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The Requirements for an Occupational Therapist With Special Needs Children
by Fred Decker
Occupational therapists are health care providers who help patients overcome a wide range of mobility and dexterity issues, including special needs children. They do this by training their patients in activities representative of normal daily life. The therapist first assesses the patient's condition, defines specific activities or actions that present difficulties for the patient, and sets out a course of therapy to exercise those abilities. Learning to do this requires several years of education and training, and therapists who choose to work with a specific population such as special-needs children require additional skills.
About the Author
Fred Decker is a trained chef and certified food-safety trainer. Decker wrote for the Saint John, New Brunswick Telegraph-Journal, and has been published in Canada's Hospitality and Foodservice magazine. He's held positions selling computers, insurance and mutual funds, and was educated at Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology.
Photo Credits
• George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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String getMonitorsData(csvFilePath)
Supported in iOS Supported in Android
Description
Return the content of the monitor values as string in CSV format.
Parameters
• CSV File Path (optional): The absolute path for the file. Path must include the file name with *.csv. If value is blank, it will store the file in the report folder.
Note: When running the command, counter monitoring is on hold.
Usage
Command retrieves all Counter values which were collected during the test run so far.
Scenario: We will create a test on the EriBank demo application. During the test run, we will monitor the memory values of the application. At the end of the test, we will collect all counter values using this command
Parameters:
• csvFilePath (optional): Will be blank.
Result: The generated CSV file.
In this case, there are two columns. Date value was take and the value measured.
Energy Monitor Data
With Energy monitoring, additional lines are added to the output. Examples:
iOS
When running the following test:
Energy monitor Safari when a page is loaded
client.launch("com.apple.mobilesafari", false, false);
client.startMonitor("com.apple.mobilesafari:battery");
client.launch("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption", false, false);
String monitoringDataAsCsv = client.getMonitorsData("");
you may get an output similar to the following. From this data, we can see that energy was consumed on networking.
Android
Running the following script:
Energy monitor Chrome when a page is loaded
client.startMonitor("com.android.chrome:battery");
client.launch("chrome:www.wikipedia.com", true, true);
client.sleep(10000);
String str0 = client.getMonitorsData("");
Retrieved the following energy data in a csv file:
com.android.chrome
Date
cpu_power_use
wifi_power_use
gpu_power_use
rest_power_use
total_power_use
screen_power_use
2018.03.22 05:14:37 IST
0
N/A
N/A
0
0
0.055939499621
2018.03.22 05:14:38 IST
0.0135
N/A
N/A
0
0.0135
0.091759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:39 IST
0.0168
N/A
N/A
0
0.0168
0.116759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:40 IST
0.0173
N/A
N/A
0
0.0173
0.141759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:41 IST
0.0184
N/A
N/A
0
0.0184
0.167759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:43 IST
0.0205
N/A
N/A
0
0.0205
0.204759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:44 IST
0.0571
N/A
N/A
0
0.0571
0.233759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:45 IST
0.0833
N/A
N/A
0
0.0833
0.257759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:46 IST
0.0851
N/A
N/A
0
0.0851
0.281759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:47 IST
0.0997
N/A
N/A
0
0.0997
0.321759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:49 IST
0.103
N/A
N/A
0
0.103
0.353759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:50 IST
0.119
N/A
N/A
0
0.119
0.389759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:51 IST
0.136
N/A
N/A
0
0.136
0.414759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:52 IST
0.142
N/A
N/A
0
0.142
0.438759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:53 IST
0.15
N/A
N/A
0
0.15
0.471759716717
2018.03.22 05:14:54 IST
0.153
N/A
N/A
0
0.153
0.497759716717
Each row is the accumulated energy drain to this point from the start of the run.
The link to the .csv files is also attached in the reports as below
Convert the monitoring data to a graph
After generating the results.csv, you can import it into this site. (you can import multiple .csv files in order to compare between them)
Select the time and date as X axis and the total battery value as Y axis.
A graph such as this will be created and you can visually see you app's battery consumption over time:
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Body fat Burners — What to Search for in an excellent Fat Burner
Individuals who are interested to drop a couple of pounds or simply want an energy boost often turn to «fat burners» for assistance. These kinds of products could very well be beneficial in helping to maximize power and increasing weight loss. But at what cost? Numerous people take these products without bothering to check what exactly is in them. This can be a risky proposition, especially for individuals with a record of cardiovascular disease or even seizures. Many of you might recall the latest events which led the FDA to exclude the favorite fat burner ephedra available in the United States. Ephedra use has been linked to a high price of serious side effects including seizure, death, heart attack and stroke. These are unwanted side effects that I can safely say the majority of people would like to avoid. So what’s an individual who would like to carry a fat burner suppose to accomplish? Well for one always talk to the medical professional of yours before starting a fat burner supplement, as well as 2 use the ideas in this post to determine things to search for in a fat burner.
Have you ever turned a can of fat burner over and looked at the ingredients in it? Deciphering just what precisely is in the shoe is often a daunting challenge. You have most likely never heard of four out of five of the ingredients in virtually any fat burner. In fact the most common ingredient present in fat burners, caffeine, might be the only person you identify. Ma huang, the Chinese label for ephedra, was a common element in many fat burners before its ban in 2004. Large numbers of people took ma huang containing products and exipure reviews usa (Related Homepag) simply assumed it was healthy. After the ban of its, ephedra was supplanted in products which are many with sour orange. Nonetheless, the National Center and Alternative and complementary Medicine has discovered that «there is now little proof that sour orange is safer to utilize than ephedra.» Be skeptical of products which contain several different organic ingredients that you have not heard of before before. You don’t want to potentially be taking the subsequent ephedra.
There are various ingredients in fat burners which were used for many, many years and in addition have an even more established safety profile. For instance, green tea extract is located in quite a few items. Green tea extract isn’t only a supply of caffeine, which on its own has been proven to increase power and stimulate metabolic rate, though it is additionally an essential antioxidant. It’s been proven to inhibit an enzyme referred to as amylase which is to blame for breaking down carbohydrates and maximizing blood glucose ranges. As a result, blood sugar levels are lowered leading to less fat storage. Additionally, green tea is abundant in catechins which are shown to lower body weight. Whenever that wasn’t enough, green tea extract could perhaps inhibit fatty acid synthase, an enzyme accountable for turning carbs into fat.
Apple cider vinegar continues to be employed for a huge number of years for a wide range of purposes. The mechanism by what apple cider vinegar causes weight reduction is not recognized. But, it is believed to be a consequence of organic acids and the enzymes found in it. These compounds are believed to control the appetite of yours, increase the metabolic rate of yours and reduce water retention.
Grapefruit is believed to help regulate fat loss by its effects on insulin. Scientists theorize that compounds in grapefruit decrease insulin discharge after a meal. This leads to the body to more effectively make use of food for energy resulting in less fat storage.
Effective fat burners must likewise contain an ingredient which supports thyroid function. The thyroid gland is responsible for setting the body’s metabolic rate. Impaired thyroid function is going to make it extremely difficult to use up fat. Iodine is a vital nutrient that is necessary in order to keep the thyroid working correctly. Kelp is typically added to fat burners due to its high iodine content.
Garcinia cambogia is a little purple fruit found in Southeast Asia and India. Its rind is rich in hydroxycitric acid which appears to have been used for centuries by the people of Southeast Asia. Hydroxycitric acid has been proven in animal studies to stop lipogenesis. Lipogenesis will be the mechanism by which the body changes starches and sugar to fat. As a result, the sugars consumed are converted to glycogen instead and used as an energy resource. Glycogen creation also acts as a signal on the brain that food which is enough have been eaten causing a reduction in appetite. Garcinia cambogia has additionally been shown to lessen appetite by increasing serotonin levels in the human brain. Garcinia cambogia can be discovered in the favorite fat burners Hydroxycut and Ripped Pro.
In conclusion, before purchasing a fat burner take the time to look at what’s truly in the product. These products may contain potentially deadly ingredients so it’s worth the little extra time to investigate. Of course, speak along with your healthcare professional to see if a fat burner is ideal for you. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to avoid
freezer failure?
freezer-failure
Factors of avoiding asset loss from a freezer failure
Freezers are an important element of the supply chain as well as the storage of many high value products like vaccines, medicines, laboratory samples for hospitals and research institutions, special chemicals, food and beverages. These products need to be kept in a certain temperature to retain its value.
For certain food products, the value will decrease incrementally if the refrigeration temperature is not maintained, and that will cause the product to deteriorate. However, with certain products like vaccines, even a short refrigeration failure can ruin the product. This whole system can lead to an increase in the temperature and it is referred to as an excursion. This freezer failure can deactivate the product and cause its value to drop to zero.
It is important to take care of this in the case of vaccines and medicines as a freezer failure can exceed the lost value of the product if it is administered to certain patients. This can even lead to a disease outbreak.
How do freezers work?
Traditional freezers work with the system of cyclical evaporation as well as compression of a refrigerant. It starts with the liquid refrigerant passing through a small opening in the evaporator coil of the freezer. This results in rapid expansion of the refrigerant which partially vaporizes and cools it so that the heat is extracted from the freezer compartment. Then, this refrigerant passes through a compressor and a set of condenser coils that are located outside the freezer compartment.
The refrigerant then returns to its liquid state and rejects the heat of the atmosphere. After that, it again starts the whole process of cyclical evaporation.
To maintain a constant temperature, the cooling system is turned off and shifted to a thermostat which is tied to a programmable control display board on the front of the unit.
The technology behind freezers is quite advanced but, they have moving parts which require electrical power. This means that they can have unexpected failures that can harm the contents inside them.
A lot of people are looking to avoid the freezer failure, especially after the expected roll-out of COVID-19 vaccine. Although, almost any vaccine requires constant refrigeration and thus, this is a relevant and an ongoing topic.
Why do freezers fail?
Freezers can have a lot of issues and some of them are:
• Failure of the equipment These are some of the mechanical failures which include compressor, fan motors, thermostat, and defroster circuit and even relay switch failures. Even passive components can cause problems. For example, the defrosting drains getting clogged.
• Display/Control board failure This a very rare condition but freezers that have a complex control system can fail because of problems due to electrical components on the board.
• No preventative maintenance This failure includes dirty condenser coils, damaged door gasket and excessive frost on evaporator coils. This failure is completely preventive with regular visual checks and a viable maintenance plan.
• Power outages It is straightforward to respond to with the use of backup power systems.
• Insufficient training Keeping the door open or placing the materials inefficiently in the freezer can surely cause operational issues.
However, there are certain ways through which it is possible to avoid asset loss due to freezer failure.
How to avoid asset loss due to freezer failure
Install a well integrated monitoring system
In this case, a monitoring system is set up to record and transmit temperature data so that it is viewed remotely. Apart from that, it is possible for the systems to customize intelligent alarms.
In the case of a freezer failure, a monitoring system can have a number of advantages. The best part is that it is completely independent of the freezing system and thus, even if the freezer fails, the system will continue to work. So, a failure in thermostat readings with incorrect
temperature will also not affect the monitoring systems. At the same time, the sensors used in the monitoring systems are more accurate as compared to the on-board temperature measurement.
At the same time, monitoring in real time can allow a temperature excursion to be detected immediately, at a time when the response is completely critical. Apart from that, there can be a frequent review of temperature data with other operational information like door openings. This can also be used to prevent temperature excursions before they take place. It is very good at identifying the warning signs of the failure.
Hence, it is a good idea to use cloud based monitoring systems. These systems have become very relevant because they replace older stand alone data loggers which do not transmit data and can be viewed visually immediately. The old loggers can also provide a detailed record of what happened during the failure. Although, they are not capable of preventing failures or mitigating their consequences.
Configure alarms and notifications properly
Cloud based monitoring systems have another added advantage of customizing alarms. It is important to have a strategic plan for alarm customization as it can respond to freezer issues quickly and efficiently.
Proper customization can also help with alarm fatigue. It is a situation in which the staff ignores or disables the alarm because of false and irrelevant alarms from the system. It is a very problematic situation as it can lead to missing the important alarms. So, this problem can be addressed by setting up the system so that alarms are generated by the staff when the action is required. You can view the historical data to set the alarm conditions.
Conclusion
Freezers are an important element for storing and transporting high value elements. Some of the freezer glitches can be avoided with regular maintenance but, others can be catered with the help of an integrated and high-end monitoring system. However, a good monitoring system will only work with the help of proper staff training.
If you are planning to install a temperature monitoring system, then you must set it up to continuously upload data to the cloud with alerts to ensure fast response in the case of equipment issue. You can use a third party monitoring system in this case.
Articles you may also like
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Investigation of the degradation of pentachlorophenol in sandy soil via low-temperature pyrolysis
Ngo Thi Thuan, Moo Been Chang
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
25 Scopus citations
Abstract
Thermal treatments are the primary technologies used to simultaneously remove high-concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) from contaminated soils such as the An-Shun soil, Taiwan. However, the high cost of energy required and the potential formation of dioxins during the incineration/combustion of PCP have limited their applications. In this study, an investigation of PCP pyrolysis in sandy soil at a relatively low temperature range (200-400°C) was conducted. Temperature and heating time required to achieve the maximum removal efficiency of PCP and its byproducts from soil were investigated. Additionally, primary pathways leading to PCP removal from sandy soil were studied. The experimental results showed that a significant portion of PCP (>90%) and its byproducts were removed from the soil at 350°C with a treatment time of 40min. The PCP decay rate constant increased exponentially from 0.20min-1 to 1.98min-1 as the operating temperature was increased from 200°C to 400°C. While pyrolysis and desorption are the main degradation pathways, detection of lower chlorinated phenols in the gas/soil indicates that dechlorination of PCP occurs during the degradation process. Low levels of PCDD/Fs were detected in the soil/gas during the pyrolysis of PCP-contaminated soils.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)411-418
Number of pages8
JournalJournal of Hazardous Materials
Volume229-230
DOIs
StatePublished - 30 Aug 2012
Keywords
• Dioxin formation
• Low temperature
• Pentachlorophenol
• Pyrolysis
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Quilchena Airport
Quilchena Airport was located near Quilchena, British Columbia, Canada.
A short gravel runway is located beside Highway 5A at Quilchena, BC. The Quilchena General Store is located at the south end of the runway. | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (geographic names)/Archives/2011/August
The names in Spain...
I thought it might be nice to have an explicit convention for titling Spanish municipalities. From what I can tell, most places that need disambiguation currently use the form "X, Province", as in Risco, Badajoz. Others use "X (Spain)", as in Medellín (Spain). Large cities seem to use either "X, Spain", as in Valencia, Spain, or "X, Autonomous community", as in Santander, Cantabria. There are likely other variations as well.
A good starting point for a convention might be Argentina, which states:
* "Where possible, articles on places in Argentina use Placename. Where disambiguation is required, City, Province is used, except for provincial capitals which use City, Argentina."
Another thought might be to disambiguate first by autonomous community, and then by province if necessary. What do you all think? Dohn joe (talk) 20:00, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* Maybe go directly for province level, so all entities have the same size. Note that all these - and maybe more - do not use country level: Argentina (except province capitals that are named like the province), Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, India (under dispute, but only few use "X, India"), Ireland, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Here is a size comparison of the entities use as default dab, if dab is needed:
The table was created for discussion in the India Project, where I proposed to drop the state level and to use the district level.
But the provinces may of be not unique, while the district names in India mostly are. Maybe first analyze which provinces have a name that is shared with other provinces in the world or even with other possible geographic dab terms in general, in case the word "province" is not included. Russia does include the type of the dab entity, e.g. "X, Y Oblast". Others only write "X, Y".
Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 20:24, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* My preference would be for just ", Spain", if that's sufficient. Disambiguation should primarily make things as clear as possible for (English-speaking) readers, not as thought-free as possible for editors. Everyone knows where Spain is; many of the Spanish provinces are going to be quite unfamiliar; so only use the latter if the former doesn't get the job done.--Kotniski (talk) 20:36, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* I agree with you in part, in that many of the provinces will be unfamiliar. That's actually why I suggested a middle ground of considering "X, Autonomous community" as the default disambiguator. This recently came up in regards to Italian naming conventions, which currently default to the regional level. In looking at other countries' conventions, it seemed to me that it's actually more helpful for many larger countries with well-known subdivisions to use them rather than the country name to disambiguate. "X, Tuscany" should be just as clear, and more helpful as a disambiguator than "X, Italy". I think the same is true for "X, Aragon" vs. "X, Spain". The autonomous communities of Spain are well-known to many English speakers, so I think it is appropriate, and consistent with other large countries, to use them to disambiguate. Does that make sense? Dohn joe (talk) 21:12, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* @Kotniski - clear as possible for (English-speaking) readers - one could say Dohn Joe's proposal make things more clear, since a dab term using a smaller geographic unit is more specific and thus can make more things "clear". Do you think that the England county names mean more to the avg reader than the term "England"? I doubt that. Only few English speakers live in the UK and know the ceremonial counties of England. The French system uses departments and there are ca. 100, so using the province level for Spain would still be less specific than the French system. For the provinces I just checked : Provinces of Spain : A small town would normally be identified as being in, say, Valladolid province rather than the autonomous community of Castile and León. The provinces were the "building-blocks" from which the autonomous communities were created; consequently no province is divided between two or more of these communities.. Also Postal codes in Spain use the province level as do the French departments to derive the first two digits. Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 21:31, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* I agree with Kotniski. The trend away from disambiguation by country, where that is sufficient, is unhelpful. Exceptions should be limited to cases where a country's subdivisions are well known outside the country, and I don't think that would apply to Spain. We do not want a situation where a user has to try more than one entry, or use an atlas, before landing on the right article.
* The guideline for Scotland shows the problems. We end up with Banff, Aberdeenshire, Clackmannan, Clackmannanshire (!) and Annan, Dumfries and Galloway. But disambiguation by council area is avoided in some cases, presumably because the result would be too odd: Perth, Scotland (not Perth, Perth and Kinross), Fort William, Scotland (not Fort William, Highland), Calgary, Mull (not Calgary, Argyll and Bute). There is little logic in that, and it is just unhelpful to many users. --Mhockey (talk) 21:46, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* But my argument is precisely that Spain's autonomous communities - Catalonia, Andalusia, Aragon, etc. - are well known outside of Spain, much as Lombardy and Piedmont are known outside of Italy, much as Alberta and Ontario are known outside of Canada. I agree with your general statement - but I think is one of the exceptions. Dohn joe (talk) 21:58, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* So Cartagena, Spain would be moved to Cartagena, Murcia Region??--Mhockey (talk) 22:08, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* Not quite that drastic - Cartagena, Murcia is already a redirect.... Dohn joe (talk) 22:18, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* Not only that, but "Cartagena, Murcia" actually gets more Google Books results than "Cartagena, Spain" - so it would seem a more natural disambiguator anyhow. Dohn joe (talk) 22:21, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* So if you were in Colombia, and you wanted to refer to the other Cartagena, you would say "Cartagena in Murcia", and not "Cartagena in Spain"? Doesn't sound vey natural to me.--Mhockey (talk) 22:47, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* I don't know - I'm just saying that it looks like when people have a choice between adding "Spain" or "Murcia" to Cartagena, more people seem to choose "Murcia". Dohn joe (talk) 23:24, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
* Eeh, many of those hits include "Spain" immediately following, or are just postal addresses, or else appear in a context where it's already known that Spain is being discussed. But I'd agree that using these better-known regions (where sufficient) is at least preferable to using the less-known provinces. --Kotniski (talk) 04:53, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* @Mhockey
* The trend away from disambiguation by country, where that is sufficient, is unhelpful. - The United States used this way of disambiguation right from the start. And to me if I see "X, Texas" it reveals more than if I see "X, United States". So I don't know what you mean by "unhelpful".
* We do not want a situation where a user has to try more than one entry, or use an atlas, before landing on the right article. - What do you mean by "have to try"? When would a user have to use an atlas to find the right article? And, what is he doing with those articles that have no dab at all? And one still can have Cartagena, Spain as a redirect, so on "trying" some string combinations the user still finds the article.
* What looks weird with the Scottish places to me is the usage of different levels.
* "The guideline for Scotland shows the problems." - I think the Scotland guideline is more complex than what Dohn Joe or I proposed. I don't know what is the reason for treating the islands, and Highland different. Then you bring some examples - What is wrong with Clackmannanshire? Is there more than one Clackmannanshire? You say "There is little logic in that" - But are the examples you brought up not following the logic of the guideline?
* @Dohn Joe - using Murcia, which is also a province, seems to be Spanish custom, as it says on at Provinces of Spain : "A small town would normally be identified as being in, say, Valladolid province rather than the autonomous community of Castile and León." I think people reading about tiny villages in Spain are better served with the province name, than with the country name. But I would also agree with the middle ground, i.e. using the autonomous communities. Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 10:41, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* I'm following this discussion for a long time. I don't get it, why the simplest and most logical of all solutions isn't adopted for all countries: disambiguate at the level the ambiguity exists. If there's a Venice in Italy and another in the USA, we will write "Venice (Italy)" (and not "Venice (Veneto)"); if two Castro exist, one in Apulia and the other in Lombardy, we will write "Castro (Apulia)" and "Castro (Lombardy)". Same with Cartagena. I only have a doubt, if we should prefer "Venice, Italy" or "Venice (Italy)". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sajoch (talk • contribs) 07:25, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* By your logic, why not Venice, Europe or Venice, European Union, is there more than one in Europe? Or Venice, Eastern Hemisphere? For Venice, New York one could use Venice, Northeastern United States. So why do some people use other levels? Because the other levels reveal more details to them and it is following a customary system for that country. A country gives more details than the continent, and a province gives more than the country. Using the provinces for disambiguation in Spain is customary, as it says in the article Provinces of Spain. In Italy the postal addresses use the province-level. If I am at Category:Towns in Spain, then seeing "Alameda, Spain" is less informative than seeing Alameda, Malaga. Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 10:41, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* You know, you are trolling! The country-name as top-most level is enough. We can safely assume, the readers know where a country like Italy is.--Sajoch (talk) 10:56, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* He's not trolling, but otherwise, yes, the point is recognizability - there's no harm per se in using a more specific region than we need to, but there will be harm in using a less recognizable region, and it's usually the case that, below country level, in non-English-speaking countries (for English-speaking readers), the more specific you get the less recognizable you get.--Kotniski (talk) 11:02, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* Why is the point recognizability? What with all the one that have no dab at all - you recognize nothing. For India, I can also tell that using "X, India" will bring a lot of problems, since new locations are created, e.g. in the last decade 2279 new villages . So even if all 630,000+ old villages had an entry and were properly dabbed, people can start move sessions again and again. I don't assume such massive village creation happens in Spain, but how complete are the articles? Do all villages, towns, cities have an article already? Do you know, that if you put something at ", Spain" it will not require a later change? How many wrong links exist due to ", Spain" disambiguation instead of using the local customary province level? I am an English-speaking reader, but if I read about something in Europe, I don't need ", Spain" for Spanish place names. It can be ", Spain", but it also can be anything else. Same goes for Poland. @Sajoch, we can even more safely assume that people know where Europe is. I am sure more people find Europe than Luxembourg or Slovenia on a world map without text labels. Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 12:36, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* Well, if I'm looking up a city in WP, I have at least a vague idea what I'm looking for, and where that city is. So a simple addendum "(Italy)" or "(USA)" to disambiguate cities with identical names, is all we need. We shouldn't make things more complicate than they are.--Sajoch (talk) 16:33, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* On a page like Category:Towns in Spain ", Spain" provides no additional info. And in general all the towns that are not disambiguated give no "Spain"-info either. It is not "needed". Or do you suggest to attach "Spain"-labels to every town? Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 20:43, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
Names in Spain (continued)
"Unhelpful" in this context means that it does not help users who do not recognise the disambiguator to find the right article. Most people recognise Texas and the other US states, but not so many people know where Murcia is.
One still can have Cartagena, Spain as a redirect. Bear in mind that Cartagena, Spain would not appear on the dab page (per WP:MOSDAB). Of course, you could add an explanation that Cartagena, Murcia is in Spain, but why not go for the more obvious (to users outside Spain) disambiguator and avoid the need for the explanation?
I don't need ", Spain" for Spanish place names. I don't think it's safe to assume that a Spanish language place-name is in Spain. There are at least 4 places called Murcia, only one of which is in Spain. There are many places called Valencia, only one of which is in Spain. Valencia, Córdoba is in Colombia - and here are at least 3 country subdivisions called Córdoba, only one of which is in Spain. Why add to the confusion if you can avoid it? --Mhockey (talk) 14:24, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
Does anyone know what WP:Spain has to say about this? Ben Mac Dui 19:09, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* I asked them to chime in if they were interested. Dohn joe (talk) 19:14, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
@Mhockey, I said if I read about something in Europe, I don't need ", Spain" - of course, in general there can be a lot of overlap with Latin America. Yes Cartagena, Spain would not appear in DAB, but Cartagena, Murcia, Spain does not consume that much space. It's what is done with U.S., UK, Australian or Canadian places too, on DAB pages it would be made clear that something is in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and that can be done outside the dab tag. But we would need more data, how many ambiguous names would exist if one uses the level of the autonomous communities. Would that reduce most of the problems. And if choosing the province-level, then except for Cordoba, are there other provinces that may cause ambiguities with Latin American entities. For districts in South Asia I made an analysis: List of ambiguous names of districts of South Asia. So, e.g. for India, the district level is quite unambiguous. Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 20:43, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
* OK, Beside Córdoba other ambiguous province names are: Barcelona, Cuenca, Jaén, La Rioja, Santa Cruz. Seeing this I would prefer to use the proposal made by Dohn Joe and to use the autonomous communities. Bogdan Nagachop (talk) 12:10, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
Re-proposal on Spain
We seem to have lost some steam here. Can people live with the following: While not perfect, it at least provides consistent guidance, and moves away from the less-known provinces to the better-known Autonomous communities of Spain for disambiguation. Dohn joe (talk) 22:41, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* "Where possible, articles on places in Spain use Placename . Where disambiguation is required, Placename, Autonomous community is used, except where a city shares a name with its community, in which case City, Spain is used. Where two or more places within an autonomous community share a name, use Placename, Province ."
* Sounds reasonable enough.--Kotniski (talk) 07:37, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* But what is wrong with using Placename, Spain if that is sufficient disambiguation?--Mhockey (talk) 18:01, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Well, it's just that the majority of participants here seemed comfortable with this proposed language - if nothing else, it's an improvement over the current scheme, which is no explicit convention, and somewhat of a mishmash of article titles. Nothing in WP is ever written in stone, so this can be revisited at any time. What do you say? Dohn joe (talk) 00:53, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* If a city is simply disambiguated with Spain, couldn't it be confused with its community? Chipmunkdavis (talk) 06:12, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
OK, how about this proposal: The advantages of this proposal:
* "Where possible, articles on places in Spain use Placename . Where disambiguation is required, Placename, Spain is used. If further disambiguation is required, Placename, Autonomous community is used, except where a city shares a name with its community, in which case City, Spain is used. Where two or more places within an autonomous community share a name, use Placename, Province ."
1. It is consistent with the general guidance in WP:NCDAB: "If there are several possible choices for disambiguating with a class or context, use the same disambiguating phrase already commonly used for other topics within the same class and context, if any. Otherwise, choose whichever is simpler."
2. It is consistent with the general guidance in WP:NCGN: "Places are often disambiguated by the country in which they lie, if this is sufficient. ..... If using the country name would still lead to ambiguity, use the name of a smaller administrative division (such as a state or province) instead." The examples of the US, Canada and possibly Australia are doubtful precedents: at least in the case of the US, the use of the state is not primarily a disambiguator - although there has been a lot of debate about that. In my view, the exceptions should be limited to very large countries where the subnational divisons are very widely known outside the country and widely used as disambiguators in general usage internationally. So I would also change the conventions for Colombia, England, Scotland and others.
3. It avoids the problem of ambiguous subnational divisions as far as possible - a particular problem in Spanish language countries. There is only one Spain.
In answer to Chipmunkdavis's point: I do not know which places this would apply to, but I would have thought that in every case the city woud be the primary topic for Placename, Spain .--Mhockey (talk) 11:35, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* The issue I have with your first two points is related. You say to use a disambiguating phrase "already commonly used for other topics within the same class and context" - but I would say that using a region or state to disambiguate is already common for large countries with well-known subdivisions. Which leads me to your second point: Spain is a large country with well-known subdivisions. If you don't like the U.S. or Canada as comparisons, look at Italy and Mexico - isn't Spain in their class? As for the third point, as far as I can tell, of all the Spanish autonomous communities, only La Rioja is ambiguous with any other first-level subnational subdivision in the world (an Argentine province with which there are no common placenames). I still prefer using the autonomous communities, and I hope I've addressed some concerns with that method. Dohn joe (talk) 19:53, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* I agree that Italy and Mexico could be compared with Spain, and I do not think that they should be exceptions from the general rule either. In the case of Italy there do not seem to be many examples. Fortunately Venice, Naples and Rome are primary topics, but if they were not, I think most users would prefer Venice, Italy, Naples, Italy and Rome, Italy to Venice, Veneto, Naples, Campana or Rome, Lazio - which are not even redirects. Mexico is a very large country, but its subdivisions are not well known in the English speaking world.
* On the third point, it's not really about ambiguity with first-level subdivisions alone. It's about how unambiguous the disambiguator is. Galicia is not even the primary topic for Galicia.
* As a general point, it would be unfortunate if disambiguation by subnational division (where there is no ambiguity within the country) were seen as a mark of how big or important a country is. We're looking for the simplest and most recognisable disambiguator, that's all.--Mhockey (talk) 21:07, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* So let me ask you then - if Italy, Mexico, Spain, and England are not large countries with well-known subdivisions, and if the U.S., Canada, and possibly Australia don't count, which countries would qualify under your exception criteria? Dohn joe (talk) 21:36, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* I actually said very large countries. I never said the US, Canada and Australia did not "count". I said that they were doubtful precedents for the principle that disambiguation should be by subnational division rather than by country. They are the countries which would meet my exception criteria. There may be others, but I cannot think of any. --Mhockey (talk) 22:13, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* Understood. Given, then, that you are clearly in favor of a wholesale revision of country-specific disambiguation conventions, would you at least agree that the proposal at the top of this section is consistent with current guidelines for similar countries? Dohn joe (talk) 15:57, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
* I am in favour of limiting, and not extending without good reason, the exceptions to the general guidance at WP:NCCS: "Where there is no Wikipedia convention on a specific country and disambiguation is necessary, it is generally reasonable to use placename, nation, as in Shire, Ethiopia." At the moment, most countries follow the general guidance. Apart from the general guidance, several of the countries with specific guidance also follow the convention placename, nation , where that is sufficient disambiguation (Poland, Russia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Switzerland). England has recently changed its guidance to placename, England in some cases. You are happy with placename, Spain in some cases. I am in favour of consistency, and it is difficult to see much consistency in the rationales for departure from the general guidance. My proposal is consistent with the general guideline and also with the specific guidance for some comparable countries.
* But the key issue is this. Which is simpler and more recognisable to more users of the English WP: Cartagena, Spain or Cartagena, Murcia? --Mhockey (talk) 18:20, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
* You say you don't see much consistency in the rationales given for departing from the general guideline. What would you say are those rationales - how would you articulate them? Dohn joe (talk) 19:37, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
* I don't really know what the rationales are - that's the problem. I can tell you what I think the rationales should be. They have already been expressed above. Disambiguate at the level the ambiguity exists (Sajoch). Disambiguate by country, if that is sufficient, with exceptions limited to very large countries where the subnational divisions are very widely known outside the country and widely used as disambiguators in general usage internationally (me). --Mhockey (talk) 13:02, 16 August 2011 (UTC)
* I think you've actually expressed one of the pro-proposal rationales quite nicely. We just disagree on its application. I (and the majority of participants in this discussion) happen to think that Spain is a large enough country, whose subnational divisions are very widely known outside of Spain. And moreover, the proposal represents an improvement over the status quo, wouldn't you say? Dohn joe (talk) 18:03, 16 August 2011 (UTC)
Established name?
There is a discussion at Talk:Kolkata: whether the official name has established itself, even in Indian usage. More data would be helpful. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 15:51, 27 August 2011 (UTC)
U.S. township articles and pre-emptive disambiguation versus consistent naming
A requested move at Talk:Horton Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania concerns application of the naming guideline to township articles in the U.S. Township articles were initially created using Census Bureau data such that only townships requiring disambiguation included the county name (i.e., if Foo Township, State was not unique, then articles were named Foo Township, County, State). Since then, some state wikiprojects have chosen to rename township articles to always include the county name, regardless of whether disambiguation was necessary. Other states have maintained the disambiguate only where necessary convention. older ≠ wiser 20:01, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* 1) Should there be state-specific exemptions?
* 2) Should the current disambiguate only when necessary convention be applied uniformly?
* 3) Should all U.S. township articles be consistently named to always include the county name regardless of ambiguity?
* I believe the last choice is best, partly because United States townships are directly associated with county government (unless there are exceptions of which I'm unaware). That's not typically true of cities and towns and villages, so to name an article "Fort Wayne, Indiana" (for example) makes sense unless there's a need for disambiguation. But to say "Abington Township, Indiana" leaves out an important part of the township's identity; I believe names like "Abington Township, Wayne County, Indiana" make more sense for townships. It also makes for an easy, consistent, predictable naming convention. Omnedon (talk) 20:30, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* No, in varies somewhat by state, but in many states township governments operate independent of the county government. In Pennsylvania, townships are a class of municipality and township officials are elected independent of county offices just like in any other municipality. The situation is similar in Michigan, and I believe also in New York and New Jersey. What makes townships interesting is that they were (and still are in a sense) geographical subdivisions of a county. However, that geographic relationship does not mean there is a governmental or administrative relation between the township and county. But it is complicated. In a very general sense, county governments are responsible for providing services to residents that are not otherwise served by municipalities. So while it is possible for a township to assume some municipal responsibilities under home rule (or in PA with the distinction between first and second class townships), other townships might rely on the county to provide services. What you say about villages is also not entirely accurate. In some states, such as Michigan, and I believe New York, villages are to a degree subordinate to the township(s) in which they are located. It might be that they assume greater responsibility for municipal services -- or it may be that they rely on the township to provide certain services. However, in a broader sense, some townships are well known independent of the county in which they are located. For example Canton, Michigan, West Bloomfield, Michigan, Charter Township of Clinton, Michigan, Macomb, Michigan, Redford, Michigan, Waterford, Michigan are all among the most populous places in Michigan and are not necessarily any more clearly identified by having the county as part of their name. I'm sure there are similar such townships in other states. In states such as Indiana, where township government has minimal functions (and in fact township boundaries overlay cities in Indiana), it might make sense to always include the county name. But in states where townships are nearly equal with other types of municipalities, it makes less sense to do so as the townships have clearly established identities apart from the counties in which they are located. older ≠ wiser 21:19, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* I see no reason to make title decisions for township articles any differently than we do for any other articles... choose the title that best meets the principal naming criteria. Normally the best choice (natural, recognizable, concise, precise - but not overly precise) is to use the concise name of the topic (in this case, the name of the township) as the title, unless more precision is necessary for disambiguation. When disambiguation is needed, I would think adding ", state", is best for consistency, and inserting county only in those rare cases where there is more than one township by the same name in the same state. As to the concern about demonstrating the association between the township and the county - that's trying to do something with titles that they are not supposed to do... leave that function to the article lead. --Born2cycle (talk) 21:57, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
I agree that choice number 3 is best, as it provides consistency across the names of similar topics. Will Beback talk 22:33, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* But there isn't consistency across states. There are 17 states that use the term "township" as an administrative unit. Of those, 13 (OH, IL, PA, MN, IA, SD, AR, IN, KS, MO, NE, NC, ND) include the county name in the WP article title, but 4 (NH, NJ, UT, MI) do not. There are 7 states that use the term "town". Of those, one (WI) includes the county in the article title, while the other 6 (NY, VT, CT, RI, ME, MA) do not. Delaware uses the term "hundred" for the same concept, and does not include the county name in the article title. So we don't have consistency as it stands. And if nothing else, the current system in place for states like Pennsylvania leads to odd results, with townships found at "X Township, X County, Pennsylvania", but unincorporated communities within those townships going straight to "X, Pennsylvania". For example, Roslyn, Pennsylvania is an unincorporated community located within Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. That seems odd to me. Where I differ with B2C (at least for now) is that I would mirror the existing convention for cities, and pre-disambiguate all townships with ", State", while dropping the county unless needed. Dohn joe (talk) 22:41, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
I think that choice number three is the best. Not only is it the most used naming convention, it is the most precise. I know where a township is in the state when the name of the county is included in the name of the article. There are far more townships with the same name than boroughs, towns, villages, cities, etc. in a state. This is due to the post office changing names to avoid confusion. See Bloomfield, Pennsylvania and Goldsboro, Pennsylvania. I agree with other users that the name of the county is rarely included in discussions about the township, but this format is written and not spoken and lacks localized context. If I am speaking to someone in Lycoming County and I mention Washington Township they can be pretty sure I am talking about the township on the southern side of the county. If I am in another county with a Washington Township I am most likely talking about a completey other place. Gerry D (talk) 23:17, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* What about my observation that unincorporated places within townships get less identifying information in the title than the townships themselves? Would you prefer Roslyn, Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania as being more precise? (That's an honest question, not meant to be snarky.) If not, why not? Dohn joe (talk) 23:27, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* Is there just one Roslyn, Pennsylvania? Probably. I will find out when I click the blue link. I understand your question. There is such a vast difference in Pennsylvania between the boroughs and the townships. Boroughs are generally much smaller. Townships can be vast and are full of unincorporated villages, communities, and crossroads. Neighborhoods like Allentown (Pittsburgh) and Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh) include the city name to avoid confusion with the city Allentown, Pennsylvania and the teeny tiny borough Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania. I the long run I can live with the article being named either way. I simply prefer X Township, Y County, State. Gerry D (talk) 23:54, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* @Gerry D and Will Beback -- this runs completely contrary to the established convention for U.S. places -- especially for places that are have well-known and established identities independent of the county in which they are located. older ≠ wiser 23:30, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* It was my experience, growing up in Pennsylvania, that very few people referred to the townships by their names. For example, Waterville, Pennsylvania is the primary community in Cummings Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Most residents of the area refer to Waterville, or the Pine Creek area, but few say Cummings Township except when dealing with the township government which itself is very small. As I stated above, I can live with the townships names being named in either way, I prefer things the way they are. Gerry D (talk) 23:58, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* I understand. In Michigan, for townships with a population in the hundreds, the township is a largely unknown entity and few people ever have any reason to refer to the township in any context. But there are also many very populous townships that have a strongly established identity apart from the county. People are much more likely to refer to Canton, or Redford, or West Bloomfield than those names with "Township". And Dohn joe raises excellent point about unincorporated communities -- if the idea is to provide readers with a cue to the location, then why not also require unincorporated communities also be pre-emptively disambiguated with the county or township and county? older ≠ wiser 00:10, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
It's very rare to refer to the municipalities with the county name; adding them to our titles when it's unnecessary produces titles that violate our basic article naming principles, in particular conciseness, naturalness, and recognizability. It does satisfy the "consistency" principle, but that alone is not enough to override the other concerns. Powers T 00:24, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
* If some states have townships which are not subdivisions of counties, then that would be different. But in many states, townships are subdivisions of counties; and in some states, township names are often re-used many times (such as Center Township, which was used 25 times in Indiana, and Harrison, 24 times, and others like Franklin, Jefferson, Adams, et cetera). Settlements (like cities and towns, whether or not they are unincorporated) don't typically exist below or within the county organizationally, but in many states, townships do -- and in those cases, leaving out the county makes the name too imprecise. I would suggest that for states where townships exist as county subdivisions, the naming convention should be "Township, County, State", the current practice here when it comes to many of those states. In Indiana, for example, township government is tied to the parent county's government. Since the nature of townships is not the same in all states (and of course not all states even have townships), then perhaps each state should be handled according to the circumstances in that state (which seems to be the case now). Omnedon (talk) 02:46, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Of course, when they're reused, we have to disambiguate. But if the name is unique, the state name alone is plenty sufficient for precision, and omitting the county has the advantages of conciseness, naturalness, and recognizability. Powers T 15:24, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Conciseness I grant, but not naturalness. I can't speak for all affected states, but in the region I'm familiar with, the form "X Township, Y state" seems the less natural choice. Also note that minimum sufficient precision is clearly not WP's only standard (which again is why we use "Maricopa County, Arizona" and not just "Maricopa County"). This isn't to say that you have to express every level of a hierarchy in every title, but it does show a recognition that the parent level matters, even where one could argue that it's not strictly necessary for the purposes of disambiguation. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 16:34, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
I favor choice 3.
It sounds like quite a bit of emphasis is being placed on areas where townships operate less as subentities of their counties and more like towns. In those few states where this is so, I'm not strongly opposed to omitting the county name; personally, though, my preference would still be to include the county name in the title for consistency. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 11:39, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* One other point: AFAIK, the demands of minimal disambiguation do not trump consistent naming conventions. After all, there's only one Maricopa County in the entire U.S., so should its article just be entitled "Maricopa County"? No, we use the title "Maricopa County, Arizona", despite the fact that the name is unique, because the county is a subdivision of the state and it's not common to refer to it without the association to its parent. The same is true in most cases for townships. One never hears "Madison Township, Indiana" -- it's always "Madison Township, Carroll County" (or one of the 13 other Indiana counties with a Madison township). Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 11:53, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* It's a little disingenuous to use as an example a township that has to be disambiguated anyway, don't you think? Powers T 15:24, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Not at all: the fact that many townships have to be disambiguated anyway is exactly my point (or rather one of them), which is what the example demonstrates. If township names are unique within their counties but not necessarily unique within their states, then that's relevant to the consideration of an appropriate naming convention. However, I'm equally happy to pick a unique and unambiguous name as an example: Neponset Township, Bureau County, Illinois. To refer to it simply as "Neponset Township, Illinois" (even though that name is unique) begs the question of what county that township is a part of, just as saying "Moultrie County, USA" (also unique) would beg the question of what state that county belongs to. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 16:14, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, but it's not the role of the article title to provide context. None of our naming conventions require that, except where it's useful for disambiguation purposes. We use a "City, State" format because it is the most widespread and universal way of referring to cities in the U.S., not because we want to provide more context than is necessary. I'd like to see some evidence that "Township, County, State" is in any way a common way of referring to townships in the U.S., because I've never heard it. Powers T 17:32, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Why isn't it the role of an article to provide context? I don't understand what you mean. Gerry D (talk) 20:17, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Simply look at WP:Article titles. Nowhere in that document is "provide context to the reader" described as a purpose of the article title. The title need only uniquely identify the subject. We don't use article titles like "Bilbo Baggins, the character from The Hobbit" because "Bilbo Baggins" alone is sufficient to uniquely identify the subject. Powers T 00:32, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* WP uses article titles like that all the time. See Jack Smith (footballer born 1882), Jack Smith (footballer born 1898), and the numerous other Jack Smiths. Where there are many things of a kind (as there are many townships), its appropriate to distinguish among them in the title. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 01:32, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* But I think that is precisely the issue -- all of the Jack Smiths REQUIRE disambiguation. If a person's name is not ambiguous, then no additional information is included in the title. What is being suggested here by some is that unambiguous entities should include additional information in the title beyond any need for disambiguation. older ≠ wiser 01:53, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* But of course many townships do have ambiguous names, which is one of the good reasons that the articles use a consistent, disambiguous naming convention. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 10:11, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* The same argument could be made about many other things such as television episodes; however, such pre-emptive disambiguation was ultimately rejected in an arbcom decision.
* That's specific to an issue with the naming of television episodes. As I've already pointed out, Wikipedia's accepted geographic naming conventions frequently include disambiguation where not strictly necessary (as in the naming of counties, etc.), for the reasons already discussed elsewhere in this thread. If you're challenging this practice as a whole, that's fine, but it probably should be taken up as a separate discussion; otherwise, let's stick to townships. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 13:36, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* As has been explained before, "City, State" (and, accordingly, "County, State") titles are used because that is an extremely common construction and a very common way of referring to cities (and, to a lesser extent, counties). "Township, County, State", on the other hand, is comparatively much less common, and thus is suitable only when disambiguation is needed. Powers T 14:20, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Exactly right, LtPowers. The issue is that township articles that are unnecessarily disambiguated with the county name are a deviation from the guideline. If there is consensus that such a further deviation from the basic guideline is appropriate, the guideline should be updated accordingly. older ≠ wiser 17:23, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* I disagree -- Powers is expressing an opinion that the "Township, County, State" is much less common, but I see no actual indication of that. I don't think I've ever seen a township referred to as "X Township, Y State" (outside of Wikipedia). "Township, County, State" is not a deviation from a guideline, but rather provides the appropriate amount of precision. Omnedon (talk) 19:00, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* No, the current guideline says NOTHING about using Township, County, State -- it says ONLY that U.S. places names use Placename, State -- and when disambiguation is necessary, then the county name (or some other disambiguator) is included. Anything beyond that is undocumented and a deviation from the present guideline. older ≠ wiser 19:11, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
(outdenting...)
Powers: Upon what basis do you say it's less common? In response to your earlier request, I offered examples of county name pairing with township name in references to townships. Further, I (and others) have shown why doing otherwise in those cases would be impractical, in part because of ambiguous or repeated township names.
If you're saying it's less common to refer to townships than to cities or towns, yes, that's certainly true. "City, State" is a well-accepted convention for mailing addresses, and one doesn't normally mail things based on township, so the comparison of frequency of usage isn't a fair one.
On the other hand, if you're saying it's uncommon for people to routinely refer to their local township with the exact form "Washington Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana", that may be so, but what of it? My city newspaper just says "Washington Township" (no county or state) because the assumed context is the county; the state township association says "Washington Township, Tippecanoe County" (no state) because the assumed context is the state. Wikipedia has no equivalent local context -- its conventions must be based on the need to consistently distinguish between all members of an entire set, something that one doesn't often need to do outside of an encyclopedia. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 19:32, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Bkonrad, to be clear, are you referring to the United States section of this project page? That refers to cities, towns and CDPs. In this context, a township (in the states with which I have experience) isn't really a "populated place" in the same sense as a city or a town. Rather, it's an administrative subdivision of a county. Thus, "Township, County, State" does indeed provide the appropriate amount of precision for the title -- not too much, but not too little. "Township, State" provides too little. Omnedon (talk) 19:45, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, that's what I'm referring to. If townships are not populated places, then what are they? If they are not populated places, then nearly ALL township articles are incorrectly categorized into categories for populated places. And even if they are something other than populated places, then the U.S. guideline is silent and the default guideline of ONLY disambiguate when necessary still applies -- there is no other special convention for townships -- I don't see how the unnecessary inclusion of the county name is anything other than disambiguation. older ≠ wiser 20:21, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Bkonrad, this is what the convention states: "The canonical form for cities, towns and census-designated places is Placename, State". It's overreaching to say that that applies to all U.S. place names, since clearly there are things in the U.S. (like townships) that are none of those. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 20:32, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Why? The convention was intended to provide broad coverage for populated places. And what is a township if it is not a populated place? And if you say it is not a populated place, then why are they all categorized as populated places? older ≠ wiser 22:44, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* In the context of states like Indiana, Illinois, and others that use civil townships similarly... Townships are not towns. I didn't make the statement that "townships are not populated places" without a caveat; I said that they are not populated places in the same sense as cities and towns. People do live within townships, but that doesn't mean that a township is a variety of settlement like a town, any more than a county is like a city. A township may contain just one portion of a large city, or it may contain no settlements whatsoever; its functions don't relate to that. A county is an administrative subdivision of a state, and a township is an administrative subdivision of a county; so a township is similar to a county, but at a lower level. Just as we include the state when titling a county article, we should include the state and county when titling a township. This is not an exception or a special case or a deviation or a violation of guidelines. It fits the character of townships, just as "City, State" fits for cities and "County, State" fits for counties. Using "Township, State" is not sufficiently precise, natural, recognizable, or consistent. However, if a "township" in some states is truly a settlement like a city, town, or village, then that's an entirely different case. If it's a settlement and not a county subdivision, then perhaps the county need not be named unless it's necessary for disambiguation. Increasingly, I question if we can reasonably expect the same convention to work in every case, because the meaning and use of the term "township" varies. I certainly don't believe that option 2 can be universally applied, for all the reasons I've already identified; perhaps option 3 is impracticable too. Omnedon (talk) 03:42, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* Where is this notion of "appropriate precision" articulated in a guideline? WP:PRECISION says When additional precision is necessary to distinguish an article title from other uses of the topic name, over-precision should be avoided. Be precise, but only as precise as necessary. What is the topic name that requires additional precision? Properly speaking, the name of a township is simply "Foo Township". If there were no U.S. convention on place names, that would be the title used except where disambiguation is needed. The U.S. convention appends the state name to place names (with a few exceptions). I don't understand what guideline Omnedon and Huwmanbeing think apply to townships. If the U.S. place name convention does not apply, then townships should be named as "Foo Township" and only disambiguated with state and county name when necessary. If the U.S. convention does apply, then the names should be "Foo Township, State" and only disambiguated with the county name when necessary. I don't see how WP:PRECISION can be interpreted to mean that all township articles should be named "Foo Township, Bar County, State". I think that is exactly analogous to the sort of systematic pre-emptive disambiguation that was rejected with the television episode naming decision. older ≠ wiser 11:59, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* Bkonrad: I didn't say that a township is not a populated place; I said that it's not a city, town or CDP, which is simply a quote from the placenames convention. I do agree that its purpose is to provide a broad guideline for the naming of articles about places, and it's not my intention to split hairs. I simply pointed out that it wasn't accurate to appeal to the convention as something that says all places must conform to that standard when that convention explicitly limits itself to town-like things.
* Also, I'm not appealing for hand-and-fast application of an explicit standard because the explicit one most relevant to the situation doesn't address townships; instead, I'm just asserting what I think is the most sensible approach. That being the case, I suppose the guideline I'd cite is WP:Common. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 14:27, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* Omnedon: That is also my understanding of the nature of townships. I'm not familiar with the term township being synonymous with an actual town (in the generic sense), but I can't claim familiarity with every state, so if there are places where that is so then I'm not strongly opposed to handling those in a different way. However, in those cases where a township is more or less to a county what a county is to a state, I strongly support as appropriate the present system of including the county name. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 14:27, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* Seems simple. Either the convention for U.S. placenames does apply to townships or it does not and there is not currently any defined guideline that is applicable other than the general naming convention, in which case the name of a township would be simply "Foo Township" and then only disambiguated as needed. older ≠ wiser 14:36, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* Actually just clarifying a convention for township naming seems better, and is what this thread's about. There's no reason it has to be black and white, nor does our decision need to be dictated solely by asking, "What is the letter of the law?" Instead, what we decide should make sense for the case we're dealing with. Personally, I suspect that most users wouldn't find an article simply entitled "Foo Township" to be sufficiently clear (even if Foo is a unique township name), which is why appealing strictly to demands for minimum disambiguation IMHO isn't suitable. (See again the example of Maricopa County...) Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 15:07, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* But the question is why do we need clarification? While this discussion has made it clear that some townships are actually called 'foo township', it is as clear that this does not apply to every one. Many, if not most, actually use foo. What is even clearer is that with the possible exception of some states, none of these are commonly know by 'foo township, foo2 county'. So the current guideline should apply and no clarification is needed. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:14, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* I question that. In all the states I'm familiar with, townships are commonly called "Foo Township" (not just "Foo") in the same way that counties are called "Baz County" (not just "Baz"). You can see this usage in various places, including Midwestern township associations as previously cited (which also use "Township, County"). I wouldn't claim that this applies universally, but it's certainly wide enough that it can't be written off as a "possible" fringe exception. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 19:12, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* Huwmanbeing, I agree. We do see that "X Township, Y County" is used; but though strong claims are being made that this is extremely uncommon, and that this is somehow very clear, I haven't actually seen anything to support that. "Possible exception" does seem to marginalize the states where townships are county subdivisions and seem to be referred to as such; whereas in fact we're talking about thousands of townships. Omnedon (talk) 19:34, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
[the following comments are in response to a comment much earlier on the page older ≠ wiser 20:29, 8 August 2011 (UTC)]
* Well, apparently this is catching on. I believe I'm now seeing the adding of the town to building articles in the UK and setting the default sort to be the town. On one hand it might help with context, if you know that the place is a city in the UK. I know this does not directly affect this, but knowing where else this type of thing is happening can provide an additional perspective. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:33, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Powers: Not so: I've already shown that related conventions do go beyond what's strictly required for disambiguation, as in the example of county articles. As for evidence of the usage of county along with township, try the Indiana Township Association -- when referring to a specific township (as in newsletters, for example), it's always in the context of a county. This is also true elsewhere, as when specific townships are mentioned by the Ohio Township Association. It could hardly be otherwise given the ambiguous nature of township names. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 20:48, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* I think what Powers is looking for is proof that the precise form of "Township, County, State" is widely used. The reason that other conventions sometimes go beyond what's strictly required for disambiguation is because that's at least how people often refer to them in real life, like with "City, State" or "County, State". The question is whether the same is true for townships, and what the precise form of real-life disambiguation is. Dohn joe (talk) 21:23, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Actually there is a different question and that is the proof that the form used is "townshipname Township, County, State". There is an implied point in the opening example that 'Horton Township' is the common name over 'Horton'. While a discussion has been started on part of the Pennsylvania question, the broader implications need a US scope. If we elect to always use township in the name, then what about hamlet or town or village or city or any of the other types of populated place names? It seems to be illogical to discuss this state by state and for only one type of place. This needs a unified discussion. In most of the states I have been around, township is not used in the common name. The exception is when not using that makes the name ambiguous with a neighboring community. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:45, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* I agree about a unified discussion. But circumstances for whether townships are referred to "NAME township" rather than simply "NAME" will vary considerably. Some variables include whether there is an actual settlement with the name as the township in the area (a common occurrence) or if the reference is to the actual governmental/administrative functions of the township or merely to a general locale. In Michigan the usage is mixed. There are some townships, such as Canton, Michigan or West Bloomfield, Michigan that are commonly known as such without appending "township". Other townships are almost always referred to as a township, such as Emmett Township, Michigan. older ≠ wiser 22:32, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* WP:COMMONNAME resolves those. Adding the state is natural and accepted. Adding the township is not where it is not part of the common name. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:06, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
I would go for no. 3, on pragmatic grounds, for both the USA and China (not that anyone has asked about the latter on this forum). So many townships need to be disambiguated by county anyway, that it's easier to "proactively" disambiguate them all. In my experience, few people in the US seem to be aware what township they are in, until they look at their property tax bill and ask, "Jefferson Township - where's that?" "This is the part of Washington County you're in!". Of course, if there is only one Jefferson Township in the state of X, then "Jefferson Township, X" should be a redirect to "Jefferson Township, Washington County, X". -- Vmenkov (talk) 21:59, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Speaking entirely in the context of states like Indiana (and Illinois, and others that use townships similarly)... Townships are county subdivisions and the parent county is an important aspect of the township's identity. Settlements (cities, towns, villages) are not county subdivisions and can extend across county lines, such as with a large city like Aurora, Illinois or a small town like Otterbein, Indiana. Townships don't and can't -- a township is a subdivision of a county and thus cannot extend into another county. Although townships often provide distinct services to their residents, they may not be as "visible" to people as settlements, as Vmenkov says; but Huwmanbeing has shown evidence of usage. Both the county and state names are important in the township article's name, just as the state name is important in the county article's name or the settlement article's name. Omnedon (talk) 23:44, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Right, but then is a one-size-fits-all approach appropriate? In states where townships have minimal governmental and administrative functions, it might make sense to deem these entities as subdivisions of a county. But in several states, townships have a strong administrative/governmental function independent of the county. They are "in" a county insofar as historically they were created by geographically carving up the counties. But townships can assume functions nearly identical to that of other municipalities in the state. That they are geographic subdivisions of a county is more a historical curiosity than a defining characteristic. There are numerous naming irregularities with regards to townships. For instance, there is McCandless, Pennsylvania which so far as the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is concerned is a township of the first class, even though the township has adopted a home rule charter that styles it's name as the town of McCandless. That's because townships in Pennsylvania are simply one type of municipality with varying ranges of powers, but they are no more a part of a county than other municipalities that are in a county. older ≠ wiser 00:22, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* I support number 2. We are talking about titles of articles about places, not entries in a manual of local government structure in a state, so articles should be named according to the usual Wikipedia rule that names should reflect usage. Although many township names do need to be disambiguated anyway, there are many more than do not, and that are generally known and unambiguously identifiable in forms like "Somedarn Township, New Jersey". The fact that New Jersey also has several townships named "Washington" should not mean that the article about "Somedarn Township" also needs to carry the name of the county. Additionally, I find it rather crazy that some U.S. unincorporated places lacking any legal existence have been given article names lacking any indication of the state, while legal townships would be saddled with county names whether or not they are needed for disambiguation. --Orlady (talk) 12:22, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Number 2 of course; we already have guidelines for this. Please do not make a special case out of townships! Why would we want to do that? Haven't we been through this before? ErikHaugen (talk | contribs) 20:51, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
Alternative proposal
I think we've seen from this discussion that the term "township" in the U.S. covers very different concepts, from administrative subdivisions of counties with little to no independent identity, to full-fledged municipalities. So it seems that a one-size-fits-all approach might not work. Another issue that has come up is the scope of the current convention, which is silent as to counties, and indeed to all places that are not "cities, towns and CDPs". I think there could be a two-part solution to all this: 1) broaden the language dealing with populated places so as to encompass the kinds of townships (and other settlement types) that aren't currently addressed; and 2) add new language that addresses counties and their subdivisions (including the other kinds of townships). Something like the following:
* "The canonical form for municipalities and unincorporated communities in the United States is Placename, State..."
* "Counties and parishes are usually titled in the form X County, State. Administrative subdivisions of counties (such as townships in certain states) are usually titled Subdivision, X County. Those places that require further disambiguation include the state, as in Example Township, X County, State.
I think this helps to clarify what is covered by the convention. It also recognizes the common use of the form X Township, Y County, without mandating full pre-disambiguation, by including the state only when necessary - what do you all think? Dohn joe (talk) 20:07, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* On the one hand, I think having titles as simply "Foo Township, Bar County" is worse than having them at "Foo Township, Bar County, State" -- though personally I think the convention of only disambiguating when necessary should apply instead. But on the other hand, the more substantial question is how to qualify which convention applies in what situation. The problem is that for historical reasons all townships are by definition geographical subdivisions of a county and the proposed range from administrative subdivisions of counties with little to no independent identity, to full-fledged municipalities doesn't provide much in the way of objective criteria. A practical question might help to illustrate this: Under Pennsylvania law, townships are one type of municipality. Some PA townships have very strongly defined identities (some, such as McCandless, Pennsylvania, to the point of re-styling their name to be the Town of McCandless, even though it is still a township of the first class so far as the commonwealth government is concerned). So what should be the outcome of the requested move than triggered this and the preceding sections of discussion? Should Horton Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania be moved to Horton Township, Pennsylvania since townships are a type of municipality in Pennsylvania? Or to Horton Township, Elk County, since it is for all practical purposes a relatively nondescript township with nothing to distinguish itself apart from being a geographic subdivision of Elk County. Or is this something that can only be decided on a case-by-case basis (which I think would be chaos)? older ≠ wiser 21:03, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* I would say that, as a municipality, it should be Horton Township, Pennsylvania, after the fashion of New Jersey townships, which are functionally very similar to Pennsylvania townships. Dohn joe (talk) 21:28, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* BTW, here's an example of that usage in a media report: . Dohn joe (talk) 21:43, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* The problem with the example is that it is a local example. If it was written to a broader audience I would think that it would include the county name as well. For example, United Flight 93 is commonly referred to as having crashed in either Shanksville, Pennsylvania or Somerset County, Pennsylvania when in fact it crashed in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. I still believe that X township, state lacks the specifics needed for a national or global context. --Gerry D (talk) 00:45, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Not a bad point, so I looked up other examples, (of other PA townships) from CNN: ; ; CBS: ; ; and the NY Times: . It seems to be pretty standard for national media to use "X Township, PA". Dohn joe (talk) 01:08, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Good finds. I opposed the Horton Township move because all the other PA townships are the way they are. This isn't that big of a deal to me one way or the other. I don't see us reaching any sort of consenus on this anytime soon. The question is: Who is going to move all of these articles if they do get moved? I know I moved a ton of them the first time. Are the moves, moves that can be made by a bot? What about the redirects? Gerry D (talk) 01:16, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* But the question, once you agree to not include the county, is what is the common name? From this discussion, this may well vary by state. For NJ and NY, it is clearly only used when needed for disambiguation. In NV, as best that we can find from previous discussions is that town and township are used interchangeably, but the legal entity appears to be township and it is not incorporated. So no need for inclusion of township in these cases. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:17, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* I agree with Gerry that "X Township, Y State" lack sufficient context. I also approve of Dohn's idea to refine the placenames convention to address county subdivisions, though I don't favor excluding the state. Where bullet point two addresses subdivision titles, "X Subdivision, Y County" is certainly common, but as a guideline for Wikipedia naming would prefer "X Subdivision, Y County, State".
* Also, I see from a quick Googling of the first few PA counties that the usage of "X Township, Y County, State" is often applied to Pennsylvania townships too, ranging from the U.S. Census to the websites of the individual townships themselves (plus various other sites in between): Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 12:51, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Just as easy to quickly produce a large number of sites that refer to Pennsylvania townships as simply X Township, Pennsylvania (or simply X Township): -- Usage in this case is not a definitive guide either way. I still see no reason to create yet another exception to the same convention as used for most other U.S. placenames. older ≠ wiser 13:40, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Of course both forms are used -- no one is saying otherwise. The examples simply illustrate that "X Township, Y County" or "X Township, Y County, State" are in fact widely used, and that "X Township, State" is not the only (or even necessarily predominant) form. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 14:36, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Right, and in the absence of any predominant usage there really is no compelling reason to introduce tortuous "If ... then ... except ... unless ... " qualifications to the general convention for naming U.S. places. older ≠ wiser 14:40, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Hardly tortuous. It could be as simple as this:
* The canonical form for municipalities is Placename, State.
* The canonical form for counties and parishes is X County, State.
* The canonical form for subdivisions of counties (e.g., townships) is X Subdivision, Y County, State.
* There's only a single qualification I'd anticipate needing based on this discussion, and that'd be for a township that operates as, and is commonly considered, a town (in the generic sense) -- and as I've said before, I'm open to a convention that recognizes regional variation. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 14:28, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
* What is this fascination with providing "context" in article titles? Where did this come from? What policy leads to providing more context than is needed for disambiguation? Powers T 14:21, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* I like Dohn's idea of covering administrative subdivisions (like counties and townships) that are not currently described in the guideline; but like Huwmanbeing, I also feel the state name needs to be included. In some states there are apparently variations in usage and application of terms within the state; but in some other states, every county has townships and they're all set up the same way, so that "Township, County, State" would be consistently appropriate. We may need to examine this state-by-state, looking at every state that uses the term "township", so we will have a full picture of the situation. Omnedon (talk) 14:31, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* Dohn's proposal would be unsuitable for New York towns, as formations like "Irondequoit, Monroe County" are unusual to the extreme -- it sounds weird to local ears. It's totally unacceptable as an article title. Powers T 14:21, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* That's a very interesting counterpoint to the argument to treat counties and administrative subdivisions differently from other populated places. If we're going to use a different naming convention for townships because they are county subdivisions, that logic should also apply to those states where the subdivisions are known as towns instead of townships (I'm aware of New York and Wisconsin, although towns in New England states are a special case). older ≠ wiser 14:48, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* My understanding is that New York towns are municipalities, and so Irondequoit, New York would stay where it is. My proposal means to ignore the terminology given to an entity, and focus on its function. For townships, that means to separate municipalities from non-municipalities. So in a state where townships are municipalities (like in PA, NJ, NY, etc.), the first sentence would apply. For states where townships are not municipalities, but simply divisions of counties (like in IN or OH), the second provision would apply. That should be made clearer, apparently. Dohn joe (talk) 19:05, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* That's a problem for a state like Michigan, in which Townships are technically not classified as a municipality like cities and village, but which can effectively operate with nearly the same powers as a municipality. Some sparsely populated townships remain a little more than administrative stubs and are only required to hold board meetings once every three months. More populous townships often operate similar to a municipality with a part-time elected board and a staff of full-time employees. Others may adopt a home rule charter in which they can assume a whole range of municipal-like powers -- although all townships have restrictions on taxing authority that cities and villages do not have. It is not easy to distinguish between them. older ≠ wiser 20:55, 10 August 2011 (UTC)
* I'm not at all clear on the difference between subdivisions of a county that are and are not "municipalities". Powers T 13:28, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
* Right, which is why I'm more inclined towards uniform application of the general principle to disambiguate only when necessary and not introduce complicated "If ... then ... except ... unless ... " qualifications to the general convention for naming U.S. places. older ≠ wiser 14:34, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
Try, try again
This is such a morass. Given the variations among states (check out this census description - especially starting on page 20), I'm starting to think that specific township language in the convention might not be workable after all. I'd thought that the municipality/non-municipality distinction might makes sense, but it seems perhaps not. There does still seem to be consensus to address more than just the "cities, towns and CDPs" in the current language, but rather than trying to fit a square peg in a round hole, maybe we should focus on the descriptive as opposed to the prescriptive aspect of the guideline. What do people think about this: For the first sentence, I'm hoping that "settlements" is an acceptable umbrella term for populated places that are normally found in the form "X, State". If not, feel free to suggest another term (or terms). As for the second part, it's merely designed to describe the status quo, while allowing for state-by-state discussions if people want to make changes (as with Pennsylvania, for example). Is this any better? Dohn joe (talk) 19:19, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* "Articles on settlements in the United States are typically titled Placename, State..."
* "Articles on counties and parishes are typically titled X County, State. Titles of articles on minor civil divisions of counties vary from state to state. For example, townships in Indiana are generally titled X Township, Y County, Indiana regardless of the need for the county name to disambiguate; townships in New Jersey are generally titled X, New Jersey or X Township, New Jersey according to common usage. Any change in usage should be determined on a statewide basis." (Note: the bolded language was added after several of the below comments were made.)
* Please read Township (New Jersey). They are not minor civil divisions; they are municipalities, like any other NJ municipality; some of them are older than the counties in which they sit. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:57, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* But the problem is, they are both municipalities according to New Jersey, and minor civil divisions according to the Census Bureau. Take a look at this census description. This is part of the problem. We have nomenclature - "town" and "township" in particular - with different definitions in different states. Some use those words to describe municipalities, and some use them to describe administrative subdivisions - and in some states, the line between the two is blurred. The municipality/non-municipality distinction is one I attempted to draw with my previous attempt, but the example of Michigan (which has urban townships, charter townships, and others) was given as a non-municipality township state where "X, State" was nevertheless the convention. There is no consistency, and I see no practical way to impose any at the moment. Dohn joe (talk) 21:10, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* Right. Census terminology and local usage are sometimes inconsistent. In addition to New Jersey townships, New England towns are classified as MCDs by the census but not by the states. And actually, in Michigan the convention is still X Township, State -- where applicable, X, State redirects to the corresponding township. And although the term "urban township" might exist in the state code of law, the term is not commonly used, though Charter Townships are common. older ≠ wiser 21:21, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* While the Census has a long tradition of confusion on this matter, including the census I worked for them, this text is simply vague, not wrong; Dohn joe misreads it. It says some minor civil divisions are towns and townships; that is not the same claim as that all townships are minor civil divisions. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:30, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* I'm not sure that I ever claimed that all townships are minor civil divisions - there may be states that use that name not covered by the census definition. New Jersey townships, however, most definitely are considered minor civil divisions by the census bureau. Look again at the census document. Beginning on page 12 is a list of the 28 states with official minor civil divisions. New Jersey (and its townships) are on that list, are they not? Or for narrative form, see page 21: "The primary MCDs in New York are called towns; in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, they are called townships." Dohn joe (talk) 21:54, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* And on looking again, this is a twenty year old document. Twenty years ago, the Census Bureau did not know its proverbial from its proverbial. I don't care how often they said so. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:01, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* The basic definition doesn't appear to have changed much with the 2010 census. older ≠ wiser 22:17, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* Anywho.... While we wait for PMAnderson to produce evidence that the Census Bureau does not consider NJ townships "minor civil divisions", does anyone else have a reaction to this proposed language? Dohn joe (talk) 22:24, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* It's not bad, but it is not quite right to say that townships in New Jersey are generally titled X, New Jersey. See Category:Townships in New Jersey -- "X Township, New Jersey" appears to be more common than "X, New Jersey" -- I think it is based on common usage, which varies by municipality. older ≠ wiser 22:35, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* Dohn, I think it sounds pretty good. Omnedon (talk) 23:58, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* And conversely, if you research those were there is no other use in the state, they can be renamed at [{WP:RM]] since township is rarely used in conversations. So the category list is just articles that need research to see which should be renamed to drop the township from the article name. Vegaswikian (talk) 23:00, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
* Quite good. I might suggest breaking the settlements and counties pieces into two separate points for clarity. Also, I do like the term "settlement" -- I think it correctly conveys what the first point intends in a simpler fashion. I still lean a little toward keeping the existing terminology ("cities, towns and CDPs") though, merely in order to change the existing guideline as little as possible (and therefor hopefully have a better chance of success). Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 01:06, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
* I strongly oppose letting the confusion and idiocy of past censuses override common usage. Even if we wanted an WP:Official name (and the point of that page is that we don't) the BGN designation of Middletown Township, New Jersey is its formal name: the Township of Middletown. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:24, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
The problem with calling a township a settlement is pretty simple. Most townships are simply too large to be considered a settlement. In fact many townships contain more than one "settlement", see List of villages in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Townships are subdivisions of counties. That is indisputable. I believe that is it is true for all states. Townships in Pennsylvania have far more local significance that townships in North Carolina. You'd be hard pressed to find a resident of a township in NC that is able to name the township or even knows that they live in what is legally a township. I still believe that the township names should include the county name since the townships are part of the county. This of course would not work for boroughs, cities, and towns (not New York towns which are similar to PA townships.) Shippensburg, Pennsylvania is just one example of a borough that crosses county lines. Gerry D (talk) 21:18, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
* I also don't see the need to have a hard and fast rule for all townships in the U.S. since the notability of townships varies greatly throughout the states. Gerry D (talk) 21:55, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
I think we're all about on the same page, actually. @Gerry D - the proposal separates "settlements" from counties and minor civil divisions (which include townships), and recognizes that many states use the county in the title. @PMAnderson - the proposal also recognizes common usage, or at least consensus, while allowing for state-by-state discussions. So the status quo on New Jersey titles remains. I've updated the example to make clear that both "X, New Jersey" and "X Township, New Jersey" are used. Dohn joe (talk) 22:55, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
* I am fine with the proposal. It makes sense to allow for variations between states. Gerry D (talk) 22:54, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* Does this change guidance (aside from the doubtless unintentional implication that we should use Plaquemines County, Louisiana)? If so, how and why? if not, why change the wording to assert doubtful classifications?
* As far as I can tell, townships are not "parts of counties" east of the Ohio line, in any sense other than that in which towns and boroughs are: few states have a municipality divided between two counties. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 22:49, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
* While not the norm, it is not very unusual either: List of U.S. cities in multiple counties. I think the proposal makes explicit what is essentially current practice -- that titles for township articles vary by state. Some states predisambiguate all townships with the county; others do not. A second point is that some states common usage determines whether the article is titled "X Township, State" or simply "X, State". older ≠ wiser 23:10, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
* It changes guidance insofar as it extends the current guideline to include things which are not explicitly "cities, towns, or CDPs". There is currently no guidance for things like villages, hamlets, and town-like townships. Including those types of places was the impetus behind changing the first phrase to say "settlements". There also is currently no guidance for administrative subdivisions like counties and sub-county townships, which is why I proposed the new paragraph for them. Looking at the proposal again, I can see how placing the guidance for minor civil divisions directly after that for counties leads to too strong of an implication that all townships are merely subdivisions of counties. Perhaps, as somewhat of a hybrid classification, it would be better to provide it its own paragraph. I still like using the minor civil division classification, though. Mainly, it allows us to leave problematic terms like "town", "township", and "municipality" out of the guideline, while still reflecting current usage and conventions. Dohn joe (talk) 23:52, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
It's been over a week since the last comment, so I've made the edits to the guideline. Dohn joe (talk) 19:24, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
Prior consensus
When I started the discussion at Talk:Horton Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania, I had already (somehow) forgotten about the recent move discussion at Talk:Bensalem Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania -- else I would have cited it as a precedent. The Bensalem move to remove "Bucks County" was very quietly and uncontroversially approved. User:Nyttend had reverted the consensus move, but I put it back because there was a move discussion whose judgement should be considered consensus until a new one reverses it. Powers T 13:31, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
* Literally thousands of township articles following the Township, County, State standard have been uncontroversially created in many states over the course of years. That seems a stronger precedent than a single move. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 16:31, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* No, it demonstrates that some few people are following a standard they think they see in our articles. They don't. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:40, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
* Do you mean they don't think they see a standard, or they don't follow what they think they see? Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 01:10, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
* It is easy for a pattern-seeking human to see the illusion of a standard which we do not actually follow. For example, the three Middletown Townships in Pennsylvania have counties in them, for disambiguation; it is understandable that someone might conclude that all townships are done this way; but they aren't. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:16, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
* The subject of this section isn't the explicit standard (which doesn't address townships), but prior consensus. My point was that long and widely applied practice constitutes the prior consensus under the doctrine of silence. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 10:26, 14 August 2011 (UTC)
* The doctrine of silence holds only so long as the silence lasts; once the silence is broken (such as by an explicit move request), the explicit consensus must take priority of the implicit "silent" consensus. Powers T 13:29, 18 August 2011 (UTC)
* Certainly consensus can change; however, it's such a move request that prompted the current discussion, which shows varied opinions. Note too that consensus among a limited group of editors on a particular instance cannot override community consensus on a wider scale. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 21:15, 22 August 2011 (UTC)
* Well, I guess we disagree over whether your "silent" consensus constitutes a "wider scale" or not. Powers T 14:05, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
* Thousands of articles in many states over multiple years seems a justifiably wider scale than a single article; however, as you say, we can disagree about that. Huwmanbeing ☀ ★ 14:28, 23 August 2011 (UTC)
Yet another discussion pertaining to naming of Pennsylvania Townships
The move discussion at Talk:Horton Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania was closed with a decision to move the article to Horton Township, Pennsylvania. It was subsequently moved back with the comment moved Horton Township, Pennsylvania to Horton Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania over redirect: to match all other such names in Pennsylvania. Although the forum seems rather obscure, Gerry D has initiated a discussion about a convention for Pennsylvania townships at Category talk:Townships in Pennsylvania by county. I have moved the Horton Township article back pending the outcome of the new discussion. older ≠ wiser 13:24, 30 August 2011 (UTC) | WIKI |
Red Skelton (disambiguation)
Richard "Red" Skelton (1913–1997) was an American comedian.
Red Skelton may also refer to:
* The Red Skelton Program (1941–1953), a U.S. radio program starring the titular comedian
* The Red Skelton Show (1951–1971), a U.S. TV program starring the titular comedian
* Red Skelton Memorial Bridge, Vincennes, Indiana, USA; over the Wabash River | WIKI |
Three-dimensional features in burning plasmas
Valeria Ricci, Basu, Ricci, Gatto, Gatto, Spigler, Coppi, Gatto
Risultato della ricerca: Conference contribution
Abstract
A next major step in the research toward magnetic fusion energy production is to carry out experimental campaigns exploring regimes with relevant amount of fusion power. So far, the theoretical knowledge of the path toward a fusion burning plasma has been acquired mainly by performing numerical studies in 0 or 1-1.5 dimensions. Due to the marked anisotropy of magnetically confined plasmas, however, three-dimensional effects might play a role. In particular, the drastic change in magnetic topology associated with reconnecting modes on selected rational magnetic surfaces [1] may decrease the thermal electron conductivity parallel to the magnetic field lines, with a consequent impact on the electron heating due to fusion products. We describe this new scenario, and present analytical and numerical calculations aimed at verifying the impact of reconnection on fusion heating
Lingua originaleEnglish
Titolo della pubblicazione ospite46th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics
Pagine75-89
Numero di pagine15
Stato di pubblicazionePublished - 2019
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Fingerprint Entra nei temi di ricerca di 'Three-dimensional features in burning plasmas'. Insieme formano una fingerprint unica.
Cita questo | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Two workers in refinery
As much as six years can elapse from completing the configuration study to the unit starting up and much can change in that time. Market conditions may have shifted or there may have been changes in emissions legislation or product-quality specifications. For example, if the market demand for middle distillates has outstripped the initial forecasts, the owner may be keen to increase capacity or, if some product streams are achieving an unanticipated margin, modify for a different product slate.
Shell Global Solutions has worked with several refiners, including, for example, Valero and Marathon, to revamp their newly started up hydrocrackers. These projects made relatively small adjustments but their impacts were substantial: they ensured that the new assets continue to be relevant to the prevailing market conditions and provide substantial bottom line benefits.
Technology focus
Revamping an existing hydrocracker or hydrotreater is substantially more complex than building a new one and is a highly specialised area that calls for advanced process engineering skills and wide-ranging operating experience. A selection of the actions taken during a revamp is shown below. New technologies may be installed, including:
• state-of-the-art reactor internals that can enable a greater catalyst volume to be loaded into the reactor; n latest-generation catalysts to help improve product yields and cycle lengths;
• high-capacity distillation trays to help improve throughput cost-effectively;
• additional rotating equipment, such as turbines, pumps and compressors, to support the increased capacity; and/or n higher-capacity relief valves to help remove hydraulic constraints. A revamp may require operational changes, for example: n realigning the process configuration to modify the conversion; n optimising the feedstock selection and preparation; and/or
• running the unit to the limit of its design constraints to achieve capacity creep.
Studies and reviews often are required, including:
• dynamic simulations for reactor thermal stability checks during normal and upset conditions; and/or
• material reviews of corrosion rates in, for example, wash-water loops and fired equipment.
Existing equipment is not replaced unless there is a strong economic case, so recycle gas compressors and recycle gas turbines, for example, are rarely replaced. Moreover, care is taken to avoid the additional duty triggering the need for more steam-raising capacity. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Important update: Healthcare facilities
CDC has updated select ways to operate healthcare systems effectively in response to COVID-19 vaccination. Learn more
UPDATE
Given new evidence on the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, CDC has updated the guidance for fully vaccinated people. CDC recommends universal indoor masking for all teachers, staff, students, and visitors to K-12 schools, regardless of vaccination status. Children should return to full-time in-person learning in the fall with layered prevention strategies in place.
UPDATE
The White House announced that vaccines will be required for international travelers coming into the United States, with an effective date of November 8, 2021. For purposes of entry into the United States, vaccines accepted will include FDA approved or authorized and WHO Emergency Use Listing vaccines. More information is available here.
About COVID-19 Epidemiology
About COVID-19 Epidemiology
Investigating COVID-19: The Science Behind CDC’s Response
Updated Dec. 13, 2022
When a new virus that causes disease in humans is discovered, scientists called epidemiologists work with other scientists to find who has it, why they have it, what health problems it causes, and what CDC can do about it. From the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, scientists at CDC and around the world have been working to identify the source of the outbreak, monitor and track the disease, study the disease, and develop guidance for actions.
Identify the source of the outbreak
Epidemiologists conducted surveys in the community and health facilities where the disease first appeared. They collected specimens using nose and throat swabs for laboratory analyses. These field studies took place in a community where many people live close together. The results showed who was infected, when they became sick, and whether they had traveled just before they got sick.
Monitor and track the disease
Using public heath surveillance systems, CDC keeps track of the number of COVID-19 cases over time and collects information on patient characteristics and risk factors. The types of data collected include case reports, hospital records, and death certificates, which have information like age, race/ethnicity, sex, symptoms, and health outcomes. With these data, CDC uses genomic surveillance to track the spread of variants, and monitor changes to the genetic code of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact on public health.
Study the disease
CDC scientists also use information from different kinds of studies to find out more about the disease and how it can be prevented. This includes how long someone with COVID-19 is contagious, risk factors for severe illness, the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, and longer-term health outcomes.
Develop guidance for actions to slow the spread of the disease and lessen its impact
Surveillance informs health guidance and improves public health response. CDC publishes resources to help people in different risk groups (like healthcare workers or older adults) stay safe in different community and institutional settings. This guidance is updated as new information become available.
Resources | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
U.S. flag An official website of the United States government
1. Home
2. Radiation-Emitting Products
3. Radiation-Emitting Products and Procedures
4. Medical Imaging
5. Medical X-ray Imaging
6. CDRH Organ Dose Handbooks
1. Medical Imaging
CDRH Organ Dose Handbooks
CDRH organ dose handbooks contain reference values of radiation doses absorbed in tissues of patients undergoing representative diagnostic radiological examinations and interventional procedures. Tabulated dose values are normalized to the skin-entrance x-ray exposure (free-in-air), and they are generally derived from computer simulations of radiation transport in mathematical, anthropomorphic phantoms corresponding to average-size patients. Estimations of absorbed doses can be used to foster risk communication between medical physicists, radiologic technologists, radiologists, and patients. When tracked over time in a quality-assurance program, patient dose values are effective indicators of consistency, variability, or anomaly in the safety of radiation associated with clinical practice.
For additional information, please contact Stanley H. Stern, Ph.D., Health Physicist, Radiation Programs Branch, Division of Mammography Quality and Radiation Programs, Office of Health and Industry Programs, CDRH, via telephone, 240-276-3319, or e-mail, stanley.stern@fda.hhs.gov
Some of these documents are in Portable Document Format (PDF) Information on how to obtain the PDF document reader is available.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Treatment Options for Bladder Cancer
by Team Onco
708 views
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ located in the lower part of abdomen below the belly button. It collects urine from kidneys and holds it temporarily before passing it out. When cells in the bladder divide and grow uncontrollably, it results in bladder cancer.
The bladder wall has several layers, and in 95% cases, the bladder cancer begins in the urothelial cells (tall, thin cells) that form the inner lining of the bladder. This type of cancer is known as the transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
When cancer grows into or through other layers of the bladder wall the condition gets worse, which over time may reach the distant parts of the body.
Prevalence of bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in males and 17th most common in females. According to the Globocan 2018 database, about 18, 926 new bladder cancer cases and 10, 231 deaths were reported in India.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer
The most common signs and symptoms of bladder cancer are:
• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Dysuria (pain or discomfort while urinating)
• Increased urinary frequency
• Pelvic pain
Risk Factors of bladder cancer
The exact cause of bladder cancer is unknown, but the following factors may increase the risk of bladder cancer:
Modifiable risk factors
1. Smoking-
Smokers are three times more likely to get bladder cancer than non-smokers.
2. Occupational exposure to carcinogens-
Metal factory workers, painters, rubber industry workers, leather workers, textile and electrical workers, miners, cement workers, transport operators, excavating-machine operators, and in jobs that involve manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics, and industrial chemicals get exposed to various chemicals, which may harm the bladder lining and increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Bladder cancer also has been associated with exposure to paint components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and diesel exhausts.
Several research studies have investigated the relationship between occupational exposure to hair dye use and the risk of bladder cancer. This increase in risk does not appear to extend to personal users of such hair dyes.
3. Medications
The exact mechanism of how certain medications lead to bladder cancer is unknown. But, studies indicate that the usage of anti-diabetic medications (pioglitazone) and cancer therapies (cyclophosphamide and radiation therapy) may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
4. Arsenic in drinking water
According to some research studies, the presence of 10 μg/L arsenic in drinking water doubles the risk of bladder cancer.
Non-modifiable risk factors
1. Gender
Men are at higher risk of bladder cancer compared to women.
2. Age
Though bladder cancer can happen at any age, it usually affects older people. With advancing age, the risk of developing bladder cancer increases and may result in the worsening of the patient’s clinical presentation and outcomes.
3. Family history
Although rare, individuals who have a family history of bladder cancer may share the same genes, which may increase their risk of developing bladder cancer.
4. Chronic bladder infection or irritation
Chronic or frequent bladder infection or any other reason that causes bladder irritation for long duration may increase the chance of bladder cancer. However, the exact mechanism is not clear.
5. Personal history of cancer
People who have a history of cancer in any part of the urinary tract are at higher risk of developing bladder cancer. Additionally, undergoing treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy for these cancers may irritate the bladder and contribute to bladder cancer.
Symptoms of bladder cancer
Blood in urine is the commonest symptom of bladder cancer. It can vary based on location of tumour within the bladder and can also produce symptoms like pain in lower abdomen, difficulty in passing urine etc.
Diagnosis of bladder cancer
Initially, the signs and symptoms, patient’s medical history, and family history are reviewed. A urinalysis may help to check if there are any traces of blood. Additionally, urine cytology is done to check for any abnormal cells that may shed from the bladder lining.
bladder cancer
The following are some tests and procedure done to detect the stage and any abnormalities in the surrounding organs:
• Cystoscopy: In this procedure, a small cytoscope (a thin flexible tube with a video camera at an end) is inserted through the urethra. The camera would then transmit the real-time images of the bladder lining on the monitor.
• Biopsy: It is done when the person is undergoing cystoscopy. The procedure involves inserting special tools through the cystoscope to collect the sample of tumour tissue.
• Imaging tests: Tests such as computerized tomography (CT) scan, pyelogram, ultrasound, and an MRI are done to examine the structures of your urinary tract.
Stages of bladder cancer
The cancer staging is done by the TNM staging system. It provides detailed information about:
• Tumour (T): Whether the primary tumour has grown through the bladder wall
• Node (N): Whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes surrounding the bladder
• Metastasis (M): Whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
Bladder cancer has the following stages:
• Stage 0a/0is: Cancer cells are located on the surface of the inner lining of the bladder.
• Stage I: Cancer has spread to the connective tissue beneath the inner lining of the bladder, but not reached the muscle layer.
• Stage II: Cancer has spread to the muscular wall of the bladder, but hasn’t reached the fatty tissue surrounding the bladder, lymph nodes, and other organs.
• Stage III: Cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the bladder and has spread into the prostate, seminal vesicles, uterus, or vagina and/or cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
• Stage IV: Cancer has spread from the bladder to the pelvic wall or abdominal wall or might have spread to distant parts of the body like bone, lung, or liver.
Treatment for bladder cancer
Once bladder cancer is diagnosed, your treatment team will discuss the treatment options, its benefits, possible risks and side-effects. The treatment for bladder cancer is based on the stage of cancer during the time of diagnosis. Treatment modalities for bladder cancer include:
1. Bladder cancer surgery
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation therapy
4. Immunotherapy
Bladder Cancer Surgery
Depending upon the stage of cancer and performance status, the surgeon may recommend any of the following types of surgery:
1. Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)
This procedure involves removal of bladder cancer confined to the inner layers of the bladder. A type of thin, rigid cystoscope called a resectoscope is put into your bladder through your urethra. The resectoscope has a wire loop at the end that is used to remove any abnormal tissues or tumors. Early-stage cancers can be removed using this approach.
2. Cystectomy
This procedure involves removal of all or a part of the bladder. It is of two types: Radical and partial.
• Partial cystectomy is performed when the tumour is limited to one area of the bladder and can be easily removed. This procedure involves the removal of only the portion of the bladder that contains the tumour.
• Radical cystectomy involves removal of the entire bladder, part of the reproductive organs (uterus or prostate) and surrounding lymph nodes. It is recommended when the tumour invades and spreads to larger parts of the bladder. Additionally, the prostate and seminal vesicles are removed in men, and in women the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, cervix, and a part of vagina are removed.
3. Urinary diversion
It is a surgical procedure, in which the surgeon creates a new way to reroute the normal urine flow after the removal of the bladder.
Chemotherapy
It is a treatment option that uses specific drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. These drugs interfere with the process of cell division and promote cancer cell death.
Chemotherapy is recommended either before the surgery to shrink a tumour (neoadjuvant therapy) or after the surgery or radiation therapy, to kill remaining cancer cells (adjuvant therapy) or along with radiation therapy, to help the radiation work better or as a main treatment modality when cancer has spread to distant organs.
chemotherapy
If chemotherapy is combined with radiation therapy then the following drugs are used:
• Cisplatin
• Cisplatin plus fluorouracil (5-FU)
• Mitomycin with 5-FU
If given alone, then the common drugs include:
• Gemcitabine and Cisplatin
• Dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cisplatin (DDMVAC)
Chemotherapy is given in several cycles, which involves a period of treatment followed by rest to allow the body to recover from its side effects.
Chemotherapy for bladder cancer can be given in 2 different ways:
a) Intravesical chemotherapy: For this treatment, the chemo drug is put right into the bladder. This type of chemo is used for the bladder cancer present only in the lining of the bladder.
b) Intravenous chemotherapy: For this treatment, the chemo is administered through a vein in the arm.
Though chemotherapy effectively destroys the cancer cells, they also attack the healthy cells, thereby causing some side effects. The side-effects depend on the drug used, its dose and duration. Some of the common side-effects of chemotherapy include the following:
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Hair loss
• Mouth sores
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Fatigue
Most side effects go away shortly after chemotherapy, while some may persist for a longer period.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy involves delivering high-energy beams to destroy the cancer cells. In bladder cancer, radiation therapy is usually given:
• In patients who are medically unfit for surgery or who have a strong desire to preserve the native bladder
• As part of treatment for advanced bladder cancer.
• To manage symptoms caused by advanced bladder cancer.
Radiation therapy is mostly combined with chemotherapy for effective results. This is known as chemoradiation.
Radiation therapy may cause the following side effects:
• Skin changes in the site receiving radiation therapy
• Fatigue
. Bladder symptoms, like burning or pain when urinating, feeling the need to go often, or blood in urine
• Diarrhoea
• Nausea and vomiting
Immunotherapy
It involves the usage of certain medicines to boost a person’s immune system to find and destroy the cancer cells. The following are the common types of immunotherapy used in treating bladder cancer:
Intravesical BCG: In this type of immunotherapy, a live attenuated strain of BCG is inserted directly inside the bladder as a liquid. This drug activates cells of the immune system in the bladder and attacks bladder cancer cells.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Immune checkpoints are the part of the immune system that need to be activated to initiate an immune response. In some cases, the cancer cells use these checkpoints to avoid getting attacked. Checkpoint inhibitors are the drugs that release a natural brake on the immune system so that the immune system recognises and attacks the cancer cells. These drugs are used to treat bladder cancers that have spread to other parts of the body. Examples include Atezolizumab and Nivolumab.
Outlook
Cancer treatment is geared toward positive outcomes. However, these treatments have their own challenges. Hence, it is important to understand the possible side effects to cope-up with them. Following a healthy and well-balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise and staying positive during the treatment would help in better outcomes.
If you would like to know more about the treatment of bladder cancer, consult an oncologist through our website.
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Here are frequently asked questions answered on coronavirus and its impact on cancer patients हिन्दी | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:Huge message boxes
Numbering rules?
Hi! I was wondering if it'd be funnier if right after saying (in no particular order) the bullet points were numbered. Thoughts? — Ixtal ⁂ (talk) 16:12, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
This is actually a real problem
The page is humour, but it is addressing what is actually a real problem. Do readers really want to read all the maintenance templates? In general, no, they do not. They just scroll straight past them – basically, they are just an annoyance. They are of interest to editors, but not the general reader. We should find somewhere less obtrusive to put them other than screaming banner headings. SpinningSpark 09:09, 25 April 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farey search
The result was Delete. Eluchil404 (talk) 10:54, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
Farey search
* ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)
Unencyclopedically written article consisting primarily of long pieces of computer implementation, describing a non-notable search algorithm whose title gets no hits in Google scholar. The article was previously prodded, but the prod was removed by an anonymous IP user. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:26, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
* Delete. Seems to be original research Equendil Talk 20:59, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
* Delete as unreferenced original research. Google scholar returns no hits and I'd certainly expect some if this algorithm was in any way notable. Dpmuk (talk) 23:56, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
* Delete. A perfect example of OR. Nuttah (talk) 07:52, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
* Delete NN. We66er (talk) 19:40, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Talk:Cut My Lip
Page Creation
Due to a version of the song being released as a single, I believe a page should be created. I have started (but not finished) creating one.
"Cut My Lip" is a song written and recorded by the American musical duo Twenty One Pilots. It is the tenth track from their fifth studio album, Trench. Tyler Joseph, the front man of the band, wrote and produced the song with Paul Meany. It is an alternative pop track which discusses determination.
In addition, a live version of the song was performed as a part of Twenty One Pilots' Location Sessions.
TyEvSkyo (talk) 00:21, 14 July 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
U.S. House panel seeks grand jury evidence to assess Trump impeachment
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The Democratic-led U.S. House Judiciary Committee asked a federal court on Friday for access to grand jury evidence from the Mueller probe that lawmakers say they need to determine whether to begin impeachment proceedings against President Donald Trump. Democratic lawyers from the House of Representatives filed a 53-page petition in U.S. District Court seeking permission to review evidence involving interactions between Trump campaign officials and Russian agents, and Trump’s alleged efforts to direct former White House Counsel Don McGahn to remove Special Counsel Robert Mueller. The action moved the House one step closer to impeachment, a politically contentious issue that has divided Democrats as Congress prepares to pivot to the 2020 election season. “We have just given notice that we are actively considering articles of impeachment ... that is as serious a step as we should take at this time,” an attorney for the committee told reporters during a background briefing held after the filing. A separate committee lawsuit expected early next week to compel McGahn to testify before the panel will also cite the need to decide on impeachment, though McGahn could avoid court action by agreeing to appear as a result of negotiations, aides said. The grand jury evidence, which is protected from outside scrutiny by federal law, was compiled by Mueller’s 22-month probe of Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential election and Trump’s efforts to impede the investigation. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler told a news conference that since Justice Department policy prohibits prosecution of a sitting president, the House of Representatives is the only institution of government capable of holding Trump accountable for actions outlined in the Mueller report. “The House must have access to all the relevant facts and consider whether to exercise its full ... powers, including a constitutional power of the utmost gravity: recommendation of articles of impeachment,” Nadler said, reading from the court petition. Committee aides pushed back on assertions that Congress needs a formal impeachment inquiry to justify accessing grand jury evidence, saying lawmakers have been considering articles of impeachment since February, when the House referred an impeachment resolution to the committee. To bolster the argument, Democratic lawmakers at Nadler’s news conference described their ongoing obstruction of justice probe against Trump as an “impeachment investigation.” But the top Republican on the Judiciary Committee, Representative Doug Collins, criticized Nadler’s move. “Judiciary Democrats are suing for grand jury material to which they have no right,” he said in a statement. “Chairman Nadler’s legal action here is sure to fail, weakening Congress’s ability to conduct oversight now and into the future.” Nadler described legal action, including the pending McGahn lawsuit, as a potential watershed that could dismantle recent White House stonewalling tactics that direct current and former Trump aides to defy subpoenas and refrain from testifying. Mueller testified on Wednesday in back-to-back hearings that Democrats hoped would focus public attention on Trump’s alleged misconduct. But his halting and reticent performance changed few opinions, leaving Democrats to seek court action that could take months to bear fruit. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, who opposes impeachment for now as a politically risky move, told reporters she favored litigation to obtain “the best, strongest possible case” against Trump. But with the 2020 election campaign season fast approaching, she also made it clear that the impeachment issue would not be allowed to linger. “The decision will be made in a timely fashion. This isn’t endless,” Pelosi, while denying suggestions that she was trying to “run out the clock” on impeachment. Mueller found insufficient evidence to allege that the Trump campaign conspired with Moscow in its effort to help Trump get elected in 2016, although campaign officials met with Russians. He also reached no conclusions on whether Trump tried to obstruct Mueller’s inquiry. But Democrats say testimony from McGahn could give them the evidence they need for an impeachment inquiry. A star witness in the 448-page Mueller report released in April, McGahn told Mueller that Trump directed him to seek the special counsel’s removal and then to deny that he had been instructed to do so. McGahn declined to testify earlier this year. Reporting by Makini Brice and David Morgan; writing by David Alexander; editing by Jonathan Oatis and Cynthia Osterman | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The Old Countess (1927).pdf/113
HEN she left the Manoir a little later, having promised the old lady that she would soon come again, Jill took the rocky hillside path and descended to the highroad. Standing there to lean on the wall and look down at the view, she felt that even without the promise of a new friendship one could hardly repine at a way of life that kept one in such places.
As she leaned there, her hand idly playing with the lichen-stained stones that crumbled on the parapet, Jill felt herself lifted and enfranchised by a sense of mysterious significance that came to her as much from the splendid scene before her as from the story of love and suffering she had just listened to. Life was like that, she mused, half consciously, while her gaze followed the grave, deliberate curve of the great river; it might break one's heart; but it was beautiful.
Her eyes, returning from the blue immensities of the horizon, rested on the island, and after that sweep round the universe it had a nested loveliness. It was a place for tranquil thought and compassed pacing, and Jill passed on through the gap in the parapet and down the rocky ledges of the little path till the bridge was reached and she found herself once more on the rich meadow-lands. She would explore the meadow | WIKI |
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East Mediterr Health J ; 27(8): 782-789, 2021 Aug 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34486714
RESUMO
Background: Social media are increasingly being used by young adults worldwide. The question is whether they can be successfully incorporated into health programmes to promote physical activity. Aims: To measure the effect of a WhatsApp-based intervention for promoting physical activity among female college students in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This randomized controlled trial from November 2019 to January 2020 included 110 students. The intervention group received a brief orientation on exercise and up to 4 physical activity promotion messages per week via WhatsApp for 10 weeks. The messages were obtained from the websites of the US Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization (WHO). Physical activity was assessed at baseline and at 10-weeks' follow-up using the WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: The 2 groups were similar in sociodemographic and baseline physical activity levels. Postintervention data analysis revealed significant improvement in the proportion of participants with moderate-intensity physical activity in the work and recreation domains. Compared with the control group, mean metabolic equivalents/week of the intervention group improved significantly. The mean difference in total physical activity before and after intervention was significant in all domains and in all categories of activity. The proportion of participants who met the WHO criteria for minimum physical activity per week increased from 69.8% to 90.5% after intervention. Conclusion: Social-network-based interventions improve physical activity and may be incorporated into youth-targeted health programmes.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Mídias Sociais , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Arábia Saudita , Estudantes , Adulto Jovem
2.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 9(8)2021 Aug 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34452020
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of data on Saudi domestic air travellers' understanding regarding COVID-19 and their attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccination. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess Saudi domestic air travellers' understanding regarding COVID-19 and attitude towards mandating the COVID-19 vaccination for travellers. METHODS: A survey using a self-administered, structured, and closed-ended questionnaire was conducted among domestic air travellers in Saudi Arabia. Participants' socio-demographic information, travel history, health status, and attitudes and willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccination were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Of the 2236 respondents who participated in the survey, 542 (24.25%) had a history of COVID-19, 803 (35.9%) were exposed to a COVID-19 case, 1425 (63.7%) were concerned about catching COVID-19 during air travel, 796 (35.6%) thought the COVID-19 vaccination should be obligatory for travellers, 1105 (49.4%) thought it should be optional, and 335 (15.0%) thought the vaccination was unnecessary. Being of the male gender (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.14-1.69), being concerned about contracting COVID-19 (aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.12-2.10) and frequent travelling (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-3.40) were predictors of vaccination uptake. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that although domestic Saudi travellers were concerned about COVID-19 infection, vaccine hesitancy was prevalent among them.
3.
Diabetes Metab Syndr ; 15(2): 565-568, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33689938
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Khat is known to have a stimulating effect on the sympathetic nervous system by producing a temporary sensation of activeness and happiness, along with mood disturbance and anxiety. Despite growing evidence of the association between khat chewing and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes, the position of khat chewing in DM is not fully recognised. AIM: To evaluate the association of khat chewing with the risk of elevated blood glucose levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHOD: A web-based literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Databases were searched for studies published about khat chewing and diabetes mellitus in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. RESULT: Twenty-five published articles studying the relation between khat chewing and diabetes mellitus were identified, but only 10 studies reported an association between khat chewing and blood glucose levels and were included. CONCLUSION: Khat chewing increases fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels in patients with diabetes in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
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Avi Load Balancer integrates with Amazon Web Services (AWS) for providing IPAM services to applications running on instances in AWS.
If the Avi Load Balancer cloud type is AWS, there is support for IPAM by default, without the need for a separate IPAM configuration. A separate IPAM configuration (as described below) is required only for cases where AWS provides the infrastructure service for other clouds. For instance, Mesos Cluster running on AWS instances.
AWS IPAM is supported only for North-South IPAM Provider.
Configuring IPAM
1. To use AWS as the IPAM provider, one of the following types of credentials is required:
2. Identity and Access Management (IAM) roles: Set of policies that define access to resources within AWS. If using the IAM role method to define access for an Avi Load Balancer installation in AWS, Select AWS IPAM as type and Use IAM Roles to set up the IAM roles before beginning deployment of the Controller EC2 instance.
3. AWS Customer Account Key: Unique authentication key associated with the AWS account. If Using Access Key, select AWS and select Use Access Keys, and enter the following information:
1. Access Key ID: AWS customer key ID.
2. Secret Access Key: customer key.
3. Select the AWS region into which the VIPs will be deployed.
4. Select Access AWS through Proxy if access to AWS endpoints requires a proxy server.
5. Select Use Cross-Account AssumeRole if the AWS credentials or role is being leveraged to access across accounts. For more information, see AWS User Cross-Account AssumeRole section in VMware Avi Load BalancerAdministration guide.
6. Click Next.
4. A drop-down menu of available VPCs in that region is displayed.
1. Select the appropriate VPC.
2. A drop-down menu of availability zones (AZ) in that region and a corresponding list of networks in each AZ are displayed. For multi-AZ virtual service applications, configure at least one network from each AZ for IPAM.
3. Click Save. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Portal:Mesoamerica/Did you know/body/50
* ...that from around 900 to 1500 the Mixtec people wrote using pictorial representations and symbols? | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2023-08-15/Traffic report
* "a nation that only creates runners" - see List_of_international_cricketers_from_Jamaica. --Dweller (talk) Old fashioned is the new thing! 09:38, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
* Forgive me for not thinking of that. Past reports show I come from a place that hardly knows about cricket. (for the sake of a joke, I almost wrote "runners and bobsled teams") igordebraga ≠ 03:58, 27 August 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Mr. LookitAll
Little Summary
Hi! I'm Mr. LookitAll or Miguel, and I am a Wikipedia user. I just look on the wiki to help me receive information on something or to just find out something new. Happy to be part of the Wikipedia family! | WIKI |
[plt-dev] an api for check syntax & module browser
From: Philippe Meunier (meunier at ccs.neu.edu)
Date: Thu Sep 10 03:43:13 EDT 2009
Ryan Culpepper wrote:
> I envision two APIs. One handles source code analysis, possibly
> including expansion, builds def-use relations, etc. The other handles
> annotations to code in editors, allows adding mouseover callbacks to
> regions of code, adding right-click menu items, etc.
FYI, I'm working on an abstract interpretation framework for DrScheme
that will eventually provide APIs for that stuff, including the GUI
part (in fact the GUI part of MrFlow already had a basic version of an
API that provided the mouseover callbacks (to draw flow arrows) and
the right-click menu items, it's just that MrFlow was that API's only
customer and that the API had only minimal documentation).
Most of (all?) the "client programs" you list would then be plug-in
analyses for the framework. In turn there's fairly simple DrScheme
tool that takes the framework and all its analyses and plugs the whole
thing into DrScheme (in theory the framework can be plugged into any
program you want, but I haven't actually tried it yet). In parallel
to working on the framework proper, I'm also developing two client
analyses, mostly to check that I'm abstracting the framework at the
right level, and, interestingly, one of them is an attempt at
re-implementing Robby's syntax checker (the other client is a tracing
evaluator, and there's in fact a third client I'm working on, which
one day should become MrFlow 2.0, but that one is harder to develop
than the other two).
Don't hold your breath though, I've got about 2000 lines of code so
far and I'm only just about to be able to analyze the lambda calculus,
so it'll be quite a while before I have something that can more or
less match Robby's tool. Progress is steady but slow, there's just a
ton of infrastructure code to write (anybody wants to write a
hashconsing library that can handle cyclic data structures, unions,
subtyping (and least upper bounds in general), and that's reasonably
efficient and GC-friendly?)
Philippe
Posted on the dev mailing list. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
InfraWorks - Engineering Designs
Autodesk InfraWorks - Engineering Designs
Duration: 20 hours
Teaching Methodolody: Hands on
DESCRIPTION
InfraWorks® software supports connected BIM (Building Information Modeling) processes, enabling designers and civil engineers to plan and design infrastructure projects in the context of the real world.
OBJECTIVE
This course provides you with a fundamental knowledge of the accelerated design process that uses data-rich 3D models with high-end visualizations. This enables you to create, evaluate, and better communicate 3D site plan proposals for faster approvals.
Roadway Design:
o Create property boundaries for parcels, easements, and right-of-ways
o Create and modify design roads with precise parameters
o Design a road using component roads
o Adjust roadside grading
o Apply and review suprerelevations in component roads
o Modify how design roads intersect using a standard intersection or roundabout
o Optimize the vertical design of a roadway
o Create gradient maps based on selected feature sets to identify areas with low impact for site or corridor optimization (Preview)
o Find an optimal horizontal design of the roadway which yields a cost effective and environmentally-friendly solution (Preview)
o Run traffic simulation to analyze and animate design traffic (Preview)
Bridge Design:
o Add bridges to a design roadway
o Work with bridge deck and girder cross sections
o Perform analysis and design checks on all the pre-stressed girders of your bridge (Preview)
Drainage Design:
o Run a watershed analysis
o Create or modify culverts
o Create a pavement drainage network
o Analyze the pavement drainage network
AUDIENCE
Civil engineers.
PREREQUISITES
A fundamental understanding of how to navigate the Autodesk InfraWorks software. This includes how to create new models, add and modify features to those models.
It is recommended that you first study the Autodesk InfraWorks Fundamentals for Conceptual Design & Visualization learning guide. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Leikstjórinn
I'm Icelandic but sometimes i post on the english one. "Leikstjórinn" means The Director but i manly post about movies and TV Shows. Enjoy! | WIKI |
James Madison served as the fourth President of the United States. He is known as one of our Founding Fathers of this country. As the “Father of the Constitution,” he was the principle author of the document. Madison played a very important role in the establishment of the United States.
James was born in Port Conway, Virginia on March 16, 1751. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children, of whom nine survived. His father, James Madison, Sr., was a tobacco planter who grew up on an estate in Orange County, Virginia. His mother, Nelly Conway, was born at Port Conway, Virginia, the daughter of a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. Madison’s parents married in 1743. Both parents had a significant influence over their most famous oldest son. Madison had three brothers and three sisters, who lived to maturity.
When James was ages 11-16, he studied under Donald Robertson. From Robertson, Madison learned mathematics, geography, and modern and ancient languages. He became extremely proficient with Latin. Madison said later on in his life, “I owe my bent for learning largely to Donald Robertson.”
At age 16, James began a two year course with Reverend Thomas Martin, who prepared him for college. In 1769, Madison enrolled at the College of New Jersey, which is now known as Princeton University. His studies there included Latin, Greek, science, geography, mathematics, rhetoric, and philosophy. Through dedication and hard work, James Madison graduated in 1771. After graduating, he remained at Princeton to study Hebrew and political philosophy.
Before we start to take sides, we need to discuss the different point of views of Madison and Marshall. We have to understand that our political landscape during the birth of our nation was much different. The states, were not unified, and were made up of different and often conflicting interests. Along with factions fighting one another and making political progress impossible. As Madison, would ...
James married Dolley Payne Todd on September 15, 1794, and adopted her only surviving son, John, after the marriage. Dolley was born on May 20, 1768. She was a widow and a member of the “Society of Friends” group. For marrying Madison, a non-Quaker, she was expelled from this group.
A young Madison became a lawyer, defending Baptist preachers arrested for preaching without a license distributed by the Anglican Church. Working on such cases helped form his ideas about religious freedom. Madison served in the Virginia state legislature and became known as a close replica of Thomas Jefferson. He attained prominence in Virginia politics. Madison also helped disestablish the Church of England, and disclaimed any power of state in religious matters.
After the close of the Revolutionary War in 1783, Madison was unhappy with the Articles of Confederation, so he proposed the Virginia Plan as a model for the Constitution. This plan was developed into the Constitution we still have today. This is the reason he is considered the “Father of the Constitution.”
To support the Constitution, Madison joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to write the Federalist Papers in 1787. These papers were written to explain the values of the Constitution, and resulted in the ratification of this document. Anti-federalists, who opposed a strong federal government, agreed to ratify the Constitution only with a promise of a Bill of Rights. To uphold this promise, Madison proposed many amendments, ten of which were ratified as the Bill of Rights.
The party’s Congressional Caucus chose presidential candidates, and Madison was chosen for the election of 1808. There, he easily defeated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, riding off the popularity of Thomas Jefferson.
During his first term Madison’s presidency; the War of 1812 broke out. This war was fought between the United States and England. Most of the war was fought on the Atlantic Ocean and the on the land, coasts, and waterways of North America. Madison was forced to flee the city, and was forced to watch the White House get set on fire by British troops.
In 1815, the war was ended after the Treaty of Ghent was established. With the peace finally established, the US was swept by a sense that it had secured a solid independence from Britain. Madison had done a fabulous job in being the leader of the US during the War of 1812.
James Madison was called the great little Madison by his friends. Perhaps it was because he weighed less than one hundred pounds and was very short. But it was probably because this man did more to create the constitution than any other American. Madison came from Virginia and had written a constitution for the state. When Madison saw the problems that the United States had under the Articles of ...
After Madison’s second term ended in 1817, he left the oval office and retired Montpelier, his tobacco plantation in Virginia. He was now able to spend time with his wife and family. Madison was then 65 years old, his wife being 49. Madison lived on until 1836, increasingly ignored by the new leaders of the American polity. He died at Montpelier on June 28, the last Founding Father to die. He is buried in the Madison Family Cemetery at Montpelier.
James Madison was a great man who helped our country be the way it is today. His great work in law, dealing with the constitution, and his presidency established his legacy and will always be remembered as one of our “Founding Fathers.” | FINEWEB-EDU |
Bristol Airport Rail Link
The Bristol airport rail link is a proposed light or heavy rail line to serve Bristol Airport in southwest England. The project is currently under consideration by the West of England Local Enterprise Partnership as a means to address "poor connectivity between North Somerset, Bristol Airport and Bristol".
History
In November 2006 the airport's Master Plan stated that "the provision of a direct rail service is not a realistic prospect".
The first mention of a potential airport rail link was in November 2015 in the West of England Local Enterprise Partnership's Joint Transport Study Key Principles Report as a future transport concept. Then in July 2016 the airport's chief executive officer Robert Sinclair discussed the possibility of a light rail link to the airport. The West of England LEP subsequently announced their application to the Department for Transport’s Large Local Major Transport Schemes fund for the "South West Bristol Economic Link" – a strategy designed to address "poor connectivity between North Somerset, Bristol Airport and Bristol". It was also reported in the Bristol Evening Post in September 2016 that North Somerset Council had applied to the government for "nearly £2 million in funding to draw up proposals to improve links on the A38 between the city and the expanding Bristol Airport", which included new road options as well as a light or heavy rail line. In October 2016 the local authorities proposed £7.5 billion in public transport investments for the West of England, including the airport rail link.
In early 2017 a light rail link to the airport was listed as an election promise in the upcoming West of England mayoral election, 2017 by Liberal Democrat candidate Stephen Williams and independent candidate Dr John Savage. In late 2017 an updated airport Master Plan was completed, with a railway line part of the options being considered to cater to increasing airport passenger numbers. From 2017 onward, Mayor of Bristol Marvin Rees has proposed an underground line which would link Bristol Temple Meads with Bristol Airport and has commissioned a study into the proposals. As of 2020, the proposed implementation of a four-line mass transit network with underground sections was under review.
Route
The West of England LEP's Option Development Report, published in 2016, outlined various possible routes for the new railway line:
* A direct link to the airport from Bristol Temple Meads railway station, branching from the Bristol to Exeter line from Long Ashton, was considered to be a "fully segregated high quality link to the airport, which should provide short journey times" with "good connections with wider rail network at Bristol Temple Meads" despite a significant altitude gain between the railway line and the airport – of around 150 m – for which a light rail option was seen to be more flexible.
* A link via Yatton was considered due to the possibility of using the old trackbed of the Strawberry Line and the Wrington Vale Light Railway, which is mostly still undeveloped. Again, a gain in altitude is considered to be a potential hindrance to this idea.
* Conversion of the then-upcoming Ashton Vale to Temple Meads and South Bristol Link MetroBus routes to light rail, then following the A38 to the airport is described as reaching more of Bristol city centre than other options, while being less time efficient. In December 2016 the director of Taylor Wimpey stated that the light rail option along the A38 was also being looked at to serve the proposed development known as The Vale.
In October 2017, the West of England Joint Transport Study - Executive Summary described the scheme as a "fully segregated mass transit route connecting Bristol Airport and South Bristol to city centre, with options to be considered for underground running. Route to be determined balancing maximising patronage against engineering costs (options comprise via Ashton Vale, via Hartcliffe Way, via Parson Street/Bedminster, or a segregated route via South Bristol)." | WIKI |
Difference Between Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate (With Table)
Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate are some of the most commonly used inorganic substances of the world. Although they are composed of the same chemical element i.e. sodium, they serve different purposes.
Sodium Carbonate vs Sodium Bicarbonate
The difference between Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate is that sodium carbonate is mainly used for industrial purposes. It is composed of acid and sodium and is designated by the formula Na2CO3. Sodium Bicarbonate, on the other hand, is mainly used for day to day household purposes like cleaning, cooking etc. Along with sodium and acid, it also contains hydrogen and therefore is designated by the formula NAHCO3.
Sodium Carbonate, commonly known as soda ash is a chemical compound made from one carbonate anion (CO3-) and two sodium cations (Na+) and therefore is denoted by the chemical formula Na2CO3. It is mainly used for making glass, cleansers and detergents.
Sodium Bicarbonate, also known as Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, on the other hand, is an inorganic compound made up of a bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) and a sodium cation (Na+) and therefore is denoted by the chemical formula NaHCO3. It is mainly used for household purposes, especially cooking and cleaning. In layman’s language, it is called as baking soda.
Comparison Table Between Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate (in Tabular Form)
Parameter of ComparisonSodium carbonateSodium bicarbonate
CompositionSodium and acid.Acid, sodium and hydrogen.
FormulaNa2CO3NaHCO3
Common nameSoda AshBaking Soda.
Mainly used inIndustrial processes.Household purposes.
Nature of BaseStrong BaseWeak Base
What is Sodium Carbonate?
Also known as soda ash, it is a strong basic compound that is made up of two positive ions of Sodium (Na+) and one negative ion of carbonate (CO3-). It may be extracted from nature or one can manufacture it artificially.
It is found in nature as mineral deposits and needs to be drawn out from its hydrated salts like natron, trona, natrite etc. Some of the major mineral deposits of sodium carbonate are found in Botswana, China, Egypt, India, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Turkey, Uganda and the United States.
It is produced artificially by applying four different types of processes. Among them, two processes are especially noteworthy. These are:
1. Leblanc process: Know by the last name of its inventor Nicholas Lebnac, this process was used in industries to produce sodium carbonate or soda ash in the nineteenth century. Under this process, sodium carbonate was produced after going through two important stages. At the first stage, Sodium sulfate was extracted from sodium chloride. After it was produced, the sodium sulfate was made to react with calcium carbonate and coal which ultimately led to the formation of sodium carbonate. It was abandoned after the invention of the Solvay process.
2. Solvay process: Also called as ammonia-soda process, it was developed by Ernest Solvay in the 1860s. It is known as the ammonia-soda process because, in this process, sodium chloride is mixed with ammonia to produce sodium bicarbonate.
Apart from these processes, electrolytic and dual-process is used to produce sodium carbonate. It is white in colour and caustic in nature. It appears solid having a density of 2.54g/ml and is available in dried and crushed form.
It is a weak acid and therefore dissolves in Ethanol but does not mix with alcohol. It diffuses with water quite readily and consequently produces sodium hydroxide and carbonic acid. It is a major water softener but produces some dangerous reactions when mixed with certain acids. Under higher temperatures, it decomposes and produces disodium oxide (Na2O).
It is important to handle Sodium Carbonate with care as it is highly corrosive. When touched with naked hands, it can lead to skin damage and if someone by chance inhales it, he may suffer from severe coughing and breathing problems.
What is Sodium Bicarbonate?
Also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate, it is a chemical compound composed of one positive ion of sodium (Na+) and one negative ion of bicarbonate (HCO3-). In common man’s language, it is referred to as baking soda and is usually used for kitchen purposes.
Like Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate can also be either found in nature or may be produced artificially. It is extracted from nature by forcing out hot water from mineral deposits. One of the major natural deposits of Sodium Bicarbonate is found in Piceance Basin, Colorado. Sodium bicarbonate got deposited in this basin due to high levels of evaporation which used to occur from time to time.
It is artificially produced by employing the Solvay process which at the initial stage produces sodium carbonate. When sodium carbonate comes in contact with some acidic solution, it produces sodium bicarbonate.
It was Austin Church and John Dwight, who for the first time discovered the potential of Sodium bicarbonate as the fermenting agent. The two bakers then opened the first factory for the production of baking soda at New York in 1846.
Today, baking soda is not only used for cooking and cleaning purposes but also used for medical purposes. It is considered as one of the essential medicines for reducing acid levels in bloodstreams. It is used for heartburn and indigestion as well. It can also be used to treat an aspirin overdose, insect bites and plant allergy.
Sportsmen use it as a supplement and sometimes it serves as a supplement for cattle as well. It also used in toothpaste and fire extinguishers.
It appears white with a crystal clear appearance. It is a weaker base than sodium carbonate and unlike the latter does not dissolve in Ethanol. However, it may dissolve slightly in acetone and methanol.
Main Differences Between Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate
• Both Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate are made from acid and sodium. But Sodium Bicarbonate contains an additional ingredient and that is hydrogen.
• Sodium Carbonate is used for making cleaners and washing powder. While, Sodium Bicarbonate is known as baking soda and is used for cleaning and cooking.
• Sodium carbonate is diprotic which means it lets go of two protons or hydrogen atoms for every molecule when released in an aqueous solution. Sodium bicarbonate, on the other hand, is monoprotic meaning it lets go of only one hydrogen atom or proton for each molecule when released in an aqueous solution.
• Sodium carbonate is a stronger base than that of the Sodium Bicarbonate.
• In the human body, sodium bicarbonate plays an important role in reducing the high levels of acid flowing in the bloodstreams. While sodium carbonate mainly works for the various reactions or processes found inside the body.
Conclusion
Both of the chemical compounds contain sodium and acid. They are basic in nature and white in colour. They appear solid and are often found in dried and crushed form. They can either be manufactured or may be found in the nature itself. These similarities between the Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate may create confusion among people.
However, when observed closely, it is very much possible to differentiate these two compounds as sodium carbonate is more caustic than sodium bicarbonate. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Morgi
Morgi may refer to:
* Thomas Morgenstern, Austrian ski jumper
* Morgi, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Morgi, Inowrocław County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Morgi, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Morgi, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Morgi, Sokółka County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Morgi, Suwałki County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Morgi, Żyrardów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Morgi, Mysłowice in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Morgi, Telangana in southern India | WIKI |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 3.djvu/83
Rh while an elevation of 8,000 feet leaves more than a fourth of the atmosphere below it. The situation was one of remarkable natural beauty. On the east there was little to mark the altitude except the rocky soil and scanty vegetation; on the north there were picturesque piles of granite; on the north-west lay the Laramie Hills; from the northwest to the south towered the mountain-peaks, many of them covered with perpetual snow. Long's Peak and Gray's Peak were 60 miles away at the south; the great mass of Medicine Bow lay at the west, and between them, over the lower ridges, rose some of the high mountains of the Colorado parks.
The party being located, and all arrangements for observation being made as systematic as possible, work was carried on during the summer months in earnest, and attended with valuable results for the initiatory movement of a work of such magnitude. The weather proved to be unusually unfavorable. An old trapper, who had lived among the mountains for twenty years, said that the amount of cloudy and rainy weather was uncommon for the season. With the exception of a week, when every night and a greater part of ever day were fine, clear nights were rare, and clear days less so. There were but two afternoons when work upon the sun could be kept up from noon till sunset, though there were more than twenty cloudless mornings during the same time. The enormous snow-fall of the preceding winter accounted for the unusual weather-condition of the locality, and the snow, in the middle of July, was still lying to the depths of eight feet on the plateau at the base of the Medicine Bow Mount.
Notwithstanding these drawbacks, valuable scientific results were obtained in five different departments of observation, geographical, meteorological, telescopic, spectroscopic, and magnetic.
The geographical position of the station was completely determined, its longitude being obtained by telegraphic communication with Salt Lake City. It will, therefore, be for the future a reference-point and base for the numerous surveys which are being made in that part of the country.
A complete hourly meteorological record was obtained for nearly the whole of the months of June, July, and August, which, from the important position of the station, cannot fail to be of great interest and value.
The telescopic observations were full of promise for the result of future and more thorough work in that department. When the sky was unclouded the atmosphere possessed the most ethereal transparency. At night, myriads of stars invisible at lower elevations were plainly discernible. Nearly all the seventh-magnitude stars of the British Association Catalogue were clearly visible to the naked eye. Prof. Young, to whose report we are indebted for the facts recorded in this article, says that, in the quadrilateral forming the bowl of the "Dipper," he could see distinctly nine stars, with glimpses of one or | WIKI |
Portrait of Frederick William III (1770-1840), Crown Prince of Prussia (1786-1797), King of Prussia (1797-1840), Elector of Brandenburg (1797-1806), Prince of Neuchâtel (1797-1806; 1813-1840), 1795
Frederick William III (German: Friedrich Wilhelm III., König von Preußen; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 1797 to 1840. He ruled Prussia during the difficult times of the Napoleonic Wars and the end of the Holy Roman Empire. Steering a careful course between France and her enemies, after a major military defeat in 1806, he eventually and reluctantly joined the coalition against Napoleon in the Befreiungskriege. Following Napoleon's defeat, he was King of Prussia during the Congress of Vienna, which assembled to settle the political questions arising from the new, post-Napoleonic order in Europe. He was determined to unify the Protestant churches, to homogenize their liturgy, their organization, and even their architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralized royal control of all the Protestant churches in the Prussian Union of Churches. Frederick William was born in Potsdam in 1770 as the son of Frederick William II of Prussia and Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was considered to be a shy and reserved boy, which became noticeable in his particularly reticent conversations distinguished by the lack of personal pronouns. This manner of speech subsequently came to be considered entirely appropriate for military officers. He was neglected by his father during his childhood and suffered from an inferiority complex his entire life. As a child, Frederick William's father (under the influence of his mistress, Wilhelmine Enke, Countess of Lichtenau) had him handed over to tutors, as was quite normal for the period. He spent part of the time living at Paretz, the estate of the old soldier Count Hans von Blumenthal who was the governor of his brother Prince Heinrich. They thus grew up partly with the Count's son, who accompanied them on their Grand Tour in the 1780s. Frederick William was happy at Paretz, and for this reason in 1795 he bought it from his boyhood friend and turned it into an important royal country retreat. He was a melancholy boy, but he grew up pious and honest. His tutors included the dramatist Johann Engel. As a soldier, he received the usual training of a Prussian prince, obtained his lieutenancy in 1784, became a lieutenant colonel in 1786, a colonel in 1790, and took part in the campaigns against France of 1792–1794. On 24 December 1793, Frederick William married Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who bore him ten children. In the Kronprinzenpalais (Crown Prince's Palace) in Berlin, Frederick William lived a civil life with a problem-free marriage, which did not change even when he became King of Prussia in 1797. His wife Louise was particularly loved by the Prussian people, which boosted the popularity of the whole House of Hohenzollern, including the King himself. Frederick William succeeded to the throne on 16 November 1797. He also became, in personal union, the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (1797–1806 and again 1813–1840). At once, the new King showed that he was earnest of his good intentions by cutting down the expenses of the royal establishment, dismissing his father's ministers, and reforming the most oppressive abuses of the late reign. He had the Hohenzollern determination to retain personal power but not the Hohenzollern genius for using it. Too distrustful to delegate responsibility to his ministers, he greatly reduced the effectiveness of his reign since he was forced to assume the roles he did not delegate. This is a main factor of his inconsistent rule.
Read more: Wikipedia | FINEWEB-EDU |
Easily query spreadsheet-like data with SQLite or PostgreSQL.
JavaScript
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Tablespoon
This repository is no longer being maintained. Please use https://github.com/mhkeller/tablespoon2.
Easily query spreadsheet-like or json data with SQLite or PostgreSQL. Built around node-postgres and node-sqlite3.
Installation
To install as a Node.js module
npm install tablespoon
To use Tablespoon's command line interface, install with the global flag
npm install tablespoon -g
If you want to use Tablespoon in both circumstances, run both commands.
Documentation
Check out the wiki for the latest documentation and the FAQ, which includes helpful tips on how to load in csv or tsv data into Node.js.
Example usage
See more examples.
var ts = require('tablespoon.js').pgsql();
var data = [
{
city: "New York",
temp: [0,35],
country: 'USA'
},
{
city: 'Los Angeles',
temp: [15,35],
country: 'USA'
},
{
city: 'Paris',
temp: [2,33],
country: 'France'
},
{
city: 'Marseille',
temp: [5,27],
country: 'France'
},
{
city: 'London',
temp: [2,25],
country: 'UK'
}
]
ts.createTable(data, 'cities')
// Get the rows that don't have 15
ts.query('SELECT * FROM cities WHERE 15 != ALL (temp)', function(rows){
console.log(rows)
/*{
query: 'SELECT * FROM cities WHERE 15 != ALL (temp)',
rows:
[ { uid: '1', city: 'New York', temp: [0,35], country: 'USA' },
{ uid: '3', city: 'Paris', temp: [2,33], country: 'France' },
{ uid: '4', city: 'Marseille', temp: [5,27], country: 'France' },
{ uid: '5', city: 'London', temp: [2,25], country: 'UK' } ] }*/
})
Testing
Examples and testing require a postgres role unless you change the connection string your own role. Create with createuser -s -r postgres from the command line.
Used in
Analysis for Nominated for the Oscars but failing the Bechdel sexism test - Al Jazeera America | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Skip to main content
asyncio powered HTTP client for bravado
Project description
https://img.shields.io/travis/sjaensch/bravado-asyncio.svg https://coveralls.io/repos/github/sjaensch/bravado-asyncio/badge.svg?branch=master PyPi version Supported Python versions
bravado-asyncio
Note: This is not a fork or reimplementation of bravado using asynchronous programming (like aiomysql is for PyMySQL). The interface of bravado remains unchanged. If you’re developing fully asynchronous applications, you should use aiobravado instead.
bravado-asyncio is an asynchronous HTTP client for the bravado library. It uses Python’s asyncio and aiohttp internally. It enables you to do concurrent network requests with bravado, similar to the fido client. Unlike fido, bravado-asyncio does not depend on crochet or twisted and uses Python 3’s standard library to implement asynchronous behavior.
aiobravado, the fully asynchronous version of bravado, uses bravado-asyncio internally as HTTP client.
Example usage
If you’re familiar with bravado then all you need to do is switch out (or specify) your HTTP client:
from bravado_asyncio.http_client import AsyncioClient
from bravado.client import SwaggerClient
client = SwaggerClient.from_url(
'http://petstore.swagger.io/v2/swagger.json',
http_client=AsyncioClient(),
)
pet = client.pet.getPetById(petId=42).result()
Installation
# This will install bravado-asyncio and bravado
$ pip install bravado-asyncio
# To install bravado-asyncio with the optional cchardet and aiodns packages,
# which are recommended by the underlying aiohttp package
$ pip install bravado-asyncio[aiohttp_extras]
Project status
The project is successfully used in production at Yelp. We have an integration test suite that not only covers bravado-asyncio behavior, but also makes sure that behavior is equal to the (default) synchronous bravado HTTP client. That said, if you find a bug please file an issue!
Development and contributing
Developing bravado-asyncio requires a working installation of Python 3.6 with the virtualenv package being installed. All other requirements will be installed in a virtualenv created in the venv directory. We also expect make to be installed. If you do not have it and do not want to install it then please refer to the Makefile as to what commands need to be run for each target.
1. Run make. This will create the virtualenv you will use for development, with all runtime and development dependencies installed.
2. If you’re using aactivator then you will be prompted to activate the new environment, please do so. If you prefer not to use aactivator, do source .activate.sh.
3. Make sure everything is set up correctly by running make test.
Since make test will run tests with multiple Python versions, you’ll get an error if one of them can’t be found. You can ask tox to run tests with a specific Python version like so:
$ tox -e py38
This will run tests with Python 3.8.
We do run linters that currently require Python 3.6. You can run them with tox -e pre-commit.
Travis (the continuous integration system) and Github Actions will run tests with all supported Python versions, on all supported platforms (Linux, macOS, Windows). Make sure you don’t write code that works only on certain platforms or Python versions.
Great, you’re ready to go! If you have an improvement or bugfix, please submit a pull request.
The event loop
bravado-asyncio creates its own event loop in a separate thread. This is necessary as it is not possible to use the main event loop - it would require a fork of bravado, making its public interface asynchronous. That said, bravado-asyncio and bravado should work well with your existing asyncio application.
You shouldn’t normally need to interact with bravado-asyncio’s event loop. If you do need to do so please use bravado_asyncio.http_client.get_loop() to retrieve it. Note that it won’t be the currently active loop!
License
Written by Stephan Jaensch and licensed under the BSD 3-clause license (see LICENSE.txt).
Project details
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Romano Floriani Mussolini
Romano Benito Floriani Mussolini (born 27 January 2003), also referred to as Mussolini Jr. by Italian media, is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a right-back or right midfielder for club Juve Stabia on loan from Lazio.
He is the son of politician Alessandra Mussolini, the grandson of pianist Romano Mussolini and the great-grandson of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.
Early life
Floriani Mussolini was born in 2003 as the third child of Mauro Floriani and politician Alessandra Mussolini. His grandfather, Romano Mussolini, was a pianist, and his great-grandfather was Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. His great-aunt is actress Sophia Loren.
He has a double surname as a result. This was done as an exception to Italian name customs with Italian civil authorities and the Roman Catholic Church agreeing to it at his baptism as double surnames were not usually allowed under Italian law at the time of his birth.
Career
Floriani Mussolini started his football career by playing in the youth teams at Roma, before moving to play for Lazio when he was 13. Whilst at Lazio, he was loaned out in 2018 to amateur club Vigor Perconti. This came after he did not get any game time at Lazio for two years before he made his debut for the under-17s.
When asked if the player's name would limit his playing time, Lazio's youth coach Mauro Bianchessi stated: "The burdensome surname? I’ve never spoken to his parents, and the only thing that matters is whether a player deserves to play. Nothing else." In March 2021, Floriani Mussolini signed a professional senior contract with Lazio until 2024.
He was first called up to Lazio's first team on 24 October 2021, in a Serie A game against Hellas Verona as an unused substitute.
On 3 August 2023, Lazio announced to have loaned him to Serie C club Pescara, a team coached by former Biancazzurri boss Zdeněk Zeman.
On 5 July 2024, he joined Serie B side Juve Stabia on loan.
Personal life
Floriani Mussolini gained attention after appearing on television with his mother on Ballando con le Stelle. Despite his surname and lineage, Floriani Mussolini stated he has no interest in politics. He was educated at St. George's British International School in Rome, and signed for Lazio whilst still studying. | WIKI |
@article {2262, title = {Cascade of neural processing orchestrates cognitive control in human frontal cortex [dataset]}, year = {2016}, publisher = {eLife}, abstract = {
Code and data used to create the figures of Tang et al. (2016).\ The results from this work show that there is a dynamic and hierarchical sequence of steps in human frontal cortex orchestrates cognitive control.
Used in conjunction with this mirrored CBMM Code entry
}, url = {http://klab.tch.harvard.edu/resources/tangetal_stroop_2016.html}, author = {Hanlin Tang and Hsiang-Yu Yu and Chien-Chen Chou and NE Crone and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {1847, title = {Cascade of neural processing orchestrates cognitive control in human frontal cortex}, journal = {eLIFE}, year = {2016}, month = {02/2016}, abstract = {
Rapid and flexible interpretation of conflicting sensory inputs in the context of current goals is a critical component of cognitive control that is orchestrated by frontal cortex. The relative roles of distinct subregions within frontal cortex are poorly understood. To examine the dynamics underlying cognitive control across frontal regions, we took advantage of the spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial recordings in epilepsy patients while subjects resolved color-word conflict.We observed differential activity preceding the behavioral responses to conflict trials throughout frontal cortex; this activity was correlated with behavioral reaction times. These signals emerged first in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) before dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), followed bymedial frontal cortex (mFC) and then by orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). These results disassociate the frontal subregions based on their dynamics, and suggest a temporal hierarchy for cognitive control in human cortex.
}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.12352}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12352}, author = {Hanlin Tang and Yu, HY and Chou, CC and NE Crone and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {2261, title = {Cascade of neural processing orchestrates cognitive control in human frontal cortex [code]}, year = {2016}, publisher = {eLife}, abstract = {
Code and data used to create the figures of Tang et al. (2016).\ The results from this work show that there is a dynamic and hierarchical sequence of steps in human frontal cortex orchestrates cognitive control.
Used in conjunction with this mirrored CBMM Dataset entry
}, url = {http://klab.tch.harvard.edu/resources/tangetal_stroop_2016.html}, author = {Hanlin Tang and Hsiang-Yu Yu and Chien-Chen Chou and NE Crone and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {1155, title = {Decrease in gamma-band activity tracks sequence learning}, journal = {Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, month = {01/21/2015}, abstract = {
Learning novel sequences constitutes an example of declarative memory formation, involving conscious recall of temporal events. Performance in sequence learning tasks improves with repetition and involves forming temporal associations over scales of seconds to minutes. To further understand the neural circuits underlying declarative sequence learning over trials, we tracked changes in intracranial field potentials (IFPs) recorded from 1142 electrodes implanted throughout temporal and frontal cortical areas in 14 human subjects, while they learned the temporal-order of multiple sequences of images over trials through repeated recall. We observed an increase in power in the gamma frequency band (30{\textendash}100 Hz) in the recall phase, particularly in areas within the temporal lobe including the parahippocampal gyrus. The degree of this gamma power enhancement decreased over trials with improved sequence recall. Modulation of gamma power was directly correlated with the improvement in recall performance. When presenting new sequences, gamma power was reset to high values and decreased again after learning. These observations suggest that signals in the gamma frequency band may play a more prominent role during the early steps of the learning process rather than during the maintenance of memory traces.
}, doi = {10.3389/fnsys.2014.00222}, url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00222/abstract}, author = {Radhika Madhavan and Daniel Millman and Hanlin Tang and NE Crone and Fredrick A. Lenz and Travis S. Tierney and Joseph R. Madsen and Gabriel Kreiman and WS Anderson} } @article {1154, title = {Sensitivity to timing and order in human visual cortex}, journal = {Journal of Neurophysiology}, volume = {113}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-03-2015}, pages = {1656 - 1669}, issn = {0022-3077}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00556.2014}, url = {http://jn.physiology.org/lookup/doi/10.1152/jn.00556.2014}, author = {Jedediah Singer and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {456, title = {A role for recurrent processing in object completion: neurophysiological, psychophysical and computational evidence.}, number = {009}, year = {2014}, month = {04/2014}, abstract = {
Recognition of objects from partial information presents a significant challenge for theories of vision because it requires spatial integration and extrapolation from prior knowledge. We combined neurophysiological recordings in human cortex with psychophysical measurements and computational modeling to investigate the mechanisms involved in object completion. We recorded intracranial field potentials from 1,699 electrodes in 18 epilepsy patients to measure the timing and selectivity of responses along human visual cortex to whole and partial objects. Responses along the ventral visual stream remained selective despite showing only 9\>25 of the object. However, these visually selective signals emerged ~100 ms later for partial versus whole objects. The processing delays were particularly pronounced in higher visual areas within the ventral stream, suggesting the involvement of additional recurrent processing. In separate psychophysics experiments, disrupting this recurrent computation with a backward mask at ~75ms significantly impaired recognition of partial, but not whole, objects. Additionally, computational modeling shows that the performance of a purely bottom\>up architecture is impaired by heavy occlusion and that this effect can be partially rescued via the incorporation of top\>down connections. These results provide spatiotemporal constraints on theories of object recognition that involve recurrent processing to recognize objects from partial information.
}, author = {Hanlin Tang and Buia, Calin and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {440, title = {Sensitivity to Timing and Order in Human Visual Cortex.}, number = {005}, year = {2014}, month = {04/2014}, abstract = {
Visual recognition takes a small fraction of a second and relies on the cascade of signals along the ventral visual stream. Given the rapid path through multiple processing steps between photoreceptors and higher visual areas, information must progress from stage to stage very quickly. This rapid progression of information suggests that fine temporal details of the neural response may be important to the how the brain encodes visual signals. We investigated how changes in the relative timing of incoming visual stimulation affect the representation of object information by recording intracranial field potentials along the human ventral visual stream while subjects recognized objects whose parts were presented with varying asynchrony. Visual responses along the ventral stream were sensitive to timing differences between parts as small as 17 ms. In particular, there was a strong dependency on the temporal order of stimulus presentation, even at short asynchronies. This sensitivity to the order of stimulus presentation provides evidence that the brain may use differences in relative timing as a means of representing information.
}, keywords = {Circuits for Intelligence, Pattern recognition, Visual}, author = {Jedediah Singer and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {217, title = {Spatiotemporal Dynamics Underlying Object Completion in Human Ventral Visual Cortex}, journal = {Neuron}, volume = {83}, year = {2014}, month = {08/06/2014}, pages = {736 - 748}, abstract = {
Natural vision often involves recognizing objects from partial information. Recognition of objects from parts presents a significant challenge for theories of vision because it requires spatial integration and extrapolation from prior knowledge. Here we recorded intracranial field potentials of 113 visually selective electrodes from epilepsy patients in response to whole and partial objects. Responses along the ventral visual stream, particularly the Inferior Occipital and Fusiform Gyri, remained selective despite showing only 9-25\% of the object areas. However, these visually selective signals emerged ~100 ms later for partial versus whole objects. These processing delays were particularly pronounced in higher visual areas within the ventral stream. This latency difference persisted when controlling for changes in contrast, signal amplitude, and the strength of selectivity. These results argue against a purely feed-forward explanation of recognition from partial information, and provide spatiotemporal constraints on theories of object recognition that involve recurrent processing.
}, keywords = {Circuits for Intelligence, vision}, issn = {08966273}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.017}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089662731400539Xhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S089662731400539X?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S089662731400539X?httpAccept=text/plain}, author = {Hanlin Tang and Buia, Calin and Radhika Madhavan and NE Crone and Joseph R. Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman} } @article {2812, title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of neocortical excitation and inhibition during human sleep}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2012}, abstract = {
Intracranial recording is an important diagnostic method routinely used in a number of neurological monitoring scenarios. In recent years, advancements in such recordings have been extended to include unit activity of an ensemble of neurons. However, a detailed functional characterization of excitatory and inhibitory cells has not been attempted in human neocortex, particularly during the sleep state. Here, we report that such feature discrimination is possible from high-density recordings in the neocortex by using 2D multielectrode arrays. Successful separation of regular-spiking neurons (or bursting cells) from fast-spiking cells resulted in well-defined clusters that each showed unique intrinsic firing properties. The high density of the array, which allowed recording from a large number of cells (up to 90), helped us to identify apparent monosynaptic connections, confirming the excitatory and inhibitory nature of regular-spiking and fast-spiking cells, thus categorized as putative pyramidal cells and interneurons, respectively. Finally, we investigated the dynamics of correlations within each class. A marked exponential decay with distance was observed in the case of excitatory but not for inhibitory cells. Although the amplitude of that decline depended on the timescale at which the correlations were computed, the spatial constant did not. Furthermore, this spatial constant is compatible with the typical size of human columnar organization. These findings provide a detailed characterization of neuronal activity, functional connectivity at the microcircuit level, and the interplay of excitation and inhibition in the human neocortex.
}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1109895109}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/109/5/1731}, author = {Adrien Peyrache and Nima Dehghani and Emad Eskandar and Joseph Madsen and WS Anderson and Jacob Donoghue and Leigh Hochberg and Eric Halgren and Sydney Cash and Alain Destexhe} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- Gazprom May Sell Part of Gazprombank Stake, Vedomosti Reports
OAO Gazprom, Russia ’s largest
company, plans to sell 40 billion rubles ($1.3 billion) of
shares in its affiliate lender OAO Gazprombank in 2013,
Vedomosti reported, citing Gazprom documents. Gazprom, the world’s largest natural-gas company, currently
owns about 42 percent of Gazprombank, the Moscow-based newspaper
said. To contact the reporter on this story:
Ilya Khrennikov in Moscow at
ikhrennikov@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Brad Cook at
bcook7@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Messr UK Ltd v Britvic Soft Drinks Ltd
Britvic Soft Drinks Ltd v Messer UK Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 548 is a notable English contract law case, concerning the application of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in the context of consumer protection and a supply chain.
Facts
Messer UK Ltd supplied Britvic with carbon dioxide for its drinks. It was contaminated with benzene, a carcinogen. Britvic had to recall its products and it sued Messer to recover its costs, arguing that it was in breach of contract. A term in the contract limited liability of Messer under s 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (which by virtue of UCTA 1977 can only be limited as it satisfies the requirement of reasonableness).
The judge found that the only relevant express term in the supply agreement was that the carbon dioxide would conform with British Standard 4105. But the implied term under Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 14 also applied. Breach of both terms allowed the recovery of damages. Messer appealed, arguing that BS 4105 could not be regarded as containing an express term that gave rise to damages and that the term limiting s 14 did in fact satisfy the reasonableness test.
Judgment
Mance LJ dismissed the appeal and held in favour of Britvic. The judge had in fact been wrong on the first point, that BS 4105 contained an express term relevant to benzene and giving rise to damages, because it could not be read as a general undertaking of suitability.
But the judge had been right that Messer's exclusion of liability for s 14 SGA 1979 was unreasonable. As a supplier, rather than manufacturer, this represented that it complied with BS 4105, the required purity level at the time. Although you could comply with BS 4105, this did not mean the carbon dioxide was suitable for use. The exclusion was unreasonable because it contradicted the assumption that manufacture and supply would exclude introduction of foreign elements. Buyers could not be expected to test for elements they had no reason to suspect. So it must be the responsibility of Messer, and ultimately the manufacturer. Mance LJ concluded as follows.
21 The judge accepted that the parties were to be regarded as having been of equal bargaining power - see paragraph (a) in Schedule 2 to the Act. There were other suppliers (Hydrogas and BOC) to which THP and Brothers could have gone. The judge also treated it as axiomatic for the purposes of paragraph (c) that "on the footing that the terms are applicable at all" the buyers "must be regarded as cognisant of their existence and effect". I am not satisfied that paragraph (c) can be quite so easily disposed of. Contractual incorporation may in some circumstances occur without a party either knowing, or being realistically in a position where he or it can be blamed for not knowing, of the extent of certain terms. Take someone contracting for the carriage of a parcel by rail or air on the carriers' standard conditions. No-one really expects him to obtain or read the terms. Nor do I think that paragraph (c) is to be necessarily even to be read as equating the positions of someone who actually knows and someone who "ought reasonably to have known" of the existence and extent of a term. It seems to me legitimate to consider and take into account the actual extent and quality of the knowledge of a party, however much he or it may, under ordinary contractual principles, have become contractually bound by the particular term(s).
22 Thus, in the case of Watford Electronics Ltd v Sanderson CFL Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 317; [2001] 1 AER 696, cited to the judge and to us, the judge found as a relevant factor under paragraph (c) that the buyer of the relevant software was "aware of the existence of the term, only first learned of its existence towards the end of the pre-contract discussions, attempted unsuccessfully to have it substantially amended, only succeeded in achieving a make-weight amendment and learnt from Sanderson [the supplier] that a term excluding liability was standard software industry practice."
23 The Court of Appeal in Watford, in upholding the validity of an exclusion of liability for any "claims for indirect or consequential losses whether arising from negligence or otherwise", regarded that as a most material factor, as appears from the judgment given by Chadwick LJ (with which Buckley J agreed) at paragraphs 54(vii) and 56 and that of Peter Gibson LJ at paragraph 62(4). In the present case, the commercial and contractual background were significantly different. The manufacture of carbon dioxide so as to exclude benzene does not compare with the provision of software (an exercise notoriously liable to give rise to problems). No-one would have contemplated that the manufacturing process would allow benzene in, or (despite clause 11. 2) that the buyers (THP and Brothers) would test for benzene, or indeed for compliance with BS 4105, which Messer anyway warranted. The parties did not discuss or negotiate with regard to the specific provisions of the contract, clauses 11.1 and 11.2 in particular. Clauses 11.1 and 11.2 were simply incorporated as part of Messer's standard provisions. Although this is not a consideration specifically identified in Schedule 2, it seems to me that it can be relevant under paragraph (c) and anyway as a general consideration under s. 11(2) (cf also by analogy s. 3(1)).
24 Messer's basic contention, as the judge recognised, was and is that it was reasonable for it as a supplier (but not a manufacturer) to limit its liability to compliance of the carbon dioxide supplied with BS 4105, on the basis that this represented the contemporary understanding of the required purity. The judge in rejecting this said:
"'I suspect that if the parties had been asked when they were contracting on whom should lie the risk of a breakdown in the manufacturing process permitting the unexpected introduction into the of a redundant carcinogen in quantities which, whilst not injurious to health would render products made using that unsaleable, they would have unhesitatingly replied that of course that risk should be borne by the supplier...... In my judgment it is wholly unreasonable for the supplier of a bulk commodity such as for a food application to seek to exclude liability for the commodity not being of satisfactory quality or being unfit for its purpose where that has come about as a result of a breakdown in the manufacturing process allowing the inadvertent introduction of a redundant carcinogen.'"
25 Messer submits that the judge was in this first sentence posing the wrong question. He was taking advantage of hindsight, and his knowledge of what had actually happened and its consequences, instead of asking whether the term was a fair and reasonable one to be included having regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably to have been, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made.
26 In my judgment, however, the judge was entirely justified in rejecting Messer's submission that it was reasonable for it as a supplier (and not a manufacturer) to limit its liability to compliance of the carbon dioxide supplied with BS 4105, on the basis that this represented "the contemporary understanding" of the required purity. The authors of BS 4105 were concerned to regulate the quantities of and methods of testing for elements which carbon dioxide might be expected to contain. They did not identify or regulate other elements, not because the contemporary understanding was that carbon dioxide might contain them, but because the presence of an extraneous or deleterious substance such as benzene or strychnine was wholly unexpected, and could only occur due to some manufacturing or other mishap. If one asks whether it was reasonable to limit Messer's liability to compliance with BS 4105, the answer seems to me, therefore, to be that it ought to have been appreciated that compliance with BS 4105 would not, by itself, necessarily mean that the carbon dioxide supplied was suitable for use. BS 4105 assumed that the process of manufacture and supply would exclude the introduction of other extraneous elements, and so did not actually address such elements. Clauses 11.1 and 11.2 are thus unreasonable, because they contradict a fundamental assumption that all parties would have made in this respect. Since it is accepted that there was no basis on which the buyers, THP and Brothers, could have been expected to test for extraneous components which they had no reason to consider could be present, and since their presence could only arise from some mishap in manufacture or supply, responsibility should rest on the supplier, Messer, who would be expected to be able to pass it on, where appropriate to the manufacturer, Terra (as it can in fact in the present proceedings).
Thorpe LJ and Neuberger J concurred. | WIKI |
Telecommunication
occurs when the exchange of information between two entities (communication) includes the use of technology.
Quotes
* The theory of communication is partly concerned with the measurement of information content of signals, as their essential property in the establishment of communication links. But the information content of signals is not to be regarded as a commodity; it is more a property or potential of the signals, and as a concept it is closely related to the idea of selection, or discrimination. This mathematical theory first arose in telegraphy and telephony, being developed for the purpose of measuring the information content of telecommunication signals. It concerned only the signals themselves as transmitted along wires, or broadcast through the aether, and is quite abstracted from all questions of "meaning." Nor does it concern the importance, the value, or truth to any particular person. As a theory, it lies at the syntactic level of sign theory and is abstracted from the semantic and pragmatic levels. We shall argue … that, though the theory does not directly involve biological elements, it is nevertheless quite basic to the study of human communication — basic but insufficient.
* Colin Cherry (1957)On Human Communication. p. 10
* In August 1858 President Buchanan exchanged greetings with Queen Victoria by means of the newly completed Atlantic cable. Commemorating that happy occasion, it is a pleasure to send best wishes to you on the one hundredth anniversary of the completion of the first Trans-Atlantic Cable. The development of international communications has brought the peoples of the world into close neighborhood. It is our hope that these means of communication will serve increasingly as a carrier of the message of peace for which we both work and pray.
* Dwight D. Eisenhower; Exchange of Messages Between the President and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on the 100th Anniversary of the Trans-Atlantic Cable, The American Presidency Project; 18 August 1958
* Advances in the technology of telecommunications have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere.
* Rupert Murdoch (1993), cited in: Stephen Kotkin "Murdoch Got Lost in China." New York Times, May 4, 2008
* We need to recognise that the entire information sector—from music to newspapers to telecoms to internet to semiconductors and anything in-between—has become subject to a gigantic market failure in slow motion. A market failure exists when market prices cannot reach a self-sustaining equilibrium. The market failure of the entire information sector is one of the fundamental trends of our time, with far-reaching long-term effects, and it is happening right in front of our eyes.
* Eli Noam in: "Eli Noam: Market failure in the media sector" at news.ft.com, February 16 2004
* Telecom was the golden goose which laid the golden egg. The Supreme Court ensured that the golden goose will never lay golden egg again for a little while.
* Kapil Sibal On the Supreme Court's decision to cancel 2G spectrum licences, as quoted in Telecom sector not to lay 'golden egg' for a while, thanks to Supreme Court: Kapil Sibal, The Economic Times (3 April 2013)
* In the past, documentation has frequently been compared with librarianship, with some argument as to which comprehends the other. The field is more helpfully characterised if we take its scope to be all forms of document (i.e. any physical carrier of symbolic messages) and all aspects of their handling, from production to delivery. The document system then becomes very much wider than conventional librarianship – it includes publication and printing, distribution, some forms of telecommunication, analysis, storage, retrieval and delivery to the user.
* Brian Campbell Vickery, Concepts of documentation (1978), p. 279
* Information systems, at any level of complexity above that of speech, necessarily involve technologies such as printing, telecommunications, or computers. However, to information science technical potentialities and constraints are of importance mainly in that they affect the social relations concerned.
* Brian Campbell Vickery, Information Science in Theory and Practice (1987) p. 14. | WIKI |
Intermittent Fasting and Semaglutide Weight Loss Maximize Your Results
Intermittent Fasting (IF) and Semaglutide are two weight loss methods that have gained popularity in recent years. IF involves restricting food intake to specific periods of time, while Semaglutide is a medication that aids in weight loss.
While both methods have been shown to be effective individually, some experts believe that combining the two can lead to even greater results.
However, it is important to seek the guidance of a medical professional, such as Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso, to ensure safe and effective weight loss.
Mandy’s Inspiring Weight Loss Journey How Intermittent Fasting and Semaglutide Helped Her Lose 75 Pounds
Mandy had struggled with her weight for years, but with the help of Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso, she was able to achieve her weight loss goals and improve her health. Through a personalized weight loss plan that incorporated Intermittent Fasting (IF) and Semaglutide, Mandy was able to lose 75 pounds and feel more confident and energized than ever before.
At first, Mandy was hesitant to try IF and Semaglutide, but she trusted the expertise of her doctors and decided to give it a try. With a 12-hour fast to start, gradually increasing it to 16 hours, Mandy followed a healthy diet during her eating periods, focusing on nutrient-dense foods and avoiding processed foods and sugary drinks.
She also began taking Semaglutide as prescribed by Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso.
Although Mandy experienced some side effects such as nausea and fatigue during the initial weeks of Semaglutide use, Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso helped her manage the side effects and encouraged her to stick with it. Over time, Mandy began to see results. She was losing weight and feeling better than she had in years.
The combination of IF and Semaglutide helped her control her food intake and reduce her appetite, leading to significant weight loss.
In total, Mandy lost 75 pounds over the course of several months. Her success story is a testament to the power of Intermittent Fasting and Semaglutide in achieving weight loss goals.
With the guidance of Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso and a commitment to a healthy lifestyle, anyone can achieve the same success. Mandy’s inspiring journey shows that it’s never too late to take control of your health and achieve your weight loss goals.
Understanding Intermittent Fasting
Intermittent Fasting can also have positive effects on brain function. Studies have shown that IF can increase the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that plays a role in the growth and maintenance of brain cells.
Increased levels of BDNF have been linked to improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
In addition to the benefits mentioned above, Intermittent Fasting may also have anti-aging effects. Studies have shown that IF can increase lifespan in rodents, and there is growing evidence to suggest that it may have similar effects in humans. One theory is that IF triggers cellular repair mechanisms that help to protect against age-related diseases.
Intermittent Fasting and Semaglutide Weight Loss Maximize Your Results
It is important to note that Intermittent Fasting may not be suitable for everyone, and it is important to consult with a medical professional before starting an IF regimen.
Individuals with a history of eating disorders or certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or low blood pressure, may be at greater risk of negative side effects from IF.
Tips for successful Intermittent Fasting include starting slowly and gradually increasing fasting periods, staying hydrated during fasting periods, and choosing nutrient-dense foods during eating periods.
It is also important to listen to one’s body and adjust the IF regimen as needed. Some individuals may find that a shorter fasting period, such as 12-14 hours, is more manageable and sustainable for their lifestyle.
Semaglutide Weight Loss
Semaglutide is an injectable medication that has been approved by the FDA for use in treating Type 2 diabetes and obesity. It works by mimicking the effects of a hormone called GLP-1, which helps to regulate blood sugar levels and reduce appetite. By reducing appetite, Semaglutide can lead to weight loss in individuals with obesity.
Studies have shown that Semaglutide can be highly effective in aiding weight loss. In fact, some studies have reported an average weight loss of up to 15% of body weight over a period of several months. This can be a significant amount of weight loss for individuals struggling with obesity and can lead to improvements in overall health.
It is important to note that Semaglutide can have side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. These side effects may be more common during the initial weeks of treatment and may subside over time. Additionally, Semaglutide may not be suitable for everyone, and it is important to use it under the guidance of a medical professional.
To use Semaglutide safely and effectively, individuals should follow the dosing instructions provided by Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso.
Semaglutide is typically injected once a week and should be used alongside a healthy diet and exercise regimen. It is important to monitor blood sugar levels while using Semaglutide, as it can cause hypoglycemia in some individuals.
Combining Intermittent Fasting with Semaglutide
Combining Intermittent Fasting (IF) with Semaglutide may be an effective approach for individuals looking to achieve weight loss goals. The two methods work together synergistically to help individuals consume fewer calories and reduce appetite.
IF involves restricting the time period in which one consumes food, with popular methods including alternate day fasting and time-restricted feeding.
By limiting the time period in which one eats, individuals may consume fewer calories overall, leading to weight loss. Additionally, the body is forced to use stored fat as an energy source during fasting periods, leading to further weight loss.
Semaglutide, on the other hand, is a medication used to treat Type 2 diabetes and obesity. It works by mimicking the effects of a hormone called GLP-1, which reduces appetite and promotes feelings of fullness. By reducing appetite, Semaglutide can lead to weight loss in individuals with obesity.
Combining the two methods can be a powerful approach for achieving weight loss goals. IF helps to control food intake, while Semaglutide aids in reducing appetite and promoting feelings of fullness. Success stories of people who have combined IF with Semaglutide demonstrate the potential effectiveness of this approach.
However, it is important to consult with a medical professional before combining the two methods, as they may not be suitable for everyone. Individuals with a history of eating disorders or certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or low blood pressure, may be at greater risk of negative side effects from IF or Semaglutide.
Seeking expert advice
While IF and Semaglutide can be effective weight loss methods, it is important to seek guidance from a medical professional, such as Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso. These experts can help create a personalized weight loss plan that takes into account individual needs, health history, and potential risks and side effects.
It is also important to choose a medical professional who is experienced in weight loss management and has a comprehensive understanding of both IF and Semaglutide.
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Intermittent Fasting and Semaglutide are two weight loss methods that have gained popularity in recent years. Combining the two may lead to even greater weight loss results, but it is important to seek expert advice to ensure safety and effectiveness. Dr. Nancie and Dr. Alphonso are experts in weight loss management who can help create a personalized weight loss plan that incorporates IF, Semaglutide, and other strategies.
FAQs
1. Is Intermittent Fasting safe for everyone? A: While Intermittent Fasting can be safe for most people, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with certain medical conditions. It is important to consult with a medical professional before starting an IF regimen.
2. Can Semaglutide be used without Intermittent Fasting? A: Yes, Semaglutide can be used without Intermittent Fasting. However, combining the two methods may lead to greater weight loss results.
3. How quickly can I expect to see results from Semaglutide and Intermittent Fasting? A: Results can vary depending on individual factors such as starting weight and metabolism. It is important to have realistic expectations and to consult with a medical professional to create a personalized weight loss plan.
4. Are there any long-term risks associated with Semaglutide use? A: Long-term risks of Semaglutide use are not yet fully understood. It is important to use Semaglutide under the guidance of a medical professional and to monitor for potential side effects.
5. Can Semaglutide be used as a long-term weight loss solution? A: Semaglutide is approved for use up to one year for weight loss. It is important to discuss long-term weight loss management strategies with a medical professional.
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Akkorokamui
Akkorokamui (アッコロカムイ) is a gigantic octopus-like monster from Ainu folklore, similar to the Nordic Kraken, which supposedly lurks in Uchiura Bay in Hokkaido. It is said that its enormous body can reach sizes of up to 120 m in length. Its name can be translated as "tentacle-holding kamuy."
History
According to legend, Akkorokamui was once a gigantic spider named Yaushikep who lived in the mountains nearby a village named Rebunge. One day, Yaushikep descended down to Rebunge and caused havoc. Fearing for their lives, the villagers prayed to the gods to save them. Their prayers were answered by the sea god Repun Kamuy, who pulled Yaushikep into Uchiura Bay. It is said that Yaushikep turned into a giant octopus who took over the bay as its god and since then, he has been known by the villagers as At-kor-kamuy or Akkorokamui.
In Shinto
Ainu reverence of this monster has permeated into Shinto, which has incorporated Akkorokamui as a minor kami. Self purification practices for Akkorokamui are often strictly followed. While Akkorokamui is often presented as a benevolent kami with powers to heal and bestow knowledge, it is fickle and has the propensity to do harm. Akkorokamui's nature as an octopus means that it is persistent and it is near impossible to escape its grasp without permission.
Akkorokamui enjoys the sea and offerings which reflect this: fish, crab, mollusks, and the like are particular favorites of Akkorokamui, which give back that which it gave. Homage to Akkorokamui is often for ailments of the limbs or skin, but mental purification and spiritual release is particularly important.
Akkorokamui is characteristically described with the ability to self-amputate, like several octopus species, and regenerate limbs. This characteristic manifests in the belief in Shinto that Akkorokamui has healing powers. Consequently, it is believed among followers that giving offerings to Akkorokamui will heal ailments of the body, in particular, disfigurements and broken limbs.
Shrines in dedication to Akkorokamui and associated octopus deities are found throughout Japan.
In popular culture
* In the Bob's Burgers episode "Flu-ouise", some of Louise Belcher's toys are revealed to be named after Japanese legendary creatures, including an octopus called Akkoro Kamui. They come to life in a fever dream Louise goes through, with Akkoro Kamui sounding like her mother Linda. They also appear in The Bob's Burgers Movie. | WIKI |
Nenad Đorđević
Nenad Đorđević (Ненад Ђорђевић; born 7 August 1979) is a Serbian professional football coach and a former player who played as a defender. He is the assistant coach of Al Wasl in the UAE Pro League. At international level, Đorđević represented Serbia and Montenegro at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Club career
Đorđević made his senior debut at Jedinstvo Paraćin, before joining Obilić in the 1999–2000 campaign. He spent four seasons with the Vitezovi, making a total of 97 league appearances. In July 2003, Đorđević was transferred to Partizan, penning a four-year deal. He immediately established himself as a first team regular under manager Lothar Matthäus, helping Partizan reach the group stage of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League. In the following 2004–05 season, Đorđević won his first national championship title, as well as helped his team advance to the UEFA Cup round of 32. He made a total of 85 league appearances, before leaving the club in the 2007 winter transfer window.
In February 2007, Đorđević signed for Japanese club JEF United Chiba, penning a two-year contract. He made 13 league appearances and scored three goals in the 2007 season.
After just one year abroad, Đorđević returned to Partizan, penning a two-and-a-half-year contract on 29 January 2008. He played great after his return, especially in the first six months, when his goals directly decided the winner in a few games, thus being one of the most deserving for Partizan's title in the 2007–08 season, the club's first after three years. In the summer of 2008, after the departure of Stevan Jovetić to Fiorentina, Đorđević became the team's captain.
On 8 April 2010, Đorđević signed a two-year contract with Russian club Krylia Sovetov. He scored on his debut two days later in a league match against Saturn Ramenskoye, which his team won 2–1. On 22 February 2012, his contract was terminated by mutual consent.
On 27 February 2012, Đorđević signed a four-year contract for Swedish club Kalmar FF. He signed with IFK Berga ahead of the 2016 season.
International career
Đorđević was capped 17 times for the Serbia and Montenegro national team, scoring one goal. He was also a member of the team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, where he played his final international against Ivory Coast.
Coaching career
On 18 November 2015 Đorđević announced, that he from the 2016 season would function as a playing assistant manager for IFK Berga. He announced his retirement from playing at the end of the season. In 2017, Đorđević was hired as a youth coach by local club Kalmar Södra IF.
On 18 November 2017, Đorđević returned to his former club Kalmar FF as a youth coach. He worked as the manager of the club's U16's, U17's and U19's, before leaving at the end of 2020.
On 6 September 2021, Đorđević was hired as an assistant coach by Hammarby IF in Allsvenskan, under head coach Miloš Milojević. He left the position at the end of the year when Milojević was sacked. On 2 February 2022, it was announced that Đorđević would become the head coach of the club's feeder team Hammarby TFF, eventually leading the side to finish 6th in the domestic third tier Ettan. In early 2023, Đorđević returned to the role as an assistant coach in Hammarby's senior squad, working with Martí Cifuentes.
He left Hammarby on 15 June 2023, becoming the assistant coach to his former colleague Miloš Milojević at Al Wasl in the UAE Pro League.
Club
Partizan
* Serbian SuperLiga: 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09
* Serbian Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09
Individual
* Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2008–09 | WIKI |
John P. MALABARBA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CHICAGO TRIBUNE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 97-2707.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued Jan. 12, 1998.
Decided July 22, 1998.
Debra K. Marcus (argued), Argy Koutsi-kos, Pappas, Power & Marcus, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
John W. Powers (argued), Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before BAUER, COFFEY, and KANNE, Circuit Judges.
COFFEY, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff-appellant, John Malabarba, appeals from the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of the defendant-appellee, Chicago Tribune Company (“Tribune”), on his claim that the Tribune failed to reasonably accommodate his disability and terminated his employment, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (“ADA”). Malabar-ba contends that the trial judge erred in finding that he was not a “qualified individual with a disability” within the meaning of the ADA, that he-was provided with reasonable accommodations to perform his job, and that he was not discharged because of his disability. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
There is an old adage among lawyers that, when the law is not on your side, you should attempt to confuse the court or jury with your spin on the facts. When one engages in this practice on appeal, it regrettably makes the court’s task of resolving disputes all the more time-consuming and difficult. Malabarba has submitted a very lengthy recitation of his edited version of the facts in this case. We are now called upon to do the work of distinguishing the undisputed facts from those which are disputed in reviewing the grant of summary judgment. Unfortunately, Malabarba’s Local Rule 12 response to the Tribune’s statement of uncontested facts falls short in flagging the allegations with which he agrees versus those he disputes. For this reason, the Tribune filed a motion in the district court to strike Malabarba’s Rule 12(N) statement. The trial judge denied the Tribune’s motion, notwithstanding her belief that “the court would be justified in granting [it]” because, among other reasons, “Malabarba is argumentative and unresponsive [and] ... goes on for pages making factual assertions and legal arguments that do not contradict the Tribune’s statements.” See Guzzo v. Northeast Illinois Regional Railroad Corp., No. 94-C5813, 1996 WL 131730, at *1 (N.D.Ill. March 15, 1996) (A Rule 12 statement “must be limited to a concise statement of uncontested facts. Opinion, suggested inferences, legal arguments and conclusions” are improper.); Waldridge v. American Hoechst Corp., 24 F.3d 918, 922 (7th Cir.1994) (explaining that “district courts are not obliged in our adversary system to scour the record looking for factual disputes.... ”). The court did find that, because Malabarba failed to deny a number of the Tribune’s allegations, he in effect admitted them. See Bourne Co. v. Hunter Country Club, Inc., 990 F.2d 934, 938 (7th Cir.1993) (district court correctly held that defendant admitted facts in Rule 12(m) statement by failing to deny them). The court also rejected several of Malabar-ba’s factual responses, ruling that they were unsupported in the record. Malabarba now attempts to reargue his opposition to certain facts that the district judge concluded were admitted, and restates other facts as if they were undisputed, even though the judge found them to have been without a basis in the record. Local Rule 12 does not lose its efficacy once a case moves from the trial arena to the appellate stage of litigation; we, too, “endorse[ ] the exacting obligation [Rule 12] ... impose[s] on a party contesting summary judgment to highlight which factual averments are in conflict.” Waldridge, 24 F.3d at 921-22 (emphasis added). That having been said, we shall limit the ensuing discussion to those facts which the parties’ Rule 12 statements reflect are clearly undisputed and are supported in the record.
The Chicago Tribune, a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Chicago, Illinois, prints and distributes a daily newspaper. In 1972, the Tribune hired Malabarba as a mailer, and he worked in that capacity until July of 1985, when he “walked out” during a labor strike. Five years later, in August 1990, Malabarba was re-hired by the Tribune to work in its packaging department as a packager, a position which, according to both parties, is one of the most physically demanding within the company. Indeed, the packager job “[r]equires physical dexterity to lift and move material,” the ability “to stand for long periods of time[,] ... to lift or pile newspaper products that vary in weight from five to thirty-five pounds or more,” and “to help remove paper jams in conveyors at various height levels which includes climbing on ladders.” All packagers are assigned to one of two “teams” within the packaging department-press support or inserting machine support. Every packager on each team, in turn, rotates through the various duties attendant to the press or inserting machine. The required physical skills for working on either team reflect those set forth in the general packager job description, quoted above. Packagers also periodically fill in as needed for the packaging department control room operator (i.e., whenever he or she breaks for lunch, is on vacation or sick leave, etc.); this is considered to be sedentary, “light-duty” work.
On April 28, 1991, approximately eight months after going back to work at the Tribune, Malabarba injured his back while attempting to remove newspaper bundles from a printing press. As a result of this injury, he took a leave of absence until September of 1991, when Dr. Michael Schafer, Malabarba’s orthopedic surgeon, and Dr. John Mar-quardt, the Tribune’s medical director, both cleared him to return to his packager position without physical restriction. Then, on April 27,1992, Malabarba once again injured his back while piling bundles coming off the press, and was once again granted a leave of absence. Doctors Marquardt and Schafer released him to work in September 1992, but this time placed limitations on the types of tasks he could perform — he was prohibited from standing for over thirty minutes without a break, bending at the waist, twisting his torso, or lifting anything weighing more than ten pounds. Malabarba admits that these restrictions on his physical activity prevented him from working on the inserting machines and presses. And, in fact, Dr. Marquardt instructed Malabarba that he was to confíne his duties to helping out in the control room.
Upon Malabarba’s return to the packaging department in September of 1992, he was assigned to assist the second-shift control room operator, Minnie Hayes. Hayes took disability leave beginning in November 1992, at which time Malabarba covered for her on a full-time basis. When Hayes came back to work the following March, Malabarba helped out in the control room only occasionally. With little left for Malabarba to do, Jerry Quarnstrom, the then second-shift operations manager, made up a list of miscellaneous “light-duty” tasks around the packaging department and assigned them to Malabarba. By the Fall of 1993, Tom Gillison had replaced Quarnstrom as the operations manager, and Malabarba had completed most of the job assignments included on Quarnstrom’s list. Gillison gave Malabarba other “light-duty” projects, but, as of late 1993, it was evident to the packaging department manager, Steve Weisser, that many of these tasks were both repetitive and unnecessary.
In May 1994, a diabetes-related foot ulcer forced Malabarba to take another leave of absence, his third in less than four years since being re-hired by the Tribune in 1990. He received a medical release to return to work some five months later, in October, and was transferred immediately to the Tribune’s remote packaging site, Tribune Packaging West (“TPW”), to work as a material handler. In this capacity, Malabarba’s primary charge was to drive a forklift or “jeep” to mechanically load and unload trucks at TPW’s receiving dock. Nevertheless, it is uncontested that his physical limitations precluded him from carrying out all the duties of a material handler, including manually lifting empty wooden skids and newspaper bundles, piling the newspaper bundles on skids, and splitting or combining newspaper bundles on the skids. Malabarba’s stint at TPW was quite brief, only one month; in November, he fractured his foot while at home and took his fourth medical leave in four years. After he was fit with a walking cast, Dr. Marquardt cleared him to return to work at TPW on January 22, 1995. Although the parties dispute whether Malabarba was capable of operating a forklift with his foot casted, the operations manager at TPW, Al Letizia, states that he sent Malabarba home because he was unable to wear safety shoes, as required by Tribune policy.
On February 1, 1995, Malabarba met with Weisser and Audrey Southard, the Tribune’s human resources manager. At this meeting, Malabarba described the types of “light-duty” projects to which he had previously been assigned in the packaging department, and expressed a desire to continue working on similar jobs. Weisser and Southard told him he could not be re-assigned to the packaging department because of budget constraints, but that the Tribune would attempt to find him a position compatible with his medical restrictions outside of that department. Shortly thereafter, Southard had Cathlene Johnson, an employment specialist, interview Malabarba to determine the types of jobs for which he was qualified. From her interview, Johnson was of the opinion that Malabarba possessed sound communications and “people skills,” as well as an understanding of the Tribune organization as a whole. She informed Malabarba that she would be on the lookout for a position for him, and encouraged Malabarba to cheek the Tribune’s internal job postings for anything that might interest him, which he admits he never did. Johnson also requested other Tribune employment specialists to assist Malabarba in finding a new job within the company.
Later in February 1995, Luis Anaya, one of Johnson’s employment specialist colleagues, interviewed Malabarba for a reeep-tionist/back-up secretary position. Unable to type the requisite 65 words per minute and lacking familiarity with the Tribune’s word processing software, Malabarba was deemed unqualified for the job. Then, on March 14, 1995, Johnson informed Malabarba that she had found a position for him as a Customer Service Representative II (“CSR II”). Mala-barba was advised that he would be required to successfully complete a four-week training course before commencing his employment as a CSR II, and that he would receive worker’s compensation benefits to make up two-thirds of the difference in pay between his CSR II salary and that of a packager. Malabarba accepted the position.
Malabarba began the CSR II training program on March 22, 1995. After several classes, Dana Meza, the CSR trainer, informed Malabarba that he would have to improve his performance or he would not pass the course. As of April 14, Malabarba had failed the one-on-one and written portions of the final exam, as well as the classroom environment training program, and was therefore ineligible for the CSR II position. In late April of 1995, Johnson informed Mala-barba that the Tribune had no other jobs available at the time matching his qualifications and that his services with the company were terminated.
Malabarba subsequently brought suit against the Tribune, alleging that he was discriminated against on the basis of his disability, in violation of the ADA. The Tribune filed a motion for summary judgment, and the district court granted the same. In the court’s view, Malabarba was not a “qualified individual with a disability” under the ADA, and the Tribune had undertaken appropriate steps to reasonably accommodate his disability. Accordingly, it found no violation of the ADA.
II. ISSUES
Malabarba advances two issues for our review. Initially, he contends that the trial judge erred in concluding that he was not a “qualified individual” within the meaning of the ADA. And secondly, Malabarba asserts that there exist genuine issues of material fact as to whether the Chicago Tribune discharged him because of his disability, thus making the grant of summary judgment against him improper.
III. DISCUSSION
We review the district judge’s grant of summary judgment in the Chicago Tribune’s favor de novo. See Geier v. Medtronic, Inc., 99 F.3d 238, 240 (7th Cir.1996). In so doing, the court must construe all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to Malabarba, as the party opposing the motion. See NLFC, Inc. v. Devcom Mid-America, Inc., 45 F.3d 231, 234 (7th Cir.1995). We will affirm the grant of summary judgment only if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the parties’ affidavits, reveal no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party, the Chicago Tribune, is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
A. “Qualified Individual” Status under the ADA
The ADA proscribes discrimination against “a qualified individual with a disability....” 42 U.S.C. § 12112. The district court opined that, while Malabarba raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he was “disabled” within the meaning of the ADA, it was undisputed that he could not make the predicate showing of being a “qualified individual” to perform the essential functions of a Tribune packager. See Nowak v. St. Rita High School, 142 F.3d 999, 1002-03 (7th Cir.1998). A “qualified individual with a disability” is “an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8).
On appeal, Malabarba has altered the course of his argument relative to his position in the district court. Having apparently come to terms with the fact that he cannot meet the physical demands of the packager job, with or without reasonable accommodation, Malabarba has shifted gears to contend that a factual dispute exists over the position he held at the time of his discharge from the Tribune packaging department. That is, he raises the question of whether, at the time he was removed from the packaging department, he was a packager doing temporary, “light-duty” work, or a material handler, a position which, in his view, “might be termed” light-duty. The Tribune urges that Malabarba has waived this issue by having failed to sufficiently advance it in the district court. See Ryan v. Chromalloy American Corp., 877 F.2d 598, 603-04 (7th Cir.1989) (“ ‘[A] party opposing a summary judgment motion must inform the trial court of the reasons, legal or factual, why summary judgment should not be entered. If it does not do so, and loses the motion, it cannot raise such issues on appeal.’ ”) (quoting McNeil v. Springfield Park District, 851 F.2d 937, 946 (7th Cir.1988)). While we are of the belief that Malabarba did adequately present the issue to the trial court, and the matter is properly before us, it is our opinion that, for purposes of our analysis under the ADA, Malabarba’s qualifications must be measured against the duties of a full-time packager at the Tribune, not a material handler. To hold otherwise would be to depart from this circuit’s long-standing recognition that the ADA does not require that employers transform temporary work assignments into permanent positions.
Malabarba relies on two district court cases, Taylor v. Garrett, 820 F.Supp. 933 (E.D.Pa.1993), and Valdez v. Albuquerque Public Schools, 875 F.Supp. 740 (D.N.M. 1994), for the proposition that a plaintiff alleging an ADA violation need only be qualified to perform the essential functions of the “light-duty” position to which he was reassigned after becoming disabled (i.e., material handler), as opposed to the position for which he was originally hired (i.e., a packager). Because the facts of Taylor and Valdez are distinguishable from those in the instant appeal, we shall set them forth in greater detail. In Taylor, the United States Navy originally hired the plaintiff, Taylor, as a “rigger helper” 'in 1984 and promoted him to a “rigger worker” position two years later. Taylor injured his back in 1986, and as a consequence, was assigned to a variety of “light-duty” tasks, while retaining his “rigger” job classification. The Navy terminated Taylor’s employment in 1989, after having discovered that he allegedly was filing false claims with the government. Taylor brought suit against the Secretary of the Navy under the ADA’s predecessor statute, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, seeking reinstatement to a permanent “light-duty” position. The Navy, in turn, filed a motion for partial summary judgment. It contended that, since Taylor was hired as a rigger and remained classified as a rigger until his termination, the appropriate inquiry was not whether he was qualified to perform the “light-duty” jobs to which he had been assigned following his back injury, but rather whether he could fulfill the duty requirements of a Navy rigger. Taylor, on the other hand, urged that his qualifications were more appropriately measured against the demands of the “light-duty” position he was performing at the time of his discharge. In denying the Navy’s summary judgment motion, the trial judge opined that “when an employee has been offered light-duty work— work that he must accept in order to maintain workers’ compensation eligibility — and that employee challenges the conditions of, and the reasons for his separation from, such light-duty work, the relevant inquiry must be his qualifications to perform that work in which he was engaged when the alleged discrimination occurs.” Taylor, 820 F.Supp. at 938 (emphasis in original).
The court in Valdez reached a similar result. There, the Abuquerque Public Schools (“APS”) hired Valdez in 1974 to work as an equipment operator. Valdez injured his right arm in a 1979 motorcycle accident. By 1992, his damaged arm had deteriorated to such an extent that he was no longer capable of performing many of the essential functions of an equipment operator. As a result, APS significantly increased Valdez’s involvement as supervisor of the Community Service Program (“CSP”), which is a “light-duty” position. Valdez supervised the CSP on a full-time basis for almost two years. Ultimately, however, APS gave Valdez the choice of either accepting a lower-paying, part-time job as an educational aide, or being terminated. Valdez opted to take the educational aide position, and brought suit under the ADA, seeking reinstatement to his position as a CSP supervisor. Like in Taylor, the defendant, APS, filed a motion for summary judgment. And the court, as in Taylor, denied the motion, concluding that genuine disputed issues of fact persisted as to whether Valdez was capable of performing the essential functions of the “light-duty” CSP supervisor job. Relying almost exclusively on Taylor, the court explained that “Valdez’ inability to perform the essential functions of his original position [equipment operator] does not defeat his ADA claims.” Valdez, 875 F.Supp. at 745.
Of course, district court opinions are of little or no authoritative value to us, and the persuasiveness of the reasoning underlying such decisions is at its lowest when, as here, it comes from courts that are not bound by the precedents of this circuit. Notwithstanding, Taylor and Valdez are different from the present appeal in one very significant way — the plaintiffs in those cases were assigned to permanent “light-duty” assignments, whereas Malabarba’s “light-duty” work assignment as a material handler was only temporary. Temporary “light-duty” jobs at the Tribune typically last no longer than three months. Malabarba was a material handler for little more than one month, if that. Athough the ADA provides that reassignment to a vacant position may constitute a reasonable accommodation, it does not require that employers convert temporary “light-duty” jobs into permanent ones. See Dalton v. Subant-Isuzu Automotive, Inc., 141 F.3d 667, 680 (7th Cir.1998) (The ADA’s language has been interpreted as not requiring that employers “create new full-time positions to accommodate its disabled employees ____”) (citing McCreary v. Lib- bey-Owens-Ford Co., 132 F.3d 1159, 1165 (7th Cir.1997)). When Malabarba was released from the packaging department, he was working on temporary “light-duty” assignments as a packager, not driving a forklift as a permanent material handler. • In fact, during his limited duration as a material handler, Malabarba continued to be classified as a packager. The relevant question before us is whether he had the ability to perform the essential functions of a packager, with or without accommodation. Mala-barba admits that his physical impairments and medical restrictions precluded him from doing so, and nothing contained within the record disputes the fact that Malabarba is not a “qualified individual” to work as a packager under the ADA. As a result, the trial judge’s entry of summary judgment in the Tribune’s favor was proper.
Even if we assumed, arguendo, that Malabarba’s qualifications were more properly measured against the essential functions of a material handler, he still would not be a “qualified individual” as the ADA defines that term. Indeed, a material handler’s duties are not limited to only driving a forklift. As the job description makes clear, he or she is also “[responsible for the disposal of set-asides, wooden pallets and binders in a timely manner and manually stacking material in preparation for disposal.” It “[rjequires physical dexterity to lift and move material” without the aid of machinery. One of Mala-: barba’s co-workers at TPW, Beatrice Posey, went so far as to say that the material handler position is as physically demanding as the packaging job. The following colloquy took place at her deposition:
Q. Would you consider the packager position to be more physically demanding than that of an inventory quality clerk [a material handler]?
A. I wouldn’t.
Q. - No?
A. No.
* * * * * *
Q. But as an inventory quality clerk [material handler], you’re not lifting the amount of weight that you would have to lift as a packager, correct?
A. At certain parts of the week we might have 10 or 15 partial skids ... that need to be shrink-wrapped and sent back to our facility at the' Freedom Center. During that time I am bending just as much as anyone on the [inserting] machine is.
Q. And that’s, you said, towards the end of the week. So let’s say in a given eight-hour shift towards the end of the week, how much of your day are you devoting to going ahead and shrink packaging those partial skids?
A. It depends on how much the shift before me finished and how much they ■left me. It can take — it may take a whole day, you know.
Malabarba cites to nothing in the record that disputes the fact that the material handler position is one that entails activities which are unquestionably off-limits to him (i.e., bending and lifting). Even the one task Malabarba claims he was able to perform as a material handler, .that is, driving a jeep, admittedly caused him back pain. In short, Malabarba’s medical restrictions rendered him unqualified to carry out the essential functions of the material handler position, with or without reasonable accommodation. We conclude that Malabarba is, therefore, not a “qualified individual” to work as a material handler, and is precluded from succeeding on his claim that the Tribune violated the ADA by discharging him from his employment.
B. Reassignment as an Alternative “Reasonable Accommodation”
We now turn, to Malabarba’s argument that, instead of reassigning him as a CSR II, the Tribune should have, and in fact was obligated by the ADA to have, placed him in another position for which he was qualified and could perform. It is true that “the ADA may require an employer to reassign a disabled employee to a different position as reasonable accommodation where the employee can no longer perform the essential functions of their current position.” Gile v. United Airlines, Inc., 95 F.3d 492, 498 (7th Cir.1996). This rule is not without “significant limitations,” however. Id. at 499. “An employer is not obligated to provide an employee the accommodation he requests or prefers, the employer need only provide some reasonable accommodation.” Id. (citing Schmidt v. Methodist Hospital, 89 F.3d 342, 344-45 (7th Cir.1996)).
The ADA may only require an employer to reassign a disabled employee to a position for which the employee is otherwise qualified. An employer may be obligated to reassign a disabled employee, but only to vacant positions; an employer is not required to “bump” other employees to create a vacancy so as to be able to reassign the disabled employee. Nor is an employer obligated to create á “new” position for the disabled employee. Furthermore, in order for an employer to be obligated to accommodate an employee by reassigning them to a different position, that accommodation must not impose an “undue hardship” on the employer.
Id. (citations omitted). To this we add that an employer does not have to accommodate a disabled employee by promoting him or her to a higher level position. See Shiring v. Runyon, 90 F.3d 827, 832 (3rd Cir.1996) (explaining that, for an employee to demonstrate that a reasonable accommodation was available, he would have to establish that “there were vacant, funded positions whose essential duties he was capable of performing, with or without reasonable accommodation, and that these positions were at an equivalent level or position” as the job the employee previously held) (emphasis added).
We, like the district judge, are convinced from our review of the record that the Tribune Company clearly fulfilled its obligation under Gile and the ADA to reasonably accommodate Malabarba’s disability by committing significant time and effort to finding him a job as a CSR II. On February .1,1995, after informing Malabarba that he was being removed from his duties in the packaging department, the Tribune embarked on what we would deem a conscientious and thorough intra-company search to find him a position that he was qualified to perform and was of interest to him. In our view, the Tribune was justified to believe that the CSR II position fell within this category. After all, Malabarba was reliable, possessed sound “people skills,” and had a good understanding of the Tribune’s operations. Malabarba accepted the Tribune’s offer of employment as a CSR II and, as far as the record reflects, did not express any apprehensions about his ability to meet the demands of the job at the time. His only concerns dealt with the pay he was to receive and the hours he would have to work. The Tribune handled the situation by providing Malabarba with worker’s compensation benefits to make up most of the difference between his former salary as a packager and his new salary as a CSR II. Malabarba willingly undertook the four-week training program that the Tribune requires all of its CSRs to successfully complete. For some reason, whether due to lack of ability or interest, Malabarba did not grasp the course materials and failed the one-on-one and written portions of the final examination, as well as the classroom environment training. Unable to identify any other available positions for which Malabarba was qualified, the Tribune terminated his employment. Malabarba now claims that his placement in the CSR II position was not a “reasonable accommodation” because he did not possess the requisite typing and computer skills. We disagree. Even if this were true, it is nevertheless irrelevant, as Mala-barba’s failure to pass the CSR training program arose out of his lack of comprehension of the course materials, not his poor typing or computer skills.
Malabarba claims that there were jobs other than the CSR II position to which the Tribune could have assigned him, jobs that were within his physical limitations. His proposed alternatives include working as a control room operator, a material handler driving a fork-lift, or a packager on an inserting machine with an automatic lift. In our view, these suggested accommodations are unreasonable; each one would have saddled the Tribune with a duty that is not compelled by the ADA. As for the control room operator position, Malabarba readily admits that the job “has a higher grade position than a packager.” But, as noted above, an employer is not obligated to accommodate a disabled employee by promoting him or her to a higher level position. See Shiring, 90 F.3d at 832. While Congress enacted the ADA to establish a “level playing field” for our nation’s disabled workers, see Schmidt, 89 F.3d at 344, it did not do so in the name of discriminating against persons free from disability. Restated, the ADA does not mandate a policy of “affirmative action in favor of individuals with disabilities, in the sense of requiring that disabled person be given priority in hiring or reassignment over those who are not disabled.” Daugherty v. City of El Paso, 56 F.3d 695, 700 (5th Cir.1995). Malabarba seeks just such preferential treatment to which the ADA does not entitle him. Malabárba’s argument with respect to the material handler position runs into a similar roadblock. We have already held that his physical limitations and, in turn, his medical restrictions, precluded him from performing all the essential functions of that job, with or without reasonable accommodation, and we need not retrace our steps here.
Lastly, .we think it evident that it would be unreasonable for Malabarba to have expected the Tribune to separate the automatic lift operator task out of the multi-duty inserting packager position. As we explained in Miller v. Illinois Dep’t of Corrections, 107 F.3d 483, 485 (7th Cir.1997) (emphasis in original), “if an employer has a legitimate reason for specifying multiple duties for a particular job classification, duties the occupant of the position is expected to rotate through, a disabled employee will not be qualified for the position unless he can perform enough of these duties to enable a judgment that he can perform its essential duties.” We repeat, as it is worth repeating — Malabarba concedes that he is unable perform all the essential tasks of a packager working on the inserting machine support team (i.e., bending, lifting heavy objects, and standing for long periods of time). The question thus becomes whether the Tribune’s rationale for rotating employees among the various duties attendant to the inserting machine is a legitimate one. We are convinced it is. Letizia explained at his deposition that, with respect to Tribune employees in the packaging department, “we try to have them trained on every aspect of the [packager] job because you never know when one person is not going to be there. So you always want to have — you want your core team of Tribune employees trained in every area so anyone can work on any given assignment.” The Tribune’s packaging department is undoubtedly a demanding and challenging work environment — newspapers must be printed, bundled and shipped off to distribution points in a very short span of time. If one packager is absent, and only Malabarba is available to fill in as a replacement, yet he is physically incapable of doing so, the timing of the Tribune’s all-important delivery system breaks down. Its readers may very well find their morning paper at the front stoop when they arrive home in the evening, rather than upon awakening at daybreak. The Tribune, like' all of the print media, most definitely has a legitimate interest in strictly adhering to its production and distribution schedules and, in turn, keeping its customers as well as its advertisers satisfied. As a consequence, the accommodation that Malabarba proposes as being “reasonable” — splitting up the duties of the multi-task packager position-is inconsistent with what our case law requires of employers under the ADA.
IV. CONCLUSION
We hold that Malabarba is not a “qualified individual with a disability” within the meaning of the ADA, that the Tribune afforded him reasonable accommodations, and that the trial judge’s entry of summary judgment in the Tribune’s favor was appropriate. Simply stated, Malabarba is requesting that the Tribune undertake action that the ADA does not require it to do, like creating a new position for him. The judgment of the district court is, therefore, affirmed.
Affirmed.
. Malabarba stated at his deposition that the duties of a packager and mailer are virtually identical.
. An inserting machine is used to "insert” the various sections of a newspaper into a single complete edition.
.Both the district court and the parties make frequent reference to “light-duty” work. For the sake of consistency, we shall use the term "light-duty” in its generic sense to denote the types of tasks Malabarba was capable of performing at the Tribune.
. Doctor Schafer believed that Malabarba's 1992 back injury was attributable to a degenerative disc disease in the lumbar spine, and degenerative arthritic changes of the facet joints in the lower spine.
. Malabarba's specific duties while assisting in the control room are not enumerated in the record, although, as previously explained, it is undisputed that they were classified as sedentary in nature.
. The miscellaneous assignments included, inter alia: preparing a daily housekeeping report on the cleanliness of the packaging department; assembling an insert binder so that Malabarba’s supervisors could verify that the proper insert was running on the inserting machine; training jeep drivers; and entering production information on a computer. Not only had many of these ministerial tasks been previously performed by packagers, supervisors, or foremen, but some of them were discontinued after Malabarba was reassigned to work at Tribune Packaging West.
. Doctor Marquardt was of the belief that Mala-barba could work as a materials handler at TPW due to his understanding, albeit an erroneous one, that the position "was ... fairly quiet, sedentary without lifting, bending.”
. The trial judge found that "Malabarba's ... assertion that he was able to fulfill and did fulfill the job responsibilities of ... material handler is completely unsupported by the deposition testimony he cites.” We agree, and shall treat this fact as uncontested, accordingly.
. The record reflects that the packaging department was put under tight budget constraints in 1994 due to a drastic increase in the price of newsprint. These cut-backs required Weisser to reduce the size of the packaging department workforce, and to get the most out of each and every one of the full-time employees he retained. It would have been financially impracticable for him to keep Malabarba, who could not'perform all the duties of a packager, in the department.
. The facts as set forth in the Taylor opinion fail to delineate the nature of the "false claims” Taylor filed.
. Because Malabarba failed to adequately deny the allegation, the district court reasoned that he admitted that the Tribune did not maintain any permanent “light-duty” positions in the packaging department. Our review of the parties’ 12(M) and 12(N) statements leads us to the same conclusion.
. The district court found it undisputed that Malabarba complained to Letizia that vibrations from the fork-lift hurt his back.
. Malabarba does make the point that the Tribune could have reasonably accommodated him by giving him the one day off every week on which material handlers were required to engage in physically laborious work. Because he failed to raise this issue in the trial court, it is waived on appeal. See Chromalloy American Corp., 877 F.2d at 603-04 ("[A] party opposing a summary judgment motion must inform the trial court of the reasons, factual or legal, why summary judgment should not be entered. If it does not do so, and loses the motion, it cannot raise such issues on appeal.”) (citation and internal quotations omitted).
. The résumé Malabarba submitted to the Tribune indicated that he possessed typing skills, and he aired his doubts about whether he could type well enough to pass the CSR II training course only after he was in the program for a period of time. The course trainer even suggested to Ma-labarba that he come to class early, and stay late, in order to improve his typing speed and accuracy. The record reflects that he did so, at most, six times during the four-week course.
. As the following exchange at Malabarba's deposition demonstrates, he acknowledges that his lack of typing ability had nothing to do with his failure of the CSR training course.
Q. Now, the standards which you were found to have failed involved the one-on-one portion of the final exam, the written portion of the Anal exam and the classroom environment training, right?
A. Right.
Q. None of those things had anything to do with typing speed, did they?
A. Correct.
. It is disputed as to whether a position was even available in the control room.
| CASELAW |
Children are curious to learn new things, and there is no better way to teach them love, compassion, wisdom and kindness than through Buddha stories. These are the stories from The Jataka, which celebrate the life of Buddha in many forms.
Sometimes, Buddha lives like a human. At other times, he takes up the form of an animal. Irrespective of the life form he encompasses, his actions reflect compassion and kindness. These pearls of wisdom are explained best through Buddha stories that children can use for the rest of their lives.
Here we have collected various Buddha stories which are simple to understand with a moral at the end. We hope you enjoy these simple yet powerful Buddha stories and read them to your children.
The Falling Earth
Once upon a time, a rabbit was sleeping under a huge coconut tree. Suddenly, one of the coconuts from the tree separated from the tree and fell on the rabbit’s head. The rabbit woke up scared and thought, “The earth is breaking, and the sky is falling!”
The rabbit began running towards the forest’s river.
On its way there, it met another rabbit. The second rabbit asked what happened. Upon listening to the problem, the second rabbit joined the first rabbit. Both began running towards the river. Hearing their screams, a deer asked what was wrong. Soon, the deer was running along with two rabbits towards the river.
Not long after, the three animals, a boar, an elk, an ox, a tiger and an elephant. All eight animals were running as fast as they could towards the river to take shelter from a sky that seemed to be falling.
A lion heard their cries and came out of his den.
“What is wrong?” the lion asked.
“The earth is breaking and the sky is falling!” replied the elephant.
“Who told you that?” the lion asked.
All the animals looked at the first rabbit. The rabbit nodded and said, “Yes, it is true.”
The lion thought that the problem should be solved, otherwise all the animals will jump into the river and drown. So the lion asked the first rabbit to show where the sky was falling. Eagerly, the rabbit led the group to the place where it was sleeping. The fallen coconut was still there.
The lion explained that just because a coconut fell from a tree does not mean the earth is breaking or the sky is falling.
Moral of this story: Do not believe everything that you hear. When one person speaks something that is false, everyone else thinks it is true.
The Kind Master
In a tiny village, a calf was born on a farm. The calf was beautiful with pure black skin. His master took excellent care of him. The calf soon grew to become a handsome and strong bull.
The bull thought to himself, “my master has taken such wonderful care of me since I was born. I must do something to repay his kindness.”
Thinking this, the bull asked his master what he could do to show his gratitude. The master said, “there is a competition coming up soon in the village. We will go there.” The winner of the competition would be any master and his bull that could pull one thousand gold pieces.
But when both of them went to the competition, the master sat on the bull, kicked its sides and said, “Let’s go!”. The bull was always treated with kindness by the master and did not understand this sudden cruelty being displayed by him. So he did not move from his position. Soon, the winners of the competition were announced. The master had lost.
After returning home, the bull told his master, “did the greed for money take away all the kindness that you had for me?”
The master fell silent.
The bull said, “Let us participate in the competition again. This time, please ask me kindly to pull the gold pieces. I am sure we will do better.”
After a few days, the master and the bull went to the competition again. This time, the master said, “my beautiful bull, please do your best in this competition. Pull these gold pieces as far as possible.”
This time, the master remembered not to kick the bull or treat it unkindly. He simply said a few words of encouragement and waited for the bull to do its job.
Very soon, the bull began pulling the gold pieces and went far ahead of other teams. The master won the competition.
Moral of this story: Do not let greed for money steal your kindness. Treat everyone with love and kindness and you will reap the rewards in return.
The Greedy Monkey
There once lived a king who lived in a very big kingdom. However, this king was not happy with what he owned. He was always trying to expand his kingdom by creating wars with neighbouring kings. Once, the king, along with his soldiers, started their journey to a far place to acquire a new kingdom. Because the journey was long, the group stopped in a forest for some rest. There was a lake nearby where the king’s horses were taken to drink water. The rest of the soldiers sat down to eat their food. Soon, the horses returned from the lake and were given peas to eat.
A monkey sitting on a tree was watching this.
Hungry, the monkey climbed down from the tree and grabbed a handful of peas. Holding those peas in his hand, he returned to his spot on the tree. But as soon as it reached there, a pea dropped from the monkey’s hands. The monkey immediately let go of all the peas in its hand. It climbed down the tree again and started searching for the fallen pea, but it did not find it. It became sad and returned to its spot. This time, it lost not just one pea but all the peas it had initially taken.
The king, who was watching, realized that the monkey had taught him a lesson. Instead of being happy with the large kingdom that he owned, he was always searching for one more kingdom and one more victory.
The king immediately ordered his soldiers to pack up and happily returned to his home.
Moral of this story: The grass is always greener on the other side. It is important to be happy with what you have.
The Coy Wolf
Once upon a time, a wolf lived on the banks of a river.
One day, because of a sudden flood, the wolf had to move on top of a rock. He planned to wait there until the water reduced. But as days went by, the wolf became hungry because he had not eaten anything for the past few days. But there was nowhere that he could go.
Finally, he decided to fold his legs in a prayer-like position and think about the meaning of his life. He thought about all the times he was angry and greedy. He decided that he will change into a new wolf by meditating for a long time. Thinking so, he began his meditation.
Buddha decided to test the wolf’s intention. Since Buddha could take up the form of any animal, human, or a bird, he took the form of a lamb and appeared in front of the wolf. Seeing the plump, juicy lamb, the wolf’s mouth began to water.
“I will become a new wolf tomorrow. Now I must eat this lamb,” thought the wolf. He jumped from his position on the rock and chased the lamb. But he was not able to catch it. He tried for many hours before giving up due to exhaustion.
“No problem. I have still kept my promise of not eating anything,” thought the wolf. Buddha appeared in front of him and said, “No you broke your promise by chasing the lamb. Making promises is very easy, but abiding by them is extremely difficult.”
Moral of this story: Making promises is very easy, but it is equally difficult to keep them.
The Foolish Donkey
Once upon a time, a farmer lived in a tiny village who owned a donkey.
Every day, the farmer and his donkey would go around the village selling goods. But the farmer did not earn enough to feed good food to his donkey. After thinking for many days, the farmer came up with an idea. He knew the villagers were scared of lions.
So, the farmer disguised his donkey as a lion. Then, he let the donkey free in other farms with rich food for the donkey. Every day, the farmer would disguise the donkey as a lion and the donkey would eat food from other farms. The villagers did not dare to come near the lion, so the donkey would eat to its heart’s content.
The farmer thought he was very smart. One day, he let the donkey free as usual and sat down to eat his own food. Meanwhile, the donkey began eating the food on a neighbouring farm. But this time, the villagers were ready. With sticks and rocks, the villagers tried to chase away what they thought was a lion.
Scared at being bullied, the donkey started braying: Heehaw! Heehaw!
The moment the villagers heard the sound, they knew it was not a lion but a donkey. They started laughing and chased the donkey and his master away from the village.
Moral of this story: Don’t be deceived by the looks of someone.
The Smart Goose
Once, there was a goose that was not any ordinary goose because it had beautiful, shiny golden feathers on its body. One day, the goose was flying over a village when it saw a poor mother struggling to take care of her daughters. Feeling pity, the goose thought of a way of helping the mother. The goose went to her and said, “I cannot offer you money, but I can give you one of my feathers. Please sell this. It will give you some money for your family.”
The mother felt very grateful and thanked the goose. Next day, she and her daughters went to the market and bought nice things for themselves with the money. To help the mother, the goose returned every month. Each time, it gave one of its feathers to the mother. But the mother started getting greedy because she was receiving only one feather at a time.
She thought, “this is very slow. I will never get rich at this slow pace. I must catch the goose and use all of its feathers at once.”
When the goose returned the next month, the mother caught the goose. Holding the goose in her hand, she took out all of its feathers. What the mother did not know was that if anyone went against the will of the goose, the ugly feathers were of no use now. The minute the mother pulled out the feathers, they turned black. All the gold vanished.
The daughters cried in despair and took the goose to the forest. There, they took good care of it and the golden feathers returned.
The goose never helped the mother again in the future. The mother remained in poverty.
Moral of this story: The greatest wealth of all is kindness
The Magic Elephant
There once lived an elephant in a kingdom. The elephant was so big and beautiful that he served the king directly.
The king travelled everywhere with the elephant, and everyone praised the elephant a lot. The king became jealous and decided to get rid of the elephant.
He said to the elephant’s caretaker: “You claim that the elephant is so special. If it really is special, then it should be able to climb a mountain.”
The caretaker took the elephant to the top of the mountain. This time, the king said, “it is not enough. If the elephant is really special, then it should be able to fly.”
The caretaker understood that the king did not value the elephant. He whispered in the elephant’s ear: “your master does not like you anymore. Fly away to another kingdom.”
The elephant flapped its ears and flew away to a nice kingdom. Only then, the king realized that the elephant was actually special.
Moral of this story: Pride leads to a fall, always. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Visionary fiction
Visionary fiction is a fiction genre with New Age or mind, body, spirit themes and perspectives, including consciousness expansion, spirituality, mysticism, and parapsychology. It is sometimes classed as a subtype of speculative fiction. Examples include the novels The Celestine Prophecy The Alchemist, and Illusions: The Adventures of a Reluctant Messiah. The Book Industry Study Group's BISAC subject heading FIC039000 is "FICTION / Visionary & Metaphysical".
Although similar themes and content occur in the literature of numerous cultures in many ages, the term "visionary fiction" was suggested by Renée Weber, professor of philosophy at Rutgers University, and used by John Algeo in a 1982 article describing recent examples and earlier precursors. By the year 2000 it had recognition as a distinct genre. Contemporary authors have formed organizations like the Visionary Fiction Alliance to clearly define what the genre is and what works belong to this category, advocate the use of this term for all fiction of the determined type, and promote authorship and readership of this form of fiction.
Definitions
While the basic definition of visionary fiction—the literary form that illustrates and demonstrates the process of growth in human consciousness—is now generally accepted, it remains an evolving genre with some controversy over what literature it includes. Following are some of the most frequently cited definitions, sometimes at variance with each other, which illustrate the range, historically and ideologically, of the term's usage.
"Visionary"
As a literary term, the word visionary is defined thus: "Visionary writing has the qualities of prophecy—perhaps it is apocalyptic in imagery, or it may be predictive in its insights, or it may contain a core of moral truth. Many of the Romantic poets (especially Blake) have been labeled visionary. Note that in its literary sense, visionary writing need not be religious in nature, though it frequently is."
Carl Jung
In his 1929 lecture, "Psychology and Literature," (also a chapter in Modern Man in Search of a Soul), psychologist Carl Jung divides all works of art into two distinct forms, psychological and visionary. "The psychological work of art always takes its materials from the vast real of conscious human experience—from the vivid foreground of life, we might say." What is currently classified as mainstream or realism. "The latter [visionary] reverses all the conditions of the former [psychological]. The experience that furnishes the material for artistic expression is no longer familiar. It is a strange something that derives its existence from the hinterlands of man's mind—that suggests the abyss of time separating us from pre-human ages, or evokes a superhuman world of contrasting light and darkness." Jung's model would classify all serious imaginative literature, including the classics like Homer, Virgil, and Beowulf, as Visionary Fiction.
Flo Keyes
In The Literature of Hope in the Middle Ages And Today, Flo Keyes endorses Jung's term, visionary fiction, while detailing the medieval romance's impact on modern Fantasy and Science Fiction: "Jung places greater value on what he calls visionary novels, novels in which fundamental human experiences are tapped and shaped and left to the individual to interpret. These visionary works are stories that break the bonds of everyday human experience."
Walidah Imarisha and adrienne maree brown
Activists and Authors Walidah Imarisah and adrienne maree brown put together a group of activists to write short stories for Octavia's Brood: Science Fiction Stories from Social Justice Movements. In materials for the book they put forward a different definition of visionary fiction "We believe that radical science fiction is actually better termed visionary fiction because it pulls from real life experience, inequalities and movement building to create innovative ways of understanding the world around us, paint visions of new worlds that could be, and teach us new ways of interacting with one another. Visionary fiction engages our imaginations and hearts, and guides our hands as organizers."
Walidah Imarisha further said visionary fiction "allows us to imagine possibilities outside of what exists today. The only way we know we can challenge the divine right of kings is by being able to imagine a world where kings no longer rule us—or do not even exist. Visionary fiction offers social justice movements a process to explore creating those new worlds....This term reminds us to be utterly unrealistic in our organizing, because it is only through imagining the so-called impossible that we can begin to concretely build it. When we free our imaginations, we question everything".
Michael Gurian
American author and social philosopher Michael Gurian, one of the first to promote the genre on the web, wrote: "'Visionary fiction' is fiction in which the expansion of the human mind drives the plot. Where science fiction is characterized by storytelling based in expanded use of science to drive narrative, visionary fiction is characterized by storytelling based in expanded use of mental ability to drive narrative."
Visionary Fiction Alliance
The Visionary Fiction Alliance defines the term thus: "Visionary Fiction embraces spiritual and esoteric wisdom, often from ancient sources, and makes it relevant for our modern life. These gems of wisdom are brought forth in story form and in a way that readers can experience the wisdom from within themselves. It emphasizes and envisions humanity's transition into evolved consciousness. While there is a strong theme, it in no way proselytizes or preaches. Visionary is a tone as well as a genre. The ‘visionary’ element can technically be present in any genre and set in any time."
Hal Zina Bennett
Visionary Fiction pioneer, Hal Zina Bennett describes the genre thus: "Visionary fiction often deals with the stuff that happens at the edge between inner and outer, glimpsing those moments when the ‘thin veil’, the boundary between inner and outer worlds, dissolves or is at least briefly drawn away. Every moment of our lives there's some of that interchange between inner and outer, of course. Our ‘visionary fiction’ focuses on that phenomenon itself. Stories written in this genre draw our attention to how our visions inform us and impact our lives... The ‘vision’ part of visionary fiction is the vehicle that carries us to the filmy veil separating our ability to know from what we can't know." Visionary fiction, he concludes, generally acknowledges something bigger, limitless, actually, beyond what Aldous Huxley called the ‘phenomenological’ world.
Edward J. Ahearn
Edward J. Ahearn's definition in Visionary Fictions: Apocalyptic Writing from Blake to the Modern Age, is summarized thus on the book's jacket cover: "Visionary writers seek a personal way to explode the normal experience of the ‘real,’ using prophetic visions, fantastic tales, insane rantings, surrealistic dreams, and drug- or sex-induced dislocations in their work. Their fiction expresses rebellion against all the values of Western civilization—personal, sexual, familial, religious, moral, societal, and political. Yet even though they are anti-realistic, they do react to specific aspects of modern reality, such as the recurring promise and failure of social revolution." To some current VF authors, Ahearn's “shock and awe” definition of VF may be extreme although it does provide an antidote against too saccharine an approach.
Inspirational fiction
The Wikipedia article inspirational fiction mentions Michael Gurian and others as promoting the term visionary fiction and cites it as "possibly a subgenre of inspirational fiction."
Characteristics
An analysis of available sources cites the following characteristics as essential to Visionary Fiction, noting that such elements, like the definition of Visionary Fiction, intentionally remains fluid to accommodate innovation.
Growth in consciousness
The primary characteristic of VF, according to the Visionary Fiction Alliance: "Growth of consciousness is the central theme of the story and drives the protagonist, and/or other important characters." In "The Altered State of Visionary Fiction," Monty Joynes writes: "For me, the Visionary Fiction genre includes novels that deal with shifts in awareness that result in metaphysical understanding by the central characters. The plot of the novel is generally more concerned with internal experiences than with external." Michael Gurian also makes it preeminent: "Visionary fiction is fiction in which the expansion of the human mind drives the plot." All commentators on the basic nature of VF seem to agree that growth in consciousness is the hallmark of Visionary Fiction. In any credible story, the characters must change, but in VF this change is from the inside out rather than from outside in. Growth in consciousness dictates that Visionary Fiction be optimistic. With realism, birth inevitably results in death. In VF, death tends to rebirth at a higher level.
Reader experience
Visionary Fiction author Jodine Turner writes: "Visionary Fiction is like the legendary Celtic Immram (the mythical heroes’ quest). The drama and tension of the characters’ adventures is one layer of the tale. All of the usual elements of suspense, conflict, even romance and mystery, are interwoven in the plot. The other layer, deeper and more archetypal, is that mystical inner journey of spiritual awakening. In Visionary Fiction, esoteric wisdom is embedded in story so that the reader can actually experience it, instead of merely learning about it." And author Margaret Duarte seconds this notion: "What separates VF from other speculative fiction is intention. Besides telling a good story, VF enlightens and encourages readers to expand their awareness of greater possibilities." Visionary Fiction renders the reading experience interactive. Readers have progressed beyond where they can just be told (the authority paradigm); instead, the visionary model gives them the bare essentials and invites them to try it (the Gnostic or experiential model). The best VF is multi-layered to suit readers at different awareness levels.
Spiritual component
The VF Alliance definition states: "[Visionary Fiction] embraces spiritual and esoteric wisdom, often from ancient sources, and makes it relevant for our modern life." Clearly differentiating itself from conventional religion and its associated genre, religious fiction, Visionary Fiction's spirituality is all-inclusive with an appeal that, according to the Visionary Fiction Alliance, "is universal in its worldview and scope." Since it lacks this universal ingredient, spiritually-oriented fiction that highlights a single issue,(recovery, women's’ rights, political reform), is not generally considered Visionary Fiction.
VF's spiritual focus does not require it to have a "feel good" flavor. While Edward Ahearn's dark apocalyptic leaning in his definition may be extreme, it serves to remind that the spiritual conflicts addressed in VF are serious, existential, and often life-threatening in the process of becoming life changing.
Paranormal perceptions
The word visionary indicates an ability to perceive beyond the normal purview. Growth in consciousness implies transcending the five senses when assigning validity to an extrasensory experience. Monty Joynes states, "The work is also ‘visionary’ in the aspect that the authors sometimes (or often) employ non-rational means such as dreams or extrasensory perceptions to develop the content of the book." Michael Gurian is more emphatic about the inclusion of this element, stating that in VF such extraordinary phenomena "not only happen, but drive the plot and its characters (i.e. without these experiences, there would be no plot or character)." The VF Alliance maintains that VF "oftentimes uses reincarnation, dreams, visions, paranormal, psychic abilities, and other metaphysical plot devices." In his article "Visionary Fiction: Rediscovering Ancient Paths to Truth," Hal Zina Bennett addresses the use of paranormal elements in VF more mythically: "Like a shaman's stories of the spirit world, where the spirits of animals, trees, sky, or the stars teach us how to live, visionary fiction introduces us to a reality beyond physical reality. They often carry us deep into a consciousness once thought to be the domain of seers, visionaries, oracles and psychics. The magic of this genre is the magic of human consciousness itself, our ability to see beneath the surface and create new visions of what our lives can be." The use of a paranormal element does not make fiction automatically visionary. A detective story with a mentalist as the crime solver might only be considered visionary if it demonstrates how the psychic's gift produces a higher state of consciousness.
Distinguishing visionary fiction
Determining what is and what is not visionary fiction suffers all the ills of any classification system with the definition of genre in fiction being especially problematic. For the last century, the library profession has held fiction in endemic disdain, and both the Dewey Decimal Classification system and the Library of Congress Classification system assign all fiction to a narrow range of numbers without any further breakout into fiction type. Largely as a response to seller and buyer demand, an ad hoc fiction genre system emerged during the 20th century, although some of its labels remain loosely defined or duplicative. Nevertheless, in recent years visionary fiction has emerged sufficiently into a recognizable genre that it can now be distinguished from its ancestors and close relatives.
Mainstream fiction (realism)
As noted above, Carl Jung divided all serious literature between psychological and visionary. He further explains the fiction type he designated psychological, and thus not-visionary, as taking "its materials from the vast realm of conscious human experience—from the vivid foreground of life." Flo Keyes elaborates: "In these works, the psychological components of the characters and their behavior have already been scrutinized by the author, and little room has been left for interpretation by the reader… Mainstream fiction as described here would encompass everything from Madame Bovary to the latest Danielle Steel novel, all of which concentrate on revealing our psychological motivations and responses to us rather than letting us discover them for ourselves in our reactions to what we have read." Today, we would substitute mainstream or realistic for psychological, and all such works are easily recognized as beyond the pale of visionary fiction.
Science fiction/fantasy
Works of fantasy by definition go apart from the world of the senses for story material, and thus are not mainstream or realistic. And, many works of speculative fiction/fantasy (paranormal, supernatural, utopian, dystopian, apocalyptic, post-apocalyptic, science fiction, magical realism, alternative history) have substance beyond the sensational and purpose beyond entertainment, some enough to be classified as VF. A rule of thumb to differentiate is given by author Margaret Duarte: "What separates VF from other speculative fiction is intention. Besides telling a good story, VF enlightens and encourages readers to expand their awareness of greater possibilities." Comparing Science Fiction to VF, Michael Gurian says: "Visionary fiction is not science fiction, yet if a skeptic needs ‘scientific proof’ of the reality of the visionary landscape, it can be connected to the new neural sciences—neurobiology, neuropsychology, neurophysics. All visionary fiction is driven by new and uncanny experiences (mystical, spiritual and paranormal) in the neural web. The new sciences have shown us over the last three decades how vast and limitless is the increasing power of the human mind. As in so many eras of human life, where our science goes our literature follows."
Religious/spiritual/new age fiction
Since visionary fiction concerns itself with consciousness and its evolution, it requires a spiritual component. However, as Gurian notes, it should not be equated with religious fiction: "Religious fiction is a phrase that generally means Christian fiction. The most famous examples would be the Left Behind series. In this kind of fiction, plot is driven by a religious topography. Whether Christian, Jewish, Hindu in base, religious fiction is a footnote to the already written topography of the religion itself."
He says it is also not the same as New Age Fiction: "Where religious literature is pre-structured by a religion, ‘new age literature’ tends to be the opposite: employing loose adventure formats which can be laden with personal wisdom teaching. The topography or structure of the narrative is not very important in new age literature: the teaching is most important."
Neither is it spiritual fiction: "I make a distinction between ‘spiritual fiction’ and ‘visionary fiction’ that others may find to be too fine.... In spiritual fiction (as in new age literature), spirituality rather than mental ability drives the plot," Gurian maintains.
Given its spiritual component, VF works are often found in some combination with spiritual and new age fiction. Gurian recognizes this and qualifies himself by noting that "a lot of visionary fiction is very spiritual" and acknowledging that "in the publishing market, visionary fiction, spiritual fiction, new age fiction and even new age nonfiction all blur together for marketing purposes." He predicts a clearer "distinction to be made over the next decades between novels that are written for the purpose of teaching spirituality and novels that are written about our growing mental abilities per se, with the story itself breaking new ground." A rule of thumb to distinguish spiritual from visionary fiction: if the novel's spiritual focus is passive, that is, it features an external power (an institution, dogma, charismatic leader, practice, or talisman) that affects the individual, it is religious/New Age/spiritual fiction. If the focus is active with the spiritual power generated and motivated from within the individual and flowing outward to positively affect the environment, it is visionary fiction.
Metaphysical fiction
Although BISAC groups Visionary & Metaphysical together as a single Main Subject Category under Fiction, the genres are not identical.
Metaphysical Fiction was originally identified with Philosophical fiction, "in which a significant proportion of the work is devoted to a discussion of the sort of questions normally addressed in discursive philosophy. These might include the function and role of society, the purpose of life, ethics or morals, the role of art in human lives, and the role of experience or reason in the development of knowledge." Novels by Albert Camus, Hermann Hesse, Philip K. Dick, Ayn Rand, and Umberto Eco are categorized as such.
The classical term metaphysical has evolved to include a much larger and more perplexing world. Instead of focusing on nature and purpose, it is now used to describe the world of spirits, faith healing, crystals and other paranormal elements. The scope of Metaphysical Fiction, too, has been enlarged accordingly, thus moving it closer to the realm of VF. Still there is a distinction, which author Talia Newland makes: "Sometimes the terms are used synonymously but my understanding is that visionary fiction is more obviously ‘spiritual’ in nature, and that an individual's movement towards self-actualization is a primary theme. In metaphysical fiction, though the philosophy underlies the story, the story takes precedence over expression of the philosophy; in visionary fiction the expression of the philosophy is more important than the story. According to Karen Rider, "Metaphysical Fiction encompasses topics like energy healing, past lives, intuition...events or experiences that we may be able to subjectively experience or sense but cannot objectively measure or explain. In the narrative, metaphysical phenomenon is part of ordinary human experience in ways that create conflict for the characters, propelling the story forward to find out how will the character deal with these events." Again the active/passive focus rule above can be used to differentiate the Metaphysical Fiction from VF although more genre-crossing can be expected.
A June 2014 article on the Visionary Fiction Alliance website widely supported BISAC's marriage of the two genres into the single category: Visionary & Metaphysical.
Publishing history
Prior to the 20-teens, visionary fiction as a genre experienced difficulty gaining a reputation as marketable with traditional publishers and thus dedicated shelf space in libraries and bookstores.
This faltering on the way to popular acclaim may be intrinsic to the genre's content. Speaking of visionary fiction, which necessarily deals with uncomfortable material and challenges the reader to change his level of consciousness, Carl Jung noted, "The reading public for the most part repudiates this kind of writing—unless indeed it is coarsely sensational—and even the literary critic seems embarrassed by it." Because it was not already in demand by agents and publishers, quality writers stayed with more popular genres, while VF and similar genres attracted a disproportionate number of authors (many from other professions) with brilliant ideas but inferior writing skills. A few such works, like James Redfield's Celestine Prophecy, did rocket up the best-seller lists, which may have misled authors to assume that a sublime message trumps amateur writing. Hal Zina Bennet says of such deficiencies: "What happens in most visionary fiction that I’ve read over the years is that it gets burdened down by the author's desire to get readers to believe what he or she believes. Characters disappear in the author's message, which is another way of saying that they are two-dimensional, thinly disguised vehicles that simply recite the author's beliefs." Before 2000 a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to market VF as a distinct genre, most notably at Hampton Roads Publishing of which editor Bob Friedman said, "We tried mightily to get the retailing powers to start a visionary fiction shelf. We came close with Walden, but the suits at B&N, alas, took the position of ‘no one is coming into the store asking for visionary fiction’." In 2003 author and social philosopher Michael Gurian launched the website visionaryfiction.org that defined VF in his terms and expressed his hope "that like-minded writers will create a visionary fiction writers association." His effort failed to get any direct traction when Gurian had relax participation in favor of his professional pursuits. Nevertheless, credit his vision that inspired later efforts: "If this takes off, it opens new avenues for writers over the next generations. I envision a publishing culture in which my children and their children have access to visionary fiction in the same way that I—because of the hard work of previous generations—have access to science fiction."
BISAC categorization
The genre system that evolved ad hoc through the mid-20th century was finally formed into an organized but flexible classification system of Marketing Categories through the work of the Book Industry Study Group founded in 1975. This non-profit organization developed the BISAC (Book Industry Subject and Category) Subject Headings, now considered the industry standard and a requirement for participation in many book listing databases. While it is now considered best practice for publishers, manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers, and has gained ground in some libraries, its use is not yet universal.
In the 2013 edition of BISAC, Visionary Fiction is assigned a first-level Main Subject Category (FIC039000 FICTION / Visionary & Metaphysical), thus giving the genre a specific slot in the coding scheme, which is gaining reflection in bookstore shelving and online classification schemes.
Conventional publishers
In December 2013 Len Vlahos, Executive Director of BISG, stated: "BISAC Subject Codes are a voluntary industry standard. Many, if not all, large retailers use the BISAC Codes as a basis for identifying content, but then augment those codes based on their own customer intelligence. The retailers consider this augmentation to be a kind of special sauce. This is, of course, one of the challenges of voluntary standards, but we're still pleased at how widely adopted and used BISAC codes are." The words voluntary and special sauce allow a latitude in categorization that could mean continued obscurity for VF titles if authors and agents continue to be published under other more "popular" categories, as has been the practice. Barnes and Noble requires BISAC codes for all books, print and electronic, and yet on Barnesandnoble.com, neither Visionary Fiction nor Metaphysical Fiction appears in their category browser. Typing "visionary fiction" into the search box does bring up more than 7,000 results, but several items on the very first page are not even fiction. Thus the tendency to publish titles that are clearly VF labeled as a more popular or generic genre continues. Best-selling VF authors (Coelho, Redfield, etc.) are routinely shelved with Literature and Fiction. Lesser known authors may find themselves in the New Age section among mostly non-fiction titles. The few traditional publishers that directly solicit and encourage VF works tend to be small and unstable.
Online vendors
While online vendor, Amazon, claims to adhere to BISAC strictly, its print offerings are usually pre-coded by the publishers with results similar to the above.
EBooks uploaded by the author also face hurdles during the categorization process. As Louisa Locke explains: "The ‘categories’ Amazon offers when you upload your book to KDP are based on BISAC categories.... What authors find confusing is that Amazon converts the BISAC categories into the Amazon browsing-path categories and subcategories that show up in the Kindle store––and the two are not always identical." To find Visionary Fiction listed in Amazon's Categories, requires the path Books> Literature & Fiction> Genre Fiction> Religious and Inspirational> Visionary Fiction. Typing visionary fiction in the Search box brings up an unwieldy 8,000+ results. Smashwords, like Amazon, professes to follow BISAC, but Visionary Fiction does not appear at all in its listed Categories.
Cross genres and subgenres
The increased tendency of contemporary authors to cross genres, which increases the complexity of categorization, is especially evident with VF writers. Nevertheless, such hybrids, like Kate Atkinson's Life after Life (historical and visionary), have proved popular and can produce unique effects. Computer-based systems, now used in brick-and-mortar stores and on-line, support multi-category classification and further refinement in grouping, such as key words, thus making the listing of a single title under several genres and subgenres possible.
Since BISAC has not yet supplied the Visionary & Metaphysical Main Category with subcategories as it has done for other genres, all works of the two types are listed under the main heading without further differentiation. Until the BISAC Main Category is further refined, authors may use keywords to indicate subgenres for marketing and reader convenience.
Visionary Fiction Alliance
The Visionary Fiction Alliance (VFA) actively organizes and promotes the Visionary fiction genre. The VFA began as a web-ring formed in March 2012 by visionary authors Jodine Turner, Saleena Karim, and Shannan Sinclair, who joined forces to promote their genre via the Visionary Fiction Group at goodreads.com. The Visionary Fiction group expanded to 12 authors before the VFA website live in August 2012. By May 2014 the VFA had 36 member authors ranging from seasoned veterans to developing novices; most of these authors created links on VFA which lead to the authors' personal websites.
The stated objective of the VFA reads: "As the world evolves away from the Newtonian model of the five senses to the more evolved quantum model that includes the sense of spirit so resurgent today, Visionary Fiction is rapidly becoming the genre of choice to express that evolution and predict the breath-taking future that might follow the anticipated leaps. Under its broader umbrella are now gathering works previously classified as spiritual, metaphysical, or science fiction. The VFA aims to provide a home base and central clearing house for readers, writers, and researchers dedicated to this endeavor."
Its purposes are stated as such:
* 1) Increase awareness of the genre
* 2) Help readers discover, explore, and enjoy Visionary Fiction
* 3) Mentor new writers who wish to explore this genre
* 4) Provide resources for writers of Visionary Fiction
* 5) Be a place where readers can find Visionary Fiction books and engage in discussion with the authors.
Major studies of visionary fiction
For an art and study ripe with implications for today's evolving personal and social milieu, formal studies of Visionary Fiction are few, even including university research papers. The following existing comprehensive works on the subject are relatively unknown, even to VF authors, although some have recently been highlighted on websites like that of the Visionary Fiction Alliance.
Carl Jung
Carl Jung, "Psychology and Literature" (1929 lecture), included in the volume Modern Man in Search of a Soul. Rather than the narrow subgenre it is often reduced to, Jung depicts Visionary Fiction as a super-genre that forms one of the two major divisions of artistic production: "I will call the one mode of artistic creation psychological, and the other visionary." Jung's contribution to Visionary Fiction is highlighted in a two-part series "Carl Jung and Visionary Fiction."
Flo Keyes
Flo Keyes, The Literature of Hope in the Middle Ages And Today (2006). This work explores the influence of medieval literature on modern fantasy literature as well as such literature's social function. Using Jungian theory, including his view of visionary fiction, it examines the connections between the genres and finds common ground among them in plots that often reflect the recurring cycle of life and the elements of psychological rather than literal realism. Works such as Malory's Le Morte D’Arthur, the Witch World series by Andre Norton, and More Than Human by Theodore Sturgeon are examined in depth.
Edward J. Ahearn
Edward J. Ahearn, Visionary Fictions: Apocalyptic Writing from Blake to the Modern Age (2011). Starting with the stark premise that visionary writers seek to explode the normal experience of the "real", through devices like prophetic visions, fantastic tales, insane rantings, surrealistic dreams, and drug- or sex-induced dislocations in their work, Ahearn explores the work of a wide variety of authors who have contributed to the genre from the late eighteenth century to the present day. Beginning with William Blake, he traces the evolution of the form in texts by authors including Novalis, Lautréamont, Breton, William Burroughs, and contemporary feminists Monique Wittig and Jamaica Kincaid, among others.
Paul Maltby
Paul Maltby, The Visionary Moment: A Postmodern Critique (2002). This study aims to debunk any objective base for the visionary experience in general. It critiques the metaphysics and ideology of the visionary moment as a convention in twentieth-century American fiction, from the standpoint of postmodernism. Draws on the works of Don DeLillo, Jack Kerouac, Saul Bellow, Flannery O’Connor, Alice Walker, and William Faulkner. In turn his book has been castigated as a postmodern critique that "hardly deserves the name. Maltby's critique really issues from a particularly straitjacketed form of social constructionism."
Additional studies
Increased interest in Visionary Fiction as a genre has prompted multiple articles and commentary on the web since 2000, with activity surging since 2012. Weighing in with posts or interviews are prominent authors Hal Zinna Bennett, Monty Joynes, Dean Koontz, and Peggy Payne. Studies into the visionary writing component in the Bible, Jewish and Christian literature, medieval epics (Keyes), romantic prose/poetry (Ahearn) as well as modern authorship appear on the web.
University courses
While some university programs, such as the James Gunn's Center for the Study of Science Fiction at Kansas University, have long adopted a visionary stance to the study of genre literature, courses in Visionary Fiction proper remain scarce with the subject normally addressed in general literature courses. However, this is changing as demonstrated by recent course descriptions such as "Women's Visionary Literature" at Penn State, and "Visionary Literature: From Dante to Bob Dylan" at Canada's York University Educators like Dr. Mary Mackey, herself a best-selling Visionary author, continue to contribute to VF scholarship.
Awards
While a comprehensive contest that evaluates and awards Visionary Fiction offerings has not yet been established, various organizations bestow awards for VF as a category, usually chosen or submitted from a select field of authors. Additionally, titles that are mainly VF have received awards under categories other than VF in contests that did not have VF as a category.
A limited sampling:
Conducted annually, the Independent Publisher Book Awards honor the year's best independently published titles from around the world. Visionary Fiction is one of its categories. In 2014 the "IPPY" Award for VF went to Mystic Tea, by Rea Nolan Martin (Wiawaka Press). The Coalition of Visionary Resources (COVR) offers an annual award for Visionary Fiction.
Pope Annalisa by Peter Canova received the Nautilus Book Award Gold Medal for Visionary Fiction. Jeffrey Small's debut novel The Breath of God won the 2012 Nautilus Book Award Gold Medal for best fiction and was hailed as "visionary fiction" by Library Journal. Kate Atkinson's Life after Life: a Novel, an innovative tale of reincarnation in World War II Britain, won the 2013 Goodreads Choice Awards for Historical Fiction. | WIKI |
Physical–chemical properties, separation performance, and fouling resistance of mixed-matrix ultrafiltration membranes
Eric M.V. Hoek, Asim K. Ghosh, Xiaofei Huang, Monty Liong, Jeffrey I. Zink
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
103 Scopus citations
Abstract
Herein we report on the formation and characterization of mixed-matrix ultrafiltration (UF) membranes hand-cast by nonsolvent induced phase inversion. We evaluated nanometer-to-micrometer sized inorganic fillers (silver, copper, silica, zeolite, and silver-zeolite) materials with polysulfone (PSf) as the polymeric dispersing matrix. In general, mixed-matrix membranes were rougher, more hydrophilic, and more mechanically robust. Only sub-micron zeolite-PSf mixed-matrix membranes exhibited simultaneous improvements in water permeability and solute selectivity; all other mixed-matrix membranes were more permeable, but less selective due to defects associated with poor polymer-filler binding. Protein and bacterial fouling resistance of mixed-matrix membranes containing silver, zeolite, and silver-zeolite nanoparticles were compared to a low-fouling, poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) UF membrane. Zeolite and silver containing membranes exhibited better protein fouling resistance (due to higher hydrophilicity), whereas silver and silver-zeolite based membranes produce better bacterial fouling resistance due to antimicrobial properties. Overall, zeolite-PSf and silver exchanged zeolite-PSf membranes offered the best combination of improved permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance - superior to the commercial PAN membrane. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)89-99
Number of pages11
JournalDesalination
Volume283
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 2011
Externally publishedYes
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Physical–chemical properties, separation performance, and fouling resistance of mixed-matrix ultrafiltration membranes'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Python Heart Shape Star Pattern Program
By | March 18, 2020
Python Heart Shape Star Pattern Program
This Python pattern printing program uses the logic of the following figure. We can see that how the stars are present in certain positions. We will create some conditions on the basis of star posittion in each row.
For example we consider the first row which is zero row. Now zero row has no stars (but space) on position 0,3 and 6. Hence we will create a condition if row==0 and col%3 !=0.
0%3, 3%3 and 6%3 all give 0 as remainder and so a space will be printed at position 0, 3 and 6. A star will be printed otherwise.
Similarly, other conditions are made for remaining row of the heart shape.
Python Heart Shape Star Pattern Program
Python Heart Shape Star Pattern Program
# Write a Python program
# using nested for loops to print the
# heart shape using stars pattern.
# ** **
# * * *
# * *
# * *
# * *
# *
#
# Perfect Python Programming Tutorials
# Author : www.EasyCodebook.com (c)
# Actual Program starts here
# Python Program - Heart Shape Star Pattern Program No. 1
n = 6
for row in range(0,n):
for col in range(0,n+1):
if(row==0 and col%3!=0) or (row==1 and col%3==0) or (row-col==2) or (row+col==8):
print('*',end='')
else:
print(' ',end='')
print()
Output
** **
* * *
* *
* *
* *
*
8,691 total views, 20 views today
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How to Set up Multiple AutoDisocver Domains on 1 SmarterMail 15.x Server?
Question asked by Colton Morrison - 4/24/2019 at 6:35 AM
Answered
We have multiple domains on our SmarterMail server. We would like to set up some custom AutoDiscover rules for the individual domains. How can we do that? Is there an XML somewhere we can create a map inside?
The domains should not autodiscover one common DNS record. This is need for POP, IMAP and SMTP
_autodiscover._tcp.domain1.com should only autodiscover mail.domain1.com
_autodiscover._tcp.domainabc.com should only autodiscover mail.domainabc.com
How can we do this?
Thanks!
9 Replies
Reply to Thread
0
Colton Morrison Replied
Does anyone have thoughts on this scenario, please?
0
Kyle Kerst Replied
Employee Post
You should be able to follow the steps found in the article linked below to get Autodiscover up and running on a mail domain. Once you've confirmed this process works for the first domain, the rest should just be a matter of replicating those changes.
Kyle Kerst
Technical Support Specialist
SmarterTools Inc.
(877) 357-6278
www.smartertools.com
0
Colton Morrison Replied
Hi Kyle,
Yes, I did review that article and it works to provide a domain name for POP and IMAP clients along with the ports for this one server. However, I need all my hosted domains to resolve their own MAIL.<uniquedomain>.com domains and ports.
How can I do that?
0
Kyle Kerst Replied
Employee Post
You should only need to adjust that process to account for your remaining domains. Each domain will require modifications to DNS, IIS, etc.
Kyle Kerst
Technical Support Specialist
SmarterTools Inc.
(877) 357-6278
www.smartertools.com
0
Colton Morrison Replied
Are you talking about SM 16? Version 15 is the one in question.
I have only one option to specify a Host and Port under: Settings > Protocol Settings > POP / IMAP / SMTP In.
0
Kyle Kerst Replied
Employee Post
Colton, Autodiscover is not configured/setup there in Settings>Protocol Settings. Autodiscover requires DNS settings be in place that direct clients to the correct hostname. Have you reviewed the article I provided previously?
Kyle Kerst
Technical Support Specialist
SmarterTools Inc.
(877) 357-6278
www.smartertools.com
0
Colton Morrison Replied
Yes, I have, thanks.
The problem is the answer that SmarterMail provides the client. It's one answer for any domain hosted in the SmarterMail environment. I would like the answer for each autodiscover domain to be different, though.
Please let me know how I can do this.
2
Kyle Kerst Replied
Employee Post Marked As Answer
I believe to get that functionality you will need to update to our latest version. The latest releases of SmarterMail allow you to configure autodiscover settings on a per-domain basis, and even override the autodiscover responses entirely.
Kyle Kerst
Technical Support Specialist
SmarterTools Inc.
(877) 357-6278
www.smartertools.com
1
Colton Morrison Replied
Rats.
Thanks Kyle.
Reply to Thread | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jon Rokne
Jon George Rokne is a Norwegian-Canadian computer scientist, a distinguished professor of computer science at the University of Calgary.
Rokne earned his Ph.D. at the University of Calgary in 1970, with the dissertation Practical and Theoretical Studies in Numerical Error Analysis supervised by Peter Lancaster.
Rokne was the doctoral advisor of Marina Gavrilova and Mojtaba Eslami and many other distinguished scholar scientists. With Reda Alhajj, he is the editor of the Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining (Springer, 2014).
Rokne was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 "for contributions to computer graphics and geographic information systems". | WIKI |
weird #define statement
Discussion in 'C++' started by NKOBAYE027, Mar 2, 2004.
1. NKOBAYE027
NKOBAYE027 Guest
can anyone tell me what this thing is supposed to do?
its from the stddef.h file for MSVC 6.0
#define offsetof(s,m) (size_t)&(((s *)0)->m)
I understand it up to the & after that I have *no* idea what is going
on...is s a variable or a type? what does the cast (s *) mean? is it a cast?
and what about this 0 thing? how do we know it has an m to point at? (Oo)
i'm clearly confused...
any clarifications would be welcome
regards,
L.
NKOBAYE027, Mar 2, 2004
#1
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2. NKOBAYE027
Jack Klein Guest
On Tue, 02 Mar 2004 04:37:43 GMT, "NKOBAYE027" <>
wrote in comp.lang.c++:
> can anyone tell me what this thing is supposed to do?
>
> its from the stddef.h file for MSVC 6.0
>
> #define offsetof(s,m) (size_t)&(((s *)0)->m)
>
>
>
> I understand it up to the & after that I have *no* idea what is going
> on...is s a variable or a type? what does the cast (s *) mean? is it a cast?
> and what about this 0 thing? how do we know it has an m to point at? (Oo)
>
> i'm clearly confused...
>
> any clarifications would be welcome
>
> regards,
>
> L.
It is the ANSI/ISO standard macro offsetof() macro that has been part
of both the C and C++ language standards since the first 1989 ANSI C
standard.
It's purpose is to return a size_t value representing the offset, in
bytes, of a structure or union member from the beginning of the
enclosing type.
It is up to the compiler vendor to provide an implementation that
works with their compiler in <stdlib.h> or <cstdlib>, even though the
macro as written might technically have undefined behavior, which this
one does as it dereferences a null pointer. Note that an
implementation is allowed to do things that are not technically legal
in conforming user code.
Finally, the offsetof() macro has very severe limitations in C++. It
is basically valid only for POD type (pretty much C compatible)
structs, classes, and unions.
--
Jack Klein
Home: http://JK-Technology.Com
FAQs for
comp.lang.c http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html
comp.lang.c++ http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/
alt.comp.lang.learn.c-c++
http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~ajo/docs/FAQ-acllc.html
Jack Klein, Mar 2, 2004
#2
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3. * "NKOBAYE027" <> schriebt:
> can anyone tell me what this thing [offsetof macro] is supposed to do?
The offsetof macro returns the offset of member m in any struct S, like
// Conceptual only.
//
// Will probably work with any C++ compiler but is formally undefined
// due to reinterpret_cast (which would also be used by C-style cast).
S anObject;
char* pObject = reinterpret_cast<char*>( &anObject );
char* pMember = reinterpret_cast<char*>( &anObject.m );
assert( offsetof( S, m ) == pMember - pObject );
It's a standard macro.
But the implementation, and the assumptions built into the implementation,
is up to the compiler vendor.
> its from the stddef.h file for MSVC 6.0
>
> #define offsetof(s,m) (size_t)&(((s *)0)->m)
>
>
>
> I understand it up to the & after that I have *no* idea what is going
> on...is s a variable or a type? what does the cast (s *) mean? is it a cast?
Yes.
> and what about this 0 thing? how do we know it has an m to point at? (Oo)
It hasn't.
If you do that yourself then you have Undefined Behavior, but the compiler
vendor's programmers presumably knows whether it's safe with this compiler.
> i'm clearly confused...
Look in your documentation of 'offsetof'.
Don't care about how it's implemented.
But just to be complete: for this compiler it's implemented as a conversion to
size_t of (a pointer to (member m in (a struct s located at address 0))). This
is not guaranteed to work with other compilers. As mentioned, formally it's UB.
Alf P. Steinbach, Mar 2, 2004
#3
4. NKOBAYE027
David White Guest
"NKOBAYE027" <> wrote in message
news:rcU0c.62465$...
> can anyone tell me what this thing is supposed to do?
>
> its from the stddef.h file for MSVC 6.0
>
> #define offsetof(s,m) (size_t)&(((s *)0)->m)
>
>
>
> I understand it up to the & after that I have *no* idea what is going
> on...is s a variable or a type?
's' is a struct or class type.
> what does the cast (s *) mean? is it a cast?
Yes.
> and what about this 0 thing? how do we know it has an m to point at? (Oo)
Because 'm' is one of the macro's parameters. The caller has to ensure that
this parameter is a member of 's'.
>
> i'm clearly confused...
>
> any clarifications would be welcome
(s *)0
This converts address zero into a pointer to type 's'.
((s *)0)->m
This selects member 'm' of an 's' that is at adress zero.
&(((s *)0)->m)
This takes the address of that member. Since the 's' begins at zero, this
resolves to the numberof bytes the member 'm' is from the beginning of 's'.
In other words, it is the offset of member 'm' within 's'.
(size_t)&(((s *)0)->m)
This converts the offset in address form into the standard integral size
type, which you would want an offset to be.
It would take me too long to find out how many language rules this construct
would break if you wrote it yourself - a number of them I suspect. But it's
their own compiler, so they know how a given non-standard construct will
work.
DW
David White, Mar 2, 2004
#4
5. >
> It would take me too long to find out how many language rules this
construct
> would break if you wrote it yourself - a number of them I suspect. But
it's
> their own compiler, so they know how a given non-standard construct will
> work.
Incidentally, has anyone seen the offsetof macro defined in any other way?
It's hard to imagine any other technique that would work.
john
John Harrison, Mar 2, 2004
#5
6. * "John Harrison" <> schriebt:
> >
> > It would take me too long to find out how many language rules this
> construct
> > would break if you wrote it yourself - a number of them I suspect. But
> it's
> > their own compiler, so they know how a given non-standard construct will
> > work.
>
> Incidentally, has anyone seen the offsetof macro defined in any other way?
Don't know.
> It's hard to imagine any other technique that would work.
It's extremely easy to imagine other techniques, e.g.
#define offsetof( s, m ) __offsetof( s, m )
where __offsetof( s, m ) is a compiler intrinsic.
Alf P. Steinbach, Mar 2, 2004
#6
7. >
>
> > It's hard to imagine any other technique that would work.
>
> It's extremely easy to imagine other techniques, e.g.
>
>
> #define offsetof( s, m ) __offsetof( s, m )
>
>
> where __offsetof( s, m ) is a compiler intrinsic.
>
Well, that isn't exactly what I meant.
john
John Harrison, Mar 2, 2004
#7
8. NKOBAYE027
NKOBAYE027 Guest
Thanks for all the great help and my apologies for the cross-post with
comp.programming - was a snafu on my part.
regards,
L.
"NKOBAYE027" <> wrote in message
news:rcU0c.62465$...
> can anyone tell me what this thing is supposed to do?
>
> its from the stddef.h file for MSVC 6.0
>
> #define offsetof(s,m) (size_t)&(((s *)0)->m)
>
>
>
> I understand it up to the & after that I have *no* idea what is going
> on...is s a variable or a type? what does the cast (s *) mean? is it a
cast?
> and what about this 0 thing? how do we know it has an m to point at? (Oo)
>
> i'm clearly confused...
>
> any clarifications would be welcome
>
> regards,
>
> L.
>
>
NKOBAYE027, Mar 2, 2004
#8
9. NKOBAYE027
David White Guest
"John Harrison" <> wrote in message
news:c219jp$1mcu2u$-berlin.de...
> >
> > It would take me too long to find out how many language rules this
> construct
> > would break if you wrote it yourself - a number of them I suspect. But
> it's
> > their own compiler, so they know how a given non-standard construct will
> > work.
>
> Incidentally, has anyone seen the offsetof macro defined in any other way?
> It's hard to imagine any other technique that would work.
I think it's a bit nasty that it turns an address directly into an integral
type. The difference between two addresses would be more appealing, though
more verbose.
DW
David White, Mar 2, 2004
#9
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Lambdoc is a library providing support for semantically complex documents in Ocsigen web applications
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=========================================================================
| README for Lambdoc |
| |
| http://lambdoc.forge.ocamlcore.org/ |
| |
| Dario Teixeira <dario.teixeira@nleyten.com> |
=========================================================================
1. Overview
===========
Lambdoc is a library providing support for semantically rich documents in web
applications, built with Ocsigen/Eliom [1] integration in mind. It includes
parsers for four different markup languages: Lambtex, Lambxml, Lambwiki,
and Markdown. The first is inspired by LaTeX, the second is an XML-based
markup based on HTML, the third is a lightweight markup language in the spirit
of Wiki Creole, and the last is the popular lightweight markup language.
The library also includes the possibility of outputing any Lambdoc document
as an Ocsigen (TyXML) HTML value.
Additional capabilities include the runtime customisation of available
document features (you may, for example, declare that a certain class of
users is only allowed to produce documents containing nothing more than
paragraphs of plain text), detailed error messages, and the definition of
basic macros. Particularly of note is a powerful extension mechanism that
allows the definition of custom commands tailored to a particular application.
It also ships with 'lambcmd', a CLI application that allows the conversion
between any of the input formats into one of the supported output targets.
2. Dependencies
===============
The library depends on Blahcaml [2], Camlhighlight [3], Menhir [4], OCaml-re [5],
Sedlex [6], Sexplib [7], TyXML [8], and Xmlm [9]. The CLI application 'lambcmd'
depends also on Cmdliner [10], and the unit tests depend on Alcotest [11].
3. Building and installing
==========================
The build system relies on OASIS. The customary sequence of './configure',
'make', and 'make install' is used to build and install the library and the
lambcmd CLI application. Run 'make doc' to generate the API documentation.
4. License
==========
Lambdoc is distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL version 2.
See LICENSE file for full license text.
5. Notes on the provided CSS
============================
Inside the 'css' directory you will find the sample CSS adapted to the HTML5
output generated by the Lambdoc_whtml5_writer module. It is fairly simple yet
pleasant looking, and a good starting point if you want to customise it for
your own sites.
You will note that most elements are given their own class name, prefixed
by the identifier 'doc'. Inline bold elements, for example, are identified
by the class 'doc_bold'. This solution was preferred over the alternative
of referrencing '.doc b' because it has much better performance. It does
have the disadvantage of producing larger markup, however.
References
==========
[1] https://www.ocsigen.org/
[2] https://blahcaml.forge.ocamlcore.org/
[3] https://camlhighlight.forge.ocamlcore.org/
[4] https://cristal.inria.fr/~fpottier/menhir/
[5] https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml-re
[6] https://github.com/alainfrisch/sedlex
[7] https://github.com/janestreet/sexplib
[8] https://www.ocsigen.org/tyxml
[9] https://erratique.ch/software/xmlm
[10] https://erratique.ch/software/cmdliner
[11] https://github.com/mirage/alcotest | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries.djvu/195
/ / •'' 9 / 140 Devon Notes and Queries. boisterous laughter,'* and at such a time '* one envies the blue- eyed, yellow-bearded fishermen rocking in their green boats in the bay." The boats used to be all black, the envy of these men and the politeness of the adjectives applied to them seem inconsistent with the earlier statement as to ''a few years ago." What, indeed, can be more heroic than the life of the present people of Hallsands (such was the old way of writing the word) as described a few lines further on after some remarks about the fishing to be got there and thereabout. '^ You will wonder at the simple life of these fishermen, each one a hero, each one risking his life and saving a comrade's life daily throughout the winter time." How little is true heroism known ! And how do they arrange about the turns, the interchanges between saving and being saved? What sea-soaked clothes there must be in Hallsands ! Imagination staggers and falls down ! And there is another marvel : " The Start Bay fishermen nearly always sleep beneath the sea." This is a new habit in that region. The present writer knew the bay well for about five and thirty years. During that time, so far as one sea- faring hamlet was concerned, two boats turned over and one life was lost, and there are far fewer fishing boats there now than there were then. Moreover, though it appears that the hamlet can do without a churchyard, so far as the mere men are concerned, what happens to the bodies of the women and the children ? For the article proceeds '* it (».«., the sea) is their only churchyard; the sky is the roof of their only church." But the difficulties of this story are not over, for the next point is, ** once upon a time, some fifteen years ago, a present of several dogs was given them," and the historian goes on to say of what use these creatures were in bringing ropes from boat to shore. This implies that there were no such dogs at Hallsands before. The present writer well remembers the presence of such dogs there thirty and forty years ago as well as in more recent days. Fine fellows they were; not the black "Newfoundlands" of Torcross, but yellow creatures that could do fine work among the breakers. '' The dogs are all dead now," proceeds the inspired writer. This is sad, but it is not quite clear why, if they were so useful, they left no posterity or have no successors. | WIKI |
User:NickTheSlayerFan/sandbox
Nick TheSlayer is an aspiring Canadian YouTuber who specializes in game related videos. He was born and raised in a small town in Mexico but moved to Canada in the late 90's. He started his Youtube channel in July 2014 and has since rose to stardom. Recently however, due to the fact that he couldn't live with the fact that he stages his pranks and shits while masturbating, he's taken down his channel. | WIKI |
OPINION OF THE JUSTICES.
No. 356.
Supreme Court of Alabama.
April 8, 1997.
Members of the Senate
Alabama State House
Montgomery, Alabama 36130
Dear Senators:
We have received Senate Resolution No. 64, which requests our written opinion as to whether Senate Bill 89, which allows less than unanimous jury verdicts in all civil actions, violates § 11 of the Constitution of Alabama, 1901.
Senate Resolution No. 64 reads as follows:
‘Without violating Section 11 of the Constitution and other constitutional safeguards of the right to trial by jury, can the Legislature by law dispense with the historic requirement of a unanimous jury verdict and provide that the verdict in all civil cases tried to a jury shall be the verdict agreed to by not less than nine jurors?”
We answer your question in the negative. Our answer is based upon our reading of the Official Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1901, during which a substantial majority of the delegates rejected an identical proposal that would have provided that three-fourths of the jury in civil actions could render a verdict.
What is now § 11 of the Constitution, to which you refer in your request for an advisory opinion, was presented to the Constitutional Convention of 1901 as § 12. On the 38th day of the Session, July 6, 1901, the Convention considered a minority report that would have provided that “in civil actions three-fourths of the jury may render a verdict.” This minority report was filed by Delegates Samuel Blackwell, of New Decatur, Morgan County; E.P. Wilson, of St. Stephens, Clarke County; and T.J. Cornwell, of Bessemer, Jefferson County, and, as recorded in 2 Official Proceedings 1677-78, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, it reads as follows:
“The undersigned members of the committee on Preamble and Declaration of Rights do not concur in the foregoing report of the committee so far as it relates to Section 12, Article I, for the following reasons:
“In every relation of life in Alabama, where the result is dependent upon the opinions and decisions of a number of persons, the principle of majority rule governs, with the single exception of a verdict of a jury. Why should a unanimous verdict on a question of fact be required and enforced from a jury? A majority of one vote in this Convention either puts a proposition in the organic law, or rejects it. A majority of one vote in each House of the General Assembly creates, repeals, or modifies a positive law, regardless of the magnitude of the interests involved. A majority of the Senate of the United States ratifies or refuses to consent to a treaty with a foreign power. A majority of a single vote in a half a million in a pivotal State may elect a President of the United States, change the policy of the Government and bring prosperity or ruin to seventy millions of people. And yet the majority of the committee deny that it would be sensible to apply this principle to a verdict of a jury in a civil suit at law. When a judgment is entered on a unanimous verdict, if an appeal is taken to the Supreme Court of the State it can be then finally adjudicated by a bare majority of the Justices. So in the Supreme Court of the United States, five of the Justices against four held the income tax unconstitutional; and in the same court five of the Justices held that Porto Rico was not under the Constitution, and four that it was. Again in all ministerial and executive bodies the majority rules, and the will of the minority must give way to that of the majority when lawfully expressed. For these reasons we think that the provisions authorizing three-fourth of a jury to render a verdict in a civil case should become a part of our Constitution as it is of several other important States of the Union.
“We therefore recommend as a substitute for Section 12, Article I, as reported by the committee, the following:
“Art. I, See. 12: The right of trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed, shall remain inviolate; but in civil actions three-fourths of the jury may render a verdict.
“Respectfully submitted,
“Samuel Blackwell
“E. P. Wilson
“T. J. Cornwell.”
Vol. 2, Official Proceedings, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, pp. 1677-78.
Mr. Blackwell, as one who had signed the report, addressed the convention, arguing, among other things, that there were a lot of mistrials occurring and that “[tjhere are cases being tried and constantly, where one party has no hope of a verdict, and yet as the law requires a unanimous jury, if that party can succeed in fixing one member of the jury he can secure a mistrial and a delay which makes it harder to have the witnesses there at a succeeding trial.” p. 1678. He further noted the history of the requirement of a unanimous verdict and noted that many other States, by their constitutions, did not require unanimous verdicts in civil cases.
Delegate Charles P. Beddow, of Birmingham, Jefferson County, rose “to endorse the report of the minority of this committee” and argued in favor of the minority report, contending that in Alabama “in all lines and in all departments of life great progress has been made except in this one feature of our government — trial by jury,” and that “[a] number of States have already made some progress along this line, but Alabama is still in the rear.”
Delegate B. Boykin Boone, of Mobile, Mobile County, argued that the minority report should be adopted and suggested that allowing three-fourths of a jury of 12 to decide an issue of fact would not be any worse than allowing an equity judge to decide similar questions affecting property rights -without benefit of a jury. He asked: “Now, why should the Chancellor be able to pass on a question where there are hundreds [of] thousands of dollars involved, and his decision be affirmed by a bare majority of a court, when in a damage suit against a railroad company you have got to have the unanimous verdict of the jury?” Id. 1686. He argued that Alabama could profit by what had been found to be good in other States.
Another delegate, stating that “a three-quarters majority verdict [might] be too radical a change,” proposed an amendment to the minority report to change “three-quarters” to “five-sixths.” Id. 1686. There was a motion made to table the amendment to the minority report and the minority report, but by a vote of 43 ayes and 43 noes the motion to table was lost and the convention adjourned without further debate on the issue. Id. 1689.
When the Convention reconvened on the 39th day, July 8, 1901, the question was on the adoption of the minority report on § 12, which provided that in civil actions three-fourths of the jury might render a verdict. Opponents of the minority report argued strongly against the adoption of the minority report.
Delegate Thomas L. Long, of Jasper, representing what was then the Sixth Congressional District, claimed that the proposal in the minority report was “but a step of some men who are hostile to corporations, in order to get large verdicts and unjust verdicts against corporations in the State of Alabama,” and that “[i]f there [was] merit in this question there should be power given to the Legislature to do this, so if it proves a bad thing it can be undone.” He further commented on jury selection procedures, which he claimed were harmful, a claim that was echoed by Delegate J.F. Thompson, of Centerville, Bibb County, who represented what was then the Ninth Congressional District.
Delegate Frank S. White, of Birmingham, who was a State-at-Large delegate to the Convention, answered those who had claimed that the minority report was being “urged by men who want to ‘hold up’ corporations,” and argued that the requirement of having unanimous verdicts should not be preserved just because of its antiquity. James Weatherly, of Birmingham, one of Jefferson County’s delegates, responded to Delegate White by stating that requiring unanimity protected those who were unpopular in the community and who otherwise would be oppressed and stating that “corporations are weak in public opinion,” but that wealthy persons in a community should be entitled to a fair jury trial, to which argument there was a response.
After debating the issue thoroughly, the Convention voted to reject the minority report, by a vote of 81-29, with 45 delegates not voting. Id. 1726-27.
We have included in this opinion substantial portions of the Convention debates on the issue presented by Senate Bill 89, and after reading and considering these debates on the very issue you inquire about, we are clear to the conclusion that the Constitutional Convention considered and rejected that which is proposed by Senate Bill 89. Consequently, we opine that Senate Bill 89, as written, would violate § 11 of the Constitution of Alabama, 1901.
To paraphrase what Mr. Justice Jones wrote for the Court in Gilbreath v. Wallace, 292 Ala. 267, 292 So.2d 651 (1974), if such a radical restructuring of the judicial process to authorize less than unanimous verdicts is deemed wise or necessary, it must be accomplished by an amendment to Alabama’s Constitution.
Respectfully submitted,
PERRY 0. HOOPER, Sr. Chief Justice
HUGH MADDOX RENEAU P. ALMON JANIE L. SHORES J. GORMAN HOUSTON, Jr. MARK KENNEDY RALPH D. COOK TERRY L. BUTTS HAROLD SEE Associate Justices
. The full text of his argument was as follows:
"MR. BLACKWELL — As one of the minority that made this report, I desire to be heard in regard to the matter.
"Mr. President, and gentlemen of the Convention, it is a fact that is known without the stating of it to this body that in a great many cases that are constantly being tried in our courts, cases of great importance that consume considerable amount of time, the tendency is growing to have mistrials, and those mistrials frequently result from one man refusing to agree with eleven others. And it is charged in many localities that influences are brought to bear to 'fix’ juries in order that mistrials may be had. There are cases being tried and constantly, where one party has no hope of a verdict, and yet as the law requires a unanimous juiy, if that party can succeed in fixing one member of the juiy he can secure a mistrial and a delay which makes it harder to have the witnesses there at a succeeding trial. As I say frequently those trials are of important cases and there are a great many witnesses and a considerable amount of time consumed and great expense incurred by the county. And yet under our present system, if you can fix it so that one man on the juiy will not agree, the whole expense had to be gone over, the whole matter retried and frequently the delay of the retrial renders it impossible to get as many witnesses present as were at the first trial.
“Eveiy gentlemen here has seen the growing tendency to have mistrials. Every man knows the expense incurred. While as I say these mistrials are frequently in the larger cases, cases of great importance, any case involving $20 may be tried by a juiy and a mistrial result and in these cases more time and money, multiplying the money many times the amount involved by this requirement of a unanimous verdict.
"Now the argument as presented in this minority statement prepared by Mr. Wilson from Clarke, sets forth the case very clearly. In every relation of life in Alabama as it is there stated, where the result is dependent upon the decision of a number, the principle of a majority rules. Then why should we have a unanimous verdict in civil cases?
“MR. BLACKWELL — ... Why should a unanimous verdict on the question of fact be required and enforced from a trial jury?
“There will be no answer to that except the statement that we have had this for a long time, that the present system is time honored, and, therefore, it ought not to be abandoned. If that principle were to govern none of the improvements of the nineteenth century that are demanded by our development ought to have been recognized and accepted. If everything of antiquity must be preserved and retained, we should have never had the splendid system of electric lighting we have today, but we ought to have retained and should now go back to the old tallow candle. We should go back to the stage coach or the ox team as a means of transportation rather than the splendid system of railways we have today. We should go back to the dug-out and the tom-tom rather than the ocean steamers of today if antiquily alone is what shall recommend a thing to us.
"MR. WEATHERLY — Is not the fact that an institution is old some evidence that it is good?
"MR. BLACKWELL — Some evidence that it is good, but no evidence that there is not something better, no evidence that there cannot he an improvement. Men are constantly progressing, mind is constantly developing, surroundings are constantly changing and the result is we adapt our methods to the conditions surrounding us and thus create improvement.
"This system made its appearance in England soon after the Norman conquest.
"Remember we are not proposing to abolish this system or to apply this amendment to criminal cases. We apply it only to civil cases.
“As I say the system of a jury appeared in England soon after the Norman conquest in the [Eleventh] Century, but at that time the jury was not required to be unanimous. Prior to the time of Edward IV, majority verdict had been sufficient. We are not here dealing with the jury system, but simply with a unanimous verdict as to a matter of fact.
"Now the jury was originally called to give evidence, and one of the reasons for having a jury of twelve was, as history shows, that that was considered the amount of evidence necessary to establish the guilt or innocence of parties to a very large extent. The jurors were taken from the immediate community in which the offense was committed and were supposed to be entirely familiar with all the facts and issues involved in the trial of the case. As civilization progressed and communities enlarged it became apparent that you got men on the jury now and then who were not competent to give evidence. But they were still legally summoned jurors and when such were brought in it became necessary to go out and get others on the outside as the jurors did not know all the facts.
"MR. STEWART — Why not apply this to criminal as well as civil cases?
"MR. BLACKWELL — For the same reason that was suggested by my friend Mr. Ferguson, that it is harder to accomplish a reform that is sweeping than a reform that just touches one little subject. If we had proposed to apply it to all trials, gentlemen would have risen and exclaimed, ‘You are absolutely proposing to try a man where his life is involved with a less number of jurors than heretofore required,’ so we preferred first to say to the gentlemen of the Convention that we are applying it to a $20 trial rather than to the trial of a man for his life.
"MR. BLACKWELL — Now there are many constitutions that have this provision: Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Washington and Wyoming, and I think there are some others.
“Some gentlemen cite us in opposition to our contention to sections of the United States Constitution, but those sections do not apply to the State courts and the State Constitutions can absolutely fix any number that they feel inclined to as a jury. The number of jurors is limited in these States I have just mentioned. In Montana, in civil cases two-thirds of the jury can render a verdict. In Idaho in all cases of misdemeanors five-sixths can render a verdict. In Iowa the legislature may authorize a verdict by less than twelve jurors in any of the inferior courts of the State.
"As I say, some have objected to this, claiming there is some conflict with the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. But the rights not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by the States are reserved to the States, and while the first six or seven amendments to the Constitution of the United States concede the right of trial by jury ... they are not to be understood as restricting the powers of the States and the States if they choose can provide for trials for all offenses against the State.
“MR. BULGER — Does this section reported by the Committee prevent the legislature from providing for a majority vote?
“MR. BLACKWELL — Yes. Heretofore the opinion has been that where no number was mentioned a jury meant twelve and that is unquestionably the result of everything that I have read on that subject.
"MR. BOONE — Has it not been decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States apply to Federal power and not to States[?]
"MR. BLACKWELL — We are not talking about Federal power in this matter.
"MR. BOONE — But I say that is the limitation upon Federal power and not the power of the State, so that the State has the power to make this amendment?
"MR. BLACKWELL — There are cases in which juries are not used now, such as contempt of court and it is doubtful if a jury is aright in a contested election case as shown in our Alabama decisions and in damages to property taken for the public, the party is not entitled under many decisions to a trial by jury unless the Constitution of the State provides a tribunal for that purpose. The courts have said, where they have held that, that it is no more essential to have unanimity than the common law qualifications of jurors which have been continued in force.”
Vol. 2, Official Proceedings, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, pp. 1678-81.
. The full text of Mr. Beddow's debate was as follows:
"MR. BEDDOW — I rise to endorse the report of the minority of this committee. As the gentleman who has just taken his seat has truly said, in all lines and in all departments of life great progress has been made except in this one feature of our government — trial by jury. A number of States have already made some progress along this line, but Alabama is still in the rear.
"MR. BOONE — She has not had the opportunity.
"MR. BEDDOW — This is the first opportunity she has had. As I say, great progress has been made along all lines except this. I know there are gentlemen in this Convention who will say that the trial by a jury of twelve men is a matter that comes to us from ancient days and is consecrated by precedent and cemented by time, but all this argument has been fully answered by the gentleman who has just taken his seat.
"Because a thing is old is no reason why improvement cannot be had. Under that argument, the boy was right who was going to mill with a bag of com to be ground and in one end of the bag he had com and in the other a rock. He asked why he didn't put a peck of com on the other side and carry a half bushel instead of just one peck. He said his father always carried a rock in one of the bag and com in the other, and he was going to keep that up.
"This is the argument that the opposition used. Now we have some great men and some good men who are advocating this doctrine that a majority — even a majority of the jury— shall be able to render a verdict. One of our Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, David J. Brewer, in a recent lecture to the students of Yale College advocated the abolition of the system of unanimous verdicts by juries.
"Judge A.B. Grace shows the ridiculousness of requiring unanimity in a juty. He says ‘This is an error that should not continue to exist. The majority system would practically remove the temptations of bribery. Under our law now one juror can dictate to all of the eleven others or make a mistrial. All a litigant now has to do is to fix one juror. Then he can have one of these mistrials, but with the majority system, he would have to bribe six jurors instead of one to even get a mistrial, which would always most surely leak out, and to get a verdict he would have to bribe seven jurors, and to keep his bribe a secret would be practically impossible.’
“Then he calls attention to facts that show the impractibilily and the ridiculousness of enlightened States continuing the system of unanimous juries. He says ‘In every relation of life in America where the result is made to depend on the opinions and decisions of a number of persons, the principle of majority rule has been adopted with the sole exception of the verdict of a jury.’
"A majority of one vote in each house of a General Assembly of Congress suffices to create, repeal or change a positive law, regardless of the magnitude of the interest involved as in the case of a currency bill, a tariff bill or a declaration of war.
"A majority in the National Senate ratifies or refuses to consent to a treaty with a foreign power.
"A majority of a single vote in half a million in a pivotal State may elect a President of the United States, change the entire policy of the Government, and bring prosperity or ruin to 70,000,000 of people. Yet lawyers, good lawyers, honest and patriotic lawyers, will roll their eyes in horror at the very suggestion that it would be sensible to apply the same principle in deciding a replevin suit of a ‘tickey’ calf or a 'pestle-tiled pony,' and yet again this calf or pony case when it has ascended by appeal from the Justice of the Peace court to the Circuit Court, and thence to the Supreme Court of the State, is decided by a bare majority of the judges, if they should happen to differ.
"Mr. President and gentlemen of the Convention, this is no new question. It has been agitated for a hundred years. I hold in my hand Forsyth’s History of Trial by Jury, a man known to the entire legal fraternity.
“A hundred years ago it was advocated by men like those, that it was ridiculous to adhere to the old principles of unanimity in the verdict of a petit jury.
“MR. WEATHERLY — Will the gentleman allow me to ask him a question?
"MR. BEDDOW — I decline to yield for questions. I have but ten minutes and I want to talk during that time. The gentleman no doubt will have an opportunity to answer what I have to say.
“On page 245 of Forsyth's History of Trial by Jury, he says: ‘In a valuable note in his Middle Ages, Mr. Hallam, speaking of the grand principle of Saxon polity, the trial of facts by the country says, from this principle, except as to the preposterous relic of barbarism, the requirement of unanimity, may we never swerve — may we never be compelled in wish to swerve.’
"He like myself believed in the verdict of a jury, and it is one of the greatest institutions that the country was ever blessed with, and by this improvement upon it, there can be nothing on earth that can replace it, but with it as it is, it permits one man to corrupt the jury and to throttle the will of eleven.
"... Under the present system, all that has to be done is that some friend to some lawyer be upon the jury and he will decide with him right or wrong. Some person who has some interest in it, apart from justice and right, may purchase him before he enters upon the trial of the cause. You cannot tell me that is not the case. We see it every day in the week. In Birmingham not long ago there sat upon a jury a man who had said before the evidence had been heard, and before the charge of the court had been given to the juiy, that he had come there for the purpose of hanging the juiy, and that he has his money in his pocket, and he was going to sit there to make it a mistrial, unless the case was decided according to the way he desired it decided. The case went to trial, and in that self same case, that man did hang the juiy and produce a mistrial, when there were eleven men who had agreed upon the verdict. You tell me that in an enlightened age like this, that cases like that should be permitted? That it should be within the power of such persons to prostitute justice? I say nay, nay, the time has come when we should rise up in our might and purify the juiy system, by putting it beyond the reach of corrupt practices to produce mistrials, when justice is on the one side or the other.
"Mr. Forsyth further says: ‘when the House of Lords sit as a court of appeal, or as a criminal court to tiy a peer or in the case of impeachment of a commoner, a bare majority of one is sufficient to determine the judgment, and it may be fairly asked why the rule should be different for twelve jurors, and why if there be a single dissentient amongst them, no verdict can be given?’
"And gentlemen of the Convention, as early as seventy years ago, a commission in England, the place we get our jury system, investigated the question of the unanimity of the verdict of the juiy, in the year 1830, and in their report at that time they say, ‘it is essential to the validity of a verdict that the juiy should be unanimous, and regularly they are not allowed to be discharged unless by the consent of the parties, until such unanimous verdict has been returned. It is difficult to defend the justice or the wisdom of the latter principle. It seems absurd that the rights of a party in question of a doubtful and complicated nature, should depend upon his being able to satisfy twelve persons that one particular state of facts is the true one. As it is notorious that upon such questions a body of men so numerous are often found to differ irreconcilably in their views, it is obvious that the necessity of returning in every case a verdict, and a unanimous one, before they separate, must frequently lead to improper compromise among the jurors of their respective opinions. There is reason also to apprehend that where any of them happen to be actuated by partial motives, it must tend to produce a corrupt verdict. Indeed no one can have been conversant with courts of justices, without frequently having heard the remarks, where the verdict has been very long in suspense, that one or other of the contending parties has a friend upon the juiy.’
"And acting upon that report, and in the light of the present age, numerous States of this Union have fallen into line and have adopted the salient feature that was recommended by that commission seventy years ago. In concluding this remarks in this chapter, the author says, 'the time is fast approaching, if it has not already come, when trial by juiy, like eveiy other part of our legal fabric, will become the subject of the public criticism, and I feel persuaded that then it will be found impossible to justify or retain a rule which is both opposed to justice and expediency.’
"Now, Mr. President, and gentlemen of the Convention, in my county there are at least 25 per cent of the cases that go to the jury that result in a mistrial. It amounts to thousands and thousands of dollars to be paid out by the tax payers of this State for no other purpose than of peipetuating a system that has been condemned by .the wisest and best men that this or any other nation have ever known. Why should we stand back? We are here for the puipose of amending the Constitution, making it better, braiding it up, increasing its field of operation, and perfecting a system of law and justice.
“If you will make this amendment to this trial by juiy, by reducing it in civil cases to three-fourths, instead of the unanimity rule, it will produce great good to your State. It will prevent fraud and corruption in the temples of justice, and under its beneficent influences this State will continue to grow and to prosper and the temple of justice will not be prostituted once where it is a thousand times at present.”
Vol. 2, Official Proceedings, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, pp. 1682-85.
. Delegate Boone argued:
"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention, I wish to occupy your time only about two or three minutes further, on one suggestion that has not been made in the arguments of the gentlemen that have preceded me. Nearly all of the reasons have been shown why the minority report should be adopted, but one, which it occurs to me is of very great importance, showing, as it does, the system of jurisprudence in Alabama, where certainly as much property, as many rights are involved. This applies only in civil cases as proposed by the minority report, and if the arguments of the opponents of the measure are sound, why should a Chancellor have the power to decide questions involving thousands of dollars’ worth of property in equity suits and pass on questions of fact, which are often the main questions in the case, and when an appeal is taken from his decree to the Supreme Court, where the judges also pass upon the facts, should the majority of those judges, three against two, affirm or reverse that decree?
“Now let us look at the progress of the law in Alabama in the equity field: For years it was the law in this State that when the Chancellor rendered a decree on a question of fact, and an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of Alabama, there was a presumption, mind you, a presumption, indulged in by the Appellate Court in favor of the regularity and the correctness of the decree below. But the Legislature saw there was no reason for that, there was no sense in indulging in that presumption, and that was stricken down and the Supreme Court now tries the case when it comes up de-novo. Now, why should this one man, as some one has said on this floor today, this judge, who is but a man, and, as Stephen J. Field said in an opinion once in a case before the Supreme Court of the United States, because he sat on the bench, he did not fail to have the senses, he saw, he heard, and the sentiments, the same views, that a man had, were there with him. He tried to be perfectly impartial and to smother it all out, but he did not cease to be a man. Now, why should the Chancellor be able to pass on a question where there are hundreds [of] thousands of dollars involved, and his decision be affirmed by a bare majority of a court, when in a damage suit against a railroad company you have got to have the unanimous verdict of the jury? I say, gentlemen, that we are in line with this amendment, with progress, with the thoughtful men of all nations, and we should not claim that all the wisdom of the Union is here in Alabama; but we can profit by what has been found to be good in other States, and there is not a single State which has ever adopted this proposition (some of them having adopted it more than forty years ago), that have ever abandoned it, and I do hope that the Convention will adopt the minority report.”
Vol. 2, Official Proceedings, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, pp. 1685-86.
. Mr. Long argued:
"MR. LONG — I am not a corporation lawyer, but I want to talk to this Convention a moment on a plain business proposition. I can see no good reason why three-fourths of the jury should be entitled to be allowed to bring in a verdict. We all know very well and we had as well be frank among ourselves that this is but a step of some men who are hostile to corporations, in order to get large verdicts and unjust verdicts against corporations in the State of Alabama. That is true, because I can cite instances, and I have in mind now an instance that happened in a sister county of mine where a preacher riding on a half fare ticket got jolted a little and brought a suit against a railroad company and eleven men wanted to give him a verdict for $7,500, but one man alone held that jury and afterwards that preacher gladly compromised the case for $150, and he was not entitled to one hundred and fifty cents. Now I will tell you what the farmers of the country will think about this. In my humble judgment they will say: Did you know what they have done down there at Montgomery? Another one will say no, I have not heard what they have done. Well they have fixed it so the fellows in town can get a verdict agin us with just nine men. We are poor folks and cannot get but three of our friends on the jury, and those fellows round town know them and can pick the jury agin us. The farmers and people of this State are not clamoring for this. Nobody wants it except men who are hostile and who are out after corporations in this State. This question was not discussed before the people of Alabama. Nobody claimed that we were going to fix a three-quarter clause so far as juries were concerned.”
Id. 1703.
. Delegate Long stated:
“MR. LONG — ... Here we are asked to give up a system that has existed for centuries. If there is merit in this question there should be power given to the Legislature to do this, so if it proves a bad thing it can be undone. But there is no sensible reason why it should be put in the Constitution of Alabama. The people will rise up and rebuke it, you will invite the hostility of the corporations in Alabama. The farmers themselves will rebuke it, and believers in fair play will rebuke it. I am opposed to the three-quarter clause in the insurance laws of this State, and to the three-quarter clause in the jury laws. Why, when the lawyer comes to select the jurors in a murder case, or in an important case, they select some sap headed fellow who has got nothing himself and wants nobody else to have anything, and put him on the jury. Nine times out of ten you cannot get over three smart men on the jury on an average in this State. You know that is a fact. I have heard arguments made in the jury room myself that so and so has plenty of money, this corporation is rich, this poor fellow is poor, let us take it away from them. Everybody knows that that has happened in the jury box. I think this minority report will do a great deal of .harm in Alabama. I want the Convention to look at this thing fair in the face, and ask is it right to put a three-quarter clause in our Constitution which will invite the antagonism of everybody in the State, that wants fair play, corporations and everybody else? The people don’t want it, and I hope and believe this Convention will not have it done.”
Id. 1704.
. Delegate Thompson argued similarly that “[a]s has been mentioned by the gentleman from Walker [Delegate Long], it is rarely the case in an average county in Alabama that you have over two men out of twelve who are of such intelligence as they can weigh the evidence and apply the charge of the court to it.” Id. 1705.
. The text of Delegate White’s argument was:
"It seems to me that on a matter which should be decided from the stand point of reason, the motives of men on the other side should not be assailed; but it has been said here that it is being urged by men who want to ‘hold up’ corporations. Forty-three of them voted here who, I am as sure were as patriotic as the gentleman who voted on the other side. I might just as well and with just as much force say, if I were inclined to do it, though I am not, that the only opposition comes from the corporations, who are afraid of the jury. I say it would be as equally fair for me to say that as for the gentlemen to say what they have said. Now remember this is not an extreme thing. Nine men out of twelve must concur in a verdict. Surely three-quarters of any body united upon one thing carries with it conservatism. It can not be said that is extreme when three-fourths of a body agree to it and must agree to it before a result can be reached; but they tell us it is ancient. I admit that it has around its neck and over its form a cob-web of centuries. It had its birth in the land of our fathers at a time when true men and fair women were carried to the stake and burned for witchcraft. It is just as old as that. Yes, it is ancient. It dates back to a time when tender women and light-bearded men were carried to the scaffold and died because they imagined the death of the king. Imagined the death of the king. Yes, it is ancient. It dates back .to a time when men and women were burned at the stake because they would not admit and confess that the bread and wine was the body and blood of the Savior. Yes, it has all of that; but does that make it right? It dates back to that time when it was declared that the King could not do any wrong, yet, our ancestors more than 100 years ago said that kings could do wrong: and could do such grave wrongs that it justified a colony in rebellion. Now they say it is ancient. I concede it; but these other things I have mentioned are ancient along with it. Is that your argument? Do you meet the proposition on nothing but that? My friend says it has not been considered by the people. Neither was the proposition which you adopted on Friday, and [refused] to reconsider this morning ever discussed before the people, i.e., that a judge could discharge a jury, or a legislature' could authorize him to do it, upon whatever cause the legislature might say they founded it. We have there broken down a provision that stands in every Constitution almost in the American Union and has stood in every Constitution Alabama has ever had. My friend suggests why it took só long after the decision in the Dartmouth College case to reach the proposition that the legislature had the right to amend or repeal a private charter. All these things are hedged about with these ancient things. But I want to put the question to you upon its merits: Why have twelve men all the virtue and it don't abide in one? If there is virtue in the twelve, it must be conceded in the greatest number of things that there is eleven times as much virtue in the eleven as there is in one. Then what right has one man possessed with no more intelligence and with no more knowledge and no better information, what right has he to stand up and thwart the will of the eleven. Now we are advancing. We are in the [new]-day of the Twentieth Century. As civilization and light falls upon the earth, men advance. So we only know it is a thing of the past simply because it had its origin in the dark ages. We know, those of us who have practiced law, we know that in many cases one man defeats the will of the eleven, either because he is corrupt, or because he sometimes has been prejudiced by some tale of woe poured into his ear. It is easier to reach one man than three or four. It purifies the channel of justice and the stream that flows from that channel. It makes it practically impossible for a man with money or prejudice to tamper with the jury. He can’t tamper with four men. He takes too many chances. Do you think it is as wild a theory as some our friends would make you believe, when such men as Justice Brewer of the Supreme Court of the United States declared in its favor, and when one of your Supreme Court Justices says it is right? Now let us look at it as thoughtful, reasonable and dispassionate men, without regard to who advocates it or who does not. If it is right, let us keep it there. If it is wrong let us take it away.” Vol. 2, Official Proceedings, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, pp. 1707-09.
. Delegate Weatherly argued, in part:
"MR. WEATHERLY: Now, in addition to that, I want to present this fact to this view of this Convention. My own ideas about the real essential value of a jury trial which requires unanimity is this, it protects those who are unpopular in the community and who would otherwise be oppressed under the laws of God; but there is always one men at least can be found who will stand up for the right, though the heavens fall. Talk about corporations. Yes, of course, corporations are weak in public opinion and it is a protection to them; but there are others for the Convention to consider. Any men of wealth in the community may be unpopular, not so much on account of his wealth, but the way he got it. That is no reason why he should not have a fair jury trial. Corporations have the right to exercise the right of eminent domain. They can come to the gentleman of Washington or they can come to you and take your land from you but they would have to pay you for it; but maybe you don’t want to give up your land. You go to a jury to try that question; and under this ancient law, which is being ridiculed here today, your rights are protected, because it takes twelve men to say whether or not you shall give it up and how much shall be paid for it. Whereas, under the amendment here proposed, this corporation could go in there and submit its case and on the first consultation nine men out of the 12 would be against you; and they would not reason and they would not deliberate but they want the railroad to come in or the rolling mill to be established or the cotton mill in their midst, they want the public improvement and the whole town is against you and your only protection is the one or two men on that jury.
"The time has been, Mr. President and gentlemen of this Convention, when the minority representation on the jury in the Federal Court was worth its weight in gold — in gems of the most priceless value, in the South. Recall the days of reconstruction and you can recall them. When you were before the Federal courts the only barrier that stood between you and utter humiliation was the minority on the jury. If there is anything in the world that inspires — I was almost about to say disgust, but I won't say that; but it inspires indignation for men to come here and attempt to overthrow an ancient institution having elements in it which were put in it for the express purpose of protecting the weak against the strong. What can we foretell as to what conditions will confront us in this country, especially if we undertake the suffrage law or even if we do not? How can any man predict the conditions that will arise which will require the protection of this jury institution, as we have it now? "MR. BURNS — Will the gentleman permit an interruption?
“MR. WEATHERLY — I must decline to be interrupted, Mr. President. Now they ridicule it because it is ancient. The gentleman has said that it was contemporaneous with the doctrine that the King could do not wrong, yet the English people cut off Charles First's head and destroyed that doctrine and left their jury system intact. Why the English people and the system, gentlemen, are ten centuries old. Think of it, one thousand years old; and the English people have progressed and lived upon it. The highest social body in the world today, the English people, and they have gone through their court procedure and reformed them root and branch. The English system of law is nothing today like it was one hundred years ago. They have changed and reformed it entirely, but no Englishman has dared to lay his hand on this great institution.
“You might as well say a jury should be reduced to eight. Why have twelve instead of eight. That would require less deliberation. They would do it quicker but the reason is it was put there for a purpose, it is a goodly number of men and it adds deliberations in the formation of a verdict.
"MR. BROOKS — The proposition that two-thirds of a jury may render a verdict is, as has been well stated by the gentleman who has taken his seat, a radical departure from our system of trials; but it is not a new proposition by any means. It has been discussed for many years, and has received the favorable consideration of some of the strongest men in this country. It is an innovation and it is true that innovations are not always improvements, but a blind adherence to a system consecrated by time merely will make it impossible ever to have innovations that are improvements.
"Now, the gentlemen who oppose this proposition talk about its overturning the theory and policy of centuries, that it is a removal of the ancient landmarks. But, sir, well settled principles as well settled precedents
and customs must sometimes be modified by changed conditions and they must yield to the demand of an enlightened public sentiment. The conversation to reject merely because they overturn precedent and custom handicaps progress, and if we will apply to well settled precedents and customs we may as individuals and as a people if we profit by experience, make stepping stones of our dead selves to better things. When this matter was up for discussion, I listened in vain for argument from those who are opposed to it, and not one word was said in debate. This distinguished convention, which has always been so generous in its views in respect to any matter before it, so far as the opposition to this proposition is concerned, was as dumb as an oyster.”
Vol. 2, Official Proceedings, Constitutional Convention of 1901, State of Alabama, pp. 1711-13.
. For another expression of the wfil of the people, see Alabama Constitution, Art. VI, § 6.11 (the Judicial Article, ratified December 18, 1973), which states, among other things: "... the right of trial by jury as at common law and declared by Section 11 of the Constitution of Alabama 1901 shall be preserved to the parties inviolate.”
| CASELAW |
When someone in your family receives an Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, it is often devastating and quite overwhelming. Families wonder just what lies ahead for an aging parent or spouse. Once the family has absorbed the initial shock and disappointment of an Alzheimer's diagnosis it is an important time to take action. Move forward by taking steps that will protect you, your family and your elderly loved one.
Use the following dementia care tips as a guide:
Consider a Geriatric Doctor
If your primary care physician does not have experience in treating dementia, consider adding a geriatric doctor or neurologist to your senior care team. Ask the doctor any questions you have about Alzheimer's disease. There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, however find out what treatments might work best to alleviate symptoms or address behavior problems.
Educate Yourself about Dementia
Learn as much as you can about Alzheimer's disease. Knowledge helps to alleviate fear and feelings of helplessness.
Contact organizations such as the Alzheimer's Association and the Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center for more information about the disease, treatment options, and caregiving resources. Some community groups may offer classes to teach caregiving, problem-solving, and management skills.
Expect Progressive Cognitive Decline
Learn about the stages of Alzheimer's disease, and the changes that may occur in your elderly parent as the disease progresses. Everyone experiences the stages of the disease in different ways at different times, however having an overview of the general progression can help a family member identify if another health problem is occuring that is causing symptoms that need to be addressed.
Discuss the Alzheimer's Diagnosis
Prepare your family and friends. Explain that Alzheimer’s is a brain disease, not a psychological or emotional disorder. Share any educational materials that you have compiled. The more that people learn about the disease, the more comfortable they may feel around the changes they experience.
Preparing yourself and your family for what lies ahead is crucial, but there is another person who is equally as important: the person who has just been diganosed with Alzheimer's. Having important elder care and end of life conversations with an elderly spouse or parent is never easy, however you have to ask the hard questions. What does the person who has been diagnosed want? Do they want to live at home as long as possible? What is going to happen if they cannot be maintained in the home? Do you have the finances to pay for extended care? What continuing care and funeral plans are in place?
Consider an Elder Law Attorney
The unfortunate reality of an Alzheimer's diagnosis is the eventual determination of legal incompetence. Family members must prepare the documents necessary to make decisions on behalf of a loved one when they can no longer do so themselves. Encourage your loved one to legally indicate their financial, housing, and medical decisions while they are still able to do so.
Browse Our Free Senior Care Guides
Alzheimer's Safety at Home
Door locks, personal safety devices and wandering prevention techniques will become necessary as Alzheimer's disease progresses and your loved one moves through the stages of dementia.
Daily Routines and Dementia
Study your day to see if you can develop a routine that makes things go more smoothly. If there are times of day when the person with AD is less confused or more cooperative, plan your routine to make the most of those moments. Keep in mind that the way the person functions may change from day to day, so try to be flexible and adapt your routine as needed.
Find Caregiver Support
Find a support group where you can share your feelings and concerns. Members of support groups often have helpful ideas or know of useful resources based on their own experiences. Online support groups, such as the AgingCare.com community, make it possible for caregivers to receive support without having to leave home.
Caregiver Respite
Consider using adult day care or respite services to ease the day-to-day demands of caregiving. These services allow you to have a break while knowing that the person with AD is being well cared for.
Source: 1. www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers The National Institute on Aging (NIA), one of the 27 Institutes and Centers of the National Institute of Health (NIH) leads a broad scientific effort to understand the nature of aging and to extend the healthy, active years of life. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Baker, Nicole Alexis (2012-10). Attitudes about Food. Master's Thesis. Thesis uri icon
abstract
• Approximately 18% of adolescents are obese. Attitudes about Food is a cross sectional study that seeks to identify lifestyle factors associated with adolescent obesity such as fast food consumption, physical activity, attitudes about fast food, and weight perception. The novel aspect of this study is that it seeks to understand how the respondent perceives the health attitudes and behaviors of their closest friends. Subjects were recruited from four youth organizations for a total of 25 participants between the ages of 12-17 years. Respondents completed a 71 item questionnaire, and height and weight were measured by trained interviewers to calculate BMI. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 19.0), and hypotheses were assessed using correlation coefficients. Obese respondents were more likely than non0obese participants to consume at least three fast food meals in the last week (P < .05). Consuming fast food in the last week of the study was associated with exercising one hour a week or less (P < .01). Agreeing that eating fast food is fun was associated with BMI >= 85th percentile (P < .01). Reporting that friends think eating fast food is healthy was associated with eating fast food three or more times in the last week (P < .04) and exercising one hour a week or less (P < .01). Individuals who reported exercising at least four days a week were likely to agree with the statements "eating fast food will make me fat" (P < .03) and "will increase total fat" (p < .05). Finally, overweight adolescents were more likely to underestimate their weight status compared to normal weight and obese respondents. These findings indicate a clustering of risk factors for obesity. Frequent fast food consumption and infrequent physical activity were associated in the present study which could tip the scales of energy balance. Health professionals could focus on raising awareness of the overall diet quality of adolescents who frequently consume fast food while encouraging healthy, fun alternatives to fast food. Screening for overweight status and eliciting peer support for healthy eating are key elements in reducing adolescent obesity.
publication date
• October 2012 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
High Performance of Venturi Scrubbers in the Removal of Particulates
Further developments of existing processes and procedures in environmental technology form a focal point for operators and manufacturers. Wet air scrubbers remain the main force for the capture and collection of particulates. Whether a wet-working or a dry system should be applied is determined by the particular characteristics of the dust in question: small dust particle sizes favor the Venturi scrubber. Venturi scrubbers are successful in removing particulates from exhaust gases with high efficiency. This type of dust control technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as “wet scrubbers”. Venturi scrubbers are also known as Venturi jet scrubbers, gas-atomizing spray scrubbers, and ejector-venturi scrubbers. Properly designed and operated wet scrubbers are effectual in taking many regulated heavy metal compounds and some acid gases away with the help of special air treatment equipment. Scientists and engineers apply impingement trays or packed tower scrubbers for additional acid gas collection and also to subcool the gases after the removal of particulates from the gases through the use of Venturi scrubbers in their work. This minimizes the horsepower required by the induced draft fans. Venturi scrubbers have several advantages compared to other air pollution control equipment: such wet scrubbers are able to handle high-temperature gas streams or such gas streams that contain moisture. In addition to this, the overall size of dust control equipment is typically smaller, and Venturi wet air scrubbers have the potential for removing pollutant gases at the same time as particulates.
Venturi wet scrubbers are the most popular type of scrubbers; they have been used in the industry of air scrubbing for the past 35 years. This popularity is explained by its high efficiency of particle collection, open construction, the ability to handle large inlet volumes at high temperatures.
A standard Venturi scrubber is a combination of a converging section with a throat (the narrowest part of the whole tube), and with a diffuser. The mixture of dust and gas flows through the tube of the Venturi scrubber and reaches top speed in the throat section. This top speed drops again when the mixture passes into the diffuser. Intensive and concerted mixing takes place in the throat section between the gas and the liquid. Due to the high speed realised by the gas and liquid water is released into fine water droplets. The collection object in a typical Venturi scrubber is a liquid drop. The diameter of a liquid drop is a complicated function of velocity, liquid rate, and fluid properties. A centrifugal fan installed upstream (forced draft) or downstream (induced draft) provides the motive force to the gas stream carrying the PM (Particulate Matter). The gas is accelerated to the throat velocity in the converging inlet. After that, the gas passes through the throat where the PM encounters the liquid drops. It is necessary to mention that Venturi scrubbers themselves have a low volume: the droplet separator determines the dimensions of the installation. Such separator can be a few times larger than the scrubber.
Despite the popularity of Venturi scrubbers and their seemingly open and low maintenance design, it is not devoid of construction flaws. One of them is a possibility of converging section corrosion due to a dry hot gas entering the scrubber. This can wear down the scrubber and cause a breakdown. To avoid that, cleaning liquid is introduced in the first section, instead of the second to cool down the air and stop dust particles from wearing down the surface of the scrubber.
Another problem that can occur is dust and particle collection on the venturi throat. This section is not easy to get to, and if not cared for properly, can decrease venturi air scrubber efficiency and eventually lead to the breakdown of the scrubber. A solution to this problem is a dispersion of a cleaning liquid onto the surface of the throat to protect it from particle buildup.
Being a new type of wet air scrubber, multi-vortex wet air scrubber provides improved air treatment quality and can be used for both particles matter and gas collection. The treatment quality of multi-vortex wet air scrubber is generally 99.95-99.99% for both types of pollutants. Besides high efficiency, multi-vortex wet air scrubber possesses a number of advantages over conventional wet scrubbers – multi-vortex wet air scrubber is compact, omnivorous, eco-friendly, economical, and low-maintenance.
If you would like to purchase multi-vortex wet air scrubber, please contact us at info@rdwd.tech
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The LeFH18 proved to be a sounding design with both reliability and accuracy, had served widely in many artillery regiments throughout WWII, forming the backbone of German divisional field artillery. The LeFH18 used separate-loading propelling charges, between one and six depending on the desired range. However, its maximum firing range of only 10675m made it no match for its Soviet counterpart. Its heavy weight also made it unable to be truly mobile, often resulting itself being abandoned in the muddy terrain of Russian Front. When first confronted with the Soviet T-34, KV-I and KV-II tanks in 1941, German anti-tank weaponry was quickly found to be inadequate. One of the only guns capable of destroying these Soviet tanks was the LeFh18. The LeFH18M was a modified version of the LeFH18. It features a new muzzle break, powder capacity was also increased, extending its mamimal firing range to 12,325m. Some improvement was also made on the recoiling system. The LeFH18M began to serve in frontline units from 1940. Other than the standard towed version, they were also adapted as main armament of several light-weight self-propelled guns, which remained on first-line service until the end of WWII. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Ehsanullah Ehsan (Taliban spokesman)
Relevance of the denial of responsibility on Boston Bombings?
I see no need at all for this article (especially the "Attacks" section) to say that Ehsanullah Ehsan denied involvement in the Boston Bombings. This seems like an example of news-like drivel that shouldn't be force-fed into an Encyclopedia.
Given the relative un-popularity of this article as a whole, it would be reasonable to forgo waiting for a discussion and skip to reverting the almost-vandalism. If there is a reasonable purpose for including the aforementioned information in the article, then we can discuss it further. If not, I'm just going to revert the edit(s). Tang (talk) 03:35, 17 April 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
#! /usr/bin/env python # Selectively preprocess #ifdef / #ifndef statements. # Usage: # ifdef [-Dname] ... [-Uname] ... [file] ... # # This scans the file(s), looking for #ifdef and #ifndef preprocessor # commands that test for one of the names mentioned in the -D and -U # options. On standard output it writes a copy of the input file(s) # minus those code sections that are suppressed by the selected # combination of defined/undefined symbols. The #if(n)def/#else/#else # lines themselfs (if the #if(n)def tests for one of the mentioned # names) are removed as well. # Features: Arbitrary nesting of recognized and unrecognized # preprocesor statements works correctly. Unrecognized #if* commands # are left in place, so it will never remove too much, only too # little. It does accept whitespace around the '#' character. # Restrictions: There should be no comments or other symbols on the # #if(n)def lines. The effect of #define/#undef commands in the input # file or in included files is not taken into account. Tests using # #if and the defined() pseudo function are not recognized. The #elif # command is not recognized. Improperly nesting is not detected. # Lines that look like preprocessor commands but which are actually # part of comments or string literals will be mistaken for # preprocessor commands. import sys import regex import getopt defs = [] undefs = [] def main(): opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'D:U:') for o, a in opts: if o == '-D': defs.append(a) if o == '-U': undefs.append(a) if not args: args = ['-'] for filename in args: if filename == '-': process(sys.stdin, sys.stdout) else: f = open(filename, 'r') process(f, sys.stdout) f.close() def process(fpi, fpo): keywords = ('if', 'ifdef', 'ifndef', 'else', 'endif') ok = 1 stack = [] while 1: line = fpi.readline() if not line: break while line[-2:] == '\\\n': nextline = fpi.readline() if not nextline: break line = line + nextline tmp = line.strip() if tmp[:1] != '#': if ok: fpo.write(line) continue tmp = tmp[1:].strip() words = tmp.split() keyword = words[0] if keyword not in keywords: if ok: fpo.write(line) continue if keyword in ('ifdef', 'ifndef') and len(words) == 2: if keyword == 'ifdef': ko = 1 else: ko = 0 word = words[1] if word in defs: stack.append((ok, ko, word)) if not ko: ok = 0 elif word in undefs: stack.append((ok, not ko, word)) if ko: ok = 0 else: stack.append((ok, -1, word)) if ok: fpo.write(line) elif keyword == 'if': stack.append((ok, -1, '')) if ok: fpo.write(line) elif keyword == 'else' and stack: s_ok, s_ko, s_word = stack[-1] if s_ko < 0: if ok: fpo.write(line) else: s_ko = not s_ko ok = s_ok if not s_ko: ok = 0 stack[-1] = s_ok, s_ko, s_word elif keyword == 'endif' and stack: s_ok, s_ko, s_word = stack[-1] if s_ko < 0: if ok: fpo.write(line) del stack[-1] ok = s_ok else: sys.stderr.write('Unknown keyword %s\n' % keyword) if stack: sys.stderr.write('stack: %s\n' % stack) if __name__ == '__main__': main() | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pieter Verdonck
Pieter Verdonck (c.1580 – after 1636), was a man in Haarlem best known today for his portrait that was painted by Frans Hals in 1636.
Very little is known of him, though a Pieter Verdonck was recorded in the Reformed Church of Haarlem as coming from Ghent when he was engaged to be married in 1597 to Catharina Gelaynis of Vlissingen. He was probably a friend of Hals, who painted him in the guise of Samson holding the jawbone. Perhaps his friend was not amused, because the painting was later painted over to reflect a man holding a wine glass and his wild hair was covered by a velvet beret.
According to the RKD the jawbone is from a cow. The jawbone was meant however to symbolize the jawbone of the ass that was used by Samson to slay 1,000 Philistines. The portrait has been identified "Verdonck" because of the engraving made by Jan van de Velde with a short poem describing the subject, which loosely translated, meant "This is Verdonck, the bold guest whose jawbone attacks everyone/ By not distinguishing between high or low born, he landed in the work house". The poem could be seen as moralistic warning to rederijkers whose satiric discourses went too far. Both Hals and his contemporary Salomon de Bray were rederijkers in Haarlem. De Bray made a pair of pendant pieces in a similar genre depicting David with his sword and Samson with his jawbone. De Bray's version shows Samson a moment later in the story, when he prayed to God out of thirst and was rewarded with the "fountain of the crier". Hals' portrait shows the moment where Samson in triumph proclaims that "with the jawbone of an ass, he slayed 1,000 Philistines".
The fact that Hals painted his subject in close up, cutting off the knuckles of his fist, leads one to conclude the painting was meant more as a tronie than as a portrait. | WIKI |
13 March 2015 Characterization of molybdenum doped indium oxide/aluminum doped zinc oxide thin film stacks for optoelectronic applications
Author Affiliations +
Proceedings Volume 9364, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VI; 936405 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080754
Event: SPIE OPTO, 2015, San Francisco, California, United States
Abstract
Multilayer (ML) thin films, based on indium molybdenum oxide (IMO) and aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), having different stacking were deposited using RF sputtering at room temperature (RT). The total-layer thickness of the MLs ranges between 93 nm and 98 nm. The deposited films were characterized by their structural, electrical, microstructural, and optical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks obtained at 2θ of around 30.6° and 34.27° are matched with cubic-In2O3 (222) and hexagonal-ZnO (002), respectively. The MLs have both nano-crystalline and polycrystalline structures depending on the layer properties. A conspicuous feature of XRD analysis is the absence of diffraction peak from 50 nm thick IMO layer when it is stacked below 50 nm thick AZO, whereas it appears significantly when the stacking is reversed to place IMO above AZO layer. Hall measurements confirmed that the deposited MLs are n- type conducting and the electrical properties are varied as a function of layer properties. The deposited MLs show high shortwavelength infrared transmittance (SWIRT) even at 3300 nm, which is ranging as high as 75 % - 90 %. Overall, the MLs show high transmittance in the entire Vis-SWIR region. The optical band gap (Eg) calculated using the absorption coefficient (α) and photon energy (hν) of the deposited MLs is ranging between 3.19 eV and 3.56 eV, depending on the layer properties. Selected as- deposited films were annealed in open air at 400 °C for 1 h; the transmittance of annealed films was improved but their electrical properties deteriorated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis shows that the root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of the MLs ranges between 0.8 nm and 1.5 nm.
© (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elangovan Elamurugu, Elangovan Elamurugu, Raquel Flores, Raquel Flores, Ricardo Janeiro, Ricardo Janeiro, Marcus Dahlem, Marcus Dahlem, Jaime Viegas, Jaime Viegas, "Characterization of molybdenum doped indium oxide/aluminum doped zinc oxide thin film stacks for optoelectronic applications", Proc. SPIE 9364, Oxide-based Materials and Devices VI, 936405 (13 March 2015); doi: 10.1117/12.2080754; https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080754
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Valueerror: All the Input Arrays Must Have Same Number of Dimensions
Melvin Nolan
Valueerror: all the input arrays must have same number of dimensions” is triggered in the Python programming language when you pass unequal dimensions or lengths in arrays.Valueerror all the input arrays must have same number of dimensions
Although there could be several reasons behind this error, there are multiple solutions as well that you can use to tackle the error. Your preferred solution will depend on your favorite pattern and array structures. Read on to find out what causes this error and the various ways you can fix it.
Why Are You Getting Valueerror: All the Input Arrays Must Have Same Number of Dimensions Error?
You are getting this valueerror because you are trying to join arrays of different dimensions. The error under consideration also occurs when you try to join the arrays of different lengths. Simply put, this error occurs in Python when you try to join arrays using the wrong dimensions.
– Concatenation of Arrays With Different Lengths
The major cause of this error when concatenating arrays is the failure to make sure all input array dimensions are of the same size. As you concatenate arrays using the NumPy library, you should make sure both arrays match. For instance, you could have 2D arrays but of different sizes. Here is a good example:
import numpy as np
arr1 = np.array([[5, 19], [14, 17]]) # Creating the first array (arr1)
arr2 = np.array([[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7]]) # Creating the second array (arr2)
print (f’The dimensions of arr1 is {len(arr1.shape)}’ ” and size ” + str(arr1.shape)) # This will show the dimensions of the first array (arr0)
print (f’The dimensions of arr2 is {len(arr2.shape)}’ ” and size ” + str(arr2.shape)) # This will show the dimensions of the second array (arr1)
If you run this code, you will both arrays are 2D but they are different in size. One of them is size 2 while the other is size 3. Therefore, if you try to create a third array by concatenating the two as shown below, you will trigger this valueerror in Python. The reason is that the concatenate function does not support concatenating a 2 * 2 array and a 2 * 3 array.
If you try running this code:
import numpy as np
arr1 = np.array([[5, 19], [14, 17]]) # Creating the first array (arr1)
arr2 = np.array([[2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7]]) # Creating the second array (arr2)
print (f’The dimensions of arr1 is {len(arr1.shape)}’ ” and shape ” + str(arr1.shape)) # This will show the dimensions of the first array (arr0)
print (f’The dimensions of arr2 is {len(arr2.shape)}’ ” and shape ” + str(arr2.shape)) # This will show the dimensions of the second array (arr1)
arr3 =np.concatenate([arr1, arr2]) # Creating the third array (arr3) using np.concatenate
print (f’The dimensions of arr3 is {len(arr3.shape)}’ ” and size ” + str(arr3.shape))
print(arr3)
The output will be the following error. ValueError: all the input array dimensions for the concatenation axis must match exactly, but along dimension 1, the array at index 0 has size 2 and the array at index 1 has size 3.
– Concatenating Arrays of Different Dimensions
A value in Python denotes the storage of information in a specific object. Therefore, you will come across valueerror in Python as you use a built-in function or an operation that gets the right type of argument but the wrong value. For instance, although you may have the correct data type when you try to concatenate arrays with different dimensions, you will trigger this error.Valueerror all the input arrays must have same number of dimensions causes
To establish the dimensions of a given array, you can use the shape method. This will provide you with a tuple that contains the value of your array dimensions. The same method will help you get the dimensions in a NumPy array.
In the example given below, you are trying to trigger the same. However, first, you need to create the arrays and establish their dimensions. Here is how you can create 2D arrays and 1D arrays and how you can establish the dimensions of each.
import numpy as np
arr0 = np.array([[7000, 200, 500000, 0],
[7001, 201, 520000, 0],
[7004, 208, 490000, 0],
[7004, 208, 490000, 0],
[7005, 202, 499000, 0]
]) #Creating the first array (arr0)
arr1 = np.array([5, 19, 14, 14, 17]) # Creating the second array (arr1)
print (f’The dimensions of arr0 is {len(arr0.shape)}’) # This will show the dimensions of the first array (arr0)
print (f’The dimensions of arr1 is {len(arr1.shape)}’) # This will show the dimensions of the second array (arr1)
The output in this case will be as follows:
The dimensions of arr0 is 2
The dimensions of arr1 is 1
With this information, you can now try concatenating the two arrays through the numpy.concatenate method. This is how you can accomplish this through the numpy.concatenate method.
arr2 =np.concatenate([arr0, arr1])
print(arr2)
If you combine the above code with the previous one, you trigger the valueerror because one array is 2D while the other is 1D.
How To Fix Valueerror: All the Input Arrays Must Have Same Number of Dimensions?
To fix this valuerror you have to ensure that all input array dimensions must be the same while concatenating arrays. This statement is especially true when you want to use the concatenate function. One way you can solve the error is by manually changing the dimensions or length of arrays.
If array length is the issue, then there is no simpler solution than manually changing the length of your arrays. However, when you are not able to change the length of your arrays, then there are other ways you can go about solving this error.
For instance, functions such as np.c_(), np.row_stack(), and np.column_stack() can help you remove this error. Another way of dealing with this error is by resizing your second array to match the size of the first one.
You can use the methods given below to solve variations of the error too such as:
• ValueError: `axis` must be fewer than the number of dimensions (1)
• ValueError: all keys need to be the same shape
• ValueError: input array must be 1 dimensional
• vstack all the input array dimensions except for the concatenation axis must match exactly
• Input and output must have the same number of spatial dimensions.
– Resizing Your Second Array
Suppose you can modify the second array. You can make it match the length of your first array. This indicates that either the length of your first array is greater or equal to the length of your second array. In the example given below, you will learn to accomplish this successfully.
Suppose you have two arrays one holding 4 values while the other holds 2 values. You can opt to resize the length of the second array as follows. Please note that the second array will include zeros as the extra values to attain the length of your first array.
import numpy as np
first = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
second = np.array([1, 2])
length_of_first = len(first)
second.resize((length_of_first), refcheck=False)
joined = np.concatenate([first, second])
print(joined)
The output will be
[1 2 3 4 1 2 0 0]
– Changing Your Arrays’ Dimensions
If you are trying this error in Python because of using arrays of different dimensions, you can resolve it by making sure your arrays share the same dimensions. For instance, suppose your first array is a 2D array and the second one is 1D and you wish to join them using the concatenate function.Valueerror all the input arrays must have same number of dimensions fixes
You can convert your second array to a 2D array as you concatenate the two arrays. Down below, we have duplicated the code to show you the right syntax.
import numpy as np
# Below you are generating a 2D array
arr1 = np.array([[2,4], [6, 8], [10,12], [14,16]])
# The code below generates a 1D array
arr2 = np.array([120,240,130,550])
# Joining the two arrays using the np.concatenate function
arr3 = np.concatenate((arr1, arr2[:,None]) , axis=1)
print(arr3)
The output will be
[[ 2 4 120]
[ 6 8 240]
[ 10 12 130]
[ 14 16 550]]
– Implementing the NP.column_stack()
Another way you can solve this error in python is through the np.column_stack() function. This function will help you concatenate arrays of different dimensions without triggering the said error. For example, you can simplify the solution above using this function as follows. Please note that the out will be the same as above. The function will concatenate numpy arrays vertically.
import numpy as np
# Below you are generating a 2D array
arr1 = np.array([[2,4], [6, 8], [10,12], [14,16]])
# The code below generates a 1D array
arr2 = np.array([120,240,130,550])
# Joining the two arrays using the np.column_stack function
arr3 = np.column_stack((arr1, arr2))
print(arr3)
– Using the NP.c_() Function
With np.c_(), you will get the same output as you would using the np.column_stack(). Therefore, this function allows you to combine arrays of different lengths and dimensions. Here is how you can implement this function in Python.
arr3 = np.c_[arr1, arr2]
Conclusion
You will trigger the error we discussed today while combining arrays in Python. In this post, you have learned the various causes and how to solve the error. Here is a quick recap:
• You will trigger the error when combining arrays of different dimensions
• The solution to the error can be as easy as manually changing the dimensions of your arrays
• Also, you can use built-in functions such as np.c_() and np.column_stack()
With this understanding, you can now easily solve this error as you combine arrays of different lengths or dimensions.
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Page:Fighting blood (IA fightingblood00witw).pdf/203
and it'll rattle you. You do the fightin' and let me do the laughin', get me?"
Killoran come out fast for the second round, but I kept beating him to the punch, stabbing him in the face with my left time after time and then crossing my right to wherever I see a opening. About a minute after the bell, I socked Killoran flush on the jaw with a short inside right and his knees buckled under him. The customers shriek for me to knock him for a row of silos, but he's hanging on to me with both arms like he's drowning. It took the referee quite a spell to tear Wild Bill away from me, and when he did let go his head come up and bumped mine, opening up a old cut over my right eye.
The referee warns him and the crowd hisses, but none of that stops the blood from that cut from blinding me on that side of my face. This butting business gets me red-headed and I tied into Killoran with everything I had in stock! I shot my left to his bobbing head five times without a return and then took a glancing right to the jaw to bury my own right in his stomach. Wild Bill stumbled away and crashed to the mat, face down. When they drop from a body punch they're hurt, and that's a fact! Remember that the next box fight you see. He managed to beat the count and was braced against the ropes, set for a trip to dreamland, when the bell rang.
The third round was the last and the best one of the fight, from the crowd's angle. Wild Bill was sent out to risk everything on landing a knockout punch, and I went in with the objects of stopping him with a couple | WIKI |
Portal:Speeches/Categories
The main speeches category is Category:Speeches Its most widely used sub-categories are:
Nationality African speeches American speeches Australian speeches Austrian speeches British speeches Scottish speeches English speeches Canadian speeches Chilean speeches Chinese speeches French speeches German speeches Indian speeches Irish speeches Israeli speeches Italian speeches Philippine speeches Thai speeches Topic Military speeches Scientific speeches Religious speeches
Maintenance Categories Abridged speeches Unsourced speeches Speeches lacking an Introduction | WIKI |
Twisted Riser Syndrome
Cutting Away: Why It’s Difficult Sometimes
We read in a recent APF News-Sheet of yet another hard cutaway experienced by an Australian skydiver. It prompted me to dig out a still very relevant article from the archives.
Several years ago, there occurred a rash of hard/impossible pulls on cutaway systems, prompting John Sherman to conduct a series of experiments in May 2003, to accurately define the problem. John has written several definitive papers on riser construction and 3-Ring technology (they can be found on www.plabsinc.com under technical Articles).
In one of the experiments a jumper was hung in a suspended harness with two other jumpers hanging on to each Main Lift Web to simulate a “3-G” load. This is often referred to as the “3 bloke test”, as something similar to it was first described by British skydivers. The harness was outfitted with a standard set of Type 17 (1 inch), mini 3-ring risers. In one case the cutaway cable passed through the Type 2a locking loop, which holds the assembly together, but was not inserted into the channel that normally houses it, on the back of the rear risers. Severe twists were put in the risers suspending the “3 bloke” load. The jumpers (in one case a male, in another case a female), were unable to pull the cutaway handle. In another test, the cutaway cable passed through the Type 2a locking loop, and was inserted into the channel that normally houses it, and once again the jumpers were unable to cutaway.
Continuing on with the experiments, the jumpers were suspended with their “3 bloke” load, and this time the cutaway cable bypassed the Type 2a locking loop, and a temporary cable (kind of like a temp pin, but made out of cutaway cable material), was inserted in the loop to hold the assembly together. The excess cutaway cable attached to the handle was stowed in the channel on the back of the risers. The load was twisted to simulate a highly loaded 3-G malfunction. While there was resistance, in all cases the jumpers were able to cutaway from this setup.
Two contributing factors were found to interfere with the ability to cut away: one major, one minor. The first and most significant factor was the side loading or twisting of the rings themselves. This caused the ring to load excessively and transferred that load to the locking loop. This problem has no proposed solution other than avoidance.
The second contributing factor was the "Finger Trapping" of the release cable in the riser channel. The amount of lubrication or the type of cable coating (Teflon vs. Lolon), made a big difference on this factor. The "Finger Trapping" phenomenon is caused by the Type 3, ¾-inch channel being sewn flat to the rear riser web. When this web is loaded to above 1 G it also loads the Type 3 channel creating a very tight relationship between them. Any cable between the channel and riser web is then "Finger Trapped".
Several organizations have attempted to solve this "Finger Trap" problem by providing a hard housing or tubing inside the channel to prevent the channel from collapsing around the cable and trapping it. This solution will lessen the severity of the problem if it is executed properly, and maintained so the tube doesn't slip down into the locking loop preventing cutaway. The drawback is that it is bulky and inflexible.
Our experiments have shown that all that is necessary to achieve similar results is to sew the sides of the channel closer together so there is a looser, roomier “tunnel” for the cable, even when the riser and channel are loaded. This additional space in the tunnel eliminates the "Finger Trapping" potential of the tunnel around the cable.
The primary reason Parachute Labs has not thoroughly embraced the hard-housing-inserted-into-the- riser solution, is that it has minimal effect in solving the problem of twisted “riser syndrome.” The root cause of the difficult cut away is the side-loading of the rings exerting excessive load on the loop. So what’s the solution? We propose a multi-pronged attack strategy! Firstly, jump a canopy that does not exceed your own ability to control it, through opening. Highly loaded, high-performance canopies can have tendency to spin up. Continue to fly your body through the opening until the canopy is completely open and on heading. Second, make sure your rig is equipped with non-compressible, hard housings for the cutaway cables. If you have soft housings – get rid of them! They can cost you your life. Third, ensure that your cutaway cables are either Teflon (they are red or orange in color, and do not require oiling), or if they are Lolon (yellow), oil them at least once per month.
Nancy LaRiviere
Master Rigger/DPRE
AFF & Tandem I/E
President, Parachute Labs, Inc. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
David W.R. BROWN, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, et al., Defendants.
No. 8:05 CV 2166 T 27EAJ.
United States District Court, M.D. Florida, Tampa Division.
Aug. 14, 2006.
David W.R. Brown, Sun City Center, FL, pro se.
Warren A. Zimmerman, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Tampa, FL, for Defendants.
ORDER
WHITTEMORE, District Judge.
THIS MATTER is before the Court on the Report and Recommendation submitted by Magistrate Judge recommending that Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.20) be granted (Dkt.44). Plaintiff has filed objections to the Report and Recommendation (Dkt.45), and Defendants have filed a response (Dkt.46). The Court will review each of Plaintiffs eleven (11) objections.
1) The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff by failing to recognize that the certification of the administrative record was perjurious. (DM45, pp. 2-5).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The Magistrate conducted an independent review of the administrative record and gave adequate consideration to Plaintiffs contention that the record is incomplete. The Magistrate determined that the record was, in fact, complete and that Plaintiffs arguments to the contrary are “meritless.” (Dkt.44, pp. 5-6).
2) The Magistrate failed to infer that a pro se party is “afforded exceptional deference.” (DM45, pp. 5-8).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The Magistrate set forth the appropriate standard to be applied when considering a pro se party’s pleadings and appropriately applied this standard to the present case. (Dkt.44, pp. 6-7). Plaintiff is not entitled to any more of a lenient standard than that applied by the Magistrate.
3) The Magistrate failed to infer that a pro se Plaintiff is to be given the opportunity to present evidence. (DM45, p. 8).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. Plaintiff was provided an opportunity to present documentary evidence in support of his opposition to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Notwithstanding, the Magistrate applied the appropriate legal standard in reviewing the summary judgment motion and was not required to hear evidence from Plaintiff prior to entering her Report and Recommendation. (Dkt.44, p. 7).
tí The Magistrate failed to infer that a pro se Plaintiff is entitled to discovery and a trial (DM45, pp. 8-9).
Plaintiff’s objection is overruled. Although Plaintiff has a general right to litigate his case, that right, including the right to conduct discovery and proceed to trial, is foreclosed by entry of summary judgment on his claims. For the reasons discussed herein, the Magistrate appropriately found that Defendants are entitled to summary judgment.
5) The Magistrate failed to infer that the allegations of a pro se Plaintiff are to be taken as true. (DM45, pp. 9-10).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The Magistrate applied the appropriate legal standard in reviewing the summary judgment motion. (Dkt.44, p. 3).
6) The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff by “ignoring fee waiver rulings favorable to him.” (DM45, pp. 10-13).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The Magistrate considered each of the cases cited by Plaintiff in his objections (Dkt.45, p. 10) and considered each of Plaintiffs arguments in opposition to summary judgment. (Dkt.44, pp. 4-18). Plaintiff provides no basis or specific facts to support his accusation that the Magistrate “ignored” applicable, controlling law. Plaintiffs disagreement with the Magistrate’s legal conclusions is not a basis for overruling the Report and Recommendation.
7) The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff “by affirmatively citing cases that were favorable to her former employer while denigrating those very same cases when cited by plaintiff.” (DM45, pp. 13-ltí-
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. Again, Plaintiff provides no basis or specific facts to support his accusation that the Magistrate “ignored” applicable, controlling law. Further, Plaintiffs accusations of bias or impartiality were addressed and rejected by the Magistrate in her order denying Plaintiffs motion for recusal (Dkt.39).
8) The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff by “using a Standard of Review based on de novo considerations rather than those laid down by the U.S. Supreme Court for pro se’s.” (Dkt.f5, pp. If-15).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. Again, the Magistrate set forth the appropriate standard to be applied when considering a pro se party’s pleadings and appropriately applied this standard to the present case. (Dkt.44, pp. 6-7). The Magistrate also applied the appropriate legal standard of review. (Dkt.44, p. 4). Plaintiff has not provided any legal authority or specific facts to support his arguments to the contrary.
9) The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff by “improperly shifting the summary judgment burden of proof from the moving party to the non-moving party.” (Dkt.f5, pp. 15-17).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The Magistrate applied the appropriate legal standard in reviewing the summary judgment motion. (Dkt.44, p. 3).
10) The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff by “attributing undeserved status to Larson v. CIA.” (Dkt.f5, pp. 17-19).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The Magistrate appropriately applied Larson v. CIA 843 F.2d 1481 (D.C.Cir.1988) to the facts of the present case. (Dkt.44, p. 14). Moreover, the Magistrate specifically addressed and rejected Plaintiffs argument that Larson is no longer good law. (Dkt.44, p. 14, n. 11).
11)The Magistrate failed to infer benefit to pro se Plaintiff by “misreading the plaintiffs ‘Jurisdiction and Venue’ statement in the original Complaint. ” (Dkt.f5, pp. 19-20).
Plaintiffs objection is overruled. The summary judgment motion did not raise jurisdictional or venue issues. Further, the Magistrate appropriate considered Plaintiffs negligence claim in the context of the summary judgment motion. (Dkt.44, p. 19, n. 13). Contrary to Plaintiffs objection, Plaintiff cannot defeat a motion for summary judgment simply by alleging negligence in the face of Defendants’ denial of liability.
The Magistrate determined that there are no issues of material fact regarding Plaintiffs challenge to the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s denial of his request for a Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. § 552) fee waiver. After careful consideration of the thorough, comprehensive, and well-reasoned Report and Recommendation, Plaintiffs’ objections, and Defendants’ response, in conjunction with an independent examination of the file, the Court is of the opinion that the Report and Recommendation should be adopted, confirmed, and approved in all respects. Accordingly, it is
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the Report and Recommendation (Dkt.44) is adopted, confirmed, and approved in all respects and is made a part of this order for all purposes, including appellate review. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.20) is GRANTED. Judgment is entered in favor of Defendants, United States Patent and Trademark Office, John Dudas, Michael Briskin, and Lisa Belasco. All pending motions are DENIED as moot. The Clerk is directed to close this case.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
JENKINS, United States Magistrate Judge.
Before the court are the Federal Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.20) and Plaintiffs Amended Response (Dkt.23) which have been referred to the undersigned by the District Judge for consideration and issuance of a Report and Recommendation (Dkt.31).
I. BACKGROUND
On July 11, 2005, Plaintiff requested certain documents from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. Plaintiff asked for “a copy of the log of all lawsuits that have been brought against the USPTO since January 1, 2000” and asked that the USPTO waive the fee customarily required for gathering such documents. (Dkt. 6 at 64). The USPTO responded to this request by providing Plaintiff with a nine-page printout of information from its electronic docketing systems. {See Dkt. 6 at 50-59). Since the fees incurred in responding to this request totaled less than $20.00, no fee was charged. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(d)(4).
On August 2, 2005, after receiving the printout response to his first request, Plaintiff requested either the specific information from the electronic docketing system or other documents that contained “the general counts and allegations of [lawsuits brought against the USPTO] and the names and addresses of the parties.” (Dkt. 6 at 49). The USPTO responded to this request by letter on August 31, 2005 with an estimate of the search time that would be necessary to locate the documents requested. The USPTO indicated that it would take approximately 26 hours of search time and would cost approximately $969.00 to locate the documents Plaintiff requested. (Dkt. 6 at 41).
In the same August 31, 2005 letter, the USPTO also denied Plaintiffs fee waiver application from his initial July 11, 2005 request. Applying 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii), the USPTO found that Plaintiff did not: (1) explain how the requested records concern identifiable operations or activities of the government; (2) show how disclosure of the requested information is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of USPTO operations or activities; or (3) show that Plaintiff possesses the ability to disseminate the requested information to the general public, or how he intends to do so. (Dkt. 6 at 42-43).
Plaintiff appealed the USPTO’s denial of his fee waiver application (Dkt. 6 at 25-29) and the USPTO denied the appeal on October 26, 2005 (Dkt. 6 at 1-4). Plaintiff subsequently initiated this action for review.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The court may grant a motion for summary judgment only when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Initially, the moving party bears the burden of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery in the record that it believes demonstrates the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). If this initial burden is met, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to go beyond the pleadings and designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
At the summary judgment stage, the court will not weigh the evidence or make findings of fact. Morrison v. Amway Corp., 323 F.3d 920, 924 (11th Cir.2003). Rather, the court’s role is limited to determining whether there are genuine fact issues for trial. There is a genuine issue for trial when there is sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable juror could find for the non-moving party, and substantive law determines which facts are material. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); McCormick v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 333 F.3d 1234, 1243 (11th Cir.2003). A mere scintilla of evidence supporting the nonmoving party’s position will not suffice to demonstrate a material issue of genuine fact that precludes summary judgment. Walker v. Darby, 911 F.2d 1573, 1577 (11th Cir.1990) (citing Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505). For purposes of summary judgment, all reasonable inferences are drawn in the non-movant’s favor. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970); Jackson v. BellSouth Telecomms., 372 F.3d 1250, 1280 (11th Cir.2004).
III. DISCUSSION
The court reviews a FOIA fee waiver decision de novo. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii). Judicial review of an agency’s fee waiver decision is limited to the record before the agency. Id.; see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Rossotti, 326 F.3d 1309, 1311 (D.C.Cir.2003). The administrative record has been filed with the court. (Dkt.6).
FOIA’s provisions allow certain processing fees associated with document requests to be waived for certain types of reques-ters. FOIA establishes four categories of requesters for purposes of implementing fees. Under 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii), different fees are applied for: (1) records requested for commercial use; (2) records not for commercial use requested by educational or noncommercial scientific institutions or representatives of the news media; and (3) requests not falling into the first two categories. In addition, documents shall be provided without any charge, or reduced below the fee levels specified above, “if disclosure of the information is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii).
Plaintiff asserts both that he is a representative of the news media and that the fees which would normally be assessed should be waived as disclosure of the documents is in the public interest. (Dkt. 1 at 4-5). If, for the purposes of this document request, Plaintiff were classified as a representative of the news media, fees associated with the document request would be limited to reasonable standard charges for document duplication. If Plaintiffs secondary assertion were accepted and disclosure of the requested documents deemed to be in the public interest, the fees associated with the document request would be reduced or waived completely. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(l).
A. Preliminary Matters
Plaintiff contends that the certified administrative record submitted by Defendants is incomplete. Plaintiff argues that he is aware of over 2,000 pages of documents in Defendants’ possession that should have been included in the record but were not. (Dkt. 23 at 3). Plaintiff states that records from his internet server indicate that Defendants have downloaded “huge segments” of Plaintiffs website and chose to withhold this information from the court. Id. at 3-4.
This case involves reviewing the USPTO’s decision to grant or deny Plaintiff a fee waiver for his document request under FOIA. The court’s review is limited to the administrative record. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii). The administrative record should consist of those documents which the USPTO used to determine whether Plaintiffs fees should be waived for this FOIA request. The record submitted — which was certified to be a true and correct copy by Defendant Michael Briskin, FOIA Officer with the USPTO— includes Plaintiffs e-mailed FOIA requests, letters from USPTO to Plaintiff, emails, memoranda, and handwritten notes made by USPTO employees in processing Plaintiffs requests, the documents provided by the USPTO in response to Plaintiffs first FOIA request, the USPTO estimate of charges for processing Plaintiffs second FOIA request and denial of his fee waiver request, Plaintiffs letter appealing that decision with three attachments, and the USPTO denial of Plaintiffs appeal. (Dkt.6).
The administrative record appears to contain documents which would be prepared or assembled in the normal course of evaluating a FOIA fee waiver request. Plaintiff argues that the record is incomplete because Defendants failed to include information from Plaintiffs website. Plaintiff does not provide legal authority for the proposition that an agency must conduct independent research in making a fee waiver determination. In fact, Plaintiff bears the burden of providing information that supports his fee waiver request with the initial FOIA request. See 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(5). Plaintiff apparently did not submit information from his website with either his July 11, 2005 or August 2, 2005 requests.
Plaintiff does not argue that any specific item he submitted to the USPTO in making those requests is missing from the administrative record. Plaintiffs primary contention is that the administrative record does not contain content from Plaintiffs own website, information which would be a part of the record only if Plaintiff had submitted it with his fee waiver request, which he did not. Plaintiffs arguments in this vein are meritless.
Plaintiff also asserts that the Supreme Court’s ruling in Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972) should persuade the court to deny summary judgment. (Dkt. 23 at 2). In Haines, the Court held that pleadings drafted by a pro se plaintiff are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by an attorney. 404 U.S. at 520, 92 S.Ct. 594. The principle certainly applies here, and under this standard the allegations in Plaintiffs complaint are sufficient to avoid dismissal. However, Plaintiff overstates the holding in Haines and attempts to use the more lenient pleading standard to avoid summary judgment. Based on Plaintiffs pro se status, Plaintiff urges the court to deny Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and allow the case to proceed to trial. Plaintiff misconstrues the degree of latitude accorded pro se plaintiffs. A pro se plaintiffs allegations or conclusory statements are not by themself sufficient grounds to deny a motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs argument is not supported by legal authority.
Plaintiff also argues that because the pro se plaintiff in Haines was allowed “the opportunity to offer supporting evidence,” this trumps the de novo standard of review. (Dkt. 23 at 5). Plaintiff states that because court review of fee waiver requests cite to prior court decisions, they did not act de novo. Plaintiff misunderstands the role of the court in this type of situation. The court reviews the USPTO’s actions in making the fee waiver decision de novo, however it also considers legal precedents, including prior court decisions. Actions where the court’s review is limited to a review of the record are ideally suited for determination on pretrial dis-positive motions. This is one such case. Neither Plaintiffs desire for trial nor the fact that he is appearing pro se creates a genuine issue of material fact where none exists.
B. Defendants’ Arguments
Defendants assert that, on the basis of the administrative record, Plaintiff did not establish the first prong of the fee waiver test, i.e., that disclosure of the requested information is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the Government. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff is not properly classified as a “representative of the news media” for purposes of calculating fees. Defendants rely on the administrative record in making these arguments. Plaintiff maintains that he qualifies as a representative of the news media as that category has been applied in several prior court rulings.
1. Representative of the News Media
Defendants allege that Plaintiff is not a representative of the news media under 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(c)(l)(iii). Plaintiffs July 11, 2005 FOIA request does not explicitly ask that he be assessed fees as a representative of the news media. (Dkt. 6 at 64). In his letter appealing the denial of a fee waiver, Plaintiff states that he is “an individual seeking information for personal use and not for a commercial use.” (Dkt. 6 at 26). Despite the lack of an explicit request to be considered a representative of the news media, the USPTO. considered whether Plaintiff is a representative of the news media in its evaluation of Plaintiffs fee waiver request. The USPTO decided that Plaintiff did not meet the legal criteria for a “representative of the news media.” (Dkt. 6 at 3).
There is some disagreement over the appropriate standard of review of an agency’s denial of a FOIA requester’s classification as a representative of the media classification. See Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Department of Justice, 185 F.Supp.2d 54, 59 (D.D.C.2002) (discussing different standards applied). This standard of review is not fixed by statute, as opposed to the standard of review for denial of a fee waiver, which is set as de novo by 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(vii). However, this question need not be resolved, because review under the de novo standard or under some more deferential standard lead to the same conclusion regarding Plaintiffs status as a representative of the news media. The undersigned will therefore evaluate as a de novo determination whether Plaintiff is a representative of the news media.
A “representative of the news media” is “any person actively gathering news for an entity that is organized and operated to publish or broadcast news to the public.” 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(b)(6). In this context, “news” means “information that is about current events or that would be of current interest to the public. Ex-ampies of news media entities include television or radio stations broadcasting to the public at large and publishers of periodicals ... that make their products available for purchase or subscription by the general public.” Id. A freelance journalist may be considered to work for a news organization by showing a publication contract with the news entity or by consideration of their past publication record. Id.
Plaintiff does not present evidence that he was employed by a news organization such as a television station or newspaper or magazine publisher. Rather, Plaintiff contends that the creation of his website, www.PatentOfficeLawsuit.info, where he posts “information about the operations and activities of the USPTO,” qualifies him as a representative of the news media. (Dkt. 23 at 3). Plaintiff cites several rulings as supporting this position, none of which are binding precedent upon this court. (Dkt. 23 at 5-6).
In one case Plaintiff highlights, National Security Archive v. Dept. of Defense, 880 F.2d 1381 (D.C.Cir.1989), the court held that a research institution that had previously published a book and held an undisputed firm intention to publish “document sets” qualified as a representative of the news media for its FOIA request. Each “document set” centered on the U.S. policy towards a particular country or region and included not only documents obtained pursuant to the FOIA request, but also declassified government papers, interviews with government officials, official statements and press releases, Congressional testimony, newspaper accounts, and reports by congressional committees and the General Accounting Office. Id. at 1386. The “document sets” also contained “detailed cross-referenced indices, other finding aids, and a sophisticated computerized retrieval system” to aid users. Id. Coupled with the plaintiffs previous publication of a book, the dissemination of information through the “document sets” qualified the plaintiff as a representative of the news media. Id.
Likewise, in Electronic Privacy Information Center v. Department of Defense, 241 F.Supp.2d 5 (D.D.C.2003), the plaintiff, a non-profit educational institution, had previously published seven books on privacy, technology, and civil liberties issues, and had issued a bi-weekly electronic newsletter on a continuous basis for eight years. The plaintiffs publications relied on information from many sources: FOIA requests, state and federal courts, government agencies, universities, international groups, law reviews, interest groups, and other news sources. Id. at 11. The district court held that the plaintiffs news dissemination activities met the Department of Defense’s regulations defining a representative of the news media. Id. at 15. The court noted, however, that publishing a newsletter does not automatically make an entity as a news organization and that maintaining a website is not by itself sufficient to qualify a FOIA requester as a representative of the news media. Id. at 14. As the district judge recognized, “[v]irtually every entity in the [local] area — businesses, law firms, trade associations, etc. — as well as many individuals, has a website, but certainly all are not entitled to news media status for fee determinations.” Id.
Plaintiff here, however, has not provided any evidence that he works for a news media organization such as a television station or publisher of periodicals. Plaintiff states that his website has been featured in several newspaper articles and that Plaintiff has been invited to participate in a webcast to discuss the materials on his website. (Dkt. 23 at 10). However, Plaintiff has not shown that he is a “freelance” journalist with a “solid basis for expecting publication” through a news organization. See 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(b)(6). Being profiled in newspaper articles does not make Plaintiff a representative of the news media as defined by regulation or create a material factual dispute regarding this issue.
In addition, Plaintiff does not provide any evidence of traditional publication activities. For instance, unlike the plaintiffs in National Security Archive and Electronic Privacy Information Center, Plaintiff does not have a history of book publication. Plaintiff does not demonstrate a “firm intention” of creating or publishing an editorialized work. Plaintiff does not create a timely newsletter of current developments in a subject area or author an electronic newsletter or a subscription service related to his website. Nor does Plaintiff offer any other evidence that indicates he has or would perform an activity which would place him in the category of representative of the news media under 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(b)(6).
Plaintiff also does not offer any legal authority for the proposition that simply maintaining a website makes a FOIA requester a “representative of the news media.” The undersigned agrees with the court in Electronic Privacy Information Center that the presence of a website alone does not qualify a FOIA requester as a representative of the news media. 241 F.Supp.2d at 14 n. 7. Thus there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Plaintiff is a “representative of the news media” under 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(b)(6) for purposes of his July 11, 2005 and August 2, 2005 FOIA requests.
2. The Fee Waiver Test
The USPTO uses a two-part test to determine if a fee should be waived or reduced. The requester must demonstrate that: (1) disclosure of the requested information is in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the Government; and (2) disclosure of the information is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(l)(i)-(ii).
In evaluating the first prong of the test, the USPTO considers four factors: (a) whether the subject of the requested records concerns the operations and activities of the Government; (b) whether the disclosure is “likely to contribute” to an understanding of Government operations or activities; (c) whether disclosure of the requested information will contribute to the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons interested in the subject, as opposed to the individual understanding of the requester; and (d) whether the disclosure is likely to contribute “significantly” to public understanding of Government operations or activities. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(2).
In determining if the second prong is met, the USPTO considers two additional factors: (a) whether the requester has a commercial interest that would be furthered by the requested disclosure; and (b) whether any identified commercial interest of the requester is sufficiently large, in comparison with the public interest in disclosure, that disclosure is “primarily in the commercial interest of the requester.” 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(3). When requesting a waiver or reduction of fees, the requester must address the factors outlined above in their request. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(5).
Defendants contend that Plaintiff does not qualify for a fee waiver because he fails to satisfy the first prong of the public interest test outlined above: that the requested information is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the Government. For the reasons that follow, the undersigned agrees with Defendants’ position. Although failure to establish a genuine issue of material fact as to any single factor under first prong may allow the court to grant summary judgment, out of an abundance of caution the undersigned will consider all of the factors described in 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(2).
a. Whether the subject of the request concerns Government operations or activities
In defining this first factor of the public interest prong of the fee waiver test, the relevant portion of the regulation at 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(2)(i) states:
“The subject of the request: whether the subject of the requested records concerns the operations or activities of the Government. The subject of the requested records must concern identifiable operations or activities of the Federal Government, with a connection that is direct and clear, not remote or attenuated.”
Defendants argue that the lawsuit allegation information Plaintiff requests does not concern the operations and activities of the USPTO in a meaningful way, nor do the addresses of parties in litigation with the USPTO illuminate Government operations. Plaintiff reasons that “most lawsuits against the USPTO are concerned with their operations and activities.” (Dkt. 23 at 6).
Lawsuit allegations brought against the USPTO are not related to the USPTO’s identifiable operations and activities in a clear and direct manner. The names and addresses of the parties bringing such lawsuits are even more peripheral to the operations and activities of the USPTO. Plaintiff does not offer any concrete connection between his request and the USPTO’s operations and activities; he simply assumes the information will be related. This is not sufficient. Judicial Watch, Inc. v. United States Dept. of Justice, 122 F.Supp.2d 13, 17 (D.D.C.2000) (to satisfy first factor of fee waiver test’s public interest prong, FOIA requester must do more than simply assert its request somehow relates to government operations).
Plaintiff bears the burden of addressing this factor in his request for the waiver or reduction of fees insofar as it applied to his request. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(5); see also Larson v. CIA, 843 F.2d 1481, 1483 (D.C.Cir.1988) (citations omitted) (holding that 1986 amendments to FOIA did not shift the burden of proof from the requester). In neither his July 11, 2005 request, nor his August 2, 2005 request did Plaintiff state how the information requested — lawsuit allegations brought against the USPTO and the names and addresses of the parties to those suits— concern the operations or activities of the USPTO. Plaintiff has not met his burden of proof regarding this factor, as he has not shown a direct and clear relationship between his request and the identifiable operations or activities of the USPTO.
b. Whether disclosure is “likely to contribute” to understanding Government operations or activities
The regulations describe the second factor as follows:
“The informative value of the information to be disclosed: whether the disclosure is ‘likely to contribute’ to an understanding of Government operations or activities. The disclosable portions of the requested records must be meaningfully informative about Government operations or activities in order to be ‘likely to contribute’ to an increased public understanding of those operations or activities. The disclosure of information that already is in the public domain, in either a duplicative or a substantially identical form, would not be likely to contribute to such understanding.”
37 C.F.R. § 102.11 (k)(2)(ii). Defendants state that Plaintiff has not shown that allegations in lawsuits against the USPTO are “likely to contribute” to an understanding of USPTO operations or activities; Defendants argue in the alternative that the lawsuit information is already in the public domain and retrievable by the public through court system software. Plaintiff argues that it would be nearly impossible to show the requested documents are “meaningfully informative” about USPTO operations and activities before those documents are disclosed.
In his fee waiver request, Plaintiff fails to discuss the informative value of the information sought, i.e., lawsuit allegations brought against the USPTO and the parties’ names and addresses, or how this information is “likely to contribute” to increased public understanding of USPTO operations or activities. The mere assertion that the information requested will likely contribute to increased public understanding of the USPTO’s operations is not sufficient to satisfy this factor of the analysis. See Judicial Watch, Inc., 122 F.Supp.2d at 18. In addition, the information Plaintiff requests is already in the public domain. The allegations in lawsuits brought against the USPTO, as well as the names and addresses of the parties or their representatives, are located in open records and available to the public in court documents. The fact that this information is already in the public domain means that disclosure of this information is not “likely to contribute” to public understanding of the USPTO’s activities and operations pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(2)(ii). Plaintiff has not met his burden of proof for the second factor of the analysis.
c. Whether disclosure will contribute to the public’s understanding of the subject
The regulations at 37 C.F.R. § 102.11 (k) (2) (iii) detail the third factor of the fee waiver test in this way:
“The contribution to an understanding of the subject by the public likely to result from disclosure: whether disclosure of the requested information will contribute to the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons interested in the subject, as opposed to the individual understanding of the requester. A requester’s expertise in the subject area and ability and intention to effectively convey information to the public shall be considered. It shall be presumed that a representative of the news media satisfies this consideration. It shall be presumed that a requester who merely provides information to media sources does not satisfy this consideration.”
Defendants claim that Plaintiffs fee waiver request does not include an assertion that Plaintiff intended to disseminate the information requested, and therefore Plaintiff made no showing that the requested information would contribute to the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons interested in the subject, as opposed to the individual understanding of the requester. Plaintiff asserts that he informed the USPTO that the requested materials would be used in connection with his website.
Plaintiffs July 11, 2005 FOIA request states that the documents requested would be used in connection with Plaintiffs website. (Dkt. 6 at 64). It is possible that Plaintiff is implying that he will post some of the information requested on his website; if so, this implication is far from clear. Plaintiff does not, in his FOIA requests, discuss any plans to convey the information to the public beyond alluding to the website. Simply maintaining a website is not disseminating information to a broad audience of interested individuals. Compare Rossotti, 326 F.3d at 1314 (plans to disseminate information nine ways— through press releases, a newsletter with nationwide circulation of 300,000, a website, a listserve with 60,000 subscribers, congressional testimony, a television show the plaintiff produces, a nationwide weekly radio program, appearances on radio and television, and conferences organized by the plaintiff — satisfied third factor of public interest fee waiver test); Electronic Privacy Information Center, 241 F.Supp.2d at 13 (producing a bi-weekly electronic newsletter with 15,000 subscribers for eight consecutive years qualifies as “disseminating news”); Judicial Watch, Inc., 185 F.Supp.2d at 62 (plans to disseminate information through faxes, press releases, website, and radio and television appearances satisfied third factor of the public interest prong of fee waiver test).
Plaintiff has not demonstrated that the disclosure will aid the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons interested in the USPTO. Since Plaintiff does not fall into the category of “representative of the news media,” Plaintiff is not entitled to a presumption that he has satisfied this factor of the analysis. In fact, Plaintiff states that the material on his website has generated articles by several newspapers and other publications. (Dkt. 23 at 9-10). Because Plaintiff merely provides information to other media sources, and is not a representative of the news media himself, it is presumed that he has not satisfied this third factor. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11 (k)(2)(iii). Plaintiff does not offer evidence sufficient to overcome this presumption. However, even if this factor weighed in Plaintiffs favor for summary judgment purposes, the lack of evidence regarding the other factors supports Defendants’ position that summary judgment is appropriate.
d. Whether the disclosure will contribute “significantly” to public understanding
The fourth factor of the fee waiver test is defined by regulation as:
“The significance of the contribution to public understanding: whether the disclosure is likely to contribute ‘significantly’ to public understanding of Government operations or activities. The public’s understanding of the subject in question prior to the disclosure must be significantly enhanced by the disclosure.”
37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(2)(iv). Defendants assert that because Plaintiffs fee waiver request failed to fulfill the first three aspects above, it is impossible to evaluate whether the disclosure is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of USPTO operations or activities. Plaintiff does not address this factor in either his fee waiver request nor his response. Plaintiff thus fails to show how disclosure of lawsuit allegations against the USPTO and names and addresses of litigants would significantly enhance the public’s understanding of USPTO operations or activities. Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden with respect to this factor of the public interest prong of the fee waiver test.
Plaintiff bears the burden of addressing the factors outlined above in his request for a waiver or reduction of fees. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(k)(5). Plaintiff has failed to satisfy this summary judgment burden on all four factors in the public interest prong of the fee waiver test: Plaintiff has not shown that the requested records have a direct and clear connection to the identifiable operations or activities of the USPTO, that the disclosure is likely to contribute to an understanding of USTPO operations or activities, that it will contribute, to the understanding of a reasonably broad audience of persons interested in the subject, and that the disclosure will contribute significantly to public understanding. Plaintiff therefore does not qualify for waiver of the fees associated with his July 11, 2006 and August 2, 2006 FOIA requests.
IV. CONCLUSION
Upon Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and de novo review of the administrative' record regarding Plaintiffs fee waiver request, the undersigned finds that Plaintiff does not qualify as a representative of the news media for purposes of his July 11, 2006 and August 2, 2006 FOIA requests. Further, Plaintiff is not entitled to a waiver of the fees under the public interest exemption provided by 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(iii). Defendant’s request for summary judgment should be granted as there are no genuine issues of material fact regarding Plaintiffs challenge to the USPTO’s denial of his request for a FOIA fee waiver.
V. RECOMMENDATION
It is therefore RECOMMENDED that:
(1) the Federal Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Dkt.20) be GRANTED and judgment entered for Defendants. July 11, 2006.
. Many of Plaintiff's objections are the same as the arguments he made in opposition to the summary judgment motion. To the extent the objections are repetitive, they were properly considered and disposed of by the Magistrate in her Report and Recommendation.
. Despite having been previously admonished, Plaintiff's objections are replete with inappropriate and disparaging remarks and accusations directed at the Magistrate Judge. (Dkt.35). These remarks and accusations are unwarranted and unfounded.
. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B); Local Rules 6.01(b) and 6.01(c), M.D. Fla.
. The Certified Administrative Record is located at Dkt. 6; references to page numbers are to the administrative record as a whole and can be found on the bottom right of the page.
.The 26-hour estimate does not include the first two hours of search time, as provided by 37 C.F.R. § 102.1 l(d)(3)(ii).
. Title 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(vii) provides, in its entirety:
"In any action by a requester regarding the waiver of fees under this section, the court shall determine the matter de novo: Provided, That the court's review of the matter shall be limited to the record before the agency.” (italics in original).
. Title 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii) mandates that:
"(I) fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for document search, duplication, and review, when records are requested for commercial use;
(II) fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for document duplication when records are not sought for commercial use and the request is made by an educational or noncommercial scientific institution, whose purpose is scholarly or scientific research; or a representative of the news media; and
(III) for any request not described in (I) or (II), fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for document search and duplication.”
. Under current USPTO regulations, duplication costs are $.15 per page, excluding the cost of the first 100 pages. 37 C.F.R. § 102.11(c).
. Likewise, it is not the case that Defendants are requesting de novo consideration, as Plaintiff suggests (Dkt. 23 at 6), rather, this is the standard of review set by statute for this type of case. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(vii).
. The undersigned recognizes that the "Federal Defendants” have moved for summary judgment; the Federal Defendants include the USPTO, Jon Dudas, Director of the USPTO, Michael Briskin, FOIA Officer for the USPTO, and Lisa Belasco, Acting Deputy General Counsel for the USPTO, all in their official capacities. However, as these individual Defendants have been sued only in their official capacities (Dkt. 1 at 2), the “Federal Defendants” are in fact all Defendants.
.As a preliminary matter, Defendant asserts that Plaintiff never requested to be assessed fees under this category, nor included this issue in his complaint. (Dkt. 20 at 11). It is true that Plaintiff did not explicitly ask the USPTO or this court to calculate fees as a "representative of the news media.” However, in his July 11, 2005 FOIA request Plaintiff states that he “trust[s] there will be no fees for this request since the material will be used in connection with [Plaintiff's] website” and that "maintaining a website is the same as being a publisher.” (Dkt. 6 at 64). Plaintiff also alleges in his complaint that he meets the criteria of a "representative of the news media.” (Dkt. 1 at 4).
. As discussed above, the court in Electronic Privacy Information Center reasoned that simply publishing a newsletter or maintaining a website would not be adequate to make an entity a "news organization" or a FOIA requester a "representative of the news media.” 241 F.Supp.2d at 14 n. 6, n. 7.
. Plaintiff suggests that Larson is no longer good law. (Dkt. 23 at 9, 11). This is incorrect; several courts have distinguished Larson on factual grounds, see, e.g., Rossotti, 326 F.3d at 1314; Prison Legal News v. Lappin, 436 F.Supp.2d 17, 26-27 (D.D.C.2006); Rozet v. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 59 F.Supp.2d 55, 57 (D.D.C.1999), but it retains legal authority for this point of law.
. Because Plaintiff has not satisfied the first prong of the public interest fee waiver test, it is unnecessary to reach the second prong: whether disclosure is primarily in the commercial interest of the requester.
. Plaintiff points out in his response that Defendants do not address Plaintiff's allegations of negligence in its motion for summary judgment. As part of his FOIA claim, Plaintiff asserts that USPTO personnel acted arbitrarily, capriciously, and negligently by withholding the documents that are the subject of the FOIA request, and by improperly applying caselaw in evaluating Plaintiff’s fee waiver request. (Diet. 1 at 15). Plaintiff’s allegations of USPTO employee negligence are brought under FOIA and do not constitute a separate claim. Because the denial of a fee waiver was not improper, Plaintiff’s related allegations as to USPTO employee negligence by withholding those documents or improper legal interpretation in the fee waiver decision-making process are no longer at issue.
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Bergen Technical Museum
Bergen Technical Museum (Bergens Tekniske Museum) is a technical museum located at Møhlenpris in Bergen, Norway. It is owned and run by various local membership groups with each their own specialized collections, which is collectively displayed in an old tram depot.
The museum is the starting place and acts as a depot for Bergen's Electric Tramway, which runs a heritage tramway service. The collections also include the two old funicular cars from Fløibanen and one of four preserved NSB Di 2 locomotives. | WIKI |
To a Jewish person, Passover is the biggest family get together of the year, like the Thanksgiving meal for an American or Christmas for a British person. God commanded the Israelites to appear before Him at the temple in Jerusalem three times a year (Exodus 23:13-15), and the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the first day of which was called Passover was one of the three times. In the time of Christ, it was difficult to accommodate all the pilgrims that would come to Jerusalem for the annual Feast.
1Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread, called the Passover, was approaching, 2and the chief priests and the teachers of the law were looking for some way to get rid of Jesus, for they were afraid of the people. 3Then Satan entered Judas, called Iscariot, one of the Twelve. 4And Judas went to the chief priests and the officers of the temple guard and discussed with them how he might betray Jesus. 5They were delighted and agreed to give him money. 6He consented, and watched for an opportunity to hand Jesus over to them when no crowd was present (Luke 22:1-6).
Estimates of the time tell us that Jerusalem swelled to over 2,700,000 people during Passover. With such a massive crowd of people, we can understand why the disciples and Jesus would sleep out in the open on the Mount of Olives in the Garden of Gethsemane. The garden was less than half a mile from the temple, an easy short walk to arrive early in the morning for all the people to hear Christ teach in the temple (Luke 21:37-38).
We have the benefit of hindsight in knowing that the Lord had no designs on taking over the religious government of Israel, but the priests and the seventy elders of the Sanhedrin did not know that. It is possible they were afraid of a religious coup against them and that they would be brought to account for their money-making schemes. It is also possible that they were fearful of a riot and the loss of their positions if the Roman government didn’t think them capable of keeping order. With more people arriving day by day, their fears of an uprising grew (v. 2). They felt they had to do something before the Passover when religious sensitivities would be at their highest.
But how were they to arrest Jesus? It had to be in secret. The religious elite leaders had sent the temple guards once before to arrest Jesus at the Feast of Tabernacles, but when the temple guards came back, they had not arrested the Lord. Why not? because His hour had not yet arrived. The guards were under direct orders of the high priest, yet they refused to arrest Christ after they heard Him teach. The reason they gave must have made the elite leaders even more nervous; Christ's words touched their hearts:
45Finally the temple guards went back to the chief priests and Pharisees, who asked them, "Why didn't you bring him in?" 46"No one ever spoke the way this man does," the guards declared. 47"You mean he has deceived you also?" the Pharisees retorted (John 7:45-47).
Such influence and spiritual authority over men was scary for the chief priests and teachers of the law. Thousands were attending His teaching from early morning till dark during the days leading up to Passover. No wonder they sought some way to get rid of Jesus (v. 2). (The Greek word anaireō is translated into English with the phrase “get rid of;” it means to kill, put to death.) While they were trying to figure out a way to arrest Messiah (apart from the crowd) and to the great relief of the religious leaders, one of the disciples, Judas Iscariot, came to them with a plan of how he would betray Jesus. We’ll continue this thought over the next few days. Keith Thomas
Taken from the series on the Gospel of Luke. Click on study 58. The Betrayal of Jesus. | FINEWEB-EDU |
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Putumayo
PUTUMAYO, or (see ), one of the larger tributaries of the Upper Amazon, rising in Ecuador in the Cordillera of the Andes, near Pasto, flowing in a S.E. direction and joining the Amazon at a point somewhat S. of lat. 4° S. The middle reaches of the river are also known as the Caquetá, the lower reaches being called the Caquetá or Yadurá. The Putumayo, which gives its name to the whole region through which it flows—a wilderness of tropical forest of which the sovereignty has been long in dispute between the republics of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia—obtained an evil notoriety in 1912 after the publication by the British Government of the Blue Book containing the evidence, collected by Mr. (afterwards Sir Roger) Casement, of the atrocious methods employed in this district by the agents of the Anglo-Peruvian Amazon Rubber Co. in order to force the natives to collect rubber. These crimes, which recalled those of the Congo and covered the whole gamut of hideous atrocity (there were some too horrible to publish
even in the Blue Book), were first denounced in La Felpa and La Sancion, papers published at Iquitos, in 1907, shortly before the Peruvian firm of Arana Brothers—who had exploited this territory since 1896—was merged in the Anglo-Peruvian Co., with its headquarters in London. It was not, however, till 1909 that the attention of the British Government was directed to this matter by the revelations of Mr. Hardenburger, an American traveller, in the British periodical Truth. Since certain British subjects, negroes from Barbadoes, were implicated in these charges, Mr. Casement, then British consul-general at Rio de Janeiro, was commissioned in 1910 to proceed to Iquitos and the Putumayo and institute inquiries on the spot.
As a result of the report submitted by him a Select Committee of the House of Commons investigated the matter, and its report was issued on June 9 1913 as a White Paper (148). This analysed the evidence with great care, and, as the result, decided that Senor Julio C. Arana (who had come over to give evidence), together with other partners of the firm, was responsible for the atrocities committed by his agents in the Putumayo. The Committee, however, was satisfied that he did not communicate his knowledge of them to the British directors of the company before the Truth revelations. These directors were severely censured for culpable negligence in respect of the labour conditions under the company, but it was found that they had not individually laid themselves open to any charge under the Slave Trade Acts. The Committee further reported that existing enactments might be extended so as to cover the gravest offences against the person and against the practices of forced labour which are akin to slavery. A committee, consisting of members of Parliament and others, subsequently met to devise and press forward legislation to this effect; but its labours were interrupted by the outbreak of the World War.
The Putumayo atrocities called attention to the whole system of “loan slavery” and forced labour as practised throughout Latin America. For it was clear that the treatment of the Putumayo Indians was exceptional only in the maddest demonstrations of its inhumanity, and that the slave-driving habit which made it possible was not confined to one region of the continent. The Putumayo region, though vast, is but a small part of the rubber-producing territory of the Amazon; and in all there was evidence that similar conditions prevailed to a greater or less degree. The root of the whole evil was the so-called patrón or “peonage” system—a variety of what used to be called in England the “truck system”—by which the employee, forced to buy all his supplies at the employer's store, is kept hopelessly in debt, while by law he is unable to leave his employment until his debt is paid. Not only natives but many foreigners—including British immigrants—have been caught by this system. The peon is thus, as often as not, a de facto slave; and since in the remoter regions of the vast continent there is no effective government, he is wholly at the mercy of his master. His main safeguard against the worst forms of cruelty is his commercial value; for labour is scarce and, as was said to the present writer by a planter from the Beni in Bolivia, “You do not kill a man who is worth £80.”
This safeguard has, however, in effect, proved insufficient; for the rubber-gatherers have been more concerned to make rapid fortunes than to look to the future. One result has been a hideous wastage of labour. In 1906 the Indian population of the Putumayo was estimated to number 50,000; five years later Mr. Casement put it at 10,000 at most; while a writer in the South American Supplement of The Times (Feb. 25 1913) spoke of the labour difficulty in the Brazilian rubber districts, due to “the dying-out of the native races from disease and bullets.”
That the same process of extermination was proceeding in other districts is shown by a pastoral letter “on the amelioration of the actual condition of our Indians,” issued on March 14 1913 by Dr. Manuel Polit, Bishop of Cuenca in Ecuador:—
Similar evidence is given in the reports of Padre Estanislao de Las-Corts, Apostolic Prefect of the Caquetá and founder of the Colombian settlement of Puerto Asis on the upper Putumayo, who speaks of “the arms of the devil for dragging the poor Indians down to hell, some with the title of corregidor, others calling themselves doctors, and all in league with the caucheros, who style themselves patrónes.”
In addition to the martyrdom and partial extermination of the Amazon Indians, this savage exploitation of the wealth of the Amazon forests has produced another result—the rapid destruction of the wild rubber trees, tapped by unscientific methods, never replaced, and of late years deliberately destroyed by the Indians as the source of all their woes. Many solutions of the problem have been suggested, of which the most notable is perhaps the proposal of an international control of the whole rubber-producing region by a commission representing the Amazon States, and scientific exploitation of these regions by means of imported Chinese and Japanese labour. There are already Japanese colonies on the upper Amazon, and both Chinese and Japanese mix and intermarry freely with the more civilized native “Indians,” whose ultimate affinity with the Mongol race is at least highly probable.
The Putumayo revelations led to movements for reform in Latin America itself. Apart from the devoted work of Capuchin Friars, Marist Fathers and Franciscan Sisters in the Colombian districts of the upper Amazon, by the Salesian Fathers in the recently established diocese of Cuenca in Ecuador, by the com- munity of the “Discalced” Franciscans of Lima in Peru, or by the Franciscan missions of Guarayos in Bolivia, lay effort has not been wanting. In Peru the Sociedad Pro-Indigena of Lima took up the cause of the natives with great zeal, and the Colombian and Bolivian Governments both passed remedial legislation. But the Colombian reforms were necessarily limited in scope— and, indeed, till the international boundaries are fixed all effective reform is impossible—while the Bolivian decree of Nov. 25 1913 regulating “loan slavery” remained a dead letter in a country whose vast distances made any effective supervision impossible. To provide that “all contracts between master and man shall be registered at the nearest police office” is not much use in a country where the police offices are scattered hundreds of miles apart, and “where a journey of 200 m. by launch is a serious undertaking, and much more so when runners and canoes are alone available.”
(W. A. P.) | WIKI |
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Talk:Quantum operation
Article needs rewriting
I've added a cleanup-rewrite template, since the article has severe problems and probably needs a complete rewrite. It's incomprehensible, unclear and written in a verbose, non-encylopedic style, mixing formalism with "general overview" and out of place remarks (e.g. sentences about quantum logic). It lacks clarity over all. --Neworder1 (talk) 19:23, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
* I think I fixed up all of the issues; it should be pretty straight-forward and comprehensible now. The quantum-measurement section still has, cough, cough, "difficulties" in it, that need fixing, but its passable. User:Linas (talk) 18:10, 25 November 2013 (UTC)
Kraus operators
In the theorem about the existence of Kraus representation, shouldn't $B_i$ be from $H$ to $G$? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:15, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
The theorem relating the Kraus operators is unclear. In the finite dimensional case, the corresponding result usually involves undoing the Vec or Row operation on the Kraus matrices. The theorem in the article probably means to say something similar. Can whoever wrote it provide a reference? Mct mht 11:13, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
* I thought I had convinced myself it was true in general. But I changed it back to the finite dimensional case. --CSTAR 14:32, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
Another question, regarding the following sentence in the article:
* For the general case, S is replaced by a trace class operator and {Bi} by a sequence of bounded operators.
Can the person who added it outline an argument? Choi's finite dim argument seems to not work here, unless the range of the CP map is a finite dim C* algebra. If the Choi matrix M has Cholesky factorization $$M = B B^*$$, each column of B then corresponds to a Kraus operator via the Vec operation. This doesn't make sense in general. Next one might try to prove it from Stinespring's theorem. So if $$(\pi, V, K)$$ is a Stinespring representation of Φ, which takes value in B(H). Assuming both the domain and range of Φ are separable, then K is also. I guess one might identify K with the direct sum of countably many copies of H, then take $$B_i = P_i V$$ where $$P_i$$ is projection onto the i-th copy. Anyhow, is there a reference where the argument is given explicitly? Mct mht 18:28, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* I added it. One can either use Choi and a weak limit argument or Stinespring. This is completely standard.--CSTAR 18:36, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* ok, can you give me a reference? thanks. Mct mht 18:43, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* Good God. I dunno, some book, maybe Arveson's on CP semigroups? At the beginning there is some stuff on generalities.--CSTAR 18:50, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* haha, after pressing the save button, all i saw was your stuff. the following is what i typed that didn't get saved:
* "ok, taking the sequence of upper-left finite blocks of the Choi matrix then the weak limit seems to be believable. a reference would still be nice though." Mct mht 19:00, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
So this is a folklore result, heh. If so, that's fair enough. Mct mht 19:01, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
historical reference accurate?
The accuracy of following sentence in the article seems to be debatable:
* The quantum operation formalism emerged around 1983 from work of K. Kraus, who relied on the earlier mathematical work of M. D. Choi.
There is at least one paper(E. C. G. Sudarshan, et al, Phy Rev, 1961) that seems to have already contained the idea that quantum operations are CP maps. Mct mht 17:56, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* Hmmm. You may be right. Although Sudarshan now seems to be having second thoughts.--CSTAR 17:58, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
* The idea that quantum operations are CP maps is distinct from the idea of quantum operations in general. I think Kraus was the first guy to lay out the quantum operations formalism in full, even if Sudarshan put forward the CP requirement. By the way, CSTAR is referring to "Who's Afraid of Completely Positive Maps?", a paper by Anil Shaji and E.C.G. Sudarshan which shows pretty convincingly that the CP requirement is misguided. See my comment elsewhere on this page on CP maps. Njerseyguy (talk) 19:22, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
CP maps
"Who's Afraid of not Completely Positive Maps?", a paper by Anil Shaji and E.C.G. Sudarshan, shows pretty convincingly that the Completely Positive (CP) requirement is misguided. At best, most real-life quantum operations are only approximately CP, and the idea that CP is necessitated by physical reasoning is bunk. I would change this wikipedia article, but Shaji and Sudarshan's paper hasn't really sunk in with the quantum info community. (Most don't even know it exists). So there really isn't a consensus yet. Njerseyguy (talk) 19:24, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
* To clarify: under the assumption that a system and its environment are initially in a product state $$\rho_S \otimes \rho_E$$, the reduced dynamics of $$\rho_S$$ are necessarily CP. Further, there are some cases where the initial state of the supersystem (system+environment) is not a product state, but the reduced dynamics of $$\rho_S$$ are nevertheless CP. The problem is with claiming that CP is a physical requirement for all reduced dynamics, which is not true. Njerseyguy (talk) 13:58, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
* This is a really interesting paper. I just had a read of it and enjoyed it a lot. Added it to the page. Meznaric (talk) 14:51, 3 May 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Tesla Roadster (first generation)/Archive 1
Tesla not a good green choice?
You can have a vehicle with similar mileage, similar emissions and much better driving dynamics, range, reliability, confort and practicality for $60 thousand less!!!: http://www.worldcarfans.com/news.cfm/newsid/2070116.003/country/gcf/BMW/new-3-door-bmw-1-series-arrives ChuChingadas 20:08, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
* And this helps improve the article how? Are you proposing a "comparison to other fuel saving vehicles" section? Because I don't see any mention of the tesla on that page. That car is not even a convertable, so the comparison to the tesla is like comparing apples to sandwiches. Plymouths 22:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
* reinserting above comment. removing it was not cool. Plymouths 22:48, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
I don't understand...
* 1) Much better driving dynamics? It goes 0-100km/h (0-60mph) in at least twice the time! The performance is not even remotely comparable...
MaxDZ8 talk 10:23, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Much better emissions and mileage? Quoting: "economy improvements of up to 24 per cent compared to the previous model, while emissions have also been cut by up to 21 per cent"... how can this compare to a electric car which emits 0?
* we will have to wait and see but very likely the battery heavy Tesla is not going to have better driving feel and handling as world-renowned BMW.
* This point doesn't make much sense, since the curb weight of the BMW 1 Series is 1320–1450 kg, while the weight of the Tesla Roadster is 1140 kg
* Electric cars don't have zero emissions. I won't explain why but will leave that as a homework assignment for you.
* Yes, they have zero emissions. They emit zero pollution. If you are referring to energy production then say so rather than being smug. Ng.j 19:40, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
* What you just said was: yes they have zero emissions but they also cause pollution. Duh.
Fire Risk
Just like the laptops powered by the infamous Sony Li-ion batteries, the Tesla Roadster is at a high risk of catching fire. That is why they need such complex electronics in order to redistribute electric loads and cool the batteries. It is a known fact that under hardcore driving the Tesla batteries may reach temperatures high enough that the chemicals inside the batteries will combust, making the banks of batteries either catch fire or explode. I fear for the lives of the drivers. A silicon valley company has as much experience making cars as Porsche knows how to make computers. They may end up being fined millions. Poemas 14:16, 15 May 2007
* Tesla Motors has, as you point out, gone to great lengths to insure that the potentially hazardous li-ion cells in the ESS are well balanced, cooled and protected to minimize the risk of accidents. The ESS is not "just like the laptops" packs. Martin Eberhard's "Introducing Tesla Energy Group" blog entry explains that:
* "We went through something like seven generations of design before we had what we consider to be a good, safe, reliable design. We validated this design with outside testing laboratories, and we demonstrated safety to the various cell manufacturers to convince them that they were not at undue risk of liability were they to sell us cells. We soon will demonstrate overall ESS safety in a series of United Nations-mandated tests so that we can ship production ESSes (and cars) over the ocean. We also recently performed the 50 mph rear-end crash test pursuant to FMVSS-305 compliance, which also is primarily concerned with battery safety."
* More details can be found in the blog entries about batteries, the safety page and the white paper "The Tesla Roadster Battery System". I have not seen any references to the "...known fact that under hardcore driving the Tesla batteries may reach temperatures high enough" for combustion. The Tesla ESS would throttle back or even disconnect and shutdown if the cells became too wam. Unfortunately, factual discussion about the inner details and design of Tesla Motors' ESS will likely be very difficult because the design details are closely held, trade secrets and/or in unpublished patent applications.
* Gasoline is another hazardous material that ignites even more easily than lithium ion batteris. Many steps are taken to minimize the risk from gasoline as well, but it still causes the largest number of hazardous materials accidents in the USA. All high energy density storage systems (gasoline, lithium ion packs, hydrogen tanks, explosives) are hazardous and need to be designed with safety as a primary consideration to minimize the risk from that hazard. Tesla Motors' seems to have done a great job lowering risk with the ESS. Mwarren us 07:50, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
..we can ship production ESSes (and cars) over the ocean... Please, please please, consider adding this to the article page! This means hope for us here in EU (I have just received an offer for a converted Fiat Doblo for a similar price)!
MaxDZ8 talk 07:22, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
No Serious Car Magazine Reviews for Roadster Before December 2007
I was asking myself: "why aren't there ANY serious car magazines reviewing this car?" Then I found out there are, its just they aren't as favourable as the ones quoted in this article. Instead of respected car mags they have quotes from Businessweek and Forbes... give me a break. Where is Car & Driver? Where is Top Gear? Where is...
Its like asking a bind for directions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Checkdance001 (talk • contribs) 18:39, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
Could you please link them here? I'm also interested in reading more. MaxDZ8 talk 07:43, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
* No "serious" car magazines have been given the opportunity to drive and test the car yet, therefore no serious car magazine reviews exist, as far as I know. Car & Driver has mentioned the car twice that I know of, but only as a future car, and not as a review. --Steve Pucci | talk 20:17, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
* Motor Trend got to test drive the car on December 6th and Car & Driver checked the car out on December 4th. Except an article in Motor Trend's February issue. This is discussed on Darryl Siry's of Tesla Motors blog. BrandonG (talk) 09:39, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
* In December, 2007 the list of magazines being given first drives of the Tesla Roadster Validation Prototypes included
* Motor Trend (Kim Reynolds), Car and Driver (Csaba Ceres), Automobile Magazine, Road & Track (Jonathan Elfalan), and Auto Week (Mark Vaughn). --Mwarren us (talk) 20:08, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
Remove list of colors?
I think the list of colors is way out of scope for an encyclopedia and is making this article somewhat cumbersome. Ideas? -- intgr 09:53, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
* makes sense to me. removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
Come to think of it, should the same be done to the 'Dimensions' section? I don't think it's really useful to anyone. -- intgr 23:39, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
* Removed with a whole lot of other cruft. -- intgr 18:01, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
Speaking of removal, the "Criticism" and "Rebuttal" headers seem awfully like a pissing match, which should take place on the talk page, and not in the actual article. There should be a Criticism header, but the rebuttal points can be merged into it. Drogue 03:26, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
availability date?
I put it as 2007 in List of hybrid vehicles. If that is incorrect, please correct it and remove this entry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
* It has already been removed as it is not a hybrid vehicle (eg, petrol-electric combo), but a battery electric vehicle. It's already on the list of production battery electric vehicles. -- intgr 18:00, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
AC Propulsion
It seems appropriate to acknowledge Wikipedia's promotional effects -- and use them to honor and promote innovation. We should allow readers to not just "follow the money" but "follow the innovation". That seems important in the same way the Connections (TV series) was important in offering an innovation-threaded view of history instead of the more tradional war & conquest-threaded views. (forgiving its similarities to People magazine)
The innovation contributed by AC Propulsion merits more than a footnote. It should nicely assist readers following innovation threads by citing AC Propulsion's contribution in the body of the article.
The link on the tZero page semed about right:
Some of the technologies developed for the tzero live on in the Venturi Fetish, the Wrightspeed X1, and in modified form in the Tesla Roadster
So I added similar text here.
--Lonestarnot 16:51, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Please see my comments below explaining the revisions I made to this section. - David Vespremi
Fuel efficiency; gasoline equivalence
Although EV cars have much higher fuel efficiency than combustion engines, the calculations stated for the Tesla should be corrected in favor of primary energy equivalence. In essence, the formula as presented neglects the poor energy efficiency of electricity production of around 33%. The energy efficciency of the Tesla should therefore be multiplied by 0.33.
This would still yield fuel efficienies of almost 55m/gallon (against 164) or a consumptino of around 4.3 liters/100km.
These values are still good but not as fantastic (wrong) as the initial calculations. For the quality of Wikipedia primary energy efficiency should be used.
I havn't effected any changes in the main article yet because I would like to find a more reliable source for the electricity generation efficiency first. If someone finds it, go ahead.
--TomTompa 18:41, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
When I added the fuel efficiency section I too was concerned about choosing the "right" formula and the "right" values to use in that formula. For instance, the DOE regulation cites a generating efficiency of Tg=0.328, Tesla Motors' white paper cites another study's finding of 41% for the entire grid in one section and uses a third 60% generating efficiency in another section. Choosing the right formula is also of concern as it seems the end use of the derived number often drives the analysis. In any case, I could not figure out the formula behind Tesla Motor's 135 mpg figure (reverse engineering using 34.3MJ/L for gas & 110Wh/km for the roadster, convert, then multiply by 75% - a 25% "safety margin" - does yield 135 mpg. Interesting - how did they choose 25% safety?)
The first fuel efficiency equation was meant to be comparable to the typical Monroney labels' "station-to-wheel" efficiency (that label also omits well-to-station efficiencies). The second equation from the DOE regulation includes primary energy efficiency for both the USA electric grid and the crude oil to gas station path but then goes on to add a "'fuel content' factor" to quantify | conservation and scarcity of fuels in the USA.
The discussion of wide spread adoption of new fuel sources (e.g. electricity, hydrogen, bio-diesel, ethanol, coal gassification) certainly highlights the need for more extensive fuel efficiency analysis than offered by EPA City/Highway mpg numbers. One way for the Roadster article to handle this added complexity might be to simply reference Wikipedia's Fuel efficiency article or another (new?) article that can address the issue in more detail.
I digress, but hopefully the referenced article would describe several of the many aspects of "fuel efficiency" and provide names for those numbers. For instance, the article might discuss various views of efficiency as:
* Monetary cost to the consumer per distance
* CO2 emissions by the vehicle per distance
* Fuel cycle CO2 emissions
* Fuel cycle monetary costs (i.e. different subsidies and taxes might alter the monetary cost to the consumer)
* Political costs of a given fuel to a nation-state
--Mwarren us 02:07, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
Moving this request for discussion from the main article:
"Using the average 8,000 Wh of energy per gallon, the 56 kWh battery capacity equals 7 gal of gasoline, so for the stated range of 250 miles this gives an equivalent of about 35 mpg; over an order of magnitude lower than the CAFE equivalent - clearly there needs to be some discussion about agreement on a standard of comparison since these values are so different. --User:<IP_ADDRESS> 20:44, 05 March 2007"
The figure of 8000 Wh/gal (presumed) is the amount of energy that a typical gasoline engine can extract from a gallon of gasoline input. The amount of energy initially available in the gasoline is closer to 33000 Wh/gal according to most sources (some cited in the main article). I've added a "citation needed" tag to User:<IP_ADDRESS>'s 05:19, 25 September 2006 comment to ask about the source for the extraction efficiency numbers. Thanks for pointing out the problem in this section.
Using 33705 Wh/gal from the DOE results in an equivalent tank capacity of just 1.66 gallons of gasoline and 150.5 mpg (1.56 l/100km) using a bulk energy analysis (normalizing 250 mi/1.66 gal). Using Wh/km efficiency, the suggested bulk calculation yields 56 kWh/250 mi or 139.3 Wh/km on the EPA Highway cycle. This is certainly higher energy usage than quoted in the white paper. I don't think that Tesla Motors has explicitly cited the cycle they used to determine the Roadster's cited 110Wh/km efficiency, however, their footnote 8 (see below under "Wh/km") implies that the figure came from a 60mph constant speed test.
Update Mar 12, 2007: This discussion does point out a possible source for the 135mpg figure quoted by Tesla's press releases. The bulk 56kWh/250mi leads to about 130mpg for 33705Wh/gal gasoline.
Update Mar 14, 2007: See http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=poDgN8KIZ_7q6mQqb2izMZQ for more detailed calculations.
--Mwarren us 23:03, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
Hopefully User:kslays will read this discussion page (update: yes! and read it quickly too. Thx!). To complete the cost analysis, some basis for the cost of gasoline per mile needs to be cited. Where did that come from? Thanks! --Mwarren us 02:23, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* I don't know how to make it look fancy with long fraction bars to keep track of the units, but here's a couple of ways of putting it:
* (3.00dollars/gallon) / (0.01dollars/mile) = 300mile/gallon
* (0.01dollars/mile)*(300miles/gallon) = 3.00dollars/gallon
* If you think about it, if the Roadster uses 1 cent per mile, in 300 miles you will have spent 300 cents, or three dollars. The crux of my contribution (and the one I'm doubting) is the assumption of $3.00/gallon. At 3 cents, it's 300miles/$.03=100mpg. Also, I need to cite the 1 cent/mile and 3 cents/mile, but I believe it's elsewhere in the article. I'll do it tomorrow or Monday if nobody else gets to it first. -kslays 02:41, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you for the update. I originally thought the article needed a citation for the gasoline engine cost/distance; but you covered the Roadster figures quite nicely and your equations here cleared up the confusion for me (Doh! to me). Thank you. Mwarren us 05:23, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* ICE cost/distance is a separate issue that I didn't cover and so needs no citation. It can be calculated the same way though. For a car that gets 30mpg, it costs 10 cents/mile to drive at 3 bucks a gallon. $.10/mile*30mpg = $3.00/gal. I've heard it costs about 15-30 cents per mile to drive most cars, including devaluation and wear and tear, but I have no citation. -kslays 15:53, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
* Tesla Motor's FAQ says under the "Service" section that
* "How much service does the Tesla Roadster require?"
* "Far, far less than gasoline-powered cars. Most cars require service every 3,000 to 5,000 miles. The Tesla Roadster has no motor oil or oil filters to change, no smog equipment to check, no air filters to replace, no power steering fluids to refill. We feel confident that the only service your Tesla Roadster will require for the first 100,000 miles is tire and brake inspection. But we’ll be happier to see you once a year or every 25,000 miles or so, just to check in."
* I think the statement "... the Roadster would cost the same to drive as a gasoline car..." would be more accurate by saying "...the Roadster's fuel cost would be the same as a gasoline car...". Maintenance costs seem to me to be a separate issue from Fuel Efficiency and might warrant a separate paragraph.
* --Mwarren us 17:04, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
Full-cycle Energy-equivalency
First, thanks Mwarren us for all the work you're doing to improve this article. The well-to-wheel full-cycle energy-equivalency analysis doesn't seem right to me because the mpg equivalence numbers are so low. The wiki article on full-cycle leads me to believe it is an attempt at comparing the 'total' cost of energy to run the vehicle. For an electric car, that should include mining the natural gas/coal/etc., trucking it to the power plant, turning it into electricity, transmission losses to the plug, and efficiency of the car. For a gasoline car, this should include the mining of the oil, trucking, refinement energy cost, trucking to gas pump, and efficiency of the car. The numbers people are posting on the Tesla blog say it costs 12kWh to refine a gallon of gas, which alone would power the Roadster for 50-60 miles. And that's not even counting burning the gasoline for electricity! Now to dig around for a ref for that refinement value... -kslays 15:49, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you - I've tried to negotiate a middle way through many different opinions. It would be nice for the Roadster's full-cycle energy efficiency be higher, however, the Roadster does compete with Ferraris and Porsches; I wonder what the full cycle energy equivalency is for the competition! All of the factors you mention are discussed in the DOE report in | Federal Register Vol. 64 No. 113 (already cited in the article) and I included more opinions about them in my response (above) to User:TomTompa. It's a really big topic, but not exactly specific to the Roadster; it's just that the Roadster gets the discussion going. Here is probably the most relevant section from that DOE report:
* "'.... Therefore, the PEF (petroleum equivalency factor) includes a term for expressing the relative energy efficiency of the full energy cycles of gasoline and electricity. This term, the gasoline equivalent energy content of electricity factor, abbreviated as Eg, is defined as:"
* "Eg = gasoline-equivalent energy content of electricity = (Tg * Tt * C) Tp where:"
* "Tg = U.S. average fossil-fuel electricity generation efficiency = 0.328"
* "Tt = U.S. average electricity transmission efficiency = 0.924"
* "Tp = Petroleum refining and distribution efficiency = 0.830"
* "C = Watt-hours of energy per gallon of gasoline conversion factor = 33,705 Wh/gal"
* "Eg = (0.328 * 0.924 * 33705)/0.830 = 12,307 Wh/gal"
* "The derivation of these values is straightforward but lengthy and is therefore not discussed in this notice. Details on the assumptions, calculations, and data sources used to derive these values are described in materials contained in Docket No. EE–RM–99–PEF...'"
* I wish the docket materials were also available online. These numbers are for the average USA electricity grid. That grid will become more efficient as it adopts the latest, 60% efficient Advanced Turbine Technology and power plants can more economically scrub their emissions. Even better, individuals can choose to use even cleaner electricity. For example, if a particular Roadster is charged using "green" power (solar, wind, hydro, tide, geothermal, etc...), then its' specific petroleum equivalent efficiency is nearly infinite as no gasoline is involved when refueling the Roadster.Mwarren us 20:00, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
* How would you calculate the full cycle energy use for an ICE car that gets eg 30mpg? What is the ICE formula? How do you add in the energy cost of drilling, transporting, and refining the gasoline? I think the numbers are misleading if left alone without comparison on the Tesla Roadster page. Perhaps we could say, "For comparison, the Porsche 911's full cycle energy use is XXmpg and the Toyota Prius' is XXmpg." -kslays 20:08, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
* I've done a few web searches (varying these terms: well-to-wheel mpg (toyota OR ford OR honda) ~refine ~transport (~drill OR ~well OR ~mine)) and haven't been able to come up with any way to calculate well-to-wheel numbers for ICE vehicles. It's really not an apples-to-apples comparison to state the Tesla Roadster well-to-wheel mpg which people will compare with the tank-to-wheel mpg numbers commonly used for their ICE. The article needs to either give some well-to-wheel mpg comparison numbers for common ICEs, or list only the tank(battery)-to-wheel mpg efficiency equivalent for the Roadster. Any thoughts on this? -kslays 18:09, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
* Here are some links:
* http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/index.html
* http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/sample_results.html
* http://www.transportation.anl.gov/software/GREET/greet_1-7_beta.html
* http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/epact/pdfs/ghg_guidance.pdf
* http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/273.pdf
* -kslays 21:23, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
* The factor "Tp = Petroleum refining and distribution efficiency = 0.830" from the DOE regulation accounts for the "well-to-station" portion of the gasoline fuel cycle in the USA.
* To convert a standard Monroney sticker value to a full cycle energy equivalent, convert with Tp. For example, the Toyota Prius achieves 55mpg and uses 381Wh/km (assuming 33705 Wh/gal gasoline) station-to-wheel. To get the full cycle value, multiply mpg by Tp=0.83 to account for the refining and transportation energy use - 45.7 mpg, or divide Wh/km by Tp=0.83 - 459 Wh/km full cycle. The same adjustment applies to all vehicles fueled completely with gasoline (including of course the Prius), therefore, Monroney sticker numbers can be compared to each other with or without the adjustment. The 329mpg, 49mpg and 87mpg numbers for the Roadster already include the 0.83 factor and can be directly compared to EPA sticker numbers.
* When other fuels with different full cycle efficiencies are introduced, more complicated comparisons are needed. Another way to compare vehicles' full cycle energy use might be using Wh/km. Charging the Roadster with electricity from the "average" USA electric grid (efficiency = Tg * Tt = 0.328 * 0.924 = 30.3% ) means that the full-cycle energy use is 133 Wh/km (tank-to-wheel) / 86% charger efficiency (station-to-tank) / 30.3% (well-to-station) = 512 Wh/km full-cycle.
* Interestingly, gasoline has a more efficient (83%) "well-to-station" energy cycle than the USA electric grid. Tesla Motor's white paper "| The 21st Century Electric Car" includes more examples, mentions that diesel fuel's "well-to-station" efficiency (90.1%) is even better and uses 52.5% efficiency for a natural gas powered electric grid. Oh, and depending on the specific study cited, these efficiency numbers vary. Mwarren us 00:00, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you. That's a very helpful explanation. -kslays 02:50, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
CO2 Emissions
What would be really useful from the perspective of comparing the environmental impact of the Tesla Roadster with other cars - but I'm not sure I've calculated it correctly - would be a comparison of the full-cycle CO2 emissions of the Tesla per mile/kilometre compared with petrol or hybrid cars. I've found figures indicating that the average CO2 emissions of the US electric grid are 1.34lb CO2/kWh = 0.61kg CO2 per kWh delivered. EV World Blogs If that's correct (is it?), the total CO2 emissions of the Tesla on the EPA combined cycle would be 81g CO2/km. That can be compared with EU combined cycle figures of 104g CO2/km for the Toyota Prius, 109g CO2/km for the most efficient small petrol car and 196g CO2/km for the Lotus Elise, which is the car the Tesla Roadster is based on. Car CO2 emissions I don't know if EU figures are well-to-wheel, or tank-to-wheel. I also don't know how comparable the EPA and EU combined cycles are. Simon d 12:35, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
The EU figures quoted above are tank-to-wheel. Well-to-wheel is about 12% higher.
I've now got some consistent EPA figures to do the calculations with. The Prius has an EPA combined MPG of 55 and the Elise has an EPA combined MPG of 26 (according to www.fueleconomy.gov). The EPA says that driving the Prius 15000 miles a year would emit 3.4 US tons (3.06 tonnes) and the Elise would emit 7.1 US tons (6.4 tonnes). The Tesla should emit 81g/km x 1.602km/mile x 15000 miles = 1.95 tonnes (2.16 US tons). That implies that the emissions of the Tesla are 63% of the Prius and 30% of the Elise. 55/0.63=87.3 and 26/.30 = 86.7. That implies that the CO2 emissions of the Tesla are equivalent to those of a petrol car achieving 87mpg on the EPA combined cycle. Shouldn't that go in the article? Simon d 15:45, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
* Tesla Motors' paper "The 21st Century Electric Car" (pdf), page 4, also has CO2 calculations for six high efficiency cars along with their assumptions and references (their figures lead to 41.6 g/km for the Roadster). Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Fuels in the Japanese Context - Well-to-Tank Report from a Toyota research group has a very nice chart comparing CO2 emissions. For novel, concise and eye-opening information, Martin Eberhard's presentation from his Technology Comparison blog entry has even more ways to compare the environmental impact of driving.
* Asking "If that's correct (is it?)", however, really goes to the heart of the matter; full-cycle analysis seems to mostly be lengthy and full of assumptions which can greatly alter the outcome of the analysis. I'm not sure this article is the right place to discuss all of the different ways to analyze the efficiency of automobiles. The Tesla Roadster does upset some common assumptions and thus instigates a lot of conversation. How about creating a new article to cover these topics? Some suggestions for the new article and topics for it to cover are listed above. Also, it probably makes sense to put in more prominent references to the Tesla white paper and to Mr. Eberhard's presentation for more information. Mwarren us 02:08, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
* Added more prominent references to Tesla's "The 21st Century Electric Car" and to Mr. Eberhard's presentation.Mwarren us 23:40, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
* Thanks for your comments and the references you gave. My quibble with Tesla Motors' own calculations for the CO2 emissions is that they assume electricity from a 60% efficient gas power station. It has much lower emissions than the average emissions of electricity generation in the US or even in California. I read (but I can't remember the reference) that electricity emissions in California are around 400gCO2/kWh. That would make the Roadster's emissions 53gCO2/km (equivalent to 133MPG), compared to the 41.6gCO2/k Tesla Motors quotes (equivalent to 170MPG). Average US emissions would be the 81CO2/km (equivalent to 87MPG) I quoted above. It's really just a question of where the electricity comes from.Simon d 23:18, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
* The efficiency of the upstream power generation makes a much bigger difference in CO2 emissions than it does for the gasoline fuel cycle. That's one of the reasons to include Fuel Efficiency calculations for both the average US grid as well as for the 57%-60% efficient turbines coming online. I think that Tesla Motors is trying to make the point that as cars transition from gasoline fuel to electrical fuel (gradually with time), they will create a new demand on the electrical infrastructure and planning should anticipate what kind of new power plants will be built to meet the new demand from cars. The DOE news release referenced in the article - "Advanced Natural Gas Turbine Hailed as Top Power Project of 2003" - says that "Natural gas turbines are expected to make up more than 80 percent of the power generating capacity to be added in the United States over the next 10 years." (As an aside, in theory, GE's new Series H CCGT turbines can achieve 60% efficiency, but the reports of actual operation that I've read so far max out at 58% efficiency).Mwarren us 05:56, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
Update section with November 2007 Restated EPA Numbers?
The new testing numbers using the EPA test cycle - 31 kWh/100 mi - announced by Andrew Simpson (Tesla Motors Vehicle Systems Engineer) and the Tesla FAQ both indicate that the station-to-wheel, EPA Monroney sticker value will be closer to 98 mpgus (click for calculations) instead of the originally announced 135 mpgus. Before updating the Fuel efficiency section, however, I'd like to get more input here. Thanks! --Mwarren us (talk) 03:16, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
* It's fine to note what Tesla claims, but we must make it clear that's their opinion, and not report it as an EPA figure until it's actually at EPA.gov. Superm401 - Talk 07:02, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
* OK. I've updated the calculations to use the latest 221 mile range done on an EPA combined cycle test. The charging efficiency of 71.4% is based on email from Tesla Motors confirming th the Wh/mi used plug-to-wheel. --Mwarren us (talk) 17:39, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
* Googling "site:epa.gov tesla roadster" or "site:epa.gov plug-to-wheel" gives no results. Why is that if the mpg rating for the tesla roadster is from the EPA? I'm interested in official Wh/km to mpg or L/100 km equivalence. I haven't come across such conversions from the EPA yet. Ephdot (talk) 20:59, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
* I tried to word things to avoid the impression that the efficiency numbers are official. The tests were reported to have been done in an EPA certified laboratory using the certified procedures and equipment, however, it seems the numbers have not yet been officially reported. Is there a specific section in the article that we should update to clarify this? --Mwarren us (talk) 16:21, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
* This quote from the article: "135 mpg equivalent, per the conversion rate used by the EPA" is from a report which cites no sources and frankly, I can't find any "mpg equivalent" conversion rates from the epa. Tried to google "site:epa.gov mpg-equivalent" - no results. Does such a conversion exist and if so, where? If not, this quote should be removed from wikipedia. Ephdot (talk) 14:18, 4 April 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Energy in Ukraine
Energy in Ukraine is mainly from gas and nuclear, followed by oil and coal. Ukraine has a diversified energy mix, and no fuel takes up more than a third of the country’s energy sources. The coal industry has been disrupted by conflict. Most gas and oil is imported, but since 2015 energy policy has prioritised diversifying energy supply.
About half of electricity generation is nuclear and a quarter coal. The largest nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, is located in Ukraine. Fossil fuel subsidies were USD 1.6 billion in 2021. Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not.
Ukraine’s gas network has a lot of storage, which can be useful for storing Europe’s gas to even out supply and demand, and it formerly transited a lot of Russian natural gas to Europe but that agreement ends at the end of 2024. Some energy infrastructure was destroyed in the Russo-Ukrainian War, but wind farms and solar power are thought to be resilient because they are distributed. An energy strategy to 2050 was adopted in 2023 but has not yet been published.
History
In 2011, Ukraine joined the European Energy Community, however there has been slow progress on implementing European energy regulations.
Finance
Ukraine signed a loan agreement in-principle for $3.65 billion with the China Development Bank in 2012, during President Viktor Yanukovich's term of office, contingent on the development of agreed projects in the coal and gas sectors. However, by 2017 Ukraine had not agreed any suitable projects due to a "lack of convergence in the positions of [Uglesintezgaz] and the energy ministry". Elementum Energy Ltd owns the most power plants.
During war
In the winter of 2022-23 Russia targeted switchyards and transformers, but the following year they concentrated on power plants perhaps because they are harder to protect and take longer to repair. | WIKI |
Commits
Stephen Weeks committed c33764b
Added dwang's improvement to ocamlspot-query-uses that uses grep-mode. It doesn't work
yet for me.
• Participants
• Parent commits d83713c
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Comments (0)
Files changed (1)
File elisp/contrib/ocamlspot.el
; Show the use information of the identifier under the cursor.
;
; ocamlspot-xtype
-; Same as ocamlspot-type but it shows you more detailed information:
+; Same as ocamlspot-type but it shows you more detailed information:
; path id numbers. You can browse path names in this result using C-c;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Configurable variables
(encode-coding-string
(ocamlspot-string-of-line-to-point) buffer-file-coding-system)))
-; It count one line less when the cursor is at (point-max)
+; It count one line less when the cursor is at (point-max)
; and it is at the top of the line.
(defun ocamlspot-lines-of-point ()
(count-lines (point-min) (min (1+ (point)) (point-max))))
; Otherwise, returns nil
(defun ocamlspot-message-display (&optional may-pop)
(with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create ocamlspot-message-buffer)
- (let ((lines ; how many lines in minibuffer-window ?
+ (let ((lines ; how many lines in minibuffer-window ?
(count-screen-lines nil nil nil (minibuffer-window)))
- (max-echo-height
+ (max-echo-height
(if resize-mini-windows
(cond ((floatp max-mini-window-height)
(* (frame-height) max-mini-window-height))
(let ((file-name (buffer-file-name))
(arg (ocamlspot-query-string-at-cursor))
(post_sep (if post_extra_args " " "")))
- (ocamlspot-run-query (concat pre_extra_args " " arg post_sep post_extra_args)
+ (ocamlspot-run-query (concat pre_extra_args " " arg post_sep post_extra_args)
(file-name-directory file-name))))
;;; Search ocamlspot-process-buffer and return the first line which matches with ^<pattern>: "
(with-current-buffer (get-buffer-create ocamlspot-process-buffer)
;; search the found tree element
(let ((tree (ocamlspot-find-query-result "Tree")))
- (if tree
+ (if tree
(if (string-match "^\\(l[\-0-9]+c[\-0-9]+b[\-0-9]+:l[\-0-9]+c[\-0-9]+b[\-0-9]+\\|[0-9]+:[0-9]+\\)$" tree)
(let ((pos (match-string 1 tree)))
;; display the result
(defun ocamlspot-find-type (&optional to-kill)
(let ((type (ocamlspot-find-query-result "Type" to-kill)))
- (if type
+ (if type
(progn
(ocamlspot-message-add (format "Type: %s" type))
(ocamlspot-type-add (format "Type: %s" type))
(defun ocamlspot-find-val-or-type (&optional to-kill)
(let ((type (ocamlspot-find-query-result "Val" to-kill)))
(if type
- (progn
+ (progn
(ocamlspot-message-add (format "Val: %s" type))
(ocamlspot-type-add (format "Val: %s" type))
type)
(defun ocamlspot-find-use ()
(let ((use (ocamlspot-find-query-result "Use")))
(if use
- (progn
+ (progn
(ocamlspot-message-add (format "Use: %s" use))
use)
(ocamlspot-message-add "no use information found here")
(ocamlspot-message-init (buffer-file-name))
(ocamlspot-type-init)
(ocamlspot-delete-overlays-now)
- (ocamlspot-query-at-cursor "-n")
+ (ocamlspot-query-at-cursor "-n")
(if (ocamlspot-find-tree)
(save-current-buffer
(ocamlspot-find-val-or-type to-kill)))
(ocamlspot-wait t))
; CR can be shared with ocamlspot-type
+;; (defun ocamlspot-query-uses ()
+;; (interactive)
+;; (let ((dir (read-directory-name "Search directory: "
+;; (file-name-directory (buffer-file-name)))))
+;; (ocamlspot-message-init (buffer-file-name))
+;; (ocamlspot-type-init)
+;; (ocamlspot-delete-overlays-now)
+;; (ocamlspot-query-at-cursor "use" dir)
+;; (if (ocamlspot-find-tree)
+;; (progn
+;; (ocamlspot-find-spot)
+;; (select-window (display-buffer ocamlspot-process-buffer))
+;; (grep-mode)
+;; (ocamlspot-find-use)))
+;; (ocamlspot-wait t)))
+
+;; dwang's improved ocamlspot-query-uses that uses grep mode so one can easily step
+;; through the uses.
+(add-to-list 'grep-regexp-alist
+ '("^<\\([^:]+\\):l\\([0-9]+\\)c\\([0-9]+\\)b[0-9]+:l\\([0-9]+\\)c\\([0-9]+\\)"
+ 1 (2 . 4) (3 . 5)))
(defun ocamlspot-query-uses ()
(interactive)
(let ((dir (read-directory-name "Search directory: "
- (file-name-directory (buffer-file-name)))))
+ (file-name-directory (buffer-file-name)))))
(ocamlspot-message-init (buffer-file-name))
(ocamlspot-type-init)
(ocamlspot-delete-overlays-now)
(ocamlspot-query-at-cursor "use" dir)
(if (ocamlspot-find-tree)
- (progn
- (ocamlspot-find-spot)
- (display-buffer ocamlspot-process-buffer)
- (ocamlspot-find-use)))
+ (progn
+ (ocamlspot-find-spot)
+ ;; put the point into the ocamlspot-process-buffer
+ (select-window (display-buffer ocamlspot-process-buffer))
+ ;; turn on grep mode
+ (with-current-buffer ocamlspot-process-buffer (grep-mode))
+ (ocamlspot-find-use)))
(ocamlspot-wait t)))
;; Browsing of path-range <file:lxcxbx:lxcxbx>
;; build query string for the cursor point
(defun ocamlspot-xtype-build-query-at-cursor ()
- (let ((path-name
+ (let ((path-name
(save-excursion
(let ((end
;; Preferable, but not working correctly yet for A.B<cursor>.t
(if (skip-chars-backward "A-z0-9_().")
(point)
nil)))
- (if (and start end)
+ (if (and start end)
(progn
(move-overlay ocamlspot-tree-overlay start end)
(buffer-substring-no-properties start end)))))))
(message (concat "path-name " path-name))
- (let ((file-name
+ (let ((file-name
(save-excursion
(goto-char (point-min))
(if (re-search-forward "^(\\* \\(.*\\) \\*)$" nil t)
(match-string 1)))))
- (if (and
- file-name
- path-name
- (not (string= file-name ""))
+ (if (and
+ file-name
+ path-name
+ (not (string= file-name ""))
(not (string= path-name "")))
(concat file-name ":t:" path-name))))) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[Python-Dev] Deprecating string exceptions
Jeremy Hylton jeremy@zope.com
Sat, 6 Apr 2002 00:38:07 -0500
>>>>> "BAW" == Barry A Warsaw <barry@zope.com> writes:
>>>>> "GvR" == Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org> writes:
GvR> Well, it could certainly grow more standard stuff (like a
GvR> traceback pointer) and that would be more useful if there was a
GvR> common base class to inherit it from.
BAW> Agreed. Of course you can always play the old NeXTSTEP game of
BAW> having one base class for backwards compatibility and another
BAW> for the New Way, but that's probably more complexity than you
BAW> really want.
I'm not sure what the base class(es) actually buys us. We could just
as well say by fiat that the interpreter will set the traceback
attribute of an exception instance to the traceback. Why do we need a
special base class to accomplish that? This is Python. You don't
need to do isinstance(). You just need to see if it has the right
attributes.
BTW, what is the signature for Exception.__init__()? I've written
many exception classes, often subclasses of some other exception, but
I've hardly ever paid attention to the superclass __init__(). It
usually suffices to set the right attributes.
Jeremy | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
(registered 2021-04-09, last updated 2021-04-09) Name: Lionel Morand Email: lionel.morand&orange.com Media type name: application Media subtype name: vnd.3gpp.ngap Required parameters: N/A Optional parameters: N/A Encoding considerations: binary The media type encodes a ngap IE as specified in 3GPP TS 38.413. Security considerations: The information transported in this media type does not include active or executable content. Interoperability considerations: The media type allows for interoperability of ngap IE transmitted over Service Based Interfaces (SBI). The ngap IEs are sent over SBI between core network control plane entities in 5G mobile networks. Published specification: 3GPP TS 29.518 available at http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/29518.htm Applications which use this media: Applications that exchanging ngap IEs over Service Based Interfaces (SBI). Fragment identifier considerations: N/A Restrictions on usage: N/A Additional information: 1. Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A 2. Magic number(s): N/A 3. File extension(s): N/A 4. Macintosh file type code: N/A 5. Object Identifiers: N/A General Comments: N/A Person to contact for further information: 1. Name: Yang Yong 2. Email: frank.yong.yang&ericsson.com Intended usage: Common The exchange of ngap IEs over SBI interfaces is very common in mobile networks. Author/Change controller: 3GPP 3GPP contact: Lionel Morand | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Human Research
Mucosa Associated Microbial and Phage Communities
MAMP Communities image
A mucus filled bronchiole lined with epithelial cells has an inherent oxygen gradient (blue), but is mostly anaerobic (green). This oxygen gradient stratifies and drives much of the microbial physiology. The image shows microbial metabolisms and various nutrients as determined through analysis of metagenomic sequence data and metabolomics.
We are dissecting how microbial and viral communities persist in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) in order to design new treatment strategies. We use a metagenomic approach to characterize the communities, and we collaborate with a range of clinicians, bioinformaticians, chemists, engineers and mathematicians to generate samples, data and ideas. In collaboration with Dr. Douglas Conrad who runs the adult CF clinic at UCSD, we collect sputum samples from patients over time.
The lives of people with cystic fibrosis are punctuated by flare ups of the chronic infections and inflammation in their lungs, which are normally treated with antibiotics. We take sputum samples before, during and after these flare ups and examine the microbial and viral communities through metagenomic sequencing of their DNA and RNA. Once or twice a year we also obtain an explant lung when a patient undergoes a lung transplant. Knowing both the genetic potential and real-time expression of genes responsible for different types of metabolism throughout the treatment cycle is helping us understand the lifestyle and survival strategies of the organisms in these communities. This may enable development of microbial biomarkers of disease state that predict an oncoming flare up before the inflammation and damage become full blown.
A surprisingly large number of patients in this San Diego population are colonized by Rothia mucilaginosa, which is not typically included in clinical laboratory characterizations of CF lung infections. One consistent theme that is apparent in all of our results is that each CF patient harbors a unique microbial community, comprised of different proportions of bacterial taxa with specific sub-species and strains that have assembled and evolved under the conditions of a particular lung. The lack of clear signatures of disease state across patients is an important reminder that one way to improve medical control of CF lung infections is to design individual treatments that interfere with a particular mode of survival.
In collaboration with Sara Zarei and Peter Salamon in the SDSU biomath group, we are comparing MRI data from CF patients with models of the demise of lung function as increasing numbers of lung tube branches are plugged and irreversibly damaged. We are also analyzing breath gas samples from CF patients with the Rowland-Blake group at UCI to characterize the volatile molecules present in their breath, and comparing them with healthy patients and background room samples. Early results include molecules that indicate synergisms between Streptococcus spp. and phenazine producing microbes such asPseudomonas, which provide alternative electron acceptors and enable anaerobic respiration. To test the synergisms we identify through metagenome and metabolome analysis, we are establishing systems for culturing CF lung-derived organisms in conditions that mimic the CF lung. Establishing model systems for CF-associated microbial communities will also allow us to test how novel treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen affect microbial community structure and function.
Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus (BAM) Project Description
Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus (BAM) Project DescriptionThe protective layer of mucus on the body’s surface serves both as an entry point for pathogens and a home for large populations of beneficial microbes. This mucus layer harbors a large diversity of both bacteria and phage. We show elevated concentrations of phage on all mucosal surfaces sampled, ranging from cnidarians to humans, compared to the surrounding environment.
Using bacteriophage T4 and various in vitro tissue culture cells as a model system, we demonstrate that this increase in phage abundance is mucus-dependent. This phage-mucus association reduces bacterial attachment and colonization of the mucus, which subsequently protects the underlying epithelium from bacterial infection. Enrichment of phage in mucus occurs via binding interactions between variable glycan residues displayed in mucus and immunoglobulin-like protein domains exposed on phage capsids.
Based on these observations we propose the Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus (BAM) model that provides a ubiquitous, but non-host-derived, immunity applicable to mucosal surfaces. This benefits the metazoan host by limiting mucosal bacteria, and benefits the phage through more frequent interactions with bacterial hosts. BAM suggests the first demonstration of a symbiotic interaction between phage and metazoan hosts that provides a previously unrecognized immunity that actively protects mucosal surfaces.
Building off the BAM model we are working on a range of follow up projects:
• Mathematical models are being developed to predict phage-host interactions occurring within mucus layers, modeling of community and phage dynamics, and diffusion parameters of phage in mucus.
• Microfluidic devices and tissue culture cells mimic a basic mucosal surface with dynamic flow allowing for the investigation of complex phage-host interactions within mucus.
• Characterization of phage Ig-like domain structures, binding affinity, and adaptability to diverse glycan residues and surfaces.
• Interaction between mucus-adherent phage and the human immune system
• In vivo application of BAM, incorporating community dynamics and diverse microbial assemblages across metazoan hosts
Dark Matter
Dark MatterViruses, and bacteriophage in particular, are the most diverse and numerous biological entities on the planet. Phage interactions with bacterial hosts, which can be observed through population size modulation by outright killing or possessing ecologically relevant genes conferring host growth advantage, have a profound influence on environmental nutrient cycles. Unfortunately, how phage influence community dynamics is poorly understood due to the fact that only 10 to 30% of viral genes found in the environment have sequence similarity to any other identified protein, let alone any protein of known function. The goal of this project is to characterize these phage proteins of unknown function using a combination of high throughput computational and physiological methods, in concert with protein crystallography, to gain insight into phage biodiversity, along with the environmental forces driving phage evolution, and develop a better understanding of host-phage interactions.
Collaborators: Dr. Anca Segall, Dr. Rob Edwards
Cnidarian Immunity
Cnidarian ImmunityCnidarians diverged from bilateria 550 million years ago and are considered to be the basal phyla to all metazoan life. Recent work has suggested that despite their morphological simplicity, the cnidarian immune repertoire is highly complex with many unexpected similarities to the human immune system (Putnam et al., 2007 and Shinzato et al., 2011). To investigate the cnidarian immune response we utilize molecular tools developed for the human system and apply them to reef building corals as well freshwater Hydra species. In addition to functionally characterizing the cnidarian immune system we are investigating how the resident viral population interacts with host immune components to create a predicated map of the coral immune response. Taken together this project provides novel insight into the general evolution of immunity with potential application to human biology.
Microbial Ecology in the Cystic Fibrosis Clinic
We study the ecology of microbial communities associated with cystic fibrosis. We are dissecting how microbial and viral communities persist in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) to design new treatment strategies.
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease in which defects in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein result in disease phenotypes on pancreas, sweat glands and reproductive, respiratory and digestive systems. The cystic fibrosis respiratory system phenotype is characterized by lungs impaired mucociliary clearance which promotes microbial infections, making CF lung disease a chronic polymicrobial infection that starts early in life.
The lives of people with cystic fibrosis are punctuated by flare ups of the chronic infections and inflammation in their lungs, which are normally treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics treatment and proper disease management have expanded the lifespan of CF patients, but still microbial lung infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients at too young age.
Cystic Fibrosis Rapid Response
In the CF clinic, we identified a set of patients that are non-responders to antimicrobial therapies and their lung function is rapidly declining. In this case we use a multi omics approach to investigate the overall composition and metabolic activity of the microbial community, with the goal of incorporating this techniques in routinely CF clinical practice to tailor specific antimicrobial therapies and increase the survival of CF patients.
Microbial community dynamics in the CF lungs can be explained by the Climax Attack Model (CAM), in which a microbial community is acclimated to the host, then an attack community blooms and become dominant. The attack community can either come from the outside or from already present low abundant members of the microbial community. Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Exacerbations (CFPE) caused by attack microbial communities lead to a decline in lung function and eventual decease of CF patients at too young age. Preventing CFPE relies on efficient identification of exacerbation-causing bacteria communities along with the genes they are carrying, such as antibiotics resistance or specific toxins, to quickly tailor appropriate antibiotic therapies.
We propose a personalized multi omics strategy to characterize the climax and attack communities in the respiratory airways of individual CF patients. This Cystic Fibrosis Rapid Response (CFRR) strategy incorporates metagenomes, metatranscriptomes and metabolomes from longitudinal samples, including stable and exacerbation periods, to monitor the total microbial community, its active members and their metabolic products. This information, when provided in a clinically relevant time frame, allow clinicians to make an informed decision about prescription of specific antibiotics and other therapies.
Tailored therapies for cystic fibrosis
In a number of non-responder rapidly declining patients, we identified that the microbial community is dominated by a single bacterium outcompeting the other members of the community, these bacteria are well adapted the lungs environment and resistant to multiple antibiotics. The survival of the CF patients with this kind of dynamics depends on the control of this pathogens, we are developing platforms for the isolation of lytic bacteriophages for possible treatment and tailoring personalized strategies for the management of this acute exacerbation events.
Bacteriophages in the cystic fibrosis system
We are investigating the role of bacteriophages in the remodeling of the microbial communities, lateral gene transfer and lytic to lysogenic decisions in the cystic fibrosis system
Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus (BAM)
The protective layer of mucus on the body’s surface serves both as an entry point for pathogens and a home for large populations of beneficial microbes. This mucus layer harbors a large diversity of both bacteria and phage. Using bacteriophage T4 and various in vitro assays, we show that phage predation of bacteria is enhanced in mucosal layers. Based on these observations we propose the Bacteriophage Adherence to Mucus (BAM) model that provides a ubiquitous, but non-host-derived, immunity applicable to mucosal surfaces. This benefits the metazoan host by limiting mucosal bacteria, and benefits the phage through more frequent interactions with bacterial hosts. BAM suggests the first demonstration of a symbiotic interaction between phage and metazoan hosts that provides a previously unrecognized immunity that actively protects mucosal surfaces.
Current work is investigating the specificity of phage-mucus interactions. To accomplish this, we are employing the model phage T4 that exhibits a mucus-adherence phenotype via Immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domains. Biochemical characterization of T4 Ig-like domains intends to address the adaptability of phage to diverse glycan residues displayed by mucin glycoproteins. Additionally, we are identifying hypervariable Ig-like domains in non-model phages using a bioinformatic approach. Collectively, our work aims to define the tripartite symbiosis between phage, bacteria and metazoans.
Building off the BAM model we are working on a range of additional projects:
• Mathematical models are being developed to predict phage-host interactions occurring within mucus layers, modeling of community and phage dynamics, and diffusion parameters of phage in mucus.
• In vivo application of BAM, incorporating community dynamics and diverse microbial assemblages across metazoan hosts
• Density-dependent ecological interactions of temperate phage and bacteria within mucosal layers | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Chicken Picasso
Chicken Picasso is a chicken dish named after painter Pablo Picasso, and supposed to have been created by him. It consists of roasted chicken served with tomatoes, basil and olives. | WIKI |
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If there were any problems, please email Interiot or post at User talk:Interiot. Based directly on these URLs: [1], [2] | WIKI |
Zebra striping
Zebra striping is the coloring of every other row of a table to improve readability. Although zebra striping has been used for a long time to improve readability, there is relatively little data on how much it helps.
Implementation
In HTML documents, zebra striping can be implemented using the Cascading Style Sheets pseudo-selector. | WIKI |
Home » Scala language
Objects in Scala
Objects in Scala: In this tutorial, we are going to learn about the objects in Scala, how to declare an object in Scala? Here, we are also discussing various types of the objects like Lazy initialization of objects, Singleton Object, and Companion object.
Submitted by Shivang Yadav, on June 17, 2019
An object is an instance of the class. It is created in order to use the members of the class i.e. use fields and methods related to the class.
The new keyword is used to create objects of a class.
Syntax:
var class_name = new obj_name;
Explanation:
When an object is created all the members are given memory space they require. Variables are created and functions are invoked. The actual call is when the members are called but a space in memory is given to them at the time of object initialization.
Example:
import java.io._
class Student(val rlno: Int, val sname: String, val percent: Int) {
var rollno: Int = rlno
var name : String = sname
var percentage = percent;
def printresult(){
print("Roll number : " + rollno);
print("\nName : "+ name);
print("\n Has scored "+ percentage +" % and is ");
if(percentage > 40)
print("passed")
else
print("failed")
}
}
object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
var stu = new Student(10, "Ramesh", 56);
stu.printresult();
}
}
Output
Roll number : 10
Name : Ramesh
Has scored 56 % and is passed
Lazy initialization of objects
Lazy initialization is done to initialize variables at the time of first access. This increase the efficiency of the code. Lazy variables are defined by lazy modifier.
Syntax:
lazy var class_name = new obj_name;
Singleton object
A singleton object is a class that has only one instance. It is a value and is an object defined by the class. It can be reused by defining using import statement and has direct method definition in it.
Object dog{
def bark (){
print("parting")
}
}
Companion object
A companion object has the same name as the class. Both the object and class are each others companion. A companion object can use the private members of the class and add some functionalities to it by its function.
class circle{
def perimeter(var radius){
return (2 * 3.14 * radius)
}
}
object circle {
def area( var radius){
return (peimeter(radius)*radius)/2;
}
}
The object uses the class in its function to make a more efficient program. This object can be used using an import package call.
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iPodification
Noun
* 1) The process of making technology simpler or easier to use by reducing the complexity of a device or its user interface | WIKI |
Maravan
Maravan is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Manoj Kumar. The film stars Prabhu and Khushbu, with Vijayakumar, Sumithra, Napoleon, R. P. Viswam, Chandrasekhar, Thyagu, Vadivelu, Vennira Aadai Moorthy and Dakshayini playing supporting roles. It was released on 15 August 1993.
Plot
Sethupathi lived in the city with his family consisting of his father Manickam, his mother Meenakshi and his sister Lakshmi. Manickam, Sethupathi's father, is an honest police officer and wanted his son to become a police officer like him. Sethupathi took the IPS exam and successfully passed it. Sethupathi was subsequently transferred to the remote village called Solaiyoor.
When he arrives in the village, Sethupathi is in a state of shock. The village is under the control of the village president Rajadurai (R. P. Viswam) and his son Shankarapandiyan, a corrupt politician. With the local rowdies, they spread terror among the villagers.
Sethupathi first changes the bad habits of the police officers, Thyagu and Vadivelu. In the meantime, Sethupathi and the village belle Thangathai fall in love with each other. One day, Sethupathi beats up and strips Rajadurai in front of villagers for cheating them, and he puts him in jail. Shankarapandi makes his father release him the next hour. The next day, Shankarapandi, Rajadurai and his henchmen take revenge by stripping the police officers and beating them. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Deva, with lyrics written by Vaali.
Reception
Malini Mannath of The Indian Express wrote, "Since the story has nothing new to offer, writer-director Manoj Kumar has tried to bring freshness in his treatment". K. Vijiyan of New Straits Times wrote that the film reminded him of Walter Vetrivel, and lamented that being edited to a shorter runtime by local exhibitors affected its narrative. | WIKI |
Alexey Sharov Alexey Sharov - 8 days ago 8x
C Question
Print all permutation in lexicographic order
I want to print all permutation of string in lexicographic order. I write this code:
void permute(char *a, int i, int n) {
if (i == (n-1)) printf("\"%s\"\n", a);
else {
for (int j = i; j < n; j++) {
swap((a+i), (a+j));
permute(a, i+1, n);
swap((a+i), (a+j));
}
}
}
And I have for example string
abc
, so I want to receive all permutation in lexicographic order as in left column, but I have result as in right column.
"abc" "abc"
"acb" "acb"
"bac" "bac"
"bca" "bca"
"cab" <
"cba" "cba"
> "cab"
Can someone help me with this? I saw some algorithms, but they look difficult. I think I can save all generated strings in array and then sort this array, but I cannot write this (I'm beginner in C).
Answer
In C
There's a pretty straightforward description of an algorithm (plus implementation) at geeksforgeeks:
Given a string, print all permutations of it in sorted order. For example, if the input string is “ABC”, then output should be “ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA”.
We have discussed a program to print all permutations in this post, but here we must print the permutations in increasing order.
Following are the steps to print the permutations lexicographic-ally
1. Sort the given string in non-decreasing order and print it. The first permutation is always the string sorted in non-decreasing order.
2. Start generating next higher permutation. Do it until next higher permutation is not possible. If we reach a permutation where all characters are sorted in non-increasing order, then that permutation is the last permutation.
Steps to generate the next higher permutation:
1. Take the previously printed permutation and find the rightmost character in it, which is smaller than its next character. Let us call this character as ‘first character’.
1. Now find the ceiling of the ‘first character’. Ceiling is the smallest character on right of ‘first character’, which is greater than ‘first character’. Let us call the ceil character as ‘second character’.
2. Swap the two characters found in above 2 steps.
3. Sort the substring (in non-decreasing order) after the original index of ‘first character’.
I've re-implemented it below:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void swap(char* left, char* right)
{
char temp = *left;
*left = *right;
*right = temp;
}
int compare (const void * a, const void * b)
{
return ( *(char*)a - *(char*)b );
}
void PrintSortedPermutations(char* inStr)
{
// Re-implementation of algorithm described here:
// http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/lexicographic-permutations-of-string/
int strSize = strlen(inStr);
// 0. Ensure input container is sorted
qsort(inStr, strSize, sizeof(char), compare);
int largerPermFound = 1;
do{
// 1. Print next permutation
printf("%s\n", inStr);
// 2. Find rightmost char that is smaller than char to its right
int i;
for (i = strSize - 2; i >= 0 && inStr[i] >= inStr[i+1]; --i){}
// if we couldn't find one, we're finished, else we can swap somewhere
if (i > -1)
{
// 3 find character at index j such that
// inStr[j] = min(inStr[k]) && inStr[k] > inStr[i] for all k > i
int j = i+1;
int k;
for(k=j;k<strSize && inStr[k];++k)
{
if (inStr[k] > inStr[i] && inStr[k] < inStr[j])
j = k;
}
// 3. Swap chars at i and j
swap(&inStr[i], &inStr[j]);
// 4. Sort string to the right of i
qsort(inStr+i+1, strSize-i-1, sizeof(char), compare);
}
else
{
largerPermFound = 0;
}
}while(largerPermFound);
}
int main(void) {
char str[] = "abc";
PrintSortedPermutations(str);
return 0;
}
Output
abc
acb
bac
bca
cab
cba
Live Demo
In C++
std::next_permutation from the <algorithm> library will do this for you, just make sure you sort your container first:
Return value
true if the function could rearrange the object as a lexicographicaly greater permutation. Otherwise, the function returns false to indicate that the arrangement is not greater than the previous, but the lowest possible (sorted in ascending order).
For example:
std::string myStr = "abc";
std::stable_sort(std::begin(myStr), std::end(myStr));
do {
for(auto&& element : myStr)
std::cout << element << " ";
std::cout << std::endl;
} while (std::next_permutation(std::begin(myStr), std::end(myStr)));
Output:
a b c
a c b
b a c
b c a
c a b
c b a
Live Demo
Comments | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Morbo (album)
Morbo is Mexican electronica band Morbo's eponymous debut album issued by EMI Music in December 2001.
The track 'Tengo de ti' was originally released in 1992 on Mœnia's failed attempted self-titled debut album known to others as 'El disco perdido' (The Missing album).
Performing
* Juan Carlos Lozano – vocals, guitar
* Jay de la Cueva – percussion, bass
* Paco Huidobro – drums, guitar
* Fanny Chernitsky – backing vocals
* String ensemble
* Beata Kukawska – violin
* Oleg Gouk – violin
* Carlos Rosas Bernal – violin
* Veronica Medina – violin
* Mikhail Gourfinkel – viola
Technical
* Juan Carlos Lozano – record production, audio engineering
* Paco Huidobro – record production
* Jack Chernytzky – musical advising
* Joe Chiccarelli – audio mixing
* Alejandro Giacomán – audio mixing, audio engineering
* Luis Gil – audio engineering
* Luis Cortés (Cuarto de Máquinas) – sound recording
* José María Surrel – record production assistance
Design
* Pico A&D – graphic design
* Yvonne Venegas – photography | WIKI |
Send In the Dogs Australia
Send In the Dogs Australia is an Australian documentary television series about the work of police dogs. first aired on Nine Network on 13 February 2011. The second season aired from 12 October 2011 to the present. | WIKI |
Adscita mannii
Adscita mannii is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Spain, Slovenia and the Balkan Peninsula. The range extends to north-western Turkey.
The larvae possibly feed on Helianthemum species and Fabaceae species, including Onobrychis.
Subspecies
* Adscita mannii mannii
* Adscita mannii atlantica Alberti, 1937 | WIKI |
Configuring Your Cisco 9300 or 9400 Switch for PoE+
To Include PoE+ Devices Like the PoE to USB-C Converter for Surface Go, iPad Pro, Samsung Tab, or Any USB-C device
Home » Learning Center » Learning Center Featured » Configuring Cisco Enterprise for PoE to USB-C
Running Into Charging Issues with Your PoE+ to USB-C Converter or Other PoE Devices?
There’s a little known default feature in your Cisco enterprise switch that prevents you from getting the most out of your PoE+ devices, especially when using a PoE+ to USB-C converter for iPad Pro, Surface Go, Samsung Tab, and other devices.
While your Cisco 9400 or 9300 model switches are rated for PoE+ and capable of negotiating PoE+ class 4 devices, they will default to only negotiating 15.4 watts with your PoE converter unless you configure your switch for 2 event classification. USB-C devices, including the Surface Go and Surface Go 2, require 18 watts or more to charge properly and communicate. You can see why below
In that case, you’ll know the default setting is wrong because:
1 – You’ll see the port only negotiates 15.4 watts of power
2 – Your USB-C device will either not charge properly or will begin to lose battery charge even if it shows it is charging
Click Here to See the Cisco Instructions
Configuring Your Enterprise Switch for 2 Event Classification
Fortunately, it’s a quick, well-documented setting you just need to update for the ports you’re planning to use for your PoE+ device. You can find the instructions from Cisco here:
2 EVENT CLASSIFICATION
Or just go to your switch terminal and follow these steps:
Switch> enable
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# interface gigabitethernet2/0/1
You can also configure multiple ports on a switch at one time by choosing a range like
“gigabitethernet2/0/1-24”
Switch(config-if)# power inline port 2-event
Switch(config-if)# end
Why Doesn’t PoE Texas Just Make Their Devices LLDP Compatible?
You can read our white paper on why PoE LLDP is not compatible with the IEEE 802.3 PoE devices and USB.
Simply put, LLDP and USB are not compatible power standards. They simply work differently.
While we recognize the huge benefits to our customers to not require them to reconfigure their switches, the challenge comes down to what LLDP is and how USB works. LLDP is designed for computers and processors to share vital information with each other at the lowest level possible which works great for an end device like a computer or a phone with a processor on-board and its MAC address, in particular for our case one that can boot and start communicating in a low power mode.
Unfortunately, USB-C devices and the USB protocol doesn’t behave that way. Take a Microsoft Surface Go or an iPad Pro, for example. Their default initial power demands are 18-22 watt PD profiles. If you connect a USB-C hub or dock that offers to provide power to the device without the correct power delivery profiles sufficient to charge the battery, it will reject the device and disable the USB-C port which protects your device from defective or improperly built USB devices. You want that.
On the other hand, it is the end device like the PC or tablet that does LLDP communication with the network once it is connected. So it will not connect to the network through the USB-C port until it has received a correct power profile from the hub. So in this case, the iPad Pro or Surface Go cannot communicate its power requirements back to the network switch until after it has received sufficient power to make the connection.
And, since you’ll likely point out that the LLDP can happen before you connect the power by disabling the USB-C PD, yes, you can conceivably start with a charged tablet negotiating power then turning on the Power Delivery charging. There are two challenges there as well:
1 – We would need to customize the LLDP drivers on all devices which is considered basically a change to the kernal level programming since this communication works at the lowest levels. Device manufacturers control that very carefully and will be slow to consider that change.
2 – Even if we did achieve that level of change, if the device drains the battery for any number of reasons including power outages or being disconnected for a time, the tablet or PC would be unable to charge, boot up, connect LLDP, and start battery charging without the PD profile. Experience has shown customers cannot guarantee that only charged devices will connect to the network.
So, yes, making switch changes does drive an added layer of configuration, the change provides more reliable and consistent performance in all situations with your USB-C device.
Haven’t Found What You Need? We’re Happy To Help Solve Your Problem.
Drop Us a Line to Schedule a One-on-One Consultation
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Kurt Landauer
Kurt Landauer (28 July 1884 – 21 December 1961) was a German football official. His profession was often listed as Kaufmann ("merchant"), he was head of the advertising department of the major Munich daily newspaper Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, considered a precursor to Süddeutsche Zeitung, which commenced publication after World War II. His claim to fame is his four tenures as the president of the football club FC Bayern Munich between 1913 and 1951. To date, he remains the president with the longest time in office.
Landauer was born in Planegg (close to Munich), and joined Bayern in 1901 as a player. He had to leave for Lausanne shortly afterwards, but returned to Munich in 1905. In 1913 he was elected president of the club for the first time but World War I ended his tenure in 1914. When Landauer returned to Munich after the war he was elected for a second tenure as president. This lasted until 1933 with a one-year intermission in 1921–22. He was the first to take the club to national championship honours, when Bayern defeated Eintracht Frankfurt in the final of 1932. Again Landauer was forced to leave the club due to political events. The rise of the Nazis to power made him resign office on 22 March 1933.
Being Jewish, Landauer was arrested by the Nazis on 10 November 1938 and transported to KZ Dachau. Because of his military service in World War I, he was allowed to leave Dachau after 33 days under arrest. He emigrated to Switzerland on 15 March 1939. Only one of his family members survived the Holocaust. In 1940 Bayern Munich went to Geneva for a friendly against the Swiss national team. When the players spotted Landauer, who was amongst the spectators they went to greet their former president. The Gestapo was not amused and threatened that this behaviour would have consequences.
In 1947 Landauer returned a third time to Munich and was once again appointed club president. This tenure lasted until 1951 when he was not elected again. Landauer died on 21 December 1961 in Munich.
Up to now he is the club's president with the longest accumulated tenure, Wilhelm Neudecker (†) (1962–79), widely considered as the "father of the modern FC Bayern", and Franz Beckenbauer (1994–2009) being the ones with the longest periods in office after him.
In autumn 2014 the Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation (Bayerischer Rundfunk) initiated a transmedia project on the life of Kurt Landauer. This project included a TV-series, social media and an augmented reality app. | WIKI |
Julien Stéphan
Julien Stéphan (born 18 September 1980) is a French professional football manager and former player who is currently the manager of Ligue 1 club Rennes. As a player, he was as a defensive midfielder. From December 2018 to March 2021, Stéphan managed his hometown club Rennes, winning the 2018–19 Coupe de France, before managing Strasbourg from July 2021 to January 2023. In November 2023, he was reappointed as manager of Rennes.
Early life
Stéphan was born in Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.
Managerial career
On 3 December 2018, Sabri Lamouchi was sacked as manager of Ligue 1 club Rennes due to poor results. While initially given a role as interim manager, Stéphan was given the permanent role nine days later after a string of victories including against Astana in the UEFA Europa League, qualifying Rennes for their first ever European knockout round. After dispatching Real Betis, the club lost 4–3 on aggregate to Arsenal in the last 16.
Stéphan led Rennes to their first trophy in 48 years on 27 April 2019 in the Coupe de France, beating Paris Saint-Germain 6–5 in a penalty shoot-out in the final after drawing 2–2. He faced the same opponents on 3 August in the 2019 Trophée des Champions, a 2–1 loss. In the 2019–20 season, Stéphan's Rennes team finished in third place when the season was curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic, therefore qualifying for the first time to the UEFA Champions League. He resigned on 1 March 2021, after four straight defeats and seven games without a win.
In July 2021, Stéphan was appointed as manager of Ligue 1 club Strasbourg. In his first season, he led the club to a sixth-place finish in the top flight, a first since the 1979–80 season. In January 2023, with Strasbourg sitting in nineteenth place with one win from seventeen games, Stéphan was sacked.
Personal life
Stéphan is the son of France national team assistant manager Guy Stéphan and the brother of Guillaume Stéphan, also a former footballer.
Manager
Rennes B
* Championnat de France Amateur: 2016–17
* Championnat de France Amateur 2: 2015–16
Rennes
* Coupe de France: 2018–19 | WIKI |
Perella Weinberg to buy Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co
The boutique mergers-and-acquisitions shop Perella Weinberg Partners is buying Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co. (TPH), a small energy-focused investment bank. TPH's energy practice will continue to operate under its name, while the combined entity will take on Perella's name. "We recognize the preeminent role that TPH has built as an energy banker in North America, the respect it has earned in the industry, and its leadership and strong voice in Houston," Perella's CEO, Robert Steel, said in a statement. "We believe TPH's strong suite of asset management strategies and solutions are poised to benefit from recovery in the energy market and well-suited to drive further growth and value for investors." TPH lead Encana's $7.1 billion deal for Athlon in 2014, WPX's $2.75 billion deal for RKI, and Statoil's $4.7 billion acquisition of Brigham, according to the statement. Perella has advised on more than $1 trillion worth of deals since the firm's inception, including, recently, AT&T's $109 billion deal for Time Warner. Here's the press release: NEW YORK & HOUSTON--( BUSINESS WIRE)--Perella Weinberg Partners ("PWP") and Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co. ("TPH") today announced that they have entered into a definitive transaction agreement under which the two companies will combine. The combined firm will be called Perella Weinberg Partners; TPH's energy practice will continue to operate as Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co. Subject to customary conditions, the transaction is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2016. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. PWP's founding investors will remain shareholders in the combined company, with some providing additional growth capital. The combination of these highly complementary firms will create an investment banking and asset management leader well-positioned to grow through increased scale, expertise and geographic reach. The combined firm will provide financial advisory services, asset management solutions, and energy securities research, underwriting and trading services to a broad, global client base. The combined firm will have over $12 billion in assets under management, and more than 650 employees across eight offices in New York, Houston, London, Denver, San Francisco, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Calgary. Robert K. Steel, Chief Executive Officer of Perella Weinberg Partners, said, "The addition of TPH's premier energy capabilities and market presence presents significant opportunities for immediate and long-term growth in service to our clients. We recognize the preeminent role that TPH has built as an energy banker in North America, the respect it has earned in the industry, and its leadership and strong voice in Houston. This combination will enable us together to build further on the great achievements of TPH. We believe TPH's strong suite of asset management strategies and solutions are poised to benefit from recovery in the energy market and well-suited to drive further growth and value for investors. The combination also adds TPH's securities business, renowned for its deep domain research and thought-leadership, which will strengthen our ability to provide industry knowledge. We are excited to work together to better serve our clients." "TPH will continue as it is today - fast moving, knowledgeable, creative, and specialized," added Steel. "With deep roots in Texas and the energy industry, we are dedicated to furthering TPH's strong and distinctive commitment to Houston, the energy capital of the world." Robert B. Tudor, III, Chairman and CEO of Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co, said, "Perella Weinberg Partners has a terrific reputation as a trusted advisor to executives at the world's leading corporations and a culture of superior client service. We believe our clients and employees will benefit meaningfully from a TPH with broader global reach, expertise in new areas, and greater access to capital. Our longstanding personal and professional relationships with PWP's leadership team give us great confidence that the two firms will be even better together. We look forward to partnering with Perella Weinberg Partners and are eager to capitalize on the opportunities this combination presents to better serve both firms' clients." Joseph R. Perella, Chairman of Perella Weinberg Partners, stated, "In our 11th year, we continue to grow and are having one of the best years for our franchise. In the advisory business, we continue to work with some of the largest, most admired companies around the world on complex assignments where trust and experience matter most. In asset management, we have grown AUM more than 20% this year, and interest in our firm on the part of investment managers has never been greater. In combination with TPH's strong year and continued outstanding performance, this transaction promises to extend the momentum and positions us well for the years ahead." Strategic Rationale Clients of both firms will benefit from a differentiated M&A franchise offering expanded expertise in its services and sector coverage. The combined advisory business will have deep expertise in key industry verticals that are among the most important and strategically active sectors of the global economy -- energy, healthcare, consumer/retail, TMT, industrials and financial institutions. This transaction will deliver to TPH an expanded Middle East and European footprint and complementary offerings such as restructuring, while augmenting expertise in other areas, such as shareholder activism advice and capital markets. Perella Weinberg Partners' clients will gain access to differentiated energy expertise across TPH's advisory, research, capital markets and asset management platforms. The combination will result in a firm with expanded reach and enhanced distribution, enabling deeper penetration in energy-adjacent sectors, such as chemicals and diversified industrials. Steel continued, "The combined firm will also be well-positioned to play a leading role in the evolution of the energy sector. As innovation accelerates and renewables grow, our deep expertise in energy will equip us to help clients navigate this transformation." R. Maynard Holt, TPH Co-President and Co-Head of Investment Banking, added "Our mission from day one was to drive towards being a preeminent global advisor and clear thought leader in energy. We are particularly excited about PWP's longstanding Middle Eastern presence and relationships, its restructuring business as well as the firm's global footprint. For our clients, 'TPH 2025' can now be delivered in 2017." This transaction will add nearly $2 billion of AUM to Perella Weinberg Partners' asset management business and accelerate growth through the combination of TPH's energy investment offerings and Perella Weinberg Partners' asset management business. The platform will offer a diverse suite of solutions in public markets, private markets and an outsourced chief investment officer solution, supported by marketing with a proven track record of raising assets across the alternatives landscape. TPH's energy securities business, including the Morning Note and other research publications, will continue unchanged as a cornerstone for industry knowledge, underpinning the continued growth of the firm's suite of capital markets offerings and providing attractive opportunities for the firm's growth. Leadership Perella Weinberg Partners will be led by Chairman Joseph R. Perella, Chief Executive Officer Robert K. Steel, Head of Advisory Peter A. Weinberg, and Co-Head of Asset Management Tarek Abdel-Meguid. Aaron Hood, previously Chief Financial Officer for Perella Weinberg Partners, will join Mr. Meguid as a Co-Head of Perella Weinberg Partners' Asset Management business. Alexandra Pruner, previously Chief Financial Officer of TPH, will assume the role of Chief Financial Officer of Perella Weinberg Partners. R. Maynard Holt will assume the role of TPH Chief Executive Officer while Robert B. Tudor III, who has been Chairman and CEO, will continue in his role as Chairman. As Chairman, Mr. Tudor will join the Executive Committee at PWP and will spearhead the drive to capture opportunities created by the combination of the two firms. Dan Pickering will be President and Chief Investment Officer of the energy asset management business, and join the leadership of the combined Asset Management business. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The Prime Minister by Hall Caine.djvu/125
—Apartment of in Soho Square. Same as before. It is night. Curtains are drawn. Only one electric lamp burning on table. Rest of room in shadow. About the table seven men are seated. At back sits, with etc., on either side of him. As the curtain rises their heads are raised and turned half aside, as if listening. There is a low rumble of guns without. stands by one of the windows, holding a curtain slightly aside as if looking out through a narrow aperture. The tumbling dies away. [In a tone of relief and bitter satisfaction.] That's the end of it. The damnable barrage is over. They've gone—escaped! [Turning back into the room.] Not before one of them has been brought down though. [Alarmed.] Brought down?
Rh | WIKI |
[Home]
Summary:ASTERISK-05329: octal interpretation
Reporter:Jörg Straube (grandswiss)Labels:
Date Opened:2005-10-19 23:58:05Date Closed:2011-06-07 14:03:15
Priority:MajorRegression?No
Status:Closed/CompleteComponents:Core/General
Versions:Frequency of
Occurrence
Related
Issues:
Environment:Attachments:
Description:Asterisk interpretes IP address parts (digits between ".") with
leading 0 as octal. (see issue ID: 5476)
RFC3261 does NOT allow octal interpretation.
Reasoning:
- The BNF production of IPv4Address in RFC3261 is
IPv4address = 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT "." 1*3DIGIT
- Each "." part of IPv4address represents a byte.
- An octal representation of a byte would be any number between
0 and 0400
- 0400 is four digits. RFC3261 only allows a maximum of 3 DIGITS.
So, the BNF production is not meant to be octal.
Comments:By: Olle Johansson (oej) 2005-10-20 01:35:09
Does this break communication with anything existing out there that sends octal IP addresses?
By: Tilghman Lesher (tilghman) 2005-10-20 09:02:51
It's important to know your platform for this one. Are you on Linux, BSD, Solaris, or another machine?
The problem is that this is performed by the ast_gethostbyname() routines, and how that is done is platform dependent. If you're running Asterisk on Linux, then the core gethostbyname_r() functionality in glibc is to blame.
If you're running on BSD, there is a possibility that we could do something, because we have a builtin implementation of gethostbyname_r() in utils.c.
By: Olle Johansson (oej) 2005-10-20 09:39:31
I have mailed the sip-implementors list to ask if this is a bug in RFC3261, since I can't believe this to be correct.
By: Jörg Straube (grandswiss) 2005-10-20 17:23:02
See also these RFCs:
RFC1594
======
dot address (dotted address notation)
Dot address refers to the common notation for IP addresses of
the form A.B.C.D; where each letter represents, in DECIMAL,
one byte of a four byte IP address.
RC1123
=====
Whenever a user inputs the identity of an Internet host, it SHOULD
be possible to enter either (1) a host domain name or (2) an IP
address in dotted-DECIMAL ("#.#.#.#") form. The host SHOULD check
the string syntactically for a dotted-DECIMAL number before
looking it up in the Domain Name System.
RFC790 referenced by RFC 791 - Internet Protocol
======
One notation for internet host addresses commonly used divides the
32-bit address into four 8-bit fields and specifies the value of each
field as a DECIMAL number with the fields separated by periods. For
example, the internet address of ISIF is 010.020.000.052.
By: Jörg Straube (grandswiss) 2005-10-20 17:25:16
I'm running asterisk in coLinux.
By: Jörg Straube (grandswiss) 2005-10-20 17:39:44
Programmers please use "inet_pton" instead of "inet_aton".
read "man inet_addr":
...Note that inet_pton() does not accept 1-, 2-, or 3-part dotted addresses;
all four parts must be specified and are interpreted only as DECIMAL values.
This is a narrower input set than that accepted by inet_aton()...
By: Mark Spencer (markster) 2005-10-21 00:17:00
Okay, I think your support material makes a strong enough case to change Asterisk's interpretation. It's fixed in CVS head and I'm marking this pending 1.0. Please confirm it's fixed in CVS head though.
By: Serge Vecher (serge-v) 2005-10-21 12:59:41
+ /* Forge a reply for IP's to avoid octal IP's being interpreted as octal */
perhaps this means "... decimal IPs with leading zeros being interpreted as octal" ?
By: Jörg Straube (grandswiss) 2005-10-22 02:21:00
vechers you're right. The comment in the code gkloepfer mentioned in http://bugs.digium.com/view.php?id=5489 is a little misleading.
I would prefer a comment something like:
/* Translate dotted-decimal string to internal IP address. */
/* Note: use of inet_pton instead of inet_aton avoids octal */
/* interpretation of numbers with leading 0 */
By: Russell Bryant (russell) 2005-11-15 14:07:11.000-0600
If you have any proposed changes for cvs head/1.2, please open a new bug. Thanks!
By: Digium Subversion (svnbot) 2008-01-15 15:51:55.000-0600
Repository: asterisk
Revision: 6838
U trunk/utils.c
------------------------------------------------------------------------
r6838 | markster | 2008-01-15 15:51:55 -0600 (Tue, 15 Jan 2008) | 2 lines
Be sure to avoid octal interpretations of IP's (bug ASTERISK-5329)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://svn.digium.com/view/asterisk?view=rev&revision=6838 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Breakingviews - China is elephant in the room amid 2020 Democrats
SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters Breakingviews) - For Democrats running in the 2020 presidential election, China is the elephant in the room. White House contenders touted better healthcare access, immigration reform and college aid in their first debates. Donald Trump’s trade war with Beijing was only briefly discussed. It’s an awkward topic as many agree with the commander-in-chief. China taking advantage of America through trade and other means was a big theme in the 2016 race. Then, Republican Donald Trump and Democratic Senator Bernie Sanders, who is again running for president, railed against the country for stealing American jobs and racking up a nearly $350 billion trade deficit with the United States that year. In the 2020 race, what has not been said has been more telling. Despite Trump’s plan to meet Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping to possibly restart talks on tariffs over coming days, trade was not a topic in the first debate for 10 candidates on Wednesday, though several named China as the biggest geopolitical threat to America. In Thursday’s debate with the second batch of 10 candidates, only one question focused on China, with businessman Andrew Yang and a few others criticizing U.S. levies on Chinese imports. That’s because the hardline the president has taken with Beijing is one area of common ground. Senator Elizabeth Warren has supported tariffs on Chinese imports. Sanders has said he would renegotiate trade deals and label the People’s Republic a currency manipulator, something the president has also vowed but has not yet done. Democrats have even pressed Trump to be tougher. They worry, along with Republicans, that the president could ease up on telecommunications firm Huawei as part of a trade deal. Fearing back doors that would allow Beijing to spy on U.S. communications, the government has banned firms from selling American-made products to the group. Still, neither Warren, Sanders nor other candidates have made dealing with China, one of the biggest issues facing the current administration, a significant part of their platform. Frontrunner Joe Biden, the former vice president, went as far as to downplay China as a competitive threat, before backtracking after Trump criticized him. Beijing shouldn’t mistake the silence for softness, though. Democrats may be reluctant to back Trump, but America’s tough stance is unlikely to ease no matter who is in the White House. Reuters Breakingviews is the world's leading source of agenda-setting financial insight. As the Reuters brand for financial commentary, we dissect the big business and economic stories as they break around the world every day. A global team of about 30 correspondents in New York, London, Hong Kong and other major cities provides expert analysis in real time. Sign up for a free trial of our full service at https://www.breakingviews.com/trial and follow us on Twitter @Breakingviews and at www.breakingviews.com. All opinions expressed are those of the authors. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Overview
3. Setup
4. Code
5. Conclusion
6. Resources
Introduction
Like every year we were present with Ordina at Devoxx as a sponsor. For this edition I had prepared a demo application with realtime object detection. Our demo was a huge success and is the reason I’m writing this blog post.
In this blog post I’ll explain how to get everything set up to make your own application that uses realtime object detection! All code is available online on our ordina-jworks Github and contains a number of branches with specific implementations.
Overview
Before we dive into the actual code, I’ll explain what technologies I’ve used and how they all come together to form this demo application.
The demo uses the following technologies:
• Electron:
This serves as the multi-platform app container which allows us to write what is essentially a web application, and run it on a variety of operating systems.
• TensorFlow.js:
This is the machine learning library used to run the model for object detection.
• CoCo Dataset:
Stands for Common Objects in Context and is a very large, highly curated dataset of images which have been annotated with one or more of 90 classes.
• CoCo-SSD:
A default implementation by TensorFlow itself utilizing an SSD detector (Single Shot MultiBox Detection). I have downloaded the pre-trained model and it is included in the Github repo
• YoLo V3:
Is an object detection system that looks at the whole image at test time and derives its predictions based on the global context of said image.
• Node.js:
Needed for npm and building the demo app, Electron also provides the option to use bare Node code/packages in the code.
Setup
The demo app uses Electron as the main ‘framework’. The setup for the application is pretty simple, there are just a few dependencies in the package.json:
"engines": {
"node": ">=12.13.0"
},
"dependencies": {
"@tensorflow/tfjs-node": "^1.2.11",
"typescript": "^3.6.4"
},
"devDependencies": {
"electron": "7.0.0",
"electron-packager": "^14.0.6"
}
The main entry point for the application is just under the src folder of the root folder of the project.
The bootstrapping code is also very simple:
const { app, BrowserWindow } = require('electron');
function createWindow () {
let win = new BrowserWindow({
width: 1920,
height: 1080,
webPreferences: {
nodeIntegration: true
}
});
//win.webContents.openDevTools();
win.loadFile('./src/devoxx/site/index.html');
}
app.on('ready', createWindow);
We import the app and BrowserWindow and create a function that creates a new instance of the BrowserWindow class. This instance specifies the configuration for the Electron app. We set the width and height and set the nodeIntegration to true so we can use the file system from within the browser code. We also tell the BrowserWindow instance to load a certain html resource. Finally we bind the app ready event to create the BrowserWindow instance.
Additionally for debugging it can be handy to uncomment the line win.webContents.openDevTools(); as that will open a Chrome DevTools window when the application launches.
Code
The basic code is not too difficult:
window.onload = async () => {
const detector = await Loader.loadCoco(false, path.resolve(__dirname, '../../../'));
const stream = await navigator.mediaDevices
.getUserMedia({
video: {
width: 1280,
height: 720,
frameRate: framerate
}
});
let video = document.querySelector('video');
video.srcObject = stream;
video.onloadedmetadata = () => {
video.play();
};
const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
canvas.width = 1280;
canvas.height = 720;
const context = canvas.getContext('2d');
context.drawImage(video, 0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
await update(video, canvas, context, detector);
};
Once the page is loaded we create our detector instance. This will be used to feed in the image data from the webcam. We also need to fetch a video stream from the webcam, in this example at 720P, as that’s the max resolution for my webcam. Please note that a higher resolution will require considerably more processing power. After we have a stream, we fetch the video tag from the page, assign the stream to it and let it play. We also get our canvas in which we will display the actual video output, the video tag itself is hidden. The canvas allows us to annotate the image with a bounding box and some extra information about the detected objects. Finally we call the update method which will be called for each update.
async function update(video, canvas, context, detector) {
context.drawImage(video, 0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
const detectedClasses = await detector.detect(canvas);
Loader.anotateCanvas(canvas, detectedClasses);
updateList(detectedClasses);
if (enableLiveUpdate) {
setTimeout(update, 1000 / framerate, video, canvas, context, detector);
}
}
This function will function as our update loop/tick. We draw the image to the canvas, just as it was seen by the webcam. We then pass the canvas into the detector which will detect any objects in the image data contained in the canvas. This returns an array of detected classes which contain the type of objects, the score and a bounding box. That information is fed to a utility method that will annotate the canvas with a red rectangle with the coordinates of the bounding and the type of object with its score. The update function will be called again with a very basic (and very limited) framerate timeout.
There is other code, mainly in the coco folder which is mostly taken from the default google implementation and modified to match the needs of this application. One thing worth noting is the changes required to a small piece of code to make the model work faster by allowing it to work asynchronously:
const [maxScores, classes] = this.calculateMaxScores(scores, result[0].shape[1], result[0].shape[2]);
const indexTensor = tf.tidy(() => {
const boxes2 = tf.tensor2d(boxes, [result[1].shape[1], result[1].shape[3]]);
return tf.image.nonMaxSuppression(boxes2, maxScores, maxNumBoxes, 0.5, 0.5);
});
const indexes = indexTensor.dataSync() as Float32Array;
indexTensor.dispose();
Needs to be changed into:
const [maxScores, classes] = this.calculateMaxScores(scores, result[0].shape[1], result[0].shape[2]);
const boxes2 = tf.tensor2d(boxes, [result[1].shape[1], result[1].shape[3]]);
const temp = await tf.image.nonMaxSuppressionAsync(boxes2, maxScores, maxNumBoxes, 0.5, 0.5);
const indexTensor = tf.tidy(() => {
return temp;
});
const indexes = indexTensor.dataSync() as Float32Array;
indexTensor.dispose();
Because the tf.image.nonMaxSuppressionAsyncreturns a Promise the replacement is not as simple as just replacing the method call to the async variant. This however is the only big change that needs to be done (apart from changing some dependencies) to get the application working with full WebGL acceleration.
The application is actually really simple and very easy to understand and tinker with. I strongly encourage you to check out the repo and have a go at getting it up and running by yourself. The other branches contain different solutions with some tweaked code, be sure to also check those out!
Conclusion
Making a cool demo that utilizes machine learning and pre-trained models is not at all that hard. Rapid prototyping with these pre-trained models allows one to quickly see if a certain strategy or desired functionality is workable and merits further development effort. It also provides a way to get started easily in a matter that is extremely hard to master. Retraining or tweaking these models can be very hard and time consuming as it requires an in-depth knowledge of the matter at hand (both mathematics and the actual data). Im my opinion these pre-trained models and other machine learning ‘building blocks’ provide an extremely valuable toolset for developers.
Resources
Kevin is a Principal Java consultant at Ordina, passionate about all Java and JavaScript related technologies. In his role as Competence Leader Internet of Things he uses his knowledge of building custom software to build innovative solutions using new technologies. Currently focussing on the internet of things and sensor networks using LoRa. Loves to tinker with gadgets. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Fujikyu 8500 series
The Fujikyu 8500 series (富士急行8500系) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by the private railway operator Fuji Kyuko (Fujikyu) on Fujisan View Express (富士山ビュー特急) limited-stop services on the Fujikyuko Line in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, since 23 April 2016.
Design
The three-car train was converted from the former 371 series seven-car EMU operated by JR Central from 1991 until November 2014. The design of the rebuilt train was overseen by industrial designer Eiji Mitooka.
Operations
The 8500 series train operates on Fujisan View Express limited-stop services on the 26.6 km Fujikyuko Line in Yamanashi Prefecture, which runs between Ōtsuki and Kawaguchiko.
Formation
The sole three-car set is formed as shown below, with two motored cars and one non-powered trailer car, and car 1 at the Fujisan end.
* KuRo 8551 was converted from former KuMoHa 371-1, MoHa 8601 was converted from former MoHa 370-101, and KuMoHa 8501 was converted from former KuMoHa 371-101.
* Cars 1 and 3 are each fitted with an FPS33E single-arm pantograph.
Interior
Car 1 has an observation lounge area with 2+1 abreast seating bays and some loose seating. Cars 2 and 3 have rotating unidirectional reclining seating arranged 2+2 abreast with a seat pitch of 1000 mm. Car 2 has a wheelchair-accessible seating area and a universal access toilet.
History
Fuji Kyuko announced in December 2014 that it planned to purchase the 371 series trainset from JR Central, and reform it as a three-car set for use during fiscal 2015. The withdrawn 371 series train was moved from Shizuoka to JR East's Nagano Works for rebuilding work in March 2015.
The train entered service on Fujisan View Express limited-stop services from 23 April 2016. | WIKI |
List of proposed currencies
This is a list of proposed currencies. Currencies are listed by their latest significant proposal.
19th century
* Perun, planned to be introduced by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš in Montenegro
* Romanat
20th century
* ANCAP
* Bancor, an international currency proposed by John Maynard Keynes at the Bretton Woods Conference
* Gaucho, between Argentina and Brazil
* Metica, in Mozambique
* Terra
2000s
* Amero, in a currency union for North America consisting of the United States, Canada, and Mexico
* CARICOM currency, for Caribbean states (except the Bahamas)
* Khaleeji, for the Gulf Cooperation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates)
* SUCRE, as part of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas
2010s
* Afro, proposed currency for the African Union to be issued by the African Central Bank, expected to be introduced in the 2020s
* Asian Currency Unit, proposed for the ASEAN +3 or the East Asian Community (including the ASEAN member-states, China, South Korea, and Japan)
* Caribbean guilder, to replace the Netherlands Antillean guilder in Curaçao and Sint Maarten in the 2020s
* East African shilling, for the East African Community (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda)
* Eco, for the West African Monetary Zone (Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, possibly Liberia), planned to be introduced in the 2020s and merged with the CFA franc and eventually the Afro.
* Toman, a replacement for the Iranian rial proposed by the Central Bank of Iran due to hyperinflation | WIKI |
William Link (historian)
William A. Link is an American historian, academic and author. He is a Richard J. Milbauer Professor of History Emeritus at the University of Florida.
Link is most known for his works on the history of the American South. Among his sole-authored works are his publications in academic journals, including the Journal of Southern History, as well as books such as A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society and Reform in Rural Virginia (1986), The Paradox of Southern Progressivism (1992), Southern Crucible: The Making of the American South (2015) and The Last Fire-Eater: Roger A. Pryor and the Search for a Southern Identity (2022).
Education
Link earned his B.A. in History from Davidson College in 1976, subsequently completing an M.A. in American History at the University of Virginia in 1979. He then pursued his PhD in American History at the same institution, completing it in 1981.
Career
At the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, he initially served as an assistant professor of history from 1981 to 1986, followed by appointments as an associate professor (1986 to 1992), and subsequently professor of history (1993–1999) and Lucy Spinks Keker Excellence Professor (1999–2004). Concurrently, he held positions as associate dean of UNCG's College of Arts and Sciences (1995–1998) and head of the Department of History (1998–2004). Moreover, between 2004 and 2022, he held the position of Richard J. Milbauer Professor of History at the University of Florida.
Works
Link has authored various books throughout his career. In 1986, he authored A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia. The book examined the transformation of Virginia's rural schools between 1870 and 1920, emphasizing the impact of localism on education expansion initially, and later, the clash between urban reformers and local communities, resulting in significant changes in governance, curriculum, and the imposition of segregated pedagogy. His 1993 book The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930 explored the cultural conflicts between social reformers and rural communities in the American South during the Progressive Era, highlighting how differing values and approaches ultimately hindered the success of progressive reforms. Through his 2003 book Roots of Secession: Slavery and Politics in Antebellum Virginia he offered a fresh perspective on the politics of secession in antebellum Virginia, highlighting the significant role of African Americans, both enslaved and free, in shaping the state's political landscape and contributing to the onset of the Civil War.
Link, in his book North Carolina: Change and Tradition in Southern State (2009; 2nd edition, 2018) provided a comprehensive exploration of North Carolina's history, tracing its evolution from pre-contact times to the 2008 elections, highlighting the interplay between traditionalism, class, race, gender dynamics, and modernization, offering insight into the state's past and future. The book was reviewed by L. Scott Philyaw, who is a faculty member at Western Carolina University. In his review of the book, he said "Bill Link has written a valuable contribution for college-level classes in North Carolina history. His well-written text is balanced in terms of chronology and topic selection. North Carolina: Change and Tradition in a Southern State is a significant and welcome addition to current North Carolina history texts". His 2013 book Atlanta, Cradle of the New South: Race and Remembering in the Civil War's Aftermath explored the significance of the Civil War and its aftermath, focusing on Atlanta as a pivotal city where the destruction, rebuilding, and struggles for power and identity shaped the transition from the Old South to the New South for both white and African American populations.
In his 2015 publication Southern Crucible: The Making of the American South, Link examined the American South's history, presenting a balanced narrative of its social, political, cultural, and economic evolution over four centuries. His later work included a biography exploring the multifaceted life of Roger A. Pryor, a prominent figure in the American South whose journey from fervent secessionist to post-war reconciler reflects the broader transformations of the region during the 19th century. The book was reviewed by Brianna Frakes, who said "In The Last Fire-Eater, renowned historian William A. Link brings readers into the world of Roger A. Pryor, a man whose life Link argues is emblematic of the American South's transformation during the Civil War era." She further commended the book for focusing significantly on how Pryor had to adapt to the profound transformations brought about by the Civil War and its aftermath, despite not being a comprehensive biography of his entire life. In addition to books, he has authored a variety of publications, encompassing book reviews and articles.
Awards and honors
* 1993, 1995 – North Carolina Mayflower Award, Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of North Carolina
* 2018 – 2019 – President, Southern Historical Association
Books
* A Hard Country and a Lonely Place: Schooling, Society, and Reform in Rural Virginia (1986) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>637
* The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930 (1996) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>899
* Frank Porter Graham: Southern Liberal, Citizen of the World (2021) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>934
Selected articles
* Link, W. A. (1983). Making the Inarticulate Speak: A Reassessment of Public Education in the Rural South, 1870–1920. Journal of Thought, 63–75.
* Link, W. A. (1988). Privies, progressivism, and public schools: health reform and education in the rural South, 1909–1920. The Journal of Southern History, 54(4), 623–642.
* Link, W. A. (1995). William Friday and the North Carolina Speaker Ban Crisis, 1963–1968. The North Carolina Historical Review, 72(2), 198–228.
* Link, W. A. (1998). The Jordan Hatcher Case: Politics and" A Spirit of Insubordination" in Antebellum Virginia. The Journal of Southern History, 64(4), 615–648.
* Link, W. A. (2009). " This Bastard New Virginia": Slavery, West Virginia Exceptionalism, and the Secession Crisis. West Virginia History, 3(1), 37–56. | WIKI |
User:The Original Benny C/sandbox
Methodology
As synthography refers to the method of generating AI visual art, these are the mediums used in the method.
(Note: text-to-speech and speech-to-text are purposely omitted in the table since that can simply be performed by dictation/transcription software and therefore is implied by the 'text' row and column.) | WIKI |
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