constitutes a very useful classification, and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature, the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it, if only subconsciously, in thinking of the chemistry of different elements."
Reactivity
Notes: (a) Caustic = destructive of organic tissue; (b) If a particular property is quantitative, the last row gives the average value of the listed nonmetals.
Yellow shading denotes nonmetals with an above average value for that property.
Aqua shading denotes an intermediate value. If a property is binary (e.g. Caustic?) then the distinction between above average and below average is self-explanatory. For the HSAB rating I've assigned a value of 1 to 'hard' (H); a value of 0.5 to borderline (B); and a value of 0 to 'soft' (S). If a nonmetal is sometimes listed as more than one HSAB category, I've assigned it the average of the applicable values. In the Forms noble gas compounds? column, Cl has a value of P (for possibly) since that's the way I interpreted the literature on this question.
Light grey shading denotes a below average value. This works the other way around in the case of enthalpy of dissociation.
Gold shading, as seen only in the last column, denotes an intermediate (electromoderate) nonmetal.
The last column shows how many "above average" property boxes a particular nonmetal has checked. Since nine is the greatest number of property boxes that can be checked it follows that > 4.5 boxes is above average and < 4.5 is below average. The Pyrophoric? column is a holdover from when white P was counted here. If we are comparing apples with apples i.e. the most thermodynamically stable forms of the elements with one another, it probably needs to go.
Enthalpy of dissociation (or element bond strength) is associated with reactivity: "The high dissociation enthalpy of the O2 molecule, 498 kJ/mol, is the reason that molecular O. is relatively unreactive and its reactions usually require thermal or photochemical activation." (Eagleson 1994, p. 768) The figure for P is for white P, as far as I know; the figure for black P is likely to be quite a bit higher which means its figure of merit will go down to 0. OTOH, this site says that figure for black P is only 43 kJ/mol higher, which means it wouldn't.
On the basis of the above table, nonmetals of above average or high reactivity are F, Cl, Br, O, and I, an outcome that is consistent with the literature.
Basic metals
aka post-transition metals
Incipient metals
https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/bonding-rethink-called-for-as-new-metavalent-bond-proposed/3009908.article
Magnetic liquid metals
* www.cnet.com/news/scientists-create-liquid-metal-that-stretches-like-terminator/
* https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/acs-lm032019.php
* https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.8b22699
Molecular metals
Polythiazyl; gallium
Differentiating electron scale
An optimal block is a periodic table block in which the proportion of elements that have a predominance of either s-, p-, d-, and f- differentiating electrons, as applicable, is maximised.
The idea of an optimal block has its roots in the work of Scerri and Parsons (2018, p. 151):
“…for the purposes of selecting an optimal periodic table we prefer to consider block membership as a global property in which we focus on the predominate differentiating electron. We readily acknowledge the fact that the atoms of Mn, Zn, Tc, Cd, Pt [?], Hg, Lr, La, Gd, Ac, Th, and Cm are all anomalous in that they have a differentiating electron that is atypical of the block that they are situated in. These anomalies should not challenge our attempts to establish the overall structure of the periodic table in terms of sequences of blocks in the periodic table and as a result our recommendations for the membership of group 3 of the periodic table.”
DIFFERENTIATING ELECTRON SCALE OF PERIODIC TABLES Table # Notes =========================================================================== 0. Madelung rule (1928) 0 Idealised form --- 11. La-Ac w/HeBe 11 Physics-based optimal block solution --- 12a. LSPT 12 Elegant 32-column version showing theoretical tetrahedral symmetry --- 12b. Lu-Lr w/HeBe 12 18-column version of LSPT --- 12c. La-Ac w/HeNe 12 Recommended for IUPAC as it places He over Ne --- 13a. Lu-Lr w/HeNe 13 A compromise (?) between 12c. and 14a --- 13b. Volumetric (1949) 13 La-Ac, He-Ne, and groups 11–12 as s-block members, here --- 14a. IUPAC, current 14 Further along the chemistry end of the scale, here --- 14b. Metallurgist's (1994) 14 La-Ac w/HeNe, HF, and AlSc, here --- 15. Remy’s (1956) 15 La-Ac w/H-F, Th-Pa-U as d-block elements, and Np+ as transuranic elements, analogous to Pm+, here --- 17. Rayner-Canham (2002) 17 aka the Inorganic Chemist's Periodic Table, here --- 21. Pauling (1980) 21 La-Ac w/HeNe; Sc-La as s-block;* Th–Pu as d-block and as f-block; Ku (104) as f-block # = differentiating electron discrepancies * Pauling's table is ambiguous but in the text he treats Sc, Y, and La as the congeners of B and Al
References
* Atkins P 2004, Galileo's finger: The ten great ideas of science, e-book ed., Oxford University, Oxford
* Pauling L 1980, General chemistry, 3rd ed., Dover Publications, New York, p. 135
* Rossotti H 1998, Diverse atoms: Profiles of the chemical elements, Oxford University, Oxford
* Scerri E 2004, "The best representation of the periodic system: The role of the n + l rule and of the concept of an element as a basic substance", in DH Rouvray and RB King, The periodic table: Into the 21st century, Research Studies Press, Baldock, England
* Scerri ER & Parsons W 2018, "What elements belong in group 3 of the periodic table?", in ER Scerri & G Restrepo (eds), Mendeleev to Oganesson: A multidisciplinary perspective on the periodic table, Oxford University Press, New York,, pre-publication draft here
* Schwarz WHE & Rich RL 2010, "Theoretical basis and correct explanation of the periodic system: Review and update", Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 4, pp 435–443
* Stewart PJ 2018, "Tetrahedral and spherical representations of the periodic system", Foundations of Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 111–120
LST
I’ve been looking at the LST for quite a while and...I don’t get why some folks prefer it:
It has the following features: (a) it is more regular than the conventional table; (b) it has no gaps; (c) each element in every second row of each block starts a triad; (d) each element in each period has an n+l value matching the period number i.e. it matches the diagonal lines of the Madelung rule diagram (MRD); and (e) the first row anomaly becomes clearer i.e. s >> p > d > f.
(a) means the period lengths go 2, 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 whereas the conventional form goes 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32; (b) means e.g. there is no gap between Be and B; (c) means e.g. that Tc, Re, and Bh form a triad; (d) means e.g. that the n+l value of Ti, in period 5, is 3 + 2 = 5. Here, n is the principal quantum number (same as the orbital value of 3, in 3d); and l is the azimuthal quantum number, where s = 0; p = 1; d = 2; f =3). Sr, in the same period, is 5s = 5 + 0 = 5; and (e) is nice.
Feature (d) doesn’t mean much since, like the MRD, the quantum numbers involved are based on idealised rather than actual differentiating electrons. For example, Zn is 3d = 3 + 2 = 5. Whereas in real life the differentiating electron in Zn = 4s = 4 + 0 = 4. In fact the MR is wrong in 20 places—it’s an approximation or idealisation, not a law carved in stone.
While the strongest objection to the LST is He over Be, that’s not so much of an issue. The electronegativity and ionisation energy of He can be extrapolated from the rest of the alkaline earth metals. The 1s2 electron configuration matches that of the rest of group 2. We know that He is capable of acting as a metal. One just needs to colour code it as a noble gas, on account of its closed shell.
Proponents of the LST say its regularity and elegance, as well as its symmetry (the four blocks fit naturally into a tetrahedron or, the LST can be rearranged into the ADOMAH form) mean that it is an optimal form of periodic table.
I say that:
* these features are derived from an idealisation rather than actual physical parameters i.e. idealised v actual quantum numbers;
* as such they mean nothing in terms of an optimal periodic table;
* while the electron configuration filling sequence has some irregularities one can still see a general regularity that accords with the MR diagram;
* the general regularity hints at a hidden symmetry in the applicable laws of nature; and
* this hidden (or broken) symmetry manifests as the asymmetric conventional form.
Here’s a relevant quote:
* While the laws of Nature, “are simple, symmetrical, and elegant, the real world isn’t. It’s messy and complicated…The reason is clear. We do not observe the laws of Nature: we observe their outcomes. Since these laws find their most efficient representation as mathematical equations, we might say that we see only the solutions of those equations not the equations themselves. This is the secret which reconciles the complexity observed in Nature with the advertised simplicity of her laws. Outcomes are much more complicated than laws; solutions much more subtle than equations. For, although a law of Nature might possess a certain symmetry, this does not mean that all the outcomes of the law need manifest that same symmetry.” (Barrow 2008)
It is as if the periodic table lies at the bottom of a wine bottle; the symmetry of the bottle’s base is clear from the top of the dimple in the centre, but it is hidden from any point in the valley surrounding the central dimple.* Assigning >special< significance to the LST (or the ADOMAH variation) on the basis of its elegance, regularity, symmetry, or coherence with the MRD, while well intentioned, is misguided and needlessly detracts from the clarity of the chemical relationships among the elements and their compounds.
* ∗ I borrowed this analogy from the EB article on Subatomic particles, Hidden symmetry section, by Sutton C, 2017
Possibly the next biggest objection to the LST is that it makes a train wreck of the left to right metal to nonmetal progression, and associated trends.
As Ball (2010) said:
* “I think it is a poor deal to trade subjective aesthetics (which clearly not everyone shares) for the long-standing traditional navigational axes that chemists use around the PT.”
Weighing up the features and drawbacks of the LST, I don’t understand how they can be reconciled.
The conventional form of the periodic table is about as good as any other; hence it is retained for want of a better alternative.
Can anyone shed light on the merits of the left-step table, such that it becomes preferred to the conventional form?
References Sandbh (talk) 17:58, 14 June 2019 (UTC)
* Ball P 2010, comments to “The disappearing spoon” review, homunculus blog, viewed 19 May 2019, https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=26741618&postID=2980643491692822828&bpli=1&pli=1
* Barrow JD 2008, New theories of everything, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 136–140
See also
* https://aeon.co/essays/beauty-is-truth-there-s-a-false-equation
Nonmetals 2019
Could we look at this again:
1. Their results likely draw on one of the biggest surveys of the literature ever attempted, for this kind of research.
2. The article says their database of [only] 3.3 million abstracts (spanning 1922 to 2018), drawing from 1,000 journals, was focussed on materials science, physics, and chemistry.
3. Key words were extracted using ChemDataExtractor ("Give it a journal article, and it will extract chemical names, properties, and spectra from the text so they can be imported into a database or spreadsheet.").
4. I agree there are a few anomalies like Fr for the very plausible reason you give. Is this not a case of "perfect is the enemy of good"?
5. Their results match with the J.Chem.Ed. Kohonen map cited in our own archive 15.
We've never had a comprehensive literature-based view of nonmetal categories, which is why we've always struggled doing a fair job with these. Now we have, what is arguably, the biggest perspective ever on the nonmetals, let alone the remarkable correlation with the rest of the periodic table.
If we confine our perspective on the periodic table to purely chemistry-based considerations (which we never have, as far as I know) we'll being doing ourselves a disservice to our readers, not to mention the periodic table.
A recent editorial in Nature Materials opined that "'There has been a synergy between our evolving understanding of the periodic table and our understanding of materials. Element position within the periodic table and sustainability considerations plays a role in determining research activity and practical applications. The space in the periodic table for new materials combinations is vast. All elements will continue to be worthy of investigation.'"
The key words here are a "synergy" or a working together, as guided by the periodic table, and our "evolving" understanding of the latter.
So, yes, I'm calling for a rethink of our nonmetal categories.
Context
Writing early in the history of intermetallic compounds, the British metallurgist Cecil Desch observed that "certain non-metallic elements are capable of forming compounds of distinctly metallic character with metals, and these elements may therefore enter into the composition of alloys". He associated silicon, arsenic, and tellurium, in particular, with the alloy-forming elements.
"The metals form definite chemical compounds not only with the dissimilar non-metallic elements but also with the metalloids, and in many cases with each other. The compounds of the metals with each other, called "intermetallic compounds," do not, however show the marked evidences of chemical combination which are found in the compounds of the metals with the electronegative elements like oxygen and the halogens".
* Jeffries Z & Archer RS 1923, The science of metals, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 225
Phillips and Williams suggested that compounds of (phosphorus), silicon, germanium, arsenic, and antimony with B metals, "are probably best classed as alloys".
Boron
"The most important alloys of boron (ferroboron, calcium boron) are used in the processing of steel, cast iron, iron alloys, copper and copper alloys as deoxidants."
* Erdey R et al. 1965, Gravimetric analysis: International series of monographs in…, p. 204
"A superhard substance that is more slippery than Teflon could protect mechanical parts from wear and tear, and boost energy efficiency by reducing friction. The “ceramic alloy” is created by combining a metal alloy of boron, aluminium and magnesium (AlMgB14) with titanium boride (TiB2). It is the hardest material after diamond and cubic boron nitride. BAM, as the material is called, was discovered at the US Department of Energy Ames Laboratory in Iowa in 1999, during attempts to develop a substance to generate electricity when heated.
* Read more.
"Interestingly, transition metal borides are metallic compounds, and they are often more conductive than the parent metal."
* Carenco S et al. 2013, "Nanoscaled metal borides and phosphides: Recent developments and perspectives", Chemical Reviews, vol. 113, no. 10, pp. 7981–8065 (7992)
With lithium, boron is known to form a metallic, malleable, extrudable, and machinable compound alloy having the composition Li5B4, and a silvery metallic lustre.
* Wang FE 2005, Bonding theory for metals and alloys, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 192
Silicon
"This book details aluminum alloys with special focus on the aluminum silicon (Al‐Si) systems – that are the most abundant alloys second only to steel."
Phosphorus
"Most of the metal phosphides are semiconductors or insulators, because their electrons are localized in the vicinity of phosphorus atoms; however, some of them (usually the most metal-rich ones) exhibit a metallic character."
* Carenco S et al. 2013, "Nanoscaled metal borides and phosphides: Recent developments and perspectives", Chemical Reviews, vol. 113, no. 10, pp. 7981–8065
Germanium
"Germanium forms alloys with many metals. Harner (1961) described a partial list of 21 such metals, including all the base metals and most precious metals. About one-half of these germanium-metal systems contain intermetallic compounds. Alloys, however, are minor uses for germanium."
* Butterman WC & Jorgenson JD 2005, Mineral commodity profiles germanium, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
"Although relatively little germanium is used in alloy form, there are a few alloys that have proven useful. An 88-percent-gold–12-percent-germanium alloy, with a melting temperature of 359° C, has been used as a solder for gold jewellery (Brady and Clauser, 1997). Germanium also is alloyed in several combinations with gold, silver, copper, and palladium in dental alloys and with silicon in thermoelectric devices. More often, germanium is used in very small quantities as a hardener of metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, and tin."
* Harner HR 1961, "Germanium", in Hampel CA (ed.), Rare metals handbook, 2nd ed. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, pp. 188–197.
"Germanium appears to form no carbide, but alloys with many metals and metalloids."
* Rochow EG 1973, "Germanium", in Comprehensive inorganic chemistry, vol. 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 10
Arsenic
"The primary use of arsenic is in alloys of lead (for example, in car batteries and ammunition)."
"Arsenic is used as the group 5 element in the III-V semiconductors gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, and aluminium arsenide.[29] The valence electron count of GaAs is the same as a pair of Si atoms, but the band structure is completely different which results in distinct bulk properties.[30] Other arsenic alloys include the II-V semiconductor cadmium arsenide.[31]"
* --- our entry for Arsenic
Antimony
"As late as the 19th century, the number of uses for antimony and the amount used remained small. Most of it was used in type metal or alloyed with lead for use as bearing metal (babbitt metal) or with tin for use in Britannia metal as candlesticks, dinnerware, eating utensils, and so forth.
Antimony is also a component of several tin-based alloys, such as britannia metal, pewter, white bearing metal (true babbitt), and a new alloy, a tin-antimony-silver solder used for joining pipes for carrying potable water.
Antimony itself is hard and brittle and is used alone only for very minor uses, such as ornamental castings. But its compatibility with lead and other low-melting-point metals make it useful in alloys."
* Li T, Archer GF, and Carapella SC Jr., 1992, "Antimony and antimony alloys", in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.): New York, John Wiley & Sons, v. 3, p. 367-381.
Tellurium
* https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/bonding-rethink-called-for-as-new-metavalent-bond-proposed/3009908.article
van Arkel-Ketelaar
* Metasynthesis
* Wikipedia
Parsing the nonmetals (II)
* "The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but also containing other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many biochemicals) and the halogens."
* "The acronym CHNOPS, which stands for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, represents the six most important chemical elements whose covalent combinations make up most biological molecules on Earth."
* "It is a long standing tradition that organic compounds of the metalloids fall within scope of the definition of organometallic compounds."
Corrosive nonmetals
Compounds of the corrosive nonmetals number among the range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry.
Intermediate nonmetals
Covalent combinations of the first five of these (along with the corrosive nonmetal oxygen) make up most biological molecules on Earth.
Metalloids
It is a long standing tradition that organic compounds of the metalloids fall within scope of the definition of organometallic compounds.
The importance of symmetry
Brooks M 2018, New Scientist, 18 Aug 2018, no. 3191, p. 30:
Knowing where new particles may be hiding is a tricky business. The most powerful searchlight at our disposal is symmetry: the idea that something looks and behaves the same even when some aspect of its position, direction or orientation is changed. A circle, for example, has total rotational symmetry, while a square has broken rotational symmetry – it looks the same when you turn it through multiples of 90 degrees, but not under any other rotation.
When a symmetry is broken, physicists sit up and take notice. “Symmetry-breaking doesn’t just happen – there’s always some reason behind it,” says physicist David Tong at the University of Cambridge.
This is especially true of the more complicated symmetries that arise in particle physics. Rather than rotate a particle or move it about, you might swap it for its oppositely charged antiparticle. If you see no difference in their interactions, that is a symmetry. For example, two electrons repel each other in exactly the same way as two positrons do, displaying identical physics under the reversal of charge. We call that charge symmetry.
Flipping important Another key symmetry is time reversal. Imagine you are watching a recording of a snooker match on TV, and you see a ball glance off the cushion. You press rewind, and you now see the ball move back towards the cushion. If it comes off at a different angle to what you saw before, time-reversal symmetry is broken.
The third fundamental symmetry is parity symmetry. This time, while watching the snooker match you see the initial shot reflected in a mirror. If it comes off the cushion at a different angle in the mirror view, this breaks parity symmetry.
Sometimes you don’t have to actually spot a symmetry being broken – just where it should be broken but isn’t. In 1964, for instance, Murray Gell-Mann applied symmetry considerations to the standard model of particle physics and came up with the idea that there should exist a set of particles that, put together in certain ways, would make the protons and neutrons we find in the atomic nucleus. Gell-Mann’s mathematical hunch was right on the money: his conjectured “quarks” were found in subsequent particle searches, and Gell-Mann won a Nobel prize in physics for his efforts.
To push things further, we can combine some of these symmetries and see whether anything interesting emerges. Take charge and parity (CP) symmetry, for example. Systems that might violate one or other actually end up looking the same if you impose both transformations. In other words, you can find two different perspectives, like a real particle and its antimatter equivalent reflected in a mirror, in which things appear to behave in the same way.
These symmetries matter, largely because we like to see them broken sometimes: the laws, particles and forces of physics all have their roots in symmetry-breaking. They create what David Gross of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, calls the “texture of the world”. These considerations have led Florian Goertz at the Max Planck Institute for Particle and Astroparticle Physics in Heidelberg to propose the existence of a new particle that is single-handedly capable of cleaning up five of the stickiest problems in physics. “Complete symmetry is boring,” says Goertz. “If symmetry is slightly broken, interesting things can happen.”
Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931910-200-this-one-particle-could-solve-five-mega-mysteries-of-physics/#ixzz65gUsypha
Links
* Reich HJ & Hondal RJ 2016, "Why nature chose selenium", ACS Chemical Biology, vol. 11, no, 4, 821-841,
* Schirber M 2012, "The cosmic history of life-giving phosphorus", Live Science, August 24
=Nonmetal table= {|class="wikitable floatleft" style="line-height: 1.3; font-size: 95%; margin-left:20px; margin-top:0em;white-space:nowrap;"
* colspan=5 | | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject on open proxies/Requests/Archives/14
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits from open corporate proxy. GabeMc (talk|contribs) 19:30, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
* Not a corporate proxy, but a Zscaler-owned proxy, which should be super hard blocked (no editing even by admins). --Bigpoliticsfan (talk) 13:13, 14 November 2013 (UTC)
* I've blocked the range. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs) 11:14, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits
<IP_ADDRESS>
Confirmed proxy server--Fareed30 (talk) 16:23, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
* Maybe we should have an edit note here that clearly states whatismyipaddress is useless for proxy/not proxy. Anyway, this one was a bit weird, it looks like a Thai broadband provider. While there is abnormally high level of internet activity from this IP in general, it appears to be down right now. I doubt you'll find anything when it comes back up. Sailsbystars (talk) 05:19, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits
* I received a password reset email from this IP and its WHOIS information indicates that it belongs to a webhosting company and may be a proxy server.— Ryulong ( 琉竜 ) 14:00, 14 October 2013 (UTC)
* Almost certainly an open proxy. My guess is its some sort of web proxy, but I can't find the exact mechanism. I thought we had rangeblocked this ISP for a history of similar problems. Sailsbystars (talk) 14:44, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
* That statement by a verified proxy-check user, plus my own discovery that it is listed as an IP used by www.leaseweb.com, is enough for me. I have blocked the IP address. JamesBWatson (talk) 23:06, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits 13:42, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
* No visible proxy mechanisms, and it appears to be a normal residential IP. Sailsbystars (talk) 14:39, 15 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
* User has been making borderline-abusive edits; while this seems like a standard IP from a large provider I don't know just by looking and I have some suspicions that he may be editing from a location other than where the IP resolves to. Daniel Case (talk) 02:58, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
* I looked into it as best I could... no sign of a proxy on common proxy ports, no tor, and nothing out of the ordinary on the best proxy checking tool of them all (google). Sorry... Sailsbystars (talk) 05:01, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Claims, very defiantly, that it's not an open proxy. Daniel Case (talk) 13:55, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* However, it is a ✅ sockpuppet of the banned user who had been using it shortly before, so I'm going to decline the unblock based on that. If this isn't a proxy, feel free to shorten the block. Reaper Eternal (talk) 16:01, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* I did some poking... Doesn't seem to be any evidence of a proxy to me, so maybe shorten to 6 months or a year in case the ip changes hands? Sailsbystars (talk) 17:02, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* Yeah, I can't find anything either now that I'm on my home connection. I've shortened it to a three month for abusive sock puppetry. Thanks. Reaper Eternal (talk) 01:31, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
* Okay, I'll mark this as closed, everything seems to be resolved. Sailsbystars (talk) 06:33, 20 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamesx12345 (talk • contribs)
* User:Jamesx12345, could you shed some light on the reasons for your suspicions? At the moment there is no technical evidence for or against a proxy as the host is down.... and I'm trying to determine if it's worth the effort to delve deeper. The reasons for your suspicion are not obvious to me.... Sailsbystars (talk)
* It's from this report. There isn't a long pattern of abuse, so if it isn't strikingly clear it's not really worth making any special efforts to find out what it is. Jamesx12345 08:32, 20 October 2013 (UTC)
* ARGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. This is frustration with the whatismipaddress.com, not with you. Their proxy detection is utter rubbish, but it leads many well-meaning users to this page unnecessarily. I think I will poke a friendly admin to add an appropriate edit notice to this page. Thanks for clarifying! Sailsbystars (talk) 02:48, 21 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>, <IP_ADDRESS>, and similar ips
Reason: IP's are on a "Confirmed proxy server" according to whatismyipaddress.com/ip/. Appears to be the same person, editing and commenting on Naveen Jain, an article that has a regular history of whitewashing from ip's with direct conflicts of interest, such as the other recent ips that have been editing and commenting in a similar manner who are listed here.
I assume these similar ip's would have the same status as those listed above:
I've not checked the other edits of these ip's, so a block might be overkill unless the server status dictates it. --Ronz (talk) 01:41, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Wellllllll I've got good news and bad news. The good news is that the IPs are all likely the the same person. Pretty much all of the IPs except for <IP_ADDRESS> are cell phone IPs, which are a common tool used by people evading scrutiny these days. <IP_ADDRESS> is a hotel. The bad news is a rangeblock would be pretty much impossible (actually, it might even be literally impossible due to the size). The range on the cell provider is the biggest I've ever seen, a /9.... Which is about 0.2 % OF THE ENTIRE INTERNET. Oh and the other bad news is that there aren't any proxies there either. Sailsbystars (talk) 01:55, 25 October 2013 (UTC)
* Thanks for the info! --Ronz (talk) 16:32, 25 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
I'm fairly sure it's a proxy just not 100% on exactly how open it is (or if it's a webhost). I found a host (proxy1.classic.com.np) associated with the IP and it was blocked not long ago by ProcseeBot. As I said I'm fairly sure it's a proxy and that it's open. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs) 06:08, 27 October 2013 (UTC)
* Are you sure you have the right IP? This one has never been blocked as far as I can tell and has no edits. It looks to be an australian business dsl or cable provider and doesn't have any of the "tells" characteristic of a proxy as far as I've poked it.... Sailsbystars (talk) 06:21, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits. IP appears on several black lists and at least one proxy list - MrX 12:06, 27 October 2013 (UTC)
* It looks like it was indeed a proxy server back in 2009, but I find no evidence of ongoing abuse. I also checked a few common proxy ports and came back with nothing. Business broadband IP. Sailsbystars (talk) 06:36, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits 02:06, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
* Any hint why they are suspicious of an open proxy? Materialscientist (talk) 03:46, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
* This says "confirmed proxy server"... let me know if I'm doing this wrong! 20:26, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
* Open proxy comments by whatismyipaddress.com are ignored on this page - they are utterly unreliable. Materialscientist (talk) 23:51, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
* Thanks for letting me know, I won't use that in the future. 14:38, 4 November 2013 (UTC)
* Checked anyway. Doesn't look like one, but there's a lite webserver running on 8080 for a security system, FWIW. I had an editnotice added to the page about whatismyipaddress, since they're less than useless for proxies unfortunately.... Sailsbystars (talk) 02:22, 5 November 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
* Wide open web proxy. I got bored and decided to see how long it would take me to find an unblocked proxy. Answer: about 20 minutes. Recommend year+ rangeblock on <IP_ADDRESS>/25, which also has at least one other open proxy (<IP_ADDRESS>) that was used with the same service. Sailsbystars (talk) 08:05, 8 November 2013 (UTC)
* blocked by DQ. Sailsbystars (talk) 16:04, 9 November 2013 (UTC)
Talk:Irgun
* - currently blocked as an open proxy
* - currently blocked as an open proxy
* - currently blocked as an open proxy
* - currently blocked as an open proxy
* - currently blocked as an open proxy
* - currently blocked as an open proxy
Unregistered user using Wikipedia for personal attacks and political propaganda. Two of the addresses used have been blocked as open proxies. - Mike Rosoft (talk) 06:36, 9 November 2012 (UTC)
* A quick check didn't find anything unusual for the unblocked IPs. The last IP also looked clean. The first is an obvious open proxy. Dennis Brown - 2¢ © Join WER 14:35, 12 December 2012 (UTC)
* Following up a few months later, I don't see any common ports open for any services at this time for <IP_ADDRESS>. Might be a candidate to unblock. Dennis Brown - 2¢ © Join WER 18:29, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
* A few months later still... I have unblocked <IP_ADDRESS>, as I can find no evidence that it is hosting any sort of proxy, or that it has any open ports. <IP_ADDRESS> is still an open proxy, and still blocked. The others show no sign of ever having been open proxies, and have not edited for months. There doesn't seem any need to do any more. JamesBWatson (talk) 11:11, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: I find some ports open. Besides it most recently edited an article that has attracted a number of socks and proxy using editors in recent months. -- S M S Talk 15:39, 9 November 2013 (UTC)
* Looks like some sort of router type thing, possibly a hotel or coffeeshop. It has a standard open proxy port (8080) but when I try to use it, I get redirected to a login page. It's possible there's a misconfiguration that allows its use as a proxy, but I haven't been able to find it. Sailsbystars (talk) 16:15, 9 November 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Requested unblock via UTRS. Note the editor states they have now changed their Tor node to a non-exit relay.--Jezebel's Ponyo bons mots 22:16, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
* This is correct, but the IP is still set up as tor - I don't know what we do in such cases (a matter of trust that they don't reconfigure the exit port tomorrow). Materialscientist (talk) 22:31, 19 November 2013 (UTC)
* Hmmm, if they did reconfigure it, would TorNodeBot catch it and reblock it?--Jezebel's Ponyo bons mots 22:17, 20 November 2013 (UTC)
* Maybe. I don't know how quickly and reliably does it catch new open tor nodes. Materialscientist (talk) 01:13, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
* TorNodeBot does not attempt to unblock people, so it would not detect a reconfiguration that stops it from being an exit relay (though the block would eventually expire). However, if it's the other way (going from a non-exit node to an exit node) I would expect it to detect it in a matter of hours. It's really dependent upon the traffic on the network, though, and how many current nodes there are. -- Sh i r ik ( Questions or Comments? ) 20:48, 21 November 2013 (UTC)
* Unblocked.--Jezebel's Ponyo bons mots 17:45, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Suspicious edits. IP is a know source of spam, hacking attempts and likely an open proxy. - MrX 03:54, 24 November 2013 (UTC)
* McDonald's wifi. So prone to abuse, but no justification for blocking on technical grounds alone. Sailsbystars (talk) 17:18, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Editor has been edit warring with pro-Uruguay nationalistic reversions at the Carlos Gardel biography despite scholarly conclusions that Gardel was born in France. The IP is in New Zealand and appears to be a proxy for editors in other locations. Binksternet (talk) 17:25, 7 December 2013 (UTC)
* Oh yikes. So it's a compromised computer with the Zeus (Trojan horse) malware infecting it. Which means it could certainly be acting as a proxy. It also could just be someone's home computer where they got infected.... Not sure what the appropriate course of action is here. Sailsbystars (talk) 16:33, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
* Why not indef the guy? Let him request an unblock, if he ever does. Binksternet (talk) 17:14, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
* Well, for one thing we don't indef IPs, particularly consumer ones such as this one. A 3-6 month block would not be unreasonable for this type of address in general if it were a proxy. The problem is we have fairly little precedent for compromised computers that aren't explicitly open proxies. Anyone with sufficient technical skills could easily use this IP as a proxy. However, the sufficient technical skills require non-trivial effort. There's over 3 million computers compromised by this particular malware, so blocking them all would be impractical. So a three month block on this IP with a warning about the trojan wouldn't be a bad idea, but it also wouldn't be hugely effective. If I had the bits I'd probably do it, but it's a grey area and I don't have said bits, and I don't know if you can find an admin that would do it, although there is at least one earlier incident where it was done. Sailsbystars (talk) 19:26, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
* Similar edits to the Carlos Gardel article are also being made by a different IP. The article has recently been semied for a week, which appears useful. I'd support a three-month block of this IP, which could be lifted if the owner of the machine can fix his problem. Though blocking 3 million IPs is impractical, blocking the one that's actually been causing trouble should be OK. EdJohnston (talk) 19:38, 8 December 2013 (UTC)
I've now blocked 6 months as open proxy. De728631 (talk) 15:47, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
* Claims the admins who ran the check in September couldn't tell the difference between a Tor exit and non-exit node. Daniel Case (talk) 20:46, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
* Well, yes, it's not a tor exit node (although it is a tor node), but it's smack in the middle of a hosting range so there's no need to edit from that ip. Unless one is trying to evade scrutiny. If one wanted to be fair, one could remove the indef on the original ip since we don't indef IPs, and leave the rangeblock (which expires next year) intact. Sailsbystars (talk) 00:33, 10 December 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Requested unblock - see User talk:SpartacksCompatriot. JohnCD (talk) 11:24, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
* , unblocked. -- zzuuzz (talk) 11:58, 22 December 2013 (UTC)
<IP_ADDRESS>
Reason: Used by today and a couple of months ago. He's a frequent user of open proxies. I've blocked the IP for two weeks, but a longer block is probably in order. Favonian (talk) 19:01, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
* IP is an open proxy, reblocked. Materialscientist (talk) 00:01, 31 December 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
The Communion Girl
The Communion Girl (La niña de la comunión) is a 2022 Spanish horror film directed by Víctor Garcia from a screenplay by Guillem Clua based on an original story by Garcia and Alberto Marini. It stars Carla Campra, Aina Quiñones, Marc Soler, and Carlos Oviedo.
Plot
In May 1987, friends Sara and Rebe are in their way back home from a night out with recreational drugs following the first communion of Sara's younger sister Judith. They find a doll on the road.
Production
The film is Víctor Garcia's Spanish-language debut feature after a career primarily developed in American B movies. The screenplay was penned by Guillem Clua, based on an original story by Alberto Marini and Garcia. The film is an Ikiru Films, La Terraza Films, La Niña de la Comunión AIE, and Atresmedia Cine production. Shooting locations included Corbera d'Ebre.
Release
The film was presented at the 55th Sitges Film Festival on 14 October 2022. Distributed by Warner Bros., the film was theatrically released in Spain on 10 February 2023. It grossed €413,363 (59,004 admissions) at the Spanish box office in its opening weekend.
Reception
According to the American review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, The Communion Girl has a 50% approval rating based on 6 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 6.80/10.
Juan Pando of Fotogramas rated The Communion Girl 4 out of 5 stars, considering it to be one of those films in which the lack of ambition is their best virtue, praising the "authentic" characters.
Sergio F. Pinilla of Cinemanía rated the film 3½ stars, deeming it to be an "effective [instance of] domestic terror".
Beatriz Martínez of El Periódico de Catalunya rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, assessing that it handles "few elements, but in a very precise and solid way".
Javier Ocaña of El País assessed that good choices abound in The Communion Girl pertaining pre-production, production, shooting, and post-production but the film languishes at the basics: story, screenplay, and denouement. | WIKI |
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BLAST
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, or BLAST, is an algorithm for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the nucleotides of DNA sequences. BLAST Homepage
Available Modules
module load BLAST/2.9.0-gimkl-2018b
BLAST Databases
We download the standard NCBI databases quarterly, and create a corresponding environment module named like BLASTDB/<yyyy-mm> which sets the BLASTDB environment variable accordingly. If you want to use one of these databases then you should find out what our most recent version is (module avail BLASTDB) and then load it in your batch script.
module load BLASTDB
ls $BLASTDB
Because we only keep a few recent versions of the databases, you may be required from time to time to change the BLASTDB module version if you use old job submission scripts as templates for new ones.
Example scripts
When given a large amount of query sequence to get through the BLAST search programs will take batches of it, running through the database with each batch and then starting over with the next batch. This can cause the database to be repeatedly read from disk and so limit the speed of your search, and using multiple threads only makes it worse. So there are two reasonable ways to run BLAST programs on our system: single threaded for small jobs, or multithreaded with a local copy of the database for large jobs. If in doubt try the simpler single-thread approach first and see if it takes too long.
Single Thread
For jobs which need less than 24 CPU-hours, eg: those that use small databases (< 10 GB) or small amounts of query sequence (< 1 GB), or fast BLAST programs such as blastn with its default (megablast) settings.
#!/bin/bash -e
#SBATCH --job-name BLAST
#SBATCH --time 00:30:00 # ~10 CPU minutes / MB blastn query vs nt
#SBATCH --mem 30G
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task 2
module load BLAST/2.13.0-GCC-11.3.0
module load BLASTDB/2023-01
# This script takes one argument, the FASTA file of query sequences.
QUERIES=$1
FORMAT="6 qseqid qstart qend qseq sseqid sgi sacc sstart send staxids sscinames stitle length evalue bitscore"
BLASTOPTS="-evalue 0.05 -max_target_seqs 10"
BLASTAPP=blastn
DB=nt
#BLASTAPP=blastx
#DB=nr
$BLASTAPP $BLASTOPTS -db $DB -query $QUERIES -outfmt "$FORMAT" \
-out $QUERIES.$DB.$BLASTAPP -num_threads $SLURM_CPUS_PER_TASK
Multiple threads and local database copy
For jobs which need more than 24 CPU-hours, eg: those that use large databases (> 10 GB) or large amounts of query sequence (> 1 GB), or slow BLAST searches such as classic blastn (blastn -task blastn).
This script copies the BLAST database into the per-job temporary directory $TMPDIR before starting the search. Since compute nodes do not have local disks, this database copy is in memory, and so must be allowed for in the memory requested by the job. As of mid 2023 that is 283 GB for the nt database, 157 GB for refseq_protein.
#!/bin/bash -e
#SBATCH --job-name BLAST
#SBATCH --time 02:30:00
#SBATCH --mem 120G # 30 GB plus the database
#SBATCH --ntasks 1
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task 36 # half a node
module load BLAST/2.13.0-GCC-11.3.0
module load BLASTDB/2023-01
# This script takes one argument, the FASTA file of query sequences.
QUERIES=$1
FORMAT="6 qseqid qstart qend qseq sseqid sgi sacc sstart send staxids sscinames stitle length evalue bitscore"
BLASTOPTS="-task blastn"
BLASTAPP=blastn
DB=nt
#BLASTAPP=blastx
#DB=nr
# Keep the database in RAM
cp $BLASTDB/{$DB,taxdb}.* $TMPDIR/
export BLASTDB=$TMPDIR
$BLASTAPP $BLASTOPTS -db $DB -query $QUERIES -outfmt "$FORMAT" \
-out $QUERIES.$DB.$BLASTAPP -num_threads $SLURM_CPUS_PER_TASK | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of graduates of the Japanese Imperial Military Academies
This is a select list of graduates from the Japanese Imperial Military Academies (1891–1934). It is not complete.
1891 Class
* Kazushige Ugaki: 1891
1897 Class
* Sadao Araki: November
* Jinsaburo Mazaki: November
1904 Class
* Tetsuzan Nagata: October
1905 Class
* Michitarō Komatsubara
1906 Class
* Hiroshi Ōshima
1908 Class
* Naruhiko Higashikuni
1912 Class
* Torashirō Kawabe: May
1915 Class
* Kitsuju Ayabe: May
1921 Class
* Akira Mutō: assigned to Military Academy, April
1922 Class
* Takushiro Hattori: July
1923 class
* Hiromichi Yahara
Graduates from the Japanese Army War College
The following were notable graduates of the Army War College:
1903 Class
* Hisaichi Terauchi: December
1909 Class
* Otozō Yamada: December
1910 Class
* Toshizō Nishio: graduated from War College, assigned to Military Affairs Bureau, November
* Koiso Kuniaki: November
* Gen Sugiyama: November
* Shunroku Hata: graduated with top scholarly rank, November
1911 Class
* Yoshijirō Umezu: November
* Tetsuzan Nagata: November
1912 Class
* Kenji Doihara: November
1913 Class
* Yasuji Okamura: November
1914 Class
* Rikichi Andō: December
* Keisuke Fujie: November
* Naruhiko Higashikuni
1915 Class
* Hiroshi Ōshima
* Hideki Tōjō: December
* Masaharu Homma: December
* Shōjirō Iida: December
* Hitoshi Imamura: December
* Masakazu Kawabe
1916 Class
* Seishirō Itagaki: November
* Tomoyuki Yamashita: November
* Shizuichi Tanaka
* Shigenori Kuroda: November
* Heitarō Kimura: November
1917 Class
* Renya Mutaguchi: November
* Jun Ushiroku: November
* Teiichi Suzuki: November
* Kenryo Sato (Chief, Military Affairs Section, War Ministry; Chief, Military Affairs Bureau, same Ministry)
* Seizo Arisue (Chief, Second Bureau-Intelligence, Army General Staff)
* Tan Nukata (Chief, Third Bureau—Logistics, Army General Staff; Chief, General Affairs Bureau, do; Chief, Personnel Bureau, War Ministry)
* Goro Isoya (Chief, Third Bureau-Logistics, Army General Staff)
1918 Class
* Korechika Anami: November
* Kiichiro Higuchi: November
* Kanji Ishiwara: November
1919 Class
* Hideyoshi Obata: December
* Sōsaku Suzuki: November
1920 Class
* Hidemitsu Nakano: November
* Kingoro Hashimoto
* Akira Mutō
1921 Class
* Torashirō Kawabe: November
* Harukichi Hyakutake: December
1922 Class
* Kiyotake Kawaguchi: November
* Hatazō Adachi: November
* Takushiro Hattori (Chief, Second Section operations, Army General Staff)
* Susumu Nishiura (Chief, Army Affairs Section, War Ministry)
* Akiho Ishii (Chief, Military Affairs Section, War Ministry)
1923 Class
* Tadamichi Kuribayashi: November
* Hong Sa-ik
* Okikatsu Arao (Koko) (Chief, Shipping Section, Army General Staff; senior Staff Officer, Army Affairs Section, War Ministry; Chief, Third Section—Organization and Mobilization, Army General Staff)
* Hiroo Sato (Chief, War Materiel Section, War Ministry; and an officer who, like Col Arao, had the confidence of War Minister Anami)
* Yozo Miyama (Chief, Third Section-Organization and Mobilization, Army General Staffs post which he held before the author assumed it; and Senior Adjutant, War Ministry)
* Makoto Matsutani (Chief, 20th Group-War Coordination, Army General Staff; Military Secretary to Prime Minister Suzuki)
1925 Class
* Shizuo Yokoyama: November
1927 Class
* Takeshi Mori: December
1929
* Hiromichi Yahara: returned as an instructor 1937-1940
1930 Class
* Takushiro Hattori: November
* Masutaro Nakai: December
1931 Class
* Masanobu Tsuji
1937 Class
* José Laurel III
1944 Class
* Takagi Masao (3rd President of South Korea, also known as Park Chung-hee)
Graduates in Military Overseas Studies
* Shunroku Hata: Military Student, Germany, March 1912
* Hisaichi Terauchi: Military Student, Germany, February 1913
* Yoshijirō Umezu: Military Student, Germany, April 1913
* Masaharu Homma: Military Student, England, August 1918 (and served as observer with British forces in France)
* Hitoshi Imamura: Military Student, England, April 1918; Assistant Military Attaché, England, October 1918
* Naruhiko Higashikuni: Resident Officer, France, studying military tactics, April 1920
* Tomoyuki Yamashita: Military Student. Germany, July 1921
* Hideyoshi Obata: Military Student, England, April 1923; Major, March 1926
* Minoru Sasaki: Military Student, U.S.S.R., September 1927; same for Poland and U.S.S.R., August 1928
* Torashirō Kawabe: Resident Officer, Riga, Latvia (studying Soviet military affairs), January 1926-September 1928
Students in Army Cavalry School
* Kitsuju Ayabe: Equitation Student, October 1917
Graduates from Artillery and Engineering School
* Takeo Yasuda: July 1916
Graduates from the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy
* Kantarō Suzuki: 1887
* Mitsumasa Yonai: 1901
* Shigetarō Shimada: November 1904
Graduates from the Naval War College
* Kantarō Suzuki: 1898
* Shigetarō Shimada: Class "A" Student, December 1913
* Mitsumasa Yonai: 1913 | WIKI |
Edward Synge
Edward Synge may refer to:
* Edward Synge (bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross) (died 1678), previously Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
* Edward Synge (archbishop of Tuam) (1659–1741), previously Bishop of Raphoe
* Edward Synge (bishop of Elphin) (1691–1762), previously Bishop of Clonfert & Kilmacduagh, Bishop of Cloyne, and Bishop of Ferns & Leighlin
* Edward Hutchinson Synge (1890–1957), inventor of the near-field optical microscope
* Edward Synge (priest) (1726–1792), Anglican priest in Ireland | WIKI |
Page:The Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter (1922), vol. 2.djvu/210
reached the ‘‘Second Degree of Purity.” The operation was performed with a red-hot knife or a hot iron, and this was known as the “baptism by fire.”
In the case of female converts, the breasts were amputated, either with a red-hot knife or a pair of red-hot shears (Kudrin trial, Moscow, 1871; testimony of physicians and examination of the accused) which served the double purpose of checking hemorthage, as would a thermo-cautery, and avoiding infection. Another method consisted in searing the orifice of the vagina so that the scar tissue would contract it in such a manner as to effectually prevent the entrance of the male.
A peculiar attribute of this sect is the character of many of its members: bankers, civil service officials, navy officers, army officers and others of the finest professions. Leroy-Beaulieu, in discussing their methods of obtaining converts says: “they prefer boys and youths, whom they strive to convince of the necessity of ‘killing the flesh.’ They sometimes succeed so well, that cases are known of boys of fifteen or so resorting to self-mutilation, to save themselves from the temptations of early manhood. These apostles of purity do not always scruple to have recourse to violence or deceit. They ensnare their victims by equivocal forms of speech, and having thus obtained their consent vir- Rh | WIKI |
Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 07.pdf/382
London Legal Letter. to a charge of eccentricity or to the sus picion of being a mere thought-brooder. And so for the present au revoir." Then the N. P. Ghost glided from me like a bit of summer vapor, clean through the stalwart form of the unobservant janitor; while I, as the clocks tolled the knell of parting day, did proceed, like the elegiac ploughman of Thomas Gray, to homeward
349
plod my weary way, leaving the Bench and Bar to blankness and to me; but giving op portunity for noting down for the GREEN Bag, beloved of Bench and Bar, the ghostly in terview. And I can never again revisit the place of interview without paraphrasing Poe's Raven, and saying, " And my soul from out that Shadow that lies floating on the floor, shall be lifted never more."
LONDON LEGAL LETTER. London, June i, 1895. THERE are two features of the criminal practice in England which must excite the curiosity and wonder of the American lawyer. One is that an accused person, under indictment for felony, cannot testify in his own be half; and the other is that there is no appeal from the ver dict of a jury or the sentence of a judge. If it is a matter affecting his pocket, merely, a litigant may go into the witness box; but if his honor, his reputation, his personal liberty and even his life are at stake, his lips are sealed. It is true that Mrs. Maybrick, under indictment for the murder of her husband, did attempt to testify, but what she said was received merely as an ex parte statement. This state ment was made against the advice of her counsel, Sir Charles Russell, now the Lord Chief Justice, and not a word was addressed to her by him, or by counsel for the Crown in cross-examination. After her plaintive and pathetic statement was made, she sat down in the dock in painful silence, and it is generally considered by members of the Bar that her action in attempting to give her version of the circumstances attending her husband's death preju diced her case. Efforts have been made to remove the bar of silence, but the opposition at present is insurmountable. An innocent man, it is contended, is safe in the hands of his counsel, and a guilty man would abuse the privilege. This is, practically, what was urged against the change in the civil practice forty years ago, and although its falsity has been proved, it will doubtless be years before the ad vocates of an equally liberal construction of the criminal law are successful. Fortunately, when the Criminal Amend ment Act was passed, about ten years age, every person charged with an offense under that act was made a com petent, but not a compellable, witness on every hearing at every stage of the charge, except of course at the inquiry before the grand jury. Thus it happened that Oscar Wilde was twice a witness in the recent criminal proceedings against him which have startled and shocked the commu nity. No better test could have been made of the propriety or impropriety of putting the accused into the box. He was an educated, versatile, quick-witted and unprincipled man. His cross-examination abounded in epigrams and aphorisms, and his bright sallies and the skill with which he parried attack and made sharp thrusts in return, brought
down a house which otherwise seemed weighted with the melancholy and gravity of the situation. And yet, notwith standing his absolute and unequivocal denial on direct examination of the crime imputed to him, and the brilliancy of his self-defense on cross-examination, the jury refused to believe him, and had but little hesitation, apparently, in arriving at a verdict of guilty. That the judge who pre sided at the trial shared their views, is manifest from the fact that he imposed the maximum penalty allowed by the statute. If, therefore, this accomplished scholar and clever and experienced man of the world was not able to impose upon twelve common jurors, it would hardly seem that there is much left in the objection to opening the door of the witness box to persons accused of other crimes on the ground that the privilege of testifying in their own behalf is likely to result in a miscarriage of justice. The other defect of the English criminal practice, that of denying the right of appeal to an accused and convicted person, is likely to be much sooner remedied. At present the only resource a person who considers himself wrongfully convicted has is, theoretically, an application to Her Majesty the Queen. Practically this means an appeal to the Home Secretary, upon whose advice Her Majesty in variably acts. It is not necessary that the Home Secretary should be a lawyer, and, with1n a very recent period, a Home Secretary to whom an unusual number of appeals from convictions, which were not approved of by the people and concerning the correctness of which well quali fied lawyers had grave doubts, were made, was a layman. He had not the time to examine the voluminous records that were submitted to him in each case, and even if he could have patiently gone through them, he lacked the training necessary to arrive at a correct conclu sion. He was therefore compelled to rely upon the advice of his subordinates, to whom the matters were referred. Doubtless his predecessors had acted in the same way, and it is probable that Mr. Asquith, who is technically a Q. C. as well as officially the Queen's Counsel in these matters, must refer them to others for investigation. But the people are beginning to see the impropriety of forcing an over worked political official to become a judge of last resort in criminal matters, and accordingly, for the second time, a bill is before Parliament to provide for the appointment of | WIKI |
@inbook {PB03-ADHS, title = {Receding-Horizon Control of LTI Systems with Quantized Inputs}, booktitle = {Analysis and Design of Hybrid Systems 2003}, year = {2003}, pages = {259-264}, publisher = {Elsevier}, organization = {Elsevier}, abstract = {
This paper deals with the stabilization problem for a particular class of hybrid systems, namely discrete-time linear systems subject to a uniform (a priori fixed) quantization of the control set. Results of our previous work on the subject provided a description of minimal (in a specific sense) invariant sets that could be rendered maximally attractive under any quantized feedback strategy. In this paper, we consider the design of stabilizing laws that optimize a given cost index on the state and input evolution on a finite, receding horizon. Application of Model Predictive Control techniques for the solution of similar hybrid control problems through Mixed Logical Dynamical reformulations can provide a stabilizing control law, provided that the feasibility hypotheses are met. In this paper, we discuss precisely what are the shortest horizon length and the minimal invariant terminal set for which it can be guaranteed a stabilizing MPC scheme. The final paper will provide an example and simulations of the application of the control scheme to a practical quantized control problem.
}, keywords = {Embedded Control, Robotics}, author = {B. Picasso and S. Pancanti and A. Bemporad and A. Bicchi}, editor = {Gueguen Engell and Zaytoon} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Company (Justin Bieber song)
"Company" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber from his fourth studio album Purpose (2015). Written by Bieber, Poo Bear, James Abrahart, Andreas Schuller, Thomas Troelsen, James Wong and Leroy Clampitt, the song was produced by Axident, Gladius, Big Taste and co-produced by Boyd. It was released to American rhythmic contemporary and contemporary hit radio stations on March 8, 2016, as the album's fourth and final single. It is an electropop and R&B song, with bass guitar, guitar and percussion in its instrumentation. Lyrically, "Company" talks about looking forward to getting to know someone attractive, but also sets some healthy boundaries for doing so.
As an album track, it reached the top-forty in the majority of the countries it charted. When it was released as a single, the song managed to reach the top-forty in Australia and peaked at number 53 in the United States. Bieber performed the track on the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards and 2016 Billboard Music Awards, as well as on his Purpose World Tour. Two music videos were made for the song: the video which is part of the "Purpose: The Movement" narrative, released on November 14, 2015, and the official music video released on June 8, 2016.
Background and release
While working on the album, Bieber invited his personal friend, American songwriter and producer Poo Bear, to collaborate on the record – both had previously worked on Bieber's second compilation album, Journals, in 2013. They collaborated on the record, writing a lot of songs, until his label tried to set up writing camps for Bieber, but he declined and kept on working with Boyd. As declared by Boyd during an interview for The Fader, "We're just thinking about making sure that [the music] it's not negative, but uplifting. Even the music that talks about his relationships, it's feel-good music. It's nothing that will make you depressed. [...] We're so in tune with each other, that it's easy to know what we're both gonna love, what he would love to sing. We worked really hard on this project. We really honest with ourselves." While being asked if there were any songs that he was especially excited about, Boyd claimed that one of them was "Company".
In early February 2016, it was reported that Def Jam Recordings, Bieber's label, was eyeing to release "Company" as the follow-up to his previous successful single, "Love Yourself". The label's promotional team informally tipped radio professionals the week of February 16, 2016, as reported by Headline Planet. A week later, Billboard confirmed that "Company" would serve as the album's fourth single, and that it would impact both rhythmic contemporary and contemporary hit radio stations on March 8, 2016. On April 7, 2016, a remix by the Knocks was posted on the band's SoundCloud account, as they announced they would be the opening act on selected dates of Bieber's Purpose World Tour.
Composition and lyrics
"Company" was written by Justin Bieber, Poo Bear, James Abrahart, Andreas Schuller, Thomas Troelsen, James Wong and Leroy Clampitt. It was produced by Axident, Gladius and Big Taste, and co-produced by Boyd. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing Company, the song is composed in the key of E minor with a moderately R&B groove of 95 beats per minute. Bieber's vocals range from the note of D3 to B4. It is an electropop and R&B song, with bass guitar, guitar and percussion in its instrumentation. The song has "a mellow, calm yet sparkly mood, which was noted to be reminiscent from his previous album, Journals (2013). Lyrically, "Company" talks about seeking surface-level companionship on the dance floor.
During the track, the protagonist is looking forward to getting to know someone attractive, but also sets some healthy boundaries for doing so, which can be seen in the lyrics: "You ain't gotta be my lover for you to call me baby/ … Just wanna have a conversation."
Critical
The song received critical acclaim. Patrick Ryan of USA Today called it a "pulsing come-hither." Amy Davidson of Digital Spy opined that "'Company' is basically what happens when Justin Bieber feels like a non-committal hook-up during a stop on his gruelling tour and writes a cool R&B serenade to convince you it's a good idea." Sheldon Pearce of Complex called it "a strutting electropop tune [that] project[s] emotional availability." Brennan Carley of Spin named it "the triumphant Grecian sunrise that is the mid-album highlight." For Al Horner of NME, "the funk-laced 'Company' is a hit-in-waiting," while Megan Downing of MTV UK labelled it "an easy-listening track oozing with coolness." Casey Lewis of Teen Vogue thought that the song "sounds like the comeback track Usher wishes he had, which is to say that it's good, just absolutely nothing like the quartet of singles he released while hyping this album."
Commercial
Commercially, "Company" charted after the release of Purpose in a number of countries. In the United States, the song debuted at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100, along with other sixteen tracks of the album. After being released as a single, "Company" re-entered at number 89, and it peaked once again at number 53. It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 30, after the album's release, reaching the top-twenty the following week, at number 18, which became its peak position. Later, the song re-entered at number 36, when it was released as a single, but only went to reach number 27 as its highest position. In Australia, the song entered at number 41, on the week of April 3, 2016, peaking two weeks later at number 34, becoming Bieber's first single to miss the top-twenty since "Hold Tight" (2013).
Purpose: The Movement
Two music videos were made for the song. The first was released along with the "Purpose: The Movement" project on November 14, 2015. As stated by Bustle's Claire Landsbaum, "[It] follows a group of women who meet a group of guys in a diner. One member of each party leaves the restaurant and does a sexy couple's dance in front of a lit-up Hard Rock Café, but at 3:17 [the] protagonists are replaced by lots of gyrating women behind a mysterious hotel room door."
Official video
On May 16, 2016, Bieber revealed that another music video for the song was going to be released. The official music video was directed by Bieber's personal videographer Rory Kramer and released on June 8, 2016, and features cameo appearances from Floyd Mayweather, Daisy Ridley, Ken Watanabe, Josh Gad, Ralph Fiennes, Mark Hamill and Kevin Bacon. It's a documentary-style compilation of clips of the singer on his world travels. In the workshop "The Creative Process with Rory Kramer" by the Canon Creator Lab, Kramer said, that he started editing the music video for Company on his own initiative from material that he had recorded at the time. When he showed his work to Bieber and Scooter, the two were thrilled and wanted it to be the official music video for Company. According to Bieber in a statement, "Personally, I love this video because it's an honest look at my journey. The process of putting together this album and this tour — surrounded by people I love to be with — has been really special. I'm proud of it, it's been a lot of fun and lot of hard work, and I think that really shows in video. I hope my fans like it as I much as I do, because it's really all for you."
The video starts out with Bieber pensive, shirtless and downcast as he gazes over the calm waters of the Santorini basin and sits alone in the dark on a child's swing. Later, the video also features footage from the Purpose World Tour, as well as clips of Bieber in the studio recording the album, and snippets of him on the set of his Calvin Klein photo shoot. Interspersed are sweeping images of Bieber looking out over nature, reminiscent of his earlier 'I'll Show You' video."
Live performances
"Company" was first performed on April 3, 2016, at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards after an acoustic rendition of "Love Yourself". Sporting blond dreadlocks, gold chains and a loose-fitting red jacket, Bieber went into the crowd and danced with a fan during the performance. The song was also performed on the 2016 Billboard Music Awards, before Bieber performed "Sorry". The performance featured jets of fire and a wash of lights. It was also added to the setlist of his Purpose World Tour. During the performance, "a hidden platform anchored to the ceiling begins to descend and it turned out to be a giant, suspended trampoline, on which the singer completed a couple of backflips."
Credits and personnel
* Recording
* Recorded at Jungle City Studios, New York.
* Mixed at Record Plant Studios, California.
* Personnel
* Justin Bieber – writing, vocals.
* Jason "Poo Bear" Boyd – writing, co-production.
* James Abrahart – writing, production.
* Andreas Schuller – writing, percussion.
* Thomas Troelsen – writing
* James Wong – writing, production, guitar.
* Leroy Clampitt – writing, production, bass guitar.
* Andrew Wuepper – mixing
* Josh Gudwin – mixing, recording.
* Brandon Harding – mixing assistant.
* Henrique Andrade – mixing assistant.
* Zeke Mishanec – recording assistant.
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Purpose, Def Jam Recordings. | WIKI |
What are the Best Exercises for Shoulders and Why?
best exercises for shoulders
Weight Loss Plan Workout
The Importance of Healthy Shoulders for Bodybuilding
When it comes to the best exercises for your shoulders, you have a lot of options.
If you’re a bodybuilder, you know that having strong shoulders is essential for having a strong physique. And if you want strong shoulders, you need to have strong muscles in your shoulders.
The shoulder muscles are responsible for moving your arms and your head. And, as you might imagine, having strong shoulders means having strong muscles all around your shoulder area.
One of the best ways to build strong shoulders is to engage in exercises that target the muscles in your shoulder area.
Why Shoulder Exercises are So Important?
When it comes to preventing or treating conditions like arthritis, many people think of exercises such as stretching and Pilates. But another important factor in preventing and treating conditions like arthritis is the regular use of shoulder exercises.
Shoulder exercises help to:
Prevent the accumulation of tension and inflammation in the shoulder joint.
Strengthen the muscles and ligaments that support the shoulder joint.
Reduce the risk of developing arthritis in the shoulder.
Improve your posture.
Shoulder exercises should be part of a regular fitness routine for people of any age.
The Best Exercises for Healthy & Strong Shoulders
The best exercises for healthy shoulders may surprise you. Some simple, everyday movements can help create strong shoulders.
For example, try these five exercises for healthy shoulders:
Push-ups: Simply perform a push-up with good form, using a wall for balance if necessary.
Chin-ups: Place your palms on the ground and use your body weight to pull yourself up.
Tricep extensions: Hold a weight in your hand and extend your arm straight forward.
Seated shoulder press: Place your shoulder blades on the back of a chair and press down with your hands.
best exercises for shoulders
How to Strengthen Your Shoulders to Prevent Injury
The shoulder is one of the most commonly injured parts of the body in the world. In fact, shoulder injuries are the second most common type of injury in the United States. Because the shoulder is a complex joint that is made up of several different bones and muscles.
There are many ways to strengthen your shoulders to prevent injury. One way is to do exercises that work your rotator cuff muscles. These muscles help hold your shoulder joint in place and keep it from moving too much. You can also strengthen your shoulders by using a weight bench and doing exercises such as bench press, shoulder press, and shoulder extension. You can also do exercises that use your arms and hands, such as biceps curl, hammer curl, and reverse curl.
One of the most important things you can do to prevent shoulder injuries is to strengthen your shoulder muscles. This can be done by doing exercises that target the specific muscles in your shoulder. You can also try using a shoulder strap to help support your shoulder while you are doing the exercises.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
classification
Title: Move CallTips tests to idle_tests
Type: enhancement Stage: resolved
Components: IDLE, Tests Versions: Python 3.3, Python 3.4, Python 2.7
process
Status: closed Resolution: fixed
Dependencies: Superseder:
Assigned To: terry.reedy Nosy List: kbk, python-dev, roger.serwy, serhiy.storchaka, terry.reedy
Priority: normal Keywords: patch
Created on 2014-01-04 16:24 by serhiy.storchaka, last changed 2014-01-21 05:32 by terry.reedy. This issue is now closed.
Files
File name Uploaded Description Edit
test_calltips.patch serhiy.storchaka, 2014-01-04 16:24 review
test_calltips-33.diff terry.reedy, 2014-01-19 03:06 review
test_calltips-27.diff terry.reedy, 2014-01-19 06:21 review
Messages (6)
msg207291 - (view) Author: Serhiy Storchaka (serhiy.storchaka) * (Python committer) Date: 2014-01-04 16:24
Proposed patch moves CallTips tests from Lib/idlelib/CallTips.py to Lib/idlelib/idle_test/test_calltips.py and converts them to unittests.
Private keyword-only parameter _namespace was added to fetch_tip() and get_entity().
msg207363 - (view) Author: Terry J. Reedy (terry.reedy) * (Python committer) Date: 2014-01-05 07:53
It is a good idea to make this a separate patch;-). Will look carefully after sleep.
msg207816 - (view) Author: Terry J. Reedy (terry.reedy) * (Python committer) Date: 2014-01-10 01:45
The existing tests in CallTips.py, half of which I wrote based on the ones that existed, have one or two deficiencies that are copied in the patch.
First, they are not proper unittests. They test get_argspec indirectly by calling .fetch_tip and get_entity. This lead to the new private parameter, which will not be needed for the existing tests when get_argspec is called directly with objects.
Adding more tests for get_entity, beyond the one in test_calltips.py already, is a different issue. The function is mostly a wrapper for eval(), which we may assume works correctly.
Second, the doubling resulting from putting expected output in docstrings seems a bit flakey. It certainly does not test cases with no docstring or multiple-line docstrings.
I am working on a revised patch. (Also, the unittest call was added with test_calltip.py and I want it left.)
In 2.7. get_argspec is get_arg_text, with a different implementation. Backporting to 2.7 will require some adjustments.
msg208433 - (view) Author: Terry J. Reedy (terry.reedy) * (Python committer) Date: 2014-01-19 03:06
Attached patch moves all tests, changed (and simplified) to call get_argspec directly. I will apply after I get tk 8.6 to test with 3.4.
msg208454 - (view) Author: Terry J. Reedy (terry.reedy) * (Python committer) Date: 2014-01-19 06:21
Attached is patch for 2.7 with all tests passing. 3.x get_argspec cannot replace 2.x get_arg_text because it uses inspect.getfullargspec, which does not exist in 2.7. (Its use made the code simpler.) Besides minor changes in test_calltips.py, I made 3 changes to get_arg_text() to get tests to pass.
1. Stop deleting first parameter for unbound methods (bugfix).
2. Replace class instances with __call__ methods (bugfix).
3. Change tip for def f(*some_name, **other_name) from '(..., ***)' to '(*args, **kwds)'. 2.7 either does not keep the dummy names, which anyway cannot be used when calling , or the current code makes no effort to retrieve them.
My reasons for 3. are that the replacement is a) the current convention everywhere else, b) more like the corresponding 3.x tip (which has the exact names), and c) more indicative of what one actually writes in a call.
msg208615 - (view) Author: Roundup Robot (python-dev) (Python triager) Date: 2014-01-21 05:31
New changeset f6f2d9d04cd0 by Terry Jan Reedy in branch '2.7':
Issue #20122: Idlelib: Move tests in 3.x CallTips.py to test_calltips.py.
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/f6f2d9d04cd0
New changeset 7befcc353d40 by Terry Jan Reedy in branch '3.3':
Issue #20122: Idlelib: Move tests in CallTips.py to test_calltips.py.
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/7befcc353d40
History
Date User Action Args
2014-01-21 05:32:33terry.reedysetstatus: open -> closed
resolution: fixed
stage: patch review -> resolved
2014-01-21 05:31:30python-devsetnosy: + python-dev
messages: + msg208615
2014-01-19 06:21:50terry.reedysetfiles: + test_calltips-27.diff
messages: + msg208454
2014-01-19 03:06:59terry.reedysetfiles: + test_calltips-33.diff
messages: + msg208433
2014-01-10 01:45:10terry.reedysetmessages: + msg207816
2014-01-05 07:53:51terry.reedysetassignee: terry.reedy
messages: + msg207363
2014-01-04 16:48:09serhiy.storchakalinkissue16638 dependencies
2014-01-04 16:29:51serhiy.storchakalinkissue7883 dependencies
2014-01-04 16:28:54serhiy.storchakalinkissue16655 dependencies
2014-01-04 16:28:05serhiy.storchakalinkissue19903 dependencies
2014-01-04 16:26:15serhiy.storchakalinkissue16630 dependencies
2014-01-04 16:24:58serhiy.storchakacreate | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
C5_COPY STRUCTURE
COPY STRUCTURE
Copy the current .dbf structure to a new database (.dbf) file
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax
COPY STRUCTURE [FIELDS <idField list>]
TO <xcDatabase>
Arguments
FIELDS <idField list> defines the set of fields to copy to the new
database structure in the order specified. The default is all fields.
TO <xcDatabase> is the name of the target database file and can be
specified either as a literal database file name or as a character
expression enclosed in parentheses. The default extension is .dbf
unless another is specified.
Description
COPY STRUCTURE is a database command that creates an empty database file
with field definitions from the current database file. If <xcDatabase>
exists, it is overwritten.
COPY STRUCTURE creates empty structures that can be used to archive
records from the current database file or to create a temporary database
file for data entry.
Examples
. In this example, COPY STRUCTURE creates a temporary file.
After the user enters data into the temporary file, the master
database file is updated with the new information:
USE Sales NEW
COPY STRUCTURE TO Temp
USE Temp NEW
lMore := .T.
DO WHILE lMore
APPEND BLANK
@ 10, 10 GET Temp->Salesman
@ 11, 11 GET Temp->Amount
READ
IF UPDATED()
SELECT Sales
APPEND BLANK
REPLACE Sales->Salesman WITH Temp->Salesman
REPLACE Sales->Amount WITH Temp->Amount
SELECT Temp
ZAP
ELSE
lMore := .F.
ENDIF
ENDDO
CLOSE DATABASES
Files Library is CLIPPER.LIB.
See Also: COPY STRU EXTE CREATE
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2 responses to “C5_COPY STRUCTURE
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This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Malamud
Malamud is a Hebrew surname which translates to teacher in English, a variant of Melamed; see this page for other variants. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernard Malamud (1914–1986), American novelist, short story writer
* Carl Malamud (born 1959), American non-fiction writer
* Janna Malamud Smith (born 1952), American writer, memoirist; daughter of Bernard Malamud
* Margaret Malamud (21st century), American academic and classical scholar
* Mark Malamud (born 1960), American inventor
* Rebecca Hargrave Malamud (21st century), American designer and photographer
Маламуд | WIKI |
Philip James Bailey
Philip James Bailey (22 April 1816 – 6 September 1902) was an English poet, most famous as the author of Festus.
Festus (1839)
* Festus (1872 edition) at the Internet Archive · (1889 edition) at Google Books
* Evil and good are God's right hand and left.
* Proem
* Art is man's nature; nature is God's art.
* Proem
* Let each man think himself an act of God, His mind a thought, his life a breath of God; And let each try, by great thoughts and good deeds, To show the most of Heaven he hath in him.
* Proem
* Night brings out stars as sorrow shows us truths.
* Any heart turned Godward feels more joy In one short hour of prayer, than e'er was raised By all the feasts of earth since its foundation.
* I cannot be content with less than heaven; Living, and comprehensive of all life. Thee, universal heaven, celestial all; Thee, sacred seat of intellective time; Field of the soul's best wisdom: home of truth, Star-throned.
* Men might be better if we better deemed Of them. The worst way to improve the world Is to condemn it.
* Scene IV, A Mountain; Sunrise. Compare: "The surest plan to make a man / Is to think him so", J. R. Lowell, Biglow Papers, II, ii. St. 9
* We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths; In feelings, not in figures on a dial. We should count time by heart-throbs. He most lives Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best. Life's but a means unto an end; that end Beginning, mean, and end to all things, — God. The dead have all the glory of the world.
* Scene V, A Country Town
* Who never doubted never half believed Where doubt there truth is—'t is her shadow.
* Scene V, A Country Town; comparable to Alfred, Lord Tennyson "There lives more faith in honest doubt / Believe me, than in half the creeds."
* America thou half-brother of the world! With something good and bad of every land.
* Scene X, Earth's Surface
* Music tells no truths.
* Scene XI, A Village Feast
Passions to be roused up: while ruled by men; While all the powers and treasures of a land At beck of the ambitious, wrongs may be Offered, with insult; yea, '''while rights are worth Maintaining; freedom keeping, or life having, So long dread I, the sword shall shine.'''
* While men are what they are; while they have bad
* Poets are all who love, who feel great truths, And tell them; and the truth of truths is love.
* Scene XVI, The Hesperian Sphere
* The worst men often give the best advice.
* They who forgive most shall be most forgiven.
But needs it, and may learn.
* Kindness is wisdom. There is none in life
* Envy's a coal comes hissing hot from hell.
* Respect is what we owe; love what we give.
* Prayer is the spirit speaking truth to Truth. | WIKI |
How can I query whether a cell is full?
1 view (last 30 days)
Berfin Çetinkaya
Berfin Çetinkaya on 2 Apr 2022
Answered: Voss on 2 Apr 2022
Hi
How can I query whether a cell is full? For example, I want to do something like this using the if structure: if this cell is full, do the action, if not, don't.
thank you for help
8 Comments
KALYAN ACHARJYA
KALYAN ACHARJYA on 2 Apr 2022
Edited: KALYAN ACHARJYA on 2 Apr 2022
If A as an Normal array having size rows=2 & column=2
A=[3 4;8 5]
A = 2×2
3 4 8 5
Here A(3,2) having no sense, as index exceeds matrix dimension. As in matrix there is no empty elements, either it should be numbers or NaN, but it must be.
Hence calling any matrix elements which is out of Matrix dimension have no sense.
On the other hand in cell array which is possible
Lets suppose A is cell array having sizes 2x2
A={2,3;[] 'Kalyan'}
A = 2×2 cell array
{[ 2]} {[ 3]} {0×0 double} {'Kalyan'}
Where
A{2,1} is an empty and other having cell ememnts ('whch you may referring as "Full")
Hope it Helps! :)
Sign in to comment.
Answers (1)
Voss
Voss on 2 Apr 2022
Based on the comments it sounds like you need to use size to check whether the given row and column indices are valid for the given matrix.
A = [3 4; 8 5];
[m,n] = size(A);
rows_to_test = [2 3];
cols_to_test = [2 2];
for kk = 1:numel(rows_to_test)
ii = rows_to_test(kk);
jj = cols_to_test(kk);
% check that indices ii and jj are both valid:
if ii >= 1 && ii <= m && jj >= 1 && jj <= n
result = A(ii,jj);
fprintf('A(%d,%d) = %f',ii,jj,result);
else
result = [];
fprintf('A(%d,%d) does not exist: size(A) = [%d %d]',ii,jj,m,n);
end
end
A(2,2) = 5.000000
A(3,2) does not exist: size(A) = [2 2]
Tags
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Start Hunting! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Liu Mingyuan
Liu Mingyuan (刘明源, pinyin: Líu Míngyuán; 1931-1996) was a prominent Chinese musician, composer, and teacher. He played the Chinese bowed string instruments banhu, zhonghu, gaohu, erhu, jinghu, and zhuihu, among others, as well as the piano.
Biography
Born in Tianjin, Mingyuan began studying music from his father and eventually learned to play a wide variety of traditional genres including pingju, Cantonese music, and Beijing opera.
He composed and arranged several popular guoyue pieces, many of which are based on traditional Chinese melodies. Among his best-known compositions are Xi Yang Yang (喜洋洋), Happy Year (幸福年), and Ten Elder Sisters (十大姐). Among his solos for the erhu are Henan Tune (河南小曲).
Along with Liu Tianhua and Abing, Liu is considered one of China's three finest traditional instrumentalists of the 20th century. | WIKI |
Saturday, 15 Jun 2024
Technology
Reverse Tethering Your Computer Internet to Android
If there’s one thing we can all agree upon, it has to be the fact that our smartphones can do so much for us these days. However, the features that make our smartphones “smart” come from an active internet connection. An active Internet connection on a phone is very important and you might have come across a time when you don’t have cellular data connectivity or a WiFi network to connect to. But if you have a PC with an Ethernet connection, you can tether its internet connection to your Android smartphone.
Step by Step Guide
1. Install the ReverseTethering NoRoot app on your Android device from the Google Play Store and open the app. The first thing you will have to do is enable USB debugging in Settings→Developer Options. The link in the app will get you to the desired settings if you don’t want to do it manually.
2. Then, download and install the ADB Google Drivers on your computer. You can either download the manufacturer drivers or go to this page and install the ADB and Flashboot drivers. You can also try and install the drivers from Google ADB page, but we prefer the XDA tool as it’s a lot easier to install. You can just download the drivers and run the one-click installer to get the ADB drivers on your PC.
Tham Khảo Thêm: HPC Portal Usage
adb installer
1. Before you can use the PC’s internet connection on the phone, you will have to install the ReverseTethering app’s server program. Go to the Reverse Tethering server download page and download the application. The good thing here is that the app works on Mac, Linux, and Windows, and it is portable, therefore you don’t need to have admin access on the computer to run it.
Note: You will need Java Runtime Environment on your computer. If you don’t have it, you can download it from here. However, you will need to have admin access to the computer you are trying to install it on. On your Android smartphone, you will also be asked if you would like to authorize your computer for USB debugging. Select always allow and tap on OK.
1. Launch the server app on your computer, and it will be minimized in the system tray. The server app runs in the background, so there’s no front-end interface, and you can only right-click on the system tray icon to know if the device is connected. That is all; you cannot do anything other than that on the server app.
reverse tethering desktop app
1. Once the server app is up and running, connect your Android device to the computer using a data cable and tap on the connect button on the ReverseTethering app. If everything goes fine, you will be able to see an active connection and data transfer rate on the phone. You can now use the PC’s internet on your phone.
Tham Khảo Thêm: Riju of Gerudo Town Quest Walkthrough in Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom
The free version of the ReverseTethering app only allows connections of 10 minutes per 30 minutes. If you need unlimited connection time, upgrade to the PRO version of the app available at $4.99.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Can I use reverse tethering on any Android device?
A: Yes, you can use reverse tethering on any Android device as long as it supports USB debugging and you have the necessary drivers installed on your PC.
Q: Does reverse tethering require root access?
A: No, the ReverseTethering NoRoot app allows you to perform reverse tethering without the need for root access.
Q: Are there any limitations to using reverse tethering?
A: The free version of the ReverseTethering app has time limitations, allowing only 10 minutes of connection per 30 minutes. To have unlimited connection time, you can upgrade to the PRO version of the app.
Conclusion
Reverse tethering is a great solution for situations where you don’t have access to cellular data connectivity or a WiFi network for your Android device. By following the step-by-step guide outlined in this article, you can easily tether your computer’s internet connection to your Android smartphone. Enjoy using the internet on your phone even when you don’t have a WiFi connection or cellular data available.
Give the ReverseTethering app a try and let us know about your experience in the comments section below. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:So Big (1924).djvu/153
She had a few dollars—in quarters, dimes, half dollars—perhaps ten dollars in all—hidden away in a canister on the shelf. She reached for it. But when she came back with the box in her hand he was gone. | WIKI |
PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Battram, Thomas AU - Gaunt, Tom R. AU - Speed, Doug AU - Timpson, Nicholas J. AU - Hemani, Gibran TI - Exploring the variance in complex traits captured by DNA methylation assays AID - 10.1101/2020.10.09.333542 DP - 2020 Jan 01 TA - bioRxiv PG - 2020.10.09.333542 4099 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/10/2020.10.09.333542.short 4100 - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/10/2020.10.09.333542.full AB - Following years of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), traits analysed to date tend to yield few associations. Reinforcing this observation, we conducted EWAS on 400 traits and 16 yielded at least one association at the conventional significance threshold (P<1×10−7). To investigate why EWAS yield is low, we formally estimated the proportion of phenotypic variation captured by 421,693 blood derived DNA methylation markers (h2EWAS) across all 400 traits. The mean h2EWAS was zero, with evidence for regular cigarette smoking exhibiting the largest association with all markers (h2EWAS=0.42) and the only one surpassing a false discovery rate < 0.1. Though underpowered to determine the h2EWAS value for any one trait, h2EWAS was predictive of the number of EWAS hits across the traits analysed (AUC=0.7). Modelling the contributions of the methylome on a per-site versus a per-region basis gave varied h2EWAS estimates (r=0.47) but neither approach obtained substantially higher model fits across all traits. Our analysis indicates that most complex traits do not heavily associate with markers commonly measured in EWAS within blood. However, it is likely DNA methylation does capture variation in some traits and h2EWAS may be a reasonable way to prioritise traits that are likely to yield associations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:KYLA
KJLL-FM article edit history
There has been 2 articles for KJLL-FM since 2006, therefore some edit history can be found on the KJLL (FM) redirect page. RobDe68 (talk) 01:55, 17 March 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 44 Part 1.djvu/2428
INDE Shipping————C»ontinued S Pleasure yachts—-Continued ‘ ` Signals to be used as prescribed by Secretary of Navy, p. 1467, £ 109 · Subject to laws of United Statesyp. 1466, § 103 Quarantineiof vessels, see Pueuo Hmuru ' Reciprocity and retaliation _ Discriminating duty for merchandise imported in foreign vessels, p, 1470,. § 146 Discrimination against American vessels, retaliatory. customs legislation, —p. 571, § 130 et seq. a _ Retaliation on denial of rights to Uniteditates vessels in British North America, p. 1469, § 143 Retaliatory suspension of commercial privileges to foreign yessels, p. 1469, 5 142 _ Suspension by President of tonnage duties, etc., in fave: of foreign nation reciprocating, p. 1469, 5 141 Suspension of free passage through St. Marys Falls Canal, p. 1470, §§ 144, 145 p Registry and recording · _. Alteration of vessel, new registry, p. 1459, S 39 Carpenter’s certificate essential to registry, p. 1457, ·§ 24 Certificate of registry, blanks to be furnished by Secretary of Commerce, p. 1458, §§ 27, 28 l -————- copies to be transmitted to Commissioner of Navigation, p. 1460, °§ 44 · -——form of, pp. 1457, ·1458,_§§ -25, 26. ·-—issuance of new certiiicate on loss of original, ` p. 1459, §§ 36, 37 ——-—- not to.be sold or otherwise disposed of, p. 1457, § 23 -·——-—numbcring progressively, p. 1460, § 44 · -————surrender on loss of vessel, ‘p. 1457,-§ 23 -.-—-surrender on purchase- by foreigner, p, 1457, § 23 -——-—transmission to Commissioner of Navigation fo_r cancel‘ation, p. 1460, § 43 Change of master of vessel, indorsement on certificate of registry, D. 1459, § 40 S Change of name of vessel, general prohibition, p. 1460, i § 50 -—-on application to Commissioner of Navigation, p. 1460, §§ 51-53 Conflicting statutes repealed, p. 1546, § 1014 Corporate-owned vessels, new registry on death of corporate otiiccrs, p. 1456, § 16. ·—-—-reg·istry may bc issued in name of Presidentor secretary, p.`1456, `§· 15 Draft of vessel to be markcd on stem and stern posts, ` p. 1460, § 48 Entry vessel from foreign port, oath as to owncrship§' p. 1460, § 42. .. _ " Entry of vessel, production of certificate, p. 1461, § 57 False swearing, forfeiture of vessel, p. 1457, § 21 Foreign-built remstered vessels, contracts for mail serv- _ ice, p. 1456, § 11 c —-—-—-engaging in coastvvise trade,. p. 1456, §§· 11, 13 Forci,·;m-owned vessel, certificate of record, p, 1461, § 55 ·-——-—change of master to be indorsed on f‘€1°(lH•:tIt0, p. 1461, s 56 _ -——-—-—chan;:e of name to be indorsed on certificate, · p. 1461, § 56 l —-——-~ oath to obtain rccord of. p. 1460, § 54 Forgery ofioflicial copy of certificate, p, 469, § 129 Home portf sales, mortgages, etc., of vessels to be recorded at. p. 1546, § 1012 · UIIUIIIO ports" of United States vessels.‘p. 1457, § 18 Measurement of vessel, as requisite to registry, p. 1461, § 71 _ . _ —·——-—- cabins or staterooms excluded, p. 1462, 75
lx. 2414 »hipping——Continued Registry and recording-Continued. Measurement ot vessel, certiticate of particulars to be given by measuring officer, p. 1462, § 72 I-——foreign—owned vessel, p. 1462, § 73_ -—-— foreign vessels, 'p. 1465, § 81 ———mode of measuring, p. 1462, § 74 _——regulations ·by Commissioner` of- Navigation, p. 1464, § 79 -——— remeasurement of vessel measured before April 1, 1895, p. 1464, § 78 ` —-—·4`rules fdr measurement of tonnage, p. 1462, § 77 ·-—=——suspension of requirements as to _ foreign-built vessels, p. 1465, § 82. -——·—— not required to be measured, p. 1462, § 76 Name and home port to. be marked on bow and stern. · p. 1460, §§ 46, 47 _ _ New registry, penalty for not obtaining. p. 1459, § 38 Numbers for 'vessels, Secretary of Commerce may prescribe, p. 1460, § 45 ’ -——-— to be marked on main beam, p. 1460, ‘§ 45 Oath for registry, by agent ot owner, p. 1457, § 20 -————by corporate officers, p. 1457, §’ 20 ——·—— by master of vessel, p. 1457, § 22 -4-- by owner of vessel, p. 1457. 5 19 Place of registration, p. 1457, § 17` Provisional certiticates of registry to vessels purchased abroad, p. 1456, § 12 ` Purchase of vessel, issuance of new certilicate, p. 1458. ` § 30 · . _ g+-·right of registry, p. 1458. § 29 Purchase of vessel by agent, forfeiture for false swearing, p. 1459, § 33 · ~ . ——-—~ issuance of new certificate, p. 1458, § 32 -——-—-right of registry, p. 1458, §·31 ·. Sale of vessel abroad, right of registry, p. 1459, § Sale of vessel to citizen of United States, new registry, _p. 1459, § 39 . " Sale of vessel to foreigner, penalty for failure_to report, p. 1459, *5 41 . Sale of vessel under legal process, right of registry, — p. 14.50, li 34 » ” Signals, registry of private signals, p. 1460, § 49 Unrigged wooden vessel, notation of fact of rebuilding, `p.1461,§63 _‘ _` Vessels entitled toregistry, p. 1456, § 11 Wreckcd vessels, registry ol`, p. 1456, § 14 Reporting arriving of vessel in lfnited States, duty of master, p. 583, 55 243, 246 ‘ Sailors, see Su:.·u.tnN _ Salvage, see- Wrecks and salvage, infra Seamen - Alien sr·°amt~¤, deportation of seamen landed unlawi fully, p. 141, § 166 ·-—·-detention on board vessel, p. 141, § 167 -—-—-hospital treatment, p. 142, 5 170 ·-—·-—-landing of excluded seamen, prohibited, p. 141. § 166 · -T-—list of aliens employed on arriving vessels, p. 142. 5 171 . -·-—signing of ship’s articles with intent to evade inimigration law, p., 141,°§ 165 r -—-·-——temporary landing for medical treatment, p. 141. . 5166 Apprentices, form of account of apprentices on board. p. 1525, § 713 ·-—-—regulatory provisions, p. 1512, 55 561, 562 | WIKI |
Gianmario Tondato Da Ruos
Gianmario Tondato Da Ruos (born February 12, 1960, in Oderzo) is an Italian executive.
Key facts
Gianmario Tondato Da Ruos (born February 12, 1960, in Oderzo) is currently Chief Executive Officer at Autogrill. After schooling in Oderzo (Liceo Scientifico Brandolini) he took a degree in Business Economics at Ca' Foscari University of Venice. He started his career in 1985 with Gruppo Nordica S.p.A. (in human resources) and then joined Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. In 1986 he moved to Gruppo Edizione Holding, where he held various posts in Benetton Group, United Optical and Benetton Sportsystem, which he left in 1999. He joined Autogrill Group early in 2000 and was in charge of the re-organization and re-launching of Autogrill's American subsidiary HMSHost in the United States till 2003. He has been Autogrill's CEO, based in Milan, since April 2003.
Background
Gianmario Tondato Da Ruos was born in Oderzo on February 12, 1960. He did his high school studies in Oderzo (Liceo Scientifico Brandolini) and took a 1st class degree in business economics at Università Ca’ Foscari in Venice.
Starting out
After graduating in business economics, Tondato Da Ruos began his career with two short spells at Nordica S.p.A. (1985) and Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (1986). In 1986 he joined Gruppo Benetton, where he worked till 1999 as head of Organization and Development, in which capacity he also managed restructurings of group companies (United Optical and Sportsystem).
Career in Autogrill Group
In January 2000 he joined Autogrill – then operating exclusively in the European motorway channel – and moved to the United States to manage the re-organization and re-launching of the newly acquired American subsidiary HMSHost, a process that enabled the Group to consolidate its position in the USA and prepare the ground for further international expansion. Back in Italy, in April 2003, he became Group CEO, a role in which he brought about a strategic refocusing on concession business and diversification across sectors, channels and geographical regions. From 2003 to 2013, with the creation of the Travel Retail division through the acquisitions and subsequent integration of Aldeasa S.A., Alpha Group Plc. and World Duty Free Europe Ltd., Tondato Da Ruos enabled Autogrill to double its sales. The following step was to demerge the Travel Retail business and list [World Duty Free] S.p.A.(1 October 2013) on the stock market operated by Borsa Italiana, thus launching a new phase of growth for both companies. Tondato has also been chairman of World Duty Free S.p.A.
In 2022, as CEO of Autogrill, Tondato led the Group's integration with Dufry, a Swiss-based international travel retailer. The deal aims at creating a new global travel retail and restaurant group with combined revenues of more than €12 billion.
Other posts
Gianmario Tondato Da Ruos is also currently chairman of HMSHost Corporation, an independent director at International Game Technology Plc (formerly GTECH S.p.A. and Lottomatica S.p.A.). He has been previously chairman of the board of directors of World Duty Free S.p.A., and a director of World Duty Free Group S.A.U. He has also been a non-executive director of Autogrill Holding UK Plc, a director of Alpha Group Plc., and a director of World Duty Free Group España S.A.
Private life
Tondato Da Ruos is married and has two daughters. He is a runner and a former rugby player, having played for years in minor division clubs like Oderzo Rugby, where he was a wing, and Silea.
Awards
In 2008 Gianmario Tondato Da Ruos received a commendation from Niaf (National Italian American Foundation) for his furthering of dialogue between the United States and Italy. He is listed in the Thomson Reuters Extel Surveys for 2009. | WIKI |
Red Wine
Red wine is red-coloured wine.
Red Wine may also refer to:
Film
* Red Wine (1928 film), an American film
* Red Wine (2013 film), a Malayalam-language Indian film
Music
* "Red Wine", a song by Woody Guthrie from the album Ballads of Sacco & Vanzetti, 1960
* "Red Wine", a song by Mannheim Steamroller from the album Fresh Aire IV, 1981
* "Red Wine", a song by Lukas Graham from the album Lukas Graham, 2012
* "Red Wine", a song by Kelly Rowland from the album Talk a Good Game, 2013
* "Red Wine", a song by MØ from the album Forever Neverland, 2018
* "Red Wine", a song by Rae Sremmurd from the album SR3MM, 2018
* "Red Wine", a song by Megan Thee Stallion from the album Traumazine, 2022 | WIKI |
Spool Space Exhaustion for Large Partitions at High Concurrency - Analytics Database
Database Analytic Functions
Deployment
VantageCloud
VantageCore
Edition
Enterprise
IntelliFlex
VMware
Product
Analytics Database
Release Number
17.20
Published
June 2022
Language
English (United States)
Last Update
2024-04-06
dita:mapPath
gjn1627595495337.ditamap
dita:ditavalPath
ayr1485454803741.ditaval
dita:id
jmh1512506877710
Product Category
Teradata Vantage™
If a function that operates on partitions (the query has the PARTITION BY KEY syntax in the ON clause, possibly containing the PartitionColumns argument clause), is invoked on data with large partition sizes and high concurrency, the spool space for the database user may be exhausted during partitioning of data and an error is reported.
You can reduce concurrency or decrease partition sizes to resolve the issue. If partition sizes cannot be decreased, run the function on each partition separately using the PARTITION BY ANY syntax, where it is allowed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Accessing an overlay from multiple python interpreters
I’m trying to access the loaded overlay from multiple python interpreters while writing a package and can’t get a proof of concept to work in a root ipython interpreter. I know this is possible as running to notebooks and downloading an overlay in one will clearly affect what is available in the other.
I’ve tried pynq.Device.active_device.ip_dict thinking that would pull from the default global pl_server but it did not.
In essence what I’d like is a way to do the following:
Program 1 (possibly a jupyter notebook):
import pynq
pynq.Overlay('my bitstream.bit')
Program 2
import pynq
ol = pynq.<get_active_overlay>
ol.my_core.do_something()
This post seems related but the suggestions there didn’t seem to work here.
1 Like
Hi,
What pynq version are you using?
In 2.7 I was able to do this using this piece of code
import pynq
ol = pynq.Overlay(<your_overlay>.bit, download=False)
pynq.Device.active_device.reset(ol.parser, ol.timestamp, ol.bitfile_name)
Mario
We were on 2.6 on this board (ZCU111). On a possibly related note we were finding a difference in the list of devices available. In the script this code:
def configure(bitstream, mig='mig_modified_ip_layout_mem_topology.xclbin', ignore_version=False, clocks=False, download=True):
import pynq, xrfclk
from pynq import PL
global _gen3_overlay, _mig_overlay
_gen3_overlay = pynq.Overlay(bitstream, ignore_version=ignore_version, download=download)
if mig:
_mig_overlay = pynq.Overlay(mig, device=pynq.Device.devices[1], download=download)
if clocks:
try:
xrfclk.set_all_ref_clks(409.6)
except:
getLogger(__name__).info('Failed to set clocks with set_all_ref_clks, trying new driver call')
xrfclk.set_ref_clks(409.6)
would also choke with an index error on devices[1] (there is only one present) whereas in a jupyter notebook there are two. So my takeaway is there is something different about the way the notebook server is starting the interpreter (either working directories, paths, or environment variables) that I’m not reproducing.
The idea would be in one process I’d make the call with download=True and in others with download=False. I don’t think we are going to need multiprocessing within an instance so I’m not too worried about the proper picklability of the the overlay objects (plus I can simple set them to none and reconnect with some getstate setstate hooks if needed.
I did try the active_device call but it didn’t seem to work.
1 Like
@marioruiz any chance you know of a workaround for 2.6 or have any other thoughts?
Hi,
Mario gave you the solution. Have only one python process, the first one to start, when you invoke Overlay(…) set download=True. Have all the others set it to download=False. Then of course don’t access the same PL entities/registers at once for hardware that can’t tolerate it.
This works in v2.6 also.
Kind regards
1 Like
That isn’t my experience. I’ve now updated to pynq 2.7 and of a fresh sd image do the following:
1. ssh in
2. sudo ipython
3. import pynq
4. pynq.Overlay(path_to_my_bitstream, download=False)
This results in
RuntimeError: No Devices Found
as does executing the command with download=True
I do get the warning
/home/xilinx/pynq/pl_server/device.py:79: UserWarning: No devices found, is the XRT environment sourced?
Looking through systemd services I make my way to pl_server.sh
and see that there are indeed a host of environment variables set via the lines
. /etc/environment
for f in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do source $f; done
and one of those is xrt_setup.sh. I think my original question is still unanswered.
Without using jupyter AT ALL (I don’t care if it is left running, but assume that no connection to :9090 is ever made after ZCU boot), what is the proper way to go about creating a python program that will connect to and interact with pynq. One program would download and overlay, others would just interact with it. For these latter programs I think the answer given is sufficient. For the first, primary program, it clearly isn’t as I need to get some environment variables configured.
edit: just a quick followup here that running those lines from pl_server.sh while working in a su environment followed by spinning up ipython WAS sufficient to clear the runtime error with and without downloading the overlay.
I think thus my question becomes what of that host of environment specification do I need to incorporate into the startup of my process, which clearly needs to run as root?
1 Like
PYNQ uses the fpga_manager to download bitstreams, so you need to run as root or with root permissions to be able to download the bitstream. Additionally, in the PYNQ SD card image 2.7, the pynq package is installed in a virtual environment. So, you need to source the environment first (for regular user), when you run as root this environment is sourced automatically.
Right, and I see that scripts to do that are in profile.d, but are all of those needed? Mainly I want to make sure that I’m sourcing neither too few nor too many for the systemd root services I’m planning to spin up.
As for it being sourced automatically, I’m not clear what you mean. Running su in a terminal and then dropping into python was not sufficient for me. I needed to manually source /etc/environment and the others in etc/profile.d/ this, among other things, activated the venv and things then worked. Manually sourcing things is fine, again though, I’d like to avoid sourcing too much i.e. some file that pynq is assuming only gets sourced for the systemd process for the jupyter server.
@marioruiz Is there documentation on properly sourcing the pynq2.7 venv, especially for a given board, I’m not seeing any in the docs?
It looks like pointing pycharm at /usr/local/share/pynq-venv/bin/python for a remote ssh interpreter works well as does source /etc/profile.d/pynq-venv.sh in an ssh session (Using a root session via su as needed depending on desired features, e.g. downloading).
From looking through the contents of the other files in /etc/profile.d some things may need XILINX_XRT=/usr set, though I’m not certain what leans on that.
On the ZCU111 (at least), working with the xrfclk package also needs BOARD=ZCU111 set. This normally seems to be handled by /etc/profile.d/boardname.sh Without it I’m getting a KeyError: 'BOARD' whenever I try to import xrfclk. Not yet certain if working with it requires root, but that should be straightforward.
There is also xdg_dirs_desktop_session.sh. Do I need to worry about anything from it? Anything else I’ve missed?
Hi @baileyji,
Generally what I do when using pynq over an ssh connection is add source /etc/profile.d/pynq-venv.sh to the end of my /root/.bashrc file. Have you tried this on your target board? Then when a root shell opens it will source everything for the environment. You could also try just including the parts of source /etc/profile.d/pynq_venv.sh that you want in your /root/.bashrc file, for instance:
source /usr/local/share/pynq-venv/bin/activate
export BOARD=KV260
export XILINX_XRT=/usr
However, we would recommend sourcing all of pynq_venv.sh file in your /root/.bashrc.
Do you have pycharm configured to use connect via ssh with the root user account? To enable root ssh connection there are a few things that you might need to configure in the ssh config file. You need to edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config to set PermitRootLogin yes.
I think if you setup both /root/.bashrc and pycharm in this way then you should be able to do everything from your remote pycharm interpreter.
Hope this helps a bit!
All the best,
Shane
2 Likes
Could you possibly load your Overlay using boot.py which gets executed as part of startup? Then have your other future ipython sessions use the download=False option?
There are some details in another thread here:
1 Like | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Is There a Connection Between Gluten and Acne?
I get asked a lot about whether people with acne prone skin should eliminate acne all together. Here are some interesting insights that may shed some light for you on this issue!
Acne, a common inflammatory condition, has a variety of aggravating factors in people of all ages. While the precise factors that worsen acne are sometimes unknown, there’s a lot of attention being directed towards diet. Gluten, a group of proteins found in wheat and other grains, is one such dietary consideration.
Some people aren’t able to eat gluten due to sensitivity or intolerance. However, there’s no evidence that cutting gluten from your diet will decrease acne breakouts, especially if you don’t have any form of gluten sensitivity.
Keep reading to learn more about gluten and why people blame the protein for acne symptoms.
What is gluten?
Gluten is not a single ingredient, but rather a group of proteins that naturally occur in various grains, such as:
• wheat
• rye
• triticale (a rye and wheat mixture)
• barley
When you think of gluten, breads and pastas often come to mind. Due to its elastic nature, gluten is considered a “glue” that holds these types of foods together. However, gluten (especially from wheat) is found in a variety of other food products, such as soups and salad dressings.
Some grains that are naturally gluten-free, such as rice and oats, can sometimes be contaminated with gluten-containing grains. This is why it’s important to read food labels to make sure a product is indeed free of gluten.
Still, gluten itself isn’t necessarily a health hazard unless you have celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS).
In theory, your intestines help break down gluten, resulting in a product known as gliadin. Due to a number of factors, including a genetic predisposition, your body may then create antibodies to the protein as well as some other proteins in the body. This creates the symptoms associated with celiac disease.
Celiac disease and NCGS have similar symptoms. You may have excessive fatigue, foggy brain, and frequent headaches along with gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Skin rashes may also occur.
Unlike NCGS, celiac disease is an autoimmune disease. When people with celiac disease eat gluten, it can cause damage to the small intestine. It’s estimated that 1 out of 141 people in the United States has celiac disease. The only way to completely avoid symptoms of either celiac disease and NCGS is to avoid all forms of gluten and gluten-containing products.
It’s also possible to have a wheat allergy with or without having celiac disease or NCGS. A wheat allergy may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as skin issues such as rashes and hives. Severe wheat allergies may lead to breathing difficulties and require immediate medical attention.
Gluten does not cause acne
Despite some of the claims circulating on the internet, going on a gluten-free diet won’t cure your acne. There’s no clinical evidence that gluten triggers acne breakouts. Additionally, research doesn’t support that a gluten-free diet will clear up your acne.
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Gluten sensitivity and celiac disease linked to other skin conditions
While gluten hasn’t been scientifically linked to acne, other skin conditions may be associated with celiac disease. These include the following conditions:
Alopecia areata
Alopecia areata is a type of autoimmune disorder that causes patchy or widespread hair loss on the head and body. It has been long known that an association between celiac disease and alopecia areata exists.
One study suggests screening children with alopecia areata for celiac disease. However, there’s no data that suggests alopecia areata will improve with a gluten-free diet, even in the presence of celiac disease.
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is an itchy, chronic, inflammatory skin disease mostly seen in children and young adults. It’s related to immune dysfunction and has a genetic basis.
Although eczema has been linked to celiac disease, there’s no strong evidence to suggest a gluten-free diet would help.
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Dermatitis herpetiformis is a blistery rash seen in people with celiac disease who consume gluten. It occurs in about 10 percent of people who have the condition.
Hives
Hives are welts that occur for a number of reasons, including from allergic substances such as medications or sometimes from food. There are rare reports of hives (urticaria) being associated with celiac disease. In most cases, it may be more likely that the two are unrelated.
Psoriasis
Plaque psoriasis is a disorder related to immune dysfunction. It results in inflammatory pink, silvery, scaly plaques on your skin. Some limited data suggests a gluten-free diet may help people living with psoriasis, especially those with celiac disease, but further studies are needed.
Is there a link between diet and acne?
When it comes to skin health, gluten isn’t the only food ingredient of concern. The link between diet and acne has long been debated, often filled with old myths.
What has been established is the possibility that some foods could potentially aggravate your acne.
Among the top foods of concern are:
• dairy products
• whey protein supplements
• high-glycemic foods, such as white potatoes and white rice
It’s difficult to pinpoint which foods may be causing your skin issues. If you think your diet is to blame for acne, it may be helpful to keep a food diary with notes about when you experience breakouts.
You can then share this information with your dermatologist to determine if there are any patterns and subsequent dietary changes that ought to be made.
When to see a doctor
Unless you have NCGS or celiac disease, going gluten-free won’t likely affect your skin health one way or the other.
Recurring acne issues may be addressed with a dermatologist, especially if over-the-counter topical retinoid, salicylic acid, or benzoyl peroxide-containing products haven’t worked. Your doctor may recommend stronger prescription acne products to help clear up your acne.
It can take several weeks for a new acne treatment plan to work. See your doctor for a follow-up before removing any food groups from your diet.
The takeaway
A gluten-free diet is a necessity for people with celiac disease and NCGS.
While a gluten-free diet is also linked with other anecdotal promises, such as acne treatments and weight loss, there’s not enough evidence to prove that this actually works.
Unless you can’t eat gluten, it’s important to work with your doctor to explore other ways you can treat chronic acne problems. This includes acne medications that are proven to work, along with a healthy lifestyle and a good skin care regimen.
EPILYNX SKINCARE TIP: I always advise to still go with the gluten-free, hypoallergenic skincare and makeup to at least reduce the chance of irritations, allergies and redness.
References and images:
https://www.healthline.com/health/gluten-and-acne
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We asked an expert to explain why you get so cranky before a late lunch.
By Julia Naftulin
June 13, 2018
Ever notice how when your tummy is rumbling, you're more likely to lash out at unsuspecting loved ones or even innocent bystanders? This sudden, irrational rage is often referred to as "hanger" (a combo of hunger and anger) and experts say it is a very real thing.
"When we do not eat, blood sugar goes low," explains Deena Adimoolam, MD, an assistant professor in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. When your blood sugar falls, the hormones cortisol and epinephrine are released in an attempt to raise it back to normal. But those hormones also happen to lead to irritability, which explains why you're so crabby when you skip breakfast.
Another hormone, called Neuropeptide Y, plays a role in hanger too, adds Dr. Adimoolam. Neuropeptide Y helps create a hungry feeling when your body needs more food—and it's also linked to aggression.
Researchers have documented the hangry phenomenon in relationships: A study from Ohio State University on married couples found that the lower the participants' blood sugar level, the angrier and more aggressive they felt toward their partners.
RELATED: 17 High-Protein Snacks You Can Eat on the Go
So when, exactly, does hanger kick in between meals? "It varies by every individual," says Dr. Adimoolam. "But the lower your blood sugar goes, the hangrier you are. It's our body's defense mechanism to get food ASAP." The tricky part is, hangry people tend crave cookies, pastries, chocolate, or candy, she says. These sugary snacks will raise your blood sugar quickly. But that spike inevitably leads to another crash—and you'll be acting like a crankpot all over again.
So what's a girl to do when hanger strikes? "Carry healthy snacks with you—like vegetables, fruit, and yogurt—so that when you are hungry [they] will hold you over until the next meal," says Dr. Adimoolam. Eating three full meals a day will also help curb intense hunger, and the freakouts that come with it. (Sign up for our 21-Day Healthy Lunch Challenge to get recipes for balanced, protein-packed midday meals that will keep you full well into the P.M.!)
And if hanger sneaks up on you still, try to avoid any mentally or emotionally taxing tasks until you've had a chance to refuel, says Dr. Adimoolam. "Get in a meal and your mind will be in a much better place."
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Chest presses comprise the core of fitness regimens designed to strengthen chest muscles while also working the shoulders and triceps -- they won't enlarge the bosom, ladies, but may lift it. Using the arms to push weight from the chest, multiple variations of chest-press exercises exist. These include the she-woman bench press and the gentler standing chest press, performed with resistance bands or gym machines. Regardless of the moves, consult your doctor before starting any new exercise routine.
Bench Press
The most common weightlifting exercise at the gym, the bench press, is typically known as the way lifters showcase their power. Using free weights, including dumbbells or barbells, this exercise involves lying on a bench and moving the bar into starting position above the chin and chest, with elbows straight. On an inhale, move the bar down in a smooth, controlled motion, to lightly touch the chest. With an exhale, push the bar back to starting position. After finishing as many reps as are comfortable, signal to the spotter to assist you in replacing the bar on its stand.
Bench Pros and Cons
If seeking to emphasize the pecs the barbell bench press is your choice. Exercise and sport science researchers at the University of Wisconsin-La cross analyzed common strength-training exercises targeting the chest -- including the barbell bench press, the pec deck machine and cable crossovers. They found the bench press to elicit highest levels of chest muscle activation, according to ACE Chief Science Officer Cedric Bryant, Ph.D. The bench press, though, requires a spotter. Why? You lift weight directly overhead, which is a potentially dangerous activity. A common mistake is benching too often, said Dr. Ken Kinakin in T Nation, without allowing ligaments and muscles to heal. The most commonly injured areas are the shoulders and back due to lifting too much weight and poor technique.
Standing Chest Press
While there are variations of this exercise, The standing chest press is commonly performed on a cable crossover machine or with resistance bands. Using the bands for the standing chest press is a good place for beginner weightlifters to start. This allows you to get used to the motions before tacking on any additional heavy weights. Wrap the bands around your back, under the shoulder blades. With hands at shoulder height and out to the sides, move them together out in front of you in a motion that mimics hugging a tree. With elbows only slightly bent, move hands out front while exhaling, and move them back while inhaling.
Standing-Chest Pros and Cons
No spotter is required, which automatically signals the chest press as a safer endeavor than the standard bench press. While the bench press may offer a greater range of motion, the standing chest press requires just a resistance band, no personnel and is relatively easy to do. Even with the simplicity, it still adequately strengthens the chest, arms and shoulders. By using bands, you'll also avoid over lifting. You might consider starting with the standing chest press and working your way to the bench press over time. Remember, no matter which chest strength-training exercise you choose, avoid working the same muscle group daily. Allow at least one day for muscle repair to reduce injury.
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Chipotle Shares Trading Up Again: What's the Reason?
Shares of the E.coli and salmonella stricken Chipotle Mexican Grill ( CMG ) are trading up over 4.5% this afternoon. This is another positive day of trading for the burrito company this week, building upon the success of this past Wednesday when CMG stocks were up over 5% .
Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. (CMG) Stock Price | FindTheCompany
The increase in per share price coincides with the announcement of Chipotle closing all of its stores on February 8 th to hold a food safety meeting with workers. This meeting will include all of Chipotle's staff at its more than 1,900 locations, said Danielle Moore, public relations and communications manager for Chipotle, perNBC News.
"We are hosting a national team meeting to thank our employees for their hard work through this difficult time, discuss some of the food safety changes we are implementing, and answer questions from employees," Moore told NBC News via email, adding that restaurants will be closed "part of the day Feb. 8."
"We need to reassure our customers that this can't happen again, and that we are going to reduce the risk of this kind of an outbreak from occurring again to near zero," Chipotle founder and co-Chief Executive Steve Ells said Wednesday at the ICR Conference in Orlando.
Chipotle - a company that prides itself on serving fresh food that does not contain genetically modified organisms - faces a federal criminal investigation and a lawsuit from shareholders after the recent salmonella, norovirus, and E.coli outbreaks.
Closing the stores and publicly announcing the pending action is a smart PR move. However, until the company can figure out a way to not have its food contaminated with disease, Chipotle will not win back the many customers it has lost.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
In re ANGELA E. et al.
Supreme Court of Tennessee, at Jackson.
Nov. 5, 2009 Session.
Feb. 16, 2010.
David Sandy, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Ifeatu E.
Michael A. Carter, Milan, Tennessee, for the appellees, Yernessa T. and Siegfried T.
. This Court has a policy of protecting the identity of children in parental termination cases by initializing their last names.
OPINION
CORNELIA A. CLARK, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court,
in which JANICE M. HOLDER, C.J., GARY R. WADE, WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., and SHARON G. LEE, JJ., joined.
We granted this appeal to resolve a conflict within our Court of Appeals regarding the required contents of a trial court’s written order following a proceeding to terminate parental rights where the parent losing the rights does not oppose the termination. In this case, the trial court’s written order omitted findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning the grounds for termination. After rejecting the father’s contention that his rights were surrendered rather than terminated, the Court of Appeals held that the findings and conclusions required by statute were unnecessary because the father had consented to the petition to terminate. We agree with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the trial court terminated the father’s parental rights. Nonetheless, we hold that the trial court’s written order of termination must contain the findings and conclusions set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 36 — 1—113(c) and (k), even where the parent consents to the termination of parental rights. Because the trial court’s order does not comport with the statute, we must reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand to the trial court for a new hearing and the preparation of a written order that complies with the statutory requirements based on the evidence introduced.
Factual and Procedural Background
Prior to their divorce on November 30, 2001, Vernessa T. (“Mother”) and Ifeatu E. (“Father”) had three children: Angela E., Ekene E., and Ember E. The eldest child was twelve years old at the time of the hearing on the termination of Father’s rights. After the divorce, Mother married Siegfried T. (“Stepfather”) on June 15, 2002. Mother testified that, during the entirety of her second marriage, the children lived with her and Stepfather.
Since the divorce, Mother and Father, both physicians, have contentiously litigated their rights and obligations relative to the children. On July 15, 2002, Mother filed a petition for contempt, alleging that Father had not met various court-ordered financial obligations — including child support, insurance premiums, and medical expenses — set forth in the Supplemental Final Decree entered in conjunction with the divorce. On August 16, 2002, the trial court found Father in civil contempt, which Father purged the following month by paying $10,900. In its contempt order, the trial court also suspended Father’s visitations with the children based on Mother’s testimony “that the children might suffer irreparable harm when they are in the custody and control of [Father].” After being evicted from his medical office, Father moved in November 2002 to reduce his support obligation to the minimum allowed under state law while he was unemployed. Mother filed a motion to dismiss Father’s motion to modify the child support amount. In July 2003, Father filed a petition to reinstate his visitation rights. The record does not reflect whether the trial court heard Father’s motions.
Mother filed another petition for civil contempt on July 5, 2005, alleging that Father had once again fallen into arrears on his obligations to pay child support and a portion of the children’s health insurance premiums. Among other remedies, Mother requested Father’s incarceration until Father purged the contempt. The same day, Mother filed a petition to terminate Father’s parental rights (“original petition”). The original petition was superseded by a September 7, 2005 filing captioned as an “Amended Petition for Termination of Parental Rights and Petition for Adoption by a Step Parent” (“amended petition”). Mother and Stepfather were jointly named as petitioners. As grounds for termination, the amended petition alleged that Father had abandoned the children by a willful failure to visit for four consecutive months prior to the filing of the original petition. Noting the prior suspension of Father’s visitation rights, the amended petition further alleged that, at the time the original petition was filed, Father had not contacted the children for about two-and-a-half years and was $57,000 in arrears on child support and health insurance premiums. His visitation rights had allegedly been suspended by court order on August 16, 2002 as a result of his negligence toward the children. The amended petition also alleged that terminating Father’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests. In addition to the termination, the amended petition also sought court approval of Stepfather’s adoption of the children.
In September 2005, Mother obtained an ex parte temporary protective order against Father after Father twice appeared at the children’s school. According to the police report, the second encounter ended when Father sped away from the school grounds after Mother displayed a handgun that she was permitted to carry. A consent order reflects that the parties agreed to continue the September 23, 2005 hearing on the protective order and agreed that the protective order would remain in effect until the hearing.
The trial court conducted a hearing in the case on January 26, 2006. In response to the allegations that Father was in arrears on support payments, the trial court stated, “As soon as the facts are before this Court, we will come up with a plan that is reasonable for the [Father] to pay, and then if he doesn’t pay it, he will come stay with me here in Tennessee for a while.” The trial court reserved its ruling on the termination of Father’s rights and the stepparent adoption. Responding to a question from Father’s counsel, the trial court stated that Father could telephone the children. By order dated April 13, 2006, the trial court ordered Father to provide documentation of endorsed checks reflecting disputed child support payments.
On December 4, 2006, Father moved the trial court to set dates and times for Father’s telephone calls with the children and to order Mother to provide Father with a current phone number to call. On January 16, 2007, Mother moved to have Father declared in willful contempt of the trial court’s April 13, 2006 order. On January 19, 2007, Father moved for the modification of his child support obligations to reflect his support of his other children.
A hearing on all pending matters, including the amended petition, was scheduled for April 19, 2007. At this hearing, Father informed the trial court through counsel that he “wishe[d] to agree with that [amended] petition and allow the adoption to proceed.” He was placed under oath and questioned but was not asked to add his signature to the amended petition. During his testimony, Father answered “That’s true” or “That’s correct” to the following questions, among others:
—Whether he had reviewed the amended petition;
—Whether he had informed counsel that he “wish[ed] to allow the termination of [his] parental rights and have [Mother] and [Stepfather] to adopt the children”;
—Whether he “intended] to freely and voluntarily surrender the rights to these children and allow them to be adopted”; and
—Whether the adoption would be in the best interest of “everybody,” including the children, Father, his second wife, and his children from the remarriage.
Mother testified that the facts and allegations of the amended petition were true. She also testified that the termination of Father’s rights and the children’s adoption by Stepfather would be “in the best interest of everyone involved ..., especially the children.”
At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial judge found that “the surrender by the natural father is freely and voluntarily made, [and] that the stepfather is the proper person to be allowed to adopt the children. The Court hereby awards and grants the adoption” (emphasis added). With the agreement of the parties, the trial court globally dismissed all other pending matters in the case. Subsequently, on April 25, 2007, the trial court issued its “Final Judgment of Parental Rights and Adoption” (“final judgment”). The final judgment found that “[t]he termination of parental rights and adoption as set forth herein is in the best interest of the children” (emphasis added). Without making factual findings as to grounds for termination or concluding that any such grounds existed, the final judgment found that Father “testified under oath in open court that he agrees to surrender his parental rights to the minor children ... and that the termination of [Father’s] parental rights and the adoption of the minor children as set forth herein are in the best interest of the children” (emphases added). The final judgment ordered that Father’s parental rights “are hereby terminated” (emphasis added).
After agreeing in open court to the termination of his parental rights, Father litigated feverishly to undo that result. On May 16, 2007, he filed a “Petition to Vacate or Void Surrender.” The petition asserted that Father had not consented to the termination of his parental rights but had surrendered those rights instead. The petition specifically argued that the trial court had not complied with the procedural requirements of Tennessee’s surrender statute. See Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-111 (2005). Furthermore, Father claimed that he had given up his parental rights under duress because Mother and Stepfather had offered to dismiss the civil contempt petition (with its prayer for Father’s incarceration until Father paid the substantial amount of back child support) in exchange for his support of Stepfather’s adoption. Father subsequently filed motions for the trial judge’s recusal, leave to conduct discovery on opposing counsel, and summary adjudication, as well as a motion in limine to determine the admissibility of Mother and Stepfather’s settlement offer, see Tenn. R. Evid. 408. The parties filed cross-motions for Rule 11 sanctions, and Father then moved to quash Mother and Stepfather’s request for sanctions.
The trial court set a hearing on all pending motions for November 14, 2007. Father employed new counsel shortly before the hearing and did not appear. At new counsel’s request, the trial court continued the matter until December 14, 2007. New counsel filed an amended petition to vacate or void surrender and an amended recusal motion. In addition to the prior arguments concerning procedural error and duress, Father argued that his “surrender” of his parental rights should be vacated because he had ineffective assistance of counsel at the April 19, 2007 hearing. Father argued that his prior counsel had failed to inform Father that Mother and Stepfather could not absolve him of the obligation to pay back the child support arrearages. Thus, in exchange for giving up his parental rights, Father asserted that he essentially obtained nothing in return, as Mother and Stepfather could refile their petition for back child support and civil contempt at any time.
On December 14, 2007, the trial court conducted a hearing on the pending motions. The trial court explained that Father could offer testimony pertaining to the allegations of duress, but Father did not testify. Instead, the only evidence of duress Father introduced at the hearing was Mother and Stepfather’s responses to request for admissions, in which they conceded that they had offered to dismiss all pending motions if Father consented to the termination of his parental rights and that they would have sought Father’s incarceration for civil contempt for failure to pay child support if he had not consented. The trial court ultimately denied Father’s motions to vacate the surrender, have the trial judge recused, obtain discovery on opposing counsel, prevail on summary adjudication, and have the responses to request for admissions deemed admissible. The trial court also denied the cross-motions for sanctions.
Father’s appeal followed. Despite both parties’ treatment of the issues on appeal as Father’s surrender of parental rights, see Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-111, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court had, in fact, terminated Father’s parental rights, see Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (2005 & Supp.2009). The Court of Appeals reached this holding after reviewing the language of the original and amended petitions, the transcript of Father’s testimony at the hearing on the amended petition, and the language of the trial court’s final judgment. Because the trial court had terminated Father’s parental rights, the Court of Appeals rejected Father’s argument that the trial court erred by omitting various procedural steps specific to a surrender proceeding. The Court of Appeals further held that, where the non-moving party consents to the termination, findings of fact and conclusions of law are unnecessary. Therefore, the Court of Appeals decided that the trial court properly granted the petition to terminate, even without factual findings or a conclusion as to the specific grounds for termination. Finally, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s decision against Father’s other challenges, rejecting his argument that he was under duress when he gave up his parental rights, and finding no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of Father’s motions for discovery on opposing counsel and for recusal of the trial judge.
Before this Court, in addition to renewing the issues presented below, Father argues that, even if the Court of Appeals correctly determined that Father’s parental rights were terminated rather than surrendered, the trial court proceeding was procedurally defective because the trial court failed to make factual findings and conclusions of law concerning the grounds for termination.
Standard of Review
Where, as here, the trial court sits without a jury, we review findings of facts de novo upon the record accompanied by a presumption of correctness unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R.App. P. 13(d); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 809 (Tenn.2007). Questions of law, including issues of statutory interpretation, are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 809; Kirkpatrick v. O’Neal, 197 S.W.3d 674, 678 (Tenn.2006). Our role in statutory interpretation is to determine and implement the legislature’s intent. State v. Wilson, 132 S.W.3d 340, 341 (Tenn.2004). Whenever possible, we determine legislative intent from the natural, ordinary meaning of the statutory language, and, “[w]hen the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we must apply its plain meaning in its normal and accepted use[J” Eastman Chem. Co. v. Johnson, 151 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tenn.2004).
Analysis
The Nature of the Proceeding: Surrender or Termination
Since initiating his efforts to overturn the trial court’s April 25, 2007 order terminating his parental rights and allowing adoption of his children by their stepfather, Father has characterized the (allegedly erroneous) action of the trial court as a surrender of Father’s parental rights rather than a termination. Father asserts that the court did not follow proper statutory procedures in accepting his surrender, thereby invalidating it. A review of the statutory requirements confirms that, if a surrender was attempted, his assertion is correct.
Tennessee law provides a mechanism for parents to surrender parental rights voluntarily under certain circumstances. See Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-111. Although the proceeding is judicial, it occurs privately in the chambers of a judge, id. § 36 — 1— 111(b), and does not require a finding on the part of the judge that the parent had neglected, mistreated, or in any way failed to parent the child appropriately.
Tennessee law anticipates, however, that the surrender of parental rights is made in favor of a specific other person or entity who must (or will soon) have physical custody of the child, see id. § 36 — 1—111(d)(6), and that the child will be made available for adoption, see id. § 36-1-102(47) (2005 & Supp.2009). Until the child is actually adopted, and if the child remains in the custody of the State, parents obligated to pay child support must continue to pay that support even after the voluntary surrender of parental rights. Tenn.Code Ann. § 36 — 1—111 (r)(1)(A); State ex rel. C.V. v. Visser, No. M2006-01229-COA-R3-JV, 2007 WL 1462235, at *6 (Tenn.Ct.App. May 18, 2007). Courts frown upon the voluntary surrender of parental rights if such surrender means that the child loses the right to receive support. See C.J.H. v. A.K.G., No. M2001-01234-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 1827660, at *4 (Tenn.Ct.App. Aug. 9, 2002).
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-111 also provides for specific steps that must take place to render the surrender valid. The surrendering parent must execute a written surrender on a prescribed form. Id. §§ 36 — 1—111(e), (k)(l)(A) & (B)(i). A home study must be available to the court. Id. § 36-l-lll(a)(2). The surrendering parent must communicate under oath whether the parent desires to receive legal and/or social counseling and, if requested, have actually received such counseling before the surrender is valid. Id. §§ 36 — 1—111 (d)(4) & (k)(2)(E)-(F). The court must verify under oath the aver-ments of the sworn surrender. Id. § 36-l-lll(k)(l)(B)(i). The court must also ascertain whether the child is of Native American heritage and/or the tribe or organization of which the child is a member; whether the child will be sent out of state for the purposes of adoption; whether the person has paid or received or been promised anything of value; whether the person is freely and voluntarily executing the surrender or parental consent; and whether the child has any real or personal property or any expectation of receipt of real or personal property and the nature of that interest. Id. § 36-l-lll(k)(2)(B)-(D), (G)(H). A statement also must be provided concerning who has custody of the child. Id. § 36 — 1—111 (k)(2)(I). However, if a court fails to follow these specific requirements exactly, an appellate court may still review the proceeding and determine that, in its entirety, a substantial compliance with the requirements has been obtained. In re Adoption of Hatcher, 16 S.W.3d 792, 797 (Tenn.Ct.App.1999).
In the instant case virtually none of the requirements necessary for a lawful surrender of an individual’s parental rights is found in the record. Father never filed a petition to surrender his rights; he never executed the required statutory form; his appearance to discuss the matter was conducted in open court rather than in chambers; and his colloquy with the judge, though conducted under oath, contained only a few of the several required questions incident to a surrender. No home study was ever conducted, and Father was not advised that he had ten days in which to revoke his surrender, see Tenn.Code Ann. § 36 — 1—112(a)(1)(A) (2005). Although both Father’s attorney and the trial court used the word “surrender” at least once during the hearing on the amended petition, in no other way does the record of the proceedings reflect any attempt to denominate Father’s tender of his rights as a surrender or to follow the statutory procedures. Thus, we conclude that a surrender of Father’s parental rights, as defined by statute, was neither attempted nor accomplished in this case.
However, this does not end our inquiry about the efficacy of the proceeding. The pleading giving rise to this appeal was originally filed by Mother alone as a “Petition for Termination of Parental Rights.” An “Amended Petition for Termination of Parental Rights and Petition for Adoption by a Step Parent” was later filed by Mother and Stepfather jointly. As the source of the chancery court’s jurisdiction, the amended petition cited a provision from the termination statute, Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-l-113(a). The contents of the amended petition fulfilled the requirements of a termination petition as set forth in section 36 — 1—113(d)(2)—(3)- The amended petition asserts four facts in support of terminating Father’s parental rights: abandonment by willful failure to visit for four months; lack of any contact for two and one-half years; negligence resulting in an order suspending Father’s visitation rights; and arrearage of $57,000 in child support. The amended petition asserts that termination is in the children’s best interests. The amended petition neither uses the word “surrender” nor cites the surrender statute. Finally, the amended petition requests that Stepfather be allowed to adopt the children.
At the April 19, 2007 hearing, in response to questions posed by his counsel, Father testified that he had reviewed “the Amended Petition for Termination of Parental Rights and Adoption” and agreed that he “wish[ed] to allow the termination of [his] parental rights.” He also agreed that he “inten[ded] to freely and voluntarily surrender the rights to these children.” The trial court orally found that “the surrender by the natural father is freely and voluntarily made.”
The trial court captioned its written order as a “Final Judgment of Termination of Parental Rights and Adoption.” The order acknowledged the prior hearing on the “Amended Petition for Termination of Parental Rights and Adoption by a Stepparent.” The language of the final judgment repeatedly refers to the proceeding as a termination:
—“This judgment reflecting the termination of parental rights ... shall be filed in the court record.”
—“The termination of parental rights ... is in the best interest of the children.”
—“The parental rights of [Father] are hereby terminated.... ”
In describing Father’s testimony, the trial court uses the word “surrender,” but the same finding subsequently refers to Father’s loss of parental rights as a “termination”: “[Father] testified under oath in open court that he agrees to surrender his parental rights to the minor children ... and that the termination of [Father’s] parental rights ... [is] in the best interest of the children.”
From our review of the record, we agree with the Court of Appeals that Mother and Stepfather attempted to obtain termination, rather than surrender, of Father’s parental rights in the trial court. The language of the amended petition expressly sought termination and was tailored to satisfy the requirements of the termination statute, not the surrender statute. Father’s last-minute attempt to agree to the adoption certainly caused some confusion. Father’s counsel asked Father if the children were Native American, a question more appropriate to a surrender. Although Father’s attorney and the trial court used the word “surrender” during the hearing, the transcript reflects that counsel for both sides also referred to the underlying filing as a petition for termination. However, other than one isolated reference to “surrender,” the trial court’s final judgment consistently describes the proceedings as a termination, and few steps necessary to a surrender were included. We conclude that the Court of Appeals correctly characterized the trial court proceedings, even after Father indicated his consent, as a termination of parental rights.
Sufficiency of the Termination Proceeding
In the alternative Father argues that the trial court’s actions were also insufficient to terminate his parental rights because the court did not make the findings required by that statute. We next consider those assertions.
Proceedings to terminate parental rights are involuntary in nature and therefore implicate federal and state constitutional concerns. “Few consequences of judicial action are so grave as the severance of natural family ties.” M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119, 117 S.Ct. 555, 136 L.Ed.2d 473 (1996) (internal quotation omitted). Ultimately, the order terminating parental rights has “the effect of severing forever all legal rights and obligations” between parent and child. Tenn.Code Ann. § 36 — 1—113(í )(1). The United States Supreme Court has recognized that “freedom of personal choice in matters of family life is a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). Indeed, “the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children [ ] is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized” by that Court. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000). The Tennessee Constitution also gives parents a right of privacy to care for their children without unwarranted state intervention unless there is a substantial danger of harm to the child. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 187 (Tenn.1999) (citing Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 579 (Tenn.1993)). While fundamental, this right is not absolute, and a parent may forfeit that right by abandoning or otherwise engaging in conduct that substantially harms the child. Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn.2002); In re J.C.D., 254 S.W.3d 432, 437 (Tenn.Ct.App.2007).
Termination proceedings in Tennessee are also governed by statute. Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tenn.2004). Pursuant to section 36 — 1— 113(c):
(c) Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon:
(1) A finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds for termination of parental or guardianship rights have been established; and
(2) That termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best interests of the child.
The party petitioning for termination carries the burden of making both of these showings. In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn.Ct.App.2004); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632, 639 (Tenn.Ct.App.2004). These requirements ensure that each parent receives the constitutionally required “individualized determination that a parent is either unfit or will cause substantial harm to his or her child before the fundamental right to the care and custody of the child can be taken away.” Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 188. We have previously determined that the “clear and convincing evidence” standard applies to both the determination that grounds for termination exist and the conclusion that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn.2006); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn.2002). Therefore, our statute comports with the Supreme Court’s holding that due process requires clear and convincing evidence of the allegations in order to terminate parental rights. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747-48, 102 S.Ct. 1388.
Our statute sets forth the available grounds for termination of parental rights. See Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g); Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn.2002). The petitioner need only establish the existence of one of those statutory grounds to support a termination. Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546. If the petitioner establishes grounds for termination, only then does the court determine whether termination is in the best interests of the child. In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tenn.Ct.App.2005); White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192 (Tenn.Ct.App.2004). The statute enumerates factors for the best interests analysis that the court “shall consider,” but, as opposed to the inquiry into grounds for termination, the best interests analysis “is not limited to” the factors enumerated in the statute. Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i); see In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 878 (Tenn.Ct.App.2005).
In addition to setting forth the bases for termination of parental rights, the statute also requires trial courts to “enter an order that makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law” no later than thirty days after the termination hearing. Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-l-113(k). We have previously stated that, “given the importance of establishing the permanent placement of a child who is the subject of a termination of parental rights proceeding, the trial court should include in its final order findings of fact and conclusions of law with regard to each ground presented.” In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn.2003). The required findings “facilitate appellate review and promote just and speedy resolution of appeals.” Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861. Our Court of Appeals has repeatedly directed trial courts to issue written orders with the requisite findings and conclusions on all grounds “whether they have been requested to do so or not.” E.g., In re Tiffany B., 228 S.W.3d 148, 156 (Tenn.Ct.App.2007); In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d 508, 516 (Tenn.Ct.App.2006).
The Court of Appeals, therefore, has routinely remanded contested termination cases to the trial court for failure to make findings of fact and/or conclusions of law, whether related to the grounds for termination or the child’s best interests. See, e.g., In re Adoption of Muir, No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *3 (Tenn.Ct.App. Nov. 25, 2003) (remanding because trial court omitted factual findings underlying conclusion that grounds for termination did not exist); In re C.R.B., No. M2003-00345-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 22680911, at *4 (Tenn.Ct.App. Nov. 13, 2003) (remanding due to lack of factual findings to support grounds for termination and failure to state that termination was in the children’s best interests); see also Jones, 92 S.W.3d at 839 n. 4 (agreeing with Court of Appeals that trial court erred by failing to make a best interests determination). But see White, 171 S.W.3d at 192 (declining to vacate trial court’s judgment for inadequate best-interest findings because case had already been remanded twice, thus prolonging the litigation by three years).
This case is complicated by the fact that what began as a hotly contested petition to terminate parental rights apparently lost its contested nature on the day scheduled for the final hearing when Father, through counsel, surprisingly announced in open court that “he wishe[d] to agree with that petition and allow the adoption to proceed.” Father was then placed under oath and questioned by his attorney about his position. As indicated earlier, he answered “that’s correct” to the question, “And is it your intention to freely and voluntarily surrender the rights to these children and allow them to be adopted by [Mother] and her husband, [Stepfather]?” He further answered that he believed the surrender and adoption were in “everybody’s best interest....” He was not, however, asked about the truth of the fault allegations made against him in the amended petition. Thus, he neither admitted nor denied those allegations. Mother also testified and swore under oath that “all of the information and allegations in th[e] [amended] petition [were] true to the best of [her] information, knowledge, and belief.” She was not asked about individual allegations. No other testimony concerning the alleged grounds was solicited or given.
The only oral finding made by the trial court was: “The court finds the surrender by the natural father is freely and voluntarily made, that the stepfather is the proper person to be allowed to adopt the children. The court hereby awards and grants the adoption. Prepare your order to that effect.” The court also found that the children’s names should be changed and that all other matters pending before the court were to be dismissed.
The final judgment in this matter was entered on April 25, 2007. Although the court made findings about other facts before it, including that “[termination of all parental or guardian rights to the children by court order or parental consents which are necessary to proceed with the adoption have occurred,” the court made no specific findings that any ground for termination had been proven. The court further found that “[t]he termination of parental rights and adoption as'set forth herein is in the best interest of the children” and that Father had agreed with that proposition, but made no further findings.
Since the trial court was silent concerning the grounds for termination or factual findings that would establish the existence of any such grounds, we must determine whether Father’s consent to the termination of his parental rights absolved the trial court of the obligation to make findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning the grounds. In holding that the trial court was not required to make these written findings and conclusions, the Court of Appeals cited Rainey v. Head, No. W2000-00504-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 277984, at *2-3 (Tenn.Ct.App. Mar. 20, 2001). Rainey involved a father of a child born out of wedlock who was indicted for aggravated burglary and multiple aggravated assaults with a handgun. The victims of his alleged crimes included the mother of his child, as well as the mother’s mother and stepfather (“family”). The mother filed a petition to terminate the father’s parental rights. The father, represented by counsel, ultimately joined with the mother and signed a consent order terminating his parental rights. Just under one year later, the father changed his mind and filed a Petition to Vacate Order Terminating Parental Rights, claiming duress and undue influence and alleging that the family offered not to oppose a prosecu-torial grant of diversion of the criminal charges if the father agreed to terminate his parental rights. Id. Distinguishing the typical case where a non-moving parent or guardian opposes the termination of parental rights, the Court of Appeals rejected the father’s argument that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to terminate his rights for failure to make the section 36-l-113(c) findings and conclusions:
[the father] entered into a consent order agreeing to terminate his parental rights. It was thus unnecessary for the trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether [the father’s] parental rights should be terminated .... Because it was unnecessary for the trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to section 36 — 1—113(c), we find [father’s] argument to be meritless.
Id. at *3. Neither the parties nor the Court of Appeals apparently addressed the fact that, in the absence of an intention to seek a stepparent adoption, the mother did not have standing to file such a petition. See TenmCode Ann. § 36 — 1—113(b).
Similarly, in C.J.H. v. A.K.G., the father was never married to the mother and had never visited the child, although he had paid court-ordered child support. 2002 WL 1827660, at *1. Both parents filed a joint petition to terminate the father’s rights without planning a subsequent adoption. At the hearing, the mother did not specifically testify about the grounds for termination or the child’s best interests. The trial court denied the mother and father’s joint petition to terminate parental rights because the termination was not shown to be in the best interests of the child. The parents appealed the order denying the petition. The Court of Appeals analyzed the significance of the father’s obligation to support the child and reviewed the facts of cases from other jurisdictions where courts rejected voluntary termination of parental rights as a way to circumvent the support obligation. Regarding the father’s non-opposition to the petition to terminate, the Court of Appeals reasoned:
parents cannot agree to terminate parental rights if such termination is not in the best interest of the child. An action to terminate parental rights in this situation is subject to the same statutory requirements as one that is opposed: proof by clear and convincing evidence that grounds exist and that the child’s best interests are served by the termination. It is the duty of the courts to examine the entire set of circumstances and make those determinations.
Id. at *8 (footnote omitted). The court also stated, “although our statutes allow, in some circumstances, for a voluntary surrender of parental rights, and its concomitant duty to support, those circumstances appear to be present only in the context of an adoption.” Id. at *7. Thus, the court found that the father was not entitled to use any of the statutory procedures for relinquishment of parental rights on the facts of that case. Relevant to the case at hand, the court finally noted that an unopposed action to terminate parental rights is subject to the same proof requirements as one that is opposed: clear and convincing evidence that grounds exist and that the child’s best interests are served by the termination. Acknowledging that Rainey held to the contrary, the C.J.H. court stated, “[w]e simply disagree.” Id. at *8 n. 6. So do we.
The termination statute clearly and unequivocally requires the trial court to make the statutorily required findings and conclusions before granting a petition to terminate parental rights, regardless of whether that petition is opposed. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113. In two places, subsections (c) and (k), the statute uses mandatory language to describe the trial court’s responsibility to make findings of fact and conclusions of law before terminating parental rights. Those subsections do not distinguish between contested and uncontested termination proceedings. We must adhere to the statute’s plain language. Otherwise, we risk infringing on parents’ fundamental right to the care and custody of their children, which we deny through the termination of parental rights “only upon a determination of [a] parent’s unfitness to be a parent.” In re D.A.H., 142 S.W.3d 267, 274 (Tenn.2004). Explicitly reaching those determinations by clear and convincing evidence is also necessary to protect a parent’s due process rights. See Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747-48, 102 S.Ct. 1388. Because Rainey makes optional the requirements of the statute and potentially runs afoul of federal and state constitutional protections, we reject its reasoning that the trial court need not always make the written findings and conclusions of sections 36-l-113(c) and (k) before terminating parental rights.
Mother and Stepfather argue that, even if we disavow Rainey and adopt the interpretation of the termination statute set forth in C.J.H., we should still affirm the Court of Appeals. They specifically argue that the driving concern of the C.J.H. court — seeking to avoid depriving a child of a parent — does not exist in this case because Stepfather’s adoption of the children immediately followed the termination of Father’s rights. Mother and Stepfather support their reading of C.J.H. by citing several excerpts where the Court of Appeals discussed the parent’s obligation to pay child support as it related to the best interests of the child. The problem with Mother and Stepfather’s argument is that it leapfrogs to the best interests analysis without addressing the trial court’s fatal omission of findings and conclusions relative to the grounds for termination. The best interests analysis is separate from and subsequent to the determination that there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination. In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d at 498; see In re C.B.W., No. M2005-01817-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 1749534, at *6 (Tenn.Ct.App. June 26, 2006) (“existence of a ground does not inexorably lead to the conclusion that termination of a parent’s rights is in the best interest of the child”). Here, because the trial court failed to make the findings and conclusions relative to grounds for termination, we are unable to reach the trial court’s determination that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests. See D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d at 368.
Having determined that the required findings regarding grounds for termination were not made in this case, we are constrained to remand it to the trial court for further expedited proceedings. We may not conduct de novo review of the termination decision in the absence of such findings. See Adoption Place, Inc. v. Doe, 273 S.W.3d 142, 151 & n. 15 (Tenn.Ct.App.2007). In fact, even if the law allowed such review, we could not conduct it here because of the gaps in this record, which basically consists of the allegations in the amended petition and Mother’s generalized testimony that the facts and allegations of the amended petition were true to her knowledge.
We are mindful of the consequences of our decision for the parties. Remanding this case to the trial court will prolong the uncertainty for both the children and their parents. We do not relish the thought of causing further discord for this family. The requirements of the termination statute, however, and the constitutional implications involved in the termination of “perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests,” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, leave us no other choice.
On remand the trial court must develop an evidentiary record, ultimately resulting in a written order with findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether clear and convincing evidence establishes the existence of each of the grounds asserted for terminating Father’s rights. Should the trial court conclude that clear and convincing evidence of ground(s) for termination does exist, then the trial court must also make a written finding whether clear and convincing evidence establishes that termination of Father’s rights is in the children’s best interests. If the trial court’s conclusion about the children’s best interests is based on additional factual findings besides the ones made in conjunction with the grounds for termination, the trial court must also include these findings in the written order. We further direct the trial court to expedite the disposition of the case on remand, consistent with Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-l-124(a) (2005). See State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. F.R.G., No. E2006-01614-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 494996, at *12 (Tenn.Ct.App. Feb. 16, 2007) (“[a] prompt and expedited conclusion to termination proceedings is essential to the child’s welfare”).
Other Matters
Our resolution of the case pretermits Father’s appeal of the Court of Appeals’ rulings on certain other matters. Because the trial court must conduct a new hearing on the amended petition upon remand, Father’s argument of duress during his consent to the termination is now moot. Father’s challenges to the denial of the evidentiary motions that he filed in conjunction with his duress claim are likewise moot.
Conclusion
In summary, in a termination of parental rights proceeding, even when the non-moving parent consents to the termination, the trial court must make written findings of fact and conclusions of law supported by clear and convincing evidence as required by Tennessee Code Annotated sections 36-1 — 113(c) and (k), just as the trial court would do in a contested proceeding. Here, the Court of Appeals correctly determined that the trial court proceedings sought to effect a termination, rather than surrender, of Father’s parental rights but erred in deciding that findings and conclusions as to the grounds for termination were unnecessary. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case to the trial court for an expedited hearing on the amended petition and the preparation of a written order that fully complies with sections 36-l-113(c) and (k).
The costs in this case are taxed one-half (½) to Father and his surety and one-half (½) to Mother and Stepfather, for which execution may issue if necessary.
. Father filed the motion to reduce his support obligation pro se. The matter was set for hearing on March 19, 2003. According to Mother’s motion to dismiss, Father called the court on the day of the hearing and said that he would not be able to come to court because of a family emergency. The court advised Mother that the court would consider a dismissal if Father did not contact the court within thirty days. Mother filed the motion to dismiss in May 2003, with a Notice of Hearing for June 17, 2003. The record before us does not reveal if this hearing was conducted.
Counsel entered an appearance on Father's behalf on June 18, 2003. Counsel filed the petition to reinstate visitation simultaneously with Father’s response to Mother’s motion to dismiss. This attorney subsequently obtained leave of court to withdraw from representing Father in March 2005. The certificate of service attached to the order granting the withdrawal reflects that Father had moved to California by this time.
As we discuss below, the trial court globally dismissed all pending matters in its April 2007 final judgment terminating Father's parental rights and approving Stepfather’s adoption of the children.
. At the time of the hearing, Father was still living in California.
. The record reflects that the trial court intended its order to include proof of those payments that Father was allegedly making to support children from a prior relationship.
. The Court of Appeals treated Father's petition to vacate or void surrender as a motion to alter or amend a final judgment. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 59.04. So construed, it was timely filed within thirty days of the trial court's final judgment. Id. The Court of Appeals appropriately treated the petition according to the relief that it sought rather than how Father captioned it. See Norton v. Everhart, 895 S.W.2d 317, 319 (Tenn.1995).
. In support of his recusal motion, Father alleged that the chancellor had approved a violation of a state criminal statute and, therefore, could not be impartial or disinterested. The trial judge and Court of Appeals denied recusal. Nothing in this record reflects that the judge ever changed his mind. Despite raising the issue before this Court, Father's counsel advised at oral argument that the issue had subsequently become moot and that he no longer wished to advance that claim. Therefore, we do not address the recusal issue.
.The trial court ordered Father to pay attorneys' fees and expenses that Mother and Stepfather’s counsel incurred to prepare for the November hearing, as well as Mother’s lost wages for time spent attending the hearing.
. Mother and Stepfather’s Notice of Service of these responses are in the record but not the responses themselves. Father’s counsel read excerpts from the responses to the trial court at the December 14, 2007 hearing. Counsel for Mother and Stepfather argued that the content of their responses to request for admissions was an offer to compromise inadmissible under Rule 408.
. Because the amended petition completely superseded the original petition and added a request for adoption, there is no need to consider any matters raised in the original petition. For convenience, therefore, we will refer only to the amended petition.
. This subsection states, ”[t]he chancery and circuit courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the juvenile court to terminate parental or guardianship rights to a child in a separate proceeding, or as a part of the adoption proceeding....” The amended petition also cited Tennessee Code Annotated section 16-11-110 (2009), which vests concurrent jurisdiction in the circuit and chancery courts over divorce and adoption proceedings.
. Subsection (d)(2) requires that the petition contain the children’s birth names, dates of birth, current residence, basis for termination, and jurisdictional allegations. Subsection (d)(3)(A) requires a verified statement that the putative father registry was consulted within ten working days of filing the petition, whether other potential claims to the child’s paternity exist, and whether any other parental or guardianship rights must be terminated prior to adoption. Subsection (d)(3)(B) contains notice provisions. Subsection (d)(3)(C) requires the petition to state that termination will sever the rights, responsibilities, and obligations between parent and child; that the child will be placed in the guardianship of others who shall have the right to adopt the child; and that the parent shall have no further right to receive notice of adoption proceedings, object to adoption, or have a relationship with the child.
. This right is grounded in article I, section 8 of our state’s constitution, which reads "That no man shall be taken or imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land.” Tenn. Const, art. I, § 8.
. In this case, Mother and Stepfather’s petition alleged abandonment as grounds for termination. See Tenn.Code Ann. § 36 — 1— 113(g)(1). The statutory definition of "abandonment” includes the willful failure to visit or support in the four consecutive months immediately prior to the filing of a pleading to terminate. See id. § 36 — 1—102(l)(A)(i). Here, the amended petition alleged that Father had willfully failed to visit the children for four months immediately prior to the filing of the original petition. Indeed the petition alleged that Father had not even contacted the children for approximately two-and-a-half years, his visitation rights having been suspended on August 16, 2002 as a result of his negligence with the children. In addition, the amended petition alleged that Father was $57,000 in arrears in child support and health insurance payments when the original petition was filed.
. Consistent with the same policies — that is, the importance of permanently placing children and the just, speedy resolution of cases— the Court of Appeals should likewise review the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law as to each ground for termination, even though the statute only requires the finding of one ground to justify terminating parental rights. See In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d 508, 517 (Tenn.Ct.App.2006) (citing In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn.2003)). The Court of Appeals' thorough review of all grounds decided by the trial court will prevent unnecessary remands of cases that we hear in this Court.
. The Court of Appeals then cited Castleman v. Castleman, No. M2000-00270-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1862836 (Tenn.Ct.App. Dec. 21, 2000), which involved a mother’s motion to set aside a default judgment awarding a divorce to the father, granting him custody of their daughter, and distributing marital property. In granting a default judgment, the trial court "heard no evidence, considered no facts, and made no findings of fact.” Id. at *3. Much like the termination of parental rights, the custody determination involves the consideration of statutorily enumerated factors and requires an individualized, fact-intensive decision. Given the absence of evidence or factual findings, the Court of Appeals held, “the trial court’s award of custody by default was outside the range of alternatives available to the court and not within its discretion.” Id. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court's denial of the mother’s motion to set aside the default and remanded for a trial on the merits. Id. at *4.
. At the point where Father asserted his willingness to allow the adoption to proceed, the parties could have circumvented the termination statute’s requirement for the trial court to make factual findings and conclusions of law if they had simply taken steps to convert the proceeding from a termination to a stepparent adoption. Specifically, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36 — 1— 117(f) (2005 & Supp.2009):
[wjhen the child is related to one (1) of the petitioners or is the stepchild of the petitioner, and the legal or biological parent(s) or guardian(s) signs the adoption petition as a co-petitioner for the specific purpose, as stated in the petition, of giving consent to the adoption, no further surrender, parental consent, or termination of parental rights shall be required as to that parent or guardian, as the act of joining in the adoption petition shall be deemed a complete surrender, ... and no further notice or service of process need be made to that person[.]
However, the amended petition neither contains Father's signature nor states Father's consent to the adoption, and no one addressed this statute during Father's sworn testimony. Additionally, counsel for Mother and Stepfather confirmed during oral argument that they did not attempt to avail themselves of section 36-1-117(f). Thus, we cannot consider whether the requirements of this statute were substantially met during the hearing.
. Mother argued before the Court of Appeals that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Mother's July 9, 2007 Motion for Sanctions. However, Mother did not raise that issue before this Court. Therefore, the judgment of the Court of Appeals on that issue is affirmed.
On a separate note, because the parties have not raised the issue to this Court, we decline to address whether the appointment of a guardian ad litem for the children, which the trial court failed to do in this case, is required in a contested termination proceeding. See Tenn. Sup.Ct. R. 13 § 1(d)(2)(D). We note that our Court of Appeals has held that our rule " 'is mandatory even if no one requests that a guardian ad litem be appointed.’ ” In re Adoption of Gracie M.M., No. M2009-01609-COA-R3-PT, 2010 WL 22814, at *1 (Tenn.Ct.App. Jan. 5, 2010) (quoting In re A.D.C., No. E2006-00771-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 677882, at *1 (Mar. 7, 2007)).
| CASELAW |
McMath–Hulbert Observatory
The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory is a solar observatory in Lake Angelus, Michigan, USA. It was established in 1929 as a private observatory by father and son Francis Charles McMath and Robert Raynolds McMath and their friend, Judge Henry Hulbert. In 1932 the observatory was deeded to the University of Michigan which operated it until 1981, at which time it was sold into private ownership again.
In 1932 a 10.5 in reflector telescope was added to the observatory as well as a spectroheliokinematograph {spectro-helio-kine-mato-graph}. This instrument was designed to take motion pictures of the Sun. The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory is primarily known for the motion pictures that the McMaths made of various celestial phenomena, including the first movies of solar prominences in motion. Later work involved solar spectroscopy in the near infrared and participation in a solar flare patrol program in the 1950s.
Robert McMath and one of the resident astronomers, Keith Pierce, established the McMath–Pierce solar telescope at Kitt Peak Observatory near Tucson, Arizona in 1962.
The McMath-Hulbert Solar Observatory is currently under private ownership but is run by a small non-for-profit organization of amateur astronomers. | WIKI |
Jack Brereton
Jack Edgar Brereton (born 13 May 1991) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Stoke-on-Trent South constituency from the 2017 general election until 2024. A member of the Conservative Party, he is a former councillor on Stoke-on-Trent City Council.
Early life and education
Brereton was born in Stoke-on-Trent on 13 May 1991 and grew up in the area. He attended Keele University, graduating with a degree in Politics and International Relations in 2012, and further studied at University College London.
Career
Brereton first stood for a seat at the age of 18 in the 2010 Stoke-on-Trent City Council election on 6 May 2010, where he was defeated in the East Valley ward by the Labour Party candidate Matt Wilcox. One year later, he stood again for the City Council and successfully retained the Baddeley, Milton and Norton ward for the Conservative Party. Following the local election in May 2015, in which he was re-elected as a councillor, he became cabinet member for Regeneration, Heritage and Transport on the City Council as part of a Conservative/Independents ruling coalition. He combined his councillor duties with attending university and, subsequently, with employment as a Parliamentary assistant to Conservative MP for Staffordshire Moorlands Karen Bradley.
Member of Parliament
Brereton unsuccessfully contested Stoke-on-Trent Central in a by-election on 23 February 2017, finishing third. He attracted some negative publicity for a mailshot his campaign released which contained false claims about two local Labour MPs voting against the then Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement and for a poster that misspelled Brexit. After the Government announced that there would be a General Election taking place in June 2017, the Conservative Campaign Headquarters told the local Conservative Association to choose Brereton from a list of one, after he was promoted by his boss, the Cabinet Minister Karen Bradley. This was at the expense of Joe Rich, who had added four per cent to the Conservative Party vote share when he stood in the constituency in the 2015 general election and had hoped to stand again. Brereton went on to defeat the sitting Labour MP Rob Flello and take the seat on 9 June 2017, making him the first Conservative to win in the constituency in over 80 years. Aged 26, he was the youngest Conservative MP in the 2017 intake. In September 2018 he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Department for Education.
Following his election as MP for Stoke South, Brereton continued with his role on the city council until June 2019 when he did not stand for re-election. He was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Department for Exiting the European Union between September 2019 and 31 January 2020. Following the closure of the Department for Exiting the European Union, Brereton was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Defence.
Brereton resigned his position as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for International Trade on 7 July 2022 as part of the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, one of the last to do so before Boris Johnson announced his resignation as party leader.
Brereton lost his seat during the 2024 United Kingdom general election to Labour challenger Allison Gardner.
European Union
Brereton is a supporter of Brexit, saying he is "optimistic about our future in leaving the EU". In February 2019 he labelled the behaviour of European Union officials as "threatening and aggressive". He voted against extending negotiations with the EU in March 2019, stating that it was "disrespecting" his constituents.
Personal life
Brereton lives with his wife and children in Stoke-on-Trent, and in London. | WIKI |
User:DominicSayers/TubeMap
Royalty-free London Underground diagram
I have done some initial work on a diagram of the London Underground system. I hope it is sufficiently different from the copyrighted TfL map that it will be able to be released on a royalty-free basis.
There are a number of Wikipedia pages that use snippets of the official map (on a fair-use basis I presume). I hope my royalty-free version could be used in it's entirety as a jump-off page for London Underground entries.
I am aware that the National Rail logo used in the current version is (c) National Rail. I will change it as soon as I can.
The diagram at the moment covers only Zone 1. I hope that Wikipedians may be sufficiently interested in this concept to help me out by adding the remainder of the system to the diagram. I started this project using Microsoft Visio. I am happy to upload the .vsd file as a basis for others' work.
Transport for London copyright policy
Here are some links (working in August 2005) that demonstrate TfL's copyright policy:
Copyright statement from the tube map download page
Policy summary in a press release format (published in the Metro)
How to use and protect the intellectual property rights of Transport for London (PDF document from the TfL web site)
In summary, TfL will not allow commercial use of the map without their express written permission. Using their map in a Wikimedia project would be against Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons policy. | WIKI |
How to make Kismet legal
Or semi legal.
1. Modify the Kismet source, to only log your BSSID.
2. See if there’s a plugin that does it, or write your own.
3. Make a script to delete everything that isn’t related to your BSSID.
You can send commands to the web interface, don’t know about deleting though.
select * from packets where sourcemac!='XX' or destmac!='XX'
Change select to delete, and you have a script that’ll delete everything not to or from your AP’s MAC.
If you have more then one AP MAC, then you’ll need to modify it. I disabled my 2.4 GHz radio.
That doesn’t work, delete the *, but it deleted everything. Change the or to an and, and it might work. Yup, it worked.
Now to write a python script, to do that to all the files in the kismet folder.
Script works. It runs by cron every hour, runs a simple shell script, that stops Kismet, then runs the Python script, then starts Kismet.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import os, subprocess, re
kis_dir = "/path/to/kismet/logs"
pattern = re.compile('\.(kismet)$', re.IGNORECASE)
try:
kismet_files = os.listdir(kis_dir)
for file in kismet_files:
s = re.search(pattern, file)
path = os.path.join(kis_dir, file)
if os.path.isfile(path) and s is not None:
print("Scrubbing " + file + ".")
subprocess.call("sqlite3 " + path + " \"delete from packets where sourcemac!='XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX' and destmac!='XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX'\";", shell=True)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
Not the best script, as it does every single file in the folder, even if it’s old and already done.
You use sudo -u pi to run the Python script, no need to run it as root.
It isn’t loading the old file on the restart.
Well, that sucks, I have to download the file, convert it, and then use Wireshark to view it. Or just use the sqlite editor. Only use Wireshark, if you see something suspicious.
So when I get arrested, I’ll tell them it auto deletes everything not related to my AP every hour. When they inspect the my computers, they’ll only find my network.
Now it can’t find my AP, which is right by it. There it goes, I reloaded the module. Going to make the script run as root, and look for -journal files. Then it only has to run sqlite on one file.
There we go, the Python script does everything now. Also, why can’t I call systemctl with subprocess.call? I had to use .run.
You can find the new version of the script here. Thinking I should run the other script too, just in case. I’ll probably add the other part in a function, that you can trigger, by putting all after the command.
There’s a sqlite3 library for Python, maybe I should use it instead of the command. But I am lazy.
The script can do all the files now, or just the journal files, doesn’t actually do the journal files, it removes -journal from the journal file, which is the last running file. If it shuts down incorrectly, you’ll have more then one journal file. You can merge them, the script doesn’t do it though. To lazy to update the script again, so the new script, may never be uploaded.
Updated the script on it’s page. Really should of added a MAC Address variable, so you don’t have to put it in four spots. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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