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In this sporadic series whose continuation is contingent on how I’m feeling on any given day/week/month, I pick some well known OO design patterns and see if they’re any use in a dynamic and/or functional language. Last time we saw how the template method pattern almost evaporates when you use a language with lexical closures. This time let’s explore the phenomenon of multiple dispatch.
Alright, what is it?
Cool, I’ve lured you in, this is pure linkbait isn’t it?!:) Let’s say you’re coming from Java land, specifically a place where you have an interface like this:
public interface Widget {
void doSomething();
}
Let’s also say you’ve got two concrete implementations:
public class WidgetA implements Widget {
@Override
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("WidgetA");
}
}
public class WidgetB implements Widget {
@Override
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("WidgetB");
}
}
All very taxing stuff, it must be said. What if you want to make a call to doSomething() without caring about the receiver type? That’s fine; it’s a normal use of type polymorphism in Java and the compiler will happily figure out the correct type to dispatch the method call onto. For example:
public class WidgetConsumer {
public void iDunno(Widget widget) {
widget.doSomething();
}
}
Whatever Widget implementation you pass in, the call site can be resolved at compile time. Let’s step it up a notch: what if we want to hit a different version of iDunno() depending on Widget subtype?
public class WidgetConsumer {
public void iDunno(WidgetA widget) {
System.out.println("WidgetA logic");
}
public void iDunno(WidgetB widget) {
System.out.println("WidgetB logic");
}
}
Trying to call iDunno() now will make the compiler explode- it doesn’t know which overloaded version to use. The normal workaround for this secondary dispatch is to use the visitor pattern. Here, the two lumps of iDunno logic in WidgetConsumer would suffice as a visitor, while the concrete Widget implementations are the things that get visited. To top the example off we need some kind of client to kick off the visitation, and we need a new method on widget to allow the WidgetConsumer to visit each implementation:
public interface Widget {
void doSomething();
void accept(WidgetConsumer consumer);
}
public class WidgetA implements Widget {
@Override
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("WidgetA");
}
@Override
public void accept(WidgetConsumer consumer) {
consumer.iDunno(this);
}
}
public class WidgetB implements Widget {
@Override
public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("WidgetB");
}
@Override
public void accept(WidgetConsumer consumer) {
consumer.iDunno(this);
}
}
public class WidgetClient {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WidgetConsumer consumer = new WidgetConsumer();
WidgetA widget = new WidgetA();
widget.accept(consumer); // should print "WidgetA logic"
}
}
That’s a common GoF workaround, and for my money I think it’s pretty clever (although hampered by the lack of expressiveness afforded by a statically typed language). What if we had a language which relaxed the need to resolve the concrete type ahead of time? They’re actually not ten-a-penny. We have the same problem in JavaScript:
function iDunno(hopefullyAString) {
// do something with a string
}
function iDunno(hopefullyANumber) {
// do something with a number
}
That code doesn’t even make sense to read; clearly, dynamic and/or weak typing on its own is not sufficient. Are we stuck with visitors forever then?
Just put up with Java already
Nooooo! There are a few of languages which can resolve this issue and spring to mind, but I’m going to revert to character and bang the drum for Clojure. Go figure. You’ve committed to reading this waffling post already so you get what you pay for. And Clojure is great anyway. This one’s actually a bit of a misnomer- despite targeting the JVM, the JVM actually only supports single polymorphic dispatch through a classic vtable or similar lookup (although most modern JVMs can elide the lookup if they know a call site is monomorphic- that’s a speculative optimisation).
Anyway, WTF does a Clojure multimethod look like? Well, it looks like this good Sir / Madam:
; define the signature w/ dispatch function
(defmulti iDunno class)
; handler for WidgetA
(defmethod com.example.WidgetA [_] (println "WidgetA"))
; handler for WidgetB
(defmethod com.example.WidgetB [_] (println "WidgetB"))
…where class is a function that gets called before the actual method + args are invoked. Awkwardly, that single example pretty much wraps up the solution; if you have a language with constructs for runtime method dispatch, what we have is another pattern which almost evaporates.
This isn’t hating on Java or any other statically typed language- but it’s a cautionary tale that getting stuck in a particular programming paradigm puts you at risk of falling prey to the Law of the instrument, and at the risk of much trolling, that’s something that is particularly prevalent in industrial OOP circles: Java/C#/C++, I’m looking at you. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Australia c.bank to buy up to $2.9 bln in first round of QE
SYDNEY, March 20 (Reuters) - Australia’s central bank plans to buy up to A$5 billion ($2.87 billion) in local government bonds on the first day of its bond buying programme on Friday as it looks to cushion the economic shock from the coronavirus pandemic. Following an out-of-schedule meeting on Thursday, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) reduced its cash rate to an all-time low of 0.25% and said it would do “whatever is necessary” to keep yields on three-year government bonds low. On Friday, the RBA offered to buy bonds with maturity between two years and eight years, maturing in July 2022, April 2023, November 2027 and May 2028. (Reporting by Swati Pandey and Wayne Cole; Editing by Shri Navaratnam) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Vandit Bhatt
Vandit Bhatt (born August 4, 1984) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Kevin in the NBC sitcom The Michael J. Fox Show and as Jagdeep Patel in the third season of the ABC thriller Quantico.
Life and career
Bhatt was born in Hyderabad, India and later moved to Fort Myers, Florida, when he was young. During his formative years, he attended Fort Myers Senior High School. After graduation, he commenced his studies at the University of Central Florida. Later, he obtained an undergraduate degree and started touring with multiple theatre companies.
In 2010, Bhatt made his acting debut in the NBC drama series Mercy. Following on from his first role, Bhatt won other roles on a variety of TV shows including Madam Secretary, Younger and The Michael J. Fox Show. In 2017, Bhatt starred as Young Harris in the comedy drama film Ripped, which was released in theaters on June 23, 2017.
On January 17, 2018, it was announced by Deadline that Bhatt would star in a recurring role as Jagdeep Patel in the third season of the ABC thriller Quantico.
From 2018–2019, Vandit starred as Rohan Kapoor in the NBC medical drama New Amsterdam. | WIKI |
-- Ibovespa Snaps Four-Day Advance as Vale Sinks on China Decline
The Ibovespa fell for the first time
in five days as a report that showed manufacturing unexpectedly
contracted in China , Brazil’s top trading partner, dimmed the
outlook for commodity exporters. Raw-material producers led declines as nine of 10 industry
groups on the MSCI Brazil index dropped. Metalurgica Gerdau SA (GOAU3) ,
the parent of Latin America’s biggest steelmaker, fell the most
on the benchmark. Iron-ore producer Vale SA sank the most in a
week. Meatpacker Marfrig Alimentos SA (MRFG3) slid after Moody’s
Investors Service placed the company’s rating under review for a
possible reduction. The Ibovespa lost 0.1 percent to 56,349.91 at the close of
trading in Sao Paulo. Thirty-seven of the 71 stocks on the
measure declined. The real gained 0.3 percent to 2.0440 per
dollar, snapping a seven-session drop. The Bloomberg Base Metals
3-Month Price Commodity Index sank 1.7 percent. “The problem in China is that data showed not only slower
growth, but a contraction in manufacturing,” Alvaro Bandeira , a
partner at Orama Asset Management, said by phone from Rio de
Janeiro. “Investors will react badly to these figures in the
short term, and Brazil suffers because of its links with
China.” A preliminary May reading of 49.6 for a China Purchasing
Managers’ Index released today by HSBC Holdings Plc and Markit
Economics compared with a final 50.4 for April and the 50.4
median estimate among economists surveyed by Bloomberg. A
reading above 50 indicates expansion. Vale Sinks Commodities producers account for about 42 percent of the
Ibovespa’s weighting , according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
Vale dropped 1.8 percent to 30.38 reais as metals declined and
after a report from Folha de S.Paulo saying that Brazil may
delay the submission of a new mining code to Congress. The Sao
Paulo-based newspaper didn’t say where it got the information. A delay in the passage of the mining code would be
“slightly negative” for Vale, Bank of America Corp. analysts
including Felipe Hirai wrote in a note to clients. Investors may
avoid the stock until the new industry rules are disclosed, the
analysts wrote. Metalurgica Gerdau tumbled 3.3 percent to 17.39 reais.
Marfrig retreated 1.6 percent to 7.35 reais. OGX Jumps Oil producer OGX Petroleo & Gas Participacoes SA jumped 4.5
percent to 1.87 reais, helping the Ibovespa pare losses of as
much as 1.9 percent today. Brazil’s benchmark equity gauge has declined 7.6 percent
this year, underperforming emerging markets including China,
Russia and India , amid concern that quickening inflation will
curb the nation’s economic recovery. The Ibovespa trades at 12.8
times analysts’ earnings estimates for the next four quarters,
compared with a multiple of 10.8 for the MSCI Emerging Markets
Index of 21 developing nations’ equities, data compiled by
Bloomberg show. Trading volume for stocks in Sao Paulo was 6.95 billion
reais today, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That
compares with a daily average of 7.74 billion reais this year
through May 20, according to data compiled by the exchange. To contact the reporter on this story:
Ney Hayashi in Sao Paulo at
ncruz4@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
David Papadopoulos at
papadopoulos@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Chung Jong-son
Chung Jong-Son (, born 20 March 1966) is a South Korean former international footballer who played professionally as a midfielder for POSCO Atoms, Hyundai Horang-i, Jeonbuk Hyundai Dinos and Anyang LG Cheetahs. He represented South Korea at the 1994 FIFA World Cup. | WIKI |
John Godfrey (composer)
John Godfrey is a composer and performer, co-founder and musical director of Icebreaker (1989-1997), founder member of Crash Ensemble (1997–present), founder of the Quiet Music Ensemble, and lecturer in music at National University of Ireland, Cork.
John Godfrey studied with Oliver Knussen at the Royal College of Music, Peter Maxwell Davies at the Dartington Summer School and with Richard Orton at the University of York, where he graduated with a BA Hons in music (1983) and an MPhil in composition (1989).
In 1989 he and another York graduate, James Poke, formed the new-music group Icebreaker, which went on to become one of the most successful ensembles in its field, appearing extensively in Europe and America. The group made several CDs for Decca Argo, New Tone and Donemus, which include John's works Euthanasia and Garden Instruments, S U S Y W I M P S and "Gallows Hill", as well as his arrangements of Diderik Wagenaar's Metrum and Steve Martland's Shoulder to Shoulder. John appears as a performer on all Icebreaker's CDs up to and including Rogue's Gallery.
In 1997, John was invited to join the Crash Ensemble. It quickly became Ireland's foremost and most adventurous new-music ensemble, and has performed not only frequently in Dublin but also throughout Ireland, Sweden, Germany, Holland, Canada, Australia and the USA.
John and UCC-graduate Sarah O'Halloran ran the 2008 Quiet Music Festival, at which the group the Quiet Music Ensemble was founded. The group performed new works by Alvin Lucier, Pauline Oliveros, David Toop, Mark Applebaum, Karen Power and Juraj Kos, all of whom were present. The Festival also included the first Deep Listening Retreat in Ireland. In 2009, the QME performed the closing night of that year's Dublin Electronic Arts Festival, with guest David Toop.
Recent compositions include Call of the Carolina Parakeet (2005), for Crash Ensemble, which received its premiere in Cork in spring 2005 and for David Adams (2005), for organ, as well as a number of soundscapes, including "Hermaphrodite" for the CruX Dance Company, and The Abstract Despotisms of Calculus for Crash Ensemble.
John's particular compositional influences include minimalists and post-minimalists, the most formative being, perhaps, Louis Andriessen and the Hague School. He has particular interests in work that exhibits Cage's idea that certain kinds of new music are about "perception, and the arousal of it in us". He is fascinated with the analytical concept of depth-coherence in music - and, intermittently, other forms of human endeavour - and with performance, most especially the performance of contemporary music. | WIKI |
Acupuncture Ecology
Managing Stress, Anxiety, and Depression
with Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine
If you’re enduring the invisible injuries of mental and emotional illness,
or if you simply “suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,”
there’s a natural, safe, effective, and drug-free alternative.
Acupuncture and Chinese medicine can be part of the solution, by helping you manage your inner imbalances, and by enhancing and accelerating your healing.
Contents
Understanding the Problem
The Scope.
Did you know that, according to the National Institute of Mental Health 1:
• Clinical depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States for ages 15 to 44.
• Depression affects 6.7% of the adult population, or approximately 14.8 million people.
• Anxiety affects 18.1% of adults in the U.S., or 40 million people.
• About 1 in 4 Americans will suffer a serious mental disorder in their lifetime.
The Impact.
The cost of dealing with the rising tide of mental and emotional imbalances is high. A U.S. Surgeon General’s report in 1999 found that lost productivity and absenteeism due to untreated mental health disorders cost American businesses $70 billion annually. 2 Anxiety disorders alone cost the U.S. more than $42 billion a year. 3
But the impacts are more than merely economic.
Dr. Frederick Goodwin, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, said that among major diseases, clinical depression ranks second only to advanced coronary heart disease in the total number of days patients spend in the hospital or disabled at home. “Major depression is far more disabling than many medical disorders, including chronic lung disease, arthritis and diabetes,” he said. 4
And, according to a World Health Organization study,
No individual chronic disease—not angina, not arthritis, not asthma, not diabetes—is more disabling than depression. 5
And yet, no chronic disease is taken less seriously than depression, because nothing appears to be wrong. There’s no physical limitation or pain, no lab tests to point at, no numbers that are abnormal. There’s just your own complaint of your well-being.
The stigma has led sports figures and celebrities to hide their condition and doctors to self-prescribe. And health insurance companies often limit treatment or reimburse treatment for mental illnesses at lower rates than they do for physical illnesses.
The breadth and severity of mental disorders like depression constitutes nothing less than an epidemic, albeit a silent epidemic.
Yet, the lack of gravity with which they’re treated, and problems with drugs that are prescribed to treat the symptoms without addressing the cause, amount to a massive effort to sweep the problem under the rug.
We need a better approach.
Balancing the Mind and Heart: A Chinese Medicine Approach
The Philosophy.
The beauty of Chinese medicine is in its ability to see you as more than just a label, and to allow yourself the experience of being more than just your illness.
Why is this important? Because the adequate handling of mental and emotional imbalances is rooted in a respect for the subtle facets of your being. And this is where our friends, employers, therapists, and doctors either get it—or they don’t.
Mental illness appears to be hidden, because there are no lab tests that can be run that tell you you’re depressed.
But Chinese medicine is based on the perception of the subtle. Small things are important. Little things count.
Your feelings, no matter how subtle, are clinically significant. And understanding this is the first step to management and cure of stress, anxiety, and depression.
Even if no one else thinks you’re sick—even if nobody believes you—if it’s significant enough to affect you, if it’s significant enough that you notice, then it’s significant enough to matter.
What can Chinese medicine offer, to build on this foundation?
Treatment with Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine.
The first thing that a Chinese medical paradigm can offer is a more complete understanding of your mental, emotional, and physical state.
Mind, body, and spirit are inseparable in Chinese medicine. What you eat affects how you think; how you feel affects how you move. Chinese medicine provides an excellent framework to go in-depth into the details of your daily life, your mind and behavior, to arrive at a better understanding of where you are and how you got this way.
Specific tools such as Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis® (a unique specialty of Acupuncture Ecology) give an even more comprehensive view into the balance and functioning of your being.
Beyond this, the treatment methods used in Chinese medicine, including acupuncture, herbs, and vitality exercises, can balance the body’s energy to relieve stress and harmonize the disordered.
The deep observation and understanding of your being is coupled with gentle but effective approaches to guide your body and your mind back into a healthy state.
I’ll be straight with you. With something as deep and complicated as the mind, no one approach can work for everybody. The addition of acupuncture and Chinese medicine can profoundly accelerate your healing, but much will depend on the specific details of what’s going on with you.
What is certain is that Chinese medicine employs natural methods, not drugs; and that it works to heal the root, rather than cover up symptoms. The goal is permanent healing, not a lifetime of being a patient.
Contact me to make an appointment for a free consultation. I’ll be happy to answer your questions and discuss your concerns.
1 National Institute of Mental Health. The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America. 2008. Available from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml
2 Widmer, Lori. A not-so-hidden workplace cost: employers bear the costs of depression, stress, and other mental illnesses in the form of lost productivity, absenteeism, and higher disability costs. Accessed 8/7/2009. Available from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BJK/is_8_13/ai_89018208/
3 Statistics and Facts About Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety Disorders Association of America. Accessed 8/7/2009. Available from http://www.adaa.org/AboutADAA/PressRoom/Stats&Facts.asp
4 Goleman, Daniel. Costs of depression are on par with heart disease, a study says. New York Times, December 3, 1993. Accessed 8/7/2009. Available from http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/03/us/costs-of-depression-are-on-a-par-with-heart-disease-a-study-says.html
5 Groch, Judith. Depression eclipses other chronic disease for poor health status. MedPage Today, September 7, 2007. Accessed 8/7/2009. Available from http://www.medpagetoday.com/Psychiatry/Depression/6617
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Joseph MATHIRAMPUZHA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John POTTER, Postmaster General, United States of America, Defendants-Appellees, Ron Sacco, Defendant.
Docket No. 06-4384-cv.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued: March 17, 2008.
Decided: Nov. 3, 2008.
W. Martyn Philpot, Jr., New Haven, CT, for Appellant.
Lisa E. Perkins, Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut (Kevin J. O’Connor, United States Attorney, Sandra S. Glover, Assistant United States Attorney, of counsel), Hartford, CT, for Appellees.
Before: WINTER, STRAUB, and SACK, Circuit Judges.
The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption as set forth above.
SACK, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff Joseph Mathirampuzha appeals from a final judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Janet Bond Arterton, Judge). This appeal arises principally from an alleged physical assault at a postal facility on September 29, 2003, by Ron Sacco, a supervisor, against the plaintiff, a postal employee. The plaintiff asserts claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and the Federal Tort Claims Act (“the FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2671 et seq. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant on the Title VII claims and dismissed the FTCA claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Mathirampuzha v. U.S. Postal Serv., No. 3:04cv841, 2006 WL 2458669, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62738 (D.Conn. Aug.21, 2006).
With regard to the plaintiffs Title VII claims, the district court properly granted summary judgment. The plaintiff failed to exhaust his hostile work environment and retaliation claims, and the physical assault and denial of transfer requests he alleges were, respectively, not an adverse employment action and not ascribable to discriminatory motive or intent. That portion of the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
With regard to the plaintiffs FTCA claims, the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (the “FECA”), 5 U.S.C. § 8101 et seq., vests the Secretary of Labor with exclusive authority over federal employees’ claims arising from work-related injuries. Unless it is clear that the FECA does not apply, federal courts may not entertain FTCA claims. Dismissal of such claims for lack of jurisdiction, however, is not always the proper disposition. In this case, because there was a substantial question regarding whether the plaintiffs emotional-distress claim is covered under the FECA and the Secretary of Labor had not yet rendered a decision regarding his FECA coverage, the district court should not have dismissed that FTCA claim for lack of jurisdiction. We therefore vacate that portion of the district court’s judgment. On remand, the district court should reinstate the FTCA claim and stay proceedings pending a final determination by the Secretary of Labor regarding FECA coverage.
BACKGROUND
“In setting forth the facts underlying this appeal from the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the defendants, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, drawing all reasonable inferences and resolving all ambiguities in his favor.” Colavito v. N.Y. Organ Donor Network, Inc., 438 F.3d 214, 217 (2d Cir.2006).
The plaintiff, of Indian national origin, is a lawful permanent resident of the United States. Since 1997, he has been employed by the United States Postal Service as a mail handler at the processing and distribution center in Wallingford, Connecticut.
Soon after the plaintiff began working for the Postal Service, he requested a transfer to the processing and distribution center in Hartford, Connecticut, which is closer to where he and his family live. That request was denied. The plaintiff made several more requests, all of which were ignored or denied.
On September 29, 2003, the plaintiff was physically assaulted by Ron Sacco, a supervisor at the Wallingford plant. (Sacco was not the plaintiffs direct supervisor when the incident occurred.) Sacco also shouted, “Joe, I[’ll] never let you go to [the] Hartford plant.”
The plaintiffs direct supervisor, Claudio Scirocco, quickly intervened — or, as the plaintiff phrased it, “came to save my life.” A union representative promptly arrived on the scene and brought the plaintiff to the office of a higher-ranking Postal Service supervisor. But the supervisor laughed when the plaintiff told her what had happened. The plaintiffs union continued to advocate on his behalf, however, and Sacco was ultimately issued a “Letter of Warning” for “Conduct Unbecoming a Postal Supervisor” and was transferred to another work assignment for at least a year.
The plaintiff asserts that his confrontation with Sacco caused him physical injury and severe emotional distress. He suffered chest pains and contusions to his shoulder blade, required eye surgery, and fell into a depression.
The plaintiff promptly pursued “pre-complaint counseling” pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105 for “[aggrieved persons who believe they have been discriminated against.” He then filed an administrative “EEO Complaint of Discrimination in the Postal Service” on November 2, 2003. The EEO complaint alleged a single act of discrimination: the incident involving Sacco on September 29, 2003.
The plaintiff subsequently filed suit in federal court in Connecticut. In addition to the physical assault by Sacco, the plaintiffs amended complaint alleges that Sacco has “verbally harassed” him since 1999, has “subjected him to disparate treatment by denying .him approved lunch breaks and assistance in performing work duties,” and has retaliated against him for complaining about his treatment. Am. Compl. ¶ 12. By failing to stop such conduct, the plaintiff charges, the Postmaster is liable under Title VII for subjecting him to a hostile work environment. The plaintiff also asserts claims under the FTCA, alleging the same facts and demanding relief as a result of Sacco’s assault, a hostile work environment, and the Postal Service’s negligent supervision of its employees.
On August 21, 2006, the district court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the plaintiffs Title VII claims and their motion to dismiss his FTCA claims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
The plaintiff appeals.
DISCUSSION
I. Standards of Review
“We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences in [that party’s] favor.” Allianz Ins. Co. v. Lerner, 416 F.3d 109, 113 (2d Cir.2005). “We will affirm the judgment only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and if the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)).
Where, as here, the district court’s determination whether it had subject-matter jurisdiction is based on an interpretation of federal law, our review of her determination is de novo. See Gambale v. Deutsche Bank AG, 377 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir.2004).
II. Plaintiffs Title VII Claims
Title VII prohibits employment-related discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and retaliation against employees who complain about discrimination. In 1972, Congress extended Title VII’s protection to employees of file federal government, including postal workers. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(a); see also Loeffler v. Frank, 486 U.S. 549, 558-59, 108 S.Ct. 1965, 100 L.Ed.2d 549 (1988); Simonton v. Runyon, 232 F.3d 33, 35 (2d Cir.2000). Here, the plaintiff seeks relief under Title VII for being subjected to a hostile work environment on the basis of his race, color, and national origin. His amended complaint may be fairly read also to seek relief under Title VII based upon the encounter with Sacco on September 29, 2003, and Sacco’s retaliatory motive for his conduct on that day. The district court determined that the plaintiffs hostile work environment and retaliation claims are barred because he failed to comply with Title VII’s administrative exhaustion requirements, and the remainder of his Title VII claim is meritless because he failed to establish an adverse employment action. We agree with that result, although our reasoning differs somewhat from that of the district court.
A. Exhaustion
“Prior to bringing suit under ... Title VII ..., a federal government employee must timely exhaust the administrative remedies at his disposal.” Belgrave v. Pena, 254 F.3d 384, 386 (2d Cir.2001) (per curiam) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Regulations promulgated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) establish the applicable administrative procedures that a federal employee must exhaust prior to filing suit. The EEOC regulations require that the aggrieved employee, inter alia, (1) consult with a counselor at the relevant agency’s Equal Employment Office (“EEO”) within 45 days of the alleged discriminatory act, and, if the matter is not resolved after a mandatory counseling period, (2) file a formal written administrative complaint (“EEO complaint”) within 15 days of receipt of the EEO counselor’s notice of final interview and right to file a formal complaint (“EEO notice”). The employee may then file a civil action (i) within 90 days of notice of a final agency decision on his or her EEO complaint, or (ii) after 180 days from the filing of the EEO complaint if the agency has not yet rendered a decision.
Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(e) and 29 C.F.R. §§ 1614.105(a)(1), 1614.106(a) & (b), and 1614.408(a) & (b)). “This court has treated the requirement that a federal employee bring a complaint to his or her EEO for resolution, see 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105, as analogous to the requirement that a private sector employee first bring a complaint to the attention of the [EEOC] for resolution.” Terry v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 128, 150 (2d Cir.2003) (citing Fitzgerald v. Henderson, 251 F.3d 345, 359-60 (2d Cir.2001), cert. denied, 536 U.S. 922, 122 S.Ct. 2586, 153 L.Ed.2d 776 (2002)). Although the general rule is that a Title VII plaintiff may not pursue an unexhausted claim, we will consider all claims to the extent they are “reasonably related” to those that the plaintiff did assert in a timely EEO charge. Fitzgerald, 251 F.3d at 359.
After seeking pre-complaint counseling under 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105, the plaintiff timely filed a formal written administrative “EEO Complaint of Discrimination in the Postal Service” on November 2, 2003. The administrative complaint form requires the employee to specify the “Type of Discrimination You Are Alleging” and provides the following checkbox options: race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, retaliation, and disability. The plaintiff checked race, color, and national origin. The complaint form also requires the employee to specify the “Date on which alleged act(s) of Discrimination Took Place,” to which the plaintiff answered “9/29/03.” Then, in response to the requirement that he “Explain the specific action(s) or situation(s) that resulted in you alleging that you believe you were discriminated against,” the plaintiff provided the following narrative:
On Sept 29th my non scheduled day tour beginning from 3.30 to midnight. I was working F S M 100, as told by my M D O, Curtis Párente. At 11.30 pm my supervisor, Cladio [sic] Scirocco told me to get the reject mail 120 from the machine 22. I got an empty postcon from the F S M 1000 and was heading to get the mail. On the aisle I saw Mr. Ron Saco [sic] standing near by the Clock E 12, he yelled at me from there “Joe where you going”. I responded that I was going to pick up the reject mail 120. He then shouted “go to 117 otherwise punch out and go home”. Soon he rushed to me like a football player, hit my chest and shoulder with his full body power. I fell onto the yellow rails, I tried to hold on to the rails not to fall down. He squeezed me with one hand while holding me tightly with his other arm. He continued this for almost three to five minutes, stating that he will never let me go to Hartford. His spit came on to my face (because he was too close to my face). His hand poked my left eye and tears were rolling down from my eyes, meanwhile my supervisor heard the yelling and came to the site, he then called the M D 0, Curtis Par-ente[.] M D 0 Curtis Párente came to the spot with Don Kulak. Then the M D 0 assured me that he will take care of the matter and he asked me to continue to work. Then I filed a grievance with the union office.
I had two witnesses
1) Claudio Scerocco [sic] 204b
2) Sherri Sharrington Clerk
Joseph Mathirampuzha, EEO Complaint of Discrimination in the Postal Service 2, Nov. 2, 2003.
The administrative complaint, in other words, alleged a single act of discrimination: Sacco’s aggressive behavior toward the plaintiff on September 29, 2003. Nowhere did the plaintiff assert or imply a retaliatory motive for Sacco’s conduct, nor did he indicate that he had been verbally harassed in the past, denied lunch breaks and assistance in performing his work duties, or otherwise subjected to a hostile work environment.
Nevertheless, the plaintiff argues on appeal that his retaliation and hostile work environment claims meet Title VIPs exhaustion requirements because they are “reasonably related” to the allegations in his administrative complaint. We disagree.
The exhaustion requirement is relaxed under the “reasonably related” doctrine if, inter alia, “the conduct complained of would fall within the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination.” Terry, 336 F.3d at 151 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Deravin v. Kerik, 335 F.3d 195, 200-01 (2d Cir.2003); Fitzgerald, 251 F.3d at 359-60. But we do not think that this recognized principle of “loose pleading,” Deravin, 335 F.3d at 201 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), can be stretched to bridge the gap between the allegations asserted in the plaintiffs EEO complaint and the claims he raises in this civil action. We have held that an EEOC investigation following “[a] complaint of retaliation could reasonably be expected to inquire into other instances of alleged retaliation by the same actor.” Jute v. Hamilton Sundstrand Corp., 420 F.3d 166, 178 (2d Cir.2005) (citation, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted). But in this case, the plaintiffs EEO complaint did not mention Sacco’s previous behavior or his own previous complaints. A claim of unlawful retaliation was neither stated nor implied. We do not think that the plaintiffs allegation of a single incident of aggression by Sacco could reasonably be expected to blossom into an investigation covering allegations of unrelated misconduct by Sacco dating back several years.
We reach this conclusion bearing in mind that the “reasonably related” inquiry requires a fact-intensive analysis. “In determining whether claims are reasonably related, the focus should be on the factual allegations made in the [EEO] charge itself, describing the discriminatory conduct about which a plaintiff is grieving.” Deravin, 335 F.3d at 201 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]t is the substance of the charge and not its label that controls.” Id. (quoting Alonzo v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 25 F.Supp.2d 455, 458 (S.D.N.Y.1998)). “The central question is whether the complaint filed with the [EEO] gave th[e] agency adequate notice to investigate discrimination on both bases.” Williams v. New York City Hous. Auth., 458 F.3d 67, 70 (2d Cir.2006) (per curiam) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
We frequently invoke the “reasonably related” doctrine when the factual allegations made in the administrative complaint can be fairly read to encompass the claims ultimately pleaded in a civil action or to have placed the employer on notice that such claims might be raised. For example, in Deravin, we concluded that the plaintiffs race discrimination claim was reasonably related to his EEOC charge of national-origin discrimination because, “read liberally, allegations by an African-American employee that employees of Irish descent are receiving preferential treatment implicitly suggests some form of potential racial discrimination in addition to an illegitimate preference premised on national origin.” Deravin, 335 F.3d at 202. Similarly, in Williams, we decided that an EEOC charge alleging retaliation was “reasonably related” to a later-articulated claim of sex discrimination because the detailed narrative of the EEOC charge unmistakably referred to sexual harassment: “[B]ecause the factual underpinnings of a gender discrimination claim were presented in the complaint made to the EEOC, it was error to dismiss [plaintiffs] claim for failure to exhaust her administrative remedies.” Williams, 458 F.3d at 71. Here, by contrast, the plaintiffs EEO filing did not give the Postal Service “adequate notice,” id. at 70 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), nor did it contain the “factual underpinnings,” id. at 71, of a hostile work environment or retaliation claim.
In a not unrelated context, the Supreme Court has described hostile work environment claims as follows:
Hostile environment claims are different in kind from discrete acts. Their very nature involves repeated conduct. The “unlawful employment practice” therefore cannot be said to occur on any particular day. It occurs over a series of days or perhaps years and, in direct contrast to discrete acts, a single act of harassment may not be actionable on its own. Such claims are based on the cumulative effect of individual acts.
Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 115, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002) (citations omitted). The plaintiffs administrative complaint contains no reference to repeated conduct or the cumulative effect of individual acts. To the contrary, his EEO complaint recounts nothing more than a single act of physical and verbal abuse. Although this adequately exhausts a discrimination claim based on this single act of abuse, we conclude that the plaintiffs claim that Sacco subjected him to a hostile work environment by verbally harassing him since 1999 and denying him lunch breaks and assistance with his work was properly dismissed for failure to comply with the exhaustion requirement.
As for the plaintiffs retaliation claim, the plaintiff asserts in the present action that Sacco’s conduct on September 29, 2003, was in retaliation for having previously complained about Sacco’s “unprofessional and discriminatory conduct.” Am. Compl. ¶ 12. This claim does not fit within the “reasonably related” exception to the exhaustion doctrine either. The plaintiffs EEO complaint contains no factual allegations sufficient to alert the EEO to the possibility that Sacco’s assault was the product of a retaliatory motive.
B. Prima Facie Case
At the summary-judgment stage, properly exhausted Title VII claims are ordinarily analyzed under the familiar burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), and its progeny. See St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506-07, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993); Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). At the first stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that: “1) he belonged to a protected class; 2) he was qualified for the position; 3) he suffered an adverse employment action; and 4) the adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discriminatory intent.” Terry, 336 F.3d at 138. The plaintiffs burden of proof at the prima facie stage “is not onerous.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253, 101 S.Ct. 1089.
Here, it is undisputed that the plaintiff belongs to a protected class and was qualified for his position at the postal facility. The first two prongs of the McDonnell Douglas inquiry are therefore satisfied, and we turn to the remaining two.
1. Sacco’s Aggressive Conduct Toward Plaintiff.
We agree with the district court that the plaintiffs “asserted treatment at the hands of Ron Sacco on September 29— while unprofessional and boorish — and the initially dismissive attitude of other supervisors when Sacco’s behavior was brought to their attention, does not amount to an ‘adverse employment action’....” Mathi-rampuzha, 2006 WL 2458669, at *7, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62738, at *22.
An adverse employment action is “a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment.” Sanders v. N.Y. City Human Res. Admin., 361 F.3d 749, 755 (2d Cir.2004) (emphasis added; citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
To be materially adverse, a change in working conditions must be more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities. Examples of such a change include termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other indices unique to a particular situation.
Id. (citation, internal quotation marks, and ellipsis omitted). Only in limited circumstances does a single, acute incident of abuse qualify as an adverse employment action. In the context of hostile work environment claims, we have stated that a single event, if “extraordinarily severe,” could alter the conditions of a working environment. Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217 F.3d 141, 153 (2d Cir.2000) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A “single incident of rape,” for example, “ ‘sufficiently alters the conditions of the victim’s employment and clearly creates an abusive work environment for purposes of Title VII liability’ ” for sex-based discrimination. Ferris v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 277 F.3d 128, 136 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1305 (2d Cir.1995), abrogated on other grounds by Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998)), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 824, 123 S.Ct. 110, 154 L.Ed.2d 34 (2002). But we require that the incident constitute an “intolerable alteration” of the plaintiffs working conditions, Howley, 217 F.3d at 154, so as to substantially interfere with or impair his ability to do his job, see Mormol v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 364 F.3d 54, 59 (2d Cir.2004).
We conclude, in light of that authority, that Sacco’s aggressive conduct toward the plaintiff on September 29, 2003, was not an adverse employment action. After the incident took place, the plaintiff continued to work at the Wallingford plant in the same position, at the same pay, and with the same responsibilities. Indeed, there is no evidence that the assault brought lasting harm to the plaintiffs ability to do his job. The physical encounter itself, while understandably upsetting, was not so severe as to alter materially the plaintiffs working conditions — unlike, for example, a rape, see Ferris, 277 F.3d at 136, or an obscene and humiliating verbal tirade that undermines the victim’s authority in the workplace, see Howley, 217 F.3d at 154. The Postal Service’s response to the incident, moreover, while not immediate, ultimately ameliorated the plaintiffs working conditions, as Sacco was eventually disciplined and transferred to another work assignment for at least one year. Although a more severe incident of harassment or abuse could constitute an adverse employment action, the brief incident in this case, however regrettable, does not meet the “extraordinarily severe” standard. The plaintiff has therefore failed to establish a prima facie case of employment discrimination based on that event.
2. The Denial of Plaintiff’s Requests for a Transfer.
The plaintiffs transfer requests were denied several times, but there is no evidence in the record that anyone who was responsible for rejecting those transfer requests harbored a discriminatory motive toward the plaintiff or acted with a discriminatory intent. The plaintiff therefore has failed to satisfy the fourth part of the McDonnell Douglas test for establishing a prima facie case: that the adverse employment action, if any, “occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discriminatory intent.” Terry, 336 F.3d at 138.
It is true that during the incident of September 29, 2003, Sacco threatened the plaintiff with respect to his desire to transfer to Hartford. But Sacco was not the plaintiffs direct superior, and the plaintiff has pointed to no evidence in the record, nor have we found any, that Sacco had anything to do with whether or not the plaintiff was transferred to Hartford as he wished. The fact that Sacco might have harbored discriminatory views toward the plaintiff is therefore irrelevant to the claim regarding denial of transfer.
The district court concluded that the Post Office’s rejection of plaintiffs requests for a transfer to the postal facility in Hartford did not amount to an “adverse employment action,” Mathirampuzha, 2006 WL 2458669, at *7, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62738, at *21-*22, and that the plaintiff therefore failed to meet his burden with respect to the third part of the McDonnell Douglas test. Terry, 336 F.3d at 138. There is, indeed, some support for that conclusion in our case law. See generally Beyer v. County of Nassau, 524 F.3d 160,164 (2d Cir.2008) (“A denial of a transfer may ... constitute an adverse employment action, but we require a plaintiff to proffer objective indicia of material disadvantage; subjective, personal disappointment is not enough.” (citation, internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)); Williams v. R.H. Donnelley Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir.2004) (concluding that the denial of an employee’s request for transfer is not an adverse employment action unless the denial “created a materially significant disadvantage in her working conditions”). Because we conclude that Sacco had no responsibility for the transfer, and that the evidence does not support an inference that the other defendant, or his agents who were responsible for declining the plaintiffs requests for a transfer, acted in a way that could reasonably give rise to an inference of discriminatory intent, we do not reach the question of whether the failure to transfer the plaintiff to Hartford was or was not an adverse employment action.
III. Plaintiffs Federal Tort Claims
A. Framework for Analysis
The FTCA waives the sovereign immunity of the United States for certain torts committed by federal employees, including Postal Service employees, within the scope of their employment. Dolan v. U.S. Postal Serv., 546 U.S. 481, 484-85, 126 S.Ct. 1252, 163 L.Ed.2d 1079 (2006); see 28 U.S.C. § 2674; 39 U.S.C. § 409(c). When the tort victim is also a federal employee, however, work-related injuries are compensable only under the FECA. See 5 U.S.C. § 8116(c); Votteler v. United States, 904 F.2d 128, 130 (2d Cir.) (“FECA is the exclusive remedy for work-related injuries sustained by federal employees.” (citation omitted)), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1000, 111 S.Ct. 560, 112 L.Ed.2d 567 (1990). As the Supreme Court has explained:
FECA’s exclusive liability provision ... was designed to protect the Government from suits under statutes, such as the Federal Tort Claims Act, that had been enacted to waive the Government’s sovereign immunity. In enacting this provision, Congress adopted the principal compromise- — -the “quid pro quo” — commonly found in workers’ compensation legislation: employees are guaranteed the right to receive immediate, fixed benefits, regardless of fault and without need for litigation, but in return they lose the right to sue the Government.
Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 460 U.S. 190, 193-94, 103 S.Ct. 1033, 74 L.Ed.2d 911 (1983).
Congress has vested the Secretary of Labor or her delegate with exclusive authority to “administer! ] and decide all questions arising under” the FECA, 5 U.S.C. § 8145, and federal courts are barred from exercising judicial review over such decisions, id. § 8128(b). Because the FECA is an “exclusive” remedy, id. § 8116(c), it deprives federal courts of subject-matter jurisdiction to adjudicate claims brought under the FTCA for workplace injuries that are covered by the FECA. See Granade v. United States, 356 F.2d 837, 840 (2d Cir.1966), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 1012, 87 S.Ct. 720, 17 L.Ed.2d 549 (1967).
The . plaintiff acknowledges that if a claim is covered by the FECA, he cannot recover under the FTCA. But he argues that he has asserted a claim for damages for emotional distress as well as for physical injuries resulting from his confrontation with Sacco and that the FECA does not “cover” damages for emotional distress. He contends, therefore, that his FTCA claim is not precluded. The plaintiffs argument raises a question of first impression for us: Who decides whether a claim is within the scope of FECA coverage: the Secretary of Labor, or the federal district court asked to adjudicate the claim under the FTCA?
We agree with the majority of circuits to have addressed this question that where there is a substantial question of FECA coverage — indeed, unless it is certain that the FECA does not cover the type of claim at issue — the district court may not entertain the FTCA claim. See Gill v. United States, 471 F.3d 204, 206 (1st Cir.2006), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 128 S.Ct. 45, 169 L.Ed.2d 12 (2007); Tippetts v. United States, 308 F.3d 1091, 1094 (10th Cir.2002); Noble v. United States, 216 F.3d 1229, 1235 (11th Cir.2000); Bennett v. Barnett, 210 F.3d 272, 277 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 875, 121 S.Ct. 181, 148 L.Ed.2d 125 (2000); McDaniel v. United States, 970 F.2d 194, 198 (6th Cir.1992) (per curiam); DiPippa v. United States, 687 F.2d 14, 16 (3d Cir.1982); Wallace v. United States, 669 F.2d 947, 951 (4th Cir.1982); Daniels-Lumley v. United States, 306 F.2d 769, 771 (D.C.Cir.1962). If there is a substantial question of FECA coverage, only the Secretary of Labor or her delegate may decide whether the FECA applies. If the Secretary determines that, the plaintiffs claim is fundamentally outside the scope of the FECA, then the claim may proceed under the FTCA in district court. Conversely, “the courts have no jurisdiction over FTCA claims where the Secretary determines that FECA applies.” Sw. Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni 502 U.S. 81, 90, 112 S.Ct. 486, 116 L.Ed.2d 405 (1991).
Only the Ninth Circuit has taken the position the plaintiff would have us adopt here-that a federal court decides the threshold question whether the type of injury alleged falls within the scope of FECA coverage, whereas the Secretary of Labor decides the unreviewable question whether the claimant is to receive compensation. See Moe v. United States, 326 F.3d 1065,1068 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 877, 124 S.Ct. 281, 157 L.Ed.2d 141 (2003); Figueroa v. United States, 7 F.3d 1405, 1407-08 (9th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1030, 114 S.Ct. 1537, 128 L.Ed.2d 190 (1994); Sheehan v. United States, 896 F.2d 1168, 1173-74 (9th Cir.), amended, 917 F.2d 424 (9th Cir.1990). That court has reasoned that the FECA’s “[sjcope ... is a question that must be answered by the federal courts, because it is one of jurisdiction.” Moe, 326 F.3d at 1068.
We see little basis for that view. Congress may limit its waiver of sovereign immunity by vesting exclusive jurisdiction over certain claims against the government in administrative agencies. See N. Pipeline Constr. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50, 67-70 & n. 18, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982) (plurality) (discussing the “public rights” doctrine). And we defer to agencies’ reasonable interpretations of ambiguous language in the statutes they administer, including the scope of those statutes and the types of claims they cover. See Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984) (“We have long recognized that considerable weight should be accorded to an executive department’s construction of a statutory scheme it is entrusted to administer, and the principle of deference to administrative interpretations.” (footnote omitted)); see also Miss. Power & Light Co. v. Mississippi ex rel. Moore, 487 U.S. 354, 381, 108 S.Ct. 2428, 101 L.Ed.2d 322 (1988) (Scalia, J., concurring) (“[I]t is settled law that the rule of deference applies even to an agency’s interpretation of its own statutory authority or jurisdiction.” (collecting cases)). We therefore conclude that the Secretary of Labor may determine what types of claims fall within the scope of FECA coverage. And because liability under the FECA is exclusive, our subject-matter jurisdiction ends where FECA coverage begins.
That said, we doubt whether, as some Courts of Appeals have said, the mere existence of a substantial question of FECA coverage deprives us of subject-matter jurisdiction over FTCA claims. See Gill, 471 F.3d at 207-08; Wright v. United States, 717 F.2d 254, 257 (6th Cir.1983). FECA liability is exclusive, 5 U.S.C. § 8116(c), but the FTCA is an unambiguous waiver of sovereign immunity where the FECA does not apply. Therefore, although district courts must permit the Secretary of Labor to determine whether the FECA applies whenever an FTCA claim raises a substantial question of FECA coverage, the courts do not immediately lose subject-matter jurisdiction over the case. For if the Secretary determines that the type of claim involved does not implicate the FECA, then the FTCA claim may proceed. See Noble, 216 F.3d at 1235; White v. United States, 143 F.3d 232, 239 (5th Cir.1998); McDaniel, 970 F.2d at 198; DiPippa, 687 F.2d at 20. “[T]he courts have no jurisdiction over FTCA claims where the Secretary determines that FECA applies.” Sw. Marine, 502 U.S. at 90, 112 S.Ct. 486 (emphasis added). Even in situations where the district court deems it highly unlikely that the claim falls outside the scope of the FECA, subject-matter jurisdiction over the case remains with the court until the Secretary has made that determination.
Our conclusion in this regard is informed by the Supreme Court’s discussion in Southwest Marine of the relationship between FECA and the FTCA in the context of the so-called “primary jurisdiction” doctrine. Id.
The doctrine of primary jurisdiction, like the rule requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies, is concerned with promoting proper relationships between the courts and administrative agencies charged with particular regulatory duties. “Exhaustion” applies where a claim is cognizable in the first instance by an administrative agency alone; judicial interference is withheld until the administrative process has run its course. “Primary jurisdiction,” on the other hand, applies where a claim is originally cognizable in the courts, and comes into play whenever enforcement of the claim requires the resolution of issues which, under a regulatory scheme, have been placed within the special competence of an administrative body; in such a case the judicial process is suspended pending referral of such issues to the administrative body for its views.
United States v. W. Pac. R.R. Co., 352 U.S. 59, 63-64, 77 S.Ct. 161, 1 L.Ed.2d 126 (1956); see also Reiter v. Cooper, 507 U.S. 258, 268, 113 S.Ct. 1213, 122 L.Ed.2d 604 (1993) (“Referral of the issue to the administrative agency does not deprive the court of jurisdiction.... ”). We think the doctrine of primary jurisdiction establishes a helpful framework for the treatment of FTCA claims that raise a substantial question of FECA coverage.
B. Plaintiffs FTCA Claims
With these principles in mind, we turn to the district court’s treatment of the plaintiffs claims under the FTCA. The plaintiff argues that his FTCA claim for emotional distress should go forward because the FECA does not cover such claims. But unless it is clear that the FECA does not cover the type of claim at issue, there is a substantial question of FECA coverage. See, e.g., DiPippa, 687 F.2d at 16. It is not difficult to find examples of FECA coverage for claims of emotional distress, psychological injuries, and the like. See, e.g., Spinelli v. Goss, 446 F.3d 159, 161 (D.C.Cir.2006); Tippetts, 308 F.3d at 1094-95; Swafford v. United States, 998 F.2d 837, 838 (10th Cir.1993); McDaniel, 970 F.2d at 197; Doe v. United States, 914 F.Supp. 945, 950 (W.D.N.Y.1996). The district court therefore determined that the plaintiffs emotional-distress claim raised a substantial question of FECA coverage, Mathirampuzha, 2006 WL 2458669, at *8, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62738, at *26, and we agree.
We conclude that the district court erred, however, in dismissing the plaintiffs FTCA emotional-distress claim for lack of jurisdiction. The district court did not lose jurisdiction, because the event that would have divested the court of jurisdiction — a determination by the Secretary of Labor that the plaintiffs emotional-distress claim was covered by the FECA— did not occur. The proper course was therefore to stay the proceedings, hold the claim in abeyance, or otherwise maintain the case on the court’s inactive docket so that the plaintiff could file a FECA claim and await a determination by the Secretary regarding FECA coverage. See Tippetts, 308 F.3d at 1095; Noble, 216 F.3d at 1235; White, 143 F.3d at 239; McDaniel, 970 F.2d at 197-98; DiPippa, 687 F.2d at 20; Doe, 914 F.Supp. at 950.
In some cases involving the primary jurisdiction doctrine, the district court has discretion to dismiss the case without prejudice while the relevant issue is referred to and considered by the administrative agency. See Reiter, 507 U.S. at 268-69, 113 S.Ct. 1213. But dismissal without prejudice is permitted only “if the parties would not be unfairly disadvantaged.” Id. at 268, 113 S.Ct. 1213. We think there is a significant danger of unfair disadvantage here inasmuch as the plaintiffs claim is subject to a statute of limitations. See Carnation Co. v. Pac. Westbound Conference, 383 U.S. 213, 223, 86 S.Ct. 781, 15 L.Ed.2d 709 (1966) (contrasting suits for injunctive relief, which “could easily be reinstituted” at any time, with “damage action[s] for past conduct,” which “are likely to be [time-]barred by the time the [agency] acts”). By the time the Secretary of Labor determines that a claim is not covered under the FECA, it may be too late to reinstitute an action for damages under the FTCA. See White, 143 F.3d at 239. “To avoid statute of limitations problems, the district court should stay proceedings in the action until the Secretary resolves the question of FECA coverage.” DiPippa, 687 F.2d at 20.
At oral argument, we were told that the plaintiff had filed a FECA claim during the pendency of this appeal, that the claim was denied as untimely, and that the denial of the claim is on appeal within the administrative agency. We have also learned, based on the parties’ supplements to the record, that the administrative decision denying the plaintiffs FECA claim did not comment on whether the claim was otherwise covered under the statute. Should the Secretary’s final decision deny the plaintiffs FECA claim on grounds of untimeliness without comment regarding whether the claim is otherwise covered by the FECA, then dismissal without prejudice would be appropriate and would result in no “unfair disadvantage” to the plaintiff. The burden of demonstrating subject-matter jurisdiction lies with the party asserting it, see Hamm v. United States, 483 F.3d 135, 137 (2d Cir.2007), as does the burden of filing a timely FECA claim, see ILGWU Nat'l Retirement Fund v. Levy Bros. Frocks, Inc., 846 F.2d 879, 887 (2d Cir.1988) (“The failure to seek ... relief on a timely basis may, in some instances, lead to a harsh result, but the harshness of the default is largely a self-inflicted wound.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). If the Secretary decides only that the plaintiffs FECA claim is untimely, then the plaintiff will have failed to establish that his claim is not covered by the FECA.
If, however, the Secretary’s final decision dismisses the plaintiffs FECA claim on the ground that, even if it had been timely filed and its allegations fully proven, the plaintiff could not recover under the FECA because his claim is of a type not covered by that statute, then the plaintiff should be able to pursue his FTCA claim in the district court. We do not, of course, mean to suggest that there is merit to the plaintiffs FTCA claim, nor that we anticipate that the Secretary will decide the plaintiffs FECA claim on any basis other than its timeliness. We conclude only that the question of coverage under the FECA, which may well preclude relief under the FTCA, should be decided by the Secretary first.
The portion of the district court’s judgment dismissing the plaintiffs FTCA emotional-distress claim is therefore vacated. On remand, the district court should reinstate the FTCA claim and stay proceedings pending a final determination by the Secretary of Labor resolving the plaintiffs FECA claim.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed in part and vacated in part. This cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
. The plaintiff also asserted a claim under the Connecticut Fair Employment Practices Act, Conn. Gen.Stat. § 46a-60. The district court dismissed the stale-law claim as preempted by Title VII, Mathirampuzha v. Potter, 371 F.Supp.2d 159, 161-63 (D.Conn.2005), a decision the plaintiff does not challenge on appeal.
. The plaintiff's FTCA claims were filed as a separate action and consolidated with his Title VII claims by order of the district court.
. We note that we have previously assumed without analysis that Congress extended Title VII’s prohibition on retaliation to the federal sector. See Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 140-41 (2d Cir.2003); Fitzgerald v. Henderson, 251 F.3d 345, 358 (2d Cir.2001), cert. denied, 536 U.S. 922, 122 S.Ct. 2586, 153 L.Ed.2d 776 (2002). The Supreme Court recently clarified that the federal-sector provision of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 633a(a), prohibits retaliation based on the filing of an age discrimination complaint, but the Court did not address the issue of whether Title VII bans retaliation in federal employment. See Gomez-Perez v. Potter, - U.S. -, 128 S.Ct. 1931, 1941 n. 4, 170 L.Ed.2d 887 (2008). Because we ultimately conclude that the plaintiff's retaliation claim fails for lack of exhaustion, we simply highlight this question and leave its resolution for a more appropriate case.
. The Belgrave court cited 29 C.F.R. § 1614.408, but in 1999 this provision was redesignated as section 1614.407. See Federal Sector Equal Employment Opportunity, 64 Fed.Reg. 37,644, 37,659 (July 12, 1999).
. The documentation the plaintiff submitted during the pre-complaint counseling process was likewise devoid of any indication that he was alleging retaliation or a hostile work environment.
. We have said that the “reasonably related” doctrine "is based on the recognition that EEOC charges frequently are filled out by employees without the benefit of counsel and that their primary purpose is to alert the EEOC to the discrimination that a plaintiff claims he is suffering.” Deravin, 335 F.3d at 201 (citation, internal quotation marks, and brackets omitted); cf. Fed. Express Corp. v. Holowecki, - U.S. -, 128 S.Ct. 1147, 1160, 170 L.Ed.2d 10 (2008) (“Documents filed by an employee with the EEOC should be construed, to the extent consistent with permissible rules of interpretation, to protect the employee’s rights and statutory remedies.”).
. This is not a case in which the plaintiff alleges retaliation for filing the very EEO charge that served to exhaust the plaintiffs other claims. See Terry, 336 F.3d at 151 (recognizing that the exhaustion requirement is relaxed in such cases). The plaintiff did not file an EEO complaint until after his encounter with Sacco on September 29, 2003, so he cannot argue (nor does he) that Sacco's conduct was in retaliation for filing the EEO complaint.
. The Postal Service does not argue on appeal that the plaintiff failed to exhaust his claim regarding the denial of his transfer requests or failed to raise such a claim in his amended complaint. We therefore deem those arguments waived and consider on the merits whether the plaintiff has established a prima facie case of discrimination based on the denial of his transfer requests. See Francis v. City of New York, 235 F.3d 763, 766 (2d Cir.2000); Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 202 F.3d 560, 569-70 & n. 5 (2d Cir.2000).
. Postal employees are federal employees for FECA purposes. 39 U.S.C. § 1005(c).
. Section 8116(c) provides, in pertinent part:
The liability of the United States or an instrumentality thereof under this subchapter or any extension thereof with respect to the injury or death of an employee is exclusive and instead of all other liability of the United States or the instrumentality to the employee, his legal representative, spouse, dependents, next of kin, and any other person otherwise entitled to recover damages from the United States or the instrumentality because of the injury or death in a direct judicial proceeding, in a civil action, or in admiralty, or by an administrative or judicial proceeding under a workmen’s compensation statute or under a Federal tort liability statute.
5 U.S.C. § 8116(c) (emphasis added).
. Section 8128(b) provides:
The action of the Secretary or his designee in allowing or denying a payment under this subchapter is—
(1) final and conclusive for all purposes and with respect to all questions of law and fact; and
(2) not subject to review by another official of the United States or by a court by mandamus or otherwise.
5 U.S.C. § 8128(b). But cf. United States v. Sforza, 326 F.3d 107, 111-15 (2d Cir.2003) (holding that section 8128(b) does not deprive courts of jurisdiction over government’s False Claims Act suit seeking recoupment of fraudulently obtained disability benefits).
. The Secretary must determine that the claim categorically falls outside the scope of the FECA’s coverage — in other words, that the claim is not the type of claim covered by the FECA. The plaintiff may not proceed under the FTCA if the claim fails for lack of proof. See Bennett, 210 F.3d at 277. "So long as the injury is of the type intended to be covered by FECA, the fact that no actual compensation was awarded is irrelevant.” McDaniel, 970 F.2d at 197. To the extent the plaintiff argues that he should be able to proceed under the FTCA because the FECA, though it may cover his claim, does not compensate for pain and suffering, this argument is without merit. See Noble, 216 F.3d at 1234; Votteler, 904 F.2d at 130; Balando v. United States, 267 F.2d 135, 137-38 (2d Cir.1959).
. Although we recognize that the Secretary’s decision regarding FECA coverage — unlike most administrative decisions to which courts owe Chevron deference — seems to be unre-viewable, see 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b), we do not think that difference is dispositive. First, "Congress is not barred from acting pursuant to its powers under Article I to vest decision-making authority in ... [administrative agencies] with limited or no review by Article III courts.” Thomas v. Union Carbide Agric. Prods. Co., 473 U.S. 568, 583, 105 S.Ct. 3325, 87 L.Ed.2d 409 (1985); see Blanc v. United States, 244 F.2d 708, 710 (2d Cir.) (per curiam) (applying that principle to FECA claims), cert. denied, 355 U.S. 874, 78 S.Ct. 126, 2 L.Ed.2d 79 (1957). Second, in an action that begins as a FTCA claim in federal court, the Secretary’s discretion in construing the scope of the FECA is cabined before, rather than after, the final agency decision: Courts need not refer FTCA claims to the Secretary of Labor unless there is a "substantial question” of FECA coverage.
We note, too, that several appellate courts have held that "an implicit and narrow exception to the bar on judicial review exists for claims that the agency exceeded the scope of its delegated authority or violated a clear statutory mandate.” Hanauer v. Reich, 82 F.3d 1304, 1307 (4th Cir.1996); see also Brumley v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 28 F.3d 746, 747 (8th Cir.1994) (per curiam), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1082, 115 S.Ct. 734, 130 L.Ed.2d 637 (1995); Woodruff v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 954 F.2d 634, 639 (11th Cir.1992) (per curiam); Staacke v. U.S. Sec’y of Labor, 841 F.2d 278, 281 (9th Cir.1988). We have previously declined to decide whether we would recognize that exception, Senerchia v. United States, 235 F.3d 129, 131-32 (2d Cir.2000), and we have no need to address that issue today.
. Assuming, of course, the FTCA's other enumerated exceptions, see 28 U.S.C. § 2680, also do not apply.
. The statute of limitations under the FTCA is two years. 28 U.S.C. § 2401(b).
| CASELAW |
Python - How To Count Elements in List Python
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The list is a built-in datatype provided in Python. It stores multiple items under a single variable. The use of Lists is very common in Python Programming. Lists in Python can be nested.
This tutorial will discuss different methods to count the number of elements in a List in Python.
Use the len() Function to Count the Number of Elements in the List in Python
Lists in Python can store multiple elements of different data types.
The built-in len() function in Python returns the total number of items in a list, without any regard to the type of elements it contains.
We can also use the len() function to count the number of elements of the other three built-in Datatypes that Python offers, namely Tuple, Set, and Dictionary.
The following code uses the len() function to get the number of elements in the list.
list1 = ["God","Belief",10,31,"Human"] print("The total number of elements in the list: ", len(list1))
Output:
The total number of elements in the list: 5
Use the for Loop to Count the Number of Elements in the List in Python
Another basic way to count the number of elements is to make use of the for loop. The loop begins with the count set to 0 and proceeds until the last element; the count is incremented by one whenever an element in the list is encountered in the loop iteration.
The following code uses the for loop to get the number of elements in the list.
list2 = ["Hey",20,14,"Look","An Example List"] def total_elements(list): count = 0 for element in list: count += 1 return count print("The total number of elements in the list: ", total_elements(list2))
Output:
The total number of elements in the list: 5
• Related HOW TO? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Quenera Nature Reserve
The Quenera Nature Reserve is a protected area in the Wild Coast region of the Eastern Cape in South Africa. It is situated on the last bend of the Quenera River, covering the estuary before joining with the Amathole Marine Protected Area, and by extension, the Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area.
History
This 80.79 ha reserve was created in 1988 along with the Nahoon Nature Reserve for the conservation of the region's fauna and flora. | WIKI |
18 January 2013
create subdomains using htaccess
Its very quick and easy. Here we go
1. You need to create a wildcard domain on your DNS server *.website.com
2. Then in your vhost container you will need to specify the wildcard aswell *.website.com - This is done in the ServerAlias DOCs
3. Then extract and verify the subdomain in PHP and display the appropriate data
Here we go in some detail.
• Create a wildcard DNS entry - In your DNS settings you need to create a wildcard domain entry such as *.example.com. A wildcard entry looks like this:
*.example.com. 3600 A 127.0.0.1
• Include the wildcard in vhost - Next up in the Apache configuration you need to set up a vhost container that specifies the wildcard in the ServerAlias DOCs directive. An example vhost container:
<virtualhost>
ServerName server.example.com
ServerAlias *.example.com
UseCanonicalName Off
</VirtualHost>
• Work out which subdomain you are on in PHP - Then in your PHP scripts you can find out the domain by looking in the $_SERVER super global variable. Here is an example of grabbing the subdomain in PHP:
preg_match('/([^.]+)\.example\.com/', $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'], $matches);
if(isset($matches[1])) {
$subdomain = $matches[1];
}
I have used regex here to to allow for people hitting your site via www.subdomain.example.com or subdomain.example.com.
If you never anticipate having to deal with www. (or other subdomains) then you could simply use a substring like so:
$subdomain = substr(
$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'], 0,
strpos($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'], '.')
);
I did it in php. For java or dot net, you need to change my php code to respective java or dot net code.
1 comment:
1. This is a very nice article on htaccess i like your article.
ReplyDelete | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School
Removed badges
Hi. I have a question about your removal of the badges from the bottom of the page a few days ago. Presumably the set of badge images could never fit NFCC or not without significant commentary about them being added (which seems unlikely). This wasn't just an issue with them being deleted from the commons and moved back to en, so adding a free-use rational won't help because of NFCC#8? Cheers--Otus scops (talk) 23:14, 28 May 2014 (UTC)
* Basically. Since the files are labeled as non-free vs the old free status, they are under a completely different set of usage rules. Those rules really restrict what can be used. In this case the badges dont meet those requirements. Werieth (talk) 23:20, 28 May 2014 (UTC)
* Thanks. I think I understand, but could I just confirm - when you say "the badges dont meet those requirements", presumably you mean "a non-free use rational could not be written for them that would satisfy their non-free use in the way that they were being used in this article"?--Otus scops (talk) 23:31, 28 May 2014 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070203002804/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17wing/squadron/3cffts_e.asp to http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/17wing/squadron/3cffts_e.asp
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 20:16, 22 June 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Kramer Electronics
Kramer Electronics is an Information and communications technology company that designs, manufactures and distributes network-based devices and networking cables for professional video over IP and audio over IP. Products are commonly used for Video Conferencing, Education Technology and Closed-circuit television. Customers' include commercial enterprises and institutions such as universities, courts and local authorities. Kramer devices facilitate online control and enable hybrid (mixed local and remote) and BYOD (bring your own device) use cases. Kramer were wholly owned and managed by founder Joseph Kramer until 2021, when they were bought by the Israeli private equity fund Fortissimo Capital.
History
Kramer Electronics was founded in 1981 by Joseph Kramer, who has a PhD in pharmaceutical biology and was working in research and development at a company that manufactured headphones. His employer went out of business and Kramer foresaw the significance of video, then in its infancy, and used his previous employer's distribution channels to start selling video products of his own design.
Acquisition of Sierra Video
In 2003, Kramer Electronics bought Sierra Video, a company that manufactures Broadcast Routing equipment which expanded the Kramer product offering into large format routing products for composite video, RGBHV video and SDI and HD-SDI signals as well as audio signals.
Acquisition of UC Workspace
In February 2022, it was announced Kramer has acquired the hybrid collaboration meeting room application provider, UC Workspace. | WIKI |
User:Ramanujamuni/sandbox
multiple issues
Iyengar or Ayyangar (அய்யங்கார்/ஐயங்கார், ಅಯ್ಯಂಗಾರ್, అయ్యంగార్ ) is a caste given to Hindu Brahmins of Tamil origin who follow the Visishtadvaita philosophy propounded by Sri Ramanujacharya. They are found mostly in Tamil Nadu as they are generally native to the Tamil Nadu state of the Republic of India. But they are also found in large numbers in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Iyengar are divided into two different sub-sects. Like all Brahmin communities, they are also classified based on their gotra, or patrilineal descent.
The native tongue of the Iyengar Brahmins is Tamil. But nowadays there are Iyengars who speak other languages, mainly Telugu, Kannada. Vaishnavites have been living in the Tamil Nadu state of the Republic of India even prior to the time of Ramanuja. However, Iyengars as a community trace their origin from the times of Ramanuja.
In many cases, both Iyers and Iyengars are mistakenly referred to as "Ayyar" as they are indistinguishable from Iyers in their adherence of the Brahmanaical tradition. However, Devout Iyengars sport a namam ((thiruman+srichoornam)) as a caste-mark as opposed to Iyers who apply vibhuti, generally on their forehead.
Etymology
The word "Iyengar" is a relatively new name and was not used in any medieval works or scriptures. The word "Sri Vaishnava" would therefore be the right word to describe them, though all of them could be called as Sri Vaishnava Brahmins. The word Iyengar is derived from Ayya a Prakrit version of the Sanskrit word Arya along with the Telugu honorific plural suffix garu. Some others believe that the word "Iyengar" means one who is characterized by five attributes(Aindu angangal).
Lester, Robert C. claims that the word “Ayyangaar” was first used by Kandhaadai Ramanuja Ayyangaar of Tirupathi around 1450 AD.
Ethnicity, genetics and origin
Iyengars are divided into two different sects, namely Vadakalai and Thenkalai.
Vadakalai Iyengar
The Vadakalai Iyengars (Uttara Kalārya, उत्तर कलार्य) are believed to be an Indo-Aryan people who once migrated from North India. In a genetic study in Andhra Pradesh all individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed a high similarity of rhesus(d) gene frequency with the people of Faislabad in the Punjab province. All the individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed Rhesus(D) positive with a high frequency of the D allele while the other castes from Andhra showed a low frequency of the D allele. There is also a widespread belief that the Vadakalai Iyengars are of Kashmiri origin. Among Vadakalais, some adhere to the Pancharatra tradition and others follow the Munitraya tradition. Both these traditions(Pancharatra and Munitraya) had originated in Kashmir. It is obvious during festivals like “Krishna Jayanti”, where some vadakalais celebrate it as Pancharatra jayanti, and others celebrate the festival as Munitraya jayanti. Vadakalai Iyengars are ardent followers of the Sanskrit Vedas and believe in the caste system (Varnashrama Dharma). The Kambaramayanam Payiram describes the Vadakalai as Prakrit and the Thenkalai as Tamil while mentioning about Kossars, possibly indicating that the Vadakalai once spoke Prakrit (an extinct Indo-Aryan language derived from old Indic dialects) before adopting Tamil. Shri Vedanta Desika, the Vaishnavite Acharya and philosopher, founded the Vadakalai sampradaya based on the Sanskritic tradition.
Thenkalai Iyengar
The Thenkalai Iyengar sect (தென்னாசாரிய சம்பிரதாயம்) which was led by Manavala Mamuni, follow the Tamil prabhandams and reject the caste system. It is believed that the Thenkalais have evolved by admixing with non-Brahmins. Geoffrey A. Oddie in his work Hindus & Christians in South-east India writes that the Satanis were a Thengalai non-Brahmin who, according to M.Monier Williams were 'opposed to brahminical usages'. G.S.Ghurye in his book Caste and Race in India writes that the Thenkalai Guru Pillailokacharya must have been a Vellala (non-Brahmin). The Kambaramayanam Payiram as mentioned before describes the Thenkalai as Tamil and the Vadakalai as Prakrit, indicating that the Thenkalai Iyengars are indigenous to the Tamil Language.
Historic Evolution
The Iyengar community started taking shape about 1000 years ago, and traces its philosophical origins to Nathamuni, a Sri Vaishnava Acharya, who lived around 900 CE. Nathamuni, who was exposed to the divine outpourings of Nammazhwar and other Azhwars (Sri Vaishnava Saints from Southern India) introduced the philosophy of Azhwars into temple worship. Nathamuni's efforts were formalized into a religious system of lifestyle, practice and worship by Ramanuja who propounded the philosophy of Visishtadvaita. Ramanuja claimed that the mystic insights of the Azhwars were the same truths enshrined in the Vedas, and created a group of people whose identity as servants of Narayana focussed on the fact that all sentient beings were 'equal' being children of the same Supreme Being, and that outward bodily differences in terms of varna and caste were unimportant in terms of one's relationship to the Supreme. Ramanuja had Srivaishnava (Iyengar) disciples spanning the social spectrum, including non-Brahmin saints such as Pillai Uranga Villi Dasar and Tripura-devi, a lady disciple known for her unwavering devotion to Ramanuja. Edgar Thurston, in his work Castes and Tribes of Southern India explains that Vaishnavite Brahmins were all converted Smarthas. To support his view, he explains how some families of Iyengars observe death pollution in some Smartha Brahmin families.
According to tradition, a large number of Vadamas have adopted Vaishnavism since the origin of the community in the 11th century AD
Demographics
Iyengars, along with Iyers, are present in large numbers in the Chola Nadu region of Tamil Nadu, regarded as the traditional home of Tamil Brahmins. Besides Chola nadu, Iyengars are also present in large numbers in Chennai, Srirangam and Kanchipuram.
Iyengars are native to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Their numbers are evenly distributed all over Tamil Nadu with a majority of them, however, residing along the Cauvery Delta.
Fairly significant numbers are present in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. A large number of Iyengars migrated to Karnataka in the 11th century AD. Their descendants form a small part of Hebbars and Mandyam Iyengar communities.
Language and Dialect
The mother tongue of most Iyengars is Tamil. However, they speak a unique Iyengar dialect often called Vaishnava Paribhaashai. This dialect is almost identical with the Iyer dialect known as Brahmin Tamil, the difference only being in the level of Sanskritization. Scholars have often refused to recognize it as a separate dialect regarding it only as a sub-dialect of Brahmin Tamil. However, Iyengars in Karnataka speak a dialect that has a significant Kannada substrate, which has descended from medieval Tamil. It is also not uncommon or strange, to find many Karnataka Iyengars (Hebbar Srivaishnavas) speaking in Kannada. In fact, it was their original mother toungue quite a few centuries back. Iyengars in southern Andhra Pradesh speak both Tamil and Telugu.
For a detailed mapping of words and spoken forms of the Iyengar dialects and standard Tamil, see Iyengar Tamil.
By philosophy
Iyengars are classified into Vadakalai, or "Iyengars of the Northern Descension", and Thenkalai, or "Iyengars of the Southern Descension", with subtly different philosophical and ritual interpretations of Ubhaya Vedanta. Scholarly opinion is mixed as to the origin of the two names. Some believe that the terms Northern and Southern refer to differing regional developments, the Northern or Vadakalai predominating in the north of the Tamil Nadu state of the Republic of India and the Southern or Thenkalai predominating in the south. Others argue that they reflect the importance or primacy given to Sankrit Vedanta by the Vadakalais and of the Tamil scripture, Divya Prabandham, by the Thenkalais.
Some others argue further that the difference is also racial, with the opinion that the Vadakalai sect descend from Indo-Aryan missionaries whereas the Thenkalai sect descend from various groups, some ancient Brahmin groups that are not as 'Aryan' as the Vadakalais, suggesting Dravidian admixture, and that some also descended from converts to Sri Vaishnavism from non-Brahmin ethnic groups. However, the fact of the matter is that if analysed in purely racial terms there are many many dark skinned vadakalai iyengars and many many fair skinned Tenkalai iyengars. It is also a matter of fact that many non-Brahmin sects are fair skinned in south India. This can be mainly due to the competition amongst various sects to show their closeness to their not so long ago British rulers.
The Vadakalais, who trace their philosophical origins to Vedanta Desika, asseverate primacy to Sanskrit and Vedas, and believe that human effort is a contributory factor to liberation, as is Divine grace. The Thenkalais, who rever Pillai Lokacharya as well as Manavala Mamunigal, assert equal importance to Tamil and the prabhandams, and maintain that liberation comes primarily through grace. Despite these differences, however, both traditions uniformly revere the same teachers from the Alvars down to Ramanuja and largely agree in their core philosophies. Vadakalai Iyengars follow Thooppul Vedanta Desika. While Thenkalai Iyengars follow Ramanuja and Manavala Mamuni.
Edgar Thurston summarizes the points of dissension between Vadagalai and Thengalai Iyengars thus:
* 1) Whether Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu, is (Vibhu) co-omnipresent and co-illimitable with Vishnu;
* 2) Whether Lakshmi is only the mediatrix for, or the co-bestower of moksham or final beatitude;
* 3) Whether there is any graduated moksham attainable by the good and blessed, according to their multifarious merits;
* 4) Whether prapatti, or unconditional surrender of the soul to God, should be performed once for all, or after every act of spiritual rebellion;
* 5) Whether it (prapatti) is open to all, or is prescribed only for those specially prepared and apprenticed;
* 6) Whether the indivisibly atomic human soul is entered into, and permeated or not by the omnipresent creator;
* 7) Whether God's mercy is exerted with or without cause;
* 8) Whether the same (the divine mercy) means the overlooking (dhosha darsanam) or enjoyment (dhosha bogyatvam) of the soul's delinquencies;
* 9) Whether works (karma) and knowledge (Jnana) are in themselves salvation giving, or only lead to faith (bhakthi) by which final emancipation is attained;
* 10) Whether the good of other (unregenerate) castes should be tolerated according to their graduated social statuses, or should be venerated without reference to caste inequalities;
The principal difference between both sects lie in their belief relating to the theory of surrender to God. Thenkalai Iyengars believe that it is enough if you offer obesaiance/prostration to God once, while Vadakalai Iyengars believe that it is necessary to offer obesaince/prostration to God multiple times. This is the reason as to why a Vadakalai Iyengar is often seen prostrating four times, while Thenkalai Iyengars are seen prostrating only once. This aspect of difference in prostration reflects the subtle variation of faith. This is called marjala kishoram and markada kishorma in Sanskrit, referring to litter of cat and monkey. The Vadagalai sect rely on the fact that young one of a monkey always hugs its mother, otherwise the mother would not carry it. This explains the fact that one must always cling on to God to seek his blessings. On the contrary, the Thengalai sect rely on the fact that young one of a cat never hugs its mother, as the mother always would carry it. According to them, this explains the fact that it is enough if one cling on to God once to seek his blessings as the duty to protect you becomes his burden. The unique tradition of reciting Tamil Naalayira Divya Prabandams of Alwars, many of whom were non-Brahmins, and whose idols are installed in all srivaishnava temples has been singularly due to the impact of Tenkalai sampradayam and its fundamental belief that moksha is not caste related. The importance and significance of the teachings of alwars in all the srivaishnava temples like Srirangam, Tirumala-Tirupati etc., is the result of deep impact of tenkalai principles or sampradayam which is more inclusive in nature. The broad inclusive nature of the tenkalai sampradayam in contrast to the differentiating vadakalai principles, thus ensured that most sects following srivaishnava tradition, including non-brahminical castes, follow tenkalai sampradayam. Satanis are one such caste. Brahmin Tenkalai iyengars are a small but significant part of the universal tenkalai srivaishnava movement. Tenkalai sampradayam is not limited to south India alone. In north India, the vaishnava faith was made popular by swami Ramananda an influential social reformer of Northern India. Ramananda played an important role in reviving a religious sect that provided a spiritual pathway to people of all castes. He took a very radical approach to teaching and preaching through the inclusion of the poor and the people of low castes.Ramanujacharya and Ramananda both believed that the human soul is distinct from the Supreme Spirit and retains its identity and separate consciousness.Monasteries of the Ramanandi sect are in many states such as West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh (Shri Hathiramji Mutt at Tirumala and Tirupati), the Nepal Valley and the Nepalese Tarai. It is estimated that the Ramanandi sect is one of the largest Hindu ascetic sect. It is thus obvious that Ramananda also wanted to include all communities low or high very similar to the principles of tenkalai sampradayam and principles. Thus the tenkalai sampradayam can be stated as the true inheritor of Ramanujacharya, who wanted to propagate a universal srivaishnava faith where people of all classes and sects were assured of moksha, irrespective of birth.
An almanac dated 1765 divides Iyengars into Tadwadis and Ramanuja Vaishnavas. While the author mentions Kumbakonam as the headquarters of the Tadwadi sect he mentions Kanchipuram as the headquarters of the Ramanuja Vaishnavas.
Even amongst the Vadakalai and Thenkalai sects, there are further sub-traditions based on minor differences in system of prayer. For example among Vadakalai Iyengars, a group adheres to the Muth (Pancharatra) tradition while another group adheres to the Munitraya tradition, where both these traditions had originated in Kashmir. However the munitraya vadakalai sect does not refer to the above tradition of Kashmiri pandits.
By origin
Iyengars, both Vadakalai and Thenkalai, are sub-divided into Hebbar, Mandyam, Iyengar proper (those who live in Tamil Nadu) and Chozhiyar. The Iyengar proper, who form the majority are referred to as Keezhnaatu (from southern lands) in Karnataka.
Hebbar
The Hebbars speak a unique dialect of Tamil called Hebbar Tamil. In earlier years confined to the towns of Belur, Shanti Grama, Nuggehalli, Nonavinakere, Bindiganavile in the Tumkur district, and Hiremagalur (all in Karnataka), Hebbar Iyengars are now found in many parts of India, across Europe, and North America. It is believed that a small section of Hebbars are the descendants of Srivaishnavas who migrated to Karnataka from Tamil Nadu, in the train of the Vaishnavite acharya Ramanuja.
Mandyam
Mandyam Iyengars are those who migrated to Mandya district in Karnataka from Tirupathi in Andhra Pradesh. They are fewer in number than Hebbars and speak a unique dialect of Tamil known as Mandyam Tamil. Mandyam Iyengars, without exception, belong to the Thenkalai subsect.
It is interesting to note that Iyengars of Melkote, Khoday Iyengars, are famously known for their proficency in Sanskrit literature. The head of the Khoday Iyengars clan was Sri Shelvapellai Iyengar and now under the charge of Khoday Narayana Iyegnar; 'Khoday' is a Kannada word, literal meaning: "Umbrella". This epithet got tagged as their ancestors had the honour of holding an umbrella over Lord Yoga Narashimha, idol on the occasion of Melakote Vairamudi, in the pressence of the then Maharaja of Mysore. Most of the Mandyam sect, do not celebrate Deepawali due to the lore that Tippu Sultan massacred hundreds of relatives of the Tirumaliyengar, in retaliation for his having entered into an agreement with the British in 1790, on behalf of the dowager queen Rani Lakshammanni of Mysore.
Chozhiar Iyengars
The word Chozhiar means “of the Chola”. Chozhiar is the name given to a sect of Brahmins native to the Chola region. While most Chozhiars profess Saivism, some profess Vaishnavism and are known as Chozhiar Iyengars. . They usually bear titles as ‘Dikshitar’’’ or ‘Nambi’’’. The Chozhiar Iyengars are a closely knit community with a high degree of cooperation and cohesion. They are also found in and around Trichi in several agraharams like Srirangam, Puthur, Amoor etc.
Others
Other sub sects include Keezh Naattu Iyengars,Mysore Iyengars,Kalkunte Iyengars and Hemmige in Karnataka
Keezh Naadu refers to the more recent connection to southern lands. Keezh Naatu literally means southern land. This class comprises Brahmin migrants from Tamil Nadu who live in the South Western states such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The principle native cities or cities of importance to this sect of Iyengars are Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Mysooru(Mysore), Mandya, Kollegaala and Hassan districts of Karnataka.
Tamil Iyengars
This class describes the Iyengars that inhabit Tamil Nadu, whose descendants have a widespread diaspora throughout the South of India in states such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, as mentioned before. The principal native cities where they live in recent times are Sri Rangam, Kanchipuram/North Arcot(Tonda nadu) district, Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Madurai, Srivilliputtur,Ramanadapuram(near Tiruppalani), and Tirunelveli (near Nava Tirupathi divya desams) in Tamil Nadu.
In Karnataka they are mostly spread across the erstwhile Maharaja of Mysore's kingdom -Hassan, Mysore, Nuggehalli, Coorg.
In Andhra Pradesh, they are present in the areas around Tirupathi and Ahobilam (near Nandyal).
Philosophy
Many Iyengars accept Narayana / Vishnu as the Supreme Being (Paramatma), and subscribe to a monotheistic philosophy of a Supreme Being who is the primal, substantive and supportive cause of the manifest and unmanifest universe. But it will appear strange for a Southerner to know that Vishishtadvaitam as practised in South India is an unheard term among the Vaishnav Sects in the North India. They also recognize all other gods such as Brahma, Indra, Shiva and Agni in the Hindu pantheon as subservient to Narayana and amongst the jeevatmas (sentient souls, chit) whose existence is dependent upon the will of the Supreme Being.
The Lord of Kanchi is believed to have manifested Himself to Saint Tirukachi Nambi and revealed the following six principles, which form the six precepts of Visishtadvaita.:
* 1) Sriman Narayana is the supreme self; unparalleled and unsurpassed - ahameva param tattvam — अहमेव परम् तत्त्वम्.
* 2) The lord has all the insentient and sentient as his body, and He is the soul of everything - darshanam bhedam eva ca — दर्शनम् भेदम् एव च.
* 3) The way to get salvation is surrendering to the feet of the Lord - upAyeShu prapattiH syAt — उपायेषु प्रपत्ति: स्यात्.
* 4) There is no need to adopt contemplation on the Lord during our final breath - antima-smRti varjanam — अंतिम-स्मृति वर्जनम्.
* 5) After the soul departs from the material body, it gets salvation if he/she adopted the means of surrender (sharaNAgati शरणागति) -dehAvasAne muktiH syAt — देहावसाने मुक्ति: स्यात्.
* 6) One should approach a fully qualified Vaishnava acharya and get enlightened - (Poorna)achaaryam Samaasraya — (पूर्ण)आचार्यम् समास्रय.
Sri Vaishnavismm draws authority from the PrasthAna trayam — प्रस्थान त्रयम्, namely, Upanishads, Brahma Sutra, and Bhagavad Gita.
In addition to the PrasthAna trayam, Sri Vaishnavas consider the Tamil hymns of twelve saints called Alvars as equal in authority to that of the Vedas. These hymns are called the Divya Prabandha. The teachings found in Divya Prabhandham are completely consistent with the teachings of the Prasthana Thraiyam. Therefore, Sri Vaishnavas consider the Dhivya Prabhandhams to be equal in status to the Vedas. For this reason, Sri Vaishnavas are called Ubhaya Vedantis — उभय वेदांती.
The Vaishnavite tradition began in the Puranic period. Most Iyengars follow an unbroken lineage of Acharyas. After the period of the Tamil Saints called Azhvars, the Divya Prabandha was lost. During the 9th century C.E., Sri Nathamuni retrieved them by the grace of Nammalvar and re-established Sri Vaishnavism. For this reason Sriman Nathamuni is considered the first Acharya of the modern era. In the line of Acharyas that followed, Ramanuja is considered the greatest. Among his many achievements the commentary he wrote for Brahma Sutra, called Sri Bhashyam — श्री भाष्य|श्री भाष्यम् is considered by many to be the best.
Among the Acharyas after Sri Ramanuja, Sri Vedantha Desika and Sri Manavalamamuni are considered preeminent After the time of these two great saints several Sri Vaishnava religious orders of Swami Sri Desikan followed. Sri Ahobila Matam is the second oldest in this line.
Rituals
Rituals that mark important events in life, such as Seemantham, Jatakarma, Namakaranam, Vidyabhyasam, Upanayanam, Kalyanam, Shasthiabdhapoorthi and Tarpanam are practised by Iyengars. The rituals are generally similar to practices of Brahmins around India but bear great similarity to the practices of Iyers. The rituals which form a part of the person's life are Jatakarma, Upanayanam and Tarpanam.
Samasrayanam
Amongst all Srivaishnavas, there is a unique initiation ceremony into the Vaishnavite Brahmin brotherhood along with the Upanayanam. The Vasihnavite youngster is initiated into Iyengar fraternity by branding him with the Chakram(wheel) and the sanghu(conch), which are holy symbols associated with Lord Vishnu. The ceremony of initiation called Samashrayanam is usually carried out by the head of a Vaishnavite mutt. The knot in the sacred thread worn by Vaishnavites is known as Vishnu Grandhi as opposed to those worn by Smarthas which is known as Rudra Grandhi.
Weddings
A typical Iyengar wedding are made up of the following events: Vethalaipakku, Pandalkal, Janwaasam, Nischayathartham, Nandi or Vratham, Kashiyathrai, Oonjal, Piddishuttal, Kanyadaanam, Mangalaya Dharanam, Akshathai, Homam, Saptapadi, Nagoli, Vasthra, Gruhapravesham, Sambandhi Virandhu,Reception and Nalangu.
Important Festivals
Iyengars, as Srivaishnavas, observe festivals such as Pongal(referred to as Makara Sankranti by Vadakalais), Rama Navami, Krishna Janmashtami, Dussehra or Navaratri, Deepavali and Vaikunta Ekadashi. It is common among orthodox Iyengars to observe fasts during certain months of the Tamizh calendar, as also yearly pujas during the month of Margazhi.
Lifestyle and culture
See Also: Traditional Iyer Ethics, Traditional Attire
The first and foremost point of references for Iyengars with regard to their legal system is the Manusmriti. The Manusmriti prescribes a set of ethical vales to be practised. Iyengars of the Vadagalai sect, in particular, rigorously follow the set of values prescribed by the Manusmriti. Among adult males, it is common to observe nithyakarma - the daily ablutions, obesiances to the Sun, Sandhyavandanam and pranayama (a form of Yoga). Adult females observe days of rest during their menstrual cycle and do not cook or observe rituals during these days. Adult females do not perform the same rituals as adult males although they generally take part in the same rituals and nithyakarmas. The nithyakarmas form the basic structure of the Brahmanical lifestyle for Iyengars.
The traditional dress of Iyengars is the same as that of other South Indian Brahmins. During religious ceremonies, Iyengar men clothe themselves in a panchagacham(a cotton or silk clothing with five folds) and an angavastram. Just like Iyers, Iyengar women wear a nine-yard long saree known as the madisar but the style of wearing the saree is different from that of the Iyers.
Iyengars sport the Sricharanam as opposed to Iyers who apply vibhuti. The significance of the Sricharanam is that it represents the Goddess Lakshmi, the divine consort of Lord Vishnu and is considered an important representative of one's faith in the Divine. It is typical for devout Iyengars to wear the Sricharanam (along with, in many cases, the Thirumann) at all times, except when they perform the morning duties and subsequently the ablutions prescribed as part of the Nitya karma or daily activities. Iyengar women usually wear a tilakam and a sindooram at traditional ceremonies. A married Iyengar woman, called a Sumangali', is expected to wear a mangalyam - referred to in Tamizh thali'' which indicates her marital status.
Politics
Post-independence, Iyengars, along with Iyers, have been marginalized by the anti-Brahmin Movement in Tamil Nadu. Prior to independence, Iyengars along with Iyers, held a monopoly over education and had a firm control over the administrative machinery in Madras province. The Iyengar community can take just pride in having produced the first Congress Chief Minister of Madras province, the first Indian Governor-General of India and a leading luminary of the freedom movement, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. However, ironically, it was partially to Rajaji's policies, that Tamil Brahmins, owe their downfall. A couple of legislations brought into effect by the Rajaji Government that ruled from 1937 to 1940 and 1950 to 1952 decreed that the children in a family should learn and master the trade of their parents and that Hindi should be made compulsory for government jobs. These legislations, more than anything else, were responsible for vitiating the communal atmosphere in the province resulting in the rapid growth of the Dravidian Movement. Rajaji was elected for a second term in 1952 but with Rajaji's resignation as Chief Minister two years later and his replacement by Kamaraj, the downfall began. Iyers and Iyengars were gradually effaced out of the political scene by the rise of Dravidianism and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam which captured power in 1967. Today, Iyengars, along with Iyers, have almost disappeared from the political arena with the exception of a few individuals. Brahmin individuals still continue to wield considerable authority as the example of Jayalalithaa Jayaram, AIADMK which is a Dravidian party, the present Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu ,would indicate.
Iyengars and Iyers
The Iyengar community has evolved mostly through the conversion of Smartha Brahmins Edgar Thurston says that a large number of Thummagunta Dravida Brahmins belonging to the Iyer subsect have been converting to Srivaishnavism even during his lifetime. He also states that the Vaishnavite Thummagunta Dravida marry only Thummagunta Dravida women and hence the numbers of Vaishnavite converts had been swelled through marriage alliances with the Thummagunta Smarthas. Iyengars have much in common with Iyers with respect to their observance of Vedic rituals, lifestyle, traditions, heritage, history and culture. They descend from the same set of Gotras. However significant differences arise mainly with respect to their adherence to the Vishishtadvaita philosophy, monastic affiliation, marriage traditions and to a small extent vocabulary. Another notable difference is the way the traditional nine yards saree(madisaar) is draped by the Iyengar women.
Iyengars today
Srivaisnava Brahmins are much given to scholarly pursuits and have earned for themselves the honorary title of acarya. Iyengars today have diversified into a variety of fields—their strengths particularly evident in the fields of law, mass media,medicine business, science, engineering, mathematics and computer science. However, even today, a few Iyengars choose to pursue the vocation of priesthood.
Iyengars have been active in the arts. Music has always been integral to the Iyengar community; Carnatic music has a great tradition within the community with many contemporary performers originating from the Iyengar community. Apart from vocal music, instruments such as mridangam, naadaswaram, veena, ghatam, violin, and more recently, the mandolin etc., Bharatanatyam were also patronized. Carnatic music and Bharathanatyam together enjoy a rich patronage in the cultural festivities in and around Chennai during the months of December and January (Margazhi or Mrgasheersha). For a list of Iyengars who have achieved prominence in their vocations, see List of Iyengars. In addition to Carnatic music and traditional dances (Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi), Iyengars have made a name in theater and acting. Popular actors in the Tamil Film Industry and Bollywood such as Kamal Haasan, Hema Malini, Charuhasan, Suhasini Maniratnam and others are practising or non-practising Iyengars. There are many eminent scientists and mathematicians such as Mudumbai Sesachalu Narasimhan, or M. S. Narasimhan.
Criticism
''See Also: Criticism of Iyers, Brahminism, Anti-Brahminism, Caste-Based Reservations in Tamil Nadu
It was found that prior to Independence, the Pallars were never allowed to enter the residential areas of the caste Hindus particularly of the Brahmins. Whenever a Brahmin came out of his house, no Scheduled Caste person was expected to come in his vicinity as it would pollute his sanctity and if it happened by mistake, he would go back home cursing the latter. He would come out once again only after taking a bath and making sure that no such thing would be repeated.
However, as a mark of protest a few Pallars of this village deliberately used to appear before the Brahmin again and again. By doing so the Pallars forced the Brahmin to get back home once again to take a bath drawing water from deep well.
Grievances and alleged instances of discrimination by Brahmins are believed to be the main factors which fuelled the Dravidian Movement. This, in combination with the depressed economic and social conditions of non-Brahmins, led the non-Brahmins to agitate and form the Justice Party in 1916, which later became the Dravidar Kazhagam. The Justice Party banked on vehement anti-Hindu and anti-Brahmin propaganda to ease Brahmins out of their privileged positions. Gradually, the non-Brahmin replaced the Brahmin in every sphere and destroyed the monopoly over education and the administrative services which the Brahmin had previously held.
However, with the destruction of Brahmin monopoly over the services and introduction of adequate representation for other communities, anti-Brahmin feelings did not subside. On the contrary, they were fully exploited by politicians, who often indulged in anti-Brahmin rhetoric primarily in order to get non-Brahmin votes. Deprived of opportunities, Tamil Brahmins began to migrate en masse to other states in India and foreign countries in search of livelihood. There were frequent allegations of casteism and racism against Brahmins very similar to the ones made by the lower castes against them in the decades before independence.
However, despite accusations of casteism against Iyengars and Iyers, there have been a number of instances wherein Iyengars have toiled to remove caste-barriers. Sir P. Rajagopalachari, during his tenure as the Dewan of Travancore brought forth legislations to permit Dalits and Ezhava children in schools notwithstanding the vehement protests of the Malayali upper-castes. It was also due to his efforts that restrictions towards nomination of low-castes and untouchables to the Travancore State Assembly were removed. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, during his tenure as the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency enacted an act similar to the Temple Entry Proclamation issued in Travancore that permitted the entry of Dalits into Hindu temples.
Another important accusation hurled upon was that they were Sanskritists who entertained a distorted and contemptuous attitude towards Tamil language, culture and civilization
However, a detailed study of the history of Tamil literature proves this accusation wrong. The renowned Dravidologist Kamil Zvelebil, in his book Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, even goes to the extent of saying that the Brahmin was chosen as a scapegoat to answer for the decline of Tamil civilization and culture in the medieval and post-medieval periods. The Nalayira Divya Prabandham is regarded as the Tamil Veda and is recited along with the Vedas during festival processions.
Famous Iyengars
Main Article - List of Iyengars | WIKI |
Talk:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Untitled
Need to create this page as redirect to List of countries in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. ← Alex Great talkrus? 04:48, 20 August 2016 (UTC)
* Done, fully protected the page so that people don't try to recreate the article without a WP:DRV. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 09:17, 20 August 2016 (UTC)
Retarget to Bosnia and Herzegovina-specific section
seems a more appropriate target to me, as it's specifically about B&H. Also, I added rcats to a bunch of similar redirects such as, I think the same rcats would be appropriate on this one too. ―Jochem van Hees (talk) 22:58, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
* ✅ Jake Wartenberg (talk) 20:25, 4 March 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Donald ANDERSON and Jack Smith, Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 74-3291 and 74-3292.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Jan. 23, 1976.
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied March 30, 1976.
Steven M. Kipperman (argued), San Francisco, Cal., for defendants-appellants in 74-3291. '
Stephen Arian (argued), San Francisco, Cal., for defendants-appellants in 74^3292.
Michael Starrett, Asst. U. S. Atty. (argued), San Francisco, Cal., for plaintiff-ap-pellee.
The Honorable Raymond E. Plummer, Senior United States District Judge, District of Alaska, sitting by designation.
OPINION
Before DUNIWAY and SNEED, Circuit Judges, and PLUMMER, District Judge.
PLUMMER, Senior District Judge:
Appellants were tried before a jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and were convicted on both counts of a two count indictment. Count One charged a conspiracy from on or about the 22nd day of January, 1974, and continuously thereafter up to and including February 6, 1974, in the Northern District of California and elsewhere, to transport stolen stock of Flying Diamond Corporation (FDC) having a value of $405,-000.00, in interstate commerce in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371.
Count Two charged that the defendants did transport in interstate commerce from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco, California in the Northern District of California, stolen securities, that is, 90,000 shares of stock of FDC, of the value of approximately $405,000.00, knowing the same to have been stolen in violation of Title 18, United States Code, §§ 2314 and 2.
On appeal defendants have asserted twenty-one errors. We have considered all of them and found them to be without merit. We discuss those questions relating to the statute involved, the sufficiency of the indictment, the sufficiency of the evidence, variance, amendment of the indictment, objections to instructions, conduct of trial, post-arrest statement, Jencks Act, impeachment of witnesses, law of conspiracy, and motion for new trial.
The Statutes.
Paragraph 1 of Section 2314 of Title 18, United States Code, insofar as pertinent to this case provides:
“Whoever transports in interstate commerce . . . any . . . securities ... of the value of $5,000 or more, knowing the same to have been stolen . . . ”
shall be guilty of an offense against the United States.
The purpose of Paragraph 1 of Section 2314 is precisely stated therein. No cases have been cited by defendants holding or suggesting that this portion of the statute is “unconstitutionally vague.”
The definition of “securities” as used in Chapter 113 of Title 18, United States Code, Section 2311 of said Title provides:
“ ‘Securities’ include any stock certificate . . .; or any forged, counterfeited, or spurious representation of any of the foregoing; ”
Sections 2311 and 2314 of Title 18, United States Code, refer only to tangible items which are capable of being touched and are able to be perceived as materially existing, especially by the senses of sight or touch. Since “stock” is an intangible interest in the capital of a corporation, it is an interest incapable of being seen, touched, or transported in interstate commerce, and is an interest which does not materially exist and is not visible or corporeal. For this reason the word “stock” is not mentioned in either Section 2311 or 2314 of Title 18, United States Code.
Count Two of the indictment also charges defendants with a violation of Section 2 of Title 18, United States Code, which provides:
“(a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.
“(b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.”
Sufficiency of the Indictment.
Defendants challenge the sufficiency of the indictment. By technical construction they assert a claim that the indictment returned by the Grand Jury fails to sufficiently inform them of the nature of the charges for which they were indicted. However, an indictment is not to be read in a technical manner, but is to be construed according to common sense with an appreciation of existing realities. United States v. Pleasant, 469 F.2d 1121 (8th Cir. 1972); McKinney v. United States, 172 F.2d 781 (9th Cir. 1949). It must be read to include facts which are necessarily implied by the allegations made therein. United States v. Barbato, 471 F.2d 981 (1st Cir. 1973); United States v. Silverman, 430 F.2d 106 (2nd Cir. 1970). Even if an essential averment in an indictment is faulty in form, if it may by fair construction be found within the text, it is sufficient. Chargois v. United States, 267 F.2d 410, 412 (9th Cir. 1959), citing Craig v. United States, 81 F.2d 816, 822 (9th Cir. 1936).
The purpose of an indictment is to furnish the defendant with a sufficient description of the charge against him to enable him to prepare his defense, to enable him to plead double jeopardy against a second prosecution and to inform the court of the facts alleged so that it can determine the sufficiency of the charge. Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962); Williamson v. United States, 310 F.2d 192 (9th Cir. 1962). Fairly read this indictment does so. We see no basis for finding either count infirm. Inasmuch as the sentences imposed on both counts as to both defendants were to run concurrently, we consider only the conviction as to Count Two. United States v. Westover, 511 F.2d 1154, 1155 (9th Cir. 1974). The conspiracy count is unquestionably adequate since it charges the offense substantially in the words of the statute. United States v. Murray, 492 F.2d 178, 192 (9th Cir. 1973).
The defendants were charged in an indictment returned by the Grand Jury. Neither the Fifth Amendment nor any constitutional provision prescribes the kind of evidence upon which Grand Juries must act. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, the presumption of regularity which attaches to Grand Jury proceedings still exists. See United States v. Hamling, 481 F.2d 307, 313 (9th Cir. 1973).
The Sixth Amendment requires that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusations. Rule 7, Fed. R.Crim.P., provides in substance that the indictment shall be a plain, concise, and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged. It need not contain any other matter or information not necessary to such a statement. The indictihent shall state for each count the official or customary citation of the statute which the defendant is alleged therein to have violated.
Count Two of the indictment charges in pertinent part:
“That . . . the defendants did transport in interstate commerce from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco, California, . . ., stolen securities ., of the value of approximately $405,000 knowing the same to have been stolen . . . ”
The wording of the indictment closely follows the language set forth in the statute. This is sufficient. See United States v. Hamling, supra, p. 312. The decision of this court was affirmed in Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 94 S.Ct. 2887, 41 L.Ed.2d 590 (1974). Cases upholding the validity of an indictment under 18 U.S.C. § 2314 where the allegations followed the language of the statute are United States v. Farabee, 411 F.2d 1210 (5th Cir. 1969) and Downing v. United States, 348 F.2d 594 (5th Cir. 1955).
In addition to framing the indictment in the language of the statute the government in this case included in Count Two the additional matter or information that the securities alleged in the indictment were 90,000 shares of stock of Flying Diamond Corporation (FDC). Additional matter or information was provided to defendants in response to their bill of particulars in that the defendants were physically shown and were permitted to inspect and examine the evidence, the stock certificates, upon which the government based the indictment and its case.
Defendants have totally failed to support their assertions. To the contrary, the record establishes that the requirements of Russell, supra, and Williamson, supra, were fully met by the government.
Sufficiency of the Evidence.
The essential elements required to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, by the government, in order to establish the offense charged in Count Two of the indictment are as follows:
1. Defendants transported securities in interstate commerce as alleged in Count Two.
2. The securities transported were of a value of $5,000 or more.
3. That defendants knew the securities had been stolen.
At the close of the government’s case in chief, defendants moved for judgments of acquittal. Counsel were heard in oral argument, the motions were taken under advisement, and thereafter denied. At the close of all the evidence appellants renewed their motions and they were again considered and denied.
The test to be applied by the trial court in deciding a motion for judgment of acquittal in a criminal case and the test to be applied by the appellate court in reviewing that decision are, as a practical matter, identical. The evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the verdict. United States v. Nelson, 419 F.2d 1237 (9th Cir. 1969). The court must be “satisfied that the jurors reasonably could decide that they would not hesitate to act in their own serious affairs upon factual assumptions as probable as the conclusion” that the defendant is guilty as charged. United States v. Leal, 509 F.2d 122, 125 (9th Cir. 1975); United States v. Felix, 474 F.2d 610, 612 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Nelson, supra, 419 F.2d at 1245.
1. Defendants transported securities in interstate commerce as alleged in Count Two of the indictment.
A written stipulation was read into the record establishing that at approximately noon on February 6, 1974, the defendants left Salt Lake City, Utah, together, via Western Airlines and arrived in San Francisco, California, at approximately 1:00 p. m. The evidence establishes beyond a reasonable doubt that defendants had with them on this trip 90,000 shares of FDC stock. Shares of stock being intangible interests are incapable of being transported in interstate commerce. However, these particular 90,000 shares of FDC stock were in fact represented and evidenced by tangible physical objects, i. e. stock certificates, which were capable of being transported in interstate commerce.
These tangible, physical stock certificates were in fact physically handed by Smith to Anderson, were placed in a briefcase, and were transported in interstate commerce by air from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco, California. In view of the defendants’ previous dealings in securities, their experience in transferring FDC stock certificates as stock nominees, their negotiations and dealings with defendant George, and the fact that they were to receive a $10,000 fee for supplying the stock certificates, their assertion that they were unaware that they were transporting securities is ridiculously unbelievable.
Had defendants’ counsel read Section 2311 of Title 18, United States Code, they would, as a matter of law, have known, or should have known, that the definition of “securities” included any stock certificate, or any counterfeited or spurious representation thereof.
As their primary defense, counsel for defendants by their repeated misleading assertions endeavored to convince the jury that the FDC stock certificates were nothing more than “pieces of paper.”
In Richland Trust Co. v. Federal Insurance Co., 494 F.2d 641, 642 (6th Cir. 1974), the court, quoting Union Banking Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 4 Ohio App.2d 397, 213 N.E.2d 191 (1965) quoted as follows therefrom:
“ ‘There appears to be general agreement that the word “counterfeit”, as used means an imitation of a genuine document having a resemblance intended to deceive and be taken for the original. (emphasis as in original).
“ ‘We would again stress that a document or writing is counterfeit if it is an imitation, i. e., if an attempt has been made to simulate another document which is genuine.’ ”
In State Bank of Poplar Bluff v. Maryland Casualty Co., 289 F.2d 544, 547-548 (8th Cir. 1961) Circuit Judge (now Mr. Justice) Blackmun, speaking for the court said:
“ . . . the noun ‘counterfeit’ means ‘that which is made in imitation of something with a view to deceive’, and that the verb ‘counterfeit’ means ‘to imitate’. Webster’s New International Dictionary (Second Edition, 1960). The legal definitions place like emphasis ... so far as counterfeiting is concerned, upon copying or imitating. Black’s Law Dictionary (Fourth Edition, 1951); ... 14 Am. Jur., Counterfeiting, § 2; 20 C.J.S. Counterfeiting § 1.”
The word “spurious” is defined as meaning outwardly similar or corresponding to something, without having its genuine qualities.
In United States v. Chodor, 479 F.2d 661 (1st Cir. 1973) the court held that instruments which resembled ten dollar Federal Reserve notes in all other significant respects could properly be found to be of sufficient quality to be considered counterfeit despite the absence of two serial numbers and the Treasury Seal on their face. The court at p. 664 stated:
“Finally, appellant’s assertion that the trial court erred in failing to rule as a matter of law that the notes in question were not counterfeit because they were lacking ‘significant particular^],’ United States v. Moran, 470 F.2d 742 (1st Cir. 1972), to wit, two serial numbers and the Treasury Seal on their face, is also unavailing. The proper test for determining what constitutes a counterfeit obligation is, as stated in United States v. Lustig, 159 F.2d 798, 802 (3d Cir. 1947), rev’d on other grounds, 338 U.S. 74, 69 S.Ct. 1372, 93 L.Ed. 1819 (1949),
‘whether the fraudulent obligation bears such a likeness or resemblance to any of the genuine obligations or securities issued under the authority of the United States as is calculated to deceive an honest, sensible and unsuspecting person of ordinary observation and care dealing with a person supposed to be upright and honest.’
Accord, United States v. Johnson, 434 F.2d 827, 829 (9th Cir. 1970); United States v. Smith, 318 F.2d 94, 95 (4th Cir. 1963). In light of the three minor deficiencies of the notes in question, the trial court was clearly correct in submitting to the jury the question of whether these notes were of sufficient quality to be considered counterfeit. Lastly, given our endorsement of this standard and the fact that the court charged the substance of the Lustig test, even assuming that appellant requested an instruction that if the notes lacked ‘any significant quality’ they could not be found to be counterfeit, we cannot agree that the omission of this statement from the charge constituted prejudicial error.”
See United States v. Anderson, 359 F.Supp. 61 (D.C.Ark.1973) where the court “held that incomplete bond forms were ‘securities,’ within the meaning of statute relating to transportation of stolen securities, even though they did not contain, at time of the transportation, the validating signatures, since the bonds were adequate simili-tudes of genuine bonds, and where after completion they certainly would have been calculated to deceive a reasonably prudent and intelligent investor, and statute was sufficiently broad to include incompleted bonds forms where the forms were counterfeited with an intent to defraud or where they were transported in interstate commerce with such an intent.”
At page 65 in Anderson one of the court’s instructions appears and reads as follows:
“ . . .if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that these documents or bonds were printed in Memphis without the authority of Arkansas, Louisiana Gas Co. or Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., and that they were printed for the purpose on the part of some person or persons to use them as instruments of fraud or deceit, and if you further find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the bonds had a sufficient appearance of genuineness on their faces so that they might be used to defraud a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence, then you may find that the bonds were counterfeit securities even though . they were printed in blank as far as identification of the payee or owner was concerned and even though they did not bear the countersignatures called for by the bonds.” (Emphasis as in opinion).
At page 66 the court stated:
“In this case when the defendant transported the bonds to Brinkley, the ‘counterfeiting’ of the documents was complete. Those documents were adequate similitudes of genuine Arkla bonds and after completion would certainly have been calculated to deceive a reasonably prudent and intelligent investor. Cf. United States v. Webb, supra [5 Cir., 1971, 443 F.2d 308]; Koran v. United States, 5 Cir., 1969, 408 F.2d 1321; United States v. Lustig, 3 Cir., 1947, 159 F.2d 798; (resemblance sufficient); and United States v. Johnson, 9 Cir., 1970, 434 F.2d 827; United States v. Smith, 4 Cir., 1963, 318 F.2d 94; United States v. Gellman, D.C.Minn.1942, 44 F.Supp. 360; (resemblance insufficient). And the Court thinks that section 2311 is sufficiently broad to include incompleted bond forms when the forms are counterfeited with intent to defraud, and when they are transported in interstate commerce with such intent.”
Compare United States v. Galardi, 476 F.2d 1072 (9th Cir. 1973).
2. The securities transported were of a value of $5,000 or more.
Although the indictment alleged the value of the stocks to be a value of approximately $405,000, the statute requires only that the securities have a value of $5,000 or more. ¶ 1,18 U.S.C. 2314; United States v. Weinberg, 478 F.2d 1351, 1354 (3d Cir. 1973). “Value” means the face, par, or market value, whichever is the greatest, and the aggregate value of all securities referred to in a single indictment constitutes the value thereof. 18 U.S.C. § 2311.
If defendants had, in fact, any concern over the allegation that the value of the stock was approximately $405,000 instead of the value of $5,000 or more, as required by the statute, they could have remedied this situation by a motion to strike the excess amount of $400,000 as surplusage. Rule '7(d), Fed.R.Crim.P. Defendants, for tactical, strategical, or other reasons, elected not to do so. Consequently the government, under the court’s instructions, were required to prove a value of approximately $405,000. The government succeeded in proving this value beyond a reasonable doubt to the satisfaction of the jury by establishing the over-the-counter price published in the Wall Street Journal. It is unquestioned that in proving the fact of market value, accredited price-current lists and market reports including those published in trade journals or newspapers which are accepted as trustworthy, are admissible in evidence. Virginia v. West Virginia, 238 U.S. 202, 212, 35 S.Ct. 795, 59 L.Ed. 1272 (1914); VI Wigmore on Evidence, 3rd ed., 1970; Cf. Fed.Rules Evid., Rule 803(17) and Note to ¶ (17), Notes of Advisory Committee on Proposed Rules, p. 584.
The assertions made by defense counsel that the stock certificates were valueless pieces of paper border on the frivolous in view of the evidence which established that defendants were to receive a “finders fee” of $10,000, double the statutory amount required by 18 U.S.C. § 2314, for providing the FDC stock certificates.
3. That defendants knew that securities had been stolen.
Applying the appropriate standards of review we find that appellee’s counter statement of facts appearing on pages 2 through 8, inclusive, of appellee’s opening brief filed on February 14, 1975, is adequately supported by the record as a whole. We further find after considering the evidence in its entirety that there was sufficient relevant evidence, both direct and circumstantial, from which, if considered most favorably to the government, the jury could rationally and properly find or infer beyond a reasonable doubt that at a time or times between December, 1972, and August, 1973, Jay Miller and Michael Halfhill of American Stock Transfer Company, the stock transfer agent for FDC, without authority, overissued 200,000 shares of FDC stock. These shares of stock were evidenced by genuine stock certificate forms of FDC, reflected the names of fictitious shareholders and stated the number of shares represented by the stock certificate. The stock certificates were complete except for a signature in the blank space provided for the stock transfer agent. The evidence established that the insertion of the name Jay Miller or any other signature placed in this blank by anyone would have enabled the stock certificate to be transferred. Jay Miller with the connivance of John Badger and through the use of stock nominees, including defendants Anderson and Smith, accomplished the sale or transfer of $500,000 worth of the unauthorized overissued FDC stock certificates through the brokerage office of Transamerican Securities in Salt Lake City. Sometimes prior to June, 1973, defendant Smith obtained possession of 90,-000 shares of this FDC stock from Jay Miller. In approximately June of 1973 two demands were made of Smith to return the stock certificates to the stock transfer agent of FDC. Smith refused to do so, claiming on one occasion that “they were in a safe place,” and on the second occasion that he had destroyed them. In approximately December of 1973 defendant Anderson was contacted by defendant George with reference to obtaining collateral that he might use to raise money which he desperately needed. Anderson knew, or at that time became aware, that Smith still had in his possession the stock certificates representing 90,000 shares of FDC stock. Anderson, after being contacted by George, contacted Smith. Smith just happened to have come into contact with a “Reed Larson” who just happened to have stock certificates representing 90,000 shares of FDC stock, which he supposedly made available to Smith on condition that the stock was returned within ninety days. For the services rendered by Anderson and Smith they were to be paid a “finders fee” of $10,000. No evidence was presented by defendants that “Reed Larson” was to receive any money for making the stock available. There is no evidence that at the time Smith received the stock from “Reed Larson” that any address, information, or arrangements were made whereby the stock could be returned at the end of the ninety day period. Nor was any evidence presented at the trial by defendants that they had made any effort or attempt to locate “Reed Larson” to have him available as a witness to corroborate their testimony or to exculpate them.
It is evident from the verdict that the jury did not believe, and were not required to believe, the inherently improbable and unbelievable self-serving stories of the vitally interested defendants. Their testimony could not only be disbelieved, but from the totality of the circumstances, including the manner in which they testified, a contrary inference or conclusion could properly be drawn. The jury was not gullible enough to swallow the incredible story fabricated by defendants, and properly found that the stock certificates which Smith had “stolen” by refusing to return them, upon demand, to the stock transfer agent of FDC, were in fact the stock certificates described in the indictment and which are the subject matter of this case. See United States v. Cisneros, 448 F.2d 298, 305, 306 (9th Cir. 1971); United States v. Castro, 476 F.2d 750 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Ramos, 476 F.2d 624 (9th Cir. 1973), cert. denied 414 U.S. 836, 94 S.Ct. 182, 38 L.Ed.2d 72; United States v. Peyton, 454 F.2d 213 (9th Cir. 1971); Dyer v. MacDougall, 201 F.2d 265, 268 (2nd Cir. 1952).
The court correctly instructed the jury that “stolen” means acquired or possessed, as a result of some wrongful or dishonest act or taking whereby a person wilfully obtains or retains possession of property which belongs to another, without or beyond any permission given, and with the intent to deprive the owner of the benefit of ownership. The stock certificates obtained by Smith and retained in his possession after the return thereof had been requested were “stolen” within the meaning of Section 2314 of Title 18, United States Code. The term “stolen” has no common law derivative and is usually construed broadly. United States v. Turley, 352 U.S. 407, 77 S.Ct. 397, 1 L.Ed.2d 430 (1957); United States v. Hollinshead, 495 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir. 1974); Smith v. United States, 233 F.2d 744 (9th Cir. 1956).
After carefully reviewing all the evidence produced at trial, considered in the light most favorable to the government, together with the reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom, we are convinced that there was an abundance of credible evidence, both direct and circumstantial from which the jury could find the defendants guilty as charged.
Variance.
A variance between the charge of the indictment and the proof offered at trial may affect the substantial rights of a defendant in a criminal case if the effect is to prevent the defendant from presenting his defense properly, or if it takes him unfairly by surprise, or if it exposes him to double jeopardy. Where, as in this case, the alleged variance does not have any of those effects it should not serve as a grounds for reversal.
Rule 52(a), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, provides in pertinent part:
“Any . . . variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.”
See United States v. Andrino, 501 F.2d 1373 (9th Cir. 1974); Heisler v. United States, 394 F.2d 692 (9th Cir. 1968); United States v. Freeman, 514 F.2d 1184 (10th Cir. 1975).
In this case there was no variance. Count Two of the indictment charged that defendants transported securities in interstate commerce from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco, California. The proof at trial established this fact beyond a reasonable doubt. The indictment charged the value of the securities transported were of a value of approximately $405,000. The proof at trial established beyond a reasonable doubt that the market value of the securities was approximately $405,000 and that the par or face value of the securities was $90,000. The statute requires only that the securities be of a value of $5,000 or more. The indictment charged that the defendants knew the securities had been stolen. The jury found this fact to be true beyond a reasonable doubt. The government at trial proved precisely each essential element of the charge alleged in the indictment.
There is no evidence that defendants were prevented from presenting a proper defense, if in fact they had one. Defendants cannot seriously assert that they were unfairly taken by surprise when in fact they were shown and permitted to inspect the government’s evidence in advance of trial. The defendants have made no showing that they may now be exposed to double jeopardy.
Unfortunately for defendants, the integrity of the jury prevented defense counsel from misleading, deceiving or hoodwinking them into believing their ingenious assertions that the spurious or counterfeit securities stolen by defendants were mere pieces of paper. However, the government should not be faulted for the tactics or strategy of defense counsel.
The record as a whole reflects that no substantial rights of the defendants were affected; that defendants were fairly notified of the substance of the offenses for which they were convicted; that the relationship between the offenses charged in the indictment and the offenses proved at trial clearly establish that defendants had adequate notice of the charges against them and that they are now fully protected against possible prosecution for the same offenses. In the final analysis, the effect of the trial court’s rulings and instructions required the government to assume a greater burden of proof than the law required.
Amendment of Indictment.
When instructing the jury the trial court charged that an element of the offense is that the stock have a value in excess of $5,000. Since the indictment stated the value of the stock at approximately $405,000.00 the defendants contend that this amended the indictment. The amount in excess of $5,000 constituted mere sur-plusage and was properly rejected by the court. Ford v. United States, 273 U.S. 593, 602, 47 S.Ct. 531, 71 L.Ed. 793 (1927); United States v. Dawson, 516 F.2d 796, 799-804 (9th Cir. 1975); United States v. Harvey, 428 F.2d 782 (9th Cir. 1970); United States v. Edwards, 465 F.2d 943 (9th Cir. 1972); Raymond v. United States, 376 F.2d 581 (9th Cir. 1967). There was no amendment of the indictment.
Objections to Instructions.
The government’s instruction 24, complained of now but not properly objected to at trial, essentially required the jury to find that the documents in question were “securities,” a necessary element of the offense. When given the opportunity to object to this instruction the following objections were made:
“Object to Government’s Instruction No. 24 on the grounds that it is an improper statement of the essential elements of the offense in this case.”
“I object to 24 as an improper statement of the elements of the case.”
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 30 provides in part:
“No party may assign as error any portion of the charge or omission therefrom unless he objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter to which he objects and the grounds of his objection.”
An objection that merely alleges that the instruction was not proper law or incorrectly stated the law is not sufficient. United States v. Jansen, 475 F.2d 312, 318 (7th Cir. 1973); Friedman v. United States, 381 F.2d 155, 160 (8th Cir. 1967); Northcraft v. United States, 271 F.2d 184, 189 (8th Cir. 1959); See United States v. Machado, 457 F.2d 1372, 1375 (9th Cir. 1972). The objections made here fall into this category and accordingly raise no issue for appeal. It would have been proper to leave to the jury the issue of whether these constituted counterfeit or spurious securities. United States v. Johnson, 434 F.2d 827, 829 (9th Cir. 1970); United States v. Chodor, 479 F.2d 661, 664 (1st Cir. 1973); United States v. Anderson, 359 F.Supp. 61, 65 (D.Ark. 1973).
It is significant that defendants made no requests for, nor expressed any objection to the court’s failure to give, an instruction based on Johnson, Chodor or Anderson, defining the word “counterfeit.” As they were undoubtedly aware, the giving of a proper instruction would have prompted closer scrutiny and comparison of the stock certificates and would have had a devastating effect on defendants’ fatuous argument that the securities involved were only “pieces of paper.”
The issue of “counterfeit” was in fact indirectly presented to the jury in the form of the value of the securities. The court instructed the jury that their value was determined by the price at which a willing buyer and a willing seller would exchange them. If the stock certificates had not been realistic enough to constitute a “counterfeit” then they would have had no value in the jury’s mind, resulting in an acquittal. Therefore, the issue of whether the stock certificates constituted “securities” was submitted to the jury and decided by them adversely to the defendants. On these facts, we find that no substantial right of the defendants was affected.
Conduct at Trial.
Included within this topic is the reception of evidence, cautionary instructions, and comments by the judge. This is an area where trial judges have broad discretion. United States v. Campbell, 466 F.2d 529, 531 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Amaral, 488 F.2d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. Wright, 160 U.S.App.D.C. 57, 489 F.2d 1181, 1186 (1973). We find no abuse thereof. One matter deserves special mention. On handling these securities the defendants violated a civil injunction that was entered in another case because of the overissue of FDC stock. This information was properly admitted to rebut claims that defendants believed that they were participating in a legitimate stock transaction. Defendants objected on the ground that the government was trying to give the impression that the violation of the injunction somehow involved a criminal action. The judge stated that he supposed that the acts could be classed as contemptuous. Defense counsel agreed. We fail to see how the occurrence of this colloquy before the jury prejudiced defendants. The judge did not raise the issue, but merely disposed of it once raised by defense counsel. The jury was not told that the acts were in fact contemptuous. They were properly informed of the violation of the injunction, however, to negate their defense. We do not think that the judge’s statement amounts to comment on the evidence, but if it does, it was not improper. United States v. Murdock, 290 U.S. 389, 54 S.Ct. 223, 78 L.Ed. 381 (1933); United States v. Williams, 473 F.2d 507 (5th Cir. 1973); Schoepflin v. United States, 391 F.2d 390, 397 (9th Cir. 1968). There was no error.
Post-arrest Statements.
After arrest both defendants made exculpatory statements. These were introduced at trial. Their admission was not improper. The contention that arraignment was delayed so that defendants could be questioned prior to the appointment of counsel is not supported by the record. There is no Bruton problem because both defendants testified. Anderson’s hearsay objection to Smith’s statement was waived because he opened the door by first using it and because he failed to object when the parts of it relating to him had been read verbatim for the jury’s consideration. McCormick on Evidence, 2nd ed., 57; 1 Wigmore on Evidence, 3rd ed. § 18.
Jencks Act.
Outside of the presence of the jury one of the government’s witnesses, Secret Service Agent Miskinis, revealed that he had made a Jencks Act statement. The government agreed to produce it, but rather than delay the trial, cross examination continued. No prejudice resulted from this procedure. After reading the statement the defendants had the right to call Miskin-is. Defense counsel argues that the judge informed the jury of the existence of the statement and of the right to recall Miskin-is to examine him on it. He argues that this was improper under such cases as Beaudine v. United States, 414 F.2d 397, 401 (5th Cir. 1969) and Gregory v. United States, 125 U.S.App.D.C. 140, 369 F.2d 185, 191 (1966), in that the subsequent failure to recall the witness after reading the statement implied to the jury that the statement confirmed the witness’s testimony whereas the statement may properly be used for impeachment only. We agree that it is usually a good procedure not-to inform the jury of Jencks Act statements. We do not think that any other procedure was followed here. After completing cross examination defense counsel requested that Misk-inis remain available. The judge told him to be available and said “they will look over the records and you may be recalled.” What “the records” were was never disclosed to the jury. It was the defendant that first raised the matter before the jury. The trial judge’s tangential remark was not an abuse of discretion.
Impeachment of Witnesses.
A third defendant in this case, Phil Georgopoulos, entered a plea bargain and testified against Anderson and Smith. On direct examination the government elicited his prior criminal record and information concerning the plea bargain. Defendants contend that this improperly permitted the government to impeach its own witness. Such a rule would allow the defense to create a false impression, or the jurors to think that the government was trying to keep something from them. United States v. Rothman, 463 F.2d 488, 490 (2nd Cir. 1972). We reject this contention.
Law of Conspiracy.
Many of defendants’ other objections relate to the law of conspiracy. Section 2314 does not require intent to use interstate commerce. United States v. Powers, 437 F.2d 1160, 1161 (9th Cir. 1971). Nor does such a conspiracy. United States v. Greer, 467 F.2d 1064, 1071 (7th Cir. 1972). Statements of a co-conspirator are not hearsay even if made prior to the entry of the conspiracy by the party against whom it is used. United States v. Ramirez, 482 F.2d 807, 816 (2nd Cir. 1973). There was no fatal variance as to the times of the existence of the conspiracy as the indictment charged in terms of “on or about” and defendants were in no way prejudiced. United States v. Donner, 497 F.2d 184, 192 (7th Cir. 1974). There was no evidence justifying the giving of the requested instruction on multiple conspiracies, and so it was properly refused. United States v. Noah, 475 F.2d 688, 697 (9th Cir. 1973); United States v. American Radiator & Stand. San. Corp., 433 F.2d 174, 199 (3rd Cir. 1970). The court charged that commission of overt acts may constitute the best proof of conspiracy. Other parts of the instructions made clear that the jury must find the existence of an agreement. We feel that the instruction merely informed the jury that proof of the crime usually turns on circumstantial evidence. Blumenthal v. United States, 158 F.2d 883, 889 (9th Cir. 1946), aff’d 332 U.S. 856, 68 S.Ct. 385, 92 L.Ed. 425 (1947); United States v. Jacobo-Gil, 474 F.2d 1213, 1215 (9th Cir. 1973). The court’s instructions on conspiracy were proper.
Motion for New Trial.
Finally, defendants-argue that they are entitled to a new trial because the government inadvertently failed to disclose one of Georgopoulos’ three prior felony convictions at trial. That conviction was thirteen years earlier. Besides the two other convictions Georgopoulos pleaded guilty in this case, so his credibility was already sufficiently in question. Any error was harmless. The court’s refusal to grant a new trial based on newly discovered impeaching evidence was within its discretion. United States v. Cozzetti, 469 F.2d 684 (9th Cir. 1972).
Defendants’ other asserted errors do not merit discussion.
After carefully reviewing all the evidence we are convinced that defendants received a fair and impartial trial. From the evidence, considered in the light most favorable to the government, together with the reasonable inferences which could be drawn therefrom, we find that there was an abundance of credible evidence, both direct and circumstantial, from which the jury could find the defendants guilty as charged. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); United States v. Westover, 511 F.2d 1154 (9th Cir. 1975); United States v. Celestine, 510 F.2d 457 (9th Cir. 1975); United States v. Lincoln, 494 F.2d 833 (9th Cir. 1974); United States v. Hood, 493 F.2d 677 (9th Cir. 1974); United States v. Ogden, 484 F.2d 1274 (9th Cir. 1973), cert. denied 416 U.S. 987, 94 S.Ct. 2391, 40 L.Ed.2d 764 (1974); United States v. Munns, 457 F.2d 271 (9th Cir. 1972), cert. denied 409 U.S. 871, 93 S.Ct. 199, 34 L.Ed.2d 121.
The judgments of conviction are affirmed.
DUNIWAY, Circuit Judge
(dissenting):
I dissent. I would reverse on the ground that the grand jury charged one offense but the government failed to prove it. Instead, the government proved another offense, which the grand jury did not charge.
Section 2314 of Title 18, U.S.Code, defines a number of offenses. Even the first paragraph of the section, which is the one on which the indictment is based, defines more than one offense. It reads:
Whoever transports in interstate or foreign commerce any goods, wares, merchandise, securities or money, of the value of $5,000 or more, knowing the same to have been stolen, converted or taken by fraud; .
Depending on how it is construed, the foregoing language can be said to define at least five offenses: knowing transportation of stolen “goods” or “wares” or “merchandise” or “securities” or “money.” The number can be doubled by treating transportation in “interstate” or “foreign” commerce as separate. They appear in the statute in the disjunctive. Further multiplication by at least three lurks in the differences between “stolen,” “converted,” or “taken by fraud.” Nor is this all. “Securities” is defined in the fifth paragraph of § 2311. Again, depending on how the language of § 2311 is construed, the number of possible separate offenses is at least 30, and if we add “forged,” “counterfeited,” or “spurious” as separate, the number approaches 100. All of these can again be increased by tacking on one or more of the alternatives in the first paragraph of § 2314. And the foregoing leaves out for consideration the three definitions of “value” in § 2311: “face, par, or market value, whichever is the greatest.”
I mention the number of possible offenses only to emphasize that this is not a case in which the offense can be charged in the language of the statute. More specificity is required because the defendant has a right, under the Fifth Amendment, to be charged only by a grand jury, and the grand jury has a duty under the Sixth Amendment to inform the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation, Cf. Russell v. United States, 1962, 369 U.S. 749, 761, 763-64, 765, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240. Nor can deficiencies in the indictment be cured by a bill of particulars. Id. at 769-70, 82 S.Ct. 1038.
In this case the two counts of the indictment charge a conspiracy in Count I:
To willfully and knowingly transport in interstate commerce from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco, California, 90,000 shares of stolen Flying Diamond Corporation stock with a value of approximately $405,000.00, the defendant then knowing the stock to be stolen, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 2314,
and in Count II that the defendants:
did transport in interstate commerce from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco, California, in the Northern District of California, stolen securities, that is, 90,000 shares of stock of Flying Diamond Corporation, of the value of approximately $405,000.00, knowing the same to have been stolen; in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 2314 and 2.
I find it remarkable that neither § 2314, which mentions “securities,” nor § 2311, which says that “securities” includes about 30 different things, plus “forged, counterfeited or spurious representations” of any of them, mentions “stock.” I cannot help wondering whether the person who drew up the indictment had read the law. The nearest thing to “stock” that the law does mention is, in § 2311, “stock certificate.” Yet it surely is hornbook law that “stock,” which is an intangible interest in the capital of a corporation, is not the same as “stock certificate,” which is a piece of paper that, when genuine, represents, but is different from “stock.”
The proof does not show that the defendants transported stock, or that they conspired to transport stock. What they did conspire to transport, and did transport, was stock certificates. Moreover, the stock that the certificates purported to represent had neither been authorized nor issued, and the certificates lacked the signature of an authorized officer of the transfer agent that would have made them prima facie valid and so negotiable. The evidence is that 90,000 shares of the stock would have been worth $405,000 in the over-the-counter market. But the evidence also is that the certificates in question, because they were spurious, had no value at all; they were not stock; they did not evidence stock. If ever there were a case in which the grand jury’s charge was not proved, this is that case. See: Danielson v. United States, 9 Cir., 1963, 321 F.2d 441 (charge: counterfeiting United States bonds; proof: forging endorsement on genuine United States bonds. Conviction reversed); Jeffers v. United States, 9 Cir., 1968, 392 F.2d 749 (charge: fraud, representation that money received would be used to promote religion; proof: representation that moneys would be used for office supplies and expenses. Conviction reversed).
What the proof shows is that the defendants conspired to transport and transported “falsely made, forged, altered or counterfeited securities” (stock certificates) in violation of the third paragraph of § 2314, or stolen securities (stock certificates) that were “forged, counterfeited or spurious representations,” having a “value” (“par value,” § 2311) of $90,000, not $405,000.00, in violation of the first paragraph of § 2314. This, however, is not what was charged. The court permitted proof of market value of genuine stock, which was not shown to have been involved, and it permitted the jury to find that there were 90,000 shares of stock that were stolen, when the proof showed no such thing. This is not the kind of harmless error to which Rule 52(a), F.R. Crim.P. refers. Here, the error affects substantial rights.
I would reverse both convictions in their entirety.
. “Securities” includes any note, stock certificate, bond, debenture, check, draft, warrant, traveler’s check, letter of credit, warehouse receipt, negotiable bill of lading, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of interest in property, tangible or intangible; instrument or document or writing evidencing ownership of goods, wares, and merchandise, or transferring or assigning any right, title, or interest in or to goods, wares, and merchandise; or, in general, any instrument commonly known as a “security”, or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, warrant, or right to subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing, or any forged, counterfeited, or spurious representation of any of the foregoing;
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Rh ; that it does no more than this is due to the simple fact that the personal bias is as varied as humanity itself, and that the deflecting impulses in any given case are to be referred to a complex of factors almost eluding analysis. To follow this part of the subject into detail would, therefore, manifestly be impossible. But certain of the larger and more widely influential of these disturbing forces may be roughly marked out by way of illustration.
In the first place, there is what we may call the professional bias. Exclusive devotion to separate lines of activity, study, or thought inevitably gives the mind a particular set or twist. Bacon complains that Aristotle, primarily a logician, made his natural philosophy the slave of his logic. Few specialists can escape the insulation consequent upon living too continuously in a confined area of problems and ideas. Their intellectual outlook is necessarily circumscribed, facts are seen by them out of proper perspective, and one-sidedness of training and discipline renders their judgment of things partial and incomplete. The lawyer carries his legal, the theologian his theological, the scientist his scientific bent of mind into every inquiry; with what grotesque results is only too frequently apparent. Accustomed to move in a single narrow groove, and wholly absorbed in the contemplation of certain isolated classes of phenomena, they unconsciously allow their particular interests to dominate their thought, and impose disastrous restrictions upon their view of whatever lies outside their own chosen field.
Secondly, we have the bias of nation, rank, party, sect. Here the mental disturbances are too numerous to permit and too obvious to require special exemplification. Intellectual provincialism of any kind is fatal to large and fertile thought, alike by limiting the range of our knowledge and sympathies and by inducing mental habits and implanting prejudices which prevent us from seeing things in wide relations and under a clear light. So long as our point of view is simply that of our country, our class, our party, or our church, so long, it is evident, our minds will lack the breadth and flexibility necessary for free inquiry, fruitful comparisons, sane and balanced judgments.
Finally, among the Idols of the Cave "which have most effect in disturbing the clearness of the understanding," mention must be made of the temperamental bias. Every man, it has been said, is born Platonist or Aristotelian; it is certain that the great divisions in thought—religious, philosophical, political—answer roughly to fundamental differences in human nature, and that every one not checked or turned aside by extraneous influences will spontaneously gravitate in one or another direction. Bacon is only | WIKI |
Travis HAMPTON v. COMMISSIONER OF CORRECTION
(AC 39280).
Appellate Court of Connecticut.
Argued April 12, 2017 Officially released July 25, 2017
Jade N. Baldwin, for the appellant (petitioner).
Melissa L. Streeto, senior assistant state's attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Gail P. Hardy, state's attorney, and Tamara Grosso, assistant state's attorney, for the appellee (respondent).
DiPentima, C.J., and Keller and Prescott, Js.
PRESCOTT, J.
The petitioner, Travis Hampton, appeals from the judgment of the habeas court denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. On appeal, the petitioner claims that the habeas court improperly concluded that his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel fails on the prejudice prong of the test set forth in Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we conclude that the habeas court properly denied the petition and, accordingly, affirm the judgment.
The following facts, as set forth by our Supreme Court in the petitioner's direct criminal appeal, and procedural history are relevant to this appeal. "At approximately 1:30 a.m. on August 23, 2003, the [petitioner] was with his friend, James Mitchell, when Mitchell received a telephone call from the victim, a young woman he knew, asking for a ride to her home in East Hartford. The three then drove to a nearby restaurant. After entering the restaurant and remaining there for a while, the [petitioner] and the victim returned to the car, where Mitchell had remained. Mitchell told the victim that he would drive her home, but he did not. Instead, Mitchell began angrily questioning the victim as to the whereabouts of her brother, who, both Mitchell and the [petitioner] suspected, was involved in a romantic relationship with Mitchell's former girlfriend. The victim informed Mitchell and the [petitioner] that her brother was staying at her grandfather's house, but after driving there, Mitchell and the [petitioner] realized that the victim had lied to them. Mitchell then drove first to his mother's house in Hartford, and then to an apartment complex. The victim repeatedly pleaded with Mitchell to take her home, but he did not comply. Mitchell drove his car from the apartment complex and brought the victim and the [petitioner] to a closed gas station near Market Street in Hartford and parked behind the building, where it was dark. ...
"Mitchell then told the victim to get out of the car because he wanted to talk to her. Mitchell, the [petitioner] and the victim exited the car. The victim, anticipating that 'something bad' was about to happen, started to walk away, but stopped when the [petitioner] took a shotgun out of the car and pointed it at her face. After the victim refused to tell Mitchell her brother's location, Mitchell became angry and ordered the victim to take her clothes off. The victim removed her pants, and Mitchell sexually assaulted her by engaging in vaginal intercourse with her. The [petitioner] kept the shotgun pointed at the victim throughout the assault.
"Angry and scared, the victim pleaded with Mitchell and the [petitioner] to let her go. Mitchell then gave the victim the choice to climb into a nearby dumpster or attempt to run away. As the victim started running, Mitchell fired the shotgun hitting her in the stomach. The victim continued to run toward the front of the gas station, and Mitchell followed her in the car while the [petitioner] pursued her on foot, holding the shotgun. Despite the victim pleading with the [petitioner] to stop, he shot and wounded her in the right side. The victim, bleeding profusely, ran across Market Street and tried to hide behind some trees on the side of the road. The victim then dropped to the ground and pretended to be dead. The [petitioner] walked over to the victim, who was lying on the ground, and shot her one final time in her left arm. Thinking that the victim was dead, the [petitioner] got back into the car, which Mitchell was driving, and they drove away. They quickly returned, however, to verify that the victim was dead. The [petitioner] got out of the car, walked over to the motionless victim, kicked her once, and said, 'She's dead.' The [petitioner] and Mitchell then again drove away.
"The victim subsequently was discovered by a passerby and ultimately was taken to the hospital, where, after receiving medical attention, she informed authorities that Mitchell and a person that she did not know, later identified as the [petitioner], had sexually assaulted and shot her. Late in the evening of August 27, 2003, Mitchell and the [petitioner] were arrested."
Footnotes omitted.) State v. Hampton , 293 Conn. 435, 438-41, 988 A.2d 167 (2009).
Thereafter, the petitioner was charged, via an amended information dated January 17, 2006, with attempt to commit murder in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-49(a) and 53a-54a, conspiracy to commit murder in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-48(a) and 53a-54a, kidnapping in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-92(a)(2)(A) and 53a-8, conspiracy to commit kidnapping in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-48 and 53a-92(a)(2)(A), assault in the first degree with a firearm in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-59(a)(5) and 53a-8, conspiracy to commit assault in the first degree in violation of §§ 53a-48(a) and 53a-59(a)(5), sexual assault in the first degree as a principal in violation of General Statutes § 53a-70(a)(1), sexual assault in the first degree as an accessory in violation of §§ 53a-70(a)(1) and 53a-8, conspiracy to commit sexual assault in the first degree in violation of §§ 53a-48 and 53a-70(a)(1), and criminal possession of a firearm in violation of General Statutes § 53a-217(a)(1). Id., at 438, 988 A.2d 167.
The petitioner's case was tried before a jury of six. See id., at 448 n.12, 988 A.2d 167. During the trial, the state presented evidence of three separate sexual acts that the victim had been forced to engage in-vaginal intercourse with Mitchell, fellatio with the petitioner, and vaginal intercourse with the petitioner -although the petitioner only was charged with two counts of first degree sexual assault in the amended information-one count encompassing the fellatio and vaginal intercourse allegedly committed by the petitioner personally, and one count encompassing the vaginal intercourse by Mitchell to which the petitioner allegedly was an accessory. More specifically, count seven alleged in relevant part that "the [petitioner] ... did compel [the victim] ... to engage in sexual intercourse by the threatened use of force against her which caused her to fear physical injury," and count eight alleged in relevant part that "the [petitioner] ... did intentionally aid James Mitchell in compelling [the victim] ... to engage in sexual intercourse by the threatened use of force against her which caused her to fear physical injury."
Notably, during trial, "the [petitioner] did not file a request to charge. Before it charged the jury, the trial court held a charging conference at which it reviewed, page by page, its written charge with the parties. The trial court gave both parties a printed copy of the jury instructions for their review. During the charging conference, with regard to counts seven and eight of the information ... the trial court specifically inquired of the parties as to whether there would be a unanimity problem because the state had failed to allege in the information which specific acts of sexual intercourse had occurred. In response, the state pointed out that count eight of the information concerned the [petitioner's] participation in aiding Mitchell in Mitchell's sexual assault of the victim. Because the evidence supported a finding that Mitchell had engaged only in vaginal intercourse with the victim, the state noted that there would be only one factual basis upon which the jury could find the [petitioner] guilty, and, thus, there would be no unanimity problem." (Footnote omitted; emphasis omitted.) Id., at 445-46, 988 A.2d 167.
With regard to unanimity on count seven, the court, the prosecutor, and the court officer engaged in the following colloquy:
"The Court: ... But there's one sexual assault [charge] in which he's the principal it's alleged?
"[The Prosecutor]: Yes.
"The Court: Even though the testimony involved two sexual assaults?
"[The Prosecutor]: Right. ...
"The Court: ... But it's ... alleged that [the petitioner] had sex with her in two different fashions. ...
"[The Prosecutor]: She-it's just charged that [the petitioner] forced her to engage in sexual intercourse, and it's not distinguished as to what type.
"The Court: Well, then the question is, is there any requirement of specific unanimity on that? ... We'll have to look that up. ...
"The Court: ... [M]y issue is particularly as far as the argument is concerned and the charge is concerned. Certainly the jury would not have to believe both.
"[The Prosecutor]: Right.
"The Court: But could you have three believing one type of sexual contact and three believing the other or five and one or whatever permutation you come up with? And that's-do you have any cases for me on that for me to decide on? Do you have any position on that, you can't add another count on sexual assault?
"[The Prosecutor]: No. And there was no request for a bill of particulars, so this is particularized. ...
"[The Court Officer]: ... I think it's going to be for the jury to sort it out. If three of them believe oral sex happened and three of them believe vaginal sex happened by the [petitioner] as principal under count seven, then they find him guilty of count seven."
After the colloquy on unanimity, "the trial court solicited additional suggestions from the parties with regards to the jury charge. When the state responded that nothing else was required, the trial court explicitly asked defense counsel whether he had any further changes. Defense counsel responded that his 'only request' related to a conspiracy charge under Pinkerton liability. After the trial court addressed that concern, it again directly asked defense counsel, 'Anything else?' to which defense counsel responded, 'No.' ... After the parties reviewed [a copy of] the revised instructions, the trial court again directly solicited comments from both parties. Defense counsel stated that he had received and reviewed the instructions and that they 'appear[ed] to be in order.' " (Footnotes altered.) Id., at 446-47, 988 A.2d 167.
Thereafter, in its final charge as to count seven, the court instructed the jury that "the [petitioner] is charged solely as a principal." With respect to count eight, despite the language in that count of the amended information charging the petitioner only as an accessory, the court instructed the jury that the offense "can be proven by the state in any one of the following ways: that the [petitioner] committed the crime as a principal; that the [petitioner] was an accessory to the crime; or, third, that the [petitioner] is guilty by way of the Pinkerton theory of vicarious liability." The court "instructed the jury that it did not have to be unanimous in deciding whether the [petitioner] was guilty as a principal or an accessory." Id., at 447-48, 988 A.2d 167. In conjunction with the court's charge, a verdict form was submitted to the jury.
"At the end of its jury instructions, the trial court asked the parties whether either took exception to the charge, and neither party did. The jury ultimately acquitted the [petitioner] of count seven, which alleged sexual assault in the first degree as a principal, and convicted him of the remaining charges, including sexual assault in the first degree as charged in the eighth count." Id., at 448, 988 A.2d 167. The verdict form indicated that, as to count eight, the petitioner was found "guilty by way of principal or accessory liability" as opposed to Pinkerton vicarious liability. He subsequently was sentenced to a total effective sentence of fifty-nine years imprisonment.
The petitioner appealed from the judgment of conviction. On direct appeal, he claimed "that the trial court improperly: (1) denied his motion to suppress a written confession that he had made after waiving his Miranda rights; (2) failed to instruct the jurors that they had to agree unanimously on the factual basis [i.e., whether he acted as an accessory or as a principal] underlying the sexual assault charges against the [petitioner]; and 3) failed to instruct the jurors adequately on the specific intent necessary to convict the [petitioner] as an accessory on the charges of attempt to commit murder, kidnapping in the first degree, assault in the first degree and sexual assault in the first degree." (Footnotes altered.) Id., at 438, 988 A.2d 167. Our Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of conviction. In doing so, it specifically concluded that the petitioner had waived his second claim regarding nonunanimity as to count eight and, thus, declined to review it: "The record in the present case ... demonstrates that defense counsel had been made aware of the issue regarding the unanimity charge not once, but twice, and in both instances, despite requests from the trial judge for any changes, additions or deletions, defense counsel stated that he had none, thus assenting to the charge that was given." Id., at 450, 988 A.2d 167.
Subsequently, on November 19, 2015, the petitioner filed an amended petition for a writ of habeas corpus alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The petitioner alleged that the performance of his trial counsel, Donald O'Brien, was constitutionally deficient because he failed to object to the jury instructions given by the court as to count eight of the amended information, thereby permitting the jury to reach a nonunanimous verdict on that count. On March 29, 2016, the habeas court, Sferrazza, J. , held a trial in which it heard testimony from O'Brien and Dean Popkin, a Connecticut criminal defense attorney.
After trial, the habeas court denied the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. In its written memorandum of decision dated May 6, 2016, the court assumed, arguendo, that O'Brien had performed deficiently by failing to object to the court's error in instructing the jurors that they could find the petitioner guilty on count eight as a principal in light of the fact that the state had alleged only accessorial liability in that count of its amended information. The court concluded, however, that the petitioner had failed to establish prejudice, stating: "In order to return a not guilty verdict as a principal of the sexual assault charge alleged in count seven, the jury was clearly and properly instructed that the jury had to agree unanimously on that acquittal. By unanimously determining that the state had failed to prove the petitioner guilty as a principal, no juror logically could have then found him to be guilty of sexual assault as a principal in count eight. Such verdicts were mutually exclusive. The court draws the only reasonable conclusion that the jury must have unanimously found the petitioner guilty of sexual assault as an accessory to Mitchell's rape." (Emphasis in original.) This appeal followed. As an initial matter, we set forth the applicable standard of review and principles of law. "The habeas court is afforded broad discretion in making its factual findings, and those findings will not be disturbed unless they are clearly erroneous. ... [T]he habeas judge, as the trier of facts, is the sole arbiter of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. ... The application of the habeas court's factual findings to the pertinent legal standard, however, presents a mixed question of law and fact, which is subject to plenary review." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Gaines v. Commissioner of Correction , 306 Conn. 664, 677, 51 A.3d 948 (2012).
"The petitioner's right to the effective assistance of counsel is assured by the sixth and fourteenth amendments to the federal constitution, and by article first, § 8, of the constitution of Connecticut."
Sanders v. Commissioner of Correction , 83 Conn.App. 543, 549, 851 A.2d 313, cert. denied, 271 Conn. 914, 859 A.2d 569 (2004). "To succeed on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a habeas petitioner must satisfy the two-pronged test articulated in Strickland v. Washington , [supra, 466 U.S. [at] 687 [104 S.Ct. 2052] ]. Strickland requires that a petitioner satisfy both a performance prong and a prejudice prong. To satisfy the performance prong, a [petitioner] must demonstrate that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the counsel guaranteed ... by the [s]ixth [a]mendment [to the United States constitution]. ... To satisfy the prejudice prong, a [petitioner] must demonstrate that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. ... The claim will succeed only if both prongs are satisfied." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Small v. Commissioner of Correction , 286 Conn. 707, 712-13, 946 A.2d 1203, cert. denied sub nom. Small v. Lantz , 555 U.S. 975, 129 S.Ct. 481, 172 L.Ed. 2d 336 (2008). "[A] court need not determine whether counsel's performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the [petitioner]." Strickland v. Washington , supra, at 697, 104 S.Ct. 2052.
In the present appeal, the precise nature of the petitioner's claim is somewhat unclear. In his brief, he appears to argue that his trial counsel's failure to object to the court's instruction on count eight was constitutionally deficient performance because he had not been charged as a principal in count eight of the amended information, yet the court nevertheless instructed the jury that it could find him guilty as a principal, as an accessory, or under the Pinkerton theory of vicarious liability. In light of the fact that (1) the habeas court assumed that the petitioner had met his burden to prove deficient performance, and (2) our Supreme Court, in the petitioner's direct appeal, indicated that the court should not have instructed the jury on principal liability because it had not been pleaded in count eight of the information, the question of whether counsel's performance was deficient is not truly in dispute. Rather, the critical inquiry for this court is to focus on the precise harm that the petitioner asserts was created by this deficient performance and whether that harm is so significant that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial, with respect to count eight, would have been different. In conducting this inquiry, we believe it is important, given that the alleged prejudice must flow from the precise claim of ineffective assistance being made, to note several points that are clear to us. First, the petitioner does not argue that he was prejudiced because the jury was permitted to consider a theory of liability of which he had not received notice. In other words, he has not argued, in his attempt to establish prejudice, that had he known the state's true theory of liability for count eight, he would have defended the count differently, and that had he done so, there is a reasonable probability that he would have been acquitted of that count.
Second, in his attempt to establish that he was prejudiced by his trial counsel's deficient performance, the petitioner has not argued that the guilty verdict on count eight was factually and/or legally inconsistent with the verdict of acquittal on count seven. Even if his counsel's failure to object to the charge as given ultimately led to factually inconsistent verdicts on counts seven and eight, such a result, as a matter of law, would not constitute prejudice: "[I]t is well established that factually inconsistent verdicts are permissible. [When] the verdict could have been the result of compromise or mistake, we will not probe into the logic or reasoning of the jury's deliberations or open the door to interminable speculation." (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Nash , 316 Conn. 651, 659, 114 A.3d 128 (2015).
If the petitioner had attempted to argue that the verdicts are legally inconsistent, he would have met a similar lack of success. Claims regarding legally inconsistent verdicts generally are divided into two categories. "The first category involves cases in which it is claimed that two convictions are inconsistent with each other as a matter of law or are based on a legal impossibility. ... Such convictions ... are reviewable .... The second category involves cases in which the defendant claims that one or more guilty verdicts must be vacated because there is an inconsistency between those guilty verdicts and a verdict of acquittal on one or more counts, or an acquittal of a codefendant. ... It is well established that such inconsistent verdicts are not reviewable and the defendant is not entitled to relief ...." (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Anderson , 158 Conn.App. 315, 332-33, 118 A.3d 728, cert. granted on other grounds, 319 Conn. 908, 123 A.3d 437 (2015) (appeal withdrawn May 4, 2016). Thus, even if the petitioner had argued that he was prejudiced by legally inconsistent verdicts on counts seven and eight, this result would not constitute prejudice, as a matter of law, because it is not proper for an appellate court to compare a verdict of acquittal on one count with a verdict of guilt on another count for purposes of determining legal consistency.
This brings us then to the petitioner's actual argument regarding prejudice. In terms of what we can divine from his brief, the petitioner appears to argue that the court's instruction that the petitioner could be found guilty as a principal on count eight was prejudicial because it potentially sanctioned a nonunanimous verdict by creating a scenario under which the jury could convict him of the charge in count eight without all of the jurors agreeing that the petitioner assisted Mitchell by holding a gun to the victim's head so that Mitchell could commit the sexual assault. As previously discussed, "[t]o satisfy the prejudice prong, a [petitioner] must demonstrate that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Small v. Commissioner of Correction , supra, 286 Conn. at 713, 946 A.2d 1203. "A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Apodaca v. Commissioner of Correction , 167 Conn.App. 530, 535, 146 A.3d 42 (2016). Given this standard for prejudice, we are not persuaded that there is a reasonable probability that some members of the jury could have convicted him as a principal on count eight and that others could have convicted him as an accessory on that same count. More specifically, we agree with the habeas court's assessment that the verdict of acquittal as to count seven leads us to conclude that there is not a reasonable probability that the verdict on count eight would have been different had the court not made the instructional mistake.
The habeas court ruled as follows in its memorandum of decision: "In order to return a not guilty verdict as a principal of the sexual assault charge alleged in count seven, the jury was clearly and properly instructed that [it] had to agree unanimously on that acquittal. By unanimously determining that the state had failed to prove the petitioner guilty as a principal, no juror could logically have then found him to be guilty of sexual assault as a principal in count eight. Such verdicts were mutually exclusive. The court draws the only reasonable conclusion that the jury must have unanimously found the petitioner guilty of sexual assault as an accessory to Mitchell's rape." (Emphasis in original.)
First, the habeas court inartfully used the phrase "mutually exclusive" to describe the verdict of acquittal on count seven and the verdict of guilt on count eight. The term "mutually exclusive," as used in our case law, refers to two convictions that are inconsistent with each other as a matter of law or are based on a legal impossibility. See State v. Nash , supra, 316 Conn. at 659, 114 A.3d 128. As previously discussed herein, such convictions are reviewable and cannot withstand a challenge if "the existence of the essential elements for one offense negates the existence of [one or more] essential elements for another offense of which the defendant also stands convicted." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. The present case, however, does not involve a claim contesting two legally inconsistent convictions; accordingly, the habeas court's use of the term here does not fit. Nevertheless, we find the remainder of its reasoning persuasive.
In count seven, the petitioner was charged with first degree sexual assault as a principal only , and the court properly instructed the jury accordingly, expressly stating that, for purposes of this case, the jury should consider sexual intercourse to be vaginal intercourse or fellatio. Because we presume the jury properly followed the trial court's instructions in the absence of evidence to the contrary; State v. Peeler , 271 Conn. 338, 371, 857 A.2d 808 (2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 845, 126 S.Ct. 94, 163 L.Ed. 2d 110 (2005) ; we assume that the jury did not limit its consideration of count seven to only one of the two possible acts of sexual assault allegedly perpetrated by the defendant as a principal. Rather, we presume that it considered both whether the petitioner principally compelled the victim to engage in vaginal intercourse with him and whether the petitioner principally compelled the victim to perform fellatio on him. Given that the jury acquitted the petitioner of count seven, we must, therefore, presume that it unanimously concluded that the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt either of the two sexual acts that the state alleged he committed as a principal.
Thus, if the jurors unanimously acquitted the petitioner of acting as the principal in committing the two separate acts of sexual assault alleged in count seven, this left only one act of sexual assault for them to consider in the context of count eight: vaginal penetration of the victim by Mitchell. Given this, and in light of the fact that the verdict form for count eight indicated that the petitioner was found guilty "as a principal or accessory," the most reasonable explanation for the verdict on count eight is that the jury found the petitioner guilty on a theory of accessorial liability for aiding Mitchell in sexually assaulting the victim. The likelihood of this outcome becomes even greater considering the fact that the jury had before it both the amended information for count eight, which solely alleged that the petitioner "did intentionally aid James Mitchell" in sexually assaulting the victim, and the closing argument of the state, in which the prosecutor stated, "We're charging him [in count eight] ... that he aided, that he helped Mr. Mitchell in engaging in sexual intercourse with [the victim]."
Ultimately, the most that can be said of the petitioner's prejudice argument here is that it was merely possi ble that the court's improper instructions on count eight caused juror confusion as to whether some of the jurors could have decided that the state met its burden of proof with respect to one of the acts of sexual assault, while others could have decided that the state met its burden of proof with respect to another act of sexual assault. For the petitioner to prevail on the prejudice prong of his habeas claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, however, the high burden is on him to prove that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the trial as to count eight would have been different. The petitioner has failed to show that his theory of juror nonunanimity was anything more than speculative and, thus, has not undermined confidence in the outcome. We, therefore, conclude that the habeas court did not improperly conclude that the petitioner's claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel fails on the prejudice prong of the Strickland test. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the habeas court.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The habeas court subsequently granted certification to appeal from the judgment pursuant to General Statutes § 52-470(b).
As summarized in its closing argument before the jury, the state theorized that the sexual assaults occurred as follows: "[The victim] told you that after James Mitchell forced her to engage in sexual intercourse, this [petitioner] was sitting there holding a shotgun basically between his legs while he relaxed on the backseat of the car and watched James Mitchell force her ... to engage in penile-vaginal intercourse. ... [The petitioner] did not ejaculate, but ... he then gave the shotgun over to Mr. Mitchell, and [the petitioner] then attempted to have penile-vaginal intercourse with [the victim].
See Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 647-48, 66 S.Ct. 1180, 90 L.Ed. 1489 (1946).
In the petitioner's direct appeal, our Supreme Court commented on this aspect of the court's instructions as follows: "During the charging conference, the [petitioner], the state and the trial court discussed that, specifically as to count eight, the [petitioner] was charged and could be found liable as a principal, as an accessory, or under the Pinkerton doctrine of vicarious liability. ... The trial court thus charged the jury in accordance with this discussion. This, however, was incorrect. Count eight of the information alleged only that the [petitioner] had acted as an accessory by aiding Mitchell in sexually assaulting the victim. Accordingly, the trial court's jury instruction as to count eight was inconsistent with the crime charged in the information. Although [t]he trial court cannot by its instruction change the nature of the crime charged in the information ... it is significant that neither the state nor the [petitioner] took exception to this instruction at trial, and that, on appeal, the [petitioner] has not challenged this specific aspect of the instruction. We therefore treat this claim as abandoned." (Citations omitted; emphasis altered; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Hampton, supra, 293 Conn. at 446 n.9, 988 A.2d 167.
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 478-79, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
With regard to this claim, the petitioner challenged the verdicts on both of the sexual assault charges, counts seven and eight. Because he was acquitted of the sexual assault charged in count seven of the information, however, our Supreme Court stated that he was not aggrieved by that verdict, and, thus, it reviewed this claim only as it applied to the petitioner's conviction on count eight. State v. Hampton, supra, 293 Conn. at 444-45 n.7, 988 A.2d 167.
The amended petition also included a second claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for "failure to impeach and/or cross-examine [the] victim with prior trial testimony." That claim, however, was withdrawn prior to the start of evidence at the habeas trial.
See footnote 4 of this opinion.
It should be noted that the petitioner does not contend that his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel arose from O'Brien's failure to request a unanimity charge with respect to the underlying factual basis for count seven. More specifically, he does not claim that the possible lack of unanimity on count eight was due to the fact that the jurors should have been instructed that they could convict the petitioner of count seven only if they unanimously agreed that he personally committed a sexual assault against the victim by forcing her to perform fellatio or if they unanimously agreed that he personally committed the assault by forcing her to engage in vaginal intercourse.
Pursuant to State v. Famiglietti, 219 Conn. 605, 619-20, 595 A.2d 306 (1991), "[e]ven if the instructions at trial can be read to have sanctioned such a nonunanimous verdict ... we will remand for a new trial only if (1) there is a conceptual distinction between the alternative acts with which the defendant has been charged, and (2) the state has presented evidence to support each alternative act with which the defendant has been charged." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Jessie L. C., 148 Conn.App. 216, 232, 84 A.3d 936, cert. denied, 311 Conn. 937, 88 A.3d 551 (2014). Significantly, "case law provides that the alternative means of performing sexual intercourse are not conceptually distinct. See State v. Anderson, 211 Conn. 18, 35, 557 A.2d 917 (1989) ('[t]he several ways in which sexual intercourse may be committed under General Statutes § 53a-65 [2] are only one conceptual offense')." (Emphasis added.) State v. Griffin, 97 Conn.App. 169, 184 n.7, 903 A.2d 253, cert. denied, 280 Conn. 925, 908 A.2d 1088 (2006). Thus, this court held in Griffin that "the court's instruction that sexual intercourse included vaginal intercourse or cunnilingus did not constitute a nonunanimous instruction of two conceptually distinct alternatives." (Emphasis in original.) Id. Likewise, in the present case, the petitioner could not have prevailed on a claim that his counsel was deficient for failing to request a unanimity instruction as to whether the act of sexual intercourse underlying count seven was fellatio or vaginal intercourse, because the two acts are not two conceptually distinct alternatives for purposes of surmounting the first prong of Famiglietti.
"[T]he United States Supreme Court has explained that [t]o uphold a conviction on a charge that was neither alleged in an [information] nor presented to a jury at trial offends the most basic notions of due process. Few constitutional principles are more firmly established than a defendant's right to be heard on the specific charges of which he is accused. ... Reviewing courts, therefore, cannot affirm a criminal conviction based on a theory of guilt that was never presented to the jury in the underlying trial. ... To rule otherwise would permit trial by ambuscade. ... Whether a defendant has received constitutionally sufficient notice of the charges of which he was convicted may be determined by a review of the relevant charging document, the theory on which the case was tried and submitted to the jury, and the trial court's jury instructions regarding the charges." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. King, 321 Conn. 135, 148-50, 136 A.3d 1210 (2016).
We note that the petitioner does not argue that his counsel's deficient performance or the court's instructional error was structural in nature and that he, therefore, is excused from demonstrating prejudice under the sixth amendment to prevail on his claim. "Structural [error] cases defy analysis by harmless error standard because the entire conduct of the trial, from beginning to end, is obviously affected .... These cases contain a defect affecting the framework within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself .... Such errors infect the entire trial process ... and necessarily render a trial fundamentally unfair .... Put another way, these errors deprive defendants of basic protections without which a criminal trial cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle for determination of guilt or innocence ... and no criminal punishment may be regarded as fundamentally unfair." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Taylor v. Commissioner of Correction, 324 Conn. 631, 645, 153 A.3d 1264 (2017). Because the petitioner does not make this assertion in his brief or cite to any structural error cases, he has the burden of demonstrating that prejudice resulted from his trial counsel's deficient performance in failing to object to the court's instructions on count eight.
Our Supreme Court expressly has held, as a general matter, that principal and accessorial liability are not conceptually distinct from each other, and, thus, a jury verdict on a particular count should be regarded as unanimous even if some jurors concluded that the defendant was an aider and abetter, while other jurors concluded that he was the principal. State v. Smith, 212 Conn. 593, 605, 563 A.2d 671 (1989). In the present case, however, the state did not allege the occurrence of merely one act of sexual assault for which it would have been proper for half the jurors to believe the petitioner was guilty under a theory of principal liability and half the jurors to believe he was guilty under a theory of accessorial liability; rather, it alleged the occurrence of three separate acts of sexual assault. The petitioner thus appears to argue that, given the instructions on count eight, the jury could have believed it proper for each juror to individually determine that any one of the three acts of sexual assault, two alleging principal liability and one alleging accessorial liability, was proven beyond a reasonable doubt, resulting in a nonunanimous guilty verdict.
By so concluding, we do not mean to suggest or presume that the jury must have decided counts seven and eight in any particular order. The reality, however, is that, ultimately, the jury acquitted him of the two acts of sexual assault of which the state accused him as a principal, and found him guilty on count eight.
Specifically, the prosecutor stated: "[L]et me go to count eight because we're going to talk about some of these things together. ... The question for you is, looking at the facts here, did James Mitchell force [the victim] to engage in sexual intercourse when a shotgun was pointed at her and he told her to take off her clothes? ...
| CASELAW |
How Much Water Should You Drink a Day to Lose Weight?
Introduction
With the sheer amount of information available on the internet about diet and exercise, it can be difficult for individuals to determine what works for them. Weight loss, in particular, is one of the most challenging aspects of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. There are many fad diets and quick-fix solutions, but the truth is that a healthy weight loss regimen requires discipline and consistency. One of the most critical factors in weight loss is staying hydrated, but how much water should you drink a day to lose weight? Let’s dive in and explore the answer to this question.
The Importance of Hydration for Weight Loss
Drinking water is essential for many reasons, including regulating body temperature, maintaining healthy skin, and aiding digestion. However, staying hydrated is also crucial for successful weight loss. Inadequate hydration can cause a false sense of hunger, leading individuals to overeat. Moreover, drinking water can help individuals feel full and satisfied, reducing the overall number of calories consumed throughout the day.
How Much Water Should You Drink a Day?
So, how much water should you drink daily to achieve weight loss goals? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as water intake can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, activity level, and climate. However, a general guideline is to drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day, also known as the 8×8 rule. This translates to approximately 2 liters or half a gallon of water per day.
Factors That Influence Water Intake
Several factors can impact how much water an individual should drink per day. These include:
Factor Impact on Water Intake
Body weight Heavier individuals may require more water to stay hydrated.
Physical activity Those who engage in regular exercise may need more water to replace fluids lost through sweat.
Climate Hotter climates may require individuals to drink more water to stay hydrated.
Dietary habits Individuals who consume a lot of salt or caffeine may need to drink more water to stay properly hydrated.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Drinking More Water
Advantages
There are many benefits to drinking more water. Some of the key advantages include:
• Reduced appetite and calorie intake
• Increased energy levels
• Improved digestion
• Enhanced physical performance
• Better skin health
• Fewer headaches
Disadvantages
While there are several benefits to drinking more water, there are also some potential disadvantages. These may include:
• Increased need for bathroom breaks
• Risk of water intoxication or hyponatremia
• Overhydration can cause a drop in electrolyte levels
FAQs
1. Can drinking more water help with weight loss?
Drinking water can aid in weight loss by helping individuals feel full and satisfied, reducing overall calorie intake. However, it is essential to maintain an overall caloric deficit for successful weight loss.
2. What are some signs of dehydration?
Signs of dehydration may include thirst, dark urine, dry mouth and throat, fatigue, and headache.
3. Is it possible to drink too much water?
Yes, it is possible to drink too much water, which can lead to water intoxication or hyponatremia. This condition can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
4. Can drinking water help with bloating?
Yes, drinking water can help reduce bloating by flushing out excess sodium and reducing water retention.
5. Can drinking water improve skin health?
Yes, proper hydration is essential for maintaining healthy skin by reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and improving skin elasticity.
6. Does cold water burn more calories than warm water?
No, there is no definitive evidence that cold water burns more calories than warm water.
7. Can drinking water improve mental clarity?
Yes, staying hydrated can enhance cognitive function, allowing individuals to think more clearly and stay focused.
8. Can drinking water improve athletic performance?
Yes, staying hydrated during exercise can improve endurance, reduce fatigue, and prevent heat-related illnesses.
9. Is it necessary to drink water during mealtime?
While it is not necessary to drink water during a meal, doing so can help individuals feel full and reduce overall calorie intake.
10. Can drinking water before bed aid in weight loss?
Drinking water before bed can help individuals stay hydrated and may help reduce nighttime hunger cravings.
11. Can drinking water help prevent headaches?
Yes, staying hydrated can help reduce the frequency and intensity of headaches.
12. Can drinking water improve digestion?
Yes, proper hydration is essential for maintaining healthy digestion and reducing constipation.
13. Can drinking water reduce the risk of kidney stones?
Yes, staying hydrated can reduce the risk of kidney stones by preventing mineral build-up in the kidneys.
Conclusion
In conclusion, drinking water is a crucial aspect of any weight loss regimen. While there is no one-size-fits-all answer to how much water an individual should drink per day, following general guidelines such as the 8×8 rule can help ensure proper hydration. By making small changes to your daily routine, such as carrying a water bottle with you or setting a reminder to drink water throughout the day, you can improve your overall health and achieve your weight loss goals.
Closing Disclaimer
The information provided in this article is intended for educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Please consult with a healthcare professional before making changes to your diet or exercise routine.
Watch Video:How Much Water Should You Drink a Day to Lose Weight? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
M5 bomb trailer
The M5 bomb trailer is a 2½ ton capacity vehicle used during World War II for transporting bombs from munitions storage areas to the aircraft for loading. Up to six M5s can be towed in a train. The trailer weighs 7,200 pounds when fully loaded. The front pair of wheels are mounted on a caster assembly like a shopping cart. They are free to rotate 360 degrees about their vertical axes. There is a damper assembly that resembles 1/2 of a disk brake rotor that has friction pucks pressing against it to dampen oscillations of the caster assembly. These trailers would be towed out to the flightline all hitched together like a train and the train would stop at the first bomber and the last trailer in the train would be disconnected. The train would then continue on to the next bomber. After the train left, the crew would manhandle the trailer to a position under the bomber to enable the loading of the bombs. The front caster wheel assembly made this relatively easy. And so each trailer would be detached and when the towing vehicle had left the last trailer, it would circle around and go back and pick up the now empty first trailer detached. Then it would proceed to pick the rest of the trailers, one at a time.
History
These trailers were used extensively in World War II on air bases for the transport of bombs and other ordnance. Many were also used in the Korean War and Vietnam War as well. Versions include the M1 and M2 chemical trailer. these were usually towed by the M1 bomb service truck, 1½-ton, 4×4, (Ford) and M6 bomb service truck, 1½-ton, 4×4, (Chevy).
Specifications
* Net weight: 2200 lb
* Payload: 5000 lb
* Length: 17 ft
* Width: 7 ft
* Height: 3 ft
* Wheelbase: 102 in
* Ground clearance : 9.5 in
* Road speed: 45 mph
* Off-road speed: 20 mph
* Front tires: 6-ply 6.5 ×
* Rear tires: 8-ply 7.5 ×
Survivors
There are six known examples in museums, two of which have been restored (one at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, UK and one at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio). Three more are undergoing restoration, one at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina, one at Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California, and one at the Yankee Air Museum. The three are in need of a complete overhaul. The Collings Foundation (Stow MA USA) also has three unrestored M5's. Others are in private Historic Military Vehicle (HMV) collectors hands around the US and the world.
* Carolinas Aviation Museum
* Imperial War Museum Duxford
* National Museum of the United States Air Force
* Yankee Air Museum
* Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola, Norway. Restored in USN Glossy Sea Blue color. Temporary stored. | WIKI |
Can I use the same tag manager container?
Can I use the same tag manager container for more then 1 website? So I don’t need to implement two different scripts.
I have read on this web page but I don’t understand how to do it https://matomo.org/faq/tag-manager/how-do-i-track-my-staging-dev-production-websites-automatically-using-the-same-tag-manager-container/. Should i create a lookup table for every tag manager container or how can i use the variable?
Do you need to track in the same siteId?
Yes, that’s my thought. For example one without internal traffic and one with.
Sorry, I don’t understand:
At my question “in the same siteid” you replied “yes”
and after “one without internal traffic and one with” that I understand as “no”
Sorry, wrong answer from me.
I want to use the same container for two different siteids with the help of lookup table: https://matomo.org/faq/tag-manager/how-do-i-track-my-staging-dev-production-websites-automatically-using-the-same-tag-manager-container/.
As described in the doc, you can use some MTM variable to select the SiteID.
And this variable can be configured by the MTM datalayer or by a JavaScript function (eg that could read the URL and deduce the siteId form it), or a JavaScript global variable, etc.
So: yes, you can use the same MTM container for several sites.
Nice, but how do i set it up for the another website? I can set it up for siteid 1 and then when I am going to use the same setup for siteid 2 how do I do that?
Easiest way:
Javascript MTM bootstrap code
<!-- Matomo Tag Manager -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var matomoContainer = 'https://matomo-server/js/container_aA0bB1cC.js'; // You must set the MTM container URL here
var siteId = 1; // You must set the site id here
var _mtm = window._mtm = window._mtm || [];
_mtm.push({'mtm.startTime': (new Date().getTime()), 'event': 'mtm.Start'});
_mtm.push({'siteId', siteId});
var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src=matomoContainer; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
</script>
<!-- End Matomo Tag Manager -->
Matomo siteId Variable
(You have to create it):
Matomo configuration Variable
(You have to create it):
1 Like
Alright but thats not according to the documentation I linked to. Then i would create a lookup table for each site in matomo, I guess.
I think you can make use of it | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Eliot - Silas Marner, 1907.djvu/163
CHAP. X Silas, carrying in her hand some small lard-cakes, flat paste-like articles, much esteemed in Raveloe. Aaron, an apple-cheeked youngster of seven, with a clean starched frill, which looked like a plate for the apples, needed all his adventurous curiosity to embolden him against the possibility that the big-eyed weaver might do him some bodily injury; and his dubiety was much increased when, on arriving at the Stone-pits, they heard the mysterious sound of the loom.
'Ah, it is as I thought,' said Mrs. Winthrop, sadly.
They had to knock loudly before Silas heard them; but when he did come to the door he showed no impatience, as he would once have done, at a visit that had been unasked for and unexpected. Formerly, his heart had been as a locked casket with its treasure inside; but now the casket was empty, and the lock was broken. Left groping in darkness, with his prop utterly gone, Silas had inevitably a sense, though a dull and half-despairing one, that if any help came to him it must come from without; and there was a slight stirring of expectation at the sight of his fellow-men, a faint consciousness of dependence on their goodwill. He opened the door wide to admit Dolly, but without otherwise returning her greeting than by moving the armchair a few inches as a sign that she was to sit down in it. Dolly, as soon as she was seated, removed the white cloth that covered her lard-cakes, and said in her gravest way:
'I'd a baking yisterday. Master Marner, and | WIKI |
“Odyssey” is the second (after the “Iliad”) Greek epic poem, written by the ancient Greek poet Homer. It was written in the 8th century BC and tells about the adventures of a mythical hero named Odysseus during his trip home after the Trojan War, as well as the adventures of his wife, Penelope, who was waiting for Odysseus on Ithaca.
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For the Greeks, the epic of Homer was more than just an entertaining tale about gods, monsters, and people, but it was some kind of cultural paradigm that showed human relationships. The book gives an eclectic depiction of peacetime civilization of Achean. The Odyssey gives an opportunity to understand what is proper or improper in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, servant and master, guest and host, and man and woman. Women’s role is vital role in the development of this epic. The women in Odyssey are unique in their personality, intentions, and relationship towards men. All women in this epic are different, but all of them help to define the role of the ideal woman.
The “Odyssey” describes the world of women in Dark Age Greece, detecting apparent social dynamics, roles, and views held of the second sex. The epic was written at a time when women were taken a subservient and fawning position among men; their roles were almost limited to childbirth and domestic duties, so the facts of the poem gives and opportunity for readers to support and at the same time to refute that common belief of a women’s reality in Ancient Greece. That times the whole structure of civilization was organized and controlled by men and women held an inferior position in society. As it is known, the society was formed as if women were there only to serve the men and the involvement of women in any circumstance was almost totally dominated by what the men allowed. Those women were certainly valued in society, but they were not given important roles or any decision making power. That is why epic poem Odyssey is so unique; Homer put women into roles that were previously unheard of for women to possess. Unlike in The Iliad, in which women were just objects to men; women in poem Odyssey are distinctive because they possess personality, and have intricate relationships with men.
The author didn’t manage to form an exact, unbiased portrait of Homeric women, but he showed how most men perceived them, shown through the representation of particular female characters.
By analyzing the female characters of “The Odyssey”, readers can understand the role of women in this epic. Along with the belief that women played a secondary role to men in Greek society, the female characters displayed certain traits that could not be shown by the men. Certainly, the male characters play the most significant roles in this poem, but without the support of the females in “The Odyssey”, Odysseus would not have made it through his journey.
The author depicts women as strong subjects; they are real substantive characters. Most women in this epic poem are tough, strong-willed and are treated with the respect and seriousness they deserve. Despite traditions of ancient society, the author characterizes the women as the real counterparts of men: they have real feelings, real plans and are able to accomplish men on their own.
The women form an important part of the folk epic “The Odyssey”. Within the story there are three main types of women: the goddess, the seductress, and the good hostess/wife. Each particular female character adds a different element and is essential to the telling of the story.
The most memorable and important women in the poem are Penelope, wife of Odysseus; Naussica, a young innocent maiden; and Anticleia, Odysseus’ grieving mother who dwells in the Land of the Dead. Also such female characters as Arete, Circe, Calypso, Helen and Athena are impressive and intriguing. Characters of there women help to understand the degree mortal women were respected and regarded in Ancient Greece.
All women of the epic poem are unique. The goddesses play very demanding, controlling roles in “The Odyssey”. The most powerful is Athena, as she makes things happen during the entire story. The role of the goddess is one of a supernatural being, but more importantly one in a position to pity and help mortals. Athena, the goddess of wisdom, is the most prominent example of the role. As she is the Goddess of war and battle, so she understands Odysseus and the struggle he has been through. She tries the help Odysseus in the most difficult situations. Athena is a Goddess that is confident, practical, intelligent, and very crafty. She is a master of disguise, which is very important in Odysseus’ world. Athena embodies strength, bravery, and justice. She is a strong leader and a very clever decision maker. The reader understands, that she is the major reason that Odysseus was able to return home safely. Athena demonstrated the most intelligence and valor out of all the characters in “The Odyssey”. Another goddess Calypso is also very powerful and she manages to hold Odysseus captive for many years.
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Among the mortal women there are also a lot of wise and strong characters, such as Helen, Arete, and Nausicaa. Nausicaa is a sweet girl, and on the outside she may appear to just be the stereotypical woman, but, in the poem she has much more depth. She is the daughter of a king with dreams of her wedding and other girlish fantasies. She characterizes all that is pure, innocent and righteous in the world. Arete is Nausicaa’s mother is very intelligent and is independent in nature.
Penelope proves to be a central character throughout the poem by examining the roles of her as the wife of Odysseus and how she is represented reveals how a wife may have been treated in Homeric Greece. She proves to contain a complex, contradictory character, layered with meekness, submission and frailty, yet later on found to be framed with strength, independence and cunning. But firstly, Penelope has all the man-made qualities of an ideal Greek woman: loyalty, submission and fertility.
For many years she waits for her husband to come home. Sometimes, she seem to be rather meek, but in reality she is very string and clever. For all those years she had to fend off the suitors. 'she has been deluding the wits of a whole nation. Hopes for all, promises for every man by special messenger – and what she means is quite different' (Homer, 1997).
Penelopia had to delude all the suitors for a long time by making the excuse that she had to weave a burial shroud for Laertes. All days long she sat weaving, and later at night she pulled her work apart. Penelopia showed her wisdom and cleverness during the whole epic poem. Even after Odysseus came home she was wise enough to be cautious, she did not run right to him with open arms in case he was an impostor. She used her wits to set a trap that would prove if he was really Odysseus. She had him confess the secret of their bed, as soon as she knew it was he.
Summarizing everything that was written above, there is a need to say that women in Ancient Greece were considered inferior to men and they couldn’t mix with men and be part of the action in society. Very few women had important roles, so that world was dominated by men. Yet in “The Odyssey” women played very important roles. Women were not meek little structures blended into the background, they were powerful and wise. They charmed and controlled the men, took care of them; they provided submission, loyalty and advice. Women were very wise in The Odyssey and it was rather different to the roles women most often played in other stories of that time. Characters of women in poem help to understand the degree mortal women were respected and regarded in Ancient Greece.
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Page:Moyarra- An Australian Legend in Two Cantos, 1891.djvu/70
Alas! as well the parent shape Might hope its shadow to escape Whose dull, untiring mockery, Still haunts it wheresoe'er it fly. Yet, if revealed in one wide glow Light's glories from the heavens might flow That shade, o'erwhelmed in the bright maze. Would vanish from our baffled gaze. E'en thus it soothes the soul to think That, when disrobed of earthly stain. And clay to kindred clay shall shrink, The immortal spirit shall remain, A pure and perfect emanation Of the great source from whence it came, Soaring in heavenly aspiration, As a lambent flame, To mingle with the quoir above Who chant unending hymns of love;— That there the soul may float in bliss, Drinking in at every pore Tides of celestial mysteries Which fooled its keenest search before; Filled with a joy for utterance too deep And holy love which doth its being steep; | WIKI |
Maasgouw
Maasgouw is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located on both banks of the river Meuse southwest of the city of Roermond. It was formed in a merger of the former municipalities of Heel, Maasbracht and Thorn on 1 January 2007.
The municipality contains a number of towns and villages: • Beegden
• Brachterbeek
• Heel
• Linne
• Maasbracht
• Ohé en Laak
• Panheel
• Stevensweert
• Thorn
• Wessem.
Topography
Dutch Topographic map of the municipality of Maasgouw, June 2015.
Notable people
* Henk van Hoof (born 1947) a retired Dutch politician, lives in Ohé en Laak
* Jan Cober (born 1951 in Thorn) a Dutch conductor and clarinet player
* Guido Geelen (born 1961 in Thorn) a Dutch sculptor, furniture designer and ceramist
* Margo Reuten (born ca.1966 in Maasbracht) a Dutch head chef, holds two Michelin stars
* Lies Visschedijk (born 1974 in Heel) a Dutch actress
Sport
* Annemiek Derckx (born 1954 in Beegden) a Dutch sprint canoer, twice bronze medallist at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics
* Bas Peters (born 1976 in Heel) a Dutch mountain biker, competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics
* Mark van Bommel (born 1977 in Maasbracht) a Dutch former footballer with 536 club caps. | WIKI |
Talk:List of blind people
Untitled
Why is Leonhard Paul Euler not mentioned?
he's possibly the greatest mathematician of all time, and went blind towards the end of his life, but still continued to make mathematical advances despite his affliction.
* I rebooted this list awhile back. Feel free to add Euler or I might do so myself with the right source.--T. Anthony (talk) 14:34, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
Blind
Does this page only list those who are blind in both eyes? I ask because I was wondering if the present British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown should be included on the list but he is only blind in one eye.--Xania talk 21:53, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
* Considering the previous version was removed I was tempted to be more limited this time. Still go ahead with a section for "blind in one eye." If there's strong objection it can just be removed.--T. Anthony (talk) 00:00, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
Hey!
Why isn't Louis Frank mentioned? He opened The Seeing Eye in Morristown, NJ, back in 1929. I looked at the page, and was heavily disappointed. My mom goes there for her dogs... Yeah, a little rambling. Until I get bothered otherwise, I'll be editing the page with such information, including a source.
* He is not mentioned because there is no article on him and we limit red-links to a degree. Although I might add a few red-links I see on other Wikis if they're significant enough.--T. Anthony (talk) 08:25, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
Paul of Tarsus
I'm not entirely clear on the extensive precedent history of using Biblical sources in Wikipedia, but this assertion seems apocryphal at best. Cross-references to The Bible and History and the Wikipedia policies on reliable sources and verifiability. Is there a specific discussion thread on using apocryphal sources? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:20, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
* Although I think you're possibly just making a wisecrack on religion the truth of the matter is the "temporary" section was done by a poster as anonymous as you and I decided to remove it as irrelevant. If we include everyone who was temporarily blinded by some accident or injury this could get long and become full of information not significant to the actual topic.--T. Anthony (talk) 08:23, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
* I assure you that my question was made in good faith. I've still not been able to find a consensus on apocryphal/unverifiable information that is sourced from religious texts; is there a policy on this? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:23, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
* I'm not sure, but I think I did remove Paul even if my reasons were maybe different than yours.--T. Anthony (talk) 22:35, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
Removal of Brooks Wilkerson
While removing someone I thought was illegitimate but wasn't really, Greg Rando, I removed this person. I can't find much of any evidence of an Escargot champion named "Brooks Wilkerson" and the person who added him was an anonymous IP editor who was warned for vandalism. I could not find the person on the French Wikipedia. However what's odd to me is it'd been on last time I edited this page and I didn't question it. In fact the name had been there for nearly two years! Still maybe I'm wrong now. If you can find a source to verify that story, that's not a Wiki-mirror, feel free to return the name.--T. Anthony (talk) 01:57, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
Moving Jacob Bolotin?
Thanks for maintaining this page. I noticed that Bolotin is listed in the mathematician and scientist section, but he was actually a medical doctor. Any objection to moving him to the following section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by El tuerto (talk • contribs) 20:04, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 5 external links on List of blind people. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/19980613161407/http://www.nyise.org/fanny/ to http://www.nyise.org/fanny/
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080430084313/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/five_blind_boys_of_mississippi.html to http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees/five_blind_boys_of_mississippi.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080509170505/http://facstaff.unca.edu/sinclair/piedmontblues/fuller.html to http://facstaff.unca.edu/sinclair/piedmontblues/fuller.html
* Added tag to http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/04/13/2004-04-13_stopping_the_whitewash_rahsa.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080515231344/http://www.duke.edu/~njh3/biography.html to http://www.duke.edu/~njh3/biography.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080509185921/http://www.themodernword.com/borges/borges_biography.html to http://www.themodernword.com/borges/borges_biography.html
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 01:44, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
English
Hellen kellar Hellen adam who os the famous blind women in the world <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:50, 1 July 2022 (UTC)
* Helen Keller is already in the list. Narky Blert (talk) 06:17, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
Wilton Sampaio - World Cup referee
Pretty sure his inclusion is a personal jab at his refereeing during the world cup and not a reflection of any actual visual impairment. ChanceTM90 (talk) 20:05, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
* Agreed, removed him from list. Thanks! CaptainAngus (talk) 14:36, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
* Do you have evidence that he was corrupt? I don't think Wikipedia should be making that accusation blindly. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:49, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
* <IP_ADDRESS>: You reverted my removal of Sampaio from this page (whom you originally added). I'm not a world cup person, so I have no knowledge/insight/opinion on Wilton Sampaio. I can find no source claiming he has an actual visual impairment. Can you provide a reference? Otherwise, your inclusion of him on this page seems incorrect... CaptainAngus (talk) 03:58, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
* <IP_ADDRESS>: Per VERIFY, there's no source for the inclusion of Wilton Sampaio on this page, so I'm removing him. This will be the second time he's been removed, so please respond here if you want to discuss. CaptainAngus (talk) 01:51, 23 January 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Canada dismisses China's warning of repercussions over Huawei ban
SHERBROOKE, Quebec (Reuters) - Canada’s government on Friday dismissed China’s warning of repercussions if Ottawa banned Huawei Technologies Co Ltd [HWT.UL] from supplying equipment to 5G networks, saying it would not compromise on security. China’s ambassador to Canada issued the threat on Thursday as relations between the two nations continued to deteriorate after a senior Huawei executive was arrested in Vancouver last month on a U.S. extradition warrant. China has also detained two Canadians. Canadian officials are studying the security implications of 5G networks, the latest generation of cellular mobile communications, but their report is not expected in the immediate future, a source familiar with the matter told Reuters on Wednesday. Some Canadian allies have already imposed restrictions on using Huawei equipment, citing the risk of espionage. Canadian Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale, asked at a cabinet retreat about the Chinese ambassador’s remarks, said Ottawa had already made clear it would not cut corners on national security. “We understand that those sorts of comments will be made in the process, but we will make our judgment based on what is right for Canada and not be deterred from making the right decision,” he told reporters. “We are determined to stand our ground based on what is right for Canada ... this is a tough and turbulent world.” Goodale noted that China had made similar comments after Australia banned Huawei from supplying 5G equipment last year. Western intelligence agencies have for years raised concerns about Huawei’s ties to China’s government and the possibility its equipment could be used for espionage. China detained the two Canadians last month after Meng Wanzhou, chief financial officer of Huawei, was arrested in Vancouver on a U.S. extradition request. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau later told reporters he was concerned about “the apparent blending of Chinese commercial interests with Chinese political positioning”. Trudeau has called several world leaders in recent weeks to raise concerns about the case of the two Canadians. The Chinese ambassador on Thursday advised Canada to stop seeking support from allies. “We are going to continue to stand up for the rule of law ... this is something we continue to impress upon the Chinese authorities, firmly and respectfully,” Trudeau said at the end of a cabinet retreat in Sherbrooke, Quebec. Reporting by David Ljunggren; Editing by Paul Simao and Susan Thomas | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Nutcracker syndrome, also known as left renal vein entrapment syndrome or renal vein compression syndrome, is a rare medical condition that involves compression or entrapment of the left renal vein.
The left renal vein is the vein responsible for carrying blood away from the left kidney and back to the heart.
In a normal anatomical situation, the left renal vein runs between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. However, in nutcracker syndrome, the left renal vein is compressed or pinched between these two structures. This compression leads to various symptoms and complications due to impaired blood flow from the left kidney.
The main features and symptoms of nutcracker syndrome include:
1. Hematuria: Blood in the urine due to damage to small blood vessels in the kidney.
2. Flank pain: Pain in the lower back or abdomen, typically on the left side, caused by increased pressure within the left kidney and surrounding structures.
3. Varicocele: Enlarged and swollen veins in the scrotum or labia due to the retrograde flow of blood from the left kidney into the left gonadal vein.
4. Left-sided pelvic congestion: Pain and discomfort in the left pelvic region caused by blood backup in the left ovarian or left gonadal vein.
Diagnosis of nutcracker syndrome involves a combination of imaging studies such as Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance venography (MRV). The goal is to visualize the anatomy and blood flow in the affected area to confirm the compression of the left renal vein.
Treatment options for nutcracker syndrome depend on the severity of symptoms and complications. Conservative management may involve pain management and monitoring of the condition. However, if symptoms are severe and lead to significant complications like kidney damage or persistent bleeding, more invasive treatments might be necessary. These treatments can include renal vein stenting (placing a stent to keep the vein open), laparoscopic transposition (repositioning of the left renal vein), or rarely, surgical bypass.
If you suspect you or someone you know may have nutcracker syndrome, it’s essential to consult with a qualified healthcare professional. Contact Vein Specialists of the Carolinas to receive an appropriate evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.
“All We Do Is Veins, All Day Every Day.”
#NutcrackerSyndrome #RenalVeinCompression #VeinDisorders
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arcomage tribute
The result of the debate was delete. bainer (talk) 09:27, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
Arcomage tribute
Article on obscure fan-tribute software which is still being developed. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball Mecanismo | Talk 02:09, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete: per nom. RENTASTRAWBERRY FOR LET? röck 02:14, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. Jasmol 03:24, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, will probably become verifiable soon enough when their demonstration becomes available. Wikipedia doesn't need notability requirements. —Simetrical (talk) 04:35, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Comment Wikipedia is not a crystal ball --Mecanismo | Talk 13:06, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete as per nom. ManoaChild 05:34, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete per nom, recreate after release if notable.--SarekOfVulcan 09:44, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Not yet verifiable, so does not deserve article yet. Is also promoting the game. - Mgm|(talk) 12:34, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete because it is not verifiable now and is unliklely to be anything other than indiscriminate collecting of information in the future. Just zis Guy, you know? [T]/[C] AfD? 15:19, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
* Delete. Until published, it's vapourware. Ifnord 20:37, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Clive Disher
Harold Clive Disher, (15 October 1891 – 13 March 1976) was an Australian Army officer who served in the First and Second World Wars, a medical practitioner, a champion rower, and a pastoralist. He stroked the first AIF eight which won the championship race at the 1919 Henley Royal Peace Regatta, and received the 1919 Helms Award for the most outstanding amateur athlete from Australasia. During the Second World War, he was in charge of medical services during the Battle of Bardia and the Battle of Buna-Gona.
Early life
Harold Clive Disher was born in Rosedale, Victoria, on 15 October 1891. He was the third and youngest child of Henry Robert Disher, a grazier, and his wife Mary Louise née Hagenauer. He was educated at Rosedale State School, Gippsland College in Sale, Victoria, and Scotch College, Melbourne, where he rowed for the school team in the Head of the River regatta on the Yarra River in 1910 and Barwon River in 1911. He also served in the school's Australian Army Cadets unit. He rowed in the six seat of the Victorian state eight selected to contest the Australian interstate championships of 1914. He entered Ormond College at the University of Melbourne, where he studied medicine, and was awarded his dual Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degrees in 1916.
Great War
Disher enlisted in the First AIF on 13 July 1917, and was commissioned as a captain. He embarked for Europe aboard HMAT SS Themistocles (1911) on 4 August 1917, and arrived at Glasgow on 2 October 1917. On 28 October 1917 he was sent to the Western Front, where he was assigned to the 5th Field Ambulance. On 16 March 1918 he was attached to the 4th Field Artillery Brigade as its Regimental Medical Officer (RMO).
In March 1919, he was given leave to row in the AIF eight in the Henley Royal Peace Regatta. They won the King's Cup, defeating the Oxford University team in the final by a length. Disher received the 1919 Helms Award for the most outstanding amateur athlete from Australasia. He also took the opportunity for postgraduate study at hospitals in the UK under the Inter-Allied Fellowship of Medicine scheme from 23 July to 23 October 1919. He returned to Australia on the SS Nestor on 1 November 1919, where his AIF appointment was terminated on 22 January 1920.
Between the wars
Disher received his Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree from the University of Melbourne in 1921. He married Doris Parks Kitson, a nurse, at St John's Anglican Church in East Malvern on 6 November 1926. He pursued a career as an anaesthetist, obtaining a Diploma in Anaesthetics issued jointly by the Royal College of Physicians, London, and the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He became an honorary anaesthetist at Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1928, and senior honorary anaesthetist in 1938. He became an Officer of the Order of Saint John on 22 December 1936, and was awarded the King George VI Coronation Medal in 1937. The Army placed Disher on the Reserve of Officers with the rank of captain on 1 January 1921. He was promoted to major on 1 May 1924, and lieutenant colonel on 1 September 1930. He commanded the 5th Cavalry Field Ambulance (part of the 2nd Cavalry Division, a part-time Militia formation) from 11 April 1928 until 30 April 1936. He was placed on the unattached list on 1 July 1936, but was appointed Deputy Assistant Director of Medical Services (DADMS) of the 2nd Cavalry Division on 17 August 1936. On 1 October 1938, he became the Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS) of the 2nd Cavalry Division, with the temporary rank of colonel. His rank became substantive on 13 October 1939.
Second World War
Disher joined the Second AIF as a colonel on 8 December 1939, and was allocated the AIF service number VX294. Five days later he embarked for the Middle East on the SS Strathallan as part of the AIF Advance Party. He was ADMS of the AIF Advance Base until 4 April 1940, when he became ADMS of the 6th Division. He was awarded the Efficiency Decoration on 20 June 1940. He was in charge of the medical arrangements for the Battle of Bardia, for which he was mentioned in despatches, and made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 4 July 1941. His citation read:"Colonel H. C. Disher was responsible for the complete organisation of the medical services during the engagements of Bardia 3–5 January, Tobruk 21–22 January, Derna 24–31 January, and the rest of the Cyrenaica campaign ending on 7 February. By his skilful distributions of dressing stations, thorough attention to detail, and inspiring influence, casualties were collected and received attention at the earliest possible moment. These efficient arrangements undoubtedly saved many valuable lives."
After serving in the Battle of Greece in April and May 1941, Disher embarked for Australia on 1 August 1941, where he became ADMS of the 1st Armoured Division. He was promoted to brigadier on 6 April 1942, and became Deputy Director of Medical Services (DDMS) of II Corps on 14 April 1942. On 30 November 1942 he took over as DDMS of New Guinea Force. As such, he was in charge of the medical arrangements during the Battle of Buna-Gona. He returned to Australia on 13 July 1943, and became Director of Medical Services (DMS) of the First Army. He relinquished that appointment on 6 September 1944, and went on leave without pay. His AIF appointment was terminated on 21 June 1945, and he was transferred to the Reserve of Officers as a brigadier.
Later life
After the war, Disher retired from medicine and moved to an 800 ha sheep and cattle grazing property on the shores of Lake Wellington in Gippsland that his grandfather had acquired in 1869, and of which he had become owner on the death of his father on 31 May 1944. Disher died at Sale on 13 March 1976, and his remains were cremated. He had no children, and his wife died on 8 June 1946.
Disher bequeathed his estate at Strathfieldsaye, which was valued at around $588,500, along with its records, to the University of Melbourne, which established the Strathfieldsaye Institute of Teaching and Research in Agriculture and Allied Sciences. The records were transferred to the University of Melbourne archives.
The Disher Challenge Cup, an annual rowing race for eight-oared boats on Canberra's Lake Burley Griffin that is contested by the Australian Defence Force Academy, the Royal Military College, Duntroon, and the Australian National University, was named in his honour; Disher presented the cup to the inaugural winners in 1971. | WIKI |
Wall Street Remains Under Pressure
Wall Street Remains Under Pressure United States Stock MarketThe blue-chip Dow lost over 150 points on Thursday morning, while the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq 100 were down roughly 1% each as investors parsed through corporate earnings results while mulling over the future path of interest rates. Tesla slumped more than 8% after the electric carmaker announced more price cuts and reported its lowest quarterly gross margin in two years. AT&T fell over 5% after the US wireless carrier missed revenue estimates for its first quarter. American Express declined roughly 4% after it missed earnings estimates. On the positive side of the ledger, IBM rose 3% after the company said margins were expanding. On the economic front, initial jobless claims, the most timely snapshot of the labor market, came in at 245,000 for the week ended April 15, an increase of 5,000 from the prior week, Labor Department data showed. 2023-04-20T13:34:00 | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
On January 25, the Protestant Church celebrates the Day of the conversion of the Apostle Paul. According to Blessed Augustine, the Apostle Paul was one of the pillars of Christianity, he was bestowed upon Christianity as a great result of the death of the Christian First Martyr Stephen.
Like Stephen, Saul (Paul) was not a native of Judea. He grew up in the diaspora, in the Cilician capital city of Tarsus, at the crossroads of the cultures of East and West. Philosophy, sports and trade flourished here. Saul's family had hereditary Roman citizenship, which was reminiscent of his second, Latin name - Paulus (Paul).
However, he himself was proud that he did not become a Hellenist, but was a "Jew from Jews": he retained the paternal language and traditions of his ancestors. Saul's father, a wealthy craftsman, was considered a kind of Jewish aristocrat - he erected his genealogy to the tribe of Benjamin, from which King Saul came. Being himself a Pharisee (scribe), Saul's father in every possible way protected his son from the temptations of a pagan environment and dreamed of his son's theological career. When Saul matured, he was sent to Jerusalem to study the Scriptures, where he was trained and, despite his youth, was respected. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Category Archives: play with numbers
Narcissistic Number (Armstrong Number)
Narcissistic Number is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
e.g.
153 = 13+53+33
1634 = 14+64+34+44
C code for finding whether given number is Narcissistic Number or not.
Code provided by : Manoj
Print Binary representation of a number in c
C code to print binary representation of a number :
Check whether given number is palindrome or not
Approach :
store the given number into some other variable then reverse the number and compare it with stored no. If both the numbers are same then the given number is palindrome.
Example :
Given No Reversed No Equal Palindrome
123 321 No No
121 121 Yes Yes
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
C code to check whether given number is palindrome or not.
Code provided by Lalit Kumar
Print given square matrix in spiral order
Print givensquare matrix in spiral order :
Complexity : O(n^2)
Approach :
Step1 : write a 4 for loop for printing boundry
step 2: Apply the step1 for inner martrix by modifying starting point and ending point of matrix
step 3: Aplly step2 untill the matrix size becomes 1 or 0
end
Input :
—————-
1 2 3 4
12 13 14 5
11 16 15 6
10 9 8 7
—————-
Output :
——————————————————-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
——————————————————-
C code to print given square matrix in spiral order :
find pair of numbers in array that add to given sum
Find pair of numbers in array that add to given sum :
Complexity: O(n logn)
Approach :
step 1: Sort an array using efficient sorting method
step 2: use two variable i & j , initialize i as starting position of array (i=0) and j as last position of array (j=n-1). Where n is number of element in array.
step 3: if(A[i]+A[j]<x) i++
else if(A[i]+A[j]>x) j–
else (A[i]+A[j]==x) print A[i] , A[j] and i++
step 4: Repeat step 3 untill i<j
Code to Find pair of numbers in array that add to given sum :
Calculating Factorial of large numbers in c
As we all know there is memory limitation in C. If we want to store number which is more than of 4 byte we cannot use int data type. We can use long data type to store value which is upto 8 byte. What after that?. If our value is of more than 8 bytes then we have to implement our own method to store value.
Here is the implementation of calculating factorial for large numbers like 100!
Explanation:
This program works on basic method of multiplication of a two numbers.
1234
X 15
Ans: 18510
Steps are:
Step Digit Carry
15*4 = 60; 0 6
(15*3)+6=51 1 5
(15*2)+5=35 5 3
(15*1)+3=18 8 1
After this carry digits are extracted and stored in array. ( if our carry was 25 then we must extract 2 and 5 then store it in array )
So output is: 18510
In program:
Array of 200 lengths is taken to store digits of multiplication result.
Index variable indicates the length of output..
tmp is used to store carry value;
————————————————————————————————————————–
Calculating Factorial of large numbers in c
Her we have taken array size of 200 so we can calculate factorial of a number whose digits are 200. if you want to calculate for more than 200 just increase the size of array.
Fibonacci number series program in c
The Fibonacci numbers or Fibonacci series or Fibonacci sequence are the numbers in the following integer sequence.
0,\;1,\;1,\;2,\;3,\;5,\;8,\;13,\;21,\;34,\;55,\;89,\;144,\; \ldots\;
By definition, the first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two.
In mathematical terms, the sequence Fn of Fibonacci numbers is defined by the recurrence relation
F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2},\!\,
with seed values
F_0 = 0,\; F_1 = 1.
To Display Fibonacci number series program in c.
Factorial program in C
Factorial Program in C .
the factorial of a non-negative integer n, denoted by n!, is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n. For example,
5! = 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 120. \
The value of 0! is 1
C program to find factorial of a number using recursion .
C program to print pascal triangle
Pascal’s Triangle : Pascal’s triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients.
Pascal's Triangle
Pascal’s Triangle
To read more about pascal’s triangle click here
C program to create pascal’s triangle
pascal triangle printing code . | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Celiac sprue
From Libre Pathology
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: Talk:Esophagus.
Celiac sprue
Microscopic description
A. The sections shows small bowel mucosa with Brunner's glands and a moderate number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (~30-40 lymphocytes/100 enterocytes). There is focal mild blunting of the villi and moderate crypt hyperplasia. The intraepithelial lymphocytes are more prominent at the tips of the villi. The lamina propria contains a moderate number of plasma cells and lymphocytes, and rare eosinophils. There is no dysplasia.
B. The sections show normal antral-type gastric mucsoa.
C. The sections show normal body-type gastric mucosa.
D. The sections show normal esophageal-type mucosa.
Final diagnosis
A. Duodenum, biopsy - duodenum with moderate focal crypt hyperplasia and mild focal villous atrophy in keeping with celiac disease with:
i) modified Marsh grade 1.
B. Gastric antrum, biopsy - no pathologic diagnosis.
C. Gastric body, biopsy - no pathologic diagnosis.
D. Esophagus; biopsy - no pathologic diagnosis.
Mild increase of IELs
SMALL BOWEL, BIOPSY:
- SMALL BOWEL MUCOSA WITH MILDLY INCREASED INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES
(~30 LYMPHOCYTES/100 ENTEROCYTES) WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF THE
VILLOUS ARCHITECTURE, SEE COMMENT.
- NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE INFLAMMATION.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
COMMENT:
The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in celiac disease is typically higher than
40 per 100 enterocytes. A mild increase of IELs is a nonspecific finding. Serology for
celiac disease could be considered, if not done. Clinical correlation is suggested. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Suicide Bombing in Somalia Kills Dozens at a Market
MOGADISHU, Somalia — A large explosion ripped through a busy market here on Sunday, killing at least 30 people and exposing the grave security challenges that Somalia’s new president faces. Somali security officials said the bomb had been packed into a truck that a suicide bomber drove into the Kawo Godey market, near the center of Mogadishu, the capital. “I was shocked when I saw the bodies of dead men lying on the ground,” said Fa’izo Shimbir, a shopper who was near the market. “The market was full of blood.” Doctors at a nearby hospital said that dozens of patients had streamed in, many with deep shrapnel wounds, and that the death toll was certain to rise. Somali officials blamed the Shabab militant group, which has been terrorizing the country for years, for the blast. The attack, which occurred in the Medina area of Mogadishu, came just hours after Somalia’s president, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, announced a new offensive against the Shabab. Mr. Mohamed — best known by his nickname, Farmajo, which comes from the Italian word for cheese — was selected by Somalia’s Parliament this month in an election process widely seen as staggeringly corrupt. The election process was so bad, several analysts said, that the Shabab did not even try to derail it because the blatant corruption made the militants look upstanding by comparison. The Shabab have accused Mr. Mohamed of being an apostate and an American “puppet.” Mr. Mohamed is an American citizen and spent years in the United States, working as a contracting officer for the New York State Department of Transportation in Buffalo. Last week, the United States ambassador to Somalia, Stephen Schwartz, met with Mr. Mohamed and presented him with a baseball cap in Somalia’s national colors, blue and white. It was printed with a slogan echoing President Trump’s campaign: “Make Somalia Great Again.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
GLOBAL MARKETS-Asia shares tense as Fed looms, Ukraine a concern
By Wayne Cole
SYDNEY, Jan 24 (Reuters) - Asian share markets slipped on Monday with the Federal Reserve expected to confirm it will soon start draining the massive liquidity that has fuelled the huge gains in growth stocks in recent years.
Adding to the caution was concerns about a possible Russian attack on Ukraine with the U.S. State Department pulling out family members of its embassy staff in Kyiv.
The New York Times reported President Joe Biden was considering sending thousands of U.S. troops to NATO allies in Europe along with warships and aircraft.
MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan .MIAPJ0000PUS eased 0.1% and Japan's Nikkei .N225 1.0%. However, Wall Street futures were trying to bounce after last week's drubbing, with the S&P 500 futures ESc1 up 0.4% and Nasdaq futures NQc1 0.7%.
Edgy markets are now even pricing in a small chance the Fed hikes rates this week, though the overwhelming expectation is for a first move to 0.25% in March and three more to 1.0% by year end. FEDWATCH
"With inflation eye-wateringly high, the Fed is on course to steadily remove the ultra-accommodative monetary policy that has been a key prop to stock prices for over a decade now," said Oliver Allen, a market economist at Capital Economics.
The prospect of higher borrowing costs and more attractive bond yields took a toll on tech stocks with their lofty valuations, leaving the Nasdaq down 12% so far this year and the S&P 500 nearly 8%.
The rout was exacerbated by a slide in Netflix NFLX.O, which tumbled almost 22%, shedding $44 billion in market value.
Such was the scale of the losses that Treasuries actually rallied late last week on speculation the bonfire of market wealth might scare the Fed into being less hawkish, a variation of the old Greenspan put.
However, Allen noted that even with the recent drop the S&P 500 was still 40% above where it ended 2019, and the Nasdaq 60%.
"Investors may not be able to rely on a so-called 'Fed put' this time around, given that the central bank's tightening cycle has not even begun, and that the strength of the U.S. economy suggests that much tighter policy is warranted."
Indeed, the first reading of U.S. gross domestic product for the December quarter is due this week and forecast to show growth running at an annualised 5.4% before Omicron put its foot on the brakes.
Earnings season is also well under way and companies reporting this week include IBM IBM, Microsoft MSFT.O, Johnson & Johnson JNJ, Intel INTC.O, Tesla TSLA.O, Apple AAPL.O and Caterpillar CAT.
While Treasuries did bounce late last week, 10-year yields are still up 22 basis points on the month so far at 1.77% US10YT=RR and not far from levels last seen in early 2020.
That rise has generally supported the U.S. dollar, which added 0.5% on a basket of currencies last week and last stood at 85.647 =USD. The euro was stuck at $1.1341 EUR=, having failed to sustain a recent rally to near $1.1500.
"The risk is the Fed's statement portrays an urgency to act soon, likely in March, in the face of very high inflation," said Joseph Capurso, CBA's head of international economics.
"That could even encourage markets to price a risk of a 50 basis point rate hike in March and, under that scenario, we expect a knee-jerk reaction above its 4 January high of 96.46."
The Japanese yen tends to benefit from safe haven flows as stocks crumble, keeping the dollar soft at 113.66 JPY= and uncomfortably close to last week's low of 113.47.
Gold held up at $1,833 an ounce XAU=, having hit a six-week peak of $1,842 last week. GOL/
Oil prices were rising again having climbed for five weeks in a row to a seven-year peak on expectations demand will stay strong and supplies limited. O/R
Brent LCOc1 added 74 cents to $88.64 a barrel, while U.S. crude CLc1 rose 70 cents to $85.84.
Asia stock marketshttps://tmsnrt.rs/2zpUAr4
Asia-Pacific valuationshttps://tmsnrt.rs/2Dr2BQA
(Reporting by Wayne Cole; Editing by Sam Holmes)
((Wayne.Cole@thomsonreuters.com; 612 9171 7144; Reuters Messaging: wayne.cole.thomsonreuters.com@reuters.net))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
French corvette Diligent (1781)
Diligent (or Petit Diligent), was the Bengal Pilot Service schooner Tannah (or Tanna), that the Bombay Dockyard had launched in 1775 for the Bengal Pilot Service of the British East India Company (EIC). The French Navy captured her in 1781. She then became a 10-gun corvette of the French Navy, but sank in 1782.
Career
Although Tannah is described as a pilot schooner, that may reflect her role rather than her sailing rig. She was one of a number of pilot vessels that the Bengal Pilot Service operated to help East Indiamen and other vessels approaching the mouth of the Hooghly River.
On 24 January 1781, off Pulicat, FRENCH SHIP Flamand captured Tannah (or Tanna), as Tanna was coming into Madras with two small prizes.
Within the year, the French brought Tannah to Île de France (Mauritius), converted her to a corvette, and recommissioned her under the name Diligent.
Diligent, Captain Macé, was present on 6 July 1782 at the Battle of Negapatam. After the battle, Suffren sent her and FRENCH CORVETTE Sylphide to bring news of the outcome of the battle to Île de France.
Fate
In August 1782, Diligent sank off Cuddalore. | WIKI |
Mexico and the Mexicans
Mexico and the Mexicans (México y los mexicanos) is an 1855 monograph by Christian Sartorius, illustrated by Johann Moritz Rugendas. It is considered part of the Costumbrismo movement, because of its romanticized realist depictions of nineteenth-century Mexican country life.
Sartorius' work was inspired by that of Prussian naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt, whose travels and documentation of Latin America and Mexico were among the first 'scientific' European explorations of what was then known as New Spain.
Mexico and the Mexicans narrates the conditions of life for different social classes in cities such as Mexico, Córdoba, Veracruz, and Jalapa. In preparation for publication, the illustrator Moritz Rugendas created nearly 1,400 detailed illustrations, paintings, and diagrams of the materials covered in the book, but Sartorius ultimately included only 18 in the final publication. | WIKI |
Monday, September 11, 2023
Assigns a default value
Object destructuring and default arguments:
A default value to the default object:
Thursday, May 18, 2023
Function composition
Function composition is a mathematical operation that combines two or more functions in such a way that the output of one function becomes the input for the next function. The result is a new function that combines the behavior of both functions.
Implementation of general composition function
The corresponding execution order is from left to right. If you want to execute from right to left, then you can use the Array.prototype.reduceRight method.
Example
Tuesday, April 25, 2023
Memoization function
I found an interesting function while working on my latest project. I call it a memoization function.
The function stores the results in memory and returns immediately if called repeatedly with the same arguments. Such a function is suitable for some longer and demanding calculations.
That is nothing new, but it's a nice piece of code. ;)
Look at this:
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
Dynamically loading font resources
Did you know, that fonts can be downloaded with Javascript using a new API, the CSS Font Loading API?
The API exposes 2 objects - FontFace and FontFaceSet. A FontFace represents a font. After loaded it, the font can be added to the list of available fonts (called FontFaceSet), and then can be used normally.
See example:
Tuesday, March 14, 2023
Extract the non-tagged contents of HTML in browser
Yes, you can use the RegularExpression of cource. But, there is cool idea, how to extract tagged content in browser:
JS String padding
Sometimes we want the string to have a specific length. We can use the padStart and padEnd methods.
Sunday, February 5, 2023
Removing Event Listeners with AbortController()
With the AbortControler you can cancel fetch request but remove Event Listeners too.
Let's look at an example:
You can use one signal to remove multiple listeners: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Synapses on axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rat and rabbit thoracic spinal cord
Ida J. Llewellyn‐Smith, Paul Pilowsky, Jane B. Minson, John Chalmers
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
27 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Axosomatic and axodendritic synapses occur on sympathetic preganglionic neurons, but it is not yet known whether their axons receive synaptic input, which could be particularly effective at regulating sympathetic outflow. Here, we examined retrogradely labelled sympathetic preganglionic axons to see if they received synapses. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) or CTB conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB‐HRP) was used to label neurons projecting to the rat or rabbit superior cervical ganglion, the rat adrenal medulla, or the rabbit stellate ganglion. At the light microscopic level, small groups of CTB‐immunoreactive axons travelled through the ventral horn near its lateral boundary, with occasional axons taking a more medial course. The axons passed through the ventrolateral funiculus to exit at the ventral roots. In parasagittal section, a few axons branched within the ventral horn, sending processes rostrally and caudally for short distances before they turned ventrally to exit the spinal cord. At the ultrastructural level, CTB‐immunoreactive rat and rabbit sympathetic preganglionic axons were almost exclusively unmyelinated. In contrast, labelling with CTB‐HRP revealed both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the ventral horn, the ventrolateral white matter, and the ventral roots. CTB‐HRP also allowed the detection of the initial segment of a sympathetic preganglionic axon. Synapses, with vesicles clustered presynaptically and membrane specializations postsynaptically, were found on some unmyelinated CTB‐immunoreactive axons. Occasional axons received several synapses. Synapses were most common on CTB‐containing axons just ventral to the intermediolateral cell column. One synapse was found on an axon within 2 μm of its origin from a proximal dendrite. Rare synapses were found several hundred micrometers ventral to the intermediolateral cell column. One branching axon had synapses just below the branch point on both the main axon and the axonal branch. These findings indicate an extensive synaptic input to the axons of at least some sympathetic preganglionic neurons. These axoaxonic synapses could have a profound effect on sympathetic activity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)193-208
Number of pages16
JournalJournal of Comparative Neurology
Volume354
Issue number2
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 3 Apr 1995
Keywords
• blood pressure
• immunocytochemistry
• intermediolateral cell column
• retrograde tracing
• ultrastructure
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Synapses on axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in rat and rabbit thoracic spinal cord'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Question
Locked
HOW TO PROVIDE INTERNET ONLY FOR DHCP USERS?
By ashrafmky ·
Hi
i have 2008 R2 server with DHCP server with ADSL internet connection also my LAN using WiFi.I have enabled filter on DHCP for providing ip, those MAC are allowed in the filter that client only getting dhcp ip.But if the client having manually ip its working...So I want to block manual ip accessing INTERNET?
Pls help me....
This conversation is currently closed to new comments.
6 total posts (Page 1 of 1)
| Thread display: Collapse - | Expand +
Collapse -
Change the IP address of the default gateway
by robo_dev In reply to HOW TO PROVIDE INTERNET O ...
While this is 'security through obscurity' it can help. Instead of something obvious like 192.168.0.1, make your gateway 191.168.0.254.
Setup another router at 0.1 and disable it's WAN interface.
Are these children or adults? (Kids are smarter)
Collapse -
firewall rules
by JPElectron In reply to HOW TO PROVIDE INTERNET O ...
I'm guessing you're using MAC binding to only allow certain devices (to which you know the MAC) to get a DHCP address, and if it's not a "known device" it gets no IP? ...but you have users that are putting a static IP in and still getting internet?
In your firewall, Deny UDP port 53 outbound, from any IP, except your internal server(s)
On the internal DNS server, add firewall rules such that only the DHCP IP's can use DNS
Also, create an ACL in your firewall/router to the internet...
Allow [IPs that are part of the DHCP pool]
Deny [all other IPs]
Collapse -
Reponse To Answer
by ashrafmky In reply to firewall rules
Through internel DNS server Internet not working I configured forwarder to ISP provider DNS.
So i given adsl router IP as gateway for all my client pc.
so can u help me how to connect internet through internel DNS SERVER.
THANKS FOR UR REPLY
Collapse -
firewall rules
by r.herafi In reply to HOW TO PROVIDE INTERNET O ...
I would prefer ACL based on MAC addresses instead of IP addresses so you can guarantee even if user used a static IP within your pool will not get access to internet
Collapse -
Reponse To Answer
by ashrafmky In reply to firewall rules
how to make this?
In our n/w we have W2K8 R2 SERVER, Linksys router apart-from this anything I need to buy pls help me...
Back to Networks Forum
6 total posts (Page 1 of 1)
Related Discussions
Related Forums | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Expo SDK 48 minor React Native update
I recently updated my app to Expo SDK 48, we created a release candidate build, deployed to the internal testing areas of the stores and passed regression testing. Two days later we came back to create the production version of the binaries for store release. Expo doctor showed that the @react-native-firebase was using an old version of expo-config, and that a react native patch update from 0.71.6 to 0.71.7 and expo-splash-screen patch update from 0.18.1 to 0.18.2. The binary build works, but the resulting binaries both display a javascript error on load.
( Unexpected error occurred, Failed to call into JavaScript module method RCTDeviceEventEmitter.emit(). Module has not been registered as callable. Bridgeless Mode: false. Registered callable Javascript modules ( n = 0 ): . A frequent cause of the error is that the application entry file path is incorrect. This can also happen when the JS bundle is corrupt or there is an early initialization error when loading React Native )
No code changes were made, we need to update the binary to assure the API URL is defaulted correctly for out customers. This feels like a cache issue … but I can’t figure out a way to force that.
We couldn’t find the error being thrown by the required react native 0.71.6 to 0.71.7, but we did find the prebuildCommand configuration for the eas build configuration … we told react-native to not update, and got a functioning binary to deploy.
"production": {
"extends": "__release__",
"prebuildCommand": "npx expo prebuild --skip-dependency-update react-native,react,expo"
}
This topic was automatically closed 30 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Possibly unfree files/2014 November 12
File:Hiphop Tamizha official logo.gif
The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted as F5 by AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:11, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* File:Hiphop Tamizha official logo.gif ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | [ logs]).
* Does any good/featured article on a musical band have the band's logo uploaded in the same licence as this - non-free? I don't think so. Kailash29792 (talk) 08:00, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This image is currently tagged as non-free. If there is a dispute with the rationale, please tag the image with dfu or list it at WP:Non-free content review. AnomieBOT ⚡ 08:04, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
File:PawPaws.JPG
The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:11, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* File:PawPaws.JPG ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | [ logs]).
* Copyright violation as a derived work. The depicted toys are ugly, but subject to copyright. Sandstein 12:06, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
File:Lauren McLaughlin.jpg
The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:11, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* File:Lauren McLaughlin.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | [ logs]).
* Originally uploaded with the source as "Given by author", although it is unclear who the author is or whether they gave permission. Uploader removed the source/licensing information in an attempt to delete the file . January ( talk ) 13:57, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
File:Romeo J Miller.jpg
The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:11, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* File:Romeo J Miller.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | [ logs]).
* This was originally uploaded with the source given as Romeo J Miller and licence as but with no supporting evidence for the PD claim. Uploader later deleted the source/licensing information, possibly in an attempt to delete the file. January ( talk ) 14:16, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.
File:Supporting adana spor.png
The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:11, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
* File:Supporting adana spor.png ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | [ logs]).
* Hard to tell but it sounds like the uploader is saying this came from a game. Eeekster (talk) 19:19, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the media's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Professionalbuildersmerchant/Professional Builders Merchant magazine
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was Delete - unopposed nomination. Wily D 09:09, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
User:Professionalbuildersmerchant/Professional Builders Merchant magazine
Stale WP:FAKEARTICLE of non-notable magazine. Last edited in April 2012. Singularity42 (talk) 20:51, 16 December 2012 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Jaron Schäfer
Jaron Schäfer (born July 14, 1993) is a retired German footballer.
Career
Schäfer came through 1. FC Saarbrücken's youth system, and made his debut for the club in a 3–3 draw with Borussia Dortmund II in the 3. Liga February 2013, as a substitute for Markus Pazurek. At the end of the 2013–14 season he signed for FC Homburg.
After 2,5-years with several knee injuries, Schäfer retired at the end of the 2018/19 season at the age of 25. However, he would continue training with FC 08 Homburg and also begin a dual degree in sports economics at the German University for Prevention and Health Management (DHfPG) in Saarbrücken. | WIKI |
Snowmobile skipping
Snowmobile skipping, snowmobile watercross, snowmobile skimming, water skipping or puddle jumping is a sport and/or exhibition where snowmobile racers hydroplane their sleds across lakes or rivers.
Basics
Snowmobile watercross consists of crossing water while riding a snowmobile, which is possible because snowmobiles have wide tracks for traction and flotation in the snow. If one hits the water at an adequate speed (5 mph per 150 lb or km/h per 100 kg of weight) and keeps the sled's throttle open, the track keeps the snowmobile on the surface of the water without sinking. If the rider backs out of the throttle or the sled bogs or floods out, the sled will sink. A sunk sled is able to be revived by cleaning water out of the carburetor, exhaust, spark plugs, and replacing the fuel. The front of the sled is pitched upwards as riders commonly do in deep mountain powder snow.
History
The Grantsburg, Wisconsin first annual World Championship Snowmobile Watercross was held in July 1977 and it has been held yearly on the third week of July since. The first race was simply held to see who could make it the 300 ft from the island on Memory Lake to the shore. Most didn't, but the winner did go about 500 ft. In the years following, racers became more skilled and machines more powerful. Today, racers compete in drags and ovals, with an eight-lap championship run. Over 100 racers compete in the various classes. The Classes range from the beginners' Stock Drags to the top Pro-Open Ovals Class. Competitive watercross is run by two main circuits. The IWA (International Watercross Association) operates mainly in the Midwest, while the EWA (Eastern Watercross Association) operates in the Northeastern States.
In most cases, participants in watercross strip their snowmobiles of all non-essential parts—including the seat—to save weight.
On June 25, 2013, Antti Holmberg of Finland set the record for snowmobile skipping at 180 km (112 miles). On September 18, 2015, the record is now set at 212 km (131.731 miles) by the Norwegian Morten Blien.
Safety
Watercross competitions are held during the summer and the participants of official events wear life jackets and helmets, and have a buoy tethered to their sleds. If for some event the rider and sled do not complete the course, the rider releases the buoy from the snowmobile so that it floats to the surface and marks the sled for retrieval. Watercross competitions, as with other motor sports competitions, have ambulance and rescue crews nearby in the event of an accident.
While it is possible to skim over the water with a stock snowmobile, the practice can be dangerous. For example, in February 2006, a Massachusetts man died in New Hampshire after sinking into the water during a failed skimming attempt. In July 2010, a 40-year-old man died in Anaktuvuk Pass while attempting to skim across Eleanor Lake. In January 2018, a 48-year-old man died after partially skipping across Sturgeon Lake (Ontario).
The practice of "skimming" is illegal in the states of Minnesota and Maine. On the contrary, in Wisconsin there are places where skimming is encouraged, and some businesses rely on it to attract customers, for example at Bauer's Dam in Conover, Wisconsin. | WIKI |
Shlomi Fish > Math-Cephes > Math::Cephes::Polynomial
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Math-Cephes-0.5305.tar.gz
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Module Version: 0.5305 Source
NAME ^
Math::Cephes::Polynomial - Perl interface to the cephes math polynomial routines
SYNOPSIS ^
use Math::Cephes::Polynomial qw(poly);
# 'poly' is a shortcut for Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new
require Math::Cephes::Fraction; # if coefficients are fractions
require Math::Cephes::Complex; # if coefficients are complex
my $a = poly([1, 2, 3]); # a(x) = 1 + 2x + 3x^2
my $b = poly([4, 5, 6, 7]; # b(x) = 4 + 5x + 6x^2 + 7x^3
my $c = $a->add($b); # c(x) = 5 + 7x + 9x^2 + 7x^3
my $cc = $c->coef;
for (my $i=0; $i<4; $i++) {
print "term $i: $cc->[$i]\n";
}
my $x = 2;
my $r = $c->eval($x);
print "At x=$x, c(x) is $r\n";
my $u1 = Math::Cephes::Complex->new(2,1);
my $u2 = Math::Cephes::Complex->new(1,-3);
my $v1 = Math::Cephes::Complex->new(1,3);
my $v2 = Math::Cephes::Complex->new(2,4);
my $z1 = Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new([$u1, $u2]);
my $z2 = Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new([$v1, $v2]);
my $z3 = $z1->add($z2);
my $z3c = $z3->coef;
for (my $i=0; $i<2; $i++) {
print "term $i: real=$z3c->{r}->[$i], imag=$z3c->{i}->[$i]\n";
}
$r = $z3->eval($x);
print "At x=$x, z3(x) has real=", $r->r, " and imag=", $r->i, "\n";
my $a1 = Math::Cephes::Fraction->new(1,2);
my $a2 = Math::Cephes::Fraction->new(2,1);
my $b1 = Math::Cephes::Fraction->new(1,2);
my $b2 = Math::Cephes::Fraction->new(2,2);
my $f1 = Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new([$a1, $a2]);
my $f2 = Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new([$b1, $b2]);
my $f3 = $f1->add($f2);
my $f3c = $f3->coef;
for (my $i=0; $i<2; $i++) {
print "term $i: num=$f3c->{n}->[$i], den=$f3c->{d}->[$i]\n";
}
$r = $f3->eval($x);
print "At x=$x, f3(x) has num=", $r->n, " and den=", $r->d, "\n";
$r = $f3->eval($a1);
print "At x=", $a1->n, "/", $a1->d,
", f3(x) has num=", $r->n, " and den=", $r->d, "\n";
DESCRIPTION ^
This module is a layer on top of the basic routines in the cephes math library to handle polynomials. In the following, a Math::Cephes::Polynomial object is created as
my $p = Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new($arr_ref);
where $arr_ref is a reference to an array which can consist of one of
The maximum degree of the polynomials handled is set by default to 256 - this can be changed by setting $Math::Cephes::Polynomial::MAXPOL.
A copy of a Math::Cephes::Polynomial object may be done as
my $p_copy = $p->new();
and a string representation of the polynomial may be gotten through
print $p->as_string;
Methods
The following methods are available.
coef: get coefficients of the polynomial
SYNOPSIS:
my $c = $p->coef;
DESCRIPTION:
This returns an array reference containing the coefficients of the polynomial.
clr: set a polynomial identically equal to zero
SYNOPSIS:
$p->clr($n);
DESCRIPTION:
This sets the coefficients of the polynomial identically to 0, up to $p->[$n]. If $n is omitted, all elements are set to 0.
add: add two polynomials
SYNOPSIS:
$c = $a->add($b);
DESCRIPTION:
This sets $c equal to $a + $b.
sub: subtract two polynomials
SYNOPSIS:
$c = $a->sub($b);
DESCRIPTION:
This sets $c equal to $a - $b.
mul: multiply two polynomials
SYNOPSIS:
$c = $a->mul($b);
DESCRIPTION:
This sets $c equal to $a * $b.
div: divide two polynomials
SYNOPSIS:
$c = $a->div($b);
DESCRIPTION:
This sets $c equal to $a / $b, expanded by a Taylor series. Accuracy is approximately equal to the degree of the polynomial, with an internal limit of about 16.
sbt: change of variables
SYNOPSIS:
$c = $a->sbt($b);
DESCRIPTION:
If a(x) and b(x) are polynomials, then
c(x) = a(b(x))
is a polynomial found by substituting b(x) for x in a(x). This method is not available for polynomials with complex coefficients.
eval: evaluate a polynomial
SYNOPSIS:
$s = $a->eval($x);
DESCRIPTION:
This evaluates the polynomial at the value $x. The returned value is of the same type as that used to represent the coefficients of the polynomial.
sqt: square root of a polynomial
SYNOPSIS:
$b = $a->sqt();
DESCRIPTION:
This finds the square root of a polynomial, evaluated by a Taylor expansion. Accuracy is approximately equal to the degree of the polynomial, with an internal limit of about 16. This method is not available for polynomials with complex coefficients.
sin: sine of a polynomial
SYNOPSIS:
$b = $a->sin();
DESCRIPTION:
This finds the sine of a polynomial, evaluated by a Taylor expansion. Accuracy is approximately equal to the degree of the polynomial, with an internal limit of about 16. This method is not available for polynomials with complex coefficients.
cos: cosine of a polynomial
SYNOPSIS:
$b = $a->cos();
DESCRIPTION:
This finds the cosine of a polynomial, evaluated by a Taylor expansion. Accuracy is approximately equal to the degree of the polynomial, with an internal limit of about 16. This method is not available for polynomials with complex coefficients.
atn: arctangent of the ratio of two polynomials
SYNOPSIS:
$c = $a->atn($b);
DESCRIPTION:
This finds the arctangent of the ratio $a / $b of two polynomial, evaluated by a Taylor expansion. Accuracy is approximately equal to the degree of the polynomial, with an internal limit of about 16. This method is not available for polynomials with complex coefficients.
rts: roots of a polynomial
SYNOPSIS:
my $w = Math::Cephes::Polynomial->new([-2, 0, -1, 0, 1]);
my ($flag, $r) = $w->rts();
for (my $i=0; $i<4; $i++) {
print "Root $i has real=", $r->[$i]->r, " and imag=", $r->[$i]->i, "\n";
}
DESCRIPTION:
This finds the roots of a polynomial. $flag, if non-zero, indicates a failure of some kind. $roots in an array reference of Math::Cephes::Complex objects holding the real and complex values of the roots found. This method is not available for polynomials with complex coefficients.
ACCURACY:
Termination depends on evaluation of the polynomial at the trial values of the roots. The values of multiple roots or of roots that are nearly equal may have poor relative accuracy after the first root in the neighborhood has been found.
BUGS ^
Please report any to Randy Kobes <randy@theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca>
COPYRIGHT ^
The C code for the Cephes Math Library is Copyright 1984, 1987, 1989, 2002 by Stephen L. Moshier, and is available at http://www.netlib.org/cephes/. Direct inquiries to 30 Frost Street, Cambridge, MA 02140.
The perl interface is copyright 2000, 2002 by Randy Kobes. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
syntax highlighting: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tietgensgade
Tietgensgade is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from H. C. Andersens Boulevard in the northeast to Kvægtorvgade at the Meat-Packing District in the southwest, linking Stormgade in the city centre with Ingerslevsgade and Halmtorvet/Sønder Boulevard in Vesterbro. The street follows the rear side of Tivoli Gardens and Copenhagen Central Station. The viaduct that carries it across the railway tracks at the central station is known as Tietgensbro (Tietgen's Bridge). A series of staircases and lifts provides direct access from the viaduct to the station platforms.
History
Nr Vestergades Forlængelse (1897).png is visible in the upper left corner and a lumberyard can be seen in the bottom right corner]] Tietgensgade was created when the southern part of Copenhagen's West Rampart, from the city's haymarket (now City Hall Square) to the harbourfront, was finally removed in the early 1880s. The street was then a direct continuation of Ny Vestergade and was therefore initially called Ny Vestergades Forlængelse (Ny Vestergade's Extension). The trapezoid shape of Dantes Plads reflects how Ny Vestergade used to curve around the right-hand side of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.
The far end of the street was initially dominated by extensive storage yards for timber and firewood. The country house Enighedsværn was also located in that end of the street. The building was taken over by the city and used as an annex school under the schools in Gasværksvej and Matthæusgade.
The street was renamed Tietgensgade in 1904 to commemorate Carl Frederik Tietgen who had died a few years earlier. The transfer of a narrow strip of Tivoli Gardens and the subsequent demolition of the Arena Theatre in 1906 made it possible to connect the street to Stormgade, creating a more straight route through the inner city. On 30 November 1911, Copenhagen Central Station was inaugurated on a site next to Tivoli Gardens. Its predecessor had been located on the other side of the street.
Notable buildings
The former West Hospital (No. 31), later renamed Rudolph Berg's Hospital after its founder, Rudolph Bergh, is from 1885. The building was designed by Vilhelm Petersen,
The former Western Power Station (Vestre Elektricitetsværk), built in 1896-98 for Københavns Belysningsvæsen after the design by Ludvig Fenger, was one of the first power plants in Copenhagen. The disused plant has been converted into a district cooling plant and administration office for HOFOR, Greater Copenhagen's largest utility company.
Copenhagen Central Post Building (No. 35-39) was built as new headquarters for the Danish Post and Telegraph Company and later taken over by Post Danmark. The building has now been converted into an upscale hotel, Villa Copenhagen. The Baroque Revival style building was designed by Heinrich Wenck, who also designed the Central Station, and completed in 1912.
The Tivoli Concert Hall (No. 20) is from 1953 and was designed by Frits Schlegel and Hans Hansen. Its predecessor, a concert hall from 1802 designed by Knud Arne Petersen in "Moorish style", remniscient of the Nimb complex, was destroyed by schalburgtage in World War II. The new concert hall was expanded by 3XN in 2006.
DGI-Byen (No. 65), located at the corner of Tietgensgade and Ingerslevsgade, is a sports and swimming centre which opened in 2000. The building was designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects.
Rysensteen Gymnasium (No. 74, located at the corner with Kvægtorvsgade, is an upper-secondary school. The building is from 1886 and was designed by Hans Jørgen Holm who also designed the first stage of the Livestock Market on the other side of Kvægtorvsgade. The school was founded in 1850 and was originally located in Stormgade and Rysenstensgade.
Public art and memorials
The garden strip along the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek features a number of monuments and other artworks that faces the street. These include a statue of the archeologist Georg Zoëga by Ludvig Brandstrup. The monument is flanked by two statues by Constantin Meunier, The Harbour Worker (left) and The Sower /right). A little further down the street, on a narrow lawn in front of the museum's Hack Kampmann Wing, stands a vronze statue of a standing woman, Guapa, created by Gottfred Eickhoff in 1951.
In front of Rudolph Berg's Hospital stands a bust of Rudolph Berg. It was created by Peder Severin Krøyer in 1894 and later presented to the hospital. It was unveiled at its current location in 1909.
Utopia, a bronze statue of an obese man by Keld Moseholm Jørgensen, was installed in front of DGI-Byen in 2007.
Transport
A series of staircases and lifts provide direct access from Tietgensbro to the platforms of Copenhagen Central Station. The main entrance to the City Circle Line metro station is located in Rewentlovsgade. | WIKI |
Charles Barry Baldwin
Charles Barry Baldwin (c. 1789 – 13 April 1859) was a British Conservative and Tory politician.
The son of Charles Baldwin, descendant of Trinity College, Dublin provost Richard Baldwin, and nephew of Sir Edward Barry, Baldwin's early career saw him hold the role of Undersecretary to the French claims commission in 1819, and then called to the Bar with Inner Temple in 1824. By 1830, he was a conveyancer, and by 1835, he was a parliamentary draftsmen and counsel to the French claims commissioners. He married Frances Lydia Boyd, daughter of Walter Boyd and Harriet Anne née Goddard, in 1823, and they had one son and two daughters: Charles Edward Barry (born 1824); Frances Elizabeth (1826–1891); and Mary Georgiana (c. 1837–1898). They later separated after his wife was granted a separation in 1854.
After unsuccessfully contesting the seat in 1826, Baldwin was first elected Tory MP for Totnes at the 1830 general election, but stood down at the 1832 election. During this period of his parliamentary career, he was listed by ministers as a 'friend', although he voted against the Reform Act 1832.
He stood again for the seat at a by-election in 1839–caused by the resignation of Jasper Parrott–and secured the same number of votes as his only rival William Blount, resulting in a double return. However, after an election petition was submitted and reviewed, the election was declared void in April 1840, with a committee deciding that not enough notice of the poll had been given. In the resulting by-election, Baldwin was again elected, and then held the seat as a 'free trade Conservative' until 1852 when he was defeated. | WIKI |
bent function
Etymology
So called because they are as different as possible from all linear functions (the simplest or "straight-line" functions) and from all affine functions (which preserve parallel lines).
Noun
* 1) A Boolean function $$f:\Z_2^n \to \Z_2$$ whose Walsh transform has constant absolute value. | WIKI |
Arthur Wannop
Arthur Robson Wannop OBE FRSE (1900–1972) was a 20th-century British agriculturalist and authority on hill-farming. He was the first director of the Hill Farming Research Organisation and was a principle deviser of the Hill Farming Act 1946.
Life
He was born on 1 August 1900 at Little Blencow Farm near Greystoke in Cumberland the fourth child of Thomas Wannop (d.1930), a farmer, and his wife Esther Ann Robson. Arthur was educated at Blencow Grammar School and the Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith. He then went to Liverpool University to study Engineering, graduating BEng in 1920. He then took a second degree in Agriculture at Aberdeen University graduating BSc in 1922. Arthur inherited a share in his father's holding at Langthwaite Farm at Warwick Bridge IN 1930.
He then worked as an agricultural advisor with the East of Scotland College of Agriculture from 1922 to 1932, serving variously in Fife and the Borders. In 1932 he moved as Agricultural Advisor with Northumberland County Council. In 1935 he became Director of County Work for the North of Scotland College of Agriculture in Aberdeen. In 1943 he joined a British Mission to the USA to exchange experience of farming issues with US farmers and in 1948 was appointed as Scientific Advisor to the Department of Agriculture for Scotland.
In 1952 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Patrick Laird, Stephen Watson, Edward Wyllie Fenton, and Alick Buchanan-Smith, Baron Balerno.
In 1953 he became the first Director of the Hill Farming Research Organisation.
In 1957 Edwin Porter Arrowsmith asked the UK government to send a hill-farming advisor to the Falkland Islands. The government chose Wannop and this trip was eventually organised from October 1960 to January 1961. This resulted in the Wannop Report 1961.
He retired in 1965 and died in Edinburgh on 11 September 1972 aged 72.
Family
He was married to Helann Wyse. They had three children including the urban and regional planner and author Professor Urlan Wannop, Ann and Ewen. | WIKI |
Category:Albums recorded at Record Plant (Los Angeles)
Albums (or albums including tracks) recorded at the Record Plant's Los Angeles, California studio location. | WIKI |
Page:A Treasury of South African Poetry.djvu/119
Rh There, in yon cleft, is still the mark Of bygone fires whose flames are dead As those who lit them—life's strange spark And glowing ember, each has sped. And by the south wind's gentle sigh The flickering, sunlit leaves are turned, And from the cliffs the brown hawks cry To-day, as when each brightly burned.
Through fancy's glass I see around The shades of long-dead forms arisen; They move and breathe without a sound, And live in their brief poet-season; There lie their bows, their arrows keen, Whilst on the fire an earthen pot Holds, simmering slowly, foul and green, The arrow-poison's fœtid clot.
There lies an antelope, fresh killed, By hungry stomachs close surrounded, And there's a wicker-basket filled With luscious locusts, freshly pounded; And look, the glowing coals upon, A scaly snake is quickly toasting, Whilst on that ledge, there in the sun, The hunters of their deeds are boasting.
'Tis gone; 'twas but a glimpse, a flash, That for an instant lit the past; I see now but the water dash In quivering spray-sheets downward cast, | WIKI |
Barclay Goodrow
Barclay Goodrow (born February 26, 1993) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Goodrow played his junior hockey over five seasons with the Brampton Battalion of the Ontario Hockey League, serving as captain in both the final season in Brampton and the first in North Bay. Although he remained undrafted throughout his years of eligibility, Goodrow was invited to attend the San Jose Sharks' Development Camp and subsequently signed with them. During his tenure with the Sharks, he played with their American Hockey League affiliate, the San Jose Barracuda, and helped them win their first series during the 2017 Calder Cup playoffs.
During the 2019–20 season, Goodrow was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning whom he helped win back-to-back Stanley Cups in 2020 and 2021. On July 17, 2021, with Goodrow approaching free agency, his signing rights were traded by Tampa Bay to the New York Rangers in exchange for a seventh-round pick in the 2022 NHL entry draft. Goodrow was subsequently waived by the Rangers following the 2023–24 season, and was re-claimed by the Sharks.
Early life
Goodrow was born on February 26, 1993, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to parents John and Janice. He was born into an athletic family as his father played football for three years at the University of Toronto and his sister played rugby at the University of Western Ontario. Growing up in Aurora, Barclay started playing ice hockey at the age of five before progressing to tyke and playing two years with Aurora Tigers AA teams. When he was 10, he began playing AAA minor ice hockey in Richmond Hill and with the York Simcoe Express, where he helped his teams win three Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) championships in five years. At the age of 15 with the York Simcoe Express, Goodrow finished second in OMHA/Eastern AAA Hockey League scoring with 67 goals and 47 assists for 114 points in 71 games.
Junior
As a result of his play at the junior level, Goodrow was a first-round pick of the Brampton Battalion in the 2009 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection. He joined the Battalion for their 2009–10 preseason games where he led them with five goals and one assist for six points in five games. In his OHL debut game against the Peterborough Petes, Goodrow played on the right wing and recorded an assist. He eventually cemented himself into a right wing role alongside Sam Carrick and Sean Jones while veterans Cody Hodgson and Matt Duchene attended National Hockey League (NHL) training camps. Goodrow later scored his first career OHL goal at 5:18 of the second period to give the Battalion a 5-0 lead. Beyond scoring, he also accumulated penalty minutes including 15 in 10 games. After tallying four goals and three assists for seven points through 22 games, Goodrow was chosen to represent Team Canada at the World U-17 Hockey Challenge. Prior to leaving, he broke a 12-game scoring drought by scoring his fifth goal of the season in a 5–2 win over the Guelph Storm. Goodrow subsequently missed three OHL games while playing at the 10-team World U-17 Hockey Challenge and returned with a silver medal. Upon returning to the lineup, Goodrow stepped up into a major role with the Battalion as a replacement for an injured Cody Hodgson.
Upon concluding his rookie season, Goodrow rejoined the Battalion for the 2010–11 season. In the first year of his NHL draft eligibility, Goodrow earned a mid-term ranking of 173rd amongst North American skaters eligible for the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. At the time of this ranking, Goodrow was fourth in team scoring with 14 goals and 10 assists for 24 points through 39 games. He continued to produce offensively as the season continued which earned him a higher final ranking of 116th by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau. During the offseason prior to the 2011–12 season, Goodrow and teammates Philip Lane and Ian Watters spent time in the gym and working with a skating coach on strength and conditioning.
Despite remaining undrafted, Goodrow was invited to participate in the Carolina Hurricanes Rookie Camp. However, while participating in their rookie camp, he suffered a leg injury and was forced to miss four OHL games. During the Battalion's first preseason game, Goodrow was named team captain for the game, while Mitchell Porowski, Alex O’Neil, and Ian Watters served as alternates. It was later announced that Carric would serve at the Battalion's captain with Goodrow as one of the alternates. At the age of 18, Goodrow was the youngest member of the leadership group. By November, Goodrow was tied for third place in Battalion scoring with a team-leading 12 goals and four assists for 16 points through 22 games. At the same time, he also maintained a 13 game point streak of nine goals and four assists. Goodrow maintained his career-best season and in March ranked second in Battalion scoring with 25 goals and 22 assists for 47 points. He also tied with Jason Maleyko for 24th place on the club’s all-time points list. Goodrow's efforts were recognized at the conclusion of the season when he received the Battalion's most sportsmanlike player award. At the conclusion of the 2011–12 season, Goodrow was invited to attend the Los Angeles Kings' 2012 development camp.
Upon returning from his first NHL development camp, Goodrow was named the 12th captain in the Battalion’s 15-year history. At the time of the announcement, Goodrow has also led the team in scoring with five goals and two assists for seven points through nine games. He was later named one of 34 players selected to the rosters for the CHL Canada/Russia Series. During the series, he played alongside Sean Monahan and Connor McDavid but was criticized for his skating ability. ESPN reporter Grant Sonier stated: "It was really evident when he played on that line at a really high pace -- the Russians were a really good team -- and (his skating) was the issue. He didn't get a whole lot of playing time as the game wore on." Despite this, Goodrow finished in a tie for third place as best defensive forward as voted by OHL Eastern Conference coaches. Goodrow finished the season with 38 goals and 14 assists through 62 games but was bypassed in all seven rounds of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. However, he was invited to participate in the Detroit Red Wings Rookie Camp.
Goodrow returned from the Detroit Red Wings camp the day before the 2013–14 season and began his second campaign as the Battalion's team captain. On September 22, Goodrow played in his 253rd OHL game to tie Wojtek Wolski and John de Gray for fifth place on the franchise’s all-time list. Prior to his 21st birthday, Goodrow led the team in scoring with 25 goals and 23 assists for 48 points through 49 games. With his assistance, the Battalion qualified for OHL playoffs after they captured the Central Division title. At the conclusion of his final major junior season, Goodrow was nominated for the Red Tilson Trophy and for the Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy as the league's top overage player. As a result of his play, Goodrow signed an entry-level contract with the San Jose Sharks on March 6, 2014.
San Jose Sharks
Following the signing, Goodrow was invited to attend the Sharks' 2014 Development Camp and training camp. After scoring two goals in an exhibition game against the Anaheim Ducks, Goodrow suffered a hand injury in the Sharks final game which delayed his NHL season debut for 11 games. He eventually made his debut on October 30, 2014, in a 4–3 shootout loss to the Minnesota Wild. Goodrow then tallied his first career assist on November 16 in a 2–0 win over the Carolina Hurricanes. On December 9, 2014, Goodrow scored his first career NHL goal in a 5–2 victory over the Edmonton Oilers. The goal came 54 seconds after Joe Pavelski's goal to lead the Sharks 2–0. After tallying two goals and five assists through 31 games with the Sharks, Goodrow was re-assigned to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Worcester Sharks. He played two games in the AHL, accumulating nine penalty minutes, before being recalled to the NHL level on January 27, 2015. Goodrow finished his first professional season playing in 60 games with the Sharks and tallying four goals and eight assists.
Following his rookie season, Goodrow was re-assigned to the Sharks' new AHL affiliate, the San Jose Barracuda, to begin the 2015–16 season. He rejoined the Sharks at the NHL level for 12 games in November but was re-assigned to the AHL after going goalless and tallying three assists. Upon returning to the AHL, Goodrow struggled with his confidence and was placed on the Barracuda's fourth line. After being placed on the line, he picked up in scoring and was named CCM/AHL Player of the Week for the week ending on December 6, 2015, following a hat-trick against the Bakersfield Condors. By January, he led the team in scoring with 13 goals and was subsequently selected for the 2016 AHL All-Star Game. Goodrow finished his second professional season by setting a franchise and career record with 25 goals. He also finished the regular season fourth on the team in points and tied for third in power play goals. As a result of his improvements, Goodrow re-joined the Sharks for their 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs push against the St. Louis Blues and Pittsburgh Penguins.
After Goodrow spent the majority of the 2015–16 season with the Barracuda, the same occurred during the 2016–17 season. He was again invited to participate in the Sharks' training camp and exhibition games, where he played alongside Tommy Wingels and Melker Karlsson, but was re-assigned to the AHL. In 61 games with the Barracuda, Goodrow recorded a team-high 25 goals and 20 assists. During the 2017 Calder Cup playoffs, Goodrow helped lead the team to their first series win in team history. His versatile play over his two full seasons with the Barracuda was recognized by head coach Roy Sommer who said: "Barclay’s turned into an all-around player for us. He kills penalties, he’s on the power play, he’s on our top line, he’s played both wings and even taken draws on his strong side." On August 7, 2017, the Sharks re-signed Goodrow to a two-year contract.
In the first year of his new contract, Goodrow rejoined the Sharks for the entirety of the 2017–18 season. In his second game with the team, he centered a line for the first time since he was in minor hockey as he helped lead the Sharks to their fourth consecutive win. However, on November 16, Goodrow was injured in a 2–0 loss against the Florida Panthers and was subsequently placed on injured reserve. He was eventually activated off injured reserve on December 2 but returned again shortly thereafter. Goodrow sustained another upper-body injury in the first period of a loss to the St. Louis Blues on March 27. He finished the regular season with seven goals and seven assists in 47 games.
Prior to the start of the 2018–19 season, the Sharks signed Goodrow to a two-year contract extension through the 2020–21 season. Early in the season, he skated on the Sharks' third line alongside Joe Thornton and Marcus Sörensen. On March 25, 2019, Goodrow played in his 200th career NHL game during a loss to the Red Wings. As the Sharks qualified for the 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs, Goodrow was tasked with centering their fourth line with Lukas Radil and Melker Karlsson. During Game 7 of the Sharks' first-round matchup against the Vegas Golden Knights, Goodrow scored the series-winning goal in overtime to lead them to the second round.
Tampa Bay Lightning
On February 24, 2020, Goodrow and a 2020 third-round pick were traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Anthony Greco and a 2020 first-round pick. At the time of the trade, he had collected a career-best eight goals and 24 points through 62 games along with 80 penalty minutes. Upon joining the team, Goodrow skated on the right wing on Tampa Bay's third line alongside Ondrej Palat and Tyler Johnson. He recorded an assist in his debut the following night during a 4–3 loss to the Toronto Maple Leafs. Goodrow played eight games with the Lightning, tallying two assists, before the season was placed on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Once the NHL returned to play, Goodrow helped the Lightning defeat the Washington Capitals in the first round-robin game. He later scored his first goal with the team 16 seconds into the second period to help lead the Lightning to a 2–1 victory over the Columbus Blue Jackets in Game 4. Goodrow eventually helped the Lightning win their first Stanley Cup since 2004 in Game 6 against the Dallas Stars. However, as a result of the pandemic, Goodrow was unable to get his day with the Cup.
Goodrow returned to the Lightning for their 2020–21 NHL season. In early February, Goodrow was named the NHL's Player of the Week after he recorded a team-high four points as the Lightning held a perfect 3–0–0 record. However, he then experienced a goalless drought and did not score again until April 8. In the Lightnings final game of the regular season, it was announced that Goodrow was recovering from an upper body injury with no returning timeline. Goodrow eventually returned to the Lightning's lineup for Game 6 against the Florida Panthers and logging three shots on goal and five hits in 16:43 minutes of ice time. In their following series against the Carolina Hurricanes, Goodrow scored the game winning goal to lead the Lightning 2–1 in Game 1. During the same game, he also recorded seven hits in 18:48 of ice time, which included 5:40 on the penalty kill. Throughout the remainder of the series, Goodrow played on the Lightning's third line alongside Blake Coleman and Yanni Gourde. With his assistance, the Lightning returned to the Stanley Cup Finals where they faced off against the Montreal Canadiens. In Game 2 of the Finals, Goodrow assisted on Coleman's game winning goal with 1.1 seconds left in the second period. They eventually beat the Canadiens in five games to win back-to-back Stanley Cups, with Goodrow being named First Star of the game. He was also named Sport Aurora's athlete of the Year.
New York Rangers
On July 17, 2021, with Goodrow approaching free agency, his signing rights were traded by Tampa Bay to the New York Rangers in exchange for a seventh-round pick in the 2022 NHL Entry Draft. Upon joining the team, Rangers GM Chris Drury praised his ability to be versatile, saying: "I could see him do all different things for Gerard, whether that's more time in the middle, whether it's face-offs in the [defensive] zone. But we think he's got a pretty complete game. He's going be able to help a lot of different areas." After contract discussions, Goodrow signed a six-year deal with the Rangers on July 22, 2021. Prior to the start of the 2021–22 season, Goodrow was one of six players named an alternate captain for the Rangers. While he began the season on the Ranger's third and fourth lines, injuries to Sammy Blais and Kaapo Kakko saw Goodrow spending more time on the Rangers top lines. When centring the fourth line, he often played between Ryan Reaves and Kevin Rooney. By December, Goodrow had tallied his seventh assist of the season, ranking sixth on the Rangers. His success continued into January as he entered the month with a three-game point streak and four points over seven games. As a result of COVID-19 affecting the Rangers lineup, Goodrow was moved from the fourth line to the second line wing position in early January. On January 24, Goodrow scored his 40th career NHL goal to help the Rangers beat the Los Angeles Kings. Later, Goodrow played in his 400th career game on April 7, against the Pittsburgh Penguins. At the conclusion of his first season with the Rangers, Goodrow set new career highs with 13 goals and 20 assists for 33 points. He was also named the Rangers co-recipient of the Players' Player Award with Jacob Trouba. Goodrow played Game 1 of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs before missing 11 games with a suspected ankle fracture. He returned to help the Rangers stave off elimination in Game 6 against the Hurricanes.
Due to injuries to the Rangers lineup, Goodrow began the 2022–23 season alternating between fourth-line center and third-line winger. He played one game as the Ranger's fourth-line centre between Reaves and Dryden Hunt but spent five games on the left wing of Filip Chytil. Following an injury to Chytil in late October, Goodrow reassumed the centre position on the Ranger's third line. Through December, Goodrow continued to move up and down the lineup while playing on both his left and right side. When asked of these constant changes, Goodrow said, "My job is to go play...It doesn’t matter who I’m with. I just go out and play." By the end of the month, Goodrow led all Rangers players with eight goals at full strength and ranked third on the team with 15 points at full strength. Near the end of the season, Goodrow gained Jimmy Vesey and Tyler Motte as his linemates and the trio combined for four goals over their first 12 games together. He finished the 2022–23 season with 11 goals but tied his career-high with 20 assists for 31 points through 82 games.
On October 28, 2023, Goodrow played in his 500th career NHL game against the Vancouver Canucks. He became the 49th NHL player to have reached 500 games while going undrafted and winning two Stanley Cups.
Return to San Jose
On June 18, 2024, the Rangers placed Goodrow on waivers. He was subsequently claimed by the Sharks the following day, returning to his original team.
Personal life
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Goodrow and his girlfriend adopted two dogs from the Humane Society of Tampa. He and teammates Scott Wedgewood and Carter Verhaeghe competed in a league-wide Fortnite tournament for charity. | WIKI |
Daily Report: A Peek at the Year Ahead in Tech
Happy New Year, everyone. If you want a peek at the year ahead in tech, look no further than the giant International CES this week. The huge annual trade show, running Wednesday through Saturday in Las Vegas, will have its usual mind-numbing number of new gadgets. But some types of technologies will get the brightest spotlights, including virtual reality and 4K high-definition TVs. Some of the industry’s biggest companies are placing bets that those two areas are ripe this year. Who know yet whether consumers will follow their lead. Tech policy is also going to be top of mind at the conference. Michael Huerta, a top safety official at the Federal Aviation Administration, is expected to talk about drones at a news conference. And the leaders of the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission are expected to appear on stage. It will be worth noting what is on the minds of all three of these officials. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
You’ve been there.
Your alarm goes off, you open your eyes to greet the morning, and you immediately sense that something is wrong.
When you try to move your arm, all you feel is dead weight or, worse, pins and needles. Have you ever wondered what is causing that sensation? Do you worry that it’s dangerous? Have no fear. Keep reading for the answers to all your questions about “sleeping” limbs.
Nerves, Nerves, and More Nerves
No one enjoys waking up and dealing with an arm or a leg that’s asleep. It can be painful and frustrating. Plus, it can totally ruin a good afternoon nap. While this condition may be annoying, it isn’t anything dangerous to your health.
Our bodies have thousands of nerve endings that go from the tips of our toes up to the tops of our heads. Those nerves rely on blood flow to work properly. Without proper blood flow, nerves can’t send the right messages to our brains. If our nerves don’t get enough oxygen, crazy things can happen, just one of which is the phenomenon of a sleeping limb.
Sleep Tight
Drifting off to sleep can be an acrobatic feat for some. In a quest for comfort, people tuck their arms and legs under pillows or beneath the body. Then they proceed to stay that way for hours. The pressure restricts the free flow of blood, cutting off the supply of oxygen and nutrients your nerves need to communicate sensation to the brain.
The scientific name for this feeling is paresthesia. During paresthesia, your nerves chaotically fire off messages to your brain. Because different types of nerves detect and relay various types of stimuli, your brain interprets these mixed messages as numbness, heat, pain, and that annoying prickly feeling.
Make It Stop!
To make paresthesia go away, you must release pressure on the limb so normal blood flow can resume. However, you’ll notice that when you initially start moving or shaking a limb to wake it up, the pain gets worse before it gets better.
That’s because the rush of fresh blood will cause another round of nerve misfiring. When this happens, don’t panic! After a few minutes, everything will settle down and function normally again.
Things to Look Out For
Dealing with paresthesia when you wake up in the morning or after a nap is completely normal, but you should seek medical attention in certain situations. If you experience numbness or pins and needles without any warning, or if those sensations never really go away, you might have a pinched nerve. That’s a condition only medical professionals can diagnose and treat.
Most importantly, you should always be aware of the signs and signals your body gives you. If something feels off or different from what you’re used to, check in with a professional. Meanwhile, just make sure your legs are completely awake before taking those first few steps in the morning! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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148 "There aren't any engines in these woods," said Daddy Brown. "Of course trees are often struck by lightning, and lightning often sets fire to houses in the country, but there aren't any engines out in the woods."
"And no policeman, either," added Tom. "It seems funny not to see a policeman, and have him yell at you to move on, or keep off the grass."
"Do you like it better here than in the city?" asked Mrs. Brown.
"Oh, heaps better, yes'm! I love it here. I hope I don't ever have to go back to the city—or to that mean farmer."
Nothing had been seen of the man who wanted to get Tom back, since that day when he had called at the camp. Bunny and Sue had almost forgotton him, but it seemed that Tom had not. He was always a little bit afraid, thinking that the cross man might come back.
One morning, two days after the big storm, when Bunny, Sue and all the others were gathered around the breakfast table, Daddy Brown asked: | WIKI |
Page:The Cross Pull.pdf/270
Moran guessed the truth and dismounted. The horse stood with drooping head and the light of a match revealed a red stream bubbling from his flank with each labored breath. One of the shots fired at Moran as he crossed the bar had found the horse.
The firing had long since ceased and he knew the outlaws had been killed to a man. He made a rapid calculation of distances, determining whether to keep on and go to his own horse or to turn back for another. He drew his gun and inserted a fresh clip of shells. As he led the horse aside so its body would not obstruct the trail, Moran prayed that Flash had found the girl.
But Flash had not.
He had reached the cabin only to find that she had left it long before. Her cold trail mingled with that of Brent. The hair along his spine stood straight and stiff, and Flash snarled deep in his throat. Without an instant’s hesitation he swept away on the trail, and as he ran there seemed to be two of him—two spirits urging the same flesh along on this double trail left by the one he loved the best and the one he hated the most of all these on earth. The dog strove to overtake | WIKI |
Exploring Sinclair's Longevity Supplements
2 min read
Exploring Sinclair's Longevity Supplements
2023 Nov 27Mind
David Sinclair, a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, has made significant contributions to the science of aging and longevity. One of the key areas of interest in his research is the use of supplements to enhance lifespan and healthspan. In this article, we delve into the various supplements that have been associated with Sinclair's longevity research, exploring their potential benefits and roles.
1. Resveratrol – Activating Sirtuins:
One of the most well-known supplements associated with Sinclair's research is resveratrol. Found in the skin of grapes and in red wine, resveratrol has gained attention for its potential to activate sirtuins, a family of proteins that Sinclair's research suggests are vital for longevity. Resveratrol is believed to mimic the effects of calorie restriction, a known method for extending lifespan in various species.
2. NAD+ Precursors – Supporting Cellular Health:
Sinclair's research has highlighted the importance of NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) in cellular health and aging. As NAD+ levels decline with age, Sinclair has explored the use of NAD+ precursors, such as NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) and NR (Nicotinamide Riboside), to boost NAD+ levels in the body. These supplements are believed to improve cellular function and potentially reverse some aspects of aging.
3. Metformin – Potential Anti-Aging Effects:
While not a traditional supplement, metformin, a drug commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, has been discussed by Sinclair in the context of longevity. Metformin is thought to have potential anti-aging effects, possibly by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation.
4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids – Promoting Heart Health:
Sinclair has also discussed the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish oil supplements. Omega-3s are known for their heart health benefits and may also play a role in reducing inflammation and supporting overall longevity.
5. Curcumin – Anti-Inflammatory Properties:
Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, has been mentioned by Sinclair for its anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a key factor in aging, and reducing it could potentially contribute to extending healthspan.
6. Vitamin D3 – Essential for Bone Health:
Sinclair has acknowledged the importance of Vitamin D3, especially in the context of bone health and immune function. As vitamin D deficiency is common, especially in older adults, supplementing with vitamin D3 could be beneficial for overall health and longevity.
7. Personalized Approach to Supplementation:
Sinclair advocates for a personalized approach to supplementation, recognizing that individual needs can vary based on genetic makeup, lifestyle, and health status. He emphasizes the importance of consulting with healthcare providers before starting any supplement regimen.
8. The Future of Longevity Supplements:
Sinclair remains optimistic about the future of longevity supplements. He believes that ongoing research will continue to unveil new compounds and strategies that can further enhance human healthspan and lifespan.
In conclusion, "Exploring Sinclair's Longevity Supplements" offers an overview of the various supplements associated with David Sinclair's research on aging. While promising, it's important to approach these supplements with an understanding of their potential benefits and limitations, and always in consultation with a healthcare professional.
Start longevity lifestyle now | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Swansea Bay University Health Board
Swansea Bay University Health Board (SBUHB) (Bwrdd lechyd Prifysgol Bae Abertawe) is the local health board of NHS Wales for Swansea and Neath Port Talbot, in the south-west of Wales. Established as Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board (ABMUHB) in 2009, it was renamed and had its boundaries altered on 1 April 2019. In February 2019 it was decided to rename it Swansea Bay University Health Board and to alter the boundary with the Cwm Taf University Health Board (now Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board).
The board's predecessor, the Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board was formally created on 1 October 2009 when the Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University NHS Trust formally merged with the local health boards of Swansea, Neath Port Talbot and Bridgend. The headquarters for Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University NHS Trust (and the existing health board) is located in Baglan Bay, Port Talbot and the first Chief Executive was Paul Williams. The Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University NHS Trust was in turn formed on 1 April 2008 from the merger of Swansea NHS Trust and Bro Morgannwg NHS Trust. From 1 April 2019, the Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board was renamed to the Swansea Bay University Health Board following exchanges of authority with the neighbouring Cwm Taf University Health Board (renamed to the Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board), which took over the control of providing health services in Bridgend from the Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board.
SBUHB serves 390,000 people and employs 12,500 staff. The health board has a budget of £1 billion, and is a designated university local health board linked to Swansea University. Training centres are located at Singleton Hospital, Morriston Hospital and Phillips Parade Children's Orthopaedic Clinic.
On October 22, 2020, it was announced that Mark Hackett would take over as Chief Executive from the retiring Tracy Myhill. The appointment is effective as of 1 January 2021.
Hospitals
Current hospitals
* Cefn Coed Hospital (Swansea) – psychiatric hospital
* Gorseinon Hospital (Swansea) – elderly care and rehabilitation hospital, outpatient clinic and specialist Parkinson's treatment centre
* Morriston Hospital (Swansea) – university teaching hospital
* Neath Port Talbot Hospital (Port Talbot) – district general hospital
* Singleton Hospital (Swansea) – university teaching hospital
* Tonna Hospital (Neath Port Talbot) – base for psychiatric care for the elderly in the Vale of Neath, includes day care hospital
Former hospitals
* Blackmill Hospital – (1903–1985) – a former isolation hospital
* Bridgend General Hospital – (1838–1990s) – a former workhouse which became a district general hospital.
* Cefn Hirgoed Hospital – (1906–1990) – a former isolation hospital and infirmary for elderly and disabled patients, demolished to make way for Sainsbury and McArthur Glen Shopping Centre.
* Clydach War Memorial Hospital – (1925–2015), a former community hospital.
* Fairwood Hospital – (1914–2010) – a former isolation hospital.
* Groeswen Hospital – (Port Talbot) – (1932–2006), demolished in 2006 and now a housing estate
* Heddfan Hospital – (1906–1980) – a former isolation hospital, demolished to make way for the M4 motorway.
* Hensol Hospital – (1930–2003) – a former learning disability hospital, the hospital became no longer necessary once the care for patients with learning disabilities moved to community care. The remaining patients who could not be cared for in community were moved out to learning disability bungalows to help them integrate with their local community.
* Hill House Hospital – (1929–2013) – originally an isolation hospital.
* Llynfi Hospital – closed in the 1990s – a former community hospital.
* Maesgwyn Hospital – closed in 2011 – a former community hospital.
* Mount Pleasant Hospital – (1862–1995) – a former workhouse which became a district general hospital.
* Neath General Hospital – (1916–2002) – a former workhouse which became a district general hospital.
* Parc Hospital – (1886–1996) – a former mental health facility, currently being used a prison.
* Penyfai Hospital – (1936–1990s) – a former mental health facility
* Port Talbot General Hospital – (1916–2002) – based in Sandfields, Port Talbot
District Nursing and Community Nursing
* Afan District Nursing (Neath Port Talbot)
* Neath District Nursing (Neath Port Talbot)
* Upper Valleys District Nursing (Neath Port Talbot)
* Swansea North District Nursing (Swansea)
* Swansea Central District Nursing (Swansea)
* Swansea West District Nursing (Swansea)
* Community Continence Service
Integrated Community Reablement and Acute Clinical Teams
* Neath Port Talbot Community Reablement Team
* Neath Port Talbot Acute Clinical Team
* Swansea Acute Clinical Team
* Podiatry (Port Talbot Resource Centre)
* Wound Clinics
Allied Health and Therapies
* Community Physiotherapy
* Community Nutrition and Dietetics
* Community Occupational Therapy
* Community Speech and Language Therapy
Community mental health teams
* Neath Port Talbot North CMHT (Pontardawe)
* Neath Port Talbot South CMHT – (Forge Centre, Port Talbot)
* Swansea West (Area 1) CMHT – (Central Clinic, Swansea)
* Swansea Central (Area 2) CMHT – (Central Clinic, Swansea)
* Swansea North (Area 3) CMHT –(Clydach War Memorial Hospital in Clydach )
* Ystradgynlais CMHT – (The Larches, Ystradgynlais)
Learning disability units
* Dan-y-bont (Kenfig Hill)
* Hafod Y Wennol AATU (Pontyclun)
* Bryn Afon (Ferndale)
* Meadow Court (Tonyrefail)
* Ty Garth Newydd (Church Village)
* Ty Penfro (Cardiff)
* The Laurels & The Briary (Cardiff)
* Rowan House AATU (Cardiff)
* Llywneryr AATU (Swansea)
* Dan-Y-Deri (Swansea)
* Llety Newydd (Cardiff)
Veterans NHS Wales
Veterans NHS Wales is a specialised, priority service for individuals who have served in the Armed Forces, at any time in their lives and who are experiencing mental health difficulties related specifically to their military service.
Morriston Hospital Emergency Department
The emergency department (ED) at Morriston Hospital if it's for serious and life-threatening conditions that need immediate medical attention including breathing difficulties, persistent severe chest pain, heavy blood loss, severe burns, loss of consciousness, suspected stroke, deep wounds.
Neath Port Talbot Hospital Minor Injuries Unit
An experienced team of specially-trained emergency nurse practitioners, triage nurses and health care support workers treat patients for minor conditions including cuts and minor burns; sprains and strains; broken bones; dislocation of the shoulder, fingers and toes; head or face injuries; neck injuries; back injuries; foreign bodies to eyes, ears and nose; rib injuries; bites (insect, animal or human); insect stings; and assaults.
Performance
In September 2016, Welsh Government placed the health board (then Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board) into targeted intervention status as part of NHS Wales Escalation and Intervention. The Health Board was de-escalated into 'enchanted monitoring' status, in a statement from the Minister for Health and Social Services on 7 October 2020 praising the Board's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and approach to performance of key areas including cancer and infections.
In 2018/19, the health board achieved the following against key priority measures:
* 74.5% of patients waiting less than 4 hours in ED (Welsh Government target is 95%)
* 653 patients waited longer than 12 hours in ED (Welsh Government target is 0)
* 62% of stroke patients had a direct admission within 1 hour (target is 47%)
* 96% of stroke patients were assessed by a specialist within 24 hours (target is 87%)
* 236 outpatients were waiting longer than 26 weeks for treatment (target is 0)
* 401 outpatients were waiting over 8 weeks for diagnostics (target is 480)
* No patients waited longer than 14 weeks for therapy care (target is 0)
* There were 3 cases of C.difficile health care acquired infection (target is less than 17)
* There were 14 cases of S.Aureus Bacteraemia health care acquired infection (target is less than 11)
* There were 27 cases of E.Coli Bacteraemia health care acquired infection (target is less than 41)
Use of the private sector
In 2015-6 the board sent 1,599 patients to private sector providers for elective procedures to reduce waiting times because of its lack of capacity at a cost of £3.74 million, compared to 317 in 2014-5 and 160 in 2013–4. | WIKI |
Silicon
Atomic Number: 14
Recommended Daily Value
It is recommended that an adequate daily intake is about 5-10 miligrams. Silicon is found in foods such as fibers of unprocessed cereals (unpolished rice, oats, root vegetables, husks of wheat), sugar beets, alfalfa, horsetail, nettle, lettuce, cucumber, avocado, strawberries, onions, green vegetables, mineral water.
What does Silicon do for your body?
Silicon helps to strengthen connective tissues and bones. It can also be used for taking care of your nails, hair, and skin. Researchers believe that a healthy amount of Silicon can help prevent atherosclerosis, insomnia, skin disorders, and tuberculosis.
There are no known negative effects of having to much or to little Silicon intake. But it is not certain that there is no effects.
Silicon Supplements are Available to Everyone
They generally cost is around $10-20$ for 150-200 tablets. Costing an average of about $0.09 per tablet.
Biliography
"All About Minerals." Silica. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
"Silicon." Recommended Daily Allowance of Silicon. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
"Silicon (revised)." Chemical Elements: From Carbon to Krypton. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker and David E. Newton. Vol. 3. Detroit: UXL, 2006. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 12 Oct. 2015. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Almost every culture on earth has a story about abandoned children. In the ancient Greek myth of Oedipus, the baby is left in the hills to die and is later found by a herdsman. Years later, he grows up to marry the child he was meant to marry. What is the true cause of child abandonment? Boswell argues that these children are often abandoned by their biological parents. In today’s society, abandonment of children is rampant and it is shocking to read of a child being discarded by their parents.
The study of abandoned children can be divided into two main categories: those who are abandoned and those who are foundlings. Foundlings refer to children with unstable family situations and include infants abandoned at birth. In the modern world, the term is used to refer to street children whose families can no longer care for them. This type of study has broad geographic scope, including children in colonial and post-colonial settings. Nevertheless, the subject is not as well-studied as it should be.
Although child abandonment is a rare occurrence in the UK, it is a serious crime in many countries. In countries like the US and Canada, safe haven laws exist for babies who are left in designated places. There are even ‘baby hatches’ where parents anonymously abandon their babies. While the United Nations has criticised such laws, the practice has become common in China, where approximately 10,000 children are abandoned every year. This article will explore why child abandonment is a widespread problem and what we can do to prevent it.
Although child abandonment cases are often classified as misdemeanors, criminal penalties for abandonment can be severe. For example, the parent who leaves the child behind may face felony and misdemeanor punishment. However, if the child has died, the punishment could be significantly more severe than a misdemeanor. As a result, these children are often left with poor self-esteem, emotional dependency and helplessness.
Many governments in Europe have implemented baby hatches to prevent the abuse of orphans. But the problem isn’t limited to countries with poor conditions. A decade ago, 200 hatches were built across the continent. In some countries, such as Switzerland, Austria and Poland, these “adoption” institutions often treated children in ways that were degrading and deprived of basic necessities. In Russia, over 95 percent of the “orphans” in state institutions had at least one living parent.
Children who have been left behind in the world’s capital are often called “foundlings”. The historical term for an abandoned child is foundling. Foundling homes were first established in the thirteenth century, and were run by the Catholic church. Children who survived were taken in by foster parents or wet nurses. In Protestant countries, no such institutions were available. However, the industrial revolution affected both countries’ provisions for abandoned children. In Britain, the number of abandoned children increased dramatically by the nineteenth century. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Zezé Macedo
Zezé Macedo (6 May 1916 – 8 October 1999) was a Brazilian comedienne and actress in radio, cinema and television, being the female record holder in Brazil for film appearances, having made over 100 films. She also published four books of poetry.
Early life
Maria José de Macedo was born in Silva Jardim in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro on 6 May 1916. Her stepfather, Columbano Santos, was a notary and the local mayor as well as being a great supporter of the theatre. Her theatrical debut was at the age of four. As she could not read, she memorized the lines by listening to them read by her stepfather. At the age of fifteen, she married a mechanic and electrician, Alcides Manhães, giving up being an actress and moving to Niterói. They had a son who died at just one year of age when he fell from his paternal grandmother's lap and fractured his skull. Upon learning of her son's death, she gave a huge cry and was then silent for a long time, suffering shock. When she spoke again her voice had changed: it was completely hoarse and would remain that way for the rest of her life. The couple broke up shortly after their son's death and Macedo started working as a clerk at her stepfather's office.
Radio and television
Through her stepfather's connections, she began to read her poems on the Grande Jornal Fluminense, a show broadcast on Sundays by Rádio Tamoio. In 1944, she wrote and read stories of Brazil's participation in World War II. She became the secretary of the scriptwriter Dias Gomes and the actor Rodolfo Mayer for three years and, at the same time, gradually began to appear on radio shows, in plays and reading poems. In 1954, she published her first book of poetry, Coração Profano (Profane Heart), which was a great success. She would go on to publish three more books of poetry. Replacing another actress in a recording when the actress did not turn up, she came to the attention of the screenwriter and actor, Paulo Porto, who gave her the opportunity to start appearing on television. Her first performance was in the comedy programme Mesa Quadrada (1953), a satire of the football programmes on television. Macedo was thin and short with big eyes and a mocking expression, and this led to her nearly always being subsequently chosen for comedy roles, frequently as a maid, despite her wish to play more dramatic roles in television soap operas.
Cinema
Through her poetry and appearances on radio and television she came to the attention of the screenwriter and director, Watson Macedo, and appeared in the films Warning to the Sailors (1950) and The Oil is Ours (O Petróleo É Nosso– 1954). From then on, Zezé Macedo became a strong presence in the cinema, acting for several production companies and still mainly playing humorous roles. Among the films she participated in were De Vento em Popa (1957), directed by Carlos Manga, in which she plays an opera singer, escaping from the role of a maid for a change; O Homem do Sputnik (1959), considered by moviegoers as one of the best chanchadas, a type of film that satirised Hollywood movies, and Esse Milhão É Meu (1959). In these three films, she played alongside the comedy actor Oscarito, who insisted that she perform with him. She also worked with the actor Grande Otelo. However, although she performed in many chanchadas, she never had a starring role.
With the decline of the chanchada in the early 1960s, Macedo began to dedicate herself more to theatre and television, while continuing to make films. From 1965, she was hired by TV Globo, for which she would act until the end of her life. In the 1970s, her film career was boosted with the emergence of pornochanchadas, which were a type of sex comedy that stopped short of being pornographic. Meanwhile, on television, she began a partnership with Chico Anysio, which resulted in her two most famous characters: Biscoito, the ugly but rich wife of a drunk; and Dona Bela, a student.
Later years
Towards the end of her life Macedo began to reduce her workload, devoting herself more and more to television. In 1983, she starred as the protagonist in a satire for children on Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Three years later, she won a special award from the jury at the Festival de Gramado for her performance in Ivan Cardoso's As Sete Vampiras (The Seven Vampires). Her last feature film was Ivan Cardoso's The Scarlet Scorpion in 1990.
Private life
Macedo was married to the actor, Vasco Lino Magalhães, for a decade from 1950. In 1961, she married the actor and singer Victor Zambito, ten years her junior. The two remained together for 38 years, until Macedo's death.
Death
On 26 August 1999, Macedo suffered a stroke and was admitted to a clinic in Rio de Janeiro. She died on 9 October 1999. In 2012 her life was portrayed in the play A Revenge of the Mirror: the Story of Zezé Macedo, written by Flávio Marinho and starring Betty Gofman.
Selected filmography
* Aviso aos navegantes (1950)
* O Petróleo é Nosso (1954)
* Carnaval em Marte (1955) - Justina
* Trabalhou Bem, Genival (1955)
* Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (1977) - Dona Carochinha | WIKI |
Weird Issue with SoA:Legends
Discussion in 'Wii - Console and Game Discussions' started by EnigmaXtreme, Feb 26, 2015.
1. EnigmaXtreme
OP
EnigmaXtreme GBAtemp Maniac
Member
1,343
24
Jan 1, 2009
Tasmania, Australia
So I just got a US copy of Skies of Arcadia Legends and I've noticed that with the opening at least that the audio is way out of sync. Launching it through USB or even WiiGator's Backup launcher seems to fix the issue, I've just never encountered it before
2. Adeka
Adeka Beta Tester
Member
4,160
1,293
Mar 19, 2013
United States
Are you booting from disc, dios mios, or nintendont?
3. EnigmaXtreme
OP
EnigmaXtreme GBAtemp Maniac
Member
1,343
24
Jan 1, 2009
Tasmania, Australia
I'm running it from the disc, as for if I have DiosMios or Nintendont, i honestly don't remember, how do I check?
4. MaeseJesus
MaeseJesus GBAtemp Regular
Member
257
52
Apr 3, 2013
If you're running it from the disc, you can't have Dios Mios installed, because if I remember correctly, Dios Mios takes the place of the original Mios, making it impossible to read GC discs...
And Nintendont is an application that you put in your SD, not something you install on the Wii itself (So you can play retail GC games).
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How could such a devastating event have such positive effects? A crucial element of Chicago’s history, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 can be understood by studying the cause of its severity, its impact on the city, and the recovery efforts of the people. The widespread effects of the fire were caused by adverse weather conditions and the origin of the fire. The months leading up to fire incorporated all the elements necessary for a fire to begin, as a terrible drought plagued the city during the four months prior to the fire: from the months of July to October, less than three inches of rain had fallen (McNamara).
George Washington and many other generals rented out rooms or whole farm houses for the entire encampment. Most of the time the soldiers cut down trees for firewood, went in the surrounding countryside to gather food, and when the weather improved trained for battle. Many soldiers survived because they experience hardships before in Washington’s Army. 2. Were there any soldiers that didn’t respect George Washington?
The giant food has people running for their life. The food begins to come alive, and gets bigger food became animals every human has to evacuate. As they leave they watch there town and homes be destroyed by delicous foods. They don 't wanna leave their homes but it 's for the best. They all turn and and go after flint on the boat.
In conclusion, Choose your battles is an ongoing theme throughout the book Roll of Thunder Hear my Cry by Mildred Taylor Cassie and the Logan family are constantly fighting in an ongoing battle all throughout the book. Whether it’s just a fistfight in the woods, multiple times, or it’s risking your own revenue to save another life. Cassie and the Logans really did choose their
The only reason Frank had let the snake out is because he wanted Everett’s art for his mistress. Frank’s mistress already had her Van-Goughs and Picassos, but she desired art, such as Everett’s, from Frank which brought nature inside her home. By the time Frank got the snake off Everett Ruess’ hand; Everett’s hand was numb. However, the snow was falling fast and a shelter needed to be made, Ruess and Frank started building a snow igloo to weather the storm out. His hands twisted with pain, but he finished the structure and suddenly a boom broke out of the Utah mountains.
The loud noise of silence, the crackling fire and soft beads of snow falling on the pure white ground filled the air as we rested around the screeching fire to cook the lifeless deer we had hunted that morning. The flames burnt the skin, a crisp golden brown, as fumes of the cooked meat fulfilled my senses. Sharp pain stabbed me in the chest and stomach, the pain that had been there for the past year, the pain that was supposed to end after I got my tattoos to protect me from my illnesses. The deer was cooked to perfection, while the red juicy meat satisfied our stomachs, a delicious last meal filled with war stories and memories from our family past. Laughter was followed by the voice of our youngest tribe member, Ezra.
Since most of the buildings was made out of wood the fire burned it easily and spreaded quick.(”Legend has it that a cow kicked over a lantern in a barn and started the fire, but other theories is that humans or even a meteor might have been responsible for the event that left an area in flames’’).(McHugh, Janet. ebscohost)
The pixies who had been doing a good job regulating everything shriek. When this world was created, we humans have a time limit in our life span so then, a group of scientist with Albert Einstein as the leader came to create the pixies who would be able to live forever... Albert Einstein seem to excel in everything! The pixies was just on vacation on a nearby island and with them away, something so big and horrible had already happen! The pixies however, couldn’t wish the plague and the mess it created away… The humans had to also learn a lesson of human peace among themselves.
As part of the unesco (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) I took great care in preserving the Great Barrier reef for many more generations to enjoy, with being the year 2050 none of us knew how much longer the reef could last. This would be the first time in many years that I go see the reef. After suiting up in a wetsuit i was euphoric to get into the water and explore. The boat set out and after a short time I was in the water.
For example, in chapter twelve, Ender and his Dragon Army battle against, not just one army, but two. Those armies are the Griffin Army and the Tiger Army. This is out of the customary, because in a normal battle, one army would face off against another, instead of one army versus two. Not only that, but Ender and his army enter the battle tired and exhausted, because they had just battled other armies every previous day of the week. This too, is out of the customary, because usually there is time for recovery and rest between each battle.
Brian would be a dynamic person from the novel. In the novel when he had seen sparks off the hatchet when he hit it into the tree he was amazed. “So, he thought if that made sparks I can make a fire with that wood and my hatchet,”Brian said. Brian had being seeing his self change day-after-day. When the tornado had passed by the fire, it ruined it and his shelter.
Frilled dragon eggs are buried in the sand, in large clutches from 8 to 23. The eggs with hatch in 8-12 weeks. The sex of the babies are determined by the temperature outside. Once the eggs hatch, the babies may stay with each other for up to 10 days, but they are otherwise independent. They are born at only 2 inches long and weigh 3-5 grams.
This power that Agnes has gained with the recognition and identification with what is wild inside her is what has enabled her to face what is to come after killing the bear, for the incident has not ended yet. The Frenchman knew that it was Agnes who killed the bear and took its fur, which was a rare color of a bear. He, along with his gun-armed men, went to Agnes house, where she lived alone with her mother. (They lived alone because men abandoned their houses to places that have not yet been destroyed, leaving their women and children behind, as a consequence of the European destruction, a situation that will be further studied in ch. 2). Dora-Rouge narrates: "We were just women there.
I believe that Beowulf can be seen as a Christ figure throughout the epic of Beowulf. He shares many characteristics with Jesus. He faces a devil figure, sacrifices himself, and is recognized as a savior by his people. Beowulf to the Danes is a savior, taking away the fear that Grendel will kill all of Hrothgar’s people. In the Christian sense Jesus Christ is a savior to all Christians. | FINEWEB-EDU |
USP10
(redirected from ubiquitin-specific protease 10)
USP10
A gene on chromosome 16q24.1 that encodes a widely expressed enzyme which deubiquitinates target proteins (e.g., p53/TP53), counteracting MDM2 action. In response to DNA damage, USP10 translocates to the nucleus and deubiquitinates p53/TP53, thereby regulating the p53/TP53-dependent DNA damage response. It also deubiquitinates CFTR in early endosomes, enhancing endocytic recycling, as well as BECN1, a key regulator of autophagy, leading to stabilisation of PIK3C3/VPS34-containing complexes. USP10 is specifically inhibited by spautin-1. It is also a less preferred gene symbol for what is now designated as USP32, see there.
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Talk:Grant Turner (footballer)
External links modified
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080228182255/http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZRepSoccer/id1842.htm to http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/NZRepSoccer/id1842.htm
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 08:42, 24 March 2017 (UTC)
Hungaria
We've got his first club as Stop Out but I thought he'd been at Hungaria/Wellington City before that. Where might I check? 🤔🤔 2407:7000:9B74:AF03:2CF2:CEA6:60D8:C583 (talk) 01:05, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
I'm back. Grant did play for Hungaria. The season before he joined Stop Out. Now we have a Wikipedia moment....just how do we update? 🤔🤔 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2407:7000:9B74:AF03:2CF2:CEA6:60D8:C583 (talk) 01:19, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
This link https://i.stuff.co.nz/sport/football/nz-teams/128557887/cancer-struggle-could-keep-all-whites-great-grant-turner-from-1982-world-cup-team-reunion mentions that he was there at Hungaria. Is that enough info to edit the entry? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2407:7000:9B74:AF03:2118:2D46:32F1:B16C (talk) 22:24, 9 May 2022 (UTC)
This - "1975 Grant Turner 13 matches for Hungaria and 5 goals. Just been looking at New Zealand Soccer Annuals ⚽️ " — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2407:7000:9B74:AF03:48E5:71B7:F86E:B01D (talk) 06:15, 13 May 2022 (UTC)
Filling in the gaps.
Yesterday, quite by chance, I got a pile of appearance and goals data for this player. I'm pretty slow at Wikipediaing* but I'll just push on with it. I think I'll do it in bites.
FYI: The only goals and appearance data in place is wrong. Odd given the source.
* Wikipediaing = typing up the page. 😉 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:58, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
* What have you got? What sources? 2407:7000:9B74:AF22:28E:7C9E:F3D6:9B6E (talk) 07:55, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
Looks like NZFC got to it already. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2407:7000:9B74:AF22:826:B3B7:C49E:4A24 (talk) 22:40, 5 March 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Notable Happening
daily crossword column Lynn Lempel has a few clues for you. MONDAY PUZZLE — Come closer, child, and I’ll tell ye a story of back in the days when nobody knew where their daily New York Times crossword puzzle had come from. That’s when I learned to solve, pre-1993, before constructors first got their due (at least nominally) with bylines in print. It seems odd, today, because as a longtime solver I have come to really relish certain constructors’ styles, and look forward to their creations. I say this to bring your attention to our Monday doyenne, Lynn Lempel, whose work always fills me with delight. If you’re just starting out as a solver, do take note of the people behind the grids that especially impress you; it adds a human element to the game and makes playing it a richer experience. Aside from the theme entries, there were several clues that I found pretty challenging for a Monday, notably a basketball team’s worth of sports entries that must have slowed down some of us — I had ASTROS and SAINTS with no problem, but needed crosses for BALKS and BAT IN, which appears very rarely in the grid. UNSER was the hardest one for me, at least; I never remember anything about racecars and their drivers, as popular as these guys are. 66A: This clue doesn’t reference Naples, Florida, which looks like it might be in danger of becoming an island itself. You have to look to the shin of the boot that is Italy, instead. I did like the cross of CAPRI and AZURE (sigh, as I look out my window at 4:30 p.m. and see — nothing). 11D: In an effort to assuage the hordes en colère (that’s choleric hordes, I guess, in French), Ms. Lempel has given France “El Cid” and let them make him LE CID. I know, I know this clue specifically refers to the “French play,” and it’s also an important Massenet opera. 25D: Is it a sad sign of the times that I can come up with several five-letter insults that would solve for “Dingbat” before reaching NINNY? A fun word to say, at least, and an old example of the single-word “burn” — from the late 1500s, at least. 34D: A debut, on a Monday! We’ve never used STATE REPS before. It seems like a common enough expression but when I get to Googlin’ I get a lot of the wrong stuff, namely, the U.S. House of Representatives and not the houses of the individual states. There is a spot in Wikipedia that lists them and we have a LOT of STATE REPS in this country. Statistically, one of you is probably also one of them, I’d guess. 46D: Making only its second appearance in the Times puzzle, this is a term in statistics, BIMODAL. I don’t remember seeing this word before, and figured it out sort of between the clue and the crosses. This is a Monday theme without any indication in the cluing, like question marks or italics or blatant “theme” labels. When cluing is this silky, I can putter through a grid and not get the joke until pretty far along, and that was certainly the case here — I think it clicked around the fourth entry I solved. Ms. Lempel has woven five variations on a very simple little word that, when unadulterated, is too short to even show up in our grid. At 17A, 24A, 50A and 62A, you’ll find well-known terms and phrases that end in homonyms for “do” (and at the center of the puzzle, 38A, there’s a regretful statement, that we hope you don’t utter while solving, that ends on “do” itself). My favorite, of course, was the topmost, 17A, that querulous animated Great Dane DOG riding through my childhood in the Mystery Machine. But the way it was clued, so innocently underneath 15A, didn’t even tip me to a theme. I got 38A, NO CAN DO, without making a connection — and then everything dawned on me at 62A, “Couple’s ballet dance.” SCOOBY DOO and PAS DE DEUX? To further incense the Francophile pronunciation snobs among us, mon Dieu! I did need some crosses to get the last two in the mix; one is an infrequent modern annoyance, the other a poetic vignette we night owls often miss. Or, I should say, another nostalgic reference. I’m a sucker for quirks of English, so a puzzle was clearly in the cards when I noticed there are several stand-alone, differently spelled “do” rhymes. I think it was only when starting the grid that I thought of PAS DE DEUX, which purists will complain isn’t quite the same pronunciation. For me, close enough. I would have loved to use DERRING-DO, but it just didn’t work. Nothing much to say about clues. They’re mostly what I submitted, or at least the gist of what I submitted. Changes seemed generally to make them a bit easier. The 65-Across clue for ONE was definitely Will’s. And he must have nixed my attempt to include a Monday question-mark clue at 7-D, with [Person going to court?] for WOOER. I hope you all DO enjoy the puzzle. Subscribers can take a peek at the answer key. Trying to get back to the puzzle page? Right here. What did you think? | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology Open Access
• ISSN: 2575-7733
• Journal h-index: 5
• Journal CiteScore: 0.63
• Journal Impact Factor: 0.41
• Average acceptance to publication time (5-7 days)
• Average article processing time (30-45 days) Less than 5 volumes 30 days
8 - 9 volumes 40 days
10 and more volumes 45 days
Reach us +32 25889658
Short Communication - (2023) Volume 7, Issue 3
Hemorrhoids Come in Two Assortments Inside and Outside of the Blood Vessels
Diane Mege*
Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Iran
*Correspondence: Diane Mege, Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Iran, Email:
Received: 31-May-2023, Manuscript No. IPJCGH-23-16792; Editor assigned: 02-Jun-2023, Pre QC No. IPJCGH-23-16792; Reviewed: 16-Jun-2023, QC No. IPJCGH-23-16792; Revised: 21-Jun-2023, Manuscript No. IPJCGH-23-16792; Published: 28-Jun-2023, DOI: 10.36648/ipjcgh.7.3.21
Introduction
Infections of the gastrointestinal tract GI can be brought on by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. With only supportive care, viral and bacterial infections typically resolve in a few days. Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections, depending on their nature and severity. GI bleeding is a sign that something is wrong with your digestive system. The blood frequently shows up in stool or regurgitation yet isn’t generally noticeable, however it might make the stool look dark or hesitate. The level of bleeding can be life-threatening and range from mild to severe. Upper gastrointestinal series UGI, ultrasounds, MRIs, CT scans, and X-rays are all common types of imaging tests for gastric conditions. For an even clearer image of the gastrointestinal plot, a barium swallow or barium douche might be utilized related to an X-beam. Antibiotics and staying hydrated are two ways to treat a gastrointestinal infection. Antibiotics such as Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Antifolate/Sulfa combinations, Nitroimidazole, Penem, Glycopeptide, and Monobactam are frequently used to treat gastrointestinal infections [1,2].
Description
Particularly in infants, gastroenteritis can result in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, which can cause sudden death. A number of unusual and rare conditions that could result in gastrointestinal bleeding that could be fatal. Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis can be mild to severe and appear within 1-3 days of being infected, depending on the cause. Usually, symptoms only last a day or two, but they can sometimes last up to 14 days. Hemorrhoids are widened veins in your butt-centric waterway. This is a disease of the structure. They are brought on by persistent diarrhea, excessive strain during a bowel movement, or pregnancy. Hemorrhoids come in two varieties: Both inside and outside the blood vessels on the inside of your anal opening are called internal hemorrhoids. They begin to bleed and become irritated when they strain and fall into the anus. In the end, internal hemorrhoids can prolapse, sink, or protrude from the anus. A structural gastrointestinal disease is one in which your bowel appears abnormal and does not function properly. Occasionally, the structural defect must be surgically removed. Stenosis, hemorrhoids, diverticular disease, colon polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, and strictures are all examples of structural GI diseases. Medical services suppliers who have some expertise in gastrointestinal sicknesses are called gastroenterologists. Specialists who work in gastrointestinal sicknesses are called colorectal specialists proctologists. A functional problem known as constipation makes it difficult to urinate or pass stools, making them either absent or infrequent less than three times per week [3,4].
Conclusion
Obstruction makes you strain during a solid discharge. It may result in hard, small stools and occasionally anal issues like fissures or hemorrhoids. Blockage is seldom the sign that you have a more serious ailment. Irritable bowel syndrome, also known as spastic colon, irritable colon, IBS, or nervous stomach, is a functional condition in which the muscles in your intestines contract more or less frequently than usual. IBS can be sparked by a number of things, including emotional stress, medications, and some foods. If you experience frequent bowel movements, rectal bleeding, or other abnormalities, you may need to see a gastroenterologist.
Acknowledgement
None.
Conflict Of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
References
Citation: Mege D (2023) Hemorrhoids Come in Two Assortments Inside and Outside of the Blood Vessels. J Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 7:21.
Copyright: ©2023 Mege D. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
George P. Stevens
George P. Stevens (July 5, 1851 – 1927) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
Biography
Stevens was born on July 5, 1851, in Washington County, Wisconsin. In 1856, he moved with his parents to Monroe County, Wisconsin.
Career
Stevens was elected to the Assembly in 1902. Additionally, he served as Treasurer of Monroe County and a member of the Monroe County Board. He was a Republican. | WIKI |
June 21, 2024
Sites Wise
Sites Wise Blog
What Does Diabetes Do to the Body?
3 min read
Diabetes
Last Updated on May 31, 2022 by Aaron Thompson
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 10% of Americans have Type I or Type II diabetes. Of these, 5% don’t realize they have the condition. This is unfortunate as diabetes does severe damage to one’s body
Neuropathy
More severe cases of diabetes cause damage to your central nervous system. The result is neuropathy. This condition affects your perception of heat, cold, and pain. Commonly, these issues are seen in sensitive areas like your hands and feet. If cuts and other infections aren’t noticed, they can lead to serious illness.
Eye Conditions
Diabetes damages the blood vessels in your eyes. When this occurs, your vision may become blurrier. This might not be noticed if you already wear glasses. However, if you’ve had good sight before, progressive blurriness could be a sign of diabetes.
A progressive form of the disease also increases the potential for cataracts and glaucoma. The former causes cloudiness in your eyes’ lenses to increase blurriness and decreases focus. Conversely, glaucoma causes damage to your optic nerves and results in reduced vision or even blindness.
Increased Fatigue
Whether treated or untreated, diabetes results in extreme fatigue. This happens due to constant fluctuations in blood sugar levels. When they drop considerably, you experience lethargy and the inability to stay awake. This condition could occur during a specific part of the day or result in constant exhaustion.
Reduced Blood Circulation
Your circulation system is one area that gets hit hard with diabetes. Damaged and contracted blood vessels limit or completely stop blood flow to various areas. One of these is your feet.
The lack of blood flow to these appendages causes constant numbness. In severe cases of diabetes, vessel damage is so significant that you may develop gangrene and face possible amputation. Hence, the reason why those afflicted with this disease wear compression socks is to maintain blood flow.
Cardiovascular Disease
The improper delivery of blood also causes problems with your cardiovascular system. The damage to vessels translates to high blood pressure. Fatty deposits also tend to develop in these spaces to stop blood flow to the heart. In turn, that muscle is damaged.
Rapid Weight Loss
When diabetes is untreated, it develops into insulin resistance. Here, instead of it being transformed into energy, glucose gets stored. When this happens, your body consumes other energy sources, like muscle or fat tissue. The result is rapid weight loss.
How to Control Diabetes
The first thing to control your diabetes is to visit your doctor. They’ll give you an A1C test to check your blood sugar levels. If it’s above 6% of the normal rate, they’ll put you on a treatment to lower and maintain your insulin levels.
In cases of Type II diabetes, this tends to be in the form of a pill. For example, a diabetes insulin pump is surgically implemented to automatically provide regular shots to maintain levels in more severe cases. However, this isn’t the complete solution.
You must regulate your diet and incorporate exercise into your routine. Both of these methods help maintain or eliminate the disease in the case of Type II diabetes.
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User:Sanandros
I'm German and Swiss and I prefer to help in the weapons articles. Special for Germans or Swiss weapons. | WIKI |
Advantages Of Pc Community
computer network
Techopedia Explains Laptop Network Exploitation (cne)
A LAN can be small or large, starting from a house network with one person to a big enterprise community with hundreds of customers and devices. Switches join and help to internally safe computer systems, printers, servers, and different units to networks in homes or organizations. Access points are switches that join gadgets to networks without the usage of cables.
On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all gadgets are likely to help the identical functions. Client-server networks are common in business and peer-to-peer networks are widespread in homes. Computer networking is the apply of interfacing two or more computing devices with each other for the aim of sharing information. Computer networks are built with a mixture of hardware and software. Both users and administrators are conscious, to varying extents, of the belief and scope characteristics of a network. Again using TCP/IP architectural terminology, an intranet is a group of curiosity under personal administration often by an enterprise, and is only accessible by licensed customers (e.g. workers). Intranets do not have to be linked to the Internet, however usually have a restricted connection.
A personal space community is a network that is based mostly on an individual’s workspace. The particular person’s device is the center of the community, with other units related to it. A LAN is a group of connected gadgets in one bodily location, corresponding to a home or an workplace.
Various manufacturers produce broadband router hardware designed to simplify house community setup. A residence router permits units in different rooms to effectively share a broadband internet connection, helps family members share files and printers within the community, and improves general community safety. The two fundamental types of network design are referred to as shopper-server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks characteristic centralized server computer systems that store e mail, net pages, information, and purposes accessed by shopper computer systems and other client devices.
Sequential Access Vs Direct Entry Vs Random Access In Working System
computer network
Forms Of Community Connections
WANs connect computers and smaller networks to bigger networks over higher geographic areas, including different continents. They might hyperlink the computers by the use of cables, optical fibres, or satellites, however their users generally access the networks by way of a modem . The largest WAN is the Internet, a collection of networks and gateways linking billions of pc users on each continent. Small and residential workplace environments use expertise that is similar to home networks. Businesses often have further communication, data storage, and security requirements that require expanding networks in different ways, significantly as the business will get bigger. While different kinds of networks are built and maintained by engineers, house networks belong to owners who usually have little or no technical background. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Chicken soup/Archive 1
Here's why I reverted some minor details: I know for a fact that chicken soup as a folk remedy is not popular only in the U.S. The origin is probably European Jews. My grandmother, who was raised in Poland, made chicken soup whenever we were sick, and I grew up in Israel (also, this is not unique to my own family). "Unknown reason" just strikes me as silly: folk rememdies are folk remedies, it's a matter of tradition, one doesn't necessarily need a reason, but there are plenty of possibly reasons listed in the article. Guanaco removed the paragraph that explained why Chicken soup is good for invalids even if not medically proven so, claiming it to be blantantly point of view. I've tempered it down (removed "tasty", which is subjective, and turned "ideal" into "good"), but the other listed advantages of chicken soup are provable facts: relatively easy to prepare, relatively cheap, nutritious, easy to digest - these are not matters of opinion. --Woggly 13:38, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
Chicken soup as a food for invalids is used in other countries, yes, but I don't think it is perceived as a particularly jewish thing outside of America, and those who get their view of the world from American media. Hence, any reference to 'jewish penicillin' needs to be explained at every point (since chicken soup is not really viewed as a particularly 'jewish' thing outside America), and hence the belief may have been current in a wider population than just European jews.
* Actually, living in the U.S., the first time I heard of the term was in this article. A quick Google search seems to show that that term's legitimate, or at least this article isn't its origin, but even so, I don't believe that there's any particular association between Jewish culture and chicken soup here; excluding, of course, chicken soup with matzo balls, which I think I have seen in a supermarket at the appropriate time of year. - RedWordSmith 06:33, September 3, 2005 (UTC)
* I would tone down the Jewish references. While it may have played a part of the history of Jewish cuisine, I think the majority of this should be under a subsection such as "cultural origins", "Jewish Cuisine" or otherwise. - G 08:42, 19 October 2005 (UTC)
British Chicken Soup
Chunky vegetables? Find me a single recipe that references chunky vegetables. It may say it on those filthy cans of the stuff, but claiming it's a definitive feature is stretching it a bit. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:38, 4 January 2007 (UTC).
* What about adding a note about Cock-a-leekie soup? Kypros (talk) 17:34, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
Chest symptoms
provides a bit of a scientific base on why chicken soup would be good in upper respiratory tract infections. Beware, it is a laboratory study, not one proven clinically to shorten the course of illness in human subjects. But perhaps it's worth considering for inclusion on whimsical grounds. JFW | T@lk 19:09, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
United States Chicken Noodle Soup
It is very offensive to me that the entire United States section is based around Campbell’s, a commercial product. It’s a straight up advertisement. To me chicken soup is a family soup based on tradition. The breadth of American chicken soup is broad, with many variations in the U.S. and Canada, ranging from clear broth only to creamy chicken and noodles (no broth, more of a gravy.) I suggest we move the Campbell’s trivia to a “trivia” section rather than it taking up the majority of the Unites states soup section. Additionally, an equally popular brand, Lipton, is used as a folk remedy for sickness in the few states of the U.S. I’ve lived in. I think this is worth a mention; it is at least of more relevance than the Campbell’s’ trivia.
We should also describe the most common variations on American chicken soup. Many I’ve had at family and friend’s dinners included garlic, onion, turnip, and homemade noodles. Spices include bay leaves, and thyme. Most times the gizzards and neck are boiled then strained to enhance the flavor.
I’m new to adding to Wikipedia so I am not familiar with the basics of changing pages and would like some help. I have a decent knowledge of food and chicken soup, so think i can help this page. But i’m sure there are experts that would like to help expand this article. Anyone agree that we should make these changes? If so, to what extent?
I very much agree that the US Section should be updated to reflect the tradition of chicken soup in America, but I am also new and don't want to make such as major alteration. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MrsCellophane (talk • contribs) 23:21, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
Change boiling to simmering
I would like to propose that we change all references of "boil" to "simmer" and "boiling" to "simmering" as chicken soup is best made by simmering gently rather than boiling which is much rougher. This is subtle but significant change that is meaningful to cooks and chefs and would also be a more accurate description of the process of making chicken soup. Please let me know if you agree. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MrsCellophane (talk • contribs) 23:32, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
(Comment)
A note for the future: the Japanese Wikipedia article & refences this article in its history. When performing actions that affect the location or nature of the history of this page, please keep this in mind. - RedWordSmith 16:20, Jan 20, 2005 (UTC) | WIKI |
1903 Washington University football team
The 1903 Washington University football team represented the Washington University in St. Louis as an independent during the 1903 college football season. Led by first-year head coach L. W. Boynton, Washington University compiled a 4–4–2 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 109 to 103. | WIKI |
User:Zerranto/sandbox
The Pentium 4 is a seventh-generation CPU from Intel targeted at the consumer market. It is based on the NetBurst microarchitecture.
Features
* All Pentium 4 processors support: MMX, SSE, SSE2
Willamette (180 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2
* Transistors: 42 million
* Die size: 217 mm2
* CPUID: 0xF07 (B2 stepping), 0xF0A (C1), 0xF12 (D0), 0xF13 (E0)
Northwood (130 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2
* Transistors: 55 million
* Die size: 146 mm2 (B0 pre-shrink) and 131 mm2 (B0 Shrink, C1, D1)
* CPUID: 0xF24 (B0 stepping), 0xF27 (C1), 0xF29 (D1), 0xF25 (M0)
Prescott (90 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3
* Intel 64: supported by F-series, 5x1, 5x6, 511, 517, 519K, 524 and few OEM models in E-series (SL7QB, SL7Q8)
* XD bit (an NX bit implementation): supported by 5x0J, 5x1, 5x5J, 5x6, 511, 517, 519J, 519K, 524
* Some Socket 478 models supports loadline B (FMB1.0) with reduced TDP to 89 Watts (100.39 Watts peak)
* Some LGA775 models supports Prescott FMB1 (775_VR_CONFIG_04A) with reduced TDP to 85 Watts (100.78 Watts peak)
* Transistors: 125 million
* Die size: 112 mm2
* CPUID: 0xF33 (C0 stepping), 0xF34 (D0), 0xF41 (E0), 0xF49 (G1)
Prescott 2M (90 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, Hyper-threading, Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation)
* Intel VT-x supported by: 662 and 672
* Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) supported by: all except 620.
* Transistors: 169 million
* Die size: 135 mm2
* CPUID: 0xF43 (N0 stepping), 0xF4A (R0)
Cedar Mill (65 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, Hyper-threading, Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation)
* Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) supported by: C1, D0
* Transistors: 188 million
* Die size: 81 mm2
* CPUID: 0xF62 (B1 stepping), 0xF64 (C1), 0xF65 (D0)
Gallatin (130 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, Hyper-threading
* Transistors: 169 million
* Die size: 237 mm2
* CPUID: 0xF25 (M0 stepping)
Prescott 2M (90 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, Hyper-threading, EIST, Intel 64, XD bit (an NX bit implementation)
* Transistors: 169 million
* Die size: 135 mm2
* CPUID: 0xF43 (N0 stepping)
Northwood (130 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, IST
* Die Size: 131 mm2 (initially 146 mm2)
* Package Size: 35 mm × 35 mm
* CPUID: 0xF24 (B0 stepping, B0 Shrink), 0xF27 (C1), 0xF29 (D1)
Northwood (130 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, IST
* CPUID: 0xF29 (D1 stepping)
Prescott (90 nm)
* All models support: MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, IST, TM2, Hyper-threading
* CPUID: 0xF34 (D0 stepping), 0xF41 (E0) | WIKI |
Talk:WebObjects
All the pages under Programming:WebObjects are outdated and won't be updated here because we moved the content to http://wiki.objectstyle.org/confluence/display/WO/ two years ago. Problem is, when doing a search on Google, a lot of the wikibooks.org pages are listed before the new wiki pages. We would like to put either a "this content was moved to" link on each page, or even better we would like to delete the WebObjects book pages so that people can't view old content.
* Even if people who use to work on the book have stopped contributing because they went to WebObjects' Wiki, anyone can come along and decide to update this book. I don't think this book will be deleted, because it is within Wikibooks' scope and I think putting a moved notice on each page would be considered inappropriate too. This book already links to the WikiObjects Wiki from WebObjects/Additional Resources/Websites. Anything more then that would likely be considered spamming. --dark lama 14:36, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
* I put almost the entire content together on wikibooks originally. We have since found a better system and the entire content of the wikibook has now moved. The existence of the wikibook is now a constant source of confusion. Now people accidentally find it and get incorrect information. The WebObjects community has collectively decided on the mailing lists to move to the new site. Bringing this book back to life is not helping anyone, it's causing the community problems. There is no content here that is not in the other one, which is also a public wiki, and runs on a nicer wiki system. Please let this book be removed. | WIKI |
What is a Manic Episode?
Understanding the nuances of various conditions is crucial in the intricate landscape of mental health. One such aspect that plays a significant role in bipolar disorder is a manic episode.
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• Elevated Mood: The primary characteristic of a manic episode is an elevated mood that is beyond what is considered normal. This euphoria can lead individuals to feel invincible, excessively confident, and even grandiose in their beliefs and abilities.
• Increased Energy: Manic episodes are often marked by a surge in energy levels. Individuals may find themselves engaging in activities for extended periods without feeling fatigued, sometimes taking on multiple tasks simultaneously.
• Decreased Need for Sleep: A common feature of mania is a reduced need for sleep. During a manic episode, individuals may feel rested and alert with significantly less sleep than usual, sometimes even going days without feeling tired.
• Racing Thoughts: Thoughts during a manic episode may race at an accelerated pace, making it challenging for individuals to concentrate or stay focused on a single task. This heightened mental activity can contribute to impulsive decision-making.
• Impulsivity: Impulsivity is a hallmark of mania, leading individuals to engage in risky behaviors without considering the consequences. This can manifest in reckless spending, impulsive sexual encounters, or making hasty decisions that may have long-term repercussions.
How Does a Manic Episode Connect to Bipolar Disorder
Manic episodes are a key component of bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by cycling between periods of mania and depression. Bipolar disorder is classified into several subtypes, with Bipolar I Disorder being characterized by the presence of manic episodes that last for at least seven days, often accompanied by depressive episodes.
It’s important to note that not everyone who experiences a manic episode has bipolar disorder. Other conditions, such as schizoaffective disorder or certain medical conditions, can also present with manic-like symptoms. Proper diagnosis and evaluation by a mental health professional are crucial to distinguish between different disorders and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
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The management of a manic episode often involves a comprehensive approach that may include psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and sometimes antidepressants are commonly prescribed to help regulate mood and manage symptoms.
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Support from loved ones and a strong social support system are also vital components of managing bipolar disorder. Educating family and friends about the condition can foster understanding and empathy, creating a more supportive environment for those navigating the challenges of bipolar disorder.
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Treatment For Bipolar Disorder and Manic Episodes at Omnia Recovery
By unraveling what a manic episode is, we gain insight into a critical aspect of bipolar disorder. Recognizing the characteristics of a manic episode and understanding its connection to bipolar disorder is essential for individuals, their loved ones, and the broader community. By fostering awareness and providing support, we contribute to a more compassionate and informed approach to mental health, ultimately helping those affected by bipolar disorder lead fulfilling and balanced lives.
If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder or a manic episode, it’s crucial to seek professional help for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Omnia Recovery is committed to providing comprehensive mental health support, and our team of experts is ready to assist on the journey toward recovery. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/354
ALCHEMY. astronomy, or legend to history. In the eye of the astrologer, a knowledge of the stars was val- uable as a means of foretelling, or even of influ- encing, future events. In like manner, the gen- uine alchemist toiled with his crucibles and alembics, calcining, subliming, distilling, with two grand objects, as illusory as those of the astrologer — to discover, namely, { 1 ) the secret of transmuting the baser metals into gold and silver, and ( 2 ) the means of indefinitely pro- longing human life.
Tradition points to Egypt as the birthplace of the science. The god Hermes Trisniegistus is represented as the father of it; and tlie most jjrobable etymology of the name is that which con- nects it with the most ancient and native name of Egypt, Cheiiii (the Scripture Cham or Ham). The Greeks and Romans under the empire would seem to have become acquainted with it from the Egj^ptians: there is no reason to believe that in early times either people had the name or the thing. Chcrnia (Gk. xil'-^'"< chemcia) occurs in the lexicon of Suidas. written about the elev- enth century, and is explained by him to be "the conversion of silver and gold." It is to the Arabs, from whom Europe got the name and the art, that the term owes the prefixed article al. As if clicniia had been a generic term embracing all common chemical operations, such as the decocting and compounding of ordinary drugs, the grand operation of transmutation was denominated the chemia (al-chemi/) — the chemistry of chemistries. The Roman Emperor Caligula is said to have instituted experiments for the producing of gold out of orpiment (sulphide of arsenic) ; and in the time of Diocletian, the passion for this pursuit, conjoined with magical arts, had become so prevalent in the Empire, that that Emperor is said to have ordered all Egyi)tian works treating of the chemistry of gold and silver to be burned. For at that time multitudes of books on this art were appearing, written by Alexandrine monks and by hermits, but bearing famous names of antiquity, such as Democritus, Pythagoras, and Hermes.
At a later period, the Arabs took up the art, and it is to them that European alchemy is directly traceable. The school of polypharmacy, as it has been called, flourished in Arabia during the caliphate of the Abbassides. The earliest work of this school now known is the Sunima Perfectionis, or "Summit of Perfection," com- posed by Geber (q.v.) about the eighth century; it is consequently the oldest book on chemistry proper in the world. It contains so much of what sounds very much like jargon in modern ears, that Dr. .Johnson ascribes the origin of the word "gibberish" to the name of the compiler. Yet, when viewed in its true light, it is a wonder- ful performance. It is a kind of text-book, or collection of all that was then known and be- lieved. It appears that these Arabian poly pharmists had long been engaged in firing and boiling, dissolving and precipitating, subliming and coagulating chemical substances. They worked with gold and mercury, arsenic and sul- phur, salts and acids, and had, in short, become familiar with a large range of what are now called chemicals. Geber taught that there are three elemental chemicals — -mercury, sulphur, and arsenic. These substances, especially the first two, seem to have fascinated the thoughts of the alchemists by their potent and penetrating qualities. They saw mercury dissolve gold, the most incorruptible of matters, as water dissolves sugar; and a stick of sulphur presented to hot iron penetrates it like a spirit, and makes it run down in a shower of solid drops, a new and remarkable substance, possessed of properties belonging neither to iron nor to sulphur. The Arabians held that the metals are compound bodies, made up of mercury and sulphur in different proportions. With these very excusable errors in theory, they were genuine practical chemists. They toiled away at the art of making "many medicines" (polypharmacy) out of the various mixtures and reactions of such chemicals as they knew. They had their pestles an^ mortars, their crucibles and furnaces, their alembics and aludels, their vessels for infusion, for decoction, for cohabitation, sublimation, fixation, lixiviation, filtration, coagulation, etc. Their scientific creed was transmutation, and their methods were mostly blind gropings ; and yet, in this way, they found out many a new substance and invent- ed many a useful process.
From the Arabs, alchemy found its way through Spain into Europe, and speedily became entangled with the fantastic subtleties of the scholastic philosophy. In the Middle Ages, it was chiefly the monks who occupied themselves with alchemy. Pope John XXII. took great delight in it, though it was afterward forbidden by his successor. The earliest authentic works on European alchemy now extant are those of Roger Bacon (died about 1294) and Albertus Magnus. Bacon appears rather the earlier of the two as a writer, and is really the greatest man in all the school. He was acquainted with gun-powder. Although he condemns magic, necromancy, charms, and all such things, he believes in the convertibility of the inferior metals into gold, but does not profess to have ever effected the conversion. He had more faith in the elixir of life than in gold-making. He followed Gel)er in regarding potable gold — that is, gold dissolved in nitro-hydroehloric acid or aqua vegia — as the elixir of life. Urging it on the attention of Pope Nicholas IV., he informs his Holiness of an old man who found some yellow liquor (the solution of gold is yellow) in a golden vial, when plowing one day in Sicily. Supposing it to be dew, he drank it off. He was thereupon transformed into a hale, robust, and highly accomplished youth. Bacon no doubt took many a dose of this golden water himself. Albertus Magnus had a great mastery of the practical chemistry of his times; he was acquainted with alum, caustic alkali, and the purification of the royal metals by means of lead. In addition to the sulphur-and-mercury theory of the metals, drawn from Geber, he regarded the element water as still nearer the soul of nature than either of these bodies. He appears, indeed, to have thought it the primary matter, or the radical source of all things — an opinion held by Thales, the father of Greek speculation. Thomas Aciuinas also wrote on alchemy, and was the first to employ the word amalgam (q.v.). Raymond Lully is another great name in the annals of alchemy. His writings are much more disfigured by unintelligible .jargon than those of Bacon and Albertus Jlagniis. He was the first to introduce the use of chemical symbols, his system consisting of a scheme of arbitrary hieroglyphics. He made much of the spirit of wine (the art of distilling spirits woidd seem to have been then recent), imposing on it the name of aqua vita; ardens. | WIKI |
Talk:Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar
Assist in Expanding and finding Credible sources for this article
* Please assist in improving and providing credible sources of reference for the artcle "Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar" and it's related text in Haridwar article.
Thanks
Atulsnischal (talk) 14:50, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
Visitor Account: 1
"
Needless to say that all this is done as part of worship. The pilgrims often ask their family priests to officiate in these sacraments. These may be family priests from one's own village who may accompany a group of pilgrims or they may be the priests resident in the holy places. This last is an amazing social phenomenon. India has thousands of groups of ethnic or trade origin, all living side by side for thousands of years, each practicing its own customs and traditions, and marrying according to complex rules of endogamy and exogamy. A large number of these endowed pilgrims' houses primarily for the use of their kin and the clan undertaking a pilgrimage. For thousands of years the priests have been in residence in these establishments in the various holy cities. They are priests, pilgrim guides and family record keepers, called the Pandas. It is their duty to keep track of any pilgrims from their ancestral village or kinship group coming; to officiate in the ceremonial required, to guide the pilgrims, and often house them ñ if the pilgrims by now have not become so comfort-loving that they must have starred accommodation. It is common to see at the railway stations of places like Varanasi or Haridwar groups of Pandas inquiring of the arriving travelers as to where they are from, so that they would not be neglected, would be properly guided, and housed.
I recall : I returned to India after a sixteen year absence in 1968, and naturally went to the holy city which has been the ancestral place to visit for a pilgrimage for the people of our brahmin sub-caste. I went to Har ki pauri, the sacred area of Haridwar, and got the attention of the first Panda-looking person I saw, and inquired : I am of the Kaliya clan of the Saraswat sub-caste Brahmana (brahmin) from the Noormahal village, District (County) of Jalandhar in the Punjab State. Where would I find my family Pandas ? The gentleman immediately directed me to the street, the house, and section of the haveli (mansion-like house) where the priests of our particular ìclanî reside. Now, imagine, I am asking the first person I meet, and out of a country of (now) one billion people he can give me the right directions - such is the system still in place. I went to the house, and was received like one's own relative, was guided to take my holy bath, and made an offering. The Panda took out the family's genealogy register, going back three hundred years (because paper cannot last much longer), in which I saw the signatures of the great-grandfather of my great-grandfather. I entered the present state of the family, the marriages that have taken place since the last pilgrimage of a family member, how many children had been born, and so forth, made an appropriate money-offering (the amount depends on your capacity and the degree of reverence), and came away feeling fulfilled.
In 1986 ( I am not sure of the year) I was helping lead the Himalayan Institute tour group in Kashmir. There is a place a called Matand (Sanskrit, martand, meaning the Sun). It used to be a Sun Temple, and, as all Sun temples were at one time, a seat of ancient astronomical observations. It is on the pilgrim route to Amarnath, a cave shrine to Shiva at the height of 13,400 feet in the mountains, where the medium of worship is the usual oval Shiva symbolic form that takes shape out of ice dripping from the roof of the cave; it is fully formed every full moon night, though the pilgrimage is in July-August.
Well, here I was by the holy pool at Matand - on the pilgrim route.
The priests saw me as one lone Indian among so many in an American tour group, and inquired of my origins. I understood their purport; if I was from a kinship group known to them it would be their dharma-duty to take care of me. I told them that this is not the pilgrim route our family normally takes and they were not likely to have any of our family records there. But they insisted on knowing. '''I told them of my origins. Within five minutes they brought out the genealogy register and told me that one year before, on such and such date, my three times removed cousin, together with such and such family members, had passed that way.'''
I, too, then signed in the register giving the present condition of my branch of the family.
I was still a householder. Mother Arya was away visiting a daughter in England. I took two smaller ones and decided to go for a pilgrimage in the mountains, or, rather, to escape the summer heat of the plains. There is a place called Gaur-kunda beyond which cars cannot go. The pilgrims take a bath in the hot mountain stream that forms a pool, to both cleanse and to purify themselves. Then the fourteen kilometer climb on foot begins to the holy shrine of Kedarnath.
As I came out of the car, I was approached by a priestly looking gentleman who, as usual, asked about my origins, and I told him. He pointed to another person in the distance, and said that was the person I would need. The other person was called over to where I stood and I introduced my family background. The gentleman said for me and the children to please go,ahead (now, at that time there were hardly any telephones in the region), that his brother would be standing outside the Government Tourist Hotel before you reach the town of Kedar Nath and would greet you and escort you.
I rented the ponies (that's a bit of cheating everybody indulges in for difficult climbs), arrived at the right place, and before I could open my mouth the gentleman greeted me, and said that he had a message from his brother to receive us. He took us to his pilgrim house, prepared the meals and we all huddled under thick quilts for the cold night just under the glacier.
Before leaving the house in Dehradun I had miscalculated the expenses and had not counted on paying so much for the ponies. Upon arrival I spoke to my car driver: "I am in trouble, I am running short of money." He said "You have forgotten the traditions of India; you are in no trouble. You are in the house of your Panda. There is no problem." Next morning, before I could wake up, the priest came up through the trap-door to where we were sleeping, and said if hear you are running a bit short on money; have no worry." He handed me a bundle of two thousand rupees. No credit cards, no bank references. He arranged for the worship to be performed and everything else we needed done.
Upon returning home I sent him the money, of course, together with an appropriate offering.
Thus, a pilgrimage is not just an individualistic undertaking but a whole social attitude, the realization of special relationships with God as well with His lesser beings.
"
Reference
* WHAT IS A PILGRIM ? by Swami Veda Bharati; On the website of MUSEUM OF EUROPEAN ART, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Cashed:
Atulsnischal (talk) 16:36, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
Visitor Account: 2
"
Bibi Inderjit Kaur was born on January 22, 1935, in the town of Wazirabad in the district of Gujranwala which is now part of Pakistan. She was born into a devout Sikh family with a powerful lineage. Her great-grandfather was Bhai Sahib Abnasha Singh who was a known and respected saint and healer of his time. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh was stricken with small pox as a child, he was brought to Bhai Abnasha Singh for treatment. Ranjit Singh came in royal splendor with great pomp and show, and Bhai Sahib admonished him saying, “You should not have come with all this nonsense. You have disturbed my meditation!” But ultimately he did bless Ranjit Singh and assured him that even though he had already lost one eye to the disease, he would heal and his other eye would be preserved. Later in life when Maharaja Ranjit Singh held rule over the Punjab, he bestowed the title of Bhai Sahib to Abnasha Singh in acknowledgement of his deep spirituality. He told Abnasha Singh to circle as many villages as he could on horseback in one day, and these he gave to him as a jagir, or land grant, in gratitude for healing him as a child.
Another great Sikh is in Bibiji’s family tree is the brave and loyal warrior, Hari Singh Nalwa. Once in the early 1990’s I was with Bibiji and the Siri Singh Sahib in India and we all went to Hardwar to see the river Ganges. '''In the old days, the genealogy of the great families where kept by the family Brahmin in Hardwar. Once a year, the devote Hindus would go for their purifying bath, and at that time would sign their family book, recording the births and deaths that occurred that year'''. As Sikh families sprung from the ancient Hindu bloodlines, some also continued the tradition of keeping their family records in Hardwar. So that day when we visited Hardwar, I learned for the first time of Bibiji’s eminent family and that her family lineage was recorded there. '''The old Brahmin priest brought forth “the book”, and we all signed our names as having come with Bibiji to the Ganges. Four or five pages back in the book, there in bold black ink was the signature of Hari Singh Nalwa - the one who defended the Khalsa against all odds. Right there on the page, the gallant handwriting jumped out me! And next to his signature was another one easily recognized. On that day, Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself had signed the book as the guest of Hari Singh. Not only his signature, but his royal seal was proudly displayed. The two great men came for a cool bath on a hot spring day. It was right there in Bibiji’s family book, five pages back in history from our own signatures.'''
"
Reference
* Happy Birthday Bibiji!; Published by Gurumustuk Singhon January 22, 2007 in Sikh Role Models and Yogi Bhajan. Found on the website of www.mrsikhnet.com, Cashed:
Atulsnischal (talk) 16:53, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
News and Comments related to News: Project Announced
"
January 11, 2005
Indian (as in India) Genealogy Project Announced
I spent some time in India on a business trip last spring. I met with a number of business managers, software developers, taxi drivers, and one tour guide. I found almost no interest at all in genealogy among these people. I could not find anyone interested in tracing his or her roots. However, a new project aimed at Indians living abroad may change that, thanks to a new Internet database being planned with the help of the Indian government and scholars around the world.
"A lot of the work is in the planning and coordination stages. A global database station will be a huge task," Ashook Ramsaran, secretary general of New York-based Global Organization of People of Indian Origin, told participants at Overseas Indian Day, an annual meeting of Indians living abroad.
He said the project's organizers would seek permission from the United States and Britain to gain immigration information about their forefathers. It wasn't clear when the database would be operational.
"Once this is set up, someone in Tanzania or Belgium could access which city, town or plantation an ancestor who was an immigrant worker or indentured laborer worked in," he said.
About 25 million people of Indian origin have moved abroad since the early 19th century, working on plantations in former British colonies such as Mauritius and Trinidad or studying in the United States and Britain.
Saloni Deerpalsingh, director of the Mahatma Gandhi Institute in Mauritius, said 75,000 Indians have asked for help in tracking their ancestors.
Chandra Shekhar Tiwary, a researcher with the New Delhi-based genealogy group, Indi Root Foundation, has helped locate the ancestral homes of ten families from the United States, Britain, and Canada who initially migrated to places such as Surinam, Fiji, Trinidad, and Guyana.
"Land, revenue records, birth and death certificates of people's great-great-great grandfathers have helped," Tiwary said. "But if there are no documents, we rely on the memory of older people in the village or on songs of villagers that sometimes mention seven generations of one family."
Posted by Dick Eastman on January 11, 2005 | Permalink
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Comments
This is in response to your comment regarding INDIA " ....I met with a number of business managers, software developers, taxi drivers, and one tour guide. I found almost no interest at all in genealogy among these people. I could not find anyone interested in tracing his or her roots. ..." You are right upto some extent, but I hope you have not met numerous number of persons who have their family tree and have the knowledge also. Normally these information are on a hard copy with them. Few have tried to update the tree, but some have kept as their ancestor's treasure.
I myself have my Family tree dating back till 16th century without break of more than 1000 persons.
Posted by:Hameed Akhtar Siddiqui | January 17, 2005 at 10:09 PM
'''One of the most important resources for tracing ancestry is sadly overlooked. It is the "Pandas" (not the Chinese quadruped variety, but the Brahmin Purohits) in places such as Hardwar, Nasik, Puri and Rameshwaram. I have not been able to visit India in decades, but when I was in Kashmir in late 1950s, there was one Pandit in Mattan who came with ancient scrolls and promised to show me at least ten generations of my family. Sadly, I could not avail of the opportunity.'''
'''If some one were to explore this resource and computerize the information, it would be a boon to many expatriate Indians. Can any one take on the project?
Naren Phanse'''
Posted by:Naren Phanse | January 28, 2005 at 06:30 PM
It is great to participate in this Blog as an Activist of Indi Root Foundation. We have helped more than 35 families to trace their roots in India till date and count goes on as we have more requests at our desk. And, all the credit goes to our dedicated researcher Dr. Chandra Shekhar Tiwary. The Peope of Indian Origin has shown great and sincere interest in tracing their roots in India.
Posted by:Sudhanshu | June 11, 2006 at 07:14 PM
i am very delighted at this movement to trace the ancestry of individuals.i myself am a kashmiri pandit and our community is on its way to extinction,though our family has managed to preserve ancient scrolls of family trees etc.any body with there surnames vaz,raina,bhat,tikku,fotedar,dhar,maza and kher may contact me.
Posted by:nishkam razdan | January 17, 2007 at 09:20 AM
Dear Sir, I am Ashoke Kumar Sen, grandson and namesake of former Indian law minister Ashoke Kumar Sen , brother of the first C.E.C Sukumar Sen. I am the great grand son of former Chief Justice of India S.R.Das , cousin of Deshbandhu C.R.Das. I am currently researching my family history and i was wondering if you would like to be part of this project. I am currently a student at Harrow School, England. Please get back to me as soon as possible. My website is www.baidyasociety.com Yours Sincerely, A.K.Sen
Posted by:Ashoke Sen | April 26, 2007 at 10:37 AM
"
Reference
* ,
Atulsnischal (talk) 17:14, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
Blog entry: Tracing one’s roots
"
Tracing one’s roots
Posted on November 24, 2007 by Nita
I have always been intrigued by sites like genebase.com which claim to trace your ancestry – right from the origin of your ancestors, their ethnic background to the roots of your surname. All this by buying a kit which tests your ancestry and I presume it’s done by testing your DNA. All this for a couple of hundred dollars plus shipping. As I do not know anyone who has actually done this…I do not know how this works or whether it’s reliable but it was while researching this that I came across a news item which talked of a less sophisticated and a traditional method of testing one’s ancestry - in India ofcourse.
In Hardwar, a holy city in India, there are the ‘Pandas’ who are ‘record holders’ so to speak. They have been physically jotting down the family details of those who have been visiting Hardwar and if you approach them you just might be able to trace your origins, perhaps going back many generations. In this case the writer managed to trace his origins back to 1905. It’s impressive considering that a complete stranger has all this information! It’s all stored in long books or scrolls of paper. As the writer narrates:
…panditji soon came out carrying six-inch thick, more than two feet long, stacks of papers bound in green cloth, typically folded once over. Each bahi—the record book—contained about 600 to 800 pages.
Interesting huh? Well I can’t help wondering if any details of our family are stored here. In those days almost everyone had this habit of making pilgrimages to holy cities and I know for certain that one of my dad’s great uncles died there.
From my father’s side we have details going back only 4-5 generations up till my great-great grandfather whom we know was a teacher. We know just that about him…that he was a teacher, nothing else. However we also know that our ancestors are from Goa. One of them fled Goa (the rest of the family, Hindu priests, still reside there) when the Portuguese invaded and we are descendents of this person. On my mother’s side we have a far longer history, the advantage of being descendents of Sardar Purandare who was the Governor of the Saswad area during Peshwa rule of the Maratha Kingdom. He was a close friend of Peshwa Madhavrao. But even though my uncle has the details of most of these ancestors he has nothing about the women of the Purandare clan of the time. I guess that’s natural, as these details were never recorded. Women were not considered very important unless they were queens or princesses!
I am also curious to know more about my father’s side of the family…what exactly happened when one of the Jatar brothers left Goa and the kind of life he lived. There is absolutely no information on this although there are several Jatar families, not all of whom we can connect to us.
One of my favorite books is Alex Haley’s ‘Roots’. Alex Haley, an African American, wrote about how he traced his family history back to the original African, by the name of Kunta Kinte, who was captured by slave traders way back in 1767. He managed to get to his roots because his ancestors passed down an oral history of Kunta’s experiences. There are those who doubt Haley’s work and it is possible though that Haley may have made a mistake, but it is difficult to prove or disprove this…although some historians claim to have disproved it.
However, the fact that during those times there were other ways to keep records is undisputed. The oral tradition has been common in many traditional societies.
Update: xntricpundits told me about an interesting site called Indianroots, (an Indian government site) which helps Indians who left India a long time ago, some as long ago as the 10th century, to locate their ancestors and ancestral village in India. I do not know if anyone has used this method successfully but I should think that as it is a government site it should work.
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Filed under: Books, Culture, Family, India, Science | Tagged: alex haley, ancestry, hardwar, heritage, oral tradition
Comments
Amit, on November 24th, 2007 at 9:35 pm Said:
When I was in India, my cousin and I went to Haridwar to a priest who has the family records going back a few generations. Due to shortage of time, we were unable to see the actual records, but it was interesting.
Shefaly, would you know the reason for the 7-generation (minimum) rule? Knowledge of the ill-effects of inbreeding perhaps? Or something else?
Nita, on November 24th, 2007 at 9:48 pm Said: @Amit:
Hey, that means you went to these same people! A pity you didn’t actually get things done from them as it would have been interesting to hear of a first hand experience with these pandits!
xntricpundits, on November 25th, 2007 at 2:14 am Said:
If you allow me Nita here is the link to list of resources to trace the family tree. http://genealogy.about.com/od/india/
Includes link to pakistan,srilankan and bangladeshi genealogy forums. Bonus link- http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/next_steps/int_03_india_01.shtml
* 1) If your family have taken part in the many migrations between India and Britain, how can you go about tracking their family history?#
Thanks. - Nita.
subbu, on November 26th, 2007 at 5:50 pm Said: Just being skeptical…what about the people who never went to Hardwar…or may be the pandits missed to jot down their name..and worst case identifying the wrong person as your ancestor.
BTW there is a very good fictional book where the hero finds his roots and gets enlightened written by toni morrison called “song of the solomon” have you read that?
Nita, on November 26th, 2007 at 6:00 pm Said: @subbu:
Identifying the wrong person as your ancestor is unlikely to happen as these people have not one but several names of family members including their birth, death, marriage dates etc. But ofcourse the pandits will only have the names of those who visited Hardwar and not other people. And I am sure they will ‘miss’ people whom they do not consider important! I haven’t read the book you mentioned. But will pick it up if I come across it. Thanks.
"
Reference
* Blog entry: Tracing one’s roots; Posted on November 24, 2007 by Nita,
Atulsnischal (talk) 17:50, 12 August 2008 (UTC)
Two years ago I went to Garh Mukteshwar to immerse the ashes of the mother. We were easily guided through the bylanes and told our priest recording the events was Pandit KaliCharan and taken to his haveli (large house) where the sons of Pandit Kali Charan were taking forward the legacy of recording. We did not have much time but by naming some of our ancestors he was able to quickly show us one entry wherein my great-great-grandfather had visited on a pilgrimage with his wife, two sons and the family pandit in the year 1840 AD. In Rajasthan the Jaga or Bhat had the resposibility to visit villages and towns to record all birth/death/marriage events of Rajput families. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:57, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
Merged in six articles
I have merged the following six articles into this one: All of these were >90% identical. The single sentence merged into this article for each one was literally the only article-specific text content; the rest was a rephrasing or straight copy of material already present here. There was clearly no basis for separate articles. - However, the articles did have some image material that would be useful here. Someone might want to pick some of that out of the article version before the redirect, and add it to the indiviudal sections. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 10:59, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
* Hindu genealogy registers at Kurukshetra, Haryana
* Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana
* Hindu genealogy registers at Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh
* Hindu genealogy registers at Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh
* Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi
* Hindu genealogy registers at Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra | WIKI |
Stork Talk
Stork Talk is a 1962 British film directed by Michael Forlong.
It was called "a softly sentimental comedy."
Cast
* Tony Britton
* Anne Heywood | WIKI |
• Zhang, W.; Weber, D.; Weigand, H.; Arlt, T.; Manke, I.; Schröder, D.; Koerver, R.; Hartmann, P.; Zeier, W.; Janek, J.: Interfacial Processes and Influence of Composite Cathode Microstructure Controlling the Performance of All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9 (2017), p. 17835-17845
10.1021/acsami.7b01137
Abstract:
All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries have the potential to become an important class of next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices. However, for achieving competitive performance, a better understanding of the interfacial processes at the electrodes is necessary for optimized electrode compositions to be developed. In this work, the interfacial processes between the solid electrolyte (Li10GeP2S12) and the electrode materials (In/InLi and LixCoO2) are monitored using impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic cycling, showing a large resistance contribution and kinetic hindrance at the metal anode. The effect of different fractions of the solid electrolyte in the composite cathodes on the rate performance is tested. The results demonstrate the necessity of a carefully designed composite microstructure depending on the desired applications of an all-solid-state battery. While a relatively low mass fraction of solid electrolyte is sufficient for high energy density, a higher fraction of solid electrolyte is required for high power density. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Rebecca Wheatley
Rebecca Catherine Anne Wheatley (born 25 April 1965) is a British actress and musician.
Wheatley grew up in Teddington, Middlesex, where she went to St Catherine's convent school, before gaining her BA in English literature from the University of Wales, Lampeter.
She sang in “In the Smoke”, S5:E7 of Pie in the Sky (1997). Wheatley is best known as Amy Howard, the receptionist in the BBC's Casualty drama, a role which she played for four years from September 1997 until March 2001. She was a regular panellist on Loose Women in 2002.
Although Wheatley originally trained as a classical singer, she has become well known for various types of popular music. She has sung in many of the cabaret venues in the West End of London, including The Café Royal, The Ritz and The Savoy. She has also sung at the Grand Opera House in Belfast in televised performances for BBC Northern Ireland, and at the Royal Albert Hall for The TV Times 'Christmas Carols with the Stars' event.
She played the character of Miss Sherman, the strict English teacher, in the West End musical, Fame and Julie Johnson in the West End production of Bad Girls: The Musical.
While in Casualty, she recorded two Top 10 singles; "Everlasting Love" with the Casualty cast, and "Stay With Me (Baby)" solo, as well as a solo album, Time Stands Still.
On 4 December 2007, she was a guest on The Paul O'Grady Show where she talked about her 12.5 stone (175 lb) weight loss after following the Slimming World plan, to coincide with the release of her weight-loss DVD.
She is a supporter of international gay rights and The Kaleidoscope Trust. | WIKI |
Page:The Odyssey of Homer, with the Hymns, Epigrams, and Battle of the Frogs and Mice (Buckley 1853).djvu/45
239—276. Greeks would have made him a tomb, and he would have obtained great glory for his son hereafter; but now the Harpies have snatched him away ingloriously: he is gone unseen, unheard of, and has left pains and groanings for me. Nor do I lament and grieve for him alone any longer; since the gods have contrived other evil cares for me. For as many chiefs as govern the islands, Dulichium, Samos, and woody Zacynthus, and as many as rule over craggy Ithaca, so many are wooing my mother and wasting away my estate. But she neither refuses the hateful marriage, nor can she bring it to a conclusion; but they are consuming my estate, and waste it away, and they will soon destroy myself to boot."
But with a conflict of painful feelings, Pallas Minerva spoke: "Alas! very much indeed dost thou stand in need of the absent Ulysses, who might lay his hands on the shameless suitors. For if he should now come and stand at the outward gate of the palace, having a helmet and shield and two darts, being such as when first I beheld him in our house drinking and delighting himself, having come from Ephyre from Ilus the son of Mermerus, (for Ulysses went there also in a swift ship, to seek for a deadly drug, that he might anoint his brazen-tipt arrows; but he gave it not to him, for he revered the immortal gods; but my father gave it him, for he loved him exceedingly,) if being such a one Ulysses should come in contact with the suitors, all would be quick-fated, and would have a bitter marriage. But all these things lie on the knees of the gods; whether he returning shall exact vengeance in his own palace, or not. But I exhort thee to consider by what means thou mayest thrust out the suitors from the palace. Come now, attend, and regard my words. To-morrow having convoked the Grecian heroes to an assembly, speak the word before all and let the gods be witnesses: command the suitors to disperse to their own homes. And if thy mother's mind encourages her to marry, let her return to the house of her father, who has mighty influence; and they will make a mar- | WIKI |
How to Remove a Specific Item from an Array in JavaScript
Arrays are one of the fundamental data structures in JavaScript, and being able to remove a specific item from an array is a common task when working with JavaScript code. In this article, we will explore different methods to remove an item from an array in JavaScript, using only core JavaScript without the need for any external frameworks.
Method 1: Using the splice() method
The splice() method is a powerful tool for modifying arrays in JavaScript. It allows us to add or remove elements from an array at specific positions. To remove a specific item, we can use the splice() method in combination with the indexOf() method to find the index of the item we want to remove.
let array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let value = 3;
let index = array.indexOf(value);
if (index !== -1) {
array.splice(index, 1);
}
console.log(array); // Output: [1, 2, 4, 5]
In this example, we have an array of numbers and we want to remove the value 3 from it. We first use the indexOf() method to find the index of the value 3, which is 2. Then we use the splice() method to remove 1 element at the index 2, resulting in the updated array [1, 2, 4, 5].
Method 2: Using the filter() method
The filter() method creates a new array containing all elements that pass a certain test. We can utilize this method to remove a specific item by creating a filter function that excludes the item we want to remove.
let array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let value = 3;
array = array.filter(item => item !== value);
console.log(array); // Output: [1, 2, 4, 5]
In this example, we create a new array by applying the filter() method on our original array. The filter function checks if each item is not equal to the value 3, and if it returns true, the item is included in the new array. Therefore, the item with the value 3 is excluded from the new array, resulting in [1, 2, 4, 5].
Method 3: Using the for loop
If you prefer a more traditional approach, you can use a for loop to iterate over the array and remove the specific item when found.
let array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let value = 3;
for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
if (array[i] === value) {
array.splice(i, 1);
break;
}
}
console.log(array); // Output: [1, 2, 4, 5]
In this example, we utilize a for loop to iterate over each item in the array. We check if the current item is equal to the value 3, and if it is, we use the splice() method to remove 1 element at the index i. We also include a break statement to stop the loop once we remove the item, as we no longer need to continue the iteration.
Method 4: Using the spread operator
The spread operator (...) can be used to create a new array that consists of all elements from the original array, except for the specific item we want to remove.
let array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let value = 3;
array = array.filter(item => item !== value);
console.log(array); // Output: [1, 2, 4, 5]
This approach is similar to Method 2, but instead of directly assigning the filtered array back to the original array variable, we use the spread operator to create a new array with the updated values.
Conclusion
In this article, we have explored different methods to remove a specific item from an array in JavaScript. These methods provide various ways to accomplish the task, depending on your preference and the specific requirements of your code. It's important to choose the method that best suits your needs and consider factors such as performance and readability.
Remember to always test your code thoroughly and ensure that the desired item is being removed correctly. Arrays are powerful data structures in JavaScript, and understanding how to manipulate them is essential for any JavaScript developer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Nellie Quander
correction necessary
The chart that lists founders of Alpha Kappa Alpha, needs to be corrected. Nellie Quander, Nellie Russell, Minne Smith and Julia Brooks were not founders, they were incorporators.
Thanks! <IP_ADDRESS> 20:16, 4 December 2007 (UTC)39aka94
That list is for the founders and incorporators. It is explained on the Alpha Kappa Alpha page that there 3 groups with in the founders (orginators, sophomores, incrporators). LivelyIvy 1908 17:12, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
"free slave dynasty"?
Surely there's a better phrase. —Tamfang (talk) 02:31, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
* I too was wondering what the phrase meant and why it isn't a contradiction in terms. 05:57, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
* Apparently it means that she has a long, documented history of the family being free blacks after being slaves. Since they (her ancestors) were freed by George Washington, that would be, what; 200 years-ish? At least, that's what I gather from the in-line source. —ScouterSig 22:38, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
* Agree. Miranda 09:02, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
* Or, to put it another way, 66 years: from when her ancestor was freed (1799) to when the distinction no longer mattered (1865). —Tamfang (talk) 22:23, 29 June 2016 (UTC)
Extended family
Her relatives are interesting, but usually in a bio like this, there wouldn't be as much text about distant relatives unless they had an influence on her. Maybe the portion on West Ford could be shortened. Is there an article on him individually?--Parkwells (talk) 13:38, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
Miner Normal School (1879-1929)
Do you know how to directly connect (is it redirect?) Miner Normal School to Normal School for Colored Girls, which has an article? I'll try to find out how to do it - can't remember this morning. It existed longer as Miner Normal School (see dates above) than as Normal School for Colored Girls. In 1929 Congress authorized a 4-year college curriculum and made it Miner Teachers College, and later became part of the University of the District of Columbia. --Parkwells (talk) 13:51, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Nellie Quander. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060829161253/http://www.studentorg.vcu.edu/thetarho/quander.html to http://www.studentorg.vcu.edu/thetarho/quander.html
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 18:35, 15 February 2018 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Resource Orchestration Service:DATASOURCE::Hologram::Instance
Last Updated:Jan 02, 2024
DATASOURCE::Hologram::Instance is used to query the detailed information about a Hologres instance by instance ID.
Syntax
{
"Type": "DATASOURCE::Hologram::Instance",
"Properties": {
"InstanceId": String
}
}
Properties
Property
Type
Required
Editable
Description
Constraint
InstanceId
String
Yes
Yes
The instance ID.
None.
Return values
Fn::GetAtt
• Instance: details of the instance.
Property
Type
Description
Constraint
Instance
Map
Details of the instance.
None.
InstanceId
String
The instance ID.
None.
ZoneId
String
The zone ID.
None.
Version
String
The version of the instance.
None.
CommodityCode
String
The commodity code.
None.
PaymentType
String
The billing method of the instance.
None.
SuspendReason
String
The reason for the suspension.
None.
ExpirationTime
String
The expiration time. This property is invalid for pay-as-you-go instances.
None.
Tags
String
The tags of the instance.
None.
Endpoints
String
The endpoints.
None.
InstanceType
String
The instance type.
None.
Status
String
The state of the instance.
None.
CreateTime
String
The time when the instance was created.
None.
LeaderInstanceId
String
The ID of the primary instance.
None.
EnableHiveAccess
String
Indicates whether data lake acceleration is enabled.
None.
InstanceName
String
The instance name.
None.
RegionId
String
The region ID.
None.
ResourceGroupId
String
The ID of the resource group.
None.
Memory
Integer
The memory size. Unit: GB.
None.
Cpu
Integer
The number of vCPUs.
None.
ComputeNodeCount
Integer
The number of compute nodes. In a typical configuration, a node has 16 vCPUs and 32 GB memory.
None.
GatewayMemory
Integer
The memory size of the gateway. Unit: GB.
None.
ColdStorageSize
Integer
The infrequent access (IA) storage space of the instance.
None.
InstanceOwner
String
The owner of the instance.
None.
GatewayCount
Integer
The number of gateway nodes.
None.
GatewayCpu
Integer
The number of vCPUs of the gateway. Unit: vCPU.
None.
StorageSize
Integer
The standard storage space of the instance. Unit: GB.
None.
AutoRenewal
Boolean
Indicates whether auto-renewal is enabled.
Valid values:
• true
• false
Examples
• YAML format
ROSTemplateFormatVersion: '2015-09-01'
Parameters:
InstanceId:
Description:
en: The ID of the instance.
Type: String
Resources:
ExtensionDataSource:
Properties:
InstanceId:
Ref: InstanceId
Type: DATASOURCE::Hologram::Instance
Outputs:
Instance:
Description: The attributes of the instance.
Value:
Fn::GetAtt:
- ExtensionDataSource
- Instance
• JSON format
{
"ROSTemplateFormatVersion": "2015-09-01",
"Parameters": {
"InstanceId": {
"Type": "String",
"Description": {
"en": "The ID of the instance."
}
}
},
"Resources": {
"ExtensionDataSource": {
"Type": "DATASOURCE::Hologram::Instance",
"Properties": {
"InstanceId": {
"Ref": "InstanceId"
}
}
}
},
"Outputs": {
"Instance": {
"Description": "The attributes of the instance.",
"Value": {
"Fn::GetAtt": [
"ExtensionDataSource",
"Instance"
]
}
}
}
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Records Records - 8 months ago 76
Android Question
Mapping Openfire Custom plugin with aSmack Client
I'm a newbie to XMPP so forgive me if this question sounds silly. I want to create a custom plugin and map it with my aSmack client on Android. aSmack has namespaces for example what is the equivalent on the Server side? I'm trying to apply my knowledge of Web Services but I'm not winning. So please guide my thinking toward the best approach, an example will be really helpful. Thanx in advance.
Answer
There are many types of plugins, let's talk in general pourpose. Igniterealtime Plugin guide
You want to define a brand new IQ Stanza to manage an UserCustomParam. Let's say:
<iq from="user1@myserver" to="myserver" type="get">
<usercustomparam xmls:"com.records.iq" retrive="favouritecolor">
</iq>
What you have to:
step 1: define a plugin (class that implemements Plugin) that adds a new handler
MyCustomHandler colorshandler;
IQRouter iqRouter = XMPPServer.getInstance().getIQRouter();
iqRouter.addHandler(colorshandler);
Step2: implements MyCustomHandler as you need (read on database, write on database, read server side and so on).
public class MyCustomHandler extends IQHandler {
public static final String NAMESPACE_TICKET_IQ = "com.records.iq";
public static final String TAG_TICKET_IQ = "usercustomparam ";
Now your server it's ready to manage your custom IQ request.
Time to go client side:
Step3: register to your ProviderManager an IQProvider
ProviderManager.addIQProvider("usercustomparam ","com.records.iq", new IQUserCustomParamProvider());
Step4: implements your IQUserCustomParam as you need
public class IQUserCustomParamProvider extends IQProvider<IQUserCustomParam>
into Provider you'll parse the incoming IQ from server and you'll create a IQUserCustomParam with an instance param like
String favouriteColor
Step5: you need to implement IQUserCustomParam
public class IQUserCustomParam extends IQ
private final static String childElementName = "usercustomparam";
private final static String childElementNamespace = "com.records.iq";
public IQUserCustomParam (String color)
{
this(childElementName , childElementNamespace );
this.setType(IQ.Type.result);
this.setFavouriteColor(color);
}
Step 6: now set up it's completed, but you haven't defined yet when to accept IQUserCustomParam when it comes from server. So you need a StanzaFilter
public class IQUserCustomParamFilter implements StanzaFilter
Step 7: and you haven't defined yet what to do with IQUserCustomParam when it comes from server. So you need a StanzaListner
public class IQUserCustomParamListner implements StanzaListener
Step 8: finally you'll have to register the combo filter/listner on your connection:
AbstractXMPPConnection connection = ...;
connection.addAsyncStanzaListener(new PersonalConfigListner(this), new IQMUCConfigTicketFIlter();
if that helped, please don't forget to accept the answer! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Arthritis of the Wrist
What Is Arthritis of the Wrist?
Your hands and wrists are essential tools that allow you to work, play and perform everyday activities. How well the hand and wrist interact depends on the integrity and function of the ligaments, tendons, muscles, joints and bones.
Arthritis of the wrist can affect upper extremity function, causing disruptions at home and work and negatively impacting quality of life.
The human hand itself is very complex and delicate in structure.
At some time in life, you may experience hand and wrist pain due to arthritis and there are hundreds of kinds of arthritis, most wrist pain is caused by just two types: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
What Causes Arthritis of the Wrist?
Osteoarthritis can develop due to normal “wear-and-tear” in the wrist, particularly in people who have a family history of arthritis. It may also develop as a result of a traumatic injury, such as a broken wrist bone or a wrist sprain.
Osteoarthritis of the wrist can also develop from Kienböck’s disease. In Kienböck’s disease, the blood supply to one of the small bones of the hand near the wrist (the lunate) is interrupted. If the blood supply to a bone stops, the bone can die. Over time, this can lead to osteoarthritis.
The exact cause of RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) is not known. There may be a genetic reason — some people may be more likely to develop the disease because of family heredity. However, doctors suspect that it takes a chemical or environmental “trigger” to activate the disease in people who genetically inherit RA.
What Are The Symptoms of Arthritis of the Wrist?
Pain
Early symptoms of arthritis of the hand include joint pain that may feel “dull,” or a “burning” sensation. The pain often occurs after periods of increased joint use, such as heavy gripping or grasping. The pain may not be present immediately, but may show up hours later or even the following day. Morning pain and stiffness are typical.
As the cartilage wears away and there is less material to provide shock absorption, the symptoms occur more frequently. In advanced disease, the joint pain may wake you up at night.
Pain might be made worse with use and relieved by rest. Many people with arthritis complain of increased joint pain with rainy weather. Activities that once were easy, such as opening a jar or starting the car, become difficult due to pain. To prevent pain at the arthritic joint, you might change the way you use your hand.
Swelling
Thumb extension deformity. This patient has lost mobility at the base of the thumb due to arthritis. The next joint closer to the tip of the thumb has become more mobile than normal to make up for the arthritic joint. Normally, the thumb does not come to a right angle with the rest of the hand.
When the affected joint is subject to greater stress than it can bear, it may swell in an attempt to prevent further joint use.
Changes in Surrounding Joints
In patients with advanced thumb base arthritis, the neighboring joints may become more mobile than normal.
Warmth
The arthritic joint may feel warm to touch. This is due to the body’s inflammatory response.
What Are The Treatment Options For Arthritis of the Wrist?
Nonsurgical Treatment
In general, early treatment is nonsurgical and designed to help relieve pain and swelling.
Several therapies can be used to treat arthritis, including:
• Modifying your activities. Limiting or stopping the activities that make the pain worse is the first step in relieving symptoms.
• Immobilization. Keeping the wrist still and protected for a short time in a splint can help relieve symptoms.
• Medication. Taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can reduce both pain and swelling.
• Exercise. Following a prescribed exercise program. Specific exercises can improve the range of motion in your wrist.
• Steroid injection. Cortisone is a powerful anti-inflammatory medicine that can be injected into the wrist joint.
When rheumatoid arthritis symptoms are not adequately controlled by the above therapies, additional medications with varying risks and benefits may be prescribed by your doctor. Specific medicines called disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs are designed to stop the immune system from destroying the joints. The appropriate use of these medications is directed by a rheumatologist.
Surgical Treatment
When nonsurgical treatments are no longer effective, resulting in progressive loss of hand and wrist function, surgery is an option. The goal of surgery is to relieve pain and to preserve or improve hand function.
Surgical options include:
• Removing the arthritic bones. In this procedure, three carpal bones are removed. This procedure, called a proximal row carpectomy, will relieve pain while maintaining partial wrist motion.
• Fusion. When motion is the source of pain, carpal bones can be fused together to make one, solid bone. A fusion can be partial, in which just some of the carpal bones are fused together. This eliminates pain and retains some wrist motion. When the arthritis is extensive, a complete fusion may be necessary. In this procedure, all of the carpal bones are fused together, as well as the radius. This completely eliminates wrist motion, but does not affect forearm rotation.
• Joint replacement. This surgery removes the damaged joint and replaces it with an artificial device (prosthesis). This surgery may help retain or recover wrist movement.
Our team is here for you
We offer the best, least invasive and least aggressive options to relieve your pain and symptoms so you can get back to the life you love. Atlantic Orthopaedic Specialists Hand To Shoulder Care Center has convenient locations in Virginia Beach, Norfolk and Chesapeake.
Call Us • (757) 321-3300
Request an Appointment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 02.djvu/226
Astry the Society of Jesus at Watten (7 Sept., 1751). In 1761 he was professor of poetry at St. Omer. He was admitted to his solemn profession in his order 2 Feb. 1769. His commanding talents and accomplished manners recommended him for the presidency of the Little College at Bruges. On its violent suppression by the Belgic-Austrian privy council of Brussels, he was detained a close prisoner for eight months; hut he and his companions were ultimately released, owing to the exertions of Henry, the eighth Lord Arundell of Wardour, who interceded with Prince Staremberg, the Austrian prime minister, on their behalf. A few years later Father Aston established an academy at Liège, and he obtained a canonry in the collegiate church of St. John in that city. He died 15 March, 1800. Besides writing for reviews and journals, Father Aston published D'Azais' 'Compte-rendu,' 'Lettres Ultramontaines,' and 'Le Cosmopolite.'
[Oliver's Collectanea S. J.; Foley's Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, vols. v. and vii.] ASTRY, RICHARD (1632?–1714), antiquary, was born in Huntingdonshire in or about 1632. He was admitted of Queens' College, Cambridge, on March 14, 1647-8; proceeded B.A. in 1651; and in 1654 obtained from his college a grace for M.A., though that degree is not recorded in the university registers. After leaving the university he was elected an alderman of Huntingdon, and he was buried at St. Mary's in that town on Aug. 11, 1714, aged 83. He is the author of a quarto volume of collections, heraldic and topographical, relating to the county of Huntingdon, preserved in the Lansdowne MS. 921. The authorship of this MS., which is the only systematic attempt towards a history of Huntingdonshire, has hitherto been erroneously ascribed to Sir Robert Cotton. Mr. Thomas Baker has made copious extracts from this work in the thirty-sixth volume of his MSS. now deposited in the University Library, Cambridge. Astry also drew up 'Alphabetical Catalogues of English Surnames, with the arms belonging to them, and the particular times that the persons recorded lived; 'forming three small but rather thick oblong folio volumes, formerly in the possession of the Rev. Henry Freeman, of Norman Cross.
[MS. Baker, 36; MS. Lansd. 921.] ASTY, JOHN (1672?–1730), dissenting clergyman, was son of Robert Asty of Norwich and grandson to the 'ejected' of Stratford, whose christian name was John, not Robert (, Ancient and Present State of Congregational Churches of Norfolk and Suffolk, p. 45). He was born at Norwich 'about 1672.' Of his early education, and of his education altogether, little or nothing has been transmitted ; but in his funeral sermon by Guyse (1730) he is shown to have made 'thankful acknowledgments for his privilege in descending from godly parents' and for 'the advantages received from a religious education.' He spent several years during the earlier part of his ministry in the historic family of the Fleetwoods of Stoke Newington, then outside London. It does not appear that he undertook any pastoral charge proper until 1713. In that year he was 'ordained' as 'pastor' to a congregation at Ropemaker's Alley, Moorfields. Here he laboured most devotedly and self-denyingly until the date of his death. He was involved in a somewhat passionate controversy with a fellow dissenting minister named Martin Tomkins, also 'settled' in Stoke Newington. Tomkins was among the earliest of the originally 'evangelical' protestant dissenters who came to hold Arian-Socinian conceptions of the 'divinity' of Jesus Christ. This touched nearly Asty's beliefs, and he fearlessly and faithfully asserted the Biblical-Athanasian doctrine. Even Tomkins admitted ultimately that his opponent contended not against him as an individual, but for what he believed to be truth necessary to salvation. Later Asty signed the declaration 'on the doctrine of the blessed Trinity,' as promulgated in the first article of the Church of England and in the answer to the fifth and sixth questions of the Assembly's catechism, agreed upon at the Salters' Hall synod, 7 April 1719. He was a great admirer of the practical writings of the illustrious Dr. John Owen, and in his earnest sermons was never weary in setting forth 'the unsearchable riches of Christ.' 'And yet,' witnesses Guyse, 'in my freest converse with him I have with pleasure observed a remarkable tenderness in his spirit as to judging the state of those who differed from him, even in points which he took to be of very great importance' (as before, p. 81). He died on 20 Jan. 1729-30. He is one of the many venerable men laid to rest in Bunhill Fields, not far from John Bunyan's grave. He published only a single sermon, on the death of Mrs. Elizabeth Fleetwood and preached at Stoke Newington on 23 June 1728 from Job ix. 12. He also prefixed to the collective folio volume of the ' Sermons and Tracts of Dr. John Owen' (1721) a well-weighed and loving account of this second greatest of the later puritans. It may be added that among the 1662 farewell sermons is one by John | WIKI |
Talk:1949 Armistice Agreements
I removed the "demographic implications" section because it is propagandistic and inaccurate. The circumstances of the refugees is stated falsely, and the part about Jordan is also false (in fact, Jordan gave citizenship to all the Palestinian residents of the West Bank or Jordan). Something could be put back, but let's aim for some NPOV.
I also added links to the armistice agreement texts.
-- zero 13:20, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)
Can anybody explain why the Green Line is called the Green Line?
-- Ken Bloom
That's the color the Israel-Jordan line was drawn in the first official maps for the armistice agreements. They're out there somewhere on the web, probably at the UN. Should dig up a link and put it in the article one of these days.--John Z 02:08, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
The Armistice with Lebanon
This line is incorrect
* The armistice line ("Green Line", see also Blue Line (Lebanon)) was drawn along the international border.
To reflect the agreement, it should read This line is odd, I'm not sure what the editing author is trying to say or imply .... Palestine in 1949, did not include Israel which had been declared independent of any other entity or area. In order for it to reflect the agreement, it should read However, the second line is rendered redundant by the correction to the first talknic (talk) 12:50, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
* The armistice line ("Green Line", see also Blue Line (Lebanon)) was drawn following the international boundary between Lebanon and Palestine
* Unlike the other agreements, there was no clause disclaiming this line as an international border, which was thereafter treated as it had been previously, as a de jure international border.
* Unlike the other agreements, there was no clause disclaiming this line as an international border, which was thereafter treated as it had been previously, as the de jure international border between Lebanon and Palestine.
* As usual, clarity does not seem to be your strong point, but the line was drawn along the international border originally determined between British Mandate Palestine and French mandate Syria/Lebanon in the 1920s... AnonMoos (talk) 14:32, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
* AnonMoos --- I have no idea what you're trying to say. By May 14th/15th 1948 and certainly by 1949, Lebanon was not a part of Palestine. It's International borders with Palestine had already be delineated, recognized, set. On May 15th 1948, what remained of Mandate Palestine after the Arab States had been recognized and no longer a part of Palestine, Palestine was divided into two separate entities. Israel was declared as a separate independent entity, no longer a part of Palestine. The remainder was and still is called Palestine. The line was drawn as stated in the source. Not as stated in the article. I suggest the article be changed to reflect the source. Quite simple really. talknic (talk) 03:11, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
* I have very little idea what you think you're talking about, but as I've told you previously, the usage of the word "Palestine" for "Arab state to be created out of the British Mandate" was not actually very common during the 1947-1949 period, and at the time the Israel-Lebanon armistice was signed, there was no Arab military control in parts of the former British mandate bordering on Lebanon. AnonMoos (talk) 11:37, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
* AnonMoos - The word Israel was never used for the Jewish state either. In fact Israel didn't appear at all in any UN documents until after May 15th 1948. Palestine did, countless times. Did you have point or purpose?
* "created out of the British Mandate" ..Cute try ...How odd that the British were tasked under the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine with the responsibility of attempting to foster the creation of a state called Palestine in which our fellows could form a Jewish homeland and become citizens of Palestine as Palestinian Jews.
* Article 7 The Administration of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law. There shall be included in this law provisions framed so as to facilitate the acquisition of Palestinian citizenship by Jews who take up their permanent residence in Palestine.
* The rest of your 'contribution' is completely irrelevant to the issue. The statement does not reflect the source. Quite simple really. Again calling for valid objections or contributions towards rectifying that issue. talknic (talk) 15:55, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
* Talknic, you're going to have to accommodate yourself to the fact that while today the word "Palestine" overwhelmingly signifies "non-Israeli Arab", that was just not the case in 1947-1949. In 1949, the leading Jewish Israeli newspaper was still the Palestine Post, etc. You seem to be trying to manipulate terminology in some anachronistic way to arrive at some murky conclusion which (whatever it turns out to be) will probably not be very well established (and "Original Research" to boot)... AnonMoos (talk) 18:51, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
* AnonMoos - Palestine overwhelmingly signifies Palestine, as it has for at least 2,000 years. Somewhat smaller as chunks have been carved off and renamed as states. The last and youngest of which was declared as being the State of Israel in accordance with UNGA 181, without reservation to any condition or delineation of territory, as the Jewish people's homeland . What remains is still called Palestine, as it was on May 15th 1948.
* This is reflected in every UN/UNSC resolution since May 15th 1948 and subsequently in the source. Palestine and it's people, the Palestinians, have existed longer than any 'state' on the planet, name unchanged, always under the control in part or entirely of some entity or another. Having part or all of their territory under the control of some entity or another, the last of which is Israel, has prevented the Palestinians from ever effectively declaring independence.
* Noted another irrelevant comment, non contribution and veiled accusation on your part talknic (talk) 22:58, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
* You can call me by whatever bad names you want in your snarky edit summaries, but that doesn't change the facts that your arguments seem to be based on manipulating semantics, and giving the word "Palestine" a particular meaning which was far from being its most common or usual one during the 1947-1949 period (i.e. a rather anachronistic meaning). And your "2,000 years" claim is complete nonsense -- 2,000 years ago the word ΠΑΛΑΙΣΤΙΝΗ was merely the Greek equivalent of "Philistia"; it generally meant the southern coastal plain, or area of the formerly-Philistine cities (i.e. a kind of extended Gaza strip area only). The word changed its meaning ca. 135 A.D., when the Roman emperor Hadrian rather arbitrarily changed the name of the province of "Judaea" to Palaestina for the specific purpose of spiting the Jews (as part of his brutal measures in suppressing the Second Jewish Revolt). The name "Palestine" remained in use under the Roman, Byzantine, and Arab caliphal empires (when Jund Filastin had completely different boundaries from the later British mandate), but after the Turkish invasions and crusades it was no longer the official name of any prominent province or administrative subdivision. By the 19th century, Europeans used the term "Palestine" to refer to the southern Levant or Holy Land area far more than the actual inhabitants themselves did -- in the Arabic language usage of the time, فلسطين tended to be something of a historical or antiquarian term, referring more to the memory of the glorious caliphates than to the current-day situation (except among a few Christians under European influence)... AnonMoos (talk) 13:12, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
* AnonMoos -- When I call you a name it is AnonMoos...I'm guessing you chose it. "The name "Palestine" remained in use under the Roman..." that's about 2,000 years. Places had their names changed by those who controlled them. Simple.
* The article does not reflect the source. That's the issue. Again quite simple.
* Having seen no valid argument or valid objection against correcting the issue or objection to the source or any contribution to improving the information according to the source, I suggest it be corrected accordingly to reflect what is actually in the existing source." talknic (talk) 15:18, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
* Receiving no valid response, no valid objection, noting not objection to the existing source, corrected the first point to reflect the source talknic (talk) 09:08, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
* Noted and removed No More Mr Nice Guy's vandalism adding the word 'Mandate' to the Lebanon Armistice article. It does not accurately reflect the source. A) The Mandate expired May 14th 1948. B) The source in fact emphasizes that the agreement did not say Mandate Palestine talknic (talk) 12:15, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
* The source specifically says "The only exception was the Israel-Lebanon armistice, which implied recognition of what had been the border between Mandate Palestine and Mandate Lebanon". Your interpretations are, as usual, irrelevant.
* By the way you also broke the avalon link I fixed. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 12:33, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
* The source says there is an 'implication' because the Armistice Agreement says Lebanon and Palestine. And guess what, that is exactly what what the Armistice Agreement actually says ... Lebanon and Palestine.
* Why would it say Mandate Palestine? The mandate expired May 14th 1948. Do you think no one noticed?
* BTW the edit history shows your accusation to be false. talknic (talk) 14:32, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
* The "implication" is that the border is recognized, not what the border is. You see, this is why we use secondary sources by experts. The primary source is ambiguous (which "Palestine" are they talking about?) and the secondary source explains it. In this case the "international boundary" the primary source is talking about was created between Mandate Lebanon and Mandate Palestine, which in 1943 became the border between Lebanon and Mandate Palestine. It doesn't matter if the mandate existed anymore or not, that was the last recognized (implicitly or otherwise) international border.
* You're right, you didn't break the avalon link. My mistake. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 17:16, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
* No More Mr Nice Guy -- The issue is not the 'implication'. The issue is what the Armistice Agreement actually said according to the secondary source.
* I responded to your WP:1RR report. Including your accusation of a possible infringement on this Article, which carries no such restriction.
* Now I've seen your apology here re your accusation, I accept, here. Never the less, a false accusation was made and remains included in the WP:1RR reply. talknic (talk) 14:10, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
* All Arab-Israeli conflict related articles are subject to 1RR, even if they don't have the template at the top of the page, as you may have seen in the template I pointed out to you on another article. I'll add the template to this page now to avoid confusion in the future.
* The issue is what the secondary source says the primary source is talking about. In this case, the international boundary between Mandate Lebanon and Mandate Palestine.
* You can include the "false accusation" wherever you like. Nobody cares. Other editors will WP:AGF. You should try it. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 15:06, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
* Wondered why the WP:1RR notice suddenly appeared. Thx much clearer.. My apologies. There also.
* As for WP:AGF. The record shows I did try it. The same record also shows assuming good faith in respect to your statements on what constitutes WP:RS would be rather naive . //"This guideline does not require that editors continue to assume good faith in the presence of contrary evidence."// Alas, in abundance. talknic (talk) 23:39, 2 April 2011 (UTC)
* "The issue is what the secondary source says the primary source is talking about." That's your issue and the authors issue. The issue here is stated at the outset and has been corrected accordingly. talknic (talk) 06:24, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
* What you don't seem to be getting is that the author's issue (as opposed to your personal opinion) is the article's issue. See WP:V, which is a core content policy. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 08:10, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
* This article is about Armistice Agreements and subsequently the "Armistice Demarcation Line". The author emphasizes the fact that the Armistice Agreement says "..the international boundary between Lebanon and Palestine". Which is not my personal opinion, it IS what he says and precisely what the Armistice Agreement says about the "Armistice Demarcation Line".
* What ever the "border", it does not delineate the line over which the respective parties agree their armed forces will not move. Armistice Demarcation Lines do. Perhaps your argument, the source and the implication would fit in an appropriate article. Like....borders. talknic (talk) 12:03, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
* In this case the armistice line follows a border. What that border is is explained to us by the secondary source. The author quotes the primary document and then explains what it means. This is what we use secondary sources for.
* Again, you are misunderstanding policy and again I'm getting tired to trying to explain it to you. If another editor supports the change I wanted to make and there are no other objectors, I'll be putting it back in. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 13:34, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
* Your tiredness is of less interest than your now, quite suddenly needing consensus, where you didn't before. As for misunderstanding policy, I might have misunderstood some aspects, but I've not purposefully misconstrued. [] [] [] []
* The primary source the author cites in respect to the Armistice Demarcation Lines does not say Mandatory Palestine. A fact that even he points out. The argument you're presenting is about borders, not Armistice Demarcation Lines. The article is the Armistice Agreements. The Armistice Agreement was agreed to. Both parties agreed to the Armistice Agreement saying, 1. "The Armistice Demarcation Line shall follow the international boundary between the Lebanon and Palestine."
* Furthermore according to this secondary source, the armistice says in Article II -- 2. It is also recognized that no provision of this Agreement shall in any way prejudice the rights, claims and positions of either Party hereto in the ultimate peaceful settlement of the Palestine question, the provisions of this agreement being dictated exclusively by military considerations. Negating the notion that the agreed wording of the Armistice 'implied' anything but what the two parties agreed to.
* If you really want to contest that they didn't agree to the Armistice Agreements exact wording, best of luck. talknic (talk) 15:40, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
* Nobody misconstrued policy, you just don't understand it and refuse to listen to anyone. I'm not sure what you think the links you provided to previous discussions prove. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 16:13, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
No More Mr Nice Guy -- How about really informing the reader : The Armistice Demarcation Line, ("Green Line", see also Blue Line (Lebanon)) according to the Agreement signed by both parties, was drawn along the international boundary between Lebanon and Palestine. BTW The links show your own record - in your own words. talknic (talk) 23:56, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
* The correct wording would be "The Armistice Demarcation Line, ("Green Line", see also Blue Line (Lebanon)) according to the Agreement signed by both parties, was drawn along what had been the international boundary between Mandate Lebanon and Mandate Palestine". This according to your own source.
* By the way, the diffs you provided only show that 1. you don't understand policy and 2. you are (for the 5th or 6th time now) deliberately trying to misrepresent something I said after I explained it to you not once but twice. FYI, civility is also one of wikipedia's core policies. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 09:00, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
* Talknic -- Obviously the the armistice was concluded between Lebanon and Israel (not between Israel and "Palestine"), and the agreed border was the same as that fixed between the British mandates and the French mandates before WW2. I'm really not too sure what all this is supposed to be about, but after May 15, 1948, the word "Palestine" standing on its own (without additional accompanying qualificatory and explanatory wording) did not have significant specific political or legal meaning (as opposed to geographical and historical meaning). AnonMoos (talk) 15:24, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
* AnonMoos -- I guess Israel and Lebanon agreed to the wording then, seeing as they signed it. "the agreed border was the same as that fixed between the British mandates and the French mandates before WW2" In 1949 it wasn't. There was no Mandate, Lebanon's International border was set in 1943, it might have escaped your attention, but not the attention of the folk who wrote the words of the final draft or the parties who agreed to the wording and signed the agreement.
* "..after May 15, 1948, the word "Palestine" standing on its own etc etc etc.." Might pay you to read every UNSC resolution from 1945. talknic (talk) 05:45, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
* Obviously the mandates did not still exist in 1949; however, the borders agreed between Lebanon and Israel at that time were the same as those previously agreed between the British and French mandates. If any border was fixed in 1943, it would have been the Lebanon/Syria border -- the British mandate / French mandate border was determined before that.
* As for the rest, OK, look at United Nations Security Council Resolution 50 (which appears to be the first relevant resolution adopted after May, 15, 1948). It calls on a lot of groups or governments to do things or refrain from doing things in Palestine (as a geographical and historical term), but it does not call on Palestine itself to do anything. If you want to have constructive discussions which lead to real collaborative article improvement, then you'll have to doff your terminological blinkers and accept the fact that words were not always used in 1949 the same way that they were used in 1973... AnonMoos (talk) 08:49, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
* No More Mr Nice Guy -- I know policy enough to know that:
* 1) A. a secondary source can't be definitively said to be a reliable source for a particular context unless it's been challenged and gone via WP:RSN. B. The JPost episode being classic example [] that didn't pass the very basic premises of WP:RS. C. The list of reliable sources via WP:RSN includes only those sources that have been tested via WP:RSN.
* 2) a repeat of the assertion that one could call people terrorists, contrary to the guidelines you'd previously advocated [], while twice completely misrepresenting the "activities" actually proposed, after the hasty retraction and so called 'explanation' was rather odd, especially when was clearly specified from the outset, as in the Mi5 report, "activities", yet there was repeated misrepresentation. [].
* 3) [] A. False accusation B. Misrepresenting "activities" again C. Second suggestion to call a group terrorists. []. The record is littered with similar, from demanding consensus, to ignoring it to suit yourself. Demanding explicitly what the source says [], while JPost can be completely inaccurate in relation to the source it quotes. Yet you made the change without the consensus you demanded. Likewise making the change to change to "Mandate" Palestine, seems to indicate an interpretation of the guidelines so far removed from acting in good faith, it's absurd.
* From the secondary source -- "The only exception was the Israel-Lebanon armistice, which implied recognition of what had been the border between Mandate Palestine and Mandate Lebanon by saying that "the Armistice Demarcation Line shall follow the international boundary between Lebanon and Palestine." --- The secondary source makes two assertions in the statement. Only one is conclusively correct according to WP:RS, that being the wording of the armistice agreement.
* Lebanon had it's International border in 1943. Six years before the Armistice agreement was written. Referring to Lebanon's International border after 1943 as Mandate Lebanon is speculation made after the parties agreed to the wording. As for Palestine, it didn't suddenly have a name change. Palestine was and still is the name of Palestine, it has never had a name change according to the various conditions under which it has existed. UNSC resolutions of the time didn't say 'Mandate Palestine'. So one would have to dig through all the drafts of the Lebanon Israeli Armistice agreement in order to see to see how the agreement was reached so as to draw a definitive conclusion about the other assertion, being the implications. talknic (talk) 05:45, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
* Of the things you assert you "know policy enough to know", 1)A. is incorrect (RSN is used to find a consensus of uninvolved editors, sources don't have to go through it), B. is incorrect (nobody said JPost is not a reliable source, only that a source by a historian is preferred), C. is incorrect (there is no "list of reliable sources"). 2) is incorrect (it is fine to report that someone specific called something "terrorist", it is not ok to label stuff as terrorist in the encyclopedia's neutral voice). 3) Just shows all the above amount to your not understanding policy and that you are engaging "ill-considered accusations of impropriety" and "quoting another editor out of context to give the impression they hold views they do not hold, or to malign them" in contravention of WP:CIVIL.
* To summarize, you do not understand policy correctly and refuse to listen to other editors or seek the advice of experienced editors as I have suggested to you repeatedly, and you are constantly engaging in incivility. Now that you have officially been notified of the WP:ARBPIA case, I suggest you read it carefully, specifically the final decision, before you find yourself indefinitely blocked from editing.
* Back to the issue here, the source you provided explains what border the agreement is talking about. It does not "assert" the second part of the sentence, it's quoting from a primary document. It's really that simple and that obvious. I'm not sure why you want to put less clear and less specific text in the article. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 08:57, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
* 1) A. Who said sources have to go through it? You're immediately misconstruing what was said. B. Who said JPost was a reliable source per WP:RS The primary source it was reporting simply did not contain the words Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. It completely failed even WP:RS in that instance. C. Who wrote this "JPost is considered a reliable source...... if you do a search on the board you'll find that this issue has come up before and there is a wide consensus JP is reliable. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 08:52, 22 March 2011 (UTC) "
* 2) Who wrote "Although wikipedia tends to avoid labeling people and organizations as "terrorist" " ..... Wikipedi says "Value-laden labels—such as calling an organization etc etc" It does not say activities. I used the word 'activities' because that's what the Mi5 report says and despite your numerous attempts to push it towards the British labeling an organization as terrorists, the original 'activities' stood to the end of the discussion.
* WP:CIVIL There is a record of duplicity. It speaks for itself.
* To the issue..Fine, it does not assert in the second part of the statement, it quotes. All the better. The assertion of an 'implication' was made after the fact that both parties agreed to the wording of the Armistice Agreement. The Armistice agreement does not say "Mandate" Palestine. talknic (talk) 13:58, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
* Who said sources have to go through RSN? You did, right in your previous post. It was your point 1)A. Who said JPost is a reliable source? WP:NEWSORG did. Your thoughts on how JPost interprets a primary source (which you don't even have access to) are irrelevant. I did indeed say JPost is considered a reliable source, which it is. Your wikilawyering regarding WP:TERRORIST is really weak. The guideline talks about "value-laden labels" and gives a few examples (one of which is an activity, but never mind), but the point is the usage of the label, as is obvious to anyone reading it in an attempt to understand policy rather than how to get around policy.
* Yes, the primary document doesn't say "Mandate Palestine". A secondary source interpreting the primary document does, and secondary sources is what we use here at wikipedia. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 14:28, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
* The record shows that what you 'think' was my point, wasn't, and WP:NEWSORG doesn't in fact say JPost is a reliable source. It says this. " Whether a specific news story is reliable for a specific fact or statement in a Wikipedia article is something that must be assessed on a case by case basis" Elsewhere in policy "Sources should directly support the material presented in an article and should be appropriate to the claims made. The appropriateness of any source depends on the context" . You said JPost is a reliable source. I've quoted you.
* "(which you don't even have access to)" You just took JPost at face value? I didn't and found it most odd that it did not quote once any of the instances of the report saying the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem. It simply didn't support itself by what it quoted.
* The secondary sources I've given show Haj Amin al-Husseini was undoubtedly removed from the position in Oct 1937 by the authorities at the time, confirmed by the recorded words of the authorities of the time. Sources, secondary or primary, regardless of where they come from, saying he was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem after Oct 1937 are not reliable in that particular case/context. By their criteria Olmert is still prime minister of Israel and Tony Blair is still the Prime Minister of the UK. (They could say according to 'someone', but that someone would be just as ill informed)
* WP:TERRORIST The change was made with your help....
* To the topic..The secondary source makes two points in the statement. Only one is conclusively correct. That being the wording of the armistice agreement, which is quoted. That is what must be reflected when talking about what the Armistice Demarcation Line followed.
* In respect to the implications. If you want to add another paragraph somewhere on the 'implications' go right ahead. However, note that the source in talking about the implication says 'border'. What is quoted says 'International boundary'. Lebanon's 'International' boundary was only finally set on independence in 1943 from which time Lebanon was not a part of the Mandate. BTW Your "Lebanon and Mandate Palestine" did not accurately reflect the secondary source, which says Mandate Lebanon and Mandate Palestine talknic (talk) 11:23, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
* Well, we have once again reached the point where it's pointless to continue discussing with you. You do not understand policy correctly, and despite your very limited experience in applying it, feel the need to argue endlessly with experienced editors who try to explain it to you.
* Hopefully another editor will stop by and improve the article according to the source you provided. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 13:31, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
We have actually reached the usual point of preventing by consensus WP:RS VERIFIABLE information from being included, leaving ambiguous misleading and statements that do not accurately reflect the Armistice Agreements referred to by the Secondary Sources used, making a total farce of Wikipedia's guidelines ... talknic (talk) 17:42, 17 December 2011 (UTC)
TALKNIC, STOP THIS "TOUCHING"!
Talknic, unfortunately your habit of "touching" talk-page sections by adding semi-meaningless perfunctory pro forma comments to them for the sole and exclusive purpose of keeping them from being moved off into the archives is really not productive or constructive. In fact, you've been warned about this habit of yours before, and it can seem quite distinctly annoying to other people. I have half a mind to move this whole section directly to the archives, regardless of whether you've "touched" it or not... AnonMoos (talk) 20:14, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
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Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 22 January 2018
Please change the entry in the "Further Reading" section from this: Ben-Dror, Elad The Mediator: Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947-1949 (Ben Gurion Institute, 2012)
to this:
The existing entry is for the Hebrew version of the book, which was published in 2012, but it should be for the English version, which was published in 2016. Also, the ISBN no. is missing. Phillipatracy (talk) 11:41, 22 January 2018 (UTC)
* ✅ 78.26 (spin me / revolutions) 14:33, 22 January 2018 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:South Korea men's national field hockey team
Requested move
* The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.
The result of the move request was: move both, adding "men's" to the men's team. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 17:35, 20 February 2014 (UTC)
– Per WP:COMMONNAME, Regardless of the teams official name, The country is called South Korea, and not just Korea. Also it should be South Korea to match the article on the country of South Korea, I see also most of other Korean national teams pages (like Football, Volleyball, Handball and even Baseball) use South Korea. Mohsen1248 (talk) 22:28, 12 February 2014 (UTC)
* Korea national field hockey team → South Korea national field hockey team
* Korea women's national field hockey team → South Korea women's national field hockey team
* Comment: Where's the evidence that North Korea even has/had a field hockey team (of either gender)? The only link I found was, but according to Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, that was actually South Korea. Timmyshin (talk) 23:52, 12 February 2014 (UTC)
* Even though I think it doesn't change anything about this request but they are a member of FIH and participated once at the Asian Games, source. I can provide other sources if this one is not reliable but I think it's enough. Mohsen1248 (talk) 00:08, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
* Support only for the women's team. Need similar evidence for the men's team. Timmyshin (talk) 01:15, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
* Oppose – nom's rationale makes no sense. Where is the evidence that adding "South" is the more common way to refer to these teams? I don't see it in search. And what has matching the name of the country article got to do with this articles title? Nothing. Dicklyon (talk) 04:29, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
* Support name is a descriptive form, and lacking in description as to what Korea it represents. Further "men's" should be added. -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:13, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
* Support naming it just Korea makes it ambigous. South Korea is what the country and its national teams are usually called. I also agree "men's" should preferably be added. Bandy boy (talk) 14:50, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
* Support both as modified above to add men's to the men's team. These seem clearly the best titles to me, and if the guidelines don't support this (and I'm not convinced there's any problem here) then the guidelines simply need tweaking so that they do. Andrewa (talk) 15:17, 20 February 2014 (UTC)
| WIKI |
快速入门：在 macOS 上使用语音 SDK 通过 Swift 识别语音Quickstart: Recognize speech in Swift on macOS using the Speech SDK
针对语音合成也提供了快速入门。Quickstarts are also available for speech synthesis.
本文介绍如何使用认知服务语音 SDK 在 Swift 中创建一个 macOS 应用，以便将通过麦克风录制的语音转录为文本。In this article, you learn how to create a macOS app in Swift using the Cognitive Services Speech SDK to transcribe speech recorded from a microphone to text.
先决条件Prerequisites
在开始之前，请满足以下一系列先决条件：Before you get started, here's a list of prerequisites:
获取适用于 macOS 的语音 SDKGet the Speech SDK for macOS
重要
下载任何 Azure 认知服务语音 SDK，即表示你已确认接受其许可条款。By downloading any of the Azure Cognitive Services Speech SDKs, you acknowledge its license. 有关详细信息，请参阅：For more information, see:
适用于 macOS 的认知服务语音 SDK 目前以框架捆绑包的形式分发。The Cognitive Services Speech SDK for macOS is distributed as a framework bundle. 可在 Xcode 项目将它作为 CocoaPod 使用，或者从 https://aka.ms/csspeech/macosbinary 下载，然后手动与它建立链接。It can be used in Xcode projects as a CocoaPod, or downloaded from https://aka.ms/csspeech/macosbinary and linked manually. 本指南使用 CocoaPod。This guide uses a CocoaPod.
创建 Xcode 项目Create an Xcode project
启动 Xcode，然后通过单击“文件” > “新建” > “项目”来启动新项目。Start Xcode, and start a new project by clicking File > New > Project. 在模板选择对话框中，选择“Cocoa 应用”模板。In the template selection dialog, choose the "Cocoa App" template.
在随后的对话框中，进行以下选择：In the dialogs that follow, make the following selections:
1. 项目选项对话框Project Options Dialog
1. 为快速入门应用输入一个名称，例如 helloworldEnter a name for the quickstart app, for example helloworld.
2. 如果已经有 Apple 开发人员帐户，请输入相应的组织名称和组织标识符。Enter an appropriate organization name and an organization identifier, if you already have an Apple developer account. 可以直接选取任意名称（例如 testorg）进行测试。For testing purposes, you can just pick any name like testorg. 若要对应用进行签名，需要适当的预配配置文件。To sign the app, you need a proper provisioning profile. 有关详细信息，请参阅 Apple 开发人员站点Refer to the Apple developer site for details.
3. 确保选择 Swift 作为项目的语言。Make sure Swift is chosen as the language for the project.
4. 禁用使用情节提要和创建基于文档的应用程序的复选框。Disable the checkboxes to use storyboards and to create a document-based application. 将以编程方式创建示例应用的简单 UI。The simple UI for the sample app will be created programmatically.
5. 禁用所有用于测试和核心数据的复选框。Disable all checkboxes for tests and core data.
2. 选择项目目录Select project directory
1. 选择用于放置该项目的目录。Choose a directory to put the project in. 这样会在所选目录中创建一个 helloworld 目录，其中包含 Xcode 项目的所有文件。This creates a helloworld directory in the chosen directory that contains all the files for the Xcode project.
2. 禁止创建适用于此示例项目的 Git 存储库。Disable the creation of a Git repo for this example project.
3. 设置网络和麦克风访问权限。Set the entitlements for network and microphone access. 单击左侧概述中第一行内的应用名称转到应用配置，然后选择“功能”选项卡。Click the app name in the first line in the overview on the left to get to the app configuration, and then choose the "Capabilities" tab.
1. 为该应用启用“应用沙盒”设置。Enable the "App sandbox" setting for the app.
2. 启用“传出连接”和“麦克风”访问权限对应的复选框。Enable the checkboxes for "Outgoing Connections" and "Microphone" access. 沙盒设置Sandbox Settings
4. 该应用还需要在 Info.plist 文件中声明使用麦克风。The app also needs to declare use of the microphone in the Info.plist file. 单击概述中的文件，然后添加“隐私 - 麦克风使用说明”键，其值类似于“语音识别所需的麦克风”。Click on the file in the overview, and add the "Privacy - Microphone Usage Description" key, with a value like "Microphone is needed for speech recognition". Info.plist 中的设置Settings in Info.plist
5. 关闭 Xcode 项目。Close the Xcode project. 稍后在设置 CocoaPods 后，将使用该项目的另一个实例。You will use a different instance of it later after setting up the CocoaPods.
添加示例代码Add the sample code
1. 将名为 MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech-Bridging-Header.h 的新头文件放置到 helloworld 项目内的 helloworld 目录中，并将以下代码粘贴到其中：Place a new header file with the name MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech-Bridging-Header.h into the helloworld directory inside the helloworld project, and paste the following code into it:
#ifndef MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech_Bridging_Header_h
#define MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech_Bridging_Header_h
#import <MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech/SPXSpeechAPI.h>
#endif /* MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech_Bridging_Header_h */
2. 在“Objective-C 桥接头文件”字段标头属性中，将桥接头文件的相对路径 helloworld/MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech-Bridging-Header.h 添加到 helloworld 目标的 Swift 项目设置中Add the relative path helloworld/MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech-Bridging-Header.h to the bridging header to the Swift project settings for the helloworld target in the Objective-C Bridging Header field Header properties
3. 通过以下方式替换自动生成的 AppDelegate.swift 文件的内容：Replace the contents of the autogenerated AppDelegate.swift file by:
import Cocoa
@NSApplicationMain
class AppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate {
var label: NSTextField!
var fromMicButton: NSButton!
var host: String!
var sub: String!
@IBOutlet weak var window: NSWindow!
func applicationDidFinishLaunching(_ aNotification: Notification) {
print("loading")
// load subscription information
host = "wss://YourServiceRegion.stt.speech.azure.cn/"
sub = "YourSubscriptionKey"
label = NSTextField(frame: NSRect(x: 100, y: 50, width: 200, height: 200))
label.textColor = NSColor.black
label.lineBreakMode = .byWordWrapping
label.stringValue = "Recognition Result"
label.isEditable = false
self.window.contentView?.addSubview(label)
fromMicButton = NSButton(frame: NSRect(x: 100, y: 300, width: 200, height: 30))
fromMicButton.title = "Recognize"
fromMicButton.target = self
fromMicButton.action = #selector(fromMicButtonClicked)
self.window.contentView?.addSubview(fromMicButton)
}
@objc func fromMicButtonClicked() {
DispatchQueue.global(qos: .userInitiated).async {
self.recognizeFromMic()
}
}
func recognizeFromMic() {
var speechConfig: SPXSpeechConfiguration?
do {
try speechConfig = SPXSpeechConfiguration(host: host, subscription: sub)
} catch {
print("error \(error) happened")
speechConfig = nil
}
speechConfig?.speechRecognitionLanguage = "en-US"
let audioConfig = SPXAudioConfiguration()
let reco = try! SPXSpeechRecognizer(speechConfiguration: speechConfig!, audioConfiguration: audioConfig)
reco.addRecognizingEventHandler() {reco, evt in
print("intermediate recognition result: \(evt.result.text ?? "(no result)")")
self.updateLabel(text: evt.result.text, color: .gray)
}
updateLabel(text: "Listening ...", color: .gray)
print("Listening...")
let result = try! reco.recognizeOnce()
print("recognition result: \(result.text ?? "(no result)"), reason: \(result.reason.rawValue)")
updateLabel(text: result.text, color: .black)
if result.reason != SPXResultReason.recognizedSpeech {
let cancellationDetails = try! SPXCancellationDetails(fromCanceledRecognitionResult: result)
print("cancelled: \(result.reason), \(cancellationDetails.errorDetails)")
updateLabel(text: "Error: \(cancellationDetails.errorDetails)", color: .red)
}
}
func updateLabel(text: String?, color: NSColor) {
DispatchQueue.main.async {
self.label.stringValue = text!
self.label.textColor = color
}
}
}
4. AppDelegate.swift 中，将字符串 YourSubscriptionKey 替换为你的订阅密钥。In AppDelegate.swift, replace the string YourSubscriptionKey with your subscription key.
5. 将字符串 YourServiceRegion 替换为与订阅关联的区域（例如，对于试用订阅，为 chinaeast2）。Replace the string YourServiceRegion with the region associated with your subscription (for example, chinaeast2 for the trial subscription).
安装用作 CocoaPod 的 SDKInstall the SDK as a CocoaPod
1. 根据安装说明中所述，安装 CocoaPod 依赖项管理器。Install the CocoaPod dependency manager as described in its installation instructions.
2. 导航到示例应用所在的目录 (helloworld)。Navigate to the directory of your sample app (helloworld). 在该目录中添加一个包含以下内容的名为 Podfile 的文本文件：Place a text file with the name Podfile and the following content in that directory:
target 'helloworld' do
platform :osx, 10.14
pod 'MicrosoftCognitiveServicesSpeech-macOS', '~> 1.6'
use_frameworks!
end
3. 在终端中导航到 helloworld 目录并运行命令 pod installNavigate to the helloworld directory in a terminal and run the command pod install. 这会生成一个 helloworld.xcworkspace Xcode 工作区，其中包含示例应用以及用作依赖项的语音 SDK。This will generate a helloworld.xcworkspace Xcode workspace containing both the sample app and the Speech SDK as a dependency. 在后续步骤中将使用此工作区。This workspace will be used in the following.
生成并运行示例Build and run the sample
1. 在 Xcode 中打开 helloworld.xcworkspace 工作区。Open the helloworld.xcworkspace workspace in Xcode.
2. 使调试输出可见（“视图” > “调试区域” > “激活控制台”）。Make the debug output visible (View > Debug Area > Activate Console).
3. 在菜单中选择“产品” > “运行”，或者单击“播放”按钮，以生成并运行示例代码。Build and run the example code by selecting Product > Run from the menu or clicking the Play button.
4. 单击应用中的“识别”按钮并讲几句话后，应会在应用窗口的下部看到讲出的文本。After you click the "Recognize" button in the app and say a few words, you should see the text you have spoken in the lower part of the app window.
后续步骤Next steps | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Performance and using of VARCHAR boxes as filters in SSRS reports
Very few people have thought about this performance killer. It is all about report parameter of text type.
The initial situation
There was a table with about 45 million rows. Some columns in the table were VARCHAR and should have been filtered. As a result of filtering by 10 different parameters the total number of rows could have been significantly reduced. SQL Server was going for table scan in this case. Also there was a number of indexes defined on the table.
The where-clause based on a particular parameter was used:
WHERE IN (@MyParameter)
Analysis
In case you, for example, run the statement above and look into Activity Monitor, you will see what query SSRS is really running:
WHERE IN (N'one’, N'two', N'three’)
At this moment the ranking by data types come into arena. As you can see data type with the lower precedence is implicitly converted up to the data type with the higher precedence.. In this case, there were also varchar (in the table) and nvarchar (as a parameter). Now the list is presented inconveniently, because the smallest number means the highest data type. Here we should note that varchar fields are converted to nvarchar. It would have been better to declare some of the parameters as varchar, but this improvement hasn’t been implemented in Reporting Services yet.
Solution
There are several ways to change the way of this conversion. Here I will describe the method that suits me most.
Dynamic dataset query
We build a dataset query at run time by ourselves, which means that we have to define the fields entirely by hand. Thus, the dataset begins with
ssrs1
How to build a command for a comma-separated list, where there is no capital N standing before a string and the values are not of nvarchar type. The command looks as follows:
WHERE IN ('One', 'Two', 'Three')
In case we have other parameters, for example numeric data, the appropriate command needs to be written and it is not difficult:
ssrs2
With this dynamic dataset now we can run correct queries in terms of performance and perform Index Seek instead of Index Scan. The conversion of the data type into nvarchar in the table was out of the question, since the space used increases and fewer records fit one page, but data compression can improve this. A good alternative would be to replace the strings with numeric values and run the queries only with numeric parameters. But for this purpose you must create a small data warehouse with the corresponding dimension tables and rebuild the data.
Purchase acyclovir 800 mg, Buy acyclovir 400mg | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Power Jets W.2
W2/500
Hooker in 'Not much of an engineer' mentions the W2/500, but I can't find it now.
In Appendix I he lists the relationship of many RR & Whittle engines & says "Derwent II introduced Whittle's W2/700 impeller casing ..." GilesW (talk) 15:22, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
* A book that I need to get hold of soon! Thanks! I still don't know what the 500/700/850 stands for?! Cheers Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by) 17:15, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
* Two editions of Hooker's book are available. I have the first edition, hardback. The second edition might have some worthwhile revisions. It seems to be available only in paperback. Both editions available via Amazon last time I looked, or your lending library should be able to order it for you. Incidentally he does mention in passing the relationship of the /500 & /700 to RR engines. Will attend to that when I have time. GilesW (talk) 18:13, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
* "I still don't know what the 500/700/850 stands for? - I'm not sure on this but I have a feeling the numbers refer to the turbine diameter in millimetres. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:48, 16 April 2016 (UTC)
Sfc error
In the 'Specifications' for the W2/850 the thrust is quoted as 2485 lbsf and the fuel flow as 2610 lbm/hr. These values are not consistent with the quoted sfc of 0.4 lb/hr/lb. (If the W2/850 was a turbojet of pressure ratio 4:1, as stated, the sfc could not have been anywhere near 0.4).
What is reference 4 - Jane's, 1989? Not the big year-book, surely? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:39, 18 October 2012 (UTC)
* Reference 4, Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II, does not have an sfc value for the W2/850 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:02, 16 September 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
A set of rake tasks to help with checking in code - Note: this project has been superseded by https://github.com/pgr0ss/rake_commit
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README.rdoc
Rakefile
README.rdoc
rake_commit_tasks
Note: This project has been deprecated, and is superseded by github.com/pgr0ss/rake_commit
This plugin contains a set of rake tasks for checking your project into source control (git or subversion). The most important is:
rake commit
which does the following, depending on source control:
git
1. Resets soft back to origin/branch (in order to collapse changes into one commit)
2. Adds new files to git and removes deleted files
3. Prompts for a commit message
4. Commits to git
5. Pulls changes from origin (and does a rebase to keep a linear history)
6. Runs the default rake task (which should run the tests)
7. Checks cruisecontrol.rb to see if the build is passing
8. Pushes the commit to origin
git-svn
1. Adds new files to git and removes deleted files
2. Prompts for a commit message
3. Commits to local git
4. Pulls changes from SVN
5. Runs the default rake task (which should run the tests)
6. Checks cruisecontrol.rb to see if the build is passing
7. Pushes the commit to SVN
subversion
1. Prompts for a commit message
2. Adds new files to subversion
3. Deletes missing files from subversion
4. svn update
5. Runs the default rake task (which should run the tests)
6. Checks cruisecontrol.rb to see if the build is passing
7. Checks in the code
The first version started with the code posted at Jay Field's Blog: blog.jayfields.com/2006/12/ruby-rake-commit.html. Improvements have been added in from several more projects.
Installation
git clone git://github.com/pgr0ss/rake_commit_tasks.git vendor/plugins/rake_commit_tasks
rake commit
Customization
Preventing checkins on broken builds
If you want the build to check your cruisecontrol.rb instance and prompt you before checking in on a broken build, set CCRB_RSS to the location of the RSS feed.
For example, in your Rakefile:
CCRB_RSS = 'http://example.com:3333/projects.rss'
Automatically merging from branch to trunk (subversion)
If you want the build to automatically merge changes to the trunk when checking in on the branch, set PATH_TO_TRUNK_WORKING_COPY to the location of the checked out trunk working copy.
For example, in your Rakefile:
PATH_TO_TRUNK_WORKING_COPY = "/Users/someone/my_project_trunk"
Now, if you have a branch checked out into /Users/someone/my_project_1.1 and you do a rake commit, the checkin will be merged into the trunk after the change is committed to the branch. Then, you can “cd /Users/someone/my_project_trunk” and check in the merged changes in the trunk. This behavior is described in more depth at www.pgrs.net/2007/10/16/automatically-merge-changes-from-branch-to-trunk | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Options
Get min row column name
Teja_VaranasiTeja_Varanasi Member Posts: 17 Contributor II
I have a table like this
A B C D
5 2 1 9
I should get C in the results tab. Is there any operator to do this? Can somebody please help.
Tagged:
Best Answer
• Options
BalazsBaranyBalazsBarany Administrator, Moderator, Employee, RapidMiner Certified Analyst, RapidMiner Certified Expert Posts: 955 Unicorn
Solution Accepted
Hi!
You could transpose your table so that the values are in rows, not columns. Then sort by the number column and Filter Example Range for getting the first (lowest) value. The former attribute name in the second column will be the one associated with the lowest number.
That's another way to do it. If you have multiple data rows (or expect to have them in the future), it might be better to use Loop Attributes.
There you would use Aggregate to get the minimum of the current attribute and Generate Macro to compare the current value to the lowest known value and remember the attribute belonging to that. This is a bit more complicated than the first approach.
Regards,
Balázs
Answers
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