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Held Bearing Execution
A held bearing is where a set bearing is automatically executed every maneuvering cycle until stopped. This makes the vessel follow a circular course. This is useful for when a traversal maneuver is required, or when a large heading change needs to be broken down into smaller maneuvers.
The radius of the circular course is determined by the vessel’s speed and the chosen bearing. The Held Bearing Calculator (HBC) on the Impulse Maneuvering panel calculates the required bearing based on the desired course radius and vessel speed.
Usecase: Search Grid
A search grid typically requires a vessel to follow a reciprocating course with a specified distance between so as to ensure efficient and thorough coverage of the search area. Executing a held bearing when the edge of the search area is reached ensures that the next leg of the search pattern is the correct distance.
To execute, the held bearing is engaged at the gird co-ordinates specifying the edge of the search grid. The held bearing continues until the vessel has come about – the vessel’s heading is 180° more (if the maneuver is to port) or less (if the maneuver is to starboard) than the initial heading.
Usecase: Traversal
Above: Example of a circumnavigation maneuver to port. Note that the entry point is used to calculate the approach heading but the bearing to the AO is used to determine when to engage the maneuver.Traversal of an Astronomical Object (AO) can be an efficient way to maintain a course that gains the protection of the AO’s shadow (to mask EM emissions, for example). An impulse traversal should not be confused with establishing orbit, which would be achieved using RCS maneuvering.
Approach Heading
A traversal is calculated against the grid co-ordinates at the centre of the maneuver, which usually the AO’s grid co-ordinates. From this the entry point for the maneuver is calculated, which is used to calculate the approach heading. The entry point for the maneuver is approximated by adding or subtracting the desired traversal radius from either the X or Y axis, depending on the vessel’s heading and whether the maneuver will be to port or starboard.
A guide as to which axis to use is in the table below. Add or subtract the traversal radius to the axis as indicated.
The maneuver will be more accurate the closer to an axis heading (000, 090, 180 or 270) the approach is.
Approach Heading
Maneuver
Axis
315 - 045
Port
+ Y
Starboard
- Y
045 - 135
Port
- X
Starboard
+ X
135 - 225
Port
- Y
Starboard
+ Y
225 - 315
Port
+ X
Starboard
- X
Use the Intercept Bearing Calculator (IBC) to set the correct approach heading to the point.
Engage Bearing
The maneuver will not begin at the entry point. Instead, the beginning of the maneuver is calculated when the AO's grid co-ordinates are abeam.
Once the approach heading is set, enter the AO’s grid co-ordinates (representing the centre of the maneuver) into the IBC. You’ll use the IBC’s bearing display to decide when to engage the held bearing maneuver. When IBC shows a bearing of 090 (for a port maneuver) or -090 (for a starboard maneuver), this means the AO is abeam - engage the maneuver.
The exit point for the maneuver is indicated by the change in the vessel’s heading, based on the desired extent of the traversal.
For example. with a 180° traversal, add (for a port maneuver) or subtract (for a starboard maneuver) 180 to the approach heading. When the vessel’s heading reaches this heading, disengage the maneuver. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Number of possible Superkeys in DBMS
Prerequisite – Relational Model Introduction and Codd Rules
Any subset of attributes of a table that can uniquely identify all the tuples of that table is known as a Super key. Its different from the primary and candidate keys in the sense that only the minimal superkeys are the candidate/primary keys.
This means that from a super key when we remove all the attributes that are unnecessary for its uniqueness, only then it becomes a primary/candidate key. So, in essence, all primary/candidate keys are super keys but not all superkeys are primary/candidate keys. By the formal definition of a Relation(Table), we know that the tuples of a relation are all unique. So the set of all attributes itself is a super key.
Counting the possible number of superkeys for a table is a common question for GATE. The examples below will demonstrate all possible types of questions on this topic.
• Example-1 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1,a2,a3} & a1 is the candidate key. Then how many super keys are possible?
Here, any superset of a1 is the super key.
Super keys are = {a1, a1 a2, a1 a3, a1 a2 a3}
Thus we see that 4 Super keys are possible in this case.
In general, if we have ‘N’ attributes with one candidate key then the number of possible superkeys are 2(N – 1).
• Example-2 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an}. Find Super key of R.
Maximum Super keys = 2n – 1.
If each attribute of relation is candidate key.
• Example-3 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an} and the candidate key is “a1 a2 a3” then the possible number of super keys?
Following the previous formula, we have 3 attributes instead of one. So, here the number of possible superkeys are 2(N-3).
• Example-4 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an} and the candidate keys are “a1”, “a2” then the possible number of super keys?
This problem now is slightly different since we now have two different candidate keys instead of only one. Tackling problems like these is shown in the diagram below:
→ |A1 ∪ A2| = |A1| + |A2| – |A ∩ A2|
= (superkeys possible with candidate key A1) + (superkeys possible with candidate key A2)
– (common superkeys from both A1 and A2)
= 2(n-1) + 2(n-1) – 2(n-2)
• Example-5 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an} and the candidate keys are “a1”, “a2 a3” then the possible number of super keys?
Super keys of(a1) + Super keys of(a2 a3) – Super keys of(a1 a2 a3)
⇒ 2(n – 1) + 2(n – 2) – 2(n – 3)
• Example-6 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an} and the candidate keys are “a1 a2”, “a3 a4” then the possible number of super keys?
Super keys of(a1 a2) + Super keys of(a3 a4) – Super keys of(a1 a2 a3 a4)
⇒ 2(n – 2) + 2(n – 2) – 2(n – 4)
• Example-7 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an} and the candidate keys are “a1 a2”, “a1 a3” then the possible number of super keys?
Super keys of(a1 a2) + Super keys of(a1 a3) – Super keys of(a1 a2 a3)
⇒ 2(n – 2) + 2(n – 2) – 2(n – 3)
• Example-8 : Let a Relation R have attributes {a1, a2, a3,…,an} and the candidate keys are “a1”, “a2”, “a3” then the possible number of super keys?
In this question, we have 3 different candidate keys. Tackling problems like these are shown in the diagram below.
→ |A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3| = |A1| + |A2| + |A3| – |A1 ∩ A2| – |A1 ∩ A3| – |A2 ∩ A3| + |A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3|
= (superkeys possible with candidate key A1) + (superkeys possible with candidate key A2) + (superkeys possible with candidate key A3) – (common superkeys from both A1 and A2) – (common superkeys from both A1 and A3) – (common superkeys from both A2 and A3) + (common superkeys from both A1, A2 and A3)
= 2(n-1) + 2(n-1) + 2(n-1) – 2(n-2) – 2(n-2) – 2(n-2) + 2(n-3)
• Example-9 : A relation R(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H)and set of functional dependencies are
CH → G,
A → BC,
B → CFH,
E → A,
F → EG
Then how many possible super keys are present ?
Step 1:- First of all, we have to find what the candidate keys are:-
as we can see in given functional dependency D is missing but in relation, D is given so D must be a prime attribute of the Candidate key.
A+ = E+ = B+ = F+ = all attributes of a relation except D
So, Ck’s are = AD, BD, ED, FD
Step 2:-Find superkeys due to single candidate key
there is a two possibility of attribute either we select or not hence there will be 2 chances so,
A_ _D_ _ _ _ = _ B_ D_ _ _ _ = _ _ _ DE _ _ _ = _ _ _ D_F_ _ = 26
Step 3:-Find superkeys due to combination of two CK’s
so,
n(AD ∩ BD) = n(AD ∩ ED) = n(AD ∩ FD) = n(BD ∩ ED) = n(BD ∩ FD) = n(ED ∩ FD) = 25
Step 4:-Find supekeys due to combination of three CK’s
so,
n(AD ∩ BD ∩ ED) = n(AD ∩ ED ∩ FD) = n(ED ∩ BD ∩ FD) = n(BD ∩ FD ∩ AD) = 24
Step 5:-Find superkeys due to all so,
n(AD ∩ BD ∩ ED ∩ FD) = AB_DEF_ _ = 23
so according to inclusion- exclusion principle :-
|W ∪ X ∪ Y ∪ Z| = |W| + |X| + |Y| + |Z| – |W ∩ X| – |W ∩ Y| – |W ∩ Z| – |X ∩Y| – |X ∩ Z| – |Y ∩ Z| + |W ∩ X ∩ Y| + |W ∩ X ∩ Z| + |W ∩ Y ? Z| + |X ∩ Y ∩ Z| – |W ∩ X ∩ Y ∩ Z|
#Supekeys = 4 * 26 – 6 * 25 + 4 * 24 – 23 = 120
So the number of superkeys are 120. This explanation is contributed by YaduvanshiRishi.
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Opinion | True Islam Does Not Kill Blasphemers
The Quran has 6,236 verses, none of which tell the faithful to stifle blasphemy by force. Contributing Opinion Writer The agony of Asia Bibi, a 54-year-old Roman Catholic and mother of five, shows there is something rotten in her country, Pakistan — and in the broader world of Islam. She was arrested for blasphemy in 2009 after Muslim co-workers on a destitute farm denounced her for merely drinking from the same cup and, during the subsequent quarrel, for “insulting Prophet Muhammad” — a charge Ms. Bibi always denied. Yet she was convicted in 2010 and spent the next eight years in solitary confinement, on death row. Luckily, Pakistan’s Supreme Court last month saved her from execution, clearing her of the charges and also setting her free. But Pakistan’s militant Islamists, especially those in the notorious Tehreek-e-Labbaik religious party, which is obsessed with punishing blasphemers, were enraged. They forced the government of Prime Minister Imran Khan to accept a court petition to reverse the case and bar Ms. Bibi from leaving the country. She and her family, fearing vigilante violence, went into hiding. I am hoping that the traumatized family will be able to leave Pakistan safely, to find asylum in some free nation. As a Muslim, I feel ashamed of the cruelty they have suffered at the hands of people who act in the name of my faith. Of course, in this story there are righteous Muslims to be proud of as well. They include the Supreme Court judges, whose prudent decision that saved Ms. Bibi noted the Prophet Muhammad’s tolerance for Christians. They include Punjabi politician Salman Taser, who stood up for Ms. Bibi in 2011, only to be assassinated for that by his own bodyguard. They include three British imams, who recently joined the campaign to grant asylum to Ms. Bibi in Britain. In other words, the militant Islamists who want to kill all blasphemers, real or perceived, do not define Islam. But they do define a fanatic, ferocious, dangerous strain within Islam. This strain has led to various attacks on freedom of expression, the bedrock of civilization, over the past three decades. The first one was the Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s infamous 1989 “death fatwa” calling for the execution of the author Salman Rushdie for his irreverent novel, “The Satanic Verses.” Then came the violent reactions to cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad published by the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten in 2005. Terrorist attacks on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo followed. And among nations like Pakistan, Iran, Sudan and Saudi Arabia, Ms. Bibi is only one of the many victims of blasphemy laws. Muslims who support such violent or oppressive responses to blasphemy are missing two important points. One is that it is them, not the blasphemers, who are defaming Islam, by presenting it as an immature tradition that has little room for civilized discourse. The second point is that their zealotry is not as religiously grounded as they think. To see this, one must look at the Quran — the most fundamental and only undisputed source of Islam. Most notably, throughout all of its 6,236 verses, it never tells Muslims to silence blasphemy with force. It tells them only to respond with dignity. This appears in the Quranic verses that addressed the tensions between the earliest Muslims and other communities nearby. “You are sure to hear much that is hurtful from those who were given the Scripture before you and from those who associate others with God,” one such verse tells Muslims, only to add, “If you are steadfast and mindful of God, that is the best course.” [3:186] Another Quranic verse holds up as model Muslims “those who walk humbly on the earth, and who, when the foolish address them, reply, ‘Peace.’” [25:63] Yet another verse addresses the issue of mockery, telling Muslims that when they hear people who ridicule “God’s revelations,” they should just “not sit with them.” [4:140] However, as Islamic jurisprudence developed over the centuries, much was added to the spirit of the Quran, based often on dubious reports about the words and deeds of the prophet. Blasphemy, in particular sabb al-rasul, or “insulting the prophet,” gradually became a capital crime — but only with objections from prominent jurists like Abu Hanifa, the eighth-century founder of one of the four main Sunni schools. A bigger sin than insulting the prophet is disbelief in God, he reasoned, but Islam decrees no punishment for that. Today, Pakistan’s liberals, most of whom are faithful Muslims, are referring to such sources in the Islamic tradition to argue against blasphemy laws. They are right. Those laws should be abandoned — in Pakistan and elsewhere. At the same time, Muslim opinion leaders should help their societies understand that these laws serve not the honor of Islam, but much more mundane interests — for example, persecuting non-Muslim minorities out of greed or jealousy, or silencing Muslims themselves who criticize and challenge the powers that be. And all Muslims of good faith should stand up more forcefully for people like Asia Bibi, who is falsely accused of blasphemy. Also, they should tolerate those who really do blaspheme and at most “not sit with them,” as the Quran counsels. They should walk away, saying, “Peace.” Mustafa Akyol is a senior fellow on Islam and modernity at the Cato Institute and the author, most recently, of “The Islamic Jesus.” Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook and Twitter (@NYTopinion). | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
At the time of Charles III’s ascension to the Spanish throne (August 1759), Great Britain and France were embroiled in the Seven Years’ War. Having suffered a number of setbacks in battles, France managed to negotiate a treaty with the new king - the Family Compact - which was signed in August 1761 and stated that Spain had to prepare for a war against Britain.
Determined to counter the Spanish hostility, the British quickly targeted Spanish-colonised Philippines and in 1762 they arrived in Manila. The British Empire was particularly seeking to use the city as a hub for trade with Asia, and China in particular.
The British fleet arrived in September 1762 and the expedition, led by Brigadier-General William Draper and Rear-Admiral Samuel Cornish, captured Manila quickly. Much of their ease was dye to the death of Governor-General of the Philippines Pedro Manuel Arandia, who was eventually replaced by Archbishop of Manila Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra. This led to many mistakes being made during the attacks, resulting in the British repeatedly taking command of key landmarks in Manila.
Once Manila had fallen to the British, they set their sights on other important settlements around the islands. In the end, the Spanish-Filipino forces managed to keep them confined to the single region, but the British still managed to cause significant damage and even secured a ransom and written surrender from Rojo on 30th October 1762.
In spite of the apparent surrender, Don Simón de Anda y Salazar, who was dispatched by the Royal Audience of Manila to defend the city against the British, rejected the action as illegal. In fact, he claimed the title of Governor-General for himself under the statutes of the Council of the Indies and led Spanish-Filipino forces that kept the British troops under control. In addition, he managed to redirect the Manila galleon trade so the British couldn’t capture the ships or the products that were on board. This quickly led to desertion within the British ranks and placed the expedition in a difficult position.
On 10th February 1763, the Seven Years’ War was ended by the Peace of Paris treaty, which dictated which lands belonged to which kingdom. While overseen by Portugal, the treaty was primarily signed by France, Spain and Great Britain, who agreed that all lands not specified would fall under Spanish control. However, the signatories at the time were unaware that the British were in control of Manila. As a result, the Philippines were ignored in the treaty and were left to the Spanish Crown. Anda quickly enforced the agreement and the British were forced to withdraw from the archipelago.
"The British invasion". HistoryLearning.com. 2023. Web. | FINEWEB-EDU |
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Healthcare Worker Evaluation
The affected healthcare worker should be tested for the presence of hepatitis C, as well. If the source patient is not infected, then no further evaluation of the affected healthcare worker is needed.
If the source patient is positive for hepatitis C or if the hepatitis C status is unknown, the healthcare worker should be tested for anti- hepatitis C antibodies within 48 hours of the exposure.13 If the antibody test is positive, the worker should be tested for hepatitis C RNA; if the RNA test is positive at that time the healthcare worker has a pre-existing hepatitis C infection. If the initial hepatitis C RNA test is negative, a re-test should be done at least three weeks later. If this is negative, no more testing is needed. If it is positive, a hepatitis C infection is present.
If the antibody test is negative, a test for hepatitis C RNA should be done at least three weeks later; a positive test confirms an infection.13 Donation of blood, organs, plasma, semen, and tissue should not be done before the hepatitis C status has been determined. The need for tetanus vaccination should also be considered. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Why Trump can't lead the war against white supremacy (Opinion)
John Avlon is a CNN senior political analyst. The opinions expressed in this commentary are his own. View more opinion articles on CNN. (CNN)Twenty-four hours in America: two mass shootings perpetrated by young white men wielding weapons of war and killing 31 people. At least one of them -- the El Paso shooter -- may have been motivated by white supremacist ideology. In a manifesto police believe belongs to the shooter, he allegedly warned of a "Hispanic invasion" of Texas. One week ago, the Gilroy shooter reportedly cited a white supremacist tract in his online postings. We have reached a horrific tipping point where, according to think tank New America, more Americans have been killed by white supremacist terrorists than Islamist terrorists in the 18 years since 9/11. With hate crimes on the rise, this "American carnage" has only increased since Donald Trump became president -- contrary to his inaugural address promise. Instead of clearly confronting this outbreak of hate, he's often fanned the flames of fanaticism. Trump has repeatedly demonized undocumented immigrants, while his budgets tried to cut or consolidate offices at the Department of Homeland Security focused on domestic terrorism. He's overturned executive orders requiring background checks for the mentally ill, and called for sometimes violent, left-wing Antifa protestors to be designated a domestic terror group -- all while denying until his White House speech on Monday that white supremacist violence is a growing problem. But while he checked the box by mentioning white supremacy once in his speech, his own law enforcement agencies have been warning about the rising tide of violence for a while. Back in May, CNN's Evan Perez reported that the FBI had "seen a significant rise in the number of white supremacist domestic terrorism cases in recent months." Last week, FBI Director Christopher Wray confirmed to Congress that the Bureau has made roughly 100 domestic terror arrests in the past nine months, and that most involve white supremacy -- calling it a "persistent, pervasive threat" to the US. The data backs that up. Hate crimes rose 17% during the first year of Trump's presidency, according to the FBI. The Anti-Defamation League found that white supremacist murders in the US "more than doubled in 2017," with far-right groups and white supremacists "responsible for 59% of all extremist-related fatalities in the US in 2017" -- almost triple the percentage from the year before. And a Washington Post analysis by Ayal Feinberg, Regina Branton and Valerie Martinez-Ebers at the Monkey Cage blog found a stunning 226% increase in hate crimes among counties that hosted a Trump rally in 2016. None of this happens in a vacuum. And while no person can be directly blamed for another's actions, there are plenty of signs that Trump's rhetoric has contributed to this climate of hate. Remember this rally in the Florida panhandle where the President asked, "How can you stop" the flow of undocumented immigrants? Someone yelled "Shoot them!" The crowd laughed, and Trump smiled. And, on the day of the New Zealand massacre, Trump not only denied that white supremacist violence was on the rise, he said this about our southern border: "People hate the word invasion, but that's what it is." It's a riff he's hit more than a dozen times -- at rallies and in tweets ("I am stopping an invasion as the Wall gets built"). This is the strategy: the President's campaign has pushed similar messages on Facebook that say "It's CRITICAL that we STOP THE INVASION." This rhetoric resonates with white supremacists. We've seen the language of "invasion" used at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh, the New Zealand mosque massacre, the Poway synagogue near San Diego and now likely at a Walmart full of back-to-school shoppers in El Paso. The victims are Jewish, Muslim and now Hispanic, minorities targeted because these white supremacist terrorists fear what they call "replacement" -- the very term neo-Nazis chanted in Charlottesville, Virginia, two years ago. We've also seen too many of these terrorists express approval of the President's policies -- including the armed loser who unleashed his hate in El Paso after allegedly writing that he was "defending" his country from the results of an "invasion." There is a feedback loop with hate and extremism, cascading copy-cat violence and a pattern of white supremacists citing each other -- and the President -- in online forums like 8chan, where hate and conspiracy theories proliferate. It's no wonder that just last week we saw an FBI field office warn that conspiracy theories could constitute a new domestic terror threat. As of Monday morning, 8chan had been taken offline, and Trump specifically called out plans to crack down on the recesses of the internet, blaming it, video games and mental health for the epidemic of gun violence. He declared a determination to institute the death penalty for mass murder hate crimes. But gun reforms -- even universal background checks -- were absent from his text, as was any assumption of responsibility for his rhetoric. Countries around the world have mental health challenges, video games and access to the dark web. But ours is the only one with this persistent problem of gun violence -- combined with the growing threat of white nationalist terror. It's uncomfortable to confront the idea that the American President has contributed to this climate of hate. But his words and actions make that case. Trump has a credibility chasm when it comes to combating white nationalism. Whatever your politics, it's hard to argue with Ohio Rep. Tim Ryan's take: "White nationalists think he's a white nationalist and that's the crux of the problem." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Glutathione IV Therapy
Glutathione IV Therapy: How Glutathione Benefits The Body
If you’re curious about how this innovative treatment can benefit your body and overall well-being, then keep on reading. Glutathione is not just a trending buzzword in the wellness industry; it’s a powerhouse antioxidant that could be the missing piece to achieving your health goals.
Let’s explore what Glutathione IV Therapy has to offer and how it can elevate your lifestyle.
What is Glutathione and its Role in the Body?
Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant naturally produced in the body. It plays a crucial role in detoxifying harmful substances, neutralizing free radicals, and boosting the immune system. This tripeptide is composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. Known as the “master antioxidant,” glutathione helps protect cells from oxidative stress and damage.
In addition to its antioxidant properties, glutathione supports various bodily functions such as DNA synthesis, protein repair, and enzyme activation. It also plays a key role in promoting skin health and supporting overall well-being. However, factors like aging, poor diet, stress, and environmental toxins can deplete glutathione levels in the body.
Supplementation with Glutathione IV Therapy can help replenish these levels effectively to support optimal health and vitality.
Benefits of Glutathione IV Therapy
Reduces Oxidative Stress
One of the key advantages is its powerful antioxidant properties, which help to combat free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This can lead to improved immune function, enhanced detoxification processes, and overall better health.
Important Read: Glutathione IV Therapy in Kolkata – What Is It And Do You Need It?
Improves Skin Health
Additionally, glutathione plays a crucial role in skin health and appearance. Many people turn to glutathione IV therapy for its potential skin brightening effects, as it may help reduce pigmentation issues and promote a more even complexion.
Boost Energy Level
Furthermore, this treatment has been linked to increased energy levels and improved athletic performance due to its ability to support muscle recovery and reduce inflammation. Athletes often seek out glutathione IV therapy as part of their recovery regimen.
Incorporating glutathione IV therapy into your wellness routine can provide numerous benefits that contribute to optimal health and vitality.
How is Glutathione Administered?
Glutathione IV Therapy involves the administration of glutathione directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous line. This method allows for maximum absorption and effectiveness of the antioxidant within the body.
Before starting the therapy, a healthcare provider will assess your health condition and determine the appropriate dosage of glutathione for your specific needs. The procedure is typically performed in a clinical setting by trained medical professionals to ensure safety and efficacy.
During the administration process, a small needle connected to an IV bag containing glutathione is inserted into a vein in your arm or hand. The infusion may take anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour, depending on the prescribed dose and individual response to treatment.
It is important to follow all instructions provided by your healthcare provider regarding preparation before therapy, as well as any post-treatment care recommendations. Regular sessions may be required to maintain optimal levels of glutathione in the body for continued benefits.
Who Can Benefit From Glutathione IV Therapy?
If you’re someone who struggles with skin issues like hyperpigmentation, acne, or uneven skin tone, Glutathione IV Therapy may be beneficial for you. This treatment can help improve the appearance of your skin by brightening and evening out your complexion.
Individuals looking to boost their immune system and overall health can also benefit from Glutathione IV Therapy. By increasing the levels of this powerful antioxidant in your body, you can strengthen your immune response and protect yourself against various illnesses.
Moreover, if you lead a busy lifestyle and often feel fatigued or run-down, Glutathione IV Therapy could provide you with the energy boost you need to keep up with your demanding schedule. This treatment can help enhance your energy levels and promote overall well-being.
Whether you’re looking to enhance the health of your skin, boost your immune system, or increase your energy levels, Glutathione IV Therapy may be just what you need to feel rejuvenated inside and out.
Risks and Side Effects of Glutathione IV Therapy
Glutathione IV therapy, like any medical treatment, comes with potential risks and side effects to consider. While generally considered safe for most individuals, some may experience mild reactions such as headaches, nausea, or dizziness during or after the infusion. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before undergoing this therapy to discuss any pre-existing conditions that could impact its safety.
In rare cases, more serious side effects like allergic reactions or injection site infections can occur. Monitoring your body’s response to the treatment is crucial in identifying any adverse effects early on. Additionally, improper administration of glutathione IV therapy by untrained individuals could lead to complications.
To minimize risks associated with this treatment, ensure that you receive it from a reputable and experienced healthcare professional or clinic specializing in IV therapies. Prioritize your health and well-being by staying informed about the potential side effects and seeking guidance from qualified experts when considering glutathione IV therapy.
Is Glutathione IV Therapy Right for You?
Considering Glutathione IV Therapy? It’s crucial to understand if it’s the right fit for you. This treatment is popular for its antioxidant properties and potential benefits, but individual results may vary. Before diving in, consult with a healthcare professional to assess your specific needs and health goals.
Factors like medical history, current health status, and desired outcomes play a role in determining suitability for Glutathione IV Therapy. If you’re seeking overall wellness enhancement or addressing certain skin conditions, this therapy could be beneficial.
However, it’s essential to weigh the pros and cons before proceeding. Be aware of any potential risks or side effects associated with the treatment. Transparency with your provider about expectations and concerns is key to making an informed decision.
The decision rests on aligning your objectives with what Glutathione IV Therapy can offer in improving your well-being.
Frequently Asked Questions About Glutathione IV Therapy
How long does a glutathione IV session take?
The duration of a session can vary depending on the clinic and individual needs, but it typically lasts around 30-60 minutes.
How often should I get glutathione IV therapy?
Frequency of sessions can differ based on your goals and health condition. It’s best to consult with a healthcare provider like Image Clinic to determine the ideal schedule for you.
Is glutathione IV therapy safe?
When administered by trained professionals in a reputable clinic like Image Clinic, glutathione IV therapy is generally considered safe with minimal side effects.
Can anyone undergo glutathione IV therapy?
While most people can benefit from this treatment, it’s essential to discuss your medical history and any existing conditions with a healthcare provider before starting.
Conclusion
Glutathione IV Therapy offers a range of benefits for overall health and wellness. From its powerful antioxidant properties to its skin brightening effects, glutathione has become a popular choice for those looking to boost their immune system, improve their complexion, and enhance their overall well-being.
If you are considering trying Glutathione IV Therapy, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider like Image Clinic to determine if it is the right option for you. While the therapy can offer numerous advantages, it is essential to be aware of any potential risks or side effects that may arise.
Individual results may vary, and what works for one person may not work the same way for another. With proper guidance and medical supervision, incorporating Glutathione IV Therapy into your wellness routine could potentially lead to positive outcomes and improved quality of life.
Whether you are interested in boosting your immune system, enhancing your skin tone, or simply supporting your body’s natural detoxification processes, Glutathione IV Therapy may be worth exploring as part of your health and wellness journey.
So, why wait, contact Image Clinic right now for more information.
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Buxton Powder House
The Buxton Powder House is a historic military storage magazine in Buxton, Maine. Built in 1813, this small brick building housed the community's military supplies during the War of 1812, and is one of three such structures to survive in the state. It is located in a field off Long Plains Road near the center of the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
Description and history
The Buxton Powder Magazine is a small brick building, about 10 x in size, with a pyramidal roof and a granite foundation. It stands in a wooded area, about 250 m west of Long Plains Road (Maine State Route 22). Its walls are about 1 ft thick. A heavy wooden door is attached via two wrought iron hinges. The walls of the interior are lined with wooden shelves.
After the War of 1812 broke out in March 1812, the town voted to construct a magazine for the storage of its military supplies, which had been held in a private residence. This building was completed in 1813 by Theodore Elwell for $59, and was used to house the town supply of gunpowder, lead ball, flints, and other supplies. It is only one of three such town-built structures in the state; the others are in Hallowell and Wiscasset. | WIKI |
Multiscale modeling of ductile fracture in solids
Doktorsavhandling, 2017
Ductile fracture occurs in many situations of engineering relevance, for example metal cutting and crashworthiness applications, where the fracture process is important to understand and predict. Increased understanding can be gained by using multiscale modeling, where the effective response of the material is computed from microscale simulations on Statistical Volume Elements (SVEs) 1 containing explicit models for the nucleation and propagation of microscopic cracks. However, development of accurate and numerically stable models for failure is challenging already on a single scale. In a multiscale setting, the modeling of propagating cracks leads to additional difficulties. Choosing suitable boundary conditions on the SVE is particularly challenging, because conventional boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann and strong periodic) are inaccurate when cracks are present in the SVE. Furthermore, the scale transition relations, i.e. the coupling between the macroscale and the microscale, need to account for the effect of strain localization due to the formation of macroscopic cracks. Even though several approaches to overcome these difficulties have been proposed in the literature, previously proposed models frequently involve explicit assumptions on the constitutive models adopted on the microscale, and require explicit tracking of an effective discontinuity inside the SVE. For the general situation, such explicit discontinuity tracking is cumbersome. Therefore, a multiscale scheme that employs less restrictive assumptions on the microscale constitutive model would be very valuable. To this end, a two-scale model for fracturing solids is developed, whereby macroscale discontinuities are modeled by the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). The model has two key ingredients: i) boundary conditions on the SVE that are accurate also when crack propagation occurs in the microstructure, and ii) suitable scale transition relations when cracks are present on both scales. Starting from a previously proposed mixed formulation for weakly periodic boundary conditions, effective boundary conditions are developed to obtain accurate results also in the presence of cracks. The modified boundary conditions are combined with smeared macro-to-micro discontinuity transitions, leading to a multiscale modeling scheme capable of handling cracks on both scales. Several numerical examples are given, demonstrating that the proposed scheme is accurate in terms of convergence with increasing SVE size. Furthermore, the good performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by comparisons with Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS).
EC, Hörsalsvägen 11
Opponent: Assistant Professor Varvara Kouznetsova, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
Författare
Erik Svenning
Chalmers, Tillämpad mekanik, Material- och beräkningsmekanik
Computational homogenization of microfractured continua using weakly periodic boundary conditions
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,; Vol. 299(2016)p. 1-21
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
A weak penalty formulation remedying traction oscillations in interface elements
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,; Vol. 310(2016)p. 460-474
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
On computational homogenization of microscale crack propagation
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,; Vol. 108(2016)p. 76-90
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift
Computer models can be used to better understand and predict fracture, for example in metal cutting or when structures are subjected to crash loading. To predict fracture with good accuracy, the model can be improved by accounting for small cracks in the material microstructure. Since these microcracks are invisible to the naked eye, advanced mathematical modeling is needed to account for the cracks without requiring too long simulation times. In the present work, we develop models that describe how very small cracks in the microstructure grow and eventually cause failure of the whole structure. We model small samples of the material, where the material microstructure is resolved and small cracks are present. The response of these material samples are coupled to a simulation of a larger structure. In this way, properties of the microstructure are taken into account and the simulation times are kept at an acceptable level. An important reason for developing accurate fracture models is that such models can act as a complement to expensive experiments in order to better understand the fracture
process. A better understanding of fracture can allow for optimization of industrial processes, for example reduced energy consumption in metal cutting applications (milling, turning). Furthermore, better understanding of fracture can help preventing fracture where it is not desired, for example in rails. Due to the increasing speed of modern computers and the need to optimize industrial processes, the use of accurate fracture models will most likely continue to increase in the future.
Ämneskategorier
Maskinteknik
Beräkningsmatematik
Strömningsmekanik och akustik
ISBN
978-91-7597-546-7
Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola. Ny serie: 4227
Utgivare
Chalmers tekniska högskola
EC, Hörsalsvägen 11
Opponent: Assistant Professor Varvara Kouznetsova, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Australian tech startup Dovetail valued at $700 million in latest raise
By Krystal Hu
Jan 19 (Reuters) - Australian customer analytics startup Dovetail has raised $63 million in a Series A funding round led by U.S. venture capital firm Accel, the company announced on Wednesday.
The fundraising valued Dovetail at over $700 million (A$970 million) and has put the five-year-old firm among the ranks of Australia's most valuable homegrown tech startups.
The company plans to use the fresh capital to invest in its product suites and grow its presence in the U.S. market, which accounts for the majority of its customer base.
Founded by Benjamin Humphrey and Bradley Ayers, two former colleagues at Australian software giant Atlassian TEAM.O, Dovetail's platform helps companies gather and understand customer insights by analyzing and storing unstructured customer research data such as transcripts. The company said it serves over 2600 enterprise customers including Starbucks SBUX.O, Deloitte, and Porsche.
"We're going to be this mission-critical database for every organization, which contains all that they know about their customers across different tools in their stack,” chief executive Benjamin Humphrey said in an interview.
Dovetail was first bootstrapped for 18 months before raising $6.5 million (A$9 million) in two seed rounds, counting Felicis Ventures and Blackbird Ventures as its early backers. Humphrey said the firm has tripled its revenue in the past twelve months and is “almost profitable”.
Dovetail currently employs 65 people and plans to add 100 employees in the next 12 months in offices including San Francisco and Sydney.
Over the past decade, Australia has emerged as an attractive destination for venture capital investment in tech startups. Canva, a Sydney-based online design and publishing platform, was valued at $40 billion in a fundraising last year.
(Reporting by Krystal Hu in New York;Editing by Elaine Hardcastle)
((Krystal.Hu@thomsonreuters.com;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Strand, Cape Town
In Cape Town, Strand may refer to:
* Strand Street (Cape Town), a street in central Cape Town.
* Strand, Western Cape, a town southeast of Cape Town. | WIKI |
Gallstones
From W8MD weight loss and sleep centers
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Gallstones are hard, pebble-like deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver. Gallstones can vary in size and shape and may cause no symptoms or lead to severe pain and other complications. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, and treatments for gallstones.
Gallstones
Causes of Gallstones
Gallstones can form when there is an imbalance of cholesterol, bile salts, and other substances in the gallbladder. Other factors that can increase the risk of developing gallstones include a family history of gallstones, being overweight, and having certain medical conditions such as diabetes and liver disease.
Symptoms of Gallstones
Many people with gallstones experience no symptoms, while others may experience severe pain in the upper abdomen, back, or right shoulder. Other symptoms of gallstones may include nausea, vomiting, and bloating. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile ducts.
Treatments for Gallstones
Treatment for gallstones depends on the severity of symptoms and the size and number of gallstones. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as losing weight and eating a healthy diet can help prevent gallstones from forming. For those with mild symptoms, medications may be prescribed to help dissolve the gallstones. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the gallbladder.
Preventing Gallstones
While gallstones can be a painful and potentially serious condition, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing gallstones. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a diet high in fiber and low in saturated fats, and staying hydrated can all help prevent gallstones from forming. Additionally, avoiding crash diets and losing weight slowly and steadily can help reduce the risk of gallstones.
Also see
This is a short summary article. For quality control, we do not encourage or allow strangers to edit the content. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Signet-ring cell carcinoma in gastric biopsies: Expecting the unexpected
Christopher P. Golembeski, Robert Maximilian Genta
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
6 Scopus citations
Abstract
Aims: This study was designed to establish the relative prevalence of intestinal-type and signet-ring carcinoma in gastric biopsy specimens from ambulatory patients, to determine the percentage of signet-ring carcinomas that could be expected based on the available clinical and endoscopic information, and to estimate the likelihood of missing a tumour. Methods: We extracted data of all patients with a diagnosis of primary gastric carcinoma from a national pathology database. We then reviewed clinical information and original slides, classified tumours as intestinal or signet-ring-type, and categorised the latter as 'unexpected' (no alarming symptoms, no mention of suspicious lesions) or 'expected' (clinical or endoscopic information suggestive of tumour). Unexpected signetring carcinomas were categorised as 'obvious' or 'challenging' (rare signet-ring cells; immunohistochemical stains used to confirm the nature of the infiltrates). Results: There were 310 109 patients with gastric biopsies; 615 patients had primary gastric carcinoma (359 intestinal and 256 signet-ring-type). Gastric cancer was more common in men (OR 2.54; 95% CI 2.05 to 3.14; p<.0001) for intestinal-type and (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.48 to 2.42; p<0.0001) for signet-ring cell type). Intestinal-type carcinoma occurred in older patients than signet-ring-type (median age 74 vs 65 years, p<0.001). There were 196 expected and 60 unexpected signet-ring carcinomas; 47 of the 60 unexpected cases were histopathologically obvious. Thus, only 13 signet-ring carcinomas (1 in 25 000 gastric biopsy sets) were truly unexpected. Conclusions: Signet-ring carcinoma is a rare finding in gastric biopsy specimens from ambulatory patients; routine due diligence and the clinical/endoscopic information provided are usually adequate to raise pathologists' index of suspicion.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)136-139
Number of pages4
JournalJournal of clinical pathology
Volume66
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - Feb 2013
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Pathology and Forensic Medicine
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Page:Latin for beginners (1911).djvu/127
THE THIRD DECLENSION • CONSONANT STEMS 105 237. First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I.
* 1) Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum.
* 2) Quāslegiōnēs vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt.
* 3) Quid ibi fēcērunt? Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant?
* 4) Multa proelia fēcērunt et magnās victōriās et multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt.
* 5) Quis est imperātor eārum legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor.
* 6) Quis est eques quī pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā cōnsule data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam servāverat.
II.
* 1) Who has seen my father to-day?
* 2) I saw him just now (nūper). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister.
* 3) When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained from wrong.
* 4) The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general.
* 5) The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul.
* 6) The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.
LESSON XLI THE THIRD DECLENSION • CONSONANT STEMS (Concluded)
238. Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and arc declined as follows : | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Massive Audio
The result of the debate was delete. --Ezeu 04:21, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
Massive Audio
Website rank is 2.1 million. Google test using link:massiveaudio.com yields six links. Reads like an avert. I do not believe that this meets any notability guidelines. Was originally prodded but prod removed by article creator Hbdragon88 09:27, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
* Keep looks like this passes WP:CORP Nearly Headless Nick 09:46, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. Advertising. Fails WP:CORP for not having multiple non-trivial news sources (Ghits are all product listings, or press releases). Verified six links is all per Hbdragon88. Tychocat 11:09, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
* Delete, massive failure of WP:ADS. Also fails WP:CORP. --Coredesat talk 11:28, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
* Keep should be much better now. used rockford fosgate and other car audio as templete. will be updated as well. if there are suggestions to keep the page please let me knowEbackwardse 16:24, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
* Delete, advertisement KleenupKrew 20:33, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
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John Goetschius, Mark A. Feger, Jay Hertel and Joseph M. Hart
Context: Measurements of center-of-pressure (COP) excursions during balance are common practice in clinical and research settings to evaluate adaptations in postural control due to pathological or environmental conditions. Traditionally measured using laboratory force plates, pressure-mat devices may be a suitable option for clinicians and scientist to measure COP excursions. Objective: Compare COP measures and changes during balance between MatScan® pressure mat and force plate. Design: Validation study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 30 healthy, young adults (19 female, 11 male, 22.7 ± 3.4 y, 70.3 ± SD kg, 1.71 ± 0.09 m). Main Outcomes: COP excursions were simultaneously measured using pressure-mat and force-plate devices. Participants completed 3 eyes-open and 3 eyes-closed single-leg balance trials (10 s). Mean of the 3 trials was used to calculate 4 COP variables: medial-lateral and anterior-posterior excursion, total distance, and area with eyes open and eyes closed. Percent change and effect sizes were calculated between eyes-open to eyes-closed conditions for each variable and for both devices. Results: All COP variables were highly correlated between devices for eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions (all r > .92, P < .001). Bland-Altman plots suggest the pressure-mat COP measurements were smaller than those of the force-plate, and the differences between devices appeared to increase as the measurement magnitude increased. Percent change in COP variables was highly correlated between devices (r > .85, P < .001). Cohen d effect sizes between eyes-open and eyes-closed were all large (d > 2.25) and similar in magnitude between devices. Conclusion: COP measures were correlated between devices, but values tended to be smaller using the pressure mat. The pressure mat and force plate detected comparable magnitude changes in COP measurements between eyes-open and eyes-closed. Pressure mats may provide a viable option for detecting large magnitude changes in postural control during short-duration testing.
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Melissa DiFabio, Lindsay V. Slater, Grant Norte, John Goetschius, Joseph M. Hart and Jay Hertel
Context: After ACL reconstruction (ACLR), deficits are often assessed using a variety of functional tests, which can be time consuming. It is unknown whether these tests provide redundant or unique information. Objective: To explore relationships between components of a battery of functional tests, the Lower Extremity Assessment Protocol (LEAP) was created to aid in developing the most informative, concise battery of tests for evaluating ACLR patients. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 76 ACLR patients (6.86±3.07 months postoperative) and 54 healthy participants. Intervention: Isokinetic knee flexion and extension at 90 and 180 degrees/second, maximal voluntary isometric contraction for knee extension and flexion, single leg balance, 4 hopping tasks (single, triple, crossover, and 6-meter timed hop), and a bilateral drop vertical jump that was scored with the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS). Main Outcome Measures: Peak torque, average torque, average power, total work, fatigue indices, center of pressure area and velocity, hop distance and time, and LESS score. A series of factor analyses were conducted to assess grouping of functional tests on the LEAP for each limb in the ACLR and healthy groups and limb symmetry indices (LSI) for both groups. Correlations were run between measures that loaded on retained factors. Results: Isokinetic and isometric strength tests for knee flexion and extension, hopping, balance, and fatigue index were identified as unique factors for all limbs. The LESS score loaded with various factors across the different limbs. The healthy group LSI analysis produced more factors than the ACLR LSI analysis. Individual measures within each factor had moderate to strong correlations. Isokinetic and isometric strength, hopping, balance, and fatigue index provided unique information. Conclusions: Within each category of measures, not all tests may need to be included for a comprehensive functional assessment of ACLR patients due to the high amount of shared variance between them.
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Brice Guignard, Annie Rouard, Didier Chollet, Marco Bonifazi, Dario Dalla Vedova, John Hart and Ludovic Seifert
Swimming is a challenging locomotion, involving the coordination of upper and lower limbs to propel the body forward in a highly resistive aquatic environment. During front crawl, freestyle stroke, alternating rotational motion of the upper limbs above and below the waterline, is coordinated with alternating lower limb pendulum actions. The aim of this study was to investigate the upper to lower limbs coordination dynamics of eight male elite front crawlers while increasing swimming speed and disturbing the aquatic environment (i.e., pool vs. flume). Upper to lower limb frequency ratios, coordination, coupling strength, and asymmetry were computed from data collected by inertial measurement units. Significant speed effect was observed, leading to transitions from 1∶1 to 1∶3 frequency ratios (1∶3 overrepresented), whereas 1∶2 frequency ratio was rarely used. Flume swimming led to a significant lower coupling strength at low speeds and higher asymmetries, especially at the highest speeds, probably related to the flume dynamic environment.
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Michael L. Alosco, Krysten Knecht, Ellen Glickman, John Gunstad, Michael Bergeron and Joe Hart
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Ian J. Dempsey, Grant E. Norte, Matthew Hall, John Goetschius, Lindsay V. Slater, Jourdan M. Cancienne, Brian C. Werner, David R. Diduch and Joseph M. Hart
Context: Postoperative rehabilitation is critical to optimize outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, the relationship between physical therapy (PT) and clinical outcomes is unclear. Objective: To describe PT characteristics following ACLR and to assess the relationships between PT characteristics, surgical procedure, and clinical outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Laboratory. Patients (or Other Participants): A total of 60 patients (31 females/29 males, age = 22.4 [9.2] y, height = 171.7 [9.9] cm, and mass = 70.2 [14.7] kg) with a history of primary unilateral ACLR (53.6% patellar tendon and 46.4% hamstring) participated. Intervention(s): Patients completed a performance assessment and rated subjective knee function prior to physician clearance (mean = 6.3 [1.3] mo postoperatively) and were contacted within 6 months of clearance to complete a PT questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures: PT questionnaire item response, knee extension maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, peak isokinetic knee extension torque, single leg hop distance, and International Knee Documentation Committee were measured. Correlations assessed relationships between PT quantity and clinical outcomes. Independent t tests compared PT quantity and clinical outcomes based on return-to-sport status, readiness to return to sport, and surgical procedure. Results: Patients completed regular PT (2 d/wk, 25 wk, 58 visits) and were most likely to conclude when discharged by the therapist (68.3%). More than half (56.7%) returned to sport, yet most (73.3%) felt unready at discharge. Isokinetic torque was correlated with days of PT/week (r = .29, P = .03). Isokinetic torque and hop symmetry were reduced in patients who returned to sport (P < .05). Patients who felt ready to return completed fewer weeks of PT (P < .05). Patients with a patellar tendon graft completed more days of PT/week and total visits, but demonstrated lower MVIC torque, MVIC symmetry, and isokinetic symmetry (P < .05). Conclusions: Many patients felt unready to return to sport at PT discharge. PT frequency was associated with isokinetic torque, yet this relationship was small. Outcomes were reduced in patients who returned to sport, suggesting premature resumption of preinjury activity. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ben Zucker in Stuttgart, BW - Nov 26, 2019 8:00 PM | Eventful
Location: Find: Tuesday 8:00 PM Mercedesstr 69 Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg 70372 Ever had that twinkling feeling of wanting to see Ben Zucker live? Then why not make it happen, with StubHub you can get all the Ben Zucker tickets you'd ever want! More importantly we even have Ben Zucker tickets!! Yes with the ever beautiful Porsche Arena playing host to this epic concert, Ben Zucker tickets are going to sell thick and fast, so make sure you've got yours, here at StubHub! Cost: 119.95 Categories: Concerts & Tour Dates Angelo Kelly & Family Stutt... Dec 12 – 7:00 PM The Harlem Globetrotters - ... May 4 – 7:00 PM Otto Stuttgart Oct 20 – 8:07 PM OTTO - Live - Tournee 2021 Oct 20 – 8:07 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 10 – 1:00 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 9 – 7:30 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 9 – 2:30 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 8 – 7:30 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 7 – 7:30 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 6 – 7:30 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 5 – 7:30 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 10 – 1:00 PM We Will Rock You Stuttgart Jan 9 – 7:30 PM Megamarsch Stuttgart 2020 Sep 12 – 12:00 PM NACHTBLUT - Vanitas Tour 2020 Oct 10 – 7:30 PM GOOD RIDDANCE - Thoughts an... Jun 22 – 7:30 PM Folkshilfe - SING-Tour Nov 13 – 8:00 PM Wanda Stuttgart Jul 11 – 7:00 PM Sido Stuttgart Jul 12 – 6:00 PM Iron Maiden Stuttgart Jun 26 – 5:45 PM Pick a recent location We deliver a much richer experience when JavaScript is enabled. Please consider enabling JavaScript in your browser to take full advantage of our hand-crafted interface. Sorry, you missed Ben Zucker at Porsche-Arena. Demand that Porsche-Arena gets added to the next tour! Sorry, you missed Ben Zucker at Porsche-Arena. Demand that Stuttgart gets added to the next tour! You missed Ben Zucker at Porsche-Arena. We're generating custom event recommendations for you based on Ben Zucker right now! | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Drunken-Driving Limit Should Be Lowered to .05, NTSB Says
A National Transportation Safety Board recommendation for states to lower the definition of drunken driving to a blood-alcohol reading of no more than .05 percent failed to earn immediate support from groups the board considers allies. Neither Mothers Against Drunk Driving nor the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said they would push states to lower their drunken-driving thresholds from .08 to .05 percent after the NTSB announced its recommendation today. “We do have broad support across the medical and traffic safety communities,” NTSB Chairman Deborah Hersman told reporters today, also pointing to the more than 100 countries that already have limits of .05. MADD, which advocates for reducing drunken-driving deaths, said redefining driving while intoxicated isn’t part of its three-part plan to make roadways safer. And the NHTSA said that it will help states that want to lower their limits to .05 “gather information on that approach.” Both groups pushed states to lower their drunk driving limits from .10 to .08 with all states passing laws to do so by 2004. The safety board at a hearing today in Washington said the U.S. is too tolerant of impairment behind the wheel and behind other countries, including most of Europe , in its tolerance for alcohol-impaired driving. The risk of a crash at a .05 reading is half what it is at .08, the board said. Keep .08 The Governors Highway Safety Association and the Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety, whose member companies are working with NHTSA to develop technology to detect drunken drivers automatically, also both spoke out in support of keeping limits at .08. About one-third of U.S. traffic deaths are related to alcohol, according to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration data . “It’s frustrating that with the education and advocacy, with laws and enforcement and with the many processes set up to deal with the problem of drinking and driving, that we are still seeing so many lives lost,” Hersman said at the hearing. The safety board is an advisory body with no authority to make laws or regulations. It issues recommendations to states and U.S. agencies. Each state sets its own driving laws, including defining drunken driving, though Congress has given past safety-board recommendations teeth by tying their adoption to federal highway funds. Few Drinks The difference between .08 and .05 is one to two mixed drinks, glasses of wine or 12-ounce beers over three hours, depending on gender and body size. A 180-pound man could consume four drinks in three hours before reaching .05, and a 140-pound woman could have three drinks over the same time period, according to charts prepared by Johns Hopkins University’s Center for Health Education and Wellness. The number of people killed on U.S. roads rose in 2012 following six consecutive years of declines. Crash fatalities rose 5.3 percent to 34,080 from a year earlier, NHTSA reported May 3 using preliminary numbers. Lowering the limits for what defines drunken driving drew opposition from an alcoholic-beverage and restaurant industry group, which had spoken out against an earlier NTSB recommendation that states require ignition interlocks for people convicted even once of drunken driving. Industry Opposition The American Beverage Institute argued the U.S. previously decided .08 would be a safe limit for driving, and said lawmakers and regulators would be better off focusing on highly intoxicated drivers and repeat offenders. “This recommendation is ludicrous,” Sarah Longwell, the group’s managing director, said in an e-mailed statement. “Moving from .08 to .05 would criminalize perfectly responsible behavior. Further restricting the moderate consumption of alcohol by responsible adults prior to driving does nothing to stop hardcore drunken drivers from getting behind the wheel.” The Washington-based group doesn’t disclose the names of its 8,000 members. MADD supports developing technology to prevent cars from starting when a driver is intoxicated, requiring ignition interlocks for first-time drunken driving offenders and using sobriety checkpoints to enforce existing laws. “This is one approach,” J.T. Griffin, senior vice president of public policy for the group, said in an interview. “We feel our approach has the opportunity to save more lives.” Passive Detection Safety board recommendations have led to changes in driving laws across the U.S. In 1982, it recommended raising states’ drinking ages to 21 and later supported a push to get states to lower the drunken-driving limit from .10 to .08. Lawmakers first enticed states to make both changes with financial incentives and later, for those that hadn’t done so already, penalties. Utah in 1983 became the first state to lower its limit to .08, with the last states not falling in line until 2004. The percentage of highway deaths attributed to alcohol impairment fell from 48 percent in 1982 to 31 percent in 2011, according to NTSB data. The board also recommended that law enforcement increase the use of passive alcohol-sensing devices during traffic stops to detect drunken drivers who might pass field sobriety tests. The devices cost about $600, according to the NTSB, and can detect alcohol in a person’s breath without requiring blowing into a machine. They’re made by PAS Systems International Inc (0094319D) ., based in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Touch, Breath The NTSB called for increasing administrative seizures of licenses for drivers found to be drunk behind the wheel or who refuse a field sobriety test. Such seizures, already legal in most states, allow law enforcement to take a license in a way that’s easier for a driver to re-obtain it than when it’s suspended through a criminal proceeding. The safety board has previously recommended accelerating development of technology installed in vehicles that can passively detect alcohol through touch on the steering wheel or through breath inside a vehicle. The Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers , whose members include General Motors Co. (GM) and Toyota Motor Corp. (7203) , is working with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to develop the technology, which the NTSB has said should be offered as an option in cars. To contact the reporter on this story: Angela Greiling Keane in Washington at agreilingkea@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Bernard Kohn at bkohn2@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Alfarizi
Alfarizi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Johan Alfarizi (born 1990), Indonesian footballer
* Maqdis Shalim Alfarizi (born 1989), Indonesian footballer | WIKI |
How to return a reference in rust closure?
by faustino.sanford , in category: Other , a month ago
How to return a reference in rust closure?
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1 answer
by maryam_feest , a month ago
@faustino.sanford
In Rust, closures can capture and return references to variables outside of their scope by using the move keyword. Here's how you can return a reference in a closure in Rust:
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fn main() {
let x = String::from("hello");
let get_ref = || &x;
// Call the closure to get a reference to x
let reference = get_ref();
println!("{}", reference); // Prints: hello
}
In this example, the closure get_ref captures the reference to the variable x and returns it. When the closure is called, it returns a reference to x. This allows you to share the reference to x without moving its ownership. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Beacon Hill, Boston
Beacon Hill is a historic neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and the hill upon which the Massachusetts State House resides. The term "Beacon Hill" is used locally as a metonym to refer to the state government or the legislature itself, much like Washington, D.C.'s Capitol Hill does at the federal level.
Federal-style rowhouses, narrow gaslit streets and brick sidewalks adorn the neighborhood, which is generally regarded as one of the more desirable and expensive in Boston. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023.
Etymology
Like many similarly named areas, the neighborhood is named for the location of a former beacon atop the highest point in central Boston. The beacon was used to warn the residents of an invasion.
Geography
Beacon Hill is bounded by Storrow Drive, and Cambridge, Bowdoin, Park and Beacon Streets. It is about 1/6 of a square mile in size, and situated along the riverfront of the Charles River Esplanade to the west, just north of Boston Common and the Boston Public Garden. The block bound by Beacon, Tremont and Park Streets is included as well. Beacon Hill has three sections: the south slope, the north slope and the "Flat of the Hill", which is a level neighborhood built on landfill. It is west of Charles Street and between Beacon Street and Cambridge Street.
Located in the center of the Shawmut Peninsula, the area originally had three hills, Beacon Hill and two others nearby, Pemberton Hill and Mount Vernon, which were leveled for Beacon Hill development. The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. Between 1807 and 1832 Beacon Hill was reduced from 138 feet in elevation to 80 feet. The shoreline and bodies of water such as the Mill Pond had a "massive filling", increasing Boston's land mass by 150%. Charles Street was one of the new roads created from the project.
Before the hill was reduced substantially, Beacon Hill was located just behind the current site of the Massachusetts State House.
Demographics
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023. This reflects a slight (0.3% or 29 individuals) decrease from the 2000 Census. The racial/ethnic make-up of the neighborhood's population is as follows: 86.8% of the population is white, 2% black or African American, 4.1% Hispanic or Latino, 0.1% American Indian or Alaska Native, 5.3% Asian, 0.4% some other race/ethnicity, and 1.3% two or more races/ethnicities.
According to 2007–2011 American Community Survey estimates, of the 5,411 households in Beacon Hill, 27.3% were family households and 72.7 were non-family households (with 55.7% of those female householders). Of the 1,479 family households 81.6% were married couple families. 36.6% of married couple families were with related children under the age of 18 and 63.4% were with no related children under age 18. Other family types make up 18.4% of Beacon Hill's population, with 90.8% being female householders with no husband present and a majority of these households included children under 18 present.
Ancestry
According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02108 and 02114 are:
17th century
The first European settler was William Blaxton, also spelled Blackstone. In 1625 he built a house and orchard on Beacon Hill's south slope, roughly at the location of Beacon and Spruce street. The settlement was a "preformal arrangement". In 1630 Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company. The southwestern slope was used by the city for military drills and livestock grazing. In 1634 a signal beacon was established on the top of the hill. Sailors and British soldiers visited the north slope of Beacon Hill during the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, it became an "undesirable" area for Boston residents. "Fringe activities" occurred on "Mount Whoredom", the backslope of Beacon Hill.
18th century
Beacon Street was established in 1708 from a cow path to the Boston Common. John Singleton Copley owned land on the south slope for pasture for his cows and farmland.
In 1787 Charles Bulfinch designed the Massachusetts State House. Its construction was completed in 1795, replacing the Old State House in the center of Boston.
The Mount Vernon Proprietors group was formed to develop the trimount area, The name trimount later morphed into "Tremont", as in Tremont Street. when by 1780 the city's neighborhoods could no longer meet the needs of the growing number of residents. Eighteen and a half or 19 acres of grassland west of the State House was purchased in 1795, most of it from John Singleton Copley. The Beacon Hill district's development began when Charles Bulfinch, an architect and planner, laid out the plan for the neighborhood. Four years later the hills were leveled, Mount Vernon Street was laid, and mansions were built along it. One of the first homes was the Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street.
Development
Construction of homes began in earnest at the turn of the century, such as: freestanding mansions, symmetrical pairs of houses, and row houses. Between 1803 and 1805, the first row houses were built for Stephen Higginson.
In the 1830s, residential homes were built for wealthy people on Chestnut and Mt. Vernon Streets. Some affluent people moved, beginning in the 1870s, to Back Bay with its "French-inspired boulevards and mansard-roofed houses that were larger, lighter, and airier than the denser Beacon Hill."
In the early 19th century, there were "fringe activities" along the Back Bay waterfront, with ropewalks along Beacon and Charles Streets.
South slope
The south slope "became the seat of Boston wealth and power." It was carefully planned for people who left densely populated areas, like the North End. The residents of opulent homes, called the Boston Brahmins, were described by Oliver Wendell Holmes as a "harmless, inoffensive, untitled aristocracy". They had "houses by Charles Bulfinch, their monopoly on Beacon Street, their ancestral portraits and Chinese porcelains, humanitarianism, Unitarian faith in the march of the mind, Yankee shrewdness, and New England exclusiveness."
Literary salons and publishing houses were founded in the 19th century. "Great thinkers" lived in the neighborhood, including Daniel Webster, Henry Thoreau and Wendell Phillips.
Flat of the Hill
Development began in the early 19th century. Single family homes often had stores on the first floor for retailers, carpenters and shoemakers. Today, many of the 19th century waterfront landmarks, such as the Charles Street Meeting House, are found far from the water due to the filling that has taken place since then.
North slope
The north slope was the home of African Americans, sailors and Eastern and Southern European immigrants. The area around Belknap Street (now Joy Street) in particular became home to more than 1,000 blacks beginning in the mid-1700s. While this community is often described as arising from domestic workers in the homes of white residents on the south slope of the Hill, property records indicate that the black community on the north slope was already well-established by 1805, before the filling-in of the south slope was completed, and so before that slope of Beacon Hill came to be considered an affluent area.
Many blacks in the neighborhood attended church with the whites but did not have a vote in church affairs and sat in segregated seating. The African Meeting House was built in 1806 and by 1840 there were five black churches. The African Meeting House on Joy Street was a community center for members of the black elite. Frederick Douglass spoke there about abolition, and William Lloyd Garrison formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society at the Meeting House. It became a "hotbed and an important depot on the Underground Railroad."
Blacks and whites were largely united on the subject of abolition. Beacon Hill was one of the staunchest centers of the anti-slavery movement in the Antebellum era.
The Republican Party was founded by abolitionists. One of the earliest black Republican legislators in the United States was Julius Caesar Chappelle (1852–1904), who served as a legislator in Boston from 1883 to 1886 and whose district included the Beacon Hill area. Chappelle was a popular, well-liked politician and was covered by many of the black newspapers in the United States.
Blacks migrated to Roxbury and Boston's South End after the Civil War.
Immigrants
In the latter part of the 19th century, Beacon Hill absorbed an influx of Irish, Jewish and other immigrants.
Many homes built of brick and wood in the early 19th century were dilapidated by the end of the Civil War and were razed for new housing. Brick apartment buildings, or tenements, were built. Yellow brick townhouses were constructed, generally with arched windows on the first floor and a low ceiling on the top, fourth floor. Residential homes were also converted to boarding houses.
The north slope neighborhood transitioned as blacks moved out of the neighborhood and immigrants, such as Eastern European Jews, made their homes in the community. The Vilna Shul was established in 1898, and the African Meeting House was converted into a synagogue.
20th century
Better transportation service to the suburbs and other cities led a boom to the city's economy at the beginning of the 20th century. New buildings, "compatible with the surroundings", were built and older buildings renovated. To ensure that there were controls on new development and demolition, the Beacon Hill Association was formed in 1922. Into the 1940s there were attempts to replace brick sidewalks, but the projects were abandoned due to community resistance.
Banks, restaurants and other service industries moved into the "Flat of the Hill", with a resulting transformation of the neighborhood.
Red-light districts operated near Beacon Hill in Scollay Square and the West End until a 1950s urban renewal project renovated the area. To prevent urban renewal projects of historically significant buildings in Beacon Hill, its residents ensured that the community obtained historic district status: south slope in 1955, Flat of the Hill in 1958, and north slope in 1963. The Beacon Hill Architectural Commission was established in 1955 to monitor renovation and development projects. For instance, in 1963, 70-72 Mount Vernon Street was to be demolished for the construction of an apartment building. A compromise was made to maintain the building and its exterior and build new apartments inside.
Historic district and national landmark
In 1955, state legislation Chapter 616 created the Historic Beacon Hill District. It was the first such district in Massachusetts, created to protect historic sites and manage urban renewal. Supporting these objectives is the local non-profit Beacon Hill Civic Association. According to the Massachusetts Historical Commission, the historic districts "appear to have stabilized architectural fabric" of Beacon Hill.
Beacon Hill was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1962.
21st century
Wealthy Boston families continue to live at the Flat of the Hill and south slope. Inhabitants of the north slope include Suffolk University students and professionals.
Black Heritage Trail
The Boston African American National Historic Site is located just north of Boston Common. The historic buildings along today's Black Heritage Trail were the homes, businesses, schools and churches of the black community. Charles Street Meeting House was built in 1807, the church had seating that segregated white and black people. The Museum of African American History, New England's largest museum dedicated to African American history, is located at the African Meeting House, adjacent to the Abiel Smith School. The meeting house is the oldest surviving Black church built by African Americans. The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment Memorial are located at Beacon Street and Park Street, opposite the Massachusetts State House.
Massachusetts State House
The Massachusetts State House, located on Beacon Street, is the home of the Commonwealth's government. The gold-domed state capitol building was designed by Charles Bulfinch and was completed in 1798. Many of the country's state capitol buildings were modeled after the State House.
Community
The Beacon Hill Civic Association has a long history as a community resource for the Beacon Hill neighborhood. Founded in 1922 by neighbors with the goal of preventing home building and other construction, today it continues as a volunteer advocacy organization focused on improving quality of life in the neighborhood. It was first founded to fight city plans to replace the neighborhood's brick sidewalks. Since then its efforts have been instrumental in preserving Beacon Hill as a historic district, and have expanded to include such initiatives as: working to become the first neighborhood to receive resident parking permits, streamlining trash service, and creating a virtual retirement community serving the neighborhood's elderly.
Non-religious
The Club of Odd Volumes, a historic organization on Mount Vernon Street, serves as a Bibliophiles club, library, and archive. The Headquarters House, also known as William Hickling Prescott House, is a museum run by the Society of Colonial Dames. The country's oldest legal organization, the Boston Bar Association, is on Beacon Street. Beacon Hill Village was the first formal Elder Village in the United States.
Religious
Religious organizations include the Vilna Shul, an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, and the Unitarian Universalist Association headquarters. Church of the Advent is a Victorian Gothic Church, faced in brick with 8 massive carillon bells and a 172-foot spire. The Park Street Church, nicknamed "Brimstone Corner" in the 19th century, was used to store gunpowder during the War of 1812. Samuel Francis Smith first sang his song America the Beautiful at this church in 1831. Two years earlier William Lloyd Garrison spoke to the congregation about abolishing slavery. One of the few outposts of the small Protestant group the Swedenborgian Church is on Bowdoin Street, and was embroiled in controversy in 2013 over alleged extortion by a former mafioso. While home to a Paulist chapel, Beacon Hill is currently one of only two neighborhoods in Boston that does not contain a Catholic parish church.
Neighborhoods
Beacon Hill is predominantly residential, known for old colonial brick row houses with "beautiful doors, decorative iron work, brick sidewalks, narrow streets, and gas lamps". Restaurants and antique shops are located on Charles Street.
Louisburg Square is "the most prestigious address" in Beacon Hill. Its residents have access to private parking and live in "magnificent Greek Revival townhouses." Nearby is Acorn Street, often mentioned as the "most frequently photographed street in the United States." It is a narrow lane paved with cobblestones that was home to coachmen employed by families in Mt. Vernon and Chestnut Street mansions.
The Harrison Gray Otis House on Cambridge Street was built in 1796. Charles Bulfinch designed this house, and two additional houses, for the businessman and politician who was instrumental in Beacon Hill's development and Boston becoming the state capital. The Otis House also houses the headquarters of Historic New England, previously known as Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities. Other notable houses are the Francis Parkman House and an 1804 townhouse, now the Nichols House Museum. The Nichols House "offers a rare glimpse inside [the] Brahmin life" of Rose Standish Nichols, a landscape artists.
Suffolk University
Suffolk University and its Law School are adjacent to the Massachusetts State House and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906.
Transportation
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) subway stations in Beacon Hill are:
* Park Street – Red and Green Lines
* Bowdoin – Blue Line
* Charles/MGH – Red Line
MBTA bus, MBTA commuter rail, and ferry services are also available.
Notable people
Beacon Hill has been home to many notable persons, including:
* Mildred Albert
* Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women
* John Albion Andrew
* William Blaxton, original owner of Beacon Hill
* Edwin Booth, actor; brother of John Wilkes Booth
* Peter Bent Brigham
* Charles Bulfinch
* John Cheever, author
* Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney
* John Singleton Copley
* Michael Crichton, author
* Robert Frost, poet
* James Gibson (Captain)
* Janet Doub Erickson
* John Hancock
* Chester Harding
* Teresa Heinz
* Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
* Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
* Julia Ward Howe
* Abigail Johnson
* Edward M. Kennedy
* John Kerry
* Henry Cabot Lodge
* James Russell Lowell
* Robert Lowell
* Mary Osgood
* Harrison Gray Otis
* Sylvia Plath
* William Prescott
* Eleanor Raymond
* C. Allen Thorndike Rice
* Henry Rice
* David Lee Roth
* George Santayana
* Anne Sexton
* Robert Gould Shaw
* Carly Simon, singer-songwriter
* Charles Sumner
* Uma Thurman, actress
* David Walker
* Gretchen Osgood Warren
* Fiske Warren
* Daniel Webster
* Jack Welch
In popular culture
* Published in 1937, the Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand satirizes the upper-class white residents of Beacon Hill.
* William Kane, one of the protagonists in the Jeffrey Archer novel Kane and Abel, lives in Beacon Hill.
* On Beacon Street, the Bull and Finch Bar was inspiration and source of exterior shots for the Cheers television show.
* Make Way for Ducklings (Viking, 1941) is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey. Most of the story is set at the foot of Beacon Hill, especially the route taken by the fictional Mrs. Mallard and her children on foot across Beacon Street. It is commemorated every year in May by a parade through Beacon Hill to the Boston Public Garden, where the mallards nested.
* Nine Lives; or, the celebrated cat of Beacon Hill (Pantheon, 1951) is a 62-page children's book by the novelist Edward Fenton (1917–1995) and illustrator Paul Galdone. "A wealthy, elderly Boston matron adopts a scruffy tomcat and while she is away on a trip her jealous butler tries very hard to destroy all nine of the cat's lives."
* The 1968 Norman Jewison film The Thomas Crown Affair is set and was largely filmed in and around Beacon Hill.
* Dr Charles Emerson Winchester was born and raised there, and in an episode of MASH [9/13 "No Laughing Matter"] swears "By Beacon Hill" to get revenge on the commanding officer who sent him to MASH 4077.
* Robert Lowell's prose sketch 91 Revere Street was inspired by his childhood home on Beacon Hill.
* Dr. Michaela Quinn of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman was raised on Beacon Hill.
* Dr. Maura Isles of TNT's Rizzoli & Isles lives on Beacon Hill.
* Asclepia, a small private hospital, is mentioned in Patrick O'Brian's sixth Aubrey-Maturin novel, The Fortune of War, as being "in a dry, healthy location near Beacon Hill."
* The NBC TV series Banacek (1972–1974) was set and partially filmed on Beacon Hill. Its main character "Thomas Banacek" played by George Peppard grew up in nearby "Scollay Square" and lived in the "Second Harrison Grey Otis House." | WIKI |
meat and drink
Noun
* 1) That on which somebody survives, or which makes their existence meaningful; means of subsistence. | WIKI |
Speed Up Computer Free – Information Provided – Computer Article
Are you tired of your computer acting up and when you go to work on it; the thing always freezes up? Well maybe it is just trying to tell you that it is time to be cleaned. Yes our computers need to be cleaned just like we do. However the only way that it can let you know that it is time; is to begin acting up. This article is going to provide speed up computer – free information that may be able to assist you to know when it is time to clean your computer.Most likely if you are reading this article then you may be experiencing some difficulties with your computer. It is most likely trying to let you know that something is wrong with it. Well before you rush out and purchase a brand new computer you may want to read this article in its entirety. There is no reason that you should run out and spend the money on a new computer without first trying to speed up computer free information provided; that will hopefully assist you.Now when I am talking about cleaning your computer; I am not talking about taking a wash cloth and cleaning the outer parts of it like the keyboard or the screen. Yes it may be time for you to clean those parts as well; however I am talking about cleaning the registry part of the computer. What is the computer registry?The registry is a database that stores settings and options for the 32 bit versions of Microsoft Windows which include the 95, 98, ME and NT/2000 versions. This registry contains all the information and settings for the hardware, software, users and preferences of the PC. Whenever you make changes to your computer or control panel, or if you install any kind of software; the regristry stores all the new information.It basically is the backbone to your computer and if you have noticed that your computer is slowing down it is time to learn how to speed up computer easily and safely. Most people do not know what to do when they notice their computer slowing down; so they begin searching online for all kinds of free ways to fix a slow computer. However I highly recommend that you do not use a free registry cleaner as they may harm your computer.The great thing about your registry is that it will let you know when it needs to be cleaned. Your computer will begin to slow down and you may even notice that you are receiving a lot of error messages. Most likely if you begin receiving the messages; it means that your registry is infected and it is time to clean it up. There is nothing to be worried about and everyone has to clean there computer once in a while.There are all kinds of registry cleaners available; however when choosing which one to go with; make sure that they provide good tech support to be able to answer some of your questions that may arise.If you found this article on “speed up computer free – Information provided” helpful;” visit our site below. We provide one of the best registries that will walk you through the entire process and will get your computer back on track. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
André Esterhuizen
Adriaan Pieter 'André' Esterhuizen (born 30 March 1994 in Klerksdorp) is a South African professional rugby union player for the Harlequins in the English Premiership and South Africa national team. His regular position is centre.
Youth
Esterhuizen represented his local side at the Under-13 Craven Week competition in 2007, at the Under-16 Grant Khomo Week in 2010 and at the Under-18 Craven Week in 2011.
In 2013, he moved to Durban to join the. He started twelve of the side's matches during the 2013 Under-21 Provincial Championship competition, finishing as the joint top try scorer in Division A of that competition with 9 tries.
He was included in the South Africa Under-20 side for the 2014 IRB Junior World Championship.
Sharks
His first taste of first class rugby came for the during the 2013 Vodacom Cup competition. He made his debut in a 72–6 victory against the, coming on as a substitute in the second half. Further substitute appearances followed that season in matches against the and.
Esterhuizen was included in the wider training squad prior to the 2014 Super Rugby season, scoring a try for them in their warm-up match against Saracens and was subsequently selected in the final Super Rugby squad for 2014.
Harlequins
He joined Premiership Rugby side Harlequins ahead of the 2020–21 season.
He won his first Premiership title and started as Harlequins won the final 40–38 against Exeter Chiefs in the highest scoring Premiership final ever on 26 June 2021.
In May 2022, Esterhuizen won the Rugby Players' Association's player's player of the year. The result was determind after a poll by fellow players throughout the English Premiership. The award came off the back of him scoring 8 tries for Harlequins throughout the season after qualifying for the playoffs in an attempt to retain the Premiership title.
On 2 January 2022, Esterhuizen won man of the match despite not scoring a try as Harlequins beat Gloucester 20-17 away. On 5 January 2022, Esterhuizen scored a try against in a absence of a number of key players including England internationals Marcus Smith and Danny Care, going on to win man of the match against Newcastle Falcons as Harlequins won 24-3 away. On 8 January 2022, Esterhuizen scored a last minute try and completed the game winning turnover to beat Exeter Chiefs. He was awarded his third consecutive man of the match in as many games for his performance.
At the end of the 2021–22 season, Esterhuizen was voted Harlequins' players player of the year and fans player of the season.
In April 2024, he scored a try from a cross-field kick by Marcus Smith as Harlequins won their first ever Champions Cup knockout game beating Glasgow Warriors 28-24 at home.
Return to the Sharks
In March 2024 Esterhuizen announced he would be returning to South Africa for family reasons. On his time at Harlequins, he was quoted as saying ''I'm very grateful to Harlequins for providing me with the opportunity to return home to South Africa and be closer to my family...I have loved my time at Quins. The club has played a huge role in my development and career achievements.''
His return to the Sharks was confirmed on 14 March 2024, departing the Harlequins one year prior to the end of his contract.
International career
In 2018, Esterhuizen made his debut for South Africa against Wales in a one off match staged in Washington. South Africa went on to lose the game 22-20.
In September 2023, Esterhuizen was named as part of South Africa's squad for the 2023 Rugby World Cup. South Africa went on to win the tournament beating New Zealand 12-11 in the final.
Honours
Club
Harlequins: 1x Gallagher Premiership (2020-2021)
Country
South Africa 1x Rugby World Cup (2023)
Personal life
Esterhuizen and his wife Mabea have one daughter. | WIKI |
Qplaintextedit
QPlainTextEdit is class in QtGui module which provides a widget that is used to edit and display plain text.
Qtextedit
QTextEdit is a class from the Qt Toolkit which provides a widget that is used to edit and display both plain and rich text
Text widget features
Example
"If you want to display your file as plain text the widget qplaintextedit is better then qtextedit"
from question
How to use Qt to read a file and display it quickly?
"It uses most of the features of qtextedit but with a vastly better performance;using qplaintextedit is better than using qlabel for displaying large text documents as the former has many more capabilities and features for customization and formatting"
from question
QLabel vs QTextEdit, to show long text. Which is faster?
Others
Example
I have tried connecting the qscrollbars but the maximum of the qplaintextedit is smaller than the qtextedit s
from question
Pyside scroll two qtextedits simultaneously
You should give qplaintextedit a try;it uses the same technology as qtextedit but is a lot faster
from question
How to fast append to QTextEdit
As implied in the comments modifying the qtextedit to a qplaintextedit fixed the issue;qtextedit is not designed for handling very large paragraphs which is effectively what i was creating
from question
Python hanging in a loop
Back to Home
Data comes from Stack Exchange with CC-BY-SA-4.0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Berkshire Hathaway Is a Standby to Buy
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
Some years back, billionaire Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE:BRK.B) entertained the notion that he was related to tropical-rock singer Jimmy Buffett. Even without an Ancestry.com verdict, this might make sense to owners of Berkshire Hathaway stock. Buffett the artist is famous for “Margaritaville”; Buffett the investor for his annual shareholders meeting nicknamed “Berkyville.” Jimmy sometimes plays ukulele in concert; Warren plays one in his presentations.
Source: Krista Kennell / Shutterstock.com
And perhaps most importantly – as though this comparison exercise has yielded any investment secrets so far – both have careers built on mellowness. For while Jimmy found fame searching for that lost shaker of salt, Warren found fortune searching for value investments worth their salt. They hardly get the blood pumping for go-go adrenaline junkies.
In fact, Berkshire plays the dull role of financial services provider, not that its profits induce yawns. Up nearly 50% in five years, Berkshire Hathaway stock cranks out gains in steady-rolling fashion, its climb continuous until the novel coronavirus infected all of Wall Street in the first quarter of 2020. Now returning to form, Berkshire has the makings of a contender in 2021. Here’s what might be next for the Oracle of Omaha’s baby.
Berkshire Hathaway Stock and a Rock Solid Comeback
Remarkably, Berkshire Hathaway stock is down just 5.5% year over year, a testament to its resilience after a coronavirus mini-crash. Again, I want to emphasize how that month-long living hell between mid-February and mid-March spared almost no investment sector. Berkshire shed close to 30% but remarkably has gained almost all of it back.
What do the analysts think? It’s overweight, though not by much. Two label it a “buy,” one “overweight” and three a “hold.” But it’s worth noting that no one is recommending to sell and the average price target stands at $231.04. If it hits that target, Berkshire would chalk up a gain of 15%. While that’s not exactly running with the bulls, you could definitely call it a nice, steady gait.
7 Penny Stocks to Watch in November
Not that BRK.B has been invincible. The last four quarters have produced something of a bouncing ball earnings-wise. The fourth quarter of 2019 missed expectations by a mile – $1.81 per share versus the projected $2.39 – and the following earnings report was a miss as well. Then came a solid beat in this year’s second quarter, with the next earnings report expected Nov. 6.
Building on Wisdom
Like many of Warren Buffett’s acolytes. I love Berkshire Hathaway stock because the man behind it espouses sound investment principles that border on timeless. He built his fortune based on the theories of Benjamin Graham as recorded in a classic book from 1949, “The Intelligent Investor.”
Speaking of timeless, Buffett and his billionaire partner Charlie Munger are both in their 90s. They have built their riches and their rich lives on a formula so simple that some chart wonks would scoff at it: Invest in quality companies at reasonable prices. Berkshire itself embodies both sides of that coin.
In any portfolio, Berkshire Hathaway stock suits itself to a niche that’s higher risk than bonds, but safer than many investments. An in an era where hot sectors such as electric vehicles and ride-hailing services remain unproven and perilous, no one’s going to say that about BRK.B. Not by a superduper long shot.
Here’s Why Berkshire Is a Buy
I know, I know: The young bucks who play the market via Robinhood often trade on guts and bravado. Make no mistake, you can make a profit that way, sometimes a killing. But the temptations to gamble and follow the lemmings are also formidable forces.
Meanwhile, investment theories rank right up there with diets; many so-called experts have their theories and a great many trade on hype as opposed to a track record.
Why give in to the forces of greed, ignorance and Vegas mentality? Buying Berkshire Hathaway stock is smart because the people behind it are smart and have seen more investment success over a longer span of years than you and I ever will. If you’re gonna follow in someone’s footsteps, why not Warren Buffett’s? Though, if you hope to make your fortune singing to potbellied men in hideous tropical shirts, maybe Jimmy is the better role model.
On the date of publication, Lou Carlozo held a long position in BRK.B.
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The post Berkshire Hathaway Is a Standby to Buy appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Dropbox does NOT sync tags
Discussion in 'OS X Mavericks (10.9)' started by timothevs, Nov 1, 2013.
1. timothevs macrumors 6502
timothevs
Joined:
Nov 17, 2007
Location:
FL
#1
Just a word of warning to anyone who might be storing tagged documents in Dropbox. As of now (version 2.5.32 Beta) Dropbox does not sync OSX Extended Attributes. It is a known bug and they have promised to work on this. However, I am not sure where it falls on their priority list. Here's a forum post discussing this.
So a word to the wise, don't store any tagged documents you'd like to sync on Dropbox with other Mavericks installations.
I did a search on the forum, and didn't see any pertinent information. And having very nearly lost many hours of hard work, I wanted to share this bit of info.
TL;DR - Dropbox no sync tags; issue known
2. stooovie macrumors 6502a
Joined:
Nov 21, 2010
#2
I don't think it's simply a bug. There are conceptual issues with tags and syncing - say you have a shared folder and someone shares a file with her own tags. They would contaminate your tags and cause all kinds of possible issues. There are ways around this, but it's not that simple.
3. Xe89 macrumors regular
Joined:
Oct 23, 2009
#3
Dropbox has synced my Openmeta tags just fine, so the issue with Mavericks tags are surely easy to fix. The two tagging systems are identical under the hood. Openmeta uses "kMDItemOMUserTags".
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Neutral on First Horizon - Analyst Blog
On Sep 18, 2013, we maintained our Neutral recommendation on First Horizon National Corporation ( FHN ) primarily based on its prudent expense management and improved credit quality. However, lower top line and regulatory issues remain concerns.
Why Neutral?
First Horizon's second-quarter earnings of 17 cents per share lagged the Zacks Consensus Estimate, but were well ahead of the year-ago loss of 50 cents. Lower non-interest expenses drove the results. However, pressure on revenue growth persisted due to decline in both net interest and non-interest income.
Despite the macroeconomic pressure, First Horizon's credit quality continues to normalize. Credit metrics consistently improved in first half 2013 as the overall financial condition of businesses and consumers strengthened and the housing market improved in many areas. Going forward, we expect asset quality to improve with continuous reduction in problem assets.
We are also impressed with the company's cost-control measures, which aided in improving bottom-line performance amid the sluggish macroeconomic environment. Moreover, we believe that the company's solid capital levels will offer flexibility regarding capital deployment as well as other strategic acquisitions in Tennessee or its adjacent markets that will be accretive to growth.
However, First Horizon's mortgage repurchase issues remain an overhang on its earnings. We are also concerned about the company's top-line growth and margins, which continue to be impacted by the low rate environment. Additionally, regulatory issues are expected to limit the company's flexibility with respect to business investments.
Over the last 60 days, the Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2013 declined 1.4% to 74 cents, while dipped 1.1% to 89 cents for 2014. As a result, First Horizon currently carries a Zacks Rank #4 (Sell).
Other Banks Worth Considering
Some better performing Southeast banks include WesBanco Inc. ( WSBC ), SY Bancorp Inc. ( SYBT ) and Simmons First National Corporation ( SFNC ). All these 3 banks carry a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy).
FIRST HRZN NATL (FHN): Free Stock Analysis Report
SIMMONS FIRST A (SFNC): Free Stock Analysis Report
S Y BANCORP INC (SYBT): Free Stock Analysis Report
WESBANCO INC (WSBC): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3 RECORD_TYPE = FIXED_LENGTH RECORD_BYTES = 407 FILE_RECORDS = 254 ^INDEX_TABLE = "INDEX.TAB" DATA_SET_ID = "NH-A-MVIC-3-KEM1-V3.0" VOLUME_ID = NHKEMV_2001 PRODUCT_ID = "NHKEMV_2001_INDEX_TAB" INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "NEW HORIZONS" INSTRUMENT_ID = "MVIC" TARGET_NAME = "N/A" PRODUCT_CREATION_TIME = 2020-04-01T00:00:00 START_TIME = 2018-08-30T23:08:02.027 STOP_TIME = 2019-03-20T19:08:02.224 OBJECT = INDEX_TABLE INTERCHANGE_FORMAT = ASCII INDEX_TYPE = "SINGLE" ROWS = 254 ROW_BYTES = 407 COLUMNS = 16 DESCRIPTION = "This index table provides an entry for each data product on this volume." OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 1 NAME = VOLUME_ID START_BYTE = 2 BYTES = 11 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A11" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter identifies the archive volume." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 2 NAME = PATH_NAME START_BYTE = 16 BYTES = 21 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A21" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the directory path to the data product." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 3 NAME = FILE_NAME START_BYTE = 40 BYTES = 31 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A31" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the name of the label file for this data product." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 4 NAME = DATA_SET_ID START_BYTE = 74 BYTES = 43 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A43" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the PDS data set id." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 5 NAME = PRODUCT_ID START_BYTE = 120 BYTES = 27 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A27" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the PDS unique identifier assigned to the data product." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 6 NAME = PRODUCT_CREATION_TIME START_BYTE = 150 BYTES = 19 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A19" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the date the data label was created." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 7 NAME = REDUCTION_LEVEL START_BYTE = 172 BYTES = 10 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A10" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the level of data reduction: LEVEL1 = Raw data LEVEL2 = Calibrated/Reduced data in engineering units appropriate for the instrument. " END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 8 NAME = SPACECRAFT_CLOCK_START_COUNT START_BYTE = 185 BYTES = 18 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A18" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the spacecraft clock value at the start of the observation, at the spacecraft for spacecraft data, or it is set to N/A for Deep Space Network Tracking and Navigation Files (DSN TNFs)." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 9 NAME = SPACECRAFT_CLOCK_STOP_COUNT START_BYTE = 206 BYTES = 18 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A18" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the spacecraft clock value at the end of the observation, at the spacecraft for spacecraft data, or it is set to N/A for Deep Space Network Tracking and Navigation Files (DSN TNFs)." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 10 NAME = START_TIME START_BYTE = 227 BYTES = 23 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A23" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the UTC value at the start of the observation at the spacecraft for spacecraft data, or on the earth for Deep Space Network Tracking and Navigation Files (DSN TNFs)." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 11 NAME = STOP_TIME START_BYTE = 253 BYTES = 23 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A23" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter provides the UTC value at the end of the observation at the spacecraft for spacecraft data, or on the earth for Deep Space Network Tracking and Navigation Files (DSN TNFs)." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 12 NAME = TARGET_NAME START_BYTE = 279 BYTES = 28 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A28" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter identifies target, defined as the active CB in the Guidance and Control System, at the time of the observation." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 13 NAME = INSTRUMENT_HOST START_BYTE = 310 BYTES = 12 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A12" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter identifies the spacecraft." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 14 NAME = INSTRUMENT_ID START_BYTE = 325 BYTES = 6 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A6" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter identifies the instrument." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 15 NAME = INSTRUMENT_NAME START_BYTE = 334 BYTES = 61 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A61" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter identifies the instrument." END_OBJECT = COLUMN OBJECT = COLUMN COLUMN_NUMBER = 16 NAME = TELEMETRY_APPLICATION_ID START_BYTE = 398 BYTES = 7 DATA_TYPE = CHARACTER FORMAT = "A7" DESCRIPTION = "This parameter identifies the application identifier (ApID) in the telemetry packets used to create the data product. The ApID format uses here is 0xXXX, where XXX are hexadecimal digits" END_OBJECT = COLUMN END_OBJECT = INDEX_TABLE END | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:ElenOfTroy/Editing Wikipedia: Literary Contradictions
Moved from User talk:Newyorkbrad
Editing Wikipedia: Literary Contradictions
Wikidoxes, Wikimorons, Wikinundrums & Such You know the real world meanings of the words “paradox,” “oxymoron” and “conundrum,” so we should expect that similar occurrences, within the realm of Wikimedia’s intellectual property, likewise have no solutions. While Wikipedia is not the real world, contradictions exist. Sometimes, they just cannot be resolved.
As an oxymoron, for example, “Do you feel numb?” pales to white by comparison to Wikipedia’s “best of all time" topic: WP:WINARS, both as a template and as an article. If the content of the article is to be believed, then why are WP articles considered reliable enough to be cited, even as tertiary sources? If not, why do so many WP articles self-source or cite self-published works? And what is self-sourcing?
One definition identifies the potential for an editor to create any number of articles on Wikipedia, like this series on literary contradictions, solely for the purpose of providing citations for other articles created by the same user. While all articles are, of course, subject to editorial modification by all other editors, the fact is, the publisher is the same in both cases. (It is one of the many unique policies distinguishing the World of Wikipedia from the “real world.”)
The sections below encourage users to list their own WP discoveries (aka The Mysteries of Editing Literary Content in Wikiworld”). Feel free to add categories (e.g. Wikinigmas, &c.) Do not worry if you enter something, which purist literary editors may find to be inexact… they will improve upon them for us. That, after all, is the beauty of Wikipedia.
References, Internal
* WP:IS
* WP:NPOV
* WP:OR
* WP:USEPRIMARY
* WP:USESPS
* WP:V
Wikidoxes
[See Wikidoxes.]
Wikimorons
[See Wikimorons.]
* WP:WINARS
Wikinundrums
[See Wikinundrums.]
* Words are obviously necessary to create content for articles appearing in Wikipedia, but sources used to define them (i.e.dictionaries) are only considered as tertiary sources. If a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, does that not mean Wikipedia articles are only as reliable as a tertiary source?
* It is curious that dictionaries, thesauri, and other authors’ reference materials are not considered reliable secondary sources. Their objective contributions apply primarily to single words, and not complete sentences; therefore, it is very unlikely they would be used to support content as a result of thought.
Wikiwillies
[Wikimedia®-relevant quotations from William Shakespeare. (An homage to long-time user-editor .)]
ElenOfTroy (talk) 19:54, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
@User:ElenOfTroy...As per notices on your userpage, I have nominated all these misuses of Wikipedia space for speedy deletion.--MONGO 20:06, 7 June 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Opposition to removal of Texas Superfund site funded in part by Waste Management | TheHill
Opposition to removing a major toxic waste site along the San Jacinto River in Texas was funded in part by Waste Management, a national comprehensive waste company which has been ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to pay up to $115 million to clean up the site. Court documents obtained by Houston’s FOX 26 show that Waste Management worked with citizen groups opposing removal of the San Jacinto River Waste Pits, which currently hold about half a billion pounds of Dioxin waste. Dioxin is a toxic compound linked to cancer and other health risks. The documents showed that Waste Management and its subsidiary, McGinnes Industrial Management Corporation, bankrolled citizen groups opposing removing the toxic waste and instead opting for containment. The documents also showed the company was involved with a group called “Keep It Capped,” as well as the Galveston Maritime Business Association (GMBA). GMBA President J.T. Edwards confirmed to Fox26 that it had received funding that came from Waste Management. The group had been vocally against the EPA's decision to clean up the Waste Pits. “A donor who we thought was using their own money was really coming from Waste Management; that’s what we learned just recently,” Edwards told FOX26. A Waste Management spokesperson told FOX26 that the connection with the community groups was for community outreach, saying in a statement, “The companies do not believe that the community outreach efforts are relevant to the personal injury or property claims involved in the pending litigation.” The EPA in October handed down a rare victory to environmentalists, ordering Waste Management's parent company and International Paper to excavate 212,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment at the San Jacinto River site. EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt has made cleaning up Superfund sites a focus of his tenure even while the Trump administration works to cut funding and diminish positions at the agency. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Womenz Magazine
5 Powerful Yoga Poses to Nail Your Handstands
Powerful Yoga Poses
Learning to stand on your hands Yoga Poses is a lot like learning how to walk for the first time—it challenges your balance and works your muscles like nothing else can. Plus, it’s fun!
PlankPlank
The secret to handstand—and any other balance on your hands or arms—is actually core strength. The limiting factor is almost never in your arms. (But if you feel like you want stronger arms, check out these yoga poses to help build your strength.) Plank is the best pose to work both arm and core strength all at once. Start on hands and knees. Step feet back so they are hip-width apart, keeping toes tucked and shoulders and wrists in line. Tuck chin slightly, keeping spine in line with body. Engage navel to spine and energetically reach back through heels while pushing through crown of head. Make sure shoulder blades are equally engaged down the back. Do not lock elbows. Breathe here for 30 seconds, then 40 seconds, then 50, then 1 minute.
Low Boat PoseLow Boat Pose
Low boat pose is a great way to integrate the core in the same way required for a handstand. Come to a regular boat pose. Lower middle back toward the ground, pulling belly button to spine and keeping head and shoulders lifted off the ground. Lower legs—keeping them together—until feet are about 6 inches from the ground. Engage abdominal muscles and quadriceps, and breathe here for 5-10 deep breaths.
Lying Down Broken StickLying Down Broken Stick
This pose is really just a handstand on your back. From low boat, reach arms overhead while reaching one leg straight up (so legs are at a 90-degree angle). Internally rotate thighs toward one another and reach long through toes. Flex through palms as if you are in a handstand and breathe here for 5-20 deep breaths. Repeat with the other leg.
Warrior ThreeWarrior Three Yoga Pose
Warrior three is a split leg or broken stick handstand on your foot. Begin in a standing position, then fold forward, walk hands underneath shoulders, and place them on the floor or blocks. Keeping knees soft, shift weight into left foot and lift right leg behind you. Reach through right heel and internally rotate right thigh down so toes point toward the ground. When you feel steady, lift arms and reach them forward on either side of the head to frame your face. Breathe here for 5-10 deep breaths and then repeat on the other side.
Standing SplitStanding Split Yoga
Standing split helps loosen up your hamstrings to allow for easier entry into a handstand. Begin in a standing forward bend with both hands on the ground. Transfer weight into left foot; lift right leg high. Point or floint toes towards the ceiling, and square hips as much as possible. Walk hands back in line with toes (on the floor or on blocks or as close to feet as feels comfortable) and drop head. Breathe here for 5-10 deep breaths and then repeat on the other side. (If you have extra tight hamstrings, be sure to check out these yoga poses to help loosen them up.)
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Franken backtracks, cancels event with comedian Griffin after Trump photo controversy
Sen. Al Franken has reversed himself and decided "it would be best" for Kathy Griffin not to attend an event that the Minnesota senator had scheduled with the comedian for July. The Democratic senator had said on Wednesday that he would still hold an event with Griffin on July 7 in California, even after publicly distancing himself from an image showing Griffin with a faux beheaded President Donald Trump. But Franken said on Thursday evening that he'd changed his mind regarding the event promoting his new book, "Giant of the Senate." "I believe what Kathy Griffin did was inappropriate and not something that should be anywhere in our national discourse. I consider her a friend and I'm glad she realized she crossed the line and apologized," Franken said. He added, "After hearing from many Minnesotans who were rightfully offended, I've come to the conclusion that it would be best for her not to participate in the event we had previously scheduled. I understand why Minnesotans were upset by this, and I take that very seriously." Griffin apologized for participating in the image and asked for its removal earlier this week. She's been a contributor to the campaigns of Franken and other Democratic politicians, although Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto (D-Nev.) announced plans this week to donate the $1,000 received from Griffin to charity. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Food For Thought
I remember my teenage years when dinner “on the run” meant stopping at the local convenience store for a package of Ho-Ho’s. I was all of 118 pounds then, and squeezed into size 9 Calvin Klein jeans very nicely.
Let’s face it – now that we’re older (and hopefully wiser), we can’t live off of Ho-Ho’s and Doritos for dinner anymore – unless we’re willing to accept a host of health problems.
Every time you pick up a magazine, you can read about the latest dieting fad – the grapefruit diet, the latest celebrity diet, the liquid diet, diet pills. However, the only safe and effective way to lose weight and keep it off is to exercise and eat “right.” Just what does eating “right” mean?
The Food Guide Pyramid is an outline of what to eat each day based on the Dietary Guidelines. It’s not a rigid prescription, but a general guide that lets you choose a healthful diet. It calls for eating a variety of foods to get the nutrients you need, and the right amount of calories to maintain a healthy weight.
The Food Guide Pyramid shows to eat 6-11 servings of bread, cereal, rice and pasta each day. For example, one serving in this category would be one slice of bread, 1 ounce of ready-to-eat cereal, or ½ cup of cooked cereal, rice or pasta. Since white bread, rice and pasta give minimal nutrients, it is better to eat whole-wheat products.
The next food group is vegetables, which we need to eat 3-5 servings of each day. This would include one cup of raw leafy vegetables, ½ cup of other cooked or chopped vegetables, or ¾ cup of vegetable juice.
We also need 2-4 servings of fruit each day. One medium apple, banana or orange counts as one serving, as well as ½ cup of chopped or cooked fruit, or ¾ cup of fruit juice. Researchers have found that canned and frozen fruits (and vegetables) have almost equal the fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C and calcium of fresh. “Fresh produce is often picked before it’s ripe, then shipped hundreds of miles,” explains Dr. Dean Edell, author of “Eat, Drink and Be Merry,” “but canned and frozen produce is picked closer to ripeness and then sealed, locking in the nutrients.”
As far as meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts go – we only need 2-3 servings a day. That would mean 2-3 ounces of cooked lean meat, poultry or fish (the size of the palm of your hand), or ½ cup of cooked dry beans, two tablespoons of peanut butter, or one egg. A study published in the “Journal of the American Medical Association” tracked more than 100,000 people for 14 years and found that one egg a day isn’t so bad after all. “If your diet is balanced you don’t have to avoid eggs, and can even include them in your diet,” said Frank Hu, lead author of the study.
With the milk, yogurt and cheese group, we also only need 2-3 servings per day. That’s one cup of milk (keep it no fat or low fat) or yogurt, 1 ½ oz. of natural cheese, or 2 oz. of process cheese.
Lastly, use fats, oils and sweets sparingly. That would include butter, margarine, and oils for fats. Instead of adding butter to your mashed potatoes, use a bit of chicken broth instead. Spray pans with cooking spray to sauté food, instead of using oil or butter. Standard American dietary guidelines suggest that your total fat intake should not exceed 30 percent of the day’s total food intake, though some doctors and other experts strongly believe it should be lower – between 20 and 25 percent.
When it comes to eating before or after exercise, some people can wake up in the morning and go for a walk on an empty stomach. Others may feel weak and lightheaded if they don’t eat before exercising. According to Michelle Stanten, Fitness Editor for “Prevention” magazine, the most important points to remember when it comes to eating before working out are:
Don’t eat a full meal. Wait at least 30 minutes to begin exercising after you eat. After eating, your heart pumps more blood to the stomach to aid in digestion. When you’re exercising, the arm and leg muscles you’re working need blood. If you eat too close to exercising, your heart ends up working harder than it should, trying to pump blood to both your digestive organs and your muscles.
Good choices would be small snacks that are easy to digest, such as fresh or dried fruit, a bagel with a little peanut butter, raw veggies and low-fat dip, or low-fat cheese and crackers – not Ho-Ho’s or Doritos. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ClickCease
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common ailments that chiropractors treat. That’s probably because MOST of us will suffer from low back pain that requires outside help at some point in our lives! Posture has long been studied as a potential cause of low back pain, and this month’s topic will take a closer look at some recent research discussing this issue.
A December 2014 study looked at low back posture in two groups of LBP patients and its relationship with problems associated with intervertebral disk diseases. Looking at a person from the side, have you noticed that the low back area has an arched or inward curve? This is called the “lumbar lordosis” (or, the “sway back” area), and this can be highly variable in terms of the angle or amount of arch. It normally differs between males and females. Degenerative disk disease (DDD) is a common condition affecting virtually all of us at some point in time. DDD results in narrowing of the disk spaces, which there are five total in the lumbar spine (twelve in the thoracic spine/mid-back, and six in the cervical spine/neck). One particular study evaluated a group of 50 patients with long-term intractable (chronic) low back pain with intervertebral disk disease and a group of 50 chronic LBP patients without DDD that served as a “control group.” Researchers measured the degrees of lordosis, or amount of curve (lumbar lordosis), by looking at the person from the side using two different methods in the two patient groups and compared the data. The group with degenerative disk disease had an overall reduction in the lumbar lordosis curve (less arched) using both methods of measuring. The authors concluded that the patients with intervertebral disk lesions had a straighter, or more flat curve (less sway back), when compared to those without disk degeneration. What they were unable to determine was which came first, the disk degeneration or the reduction in the lumbar lordosis?
This study points out several important points. When treating patients with low back pain, some patients feel better when placed in a bent forwards position, or they favor a flat low back curve. Others have the opposite response, or their position of preference favors a more curved (arched) lower spine. The reason for this difference is that LBP is generated from different tissues in the low back, and some tissues favor or feel better in one position and typically feels worse in the opposite direction when injured. The intervertebral disks in the spine lie between the vertebral bodies and serve as “shock absorbers” for the spine and trunk. The center, or “nucleus,” of the disk is liquid-like and is usually well contained inside the disk, held by a tough, outer fibrocartilage material (the “annulus”). The disk is approximately 80% water, and as we age, the water content gradually reduces and the disk spaces narrow, thus limiting the mobility of that part of the spine. More importantly, DDD usually narrows the size of the canals through which the spinal cord and nerve roots travel. When we bend forward, these canals open up wider placing less pressure on the nerves and/or spinal cord. This is why we often see elderly people leaning on grocery carts when shopping, as it hurts less and they can walk longer / farther. Those with herniated disks tend to be the opposite, as they favor bending backwards as this position shifts the nucleus or liquid center forwards and away from the nerve root thus reducing the pinched nerve resulting in less or complete elimination of radiating leg pain.
We realize you have a choice in whom you consider for your health care provision and we sincerely appreciate your trust in choosing our service for those needs. If you, a friend, or family member requires care for back pain, we would be honored to render our services.
Sign Up for Free Back Pain Book | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Douglas MacLean
Charles Douglas MacLean (January 10, 1890 – July 9, 1967) was an American stage and silent film actor who later worked as a producer and screenwriter in the sound era.
Early life and stage career
Born in Philadelphia, MacLean was educated at Northwestern University and Lewis Institute of Technology, in Chicago. Although he came from a Navy family and was slated for Annapolis, he chose a different career path. After working as a bond salesman, MacLean enrolled in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and later played juvenile leads in repertory theatre and performed as supporting characters in major stage productions such as Peter Pan starring Maude Adams.
Film
MacLean's first film was the 1914 production As Ye Sow with Alice Brady, followed by bit parts in Fuss and Feathers and in two Mary Pickford features, Captain Kidd, Jr. and Johanna Enlists. He went on to appear with Dorothy Gish in The Hun Within, and he co-starred with Doris May in the romantic comedy 23 1/2 Hours' Leave, which was a big hit. From 1922 to 1929 he starred in 14 other features for Paramount and First National, all maintaining the standard light romantic comedy formula that continued to prove successful for him. MacLean during his film career was often billed as "The Man With the Million Dollar Smile". In 1929 he was cast in his only "talkie", Divorce Made Easy; he then retired from acting.
Producer and screenwriter
In 1932, MacLean made his debut as a producer with Ladies of the Jury. He produced a total of eight films for Paramount, including Tillie and Gus starring W.C. Fields, Ladies Should Listen starring Cary Grant, and Two for Tonight. He retired from film production in 1937 but continued to work as a freelance writer for movies and television during the 1940s and 1950s.
Personal life and death
MacLean married actress Faith Cole while both were performing in stock theater. They divorced in 1930. MacLean married actress Lorraine Eddy on March 3, 1931.
He met his third wife, Barbara Barondess, in a producer's office in April 1932, six years before they wed. At the time they were already aware of each others' work and recognized each other's voices. In her 1986 autobiography One Life is Not Enough, Barondess recalls, "There was something in this man's manner and speech that made an indelible impression on me." She describes him as having a vaulted, almost regal presence:"He was the most elegant man I had ever met. I didn't identify with him in the girl-and-boy sense. He was too far away, on a pedestal, completely out of reach. I would have felt the same way if he had been the Prince of Wales."
MacLean, at age 77, died in 1967 in his Beverly Hills home from the effects of a stroke. His gravesite is located at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Actor
* Divorce Made Easy (1929)
* The Carnation Kid (1929) (*Library of Congress)
* Soft Cushions (1927)
* Let It Rain (1927)
* Hold That Lion (1926)
* That's My Baby (1926)
* Seven Keys to Baldpate (1925)
* Introduce Me (1925)
* Never Say Die (1924)
* The Yankee Consul (1924)
* Going Up (1923)
* A Man of Action (1923)
* The Sunshine Trail (1923)
* Bell Boy 13 (1923) (*Library of Congress)
* The Hottentot (1922)
* Passing Through (1921)
* One a Minute (1921) (*Library of Congress)
* The Home Stretch (1921) (*Library of Congress)
* Chickens (1921)
* The Rookie's Return (1920)
* The Jailbird (1920) (*Library of Congress)
* Let's Be Fashionable (1920)
* Mary's Ankle (1920)
* What's Your Husband Doing? (1920) (*Library of Congress)
* 23 1/2 Hours' Leave (1919)
* Captain Kidd, Jr. (1919)
* The Homebreaker (1919)
* Happy Though Married (1919)
* Fuss and Feathers (1918)
* Mirandy Smiles (1918)
* Johanna Enlists (1918) (*Library of Congress)
* The Hun Within (1918)
* The Vamp (1918)
* The Fair Barbarian (1917)
* Souls in Pawn (1917)
* The Upper Crust (1917)
* A Woman's Power (1916)
* Love's Crucible (1916)
* The Boss (1915)
* The Man Who Found Himself (1915)
* As Ye Sow (1914)
Producer
* The Great Awakening (1941) also known as New Wine
* Suspect (1940) (stageplay)
* 23 1/2 Hours' Leave (1937)
* Great Guy (1936)
* So Red the Rose (1935)
* Two for Tonight (1935)
* Accent on Youth (1935)
* People Will Talk (1935)
* Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1934)
* Ladies Should Listen (1934)
* Melody in Spring (1934)
* Six of a Kind (1934)
* Tillie and Gus (1933)
* Secrets of Hollywood (1933)
* Ladies of the Jury (1932)
* Caught Plastered (1931)
* Too Many Cooks (1931)
* Laugh and Get Rich (1931)
* Seven Keys to Baldpate (1925)
* Never Say Die (1924)
* Going Up (1923)
Writer
* Mama Loves Papa (1945)
* Six of a Kind (1934)
* Mama Loves Papa (1933)
* Caught Plastered (1931)
* Cracked Nuts (1931)
* Laugh and Get Rich (1931) | WIKI |
Shortcuts
A Gentle Introduction to torch.autograd
torch.autograd is PyTorch’s automatic differentiation engine that powers neural network training. In this section, you will get a conceptual understanding of how autograd helps a neural network train.
Background
Neural networks (NNs) are a collection of nested functions that are executed on some input data. These functions are defined by parameters (consisting of weights and biases), which in PyTorch are stored in tensors.
Training a NN happens in two steps:
Forward Propagation: In forward prop, the NN makes its best guess about the correct output. It runs the input data through each of its functions to make this guess.
Backward Propagation: In backprop, the NN adjusts its parameters proportionate to the error in its guess. It does this by traversing backwards from the output, collecting the derivatives of the error with respect to the parameters of the functions (gradients), and optimizing the parameters using gradient descent. For a more detailed walkthrough of backprop, check out this video from 3Blue1Brown.
Usage in PyTorch
Let’s take a look at a single training step. For this example, we load a pretrained resnet18 model from torchvision. We create a random data tensor to represent a single image with 3 channels, and height & width of 64, and its corresponding label initialized to some random values. Label in pretrained models has shape (1,1000).
Note
This tutorial works only on the CPU and will not work on GPU devices (even if tensors are moved to CUDA).
import torch
from torchvision.models import resnet18, ResNet18_Weights
model = resnet18(weights=ResNet18_Weights.DEFAULT)
data = torch.rand(1, 3, 64, 64)
labels = torch.rand(1, 1000)
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet18-f37072fd.pth" to /var/lib/ci-user/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/resnet18-f37072fd.pth
0%| | 0.00/44.7M [00:00<?, ?B/s]
37%|###7 | 16.6M/44.7M [00:00<00:00, 174MB/s]
76%|#######5 | 33.8M/44.7M [00:00<00:00, 177MB/s]
100%|##########| 44.7M/44.7M [00:00<00:00, 178MB/s]
Next, we run the input data through the model through each of its layers to make a prediction. This is the forward pass.
prediction = model(data) # forward pass
We use the model’s prediction and the corresponding label to calculate the error (loss). The next step is to backpropagate this error through the network. Backward propagation is kicked off when we call .backward() on the error tensor. Autograd then calculates and stores the gradients for each model parameter in the parameter’s .grad attribute.
loss = (prediction - labels).sum()
loss.backward() # backward pass
Next, we load an optimizer, in this case SGD with a learning rate of 0.01 and momentum of 0.9. We register all the parameters of the model in the optimizer.
optim = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9)
Finally, we call .step() to initiate gradient descent. The optimizer adjusts each parameter by its gradient stored in .grad.
optim.step() #gradient descent
At this point, you have everything you need to train your neural network. The below sections detail the workings of autograd - feel free to skip them.
Differentiation in Autograd
Let’s take a look at how autograd collects gradients. We create two tensors a and b with requires_grad=True. This signals to autograd that every operation on them should be tracked.
import torch
a = torch.tensor([2., 3.], requires_grad=True)
b = torch.tensor([6., 4.], requires_grad=True)
We create another tensor Q from a and b.
\[Q = 3a^3 - b^2 \]
Q = 3*a**3 - b**2
Let’s assume a and b to be parameters of an NN, and Q to be the error. In NN training, we want gradients of the error w.r.t. parameters, i.e.
\[\frac{\partial Q}{\partial a} = 9a^2 \]
\[\frac{\partial Q}{\partial b} = -2b \]
When we call .backward() on Q, autograd calculates these gradients and stores them in the respective tensors’ .grad attribute.
We need to explicitly pass a gradient argument in Q.backward() because it is a vector. gradient is a tensor of the same shape as Q, and it represents the gradient of Q w.r.t. itself, i.e.
\[\frac{dQ}{dQ} = 1 \]
Equivalently, we can also aggregate Q into a scalar and call backward implicitly, like Q.sum().backward().
Gradients are now deposited in a.grad and b.grad
# check if collected gradients are correct
print(9*a**2 == a.grad)
print(-2*b == b.grad)
tensor([True, True])
tensor([True, True])
Optional Reading - Vector Calculus using autograd
Mathematically, if you have a vector valued function \(\vec{y}=f(\vec{x})\), then the gradient of \(\vec{y}\) with respect to \(\vec{x}\) is a Jacobian matrix \(J\):
\[J = \left(\begin{array}{cc} \frac{\partial \bf{y}}{\partial x_{1}} & ... & \frac{\partial \bf{y}}{\partial x_{n}} \end{array}\right) = \left(\begin{array}{ccc} \frac{\partial y_{1}}{\partial x_{1}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial y_{1}}{\partial x_{n}}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ \frac{\partial y_{m}}{\partial x_{1}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial y_{m}}{\partial x_{n}} \end{array}\right)\]
Generally speaking, torch.autograd is an engine for computing vector-Jacobian product. That is, given any vector \(\vec{v}\), compute the product \(J^{T}\cdot \vec{v}\)
If \(\vec{v}\) happens to be the gradient of a scalar function \(l=g\left(\vec{y}\right)\):
\[\vec{v} = \left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial l}{\partial y_{1}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial l}{\partial y_{m}}\end{array}\right)^{T}\]
then by the chain rule, the vector-Jacobian product would be the gradient of \(l\) with respect to \(\vec{x}\):
\[J^{T}\cdot \vec{v}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc} \frac{\partial y_{1}}{\partial x_{1}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial y_{m}}{\partial x_{1}}\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ \frac{\partial y_{1}}{\partial x_{n}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial y_{m}}{\partial x_{n}} \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial l}{\partial y_{1}}\\ \vdots\\ \frac{\partial l}{\partial y_{m}} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial l}{\partial x_{1}}\\ \vdots\\ \frac{\partial l}{\partial x_{n}} \end{array}\right)\]
This characteristic of vector-Jacobian product is what we use in the above example; external_grad represents \(\vec{v}\).
Computational Graph
Conceptually, autograd keeps a record of data (tensors) & all executed operations (along with the resulting new tensors) in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) consisting of Function objects. In this DAG, leaves are the input tensors, roots are the output tensors. By tracing this graph from roots to leaves, you can automatically compute the gradients using the chain rule.
In a forward pass, autograd does two things simultaneously:
• run the requested operation to compute a resulting tensor, and
• maintain the operation’s gradient function in the DAG.
The backward pass kicks off when .backward() is called on the DAG root. autograd then:
• computes the gradients from each .grad_fn,
• accumulates them in the respective tensor’s .grad attribute, and
• using the chain rule, propagates all the way to the leaf tensors.
Below is a visual representation of the DAG in our example. In the graph, the arrows are in the direction of the forward pass. The nodes represent the backward functions of each operation in the forward pass. The leaf nodes in blue represent our leaf tensors a and b.
../../_images/dag_autograd.png
Note
DAGs are dynamic in PyTorch An important thing to note is that the graph is recreated from scratch; after each .backward() call, autograd starts populating a new graph. This is exactly what allows you to use control flow statements in your model; you can change the shape, size and operations at every iteration if needed.
Exclusion from the DAG
torch.autograd tracks operations on all tensors which have their requires_grad flag set to True. For tensors that don’t require gradients, setting this attribute to False excludes it from the gradient computation DAG.
The output tensor of an operation will require gradients even if only a single input tensor has requires_grad=True.
x = torch.rand(5, 5)
y = torch.rand(5, 5)
z = torch.rand((5, 5), requires_grad=True)
a = x + y
print(f"Does `a` require gradients? : {a.requires_grad}")
b = x + z
print(f"Does `b` require gradients?: {b.requires_grad}")
Does `a` require gradients? : False
Does `b` require gradients?: True
In a NN, parameters that don’t compute gradients are usually called frozen parameters. It is useful to “freeze” part of your model if you know in advance that you won’t need the gradients of those parameters (this offers some performance benefits by reducing autograd computations).
In finetuning, we freeze most of the model and typically only modify the classifier layers to make predictions on new labels. Let’s walk through a small example to demonstrate this. As before, we load a pretrained resnet18 model, and freeze all the parameters.
from torch import nn, optim
model = resnet18(weights=ResNet18_Weights.DEFAULT)
# Freeze all the parameters in the network
for param in model.parameters():
param.requires_grad = False
Let’s say we want to finetune the model on a new dataset with 10 labels. In resnet, the classifier is the last linear layer model.fc. We can simply replace it with a new linear layer (unfrozen by default) that acts as our classifier.
model.fc = nn.Linear(512, 10)
Now all parameters in the model, except the parameters of model.fc, are frozen. The only parameters that compute gradients are the weights and bias of model.fc.
# Optimize only the classifier
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9)
Notice although we register all the parameters in the optimizer, the only parameters that are computing gradients (and hence updated in gradient descent) are the weights and bias of the classifier.
The same exclusionary functionality is available as a context manager in torch.no_grad()
Docs
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Give Me the Blame
The result was keep. Courcelles 22:12, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
Give Me the Blame
* - ( View AfD View log • Stats )
This episode is not part of the two-hour series finale of Desperate Housewives. AdamDeanHall (talk) 17:59, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Television-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 00:56, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Ron Ritzman (talk) 00:25, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, → B music ian 00:51, 4 May 2012 (UTC)
I don't understand the reasoning as to why this article was nominated for deletion. The reason given ("not part of the two-hour series finale"), does not seem to be correct. Nor does it explain why this should be deleted. Whether or not it is part of the series finale does not give me any information on why it should be deleted. Tabanger 02:08, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
* Oppose - as noted above, the rationale for deletion is incorrect. It is part of said episode. - Estoy Aquí (talk) 08:45, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
* Reluctant Keep because of the custom of a separate article for each episode. Appears this is the first half of the finale to air in a few days. In some future lifetime, I hope these perpetual stubs can be subordinated to the main article about the series. DocTree (talk) 03:21, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
* Keep - Is custom with separate articles on each episode of bigger shows like DH.--BabbaQ (talk) 09:05, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Page:The Federalist (1818).djvu/370
These considerations seem to afford ample security on this subject; and ought alone to satisfy all the doubts and fears which have been indulged with regard to it. Admitting, however, that they should all be insuificient to subdue the unjust policy of the smaller states, or their predominant influence in the councils of the senate; a constitutional and infallible resource still remains with the larger states, by which they will be able at all times to accomplish their just purposes. The house of representatives can not only refuse, but they alone can propose the supplies requisite for the support of government. They, in a word, hold the purse; that powerful instrument by which we behold, in the history of the British constitution an infant and humble representation of the people, gradually enlarging the sphere of its activity and importance, and finally reducing, as far as it seems to have wished, all the overgrown prerogatives of the other branches of the government. This power over the purse may, in fact, be regarded as the most complete and effectual weapon, with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people, for obtaining a redress of every grievance, and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure.
But will not the house of representatives be as much interested as the senate, in maintaining the government in its proper functions; and will they not therefore be unwilling to stake its existence or its reputation on the pliancy of the senate? Or if such a trial of firmness between the two branches were hazarded, would not the one be as likely first to yield as the other? These questions will create no difficulty with those who reflect, that in all cases, the smaller the number, and the more permanent and conspicuous the station of men in power the stronger must be the interest which they will individually feel in whatever concerns the government. Those who represent the dignity of their country in the eyes of other nations, will be particularly sensible to even prospect of public danger, or of a dishonourable stagnation in public affairs. To those causes we are to ascribe the continual triumph of the British house of commons | WIKI |
Thomas Duer Broughton
Thomas Duer Broughton (1778–1835) was an English soldier and writer on India.
Life and writings
Thomas Duer Broughton, son of the Rev. Thomas Broughton, Rector of St Peter's Church, Castle Park, Bristol, was educated at Eton, and went to India in 1795 as a cadet in the East India Company's Bengal Army. He became a lieutenant in 1797 and fought at the siege of Seringapatam in 1799. He was later appointed adjutant and assistant teacher of Hindi to the Cadet company at Barasett. (described in his obituary in the United Services Magazine as " a sort of college formed to receive the cadets, and teach and discipline them on their first arrival in the country")
In 1802 Broughton was appointed military resident with the Mahrattas. He published his experiences in a book entitled Letters Written in a Mahratta Camp During the Year 1809, descriptive of the character, manners, domestic habits, and religious ceremonies of the Mahrattas (1813). During this period he also collected Hindi poems from oral tradition, publishing his transcriptions and translations as Selections from the Popular Poetry of the Hindoos (1814). He left for England at the end of 1811 and returned to India in August 1815, having been promoted to the rank of major. He was then appointed to the command of Weltevreden on Java, but by the time he arrived on the island in April 1816, preparations were being made to hand it back to the Dutch, and so he was returned to Bengal. In 1822 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
On his return from India he became honorary secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society, and travelled widely in Britain and southern Europe. He also published Edward and Laura, a free translation of a French novel by a follower of Rousseau, and translations of Persian poetry.
Thomas Duer Broughton died in Dorset Square, London, on 16 November 1835. | WIKI |
Ed McClanahan
Edward Poage McClanahan (October 5, 1932 – November 27, 2021) was an American novelist, essayist, and professor.
Biography
McClanahan was born in Brooksville, Kentucky on October 5, 1932, to Edward Leroy and Jessie (Poage) McClanahan. He attended school there and later in nearby Maysville, Kentucky, where the family relocated in 1948. McClanahan attended Washington and Lee University for one year before leaving for Miami University, where he received a B.A. in English in 1955. He briefly attended Stanford University's graduate English program during the 1955–1956 academic year, where he studied under Richard Scowcroft and Malcolm Cowley; after failing to acclimate to the program, he received an M.A. in English from the University of Kentucky in 1958. From 1958 to 1962, McClanahan taught first-year composition and a creative writing course previously taught by Bernard Malamud as an instructor at Oregon State University.
He received a Stegner Fellowship in Stanford University's non-degree creative writing program for the 1962–1963 academic year. Immediately thereafter, he was selected for a Jones Lectureship by program director Wallace Stegner. During his time at Stanford—where he was also known by his hippie moniker "Captain Kentucky"—McClanahan became good friends with fellow program alumni Ken Kesey (through their mutual friendships with Wendell Berry), Gurney Norman, and Robert Stone. As an active member of Kesey's band of Merry Pranksters, McClanahan introduced Stone to Kesey's circle. His memoir, Famous People I Have Known, humorously recollects many of his Prankster experiences, and Tom Wolfe's bestseller, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, gave it worldwide notoriety.
In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
McClanahan served as a Jones Lecturer until 1972. He later taught at the University of Kentucky (deputizing for Wendell Berry during the 1972–1973 academic year), the University of Montana (1973–1976) and Northern Kentucky University (1979–1980) in a visiting lectureship that was to segue into a tenure-track position. Much to his surprise, he was released from his contract "at the last minute" in favor of an affirmative action candidate. He credited NKU and the sequence of events with giving him the opportunity to finish the long-gestating The Natural Man, which was completely rewritten from first to third person.
Following Kesey's death in 2001, McClanahan edited Spit in the Ocean #7: All About Kesey, a collection of stories, poems, and essays about Kesey. Spit in the Ocean #7 was the last volume of a literary magazine Kesey himself conceived in 1973 and thereafter sporadically self-published. Each Spit in the Ocean volume featured a different theme and editor; the last Kesey-published edition, Spit in the Ocean #6, had been released over 20 years before, in 1981.
McClanahan married Katherine Andrews in 1957 and they had three children: Jess, Kristin, and Caitlin. In 1975, he married Cia White (daughter of journalist and writer William S. White) and they had two children: Annie June and William. McClanahan resided in Lexington, Kentucky, with his third wife, Hilda. He had four grandchildren: Gray, Jessie, Rose, and Lucy. He was active in Kentucky literary circles and could occasionally be seen, in full "Captain Kentucky" regalia, guest-lecturing to University of Kentucky creative writing workshops. Horsefeathers: Stories from Room 241, an anthology of stories edited by McClanahan and Scotty Adkins compiled from a creative writing class taught by McClanahan at the University of Kentucky in 2009, was released by Wind Publications in 2011.
He died on November 27, 2021, at the age of 89.
Writing
McClanahan was a writer since the mid-1950s with short stories, essays, and reviews in such magazines as Esquire, Playboy, and Rolling Stone. In 1972 and 1974, he received Playboy's award for nonfiction. He was known for his rollicking, good-naturedly crude humor and a creatively extensive vocabulary.
Along with contemporary authors Wendell Berry, James Baker Hall, Bobbie Ann Mason and fellow Prankster Gurney Norman, McClanahan was considered a member of the "Fab Five" group of Kentucky writers.
Initially conceived in 1961, The Natural Man was finally published in 1983 to great acclaim.
Publications
* One Lord, One Faith, One Cornbread, Fred Nelson & Ed McClanahan (eds.) (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books), 1975. ISBN 978-0-385-04220-8
* The Natural Man (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux), 1983. ISBN 978-0-374-21969-7
* Famous People I Have Known (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux), 1985. ISBN 978-0-374-15329-8
* A Congress of Wonders (Washington, DC: Counterpoint), 1996. ISBN 978-1-887178-12-9
* My Vita, If You Will: The Uncollected Ed McClanahan (Washington, DC: Counterpoint), 1998. ISBN 978-1-887178-77-8
* Fondelle, or, The Whore with a Heart of Gold: A Report from the Field (Monterey, KY: Larkspur Press), 2002.
* A Foreign Correspondence (Tucson: Sylph Publications), 2002. ISBN 978-0-9673004-4-3
* Spit in the Ocean #7: All About Ken Kesey (New York: Penguin Books), 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-200363-3
* O The Clear Moment (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint), 2008. ISBN 978-1-58243-430-8
* Not Even Immortality Lasts Forever: Mostly True Stories (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint), 2020. ISBN 978-1-64-009260-0 | WIKI |
Talk:Ophioninae
Needs new sources
The sources listed here are references for a different subfamily: Banchinae Zelomorpha (talk) 21:17, 19 July 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Penaeidae
Penaeidae is a family of marine crustaceans in the suborder Dendrobranchiata, which are often referred to as penaeid shrimp or penaeid prawns. The Penaeidae contain many species of economic importance, such as the tiger prawn, whiteleg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp, and Indian prawn. Many prawns are the subject of commercial fishery, and farming, both in marine settings, and in freshwater farms. Lateral line–like sense organs on the antennae have been reported in some species of Penaeidae. At 210 m/s, the myelinated giant interneurons of pelagic penaeid shrimp have the world record for impulse conduction speed in any animal.
Genera
Of the 48 recognised genera in the family Penaeidae, 23 are known only from the fossil record (marked †):
* † Albertoppelia Schweigert & Garassino, 2004
* † Ambilobeia Garassino & Pasini, 2002
* † Antrimpos Münster, 1839
* Artemesia Bate, 1888
* Atypopenaeus Alcock, 1905
* † Bombur Münster, 1839
* † Bylgia Münster, 1839
* † Carinacaris Garassino, 1994
* † Cretapenaeus Garassino, Pasini & Dutheil, 2006
* † Drobna Münster, 1839
* † Dusa Münster, 1839
* Farfantepenaeus Burukovsky, 1997
* Fenneropenaeus Pérez Farfante, 1969
* Funchalia Johnson, 1868
* † Hakelocaris Garassino, 1994
* Heteropenaeus De Man, 1896
* † Ifasya Garassino & Teruzzi, 1995
* † Koelga Münster, 1839
* † Libanocaris Garassino, 1994
* Litopenaeus Pérez Farfante, 1969
* † Longichela Garassino & Teruzzi, 1993
* † Longitergite Garassino & Teruzzi, 1996
* † Macropenaeus Garassino, 1994
* Macropetasma Stebbing, 1914
* Marsupenaeus Tirmizi, 1971
* Megokris Pérez Farfante & Kensley, 1997
* Melicertus Rafinesque, 1814
* Metapenaeopsis Bouvier, 1905
* Metapenaeus Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891
* † Microchela Garassino, 1994
* † Micropenaeus Bravi & Garassino, 1998
* Parapenaeopsis Alcock, 1901
* Parapenaeus Smith, 1885
* Pelagopenaeus Pérez Farfante & Kensley, 1997
* Penaeopsis Bate, 1881
* Penaeus Fabricius, 1798
* Protrachypene Burkenroad, 1934
* † Pseudobombur Secretan, 1975
* † Pseudodusa Schweigert & Garassino, 2004
* † Rauna Münster, 1839
* † Rhodanicaris Van Straelen, 1924
* Rimapenaeus Pérez Farfante & Kensley, 1997
* † Satyrocaris Garassino & Teruzzi, 1993
* Tanypenaeus Pérez Farfante, 1972
* Trachypenaeopsis Burkenroad, 1934
* Trachypenaeus Alcock, 1901
* Trachysalambria Burkenroad, 1934
* Xiphopenaeus Smith, 1869 | WIKI |
Layer 7 (HAProxy)
Geolocation with MaxMind
Available since
• HAProxy ALOHA 15.5
The MaxMind module provides geolocation lookups using MaxMind’s GeoIP2 databases. This feature is available for use in layer 7 load balancer configurations.
Install the MaxMind databases Jump to heading
If the MaxMind databases have not already been installed, install them:
1. Log into your account at the MaxMind website.
2. Download the GeoIP databases.
3. If your HAProxy ALOHA host is a virtual appliance instead of hardware, you need to create an additional partition large enough to contain the files.
• Attach a new hard disk to the virtual machine. It should be 30 GB or larger.
• Power on your HAProxy ALOHA Virtual Appliance.
• Log in to your HAProxy ALOHA web UI as an administrator. The web UI runs at port 4444.
• Select the Tools tab, then edit the file /etc/config.rc through the File Manager. Add the following directives at the end of the service system section, then click Save:
text
app_auto_mount
app_auto_format
app_device_size 30000000000
text
app_auto_mount
app_auto_format
app_device_size 30000000000
where:
• app_auto_mount automatically mounts the partition on /app.
• app_auto_format automatically formats the /app partition, if needed.
• app_device_size <Size in bytes> specifies the size in bytes of the /app partition. Here we set it to 30 GB.
• Select the Setup tab, then click Save to save your modifications.
• Restart HAProxy ALOHA.
4. Use scp or Winscp to copy the databases to /app/extra on your HAProxy ALOHA server. Example:
nix
scp GeoIP2-City.mmdb admin@192.168.56.50:/app/extra
nix
scp GeoIP2-City.mmdb admin@192.168.56.50:/app/extra
Configure MaxMind on the LB Layer7 tab Jump to heading
To configure MaxMind geolocation:
1. From the LB Layer7 tab, add a global section with the following lines:
haproxy
global
module-load maxmind.so
maxmind-load mlock_max 512000000 CITY /app/extra/GeoIP2-City.mmdb ISP /app/extra/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb
maxmind-cache-size 200000
haproxy
global
module-load maxmind.so
maxmind-load mlock_max 512000000 CITY /app/extra/GeoIP2-City.mmdb ISP /app/extra/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb
maxmind-cache-size 200000
In this example:
• The module-load directive enables the MaxMind feature.
• The maxmind-load directive defines the geolocation databases to load. Each database file path is preceded by a database type, which can be ANONYMOUS, ANY, CITY, CONNTYPE, COUNTRY, DOMAIN, or ISP. The optional argument mlock_max affects unprivileged HAProxy ALOHA invocations and sets the maximum locked memory in bytes.
• The maxmind-cache-size directive defines the size of the LRU cache used for lookups. It defaults to 0, which disables the cache.
2. In frontend sections, add one or more maxmind-lookup directives to perform lookups that fetch geolocation properties. In the example below, we set several HTTP headers using geolocation properties:
haproxy
frontend www
bind :80
mode http
http-request add-header X-CityName %[src,maxmind-lookup("CITY","city","names","en")]
http-request add-header X-ISOCode %[src,maxmind-lookup("CITY","country","iso_code")]
http-request add-header X-ASN %[src,maxmind-lookup("ISP","autonomous_system_number")]
http-request add-header X-ASNOrg %[src,maxmind-lookup("ISP","autonomous_system_organization")]
haproxy
frontend www
bind :80
mode http
http-request add-header X-CityName %[src,maxmind-lookup("CITY","city","names","en")]
http-request add-header X-ISOCode %[src,maxmind-lookup("CITY","country","iso_code")]
http-request add-header X-ASN %[src,maxmind-lookup("ISP","autonomous_system_number")]
http-request add-header X-ASNOrg %[src,maxmind-lookup("ISP","autonomous_system_organization")]
3. Click the LB Layer7 tab to open the layer 7 load balancer configuration.
4. Add maxmind-lookup converters as needed.
5. Click OK and then Apply to save the configuration.
6. Go to the Setup tab and click Save under the Configuration section.
Discover properties Jump to heading
The mmdblookup utility enables you to perform look ups for IP addresses in a MaxMind database file and learn the structure of the data. For details, see mmdblookup.
1. Look up an IP address. For this exercise, the IP value can be any routable address:
nix
mmdblookup --file /app/extra/GeoLite2-City.mmdb --ip 40.121.152.233
nix
mmdblookup --file /app/extra/GeoLite2-City.mmdb --ip 40.121.152.233
This returns a JSON document, as shown below. Use the document’s structure to find a property to use with the maxmind-lookup converter. For example, to have HAProxy ALOHA look up the English language city name for a client’s IP address, use the keys city, names, and en as represented in the JSON returned from mmdblookup:
json
{
"city":
{
"geoname_id": 4792307 <uint32>
"names":
{
"en": "Washington" <utf8_string>
}
}
// data continues...
}
json
{
"city":
{
"geoname_id": 4792307 <uint32>
"names":
{
"en": "Washington" <utf8_string>
}
}
// data continues...
}
Update the database during runtime Jump to heading
Use the MaxMind Update feature to keep the contents of the geolocation database current. This allows you to keep multiple HAProxy ALOHA nodes synced with the latest data.
1. Install a web server of your choice and host the database file(s) at a URL that HAProxy ALOHA can access. For example, host the files at http://192.168.122.1:8000/GeoIP2-City.mmdb and http://192.168.122.1:8000/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb.
2. Add the following lines to the global section of your configuration file, where the URL hosts an updated version of the file:
haproxy
global
# ... other global settings
maxmind-update url CITY http://192.168.122.1:8000/GeoIP2-City.mmdb url ISP http://192.168.122.1:8000/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb delay 24h checksum hash log
haproxy
global
# ... other global settings
maxmind-update url CITY http://192.168.122.1:8000/GeoIP2-City.mmdb url ISP http://192.168.122.1:8000/GeoIP2-ISP.mmdb delay 24h checksum hash log
Tip
Be sure to specify the port number where your file is hosted, for example, 8000 as in the example above.
With this configuration, HAProxy ALOHA downloads the database every 24 hours and displays a message in the logs when it succeeds or if it encountered errors during the update.
maxmind-update Jump to heading
The maxmind-update directive enables updating the database over HTTP from a specified URL. You can specify multiple database types and their respective URLs. If there are multiple database types specified, they will download sequentially with a delay between each download. Updating a database with a newer version invalidates any cached lookups (if caching is used), unless you enable checksum and the new and old database contents are identical.
The directive supports the following syntax:
haproxy
maxmind-update url <db_type> <db_url>
[url <db_type> <db_url>]*
[delay <number>]
[timeout <number>]
[retries <number>]
[checksum]
[log]
[dontlog-normal]
haproxy
maxmind-update url <db_type> <db_url>
[url <db_type> <db_url>]*
[delay <number>]
[timeout <number>]
[retries <number>]
[checksum]
[log]
[dontlog-normal]
Parameters Description
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Talk:Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)
I seem to recall that Ratz’ edition claimed that the Scherzo‐Andante order he claimed was based, not only on Alma Mahler’s statements about her husband’s intentions, but on the relation of the keys — C minor (opening the finale transitionally, in a way) being closer to the end of the Andante than it is to the A minor drumbeats that end the Scherzo. Of course, the scherzo — andante leap is a tritone no matter what, but that was, I seem to recall, one of his points also. ?!?? Schissel‐bowl listen 21:31, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
I don't know what Ratz says, but it is true that the transition from the Andante to the Finale is closer in key relationship than from the Scherzo to the Finale. However, since Mahler is known to have performed the work with Andante second, I don't know why this should be seen as a point on either side of the argument. Who's to say Mahler didn't on reflection prefer more distant key relationships? --Tdent 20:31, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
Isn't it normally performed with the Andante third? I've always thoought (and these may be misguided musings!) that the structural relationship between the first three movements of Mahler's sixth (with the Andante third) is similar to that in Beethoven's ninth.--Nmcmurdo 14:36, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
The information about the order of movements seems a little unequivocal. Jeffrey Katz is quoted (in favour of Andante-Scherzo) but Henry-Louis de la Grange (in favour of Scherzo-Andante) is not. Moreoever de la Grange asserts that in the 1907 Viennese premiere Mahler reverted to Scherzo-Andante, a point which Katz ignores. It seems to me this section should only report the debate, and that the most recent Critical Edition is Andante-Scherzo. But as it stands it seems a little one-sided.--<IP_ADDRESS> 15:18, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
* The last article in the external links section(http://www.posthorn.com/Mahler/Correct_Movement_Order_III.pdf) seems to disprove La Grange. (Full disclosure: I am for andante-scherzo.)1xx5ab (talk) 07:09, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
* I don't think it's a question of 'proving' or 'disproving'. This is an artwork, not a mathematical theorem. The tenor of Katz's article seems to fluctuate between thinking that it is, and imagining that there is some sort of argument to be won. We will probably never know for sure what Mahler's 'final' thoughts were, but it does seem correct to report that the symphony had two verified movement orders during his lifetime, and as such, following La Grange and Mitchell, should be regarded as being two-versioned. No-one disputes the multi-versioned existence of Bruckner's symphonies, and he suffered much more musical interference Mahler could ever have had from Alma, even posthumously.--Stevouk (talk) 20:37, 8 September 2015 (UTC)
The "Structure" section gives Scherzo-Andante, while the "Composition" section gives Andante-Scherzo. They should probably be made consistent. Sho Uemura 14:39, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
The article says that the movement order question remains "hotly debated". However, in the July 2011 issue of the British magazine Gramophone, critic Edward Seckerson upholds the Scherzo-Andante order, saying that "We now know that Mahler did revert to the original order" (pg. 59). He doesn't explain how this came to be "known", though. Any information about this ? MUSIKVEREIN (talk) 16:06, 10 July 2011 (UTC)
Orchestration
Well, I listened to the symphony, and I swore I could hear a guitar in there somewhere, but the orchestration as it's written on this page doesn't say there's a guitar in there anywhere. So now I'm stumped. I swear there's a guitar in there, but I'm not sure if I should add it into the page, as I don't have a source. Thoughts? --Kschwerdt514 20:00, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
* It would have been helpful if you had said something about where you thought you heard it. As it is, I can only suggest that you are mis-identifying the sound of a harp played with a plectrum, near the start of the Finale. Pfistermeister 13:08, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
* You know, on listening to it again, it does sound a blit like the low range of a harp. Sorry about the confusion. By the way, what I thought was a guitar was, in fact, near the beginning of the finale. --Kschwerdt514 18:01, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
Unless my ears deceive me, isn't there a xylophone featured in the first movement?--Gruesome Pet 15.25 18 June (UTC)
* Are you sure it is not a celesta? — Andy W. (talk/contrb.) 15:46, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* I think you are right. Someone did not change the instrumentation correctly, but I am not adding it back in yet. Someone else can go ahead if they want. — Andy W. (talk/contrb.) 15:50, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
Hammer blows
First, I would think there should be more discussion of the question of the deleted third hammer blow, even if there seems to be a good deal less controversy over that than over the order of the middle movements.
Second, a propos the whole issue of how to get them to sound in performance, David Zinman, when he performed this work in Baltimore, spoke of his solution to the balance and acoustical problems. He got one of his sons to create the effect on a synthesizer, which was then played over the sound system in the hall. The sight of the percussionist raising the sledgehammer and bringing it down on a wooden platform was at least as much a visual effect as a sonic one.
Finally, in the name of full disclosure, I have never warmed to this symphony very much. --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 15:26, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
* Benjamin Zander in his commentary with performance of the Symphony with the Philharmonia indicated that the hammer blows were played with a huge wooden crate and then smashed with a plumber's lead pipe; a deafaning sound and very loud. Perhaps this could be added somewhere in the article. Justin Tokke 21:47, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
"The One with the Big Scary Hammer"... My name is Tubist1996... I am a Mahler scholar... I took out this section in the first sentence of the first paragraph because this symphony is not referred to in any serious work of scholarship as "The One with the Big Scary Hammer". This is false information and it does not belong in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tubist1996 (talk • contribs) 07:05, 30 September 2009 (UTC)
Popularity
Do you really think than because the American... and Canadian... say, it is not the most popular, Is that really relevant? what about Europe, France, England —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:24, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
* This isn't relevant. I removed the text. DJRafe (talk) 14:34, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
Dmitri Mitropoulos' movement order
Despite this article placing Dmitri Mitropoulos firmly in the "Andante/Scherzo" camp, I have at least two recordings of him conducting this Scherzo/Andante. Here is an entry for one of them on Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/Mahler-Symphonies-Nos-10-Unfinished/dp/B000009CO7/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1391681568&sr=8-1&keywords=Mitropoulos+mahler
As you can see from the track listings, the order is Scherzo/Andante.
2601:9:2780:1E3:221:E9FF:FEE0:8C3C (talk) 10:15, 6 February 2014 (UTC)
* I have a different issue of that same 1959 Cologne performance ("Great Conductors of the 20th Century"). Yes, it is Scherzo-Andante, and the liner notes specifically mention that as Mitropoulos's choice. However, his 1955 New York broadcast (which I don't own) is apparently Andante-Scherzo. I think the table should have a third column for conductors who performed it both ways, but for now I am removing the mentions of Mitropoulos. Oldkentuckyshark (talk) 01:04, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
Recordings and performances section
I propose that this section be confined simply to recordings, which are much less trouble (and bandwidth) to document. If the article tries to capture all performances with the inner movements in either order, the article will evolve into a laundry list of performances and become unmanageable. Thoughts are welcome. Thanks, DJRafe (talk) 14:34, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
I'm not sure I agree entirely with the above suggestion, but I would like to see some sort of dated chronology in the list. In view of the controversy over the order of the inner movements, it's surely of interest that the first recording, under F Charles Adler, who did actually work with Mahler himself,though apparently not on performances of the Sixth, places the Andante second - as did Mahler himself. It's of more than passing interest that neither van Beinum, nor Flipse, both of whom must have known of Mengelberg's practice in 1919 (how often did he perform the work on other occasions?) didn't follow it.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:48, 3 February 2016 (UTC)
* I agree that the current list looks indeed much like a laundry list. There seems to be no sorting criterium at all, and some almost identical forces could surely be removed. I agree that a chronological list would add valuable information. May be a sortable table might be more helpful. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 22:43, 3 February 2016 (UTC)
* Agreed that the format of the recordings list is not ideal. However, IMHO, it's considerably better/less worse than it was, because I tried to confine this section to recordings than have it be a potential list of all live performances that choose one order over the other. The most recent recordings additions look like additions from rather isolated labels from an Amazon search. DJRafe (talk) 23:51, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
Schumann re-scoring question
Is it possible that Mahler's rescoring of Schumann's Manfred Overture - and the Symphonies (not easy to find dates for these) - occurred during the period on which he was evolving the Sixth Symphony?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:03, 9 April 2016 (UTC)
Alban Berg quote & translation
On the English translation of Alban Berg's quote about Mahler's Symphony No 6, whilst I realise that "despite" is a more literally accurate translation of the German word 'trotz', Berg's overall sentiment does not lend itself to use of the word "despite". At the risk of stating the very obvious, Berg clearly meant to say that for him, the Sixth Symphony in all of what we now call 'classical music' is Mahler's, except that this would be to ignore Beethoven's Sixth Symphony. Other ways of paraphrasing Berg's quote in English, to capture this sentiment, would be: The English word "despite" has a more dismissive air about it, and, to my mind, is not what Berg meant with respect to Beethoven. Cheers, DJRafe (talk) 17:33, 27 December 2016 (UTC)
* 'The 'Pastoral' notwithstanding, there is only one Sixth.' / 'There is only one Sixth, the 'Pastoral' notwithstanding.'
* 'Besides the 'Pastoral', there is only one Sixth.' / 'There is only one Sixth, besides the 'Pastoral'.'
* 'Except for the 'Pastoral', there is only one Sixth.'
* Changed it again to "despite" before having seen DJRafe's comment. I realise that Berg's comment is obviously not intended as a swipe to Beethoven, but the use of the word "except" strikes me as kind of a "whitewashing" of a rather "politically incorrect" sentiment, as Berg does not really take care to affirm the hallowed reputation of the Pastoral before praising Mahler's Sixth, but rather provocatively pits one symphony against the other. Furthermore, to my mind, the use of the word "doch" seems to affirm that Berg intended the comment as deliberately contrarian with regard to conventional wisdom. However, if "despite" turns out to be widely considered as problematic, DJRafe's clever suggestion of "notwithstanding" might serve as a good compromise solution. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:44, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
Structure
Really, is it necessary to list the four movements twice rather than simply say the middle two are flipped??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:643:8104:730:9D1B:2F91:C159:98D7 (talk) 07:12, 24 March 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
Eniola
Eniola is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
Given name
* Eniola Abioro (born 1999), Nigerian fashion model
* Eniola Olaitan Ajayi (born 1965), Nigerian politician and diplomat
* Eniola Ajao (fl. 2004–present, ), Nigerian actress
* Eniola Akinbo (born 1985), Nigerian singer and songwriter known professionally as Niyol
* Eniola Akinkuotu (born 1986), Nigerian journalist and writer
* Eniola Aluko (born 1987), footballer
* Eniola Badmus (born 1982), Nigerian actress
* Grace Eniola Soyinka (1908–1983), Nigerian shopkeeper and activist
Surname
* Abi Eniola (fl. 1991–2009), British actress
* Lola Eniola-Adefeso (fl. 2006–present, ), Nigerian-American chemical engineer | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Architecture/Peer review/Toma T. Socolescu
Toma T. Socolescu
I have written the English version of this article.
I am the author of the French version.
However, my level of English is not as good as it should for this kind of publication. I there need help to improve the level of English of the text.
Thank you! --Cbrajon (talk) 10:47, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
* I've read through the article, it's obviously well researched. I'm happy to do a copy edit in order to improve the English. However, I do have some comments that may help you improve it prior to me doing that:
* 1) The LEAD section at the beginning of the article should be able to act as a summary of the important aspects and should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. In this case you could write a few short paragraphs.
* 2) There are couple of unreferenced paragraphs at the beginning of the article. Certainly I think that the sentence in the Biography stating he is still considered should have a reference.
* 3) consider changing the sections with bullet points into plain paragraphs as the text will be easier to read. Refer to the Manual of Style for help MOS
* 4) improve the wikilinks: there is no need to link a word several times in a section, for example, Ploieşti.
* 5) Non-English sources: in the legacy section the quotation extract written in French is maybe not helpful to English language readers, it could be that you provide a translation in the footnotes if you think that it is important. There is some guidance at Non English Sources
* 6) external links: try and reduce the number of external links, especially those that point to sites that English readers can't understand.
* Kenchikuben (talk) 16:01, 7 April 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Many aspects of the Constitution are a reaction against the problems that plagued the American colonies and the early American nation. Most of the freedoms provided by the Bill of Rights were instituted in order to protect against the abuses levied by Parliament against the colonists prior to the American Revolution. The Anti-Federalists were worried that a new central government would become aloof to the needs of the people and trample basic liberties, such as freedom of speech and the right to jury trials. In order to ensure that this did not happen, the Framers explicitly safeguarded what they regarded as basic freedoms in order to protect people from the overreaches of the national government.
The other issue that the Framers tried to fix was the general ineffectiveness of the government under the Articles of Confederation. The Continental Congress could not make the states pay taxes; therefore, the government could not pay its creditors at home or abroad.
The Constitution created by the Framers consisted of three branches of government. Each branch had its own set of duties. The Framers also created a system of checks and balances, so that no one branch became more powerful than the others. In order to ensure that the federal government would not become too powerful, the Bill of Rights also ensured that states would retain power with the Tenth Amendment. | FINEWEB-EDU |
/**************************************************************************** ** ** Copyright (C) 2012 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). ** All rights reserved. ** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) ** ** This file is part of the QtQuick1 module of the Qt Toolkit. ** ** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ ** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage ** This file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public ** License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation and ** appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the packaging of this ** file. Please review the following information to ensure the GNU Lesser ** General Public License version 2.1 requirements will be met: ** http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. ** ** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain additional ** rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL Exception ** version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this package. ** ** GNU General Public License Usage ** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU General ** Public License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software Foundation ** and appearing in the file LICENSE.GPL included in the packaging of this ** file. Please review the following information to ensure the GNU General ** Public License version 3.0 requirements will be met: ** http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html. ** ** Other Usage ** Alternatively, this file may be used in accordance with the terms and ** conditions contained in a signed written agreement between you and Nokia. ** ** ** ** ** ** ** $QT_END_LICENSE$ ** ****************************************************************************/ #include "private/qdeclarativecontextscriptclass_p.h" #include "private/qdeclarativeengine_p.h" #include "private/qdeclarativecontext_p.h" #include "private/qdeclarativetypenamescriptclass_p.h" #include "private/qdeclarativelistscriptclass_p.h" #include "private/qdeclarativeguard_p.h" QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE struct ContextData : public QScriptDeclarativeClass::Object { ContextData() : overrideObject(0), isSharedContext(true) {} ContextData(QDeclarativeContextData *c, QObject *o) : context(c), scopeObject(o), overrideObject(0), isSharedContext(false), isUrlContext(false) {} QDeclarativeGuardedContextData context; QDeclarativeGuard scopeObject; QObject *overrideObject; bool isSharedContext:1; bool isUrlContext:1; QDeclarativeContextData *getContext(QDeclarativeEngine *engine) { if (isSharedContext) { return QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::get(engine)->sharedContext; } else { return context.contextData(); } } QObject *getScope(QDeclarativeEngine *engine) { if (isSharedContext) { return QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::get(engine)->sharedScope; } else { return scopeObject.data(); } } }; struct UrlContextData : public ContextData { UrlContextData(QDeclarativeContextData *c, QObject *o, const QString &u) : ContextData(c, o), url(u) { isUrlContext = true; } UrlContextData(const QString &u) : ContextData(0, 0), url(u) { isUrlContext = true; } QString url; }; /* The QDeclarativeContextScriptClass handles property access for a QDeclarativeContext via QtScript. */ QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::QDeclarativeContextScriptClass(QDeclarativeEngine *bindEngine) : QScriptDeclarativeClass(QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::getScriptEngine(bindEngine)), engine(bindEngine), lastScopeObject(0), lastContext(0), lastData(0), lastPropertyIndex(-1) { } QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::~QDeclarativeContextScriptClass() { } QScriptValue QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::newContext(QDeclarativeContextData *context, QObject *scopeObject) { QScriptEngine *scriptEngine = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::getScriptEngine(engine); return newObject(scriptEngine, this, new ContextData(context, scopeObject)); } QScriptValue QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::newUrlContext(QDeclarativeContextData *context, QObject *scopeObject, const QString &url) { QScriptEngine *scriptEngine = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::getScriptEngine(engine); return newObject(scriptEngine, this, new UrlContextData(context, scopeObject, url)); } QScriptValue QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::newUrlContext(const QString &url) { QScriptEngine *scriptEngine = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::getScriptEngine(engine); return newObject(scriptEngine, this, new UrlContextData(url)); } QScriptValue QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::newSharedContext() { QScriptEngine *scriptEngine = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::getScriptEngine(engine); return newObject(scriptEngine, this, new ContextData()); } QDeclarativeContextData *QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::contextFromValue(const QScriptValue &v) { if (scriptClass(v) != this) return 0; ContextData *data = (ContextData *)object(v); return data->getContext(engine); } QUrl QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::urlFromValue(const QScriptValue &v) { if (scriptClass(v) != this) return QUrl(); ContextData *data = (ContextData *)object(v); if (data->isUrlContext) { return QUrl(static_cast(data)->url); } else { return QUrl(); } } QObject *QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::setOverrideObject(QScriptValue &v, QObject *override) { if (scriptClass(v) != this) return 0; ContextData *data = (ContextData *)object(v); QObject *rv = data->overrideObject; data->overrideObject = override; return rv; } QScriptClass::QueryFlags QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::queryProperty(Object *object, const Identifier &name, QScriptClass::QueryFlags flags) { Q_UNUSED(flags); lastScopeObject = 0; lastContext = 0; lastData = 0; lastPropertyIndex = -1; QDeclarativeContextData *bindContext = ((ContextData *)object)->getContext(engine); QObject *scopeObject = ((ContextData *)object)->getScope(engine); if (!bindContext) return 0; QObject *overrideObject = ((ContextData *)object)->overrideObject; if (overrideObject) { QDeclarativeEnginePrivate *ep = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::get(engine); QScriptClass::QueryFlags rv = ep->objectClass->queryProperty(overrideObject, name, flags, bindContext, QDeclarativeObjectScriptClass::ImplicitObject | QDeclarativeObjectScriptClass::SkipAttachedProperties); if (rv) { lastScopeObject = overrideObject; lastContext = bindContext; return rv; } } bool includeTypes = true; while (bindContext) { QScriptClass::QueryFlags rv = queryProperty(bindContext, scopeObject, name, flags, includeTypes); scopeObject = 0; // Only applies to the first context includeTypes = false; // Only applies to the first context if (rv) return rv; bindContext = bindContext->parent; } return 0; } QScriptClass::QueryFlags QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::queryProperty(QDeclarativeContextData *bindContext, QObject *scopeObject, const Identifier &name, QScriptClass::QueryFlags flags, bool includeTypes) { QDeclarativeEnginePrivate *ep = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::get(engine); lastPropertyIndex = bindContext->propertyNames?bindContext->propertyNames->value(name):-1; if (lastPropertyIndex != -1) { lastContext = bindContext; return QScriptClass::HandlesReadAccess; } if (includeTypes && bindContext->imports) { QDeclarativeTypeNameCache::Data *data = bindContext->imports->data(name); if (data) { lastData = data; lastContext = bindContext; lastScopeObject = scopeObject; return QScriptClass::HandlesReadAccess; } } if (scopeObject) { QScriptClass::QueryFlags rv = ep->objectClass->queryProperty(scopeObject, name, flags, bindContext, QDeclarativeObjectScriptClass::ImplicitObject | QDeclarativeObjectScriptClass::SkipAttachedProperties); if (rv) { lastScopeObject = scopeObject; lastContext = bindContext; return rv; } } if (bindContext->contextObject) { QScriptClass::QueryFlags rv = ep->objectClass->queryProperty(bindContext->contextObject, name, flags, bindContext, QDeclarativeObjectScriptClass::ImplicitObject | QDeclarativeObjectScriptClass::SkipAttachedProperties); if (rv) { lastScopeObject = bindContext->contextObject; lastContext = bindContext; return rv; } } return 0; } QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::Value QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::property(Object *object, const Identifier &name) { Q_UNUSED(object); QDeclarativeContextData *bindContext = lastContext; Q_ASSERT(bindContext); QDeclarativeEnginePrivate *ep = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::get(engine); QScriptEngine *scriptEngine = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::getScriptEngine(engine); if (lastData) { if (lastData->type) { return Value(scriptEngine, ep->typeNameClass->newObject(lastScopeObject, lastData->type)); } else if (lastData->typeNamespace) { return Value(scriptEngine, ep->typeNameClass->newObject(lastScopeObject, lastData->typeNamespace)); } else { int index = lastData->importedScriptIndex; if (index < bindContext->importedScripts.count()) { return Value(scriptEngine, bindContext->importedScripts.at(index)); } else { return Value(); } } } else if (lastScopeObject) { return ep->objectClass->property(lastScopeObject, name); } else if (lastPropertyIndex != -1) { QScriptValue rv; if (lastPropertyIndex < bindContext->idValueCount) { rv = ep->objectClass->newQObject(bindContext->idValues[lastPropertyIndex].data()); if (ep->captureProperties) ep->capturedProperties << QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::CapturedProperty(&bindContext->idValues[lastPropertyIndex].bindings); } else { QDeclarativeContextPrivate *cp = bindContext->asQDeclarativeContextPrivate(); const QVariant &value = cp->propertyValues.at(lastPropertyIndex); if (value.userType() == qMetaTypeId >()) { rv = ep->listClass->newList(QDeclarativeListProperty(bindContext->asQDeclarativeContext(), (void*)lastPropertyIndex, 0, QDeclarativeContextPrivate::context_count, QDeclarativeContextPrivate::context_at), qMetaTypeId >()); } else { rv = ep->scriptValueFromVariant(value); } if (ep->captureProperties) ep->capturedProperties << QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::CapturedProperty(bindContext->asQDeclarativeContext(), -1, lastPropertyIndex + cp->notifyIndex); } return Value(scriptEngine, rv); } else { return Value(scriptEngine, lastFunction); } } void QDeclarativeContextScriptClass::setProperty(Object *object, const Identifier &name, const QScriptValue &value) { Q_UNUSED(object); Q_ASSERT(lastScopeObject); QDeclarativeContextData *bindContext = lastContext; Q_ASSERT(bindContext); QDeclarativeEnginePrivate *ep = QDeclarativeEnginePrivate::get(engine); ep->objectClass->setProperty(lastScopeObject, name, value, context(), bindContext); } QT_END_NAMESPACE | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ghadir Razuki
Ghadir Razuki is a British-Iraqi businessman who was the founder of TNT Magazine, in September 1983.
Early life
Born to Iraqi parents, he moved to London in the United Kingdom after leaving Iraq. In September 1983, then aged twenty-two he launched and published TNT Magazine, a travel magazine aimed at Australian, New Zealand and South African expatriates, in an Earls Court Road office.
Career
In 2000, Ghadir sold TNT Magazine to the Trader Media Group, an independent publishing company that would later be subject to hostile takeover by the Guardian newspaper.
Ghadir has since become a Director of A-League football club Melbourne City, formally known as Melbourne Heart. | WIKI |
Page:Joutel's journal of La Salle's last voyage, 1684-7 (IA joutelsjournalof00jout).pdf/45
The mutineers who had accomplished the deed were over-*whelmingly dominant, and the lives of the whole party trembled in the balance. Joutel was no coward; but the situation in which they found themselves called for the exercise of that prudence which is ofttimes the better part of valor. Neither was he ambitious, so that, when the little band of seven who sought to separate themselves from the assassins, finally started upon their long and perilous journey toward the North, we find, as if by common consent, that the Abbe Cavelier figures as the nominal leader. Undoubtedly, this was due partly to the respect felt by Joutel for the aged ecclesiastic by virtue of his sacred office, as well as by his own life-long association, at Rouen, with the family of Cavelier; and also by motives of policy in thus securing for the party the prestige of being headed by a La Salle—a "name to conjure with" amid the savage tribes through whom they must pass.
Yet, undoubtedly, it was mainly to Joutel's prudence, courage, and practical knowledge that the little band of survivors—after their marvelous journey of over 800 miles through trackless wilds, and amid innumerable dangers from flood, disease, and savages—finally reached Quebec, and ultimately their beloved France, in October, 1688.
The motives previously alluded to as influencing Joutel in waiving his right to the leadership of the party, on its return to civilization, may, probably, sufficiently account for (even if they do not fully condone) his connivance (as also that of Father Douay) in the concealment, for over two years, of the fact of La Salle's death—a deception undoubtedly originating with the Abbe Cavalier, who desired thereby to get possession of property which might otherwise have been seized by creditors of his deceased brother the Sieur Robert La Salle, the explorer. Parkman says (note to p. 207, vol. ii, La Salle's Voyages, Champlain edition) that "the prudent Abbe died rich and very old, at the home of a relative, having inherited a large estate after his return from America." | WIKI |
What Is the Difference Between 2.5 & 3.5 Hard Drives?
By Rhian Hibner
From a functional standpoint, a 2.5-inch drive and a 3.5-inch drive are identical. They use the same technology to accomplish the same goal. They differ, however, in size and form factor, as well as differences in the hardware used to connect them to a computer.
How it works
Both types of hard drive use magnetic resonance to align particles in a particular region of a metal platter in a binary fashion. Each region can be aligned to represent either a 1 or a 0. The size of the region is one of the limiting factors of total storage space. A read/write head moves over the surface of the drive and can change or read the alignment of a region.
Size Differences
2.5-inch drives vary from 3.5-inch drives in that, obviously, they are smaller. This means that a 2.5-inch drive will always have a smaller capacity than a same generation 3.5-inch drive. On the other hand, a 2.5-inch drive that spins at the same speed as a 3.5-inch drive is inherently faster.
Connectivity Differences
Another difference is in the size of the connectors that attach the drive to a computer. Some 2.5-inch drives use a smaller version of the SATA (Serial ATA) interface than 3.5-inch drives do, while other 2.5-inch drives use exactly the same connector. Both connectors are electrically compatible. You can use a simple adapter to connect a 2.5-inch drive to a desktop computer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:S2nancy/Tasty (South Korean band)
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Tasty (테이스티, stylized as Tasty 2Wins) is a South Korean duo signed under Woollim Entertainmnet that debuted in 2012. Also they are known as "Asia’s No.1 Performance Duo." The members consist of Chinese-Korean twins Dae RYong and So Ryong. On August 9, 2012, they had their debut stage and performed "You Know Me".
Debut-2012
On Aug. 8, Tasty released their debut album "SPECTRUM". Rookie producer ‘Rphabet‘ has written and composed their debut album ‘SPECTRUM‘ consisting of 4 songs in total, including their title track “You Know Me“
On Aug 9, Tasty debut their mv of "You Know Me." Later that day, they made their debut ‘M! Countdown‘ with “You Know Me“.
Korean discography
* 2012: SPECTRUM
Variety Show
* Weekly Idol (10/10/2012) | WIKI |
Don Armes
Don Armes (born July 31, 1961) is a United States Republican politician from U.S. state of Oklahoma. Armes served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives, representing state House District 63. He was first elected to the seat in 2002.
Early life and career
Armes was born in Midwest City, Oklahoma to Donald C. Armes and Elaine O. (Oliver) Bennett. He attended Cameron University, where he studied agricultural education and animal science. Armes worked as a broadcaster for KSWO-TV from 1999 to 2002, as an agriculture educator in Lawton and continues to work as a farmer and auctioneer today.
Political career and controversy
Armes has represented his district as a conservative lawmaker with a focus on issues that affect rural Oklahomans, and received a rating of 100% from the Oklahoma Farm Bureau. He has consistently supported legislation which would restrict abortion access. Armes has consistently voted against embryonic stem cell research, for tax relief and government modernization. In 2014, his last year in office, Armes was embroiled in a controversy involving efforts to sabotage the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality. It was also widely alleged that Armes conspired with insiders at the Department of Environmental Quality, and that he engaged in romantic relationships with one of those Department of Environmental Quality employees.
Personal life
Armes currently lives in Faxon, Oklahoma with his wife, Dede. They have two children, Katy and Kelsey Armes.
Organizations
* National Rifle Association
* Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association
* Tillman County Ducks Unlimited
District
House District 63 encompasses Tillman County and the western half of Comanche County. Most of the district is rural. | WIKI |
Talk:Deep Throat (Watergate)/May 23, 2005 revision
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Throat_%28Watergate%29&oldid=14490875
"Deep Throat" was the name given to Bob Woodward's secret informant who leaked information about United States President Richard Nixon's involvement in Watergate. He was an important source for Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who together wrote a series of articles about Watergate in the Washington Post. The scandal would eventually lead to the resignation of the president, and prison terms for White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman and presidential adviser John Ehrlichman.
Deep Throat came to public attention when Woodward and Bernstein wrote All the President's Men, a book also made into an Academy Award-winning movie. In the movie, Deep Throat was portrayed by Hal Holbrook.
According to Woodward, Deep Throat was nervous that his role in the Post investigation would be discovered. He demanded that the two stop conversing by phone, thinking that the line may be tapped, and they began meeting late at night in a Washington parking garage. If Woodward wanted a meeting with Deep Throat, the reporter would rearrange a potted plant in his apartment window. If Deep Throat wanted a meeting with Woodward, the source would somehow ensure that page number 20 of Woodward's daily New York Times delivery was circled. Woodward claims that Deep Throat never gave him specific information but only confirmed information given by others and suggested avenues to explore.
The name Deep Throat came from the X-rated movie "Deep Throat", which was popular during the period; it is also a play on the phrase deep background.
Identity
Deep Throat's identity is known only to four people: Woodward; Bernstein; their editor at the time, Benjamin C. Bradlee; and, of course, Deep Throat himself.
Woodward has said in repeated interviews that the identity of Deep Throat will be kept confidential until Deep Throat dies, or until Deep Throat agrees to let his name be made public. In February 2005, Nixon White House counsel (now columnist) John Dean reported that Woodward had recently informed Bradlee that Deep Throat was ill, and that Bradlee had written Deep Throat's obituary. Both Woodward and the current editor of the Post, Leonard Downie, have denied these claims.
Over the years, there have been a number of hints and guesses as to the identity of Deep Throat, and much speculation.
Woodward has confirmed that Deep Throat:
* is male;
* was a specific man in Nixon's administration, and not a composite; and
Woodward has given specific denials to only six possibilities:
* Alexander Haig
* Earl Silbert
* John Sears
* Diane Sawyer
* Cord Meyer Jr. (CIA official)
* William Colby (CIA official)
Leading candidates
Generally acknowledged to be the two leading candidates are W. Mark Felt and Fred Fielding.
W. Mark Felt
W. Mark Felt was the third highest official in the FBI at the time of Watergate. James Mann, who had worked at the Post at the time of Watergate and was close to the investigation, brought a great deal of evidence together in a 1992 article in Atlantic Monthly that fingered Felt and convinced many. He argued that the information Deep Throat gave Woodward could only have come from FBI files. Felt was also embittered at having been passed over for the Director General position and the FBI in general was hostile to the Nixon administration. In previous unrelated articles Woodward had made clear he had a highly placed source at the FBI and there is some evidence he was friends with Felt. Felt was Richard Nixon's personal candidate as Deep Throat. Bernstein's son blurted to others that Felt was Deep Throat many years ago. Bernstein's wife at that time, Nora Ephron, tried to explain it away, saying that their son overheard her "speculations." Woodward has kept in close touch with Felt over the years, even showing up unexpected at his house in 1999, after Felt's dementia began. Some suspected at that time that Woodward might be asking Felt if he could reveal him to be Deep Throat, though Felt, when asked directly by others, has consistently denied being Deep Throat.
Fred Fielding
In April 2003 Fred F. Fielding was presented as a potential candidate as a result of a detailed review of source material by William Gaines and his journalism students. . Fielding was assistant to White House Counsel John Dean and as such had access to the files relating to the affair. Gaines feels that statements by Woodward rule out Deep Throat being in the FBI and the Deep Throat often had information before the FBI did. H.R. Haldeman suspected Fielding as being Deep Throat. Ironically John Dean has been one of the most dedicated hunters of Deep Throat. Both he and Leonard Garment dismissed Fielding as a possibility reporting that he had been cleared by Woodward in 1980 when Fielding was applying for an important position in the Reagan White House. However this assertion, which comes from Fielding, has not been backed up by anyone else.
Famous candidates
It has been common to accuse people who are unlikely to be Deep Throat, but who were famous at the time or have become so in later years. It is deeply unlikely that the highest profile members of the Nixon administration could have snuck around Washington and hid in parking garages.
* Henry Kissinger, Nixon's National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, was out of the country on some of the dates Woodward reports to have met with Deep Throat.
* Melvin R. Laird served as Nixon's Secretary of Defense. Like Kissinger, he was outside of the country when he was meant to have been meeting with Woodward.
* Ben Stein, a Nixon speechwriter and later entertainer.
* Pat Buchanan, who served as special assistant to the President, was nominated as a potential candidate by Dean in his June 2002 book "Unmasking Deep Throat"..
* George H. W. Bush was nominated in February 2005 by Adrian Havill — author of a 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, Deep Truth (ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>) — following the unveiling of Woodward's notes at the University of Texas. Havill had argued in his biography that Deep Throat was a composite figure, but stated in a letter to Poynter Online that based on more recent events and research, he now believed Deep Throat was George H. W. Bush.
* William H. Rehnquist, currently Chief Justice of the United States, had a position in the Department of Justice early in the Nixon administration. In 2004 Dean reported that Deep Throat was ailing, leading many to point to Rehnquist. However Woodward later stated that the notion that Deep Throat was ailing was a misunderstanding. In February 2005, a poll conducted by Editor and Publisher Magazine amongst journalists reported that 15 percent thought that Rehnquist was Deep Throat. Rehnquist worked for Attorney General John Mitchell early in the Nixon administration. More than five months before the Watergate break-in he was appointed to the Supreme Court and it would have been almost impossible for him to have had access to much of the information Deep Throat is meant to have provided.
Other candidates
* Charles W. Bates, FBI executive that Mann mentioned but considered less likely than Felt
* L. Patrick Gray, The FBI director, who lived only four blocks away from Woodward, was fingered by a CBS documentary.
* Robert Kunkel, FBI Washington Bureau Chief that Mann mentioned but considered less likely than Felt as he moved to St. Louis partway through the investigation
* Cord Meyer, CIA agent fingered in Mark Riebling's Wedge: The Secret War Between the FBI and the CIA, however in an interview Woodward stated that Deep Throat was not part of the intelligence community.
* Raymond Price, Nixon speechwriter
* Stephen Bull, administrative assistant
* Lowell Weicker, is Pat Buchanan's candidate for Deep Throat
* Secret Service technicians, Richard Cohen argued it was whoever in the secret service maintained Nixon's secret taping devices
Deceased candidates
Since Dean's February 2005 article indicates that Deep Throat is still alive, we can logically also rule out the now deceased:
* John Ehrlichman, Nixon advisor
* Ron Ziegler, press secretary
* William E. Colby, head of the CIA | WIKI |
User:Lordcoppard
Hello all wiki users and visitors this is Lord Coppard from London. I am 35 years old and i have done my graduation and MCA. it’s my page & i would similar to say you about for myself the story of my lifetime and how I have develop a financial consultant. | WIKI |
Earl CHAPMAN and Milton W. Hardy, Plaintiffs in Error, v. Eliza TIGER, et al., Defendants in Error.
No. 38127.
Supreme Court of Oklahoma.
Aug. 2, 1960.
Rehearing Denied Nov. 9, 1960.
Milton W. Hardy, of Hardy & Hardy, Tulsa, Okl., for plaintiffs in error.
W. F. Semple, Tulsa, Okl., for defendants in error.
Billie W. Crain, Field Sol., D. Luster Cook, Trial Atty., Harold M. Shultz, Jr., Trial Atty., Office of the Solicitor, U. S. Department of Interior, Muskogee, Okl., amici curiae.
JACKSON, Justice.
This is an appeal by plaintiff from order of the trial court granting new trial to defendants in a quiet title action tried to the court. Plaintiff’s title is based on a deed from the County Commissioners of Tulsa County, Oklahoma, dated May 20, 1935, and filed of record June 8, 1935, and actual possession by plaintiff since that date. The land in question had been acquired by the county in 1927 by resale tax deed covering allegedly delinquent ad valorem taxes for the years 1912-1926, inclusive.
Plaintiff’s action was commenced on January 28, 1950.
A cross-petition was filed on March 24, 1950, by certain defendants, as sole surviving full-blood Creek Indian heirs of Eliza Tiger, a full-blood Creek Indian allottee who died before receiving the allotment covering the land in question. The position of these defendants is that the land was restricted and non-taxable, during the years 1912-26, and that, therefore, the aforementioned tax resale deed and the County Commissioner’s deed under which plaintiff claims title are void, and should-be cancelled.
The trial court rendered judgment for plaintiff in 1955, and in 1957 granted defendants a new trial, from which order plaintiff appeals. In the order granting new trial appears the following:
“ * * * the court announced that its judgment had been rendered upon a question of fact as to the statute of limitations, but since said judgment the court in the interim had reviewed the record upon the point and had concluded the court was in error upon such point as a question of fact, and for such reason desired to hear argument first from counsel for plaintiff and interve-nor, and having heard argument of counsel for the parties present and being fully advised in the premises concludes and determines as a question of fact that statute of limitations applicable had not run, * *
The questions presented on this appeal are:
1. Was the land in question restricted Indian land and non-taxable during the years 1912-26?
2. Did the trial court err in holding that defendants’ cross-petition attacking plaintiff’s deed and the tax resale deed was not barred by limitations ?
The determination of the first question hinges upon the interpretation of two Congressional enactments, the Act of April 26, 1906, 34 Stat. 137, and the Act of May 27, 1908, 35 Stat. 312.
Section 22, Act of April 26, 1906, 34 Stat. 137, 145, provides:
“That the adult heirs of any deceased Indian of either of the Five Civilized Tribes whose selection has been made, or to whom a deed or patent has been issued for his or her share of the land of the tribe to which he or she belongs or belonged, may sell and convey the lands inherited from such decedent ; and if there be both adult and minor heirs of such decedent, then such minors may join in a sale of such lands by a guardian duly appointed by the proper United States court for the Indian Territory. And in the case of the organization of a state or territory, then by a proper court of the county in which said minor or minors may reside or in which said real estate is situated, upon an order of such court made upon petition filed by guardian. All conveyances made under this provision by heirs who are full-blood Indians are to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe.” (Emphasis added.)
Section 9, Act of May 27, 1908, 35 Stat 312, 315, provides:
“That the death of any allottee of the Five Civilized Tribes shall operate to remove all restrictions upon the alienation of said allottee’s land; Provided, That no conveyance of any interest of any full-blood Indian heir in such land shall be valid unless approved by the court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the estate of said deceased allottee: * * *." (Emphasis added.)
The United States Supreme Court, in considering the Act of May 27, 1908, in Parker v. Richard, 250 U.S. 235, at pages 238-239, 39 S.Ct. 442, at page 443, 63 L. Ed. 954, said:
“By the act of 1908, which imposed the restrictions on alienation and contained the leasing provision, Congress further declared, in section 9, ‘that the death of any allottee * * * shall operate to remove all restrictions upon the alienation of (the) allottee’s land: Provided, that no conveyance of any interest of any full-blood Indian heir in such land shall be valid unless approved by the court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the estate of said deceased allottee.’
“In the absence of the proviso it would be very plain that, on the death of the allottee all restrictions on the alienation of the land allotted to him were removed. But the proviso is there and cannot be disregarded. It obviously limits and restrains what precedes it. In exact words, it puts full-blood Indian heirs in a distinct and excepted class and forbids any conveyance of any interest of such an heir in such land unless it be approved by the court named. In other words, as to that class of heirs the restrictions are not removed but merely relaxed or qualified to the extent of sanctioning such conveyances as receive the court’s approval. Conveyances without its approval fall within the ban of the restrictions. * * *.
“In cases presenting the question whether lands inherited from allottees by full-blood Indian heirs are freed from restrictions by section 9, and thus brought within another provision in the same act declaring that land ‘from which restrictions have been or shall be removed’ shall be taxable and subject to other civil burdens, the Supreme Court of the state and the federal court of that district have both held that under the proviso such land remains restricted in the hands of the full-blood heirs, and so is not within the taxing provision. Marcy v. Seminole County, supra; United States v. Shock, 10 Cir., 187 F. 870.
“Entertaining a like view of the proviso, we conclude that the land covered by the lease is still restricted land.”
We held, in Tiger v. Lozier, 124 Okl. 260, 256 P. 727, that the County Court, in approving such alienation, acts as a Federal instrumentality.
In United States v. Shock, 10 Cir., 187 F. 870, 872, the court said:
“ * * * the question as to- whether, on March 1, 1909, the lands referred to by the demurrer were taxable, depends upon whether they were alienable without restriction. By section 19 of the Act of April 26, 1906, c. 1876, 34 Stat. 144, all lands from which restrictions were removed were made subject to taxation. By the same act, section 22, the adult heirs of any deceased Indian of either of the Five Civilized Tribes, were permitted to sell lands inherited from such decedent. Full-blood heirs were permitted to sell with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. This amounted to a removal of restrictions from lands inherited by adult and minor heirs less than full-blood, and such lands thereby became taxable without regard to the degree of blood of the Indian ancestor.” (Emphasis added.)
In United States v. Bean, 10 Cir., 253 F. 1, the United States brought action to prevent the county treasurer of Seminole County, Oklahoma, from selling or conveying certain allotted lands formerly owned by the Seminole Nation or Tribe of Indians, on account of taxes levied thereon for the fiscal years of 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914. At page 3 of the opinion, the court said:
“Were these inalienable lands of the full-blood Indian heirs taxable for the fiscal years 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914? Counsel for the treasurer of the county argue that they were because Congress provided in section 19 of the Act of April 26, 1906 (34 Stat. 137) that ‘all lands upon which restrictions are removed shall be subject to taxation,’ and by the act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. 312), that ‘all lands from which restrictions have been or shall have been removed shall be subject to taxation and all other civil burdens.’ But this contention is overborne by the fact that by these very acts of Congress restrictions upon the alienation of these lands while held by full-blood Indian heirs were imposed, * * *. The lands of the full-blood Indian heirs were not lands from which restrictions had then been removed. They were lands upon which restrictions were imposed by these very acts, and it is not probable that the legislators intended ,to impose taxes upon lands of Indians which the United States was holding for them, while it withheld from them the power of disposition, for such a course runs counter to its public policy and practice from the foundation of the government.” (Emphasis added.)
The court held that lands of full-blood Seminole Indian heirs, inalienable without court approval under Act April 26, 1906, c. 1876, Section 22, and Act May 27, 1908, c. 199, Section 9, were not subject to state taxation.
Plaintiff cites the cases of Mullen v. United States, 224 U.S. 448, 32 S.Ct. 494, 46 L.Ed. 834, Skelton v. Dill, 235 U.S. 206, 35 S.Ct. 60, 59 L.Ed. 198, LaMotte v. United States, 254 U.S. 570, 41 S.Ct. 204, 65 L.Ed. 410, and Stewart v. Keyes, 295 U.S. 403, 55 S.Ct. 807, 79 L.Ed. 1507, 1508, in support of his contention that the land in controversy was unrestricted and taxable.
The cited cases do not appear to be in point. In Skelton v. Dill and Mullen v. United States, the court considered acts of Congress, of June 30, 1902, 32 Stat. 500, and March 1, 1901, 31 Stat. 861, which are not involved in the instant case.
LaMotte v. United States, supra, involved Osage Indian land, under provisions of acts of Congress not involved in the present case.
In Stewart v. Keyes, supra, it was held that a conveyance made pursuant to a sale by the guardian of an incompetent full-blood Creek Indian, under the direction and with the approval of the County Court, does not require the further approval of the court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the estate of the deceased allottee.
Plaintiff additionally argues that the land in controversy was unrestricted because it was allotted for the benefit of heirs of a deceased enrollee who died before selection of the allotment.
This question was determined adversely to plaintiff’s contention by the United States Supreme Court in Talley v. Burgess, 246 U.S. 104, 38 S.Ct. 287, 62 L.Ed. 600, wherein it was held that the restric-tions upon conveyances by the heirs of any deceased Indian of any of the Five Civilized Tribes under Section 22 of the Act of April 26, 1906, apply as well in a case where selection has been made by the duly appointed executor or administrator of an Indian who died before receiving his allotment as to a case where the land was selected by the ancestor in his lifetime.
To the same effect, Harris v. Bell, 10 Cir., 250 F. 209; Brader v. James, 246 U.S. 88, 38 S.Ct. 285, 62 L.Ed. 591; David v. Youngken, 10 Cir., 250 F. 208.
In Marcy v. Board of Com’rs, 45 Okl. 1, 144 P. 611, plaintiff a full-blood Seminole Indian heir, instituted action to annul and cancel certain tax sale certificates, and restrain the collection of taxes assessed in the years 1910 and 1911 against non-homestead lands allotted to a full-blood Seminole Indian, plaintiff’s ancestor. Plaintiff contended that the lands were restricted and non-taxable under the Act of May 27, 1908.
In reversing judgment for defendants we said, at page 614 of the Pacific Reporter opinion:
“From the language of the act ‘that all land from which restrictions have been or shall be removed shall be subject to taxation,’ it is clear that the power of the state to tax the lands in question is coincident with and dependent upon the unrestricted right of the owner to sell the same. The power to tax, and right to convey, are granted by the same act, become effective upon the same condition and at one and the same time; the former cannot exist without the latter.
“It follows that restrictions upon the alienation of the lands involved are removed only upon compliance with the terms of the proviso requiring the approval of conveyances of full blood heirs by the county court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the allot-tee’s estate. This is a necessary condition precedent to the power of the state to subject such lands to taxation; and, not having been complied with, all proceeding's for the purpose of enforcing collection of taxes on said lands are void.”
Quoting further, from the syllabus:
“1. The words ‘restrictions upon the alienation/ as used in the Act of Congress of May 27, 1908, c. 199, 35 Stat. 312, means those restraints or limitations imposed by law upon the power of allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes and their heirs to voluntarily convey allotted lands free from supervision or control of any federal agency.
“2. The language of the proviso to section 9 of said act (Act May 27, 1908, c. 199, 35 Stat. 315), ‘that no conveyance of any interest' of any full-blood Indian heir in such land shall be valid unless approved by the court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the estate of said deceased allottee’ excepts lands inherited by full-blood heirs from the general terms of the statute making the death of an allottee operate to remove all restrictions upon the alienation of said allottee’s land.
“3. The power to tax inherited Indian land is coincident with and dependent upon the removal of restrictions upon alienation; and, prior to the approval of conveyances of full-blood Indian heirs under the provisions of said act by the proper court, the power to tax said lands does not exist.”
The rule enunciated in Marcy v. Board of Com’rs was cited and followed in Watkins v. Howard, County Treasurer, 64 Old. 166, 166 P. 706. In paragraph one of the syllabus, we held :
“Following Marcy v. Board of County Commissioners, 45 Old. 1, 144 P. 611, it is held, where the conveyance or deed of the interest of a full-blood Indian heir of the allottee of land allotted in the Choctaw Nation is invalid, unless approved by the Secretary of the Interior or by the court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the estate of the deceased allottee, such interest in the land is not subject to taxation for any year prior to the execution and approval of the conveyance or deed by the heirs.”
In Combs v. Johnson, 92 Okl. 189, 218 P. 1098, the facts were substantially identical to those in the instant case. Therein, the land was a portion of the allotment of ' one Willie Thomas, who was duly enrolled as a full-blood member of the Creek Tribe of Indians, and who died previous to receiving his allotment. Said land was thereafter selected and patented to his heirs, both full-blood Creek Indians. Plaintiff based his title upon a tax deed from the county treasurer, covering unpaid taxes for the year 1909. Defendant was grantee under a deed from the full-blood heirs dated June 15, 1912, which was approved by the county court having jurisdiction over the estate of the deceased allottee.
In affirming judgment on the pleadings for defendant, we held, in paragraph two of the syllabus:
“The power to tax inherited Indian land is coincident with and dependent upon the removal of restrictions upon alienation, and prior to the approval of conveyances of full-blood Indian heirs under the provisions of the act of May 27, 1908, by the proper court, the power to tax said lands does not exist.”
In accordance with the holdings of the above-cited cases, we conclude that the land involved in the instant case was restricted as to alienation by the Act of April 26, 1906, and continued in effect by the Act of May 27, 1908, and, therefore, was not subject to ad valorem taxation by the State of Oklahoma for the years 1912-26.
It follows that the resale tax deed and plaintiff’s deed are void. Theiman v. May, Adm’r, 203 Old. 655, 225 P.2d 356; Squires et al. v. Swanson, 169 Old. 390, 37 P.2d 276; Smith v. Barry, 200 Old. 619, 198 P.2d 400.
We come now to the question, whether the trial court erred in granting a new trial to defendants on the ground that the court had rendered judgment for plaintiff and intervenor based on the erroneous finding that defendants’ right to relief against the tax resale deed and plaintiff’s deed was harred by limitations.
Title 12 O.S. § 93, subd. (3) as amended in 1949, provides that an action for the recovery of real property sold for taxes may be brought within five years after the date of the recording of the tax deed. Subdivision (6) of said statute provides:
“Numbered paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 shall be fully operative regardless of whether the deed or judgment or the precedent action or proceeding upon which such deed or judgment is based is void or voidable in whole or in part, for any reason, jurisdictional or otherwise; provided that this paragraph shall not he applied so as to bar causes of action zvhich have heretofore accrued, until the expiration of one (1) year from and after its effective date.” (Emphasis added.)
The amendment became effective April 18, 1949. Defendants’ cross-petition, which would have become barred on April 18, 1950, was filed on March 24, 1950, and therefore, is not governed by the 1949 amendment. In Sarkeys v. Martin, Okl., 286 P.2d 727, 728, we held, in paragraph two of the syllabus :
“Where suit was filed and summons issued on April 18, 1950, action was commenced within one year after April 18, 1949, and was not barred by statute of limitations.”
See, also, Bridges v. Stick, D.C., 106 F. Supp. 506.
In Theiman v. May, Adm’r, 203 Okl. 655, 225 P.2d 356, we held that neither 12 O.S. 1941 § 93, subdivision 3 (prior to 1949 amendment), nor 68 O.S.1941 § 455, applies to an' action to cancel a void resale tax deed.
In Whitney v. Posey, 180 Okl. 373, 69 P.2d 335, we held in paragraph one of the syllabus:
“The title of a person in the actual and peaceable possession of land, claiming the same under a tax deed, void upon its face, will ripen into a good ti-tie where continuous, exclusive, adverse, and hostile possession is held thereunder for a period of 15 years.”
It is readily apparent, therefore, that no statute of limitations is applicable to defendants’ cross-petition, and that defendants were properly granted a new trial unless the record establishes adverse possession of the land by plaintiff for a period of fifteen years or more.
In the petition, plaintiff alleges that:
“plaintiff acquired title thereto by deed from Tulsa County, State of Oklahoma, dated May 20, 1935, recorded in Book 1156, page 101, filed ofi record June 8, 1935, and plaintiff has been in possession and ownership ever since said date.”
The period from May 20, 1935, to March 24, 1950, the date defendants filed their cross-petition, is 14 years, 10 months, and 4 days.
Plaintiff testified that prior to 1935 he rented a squatter’s house or homestead house on the land from one Dudley, in 1933. That
“I rented it for a full year or a little bit over a year that I rented it altogether. One spring then I propositioned him to buy the house, — it had a nice garden spot — at the time I didn’t know for sure whose land it was on, but he told me he didn’t own the land, just the house, so I paid him a price for the house and I lived there then possibly six months, maybe longer than that, I forget exactly how long I lived in the house before I dug up the evidence it was up for tax sale and that was at the time Bridges was one of the Commissioners and he was a neighbor. * * *
“Q. You did learn the property had been sold from Bridges and acquired a Commissioner’s deed? A. Yes.
“Q. From 1935 on did you continue to live on the property? A. Yes.”
It is apparent from his testimony that plaintiff’s possession prior to 1935 was not of sufficient character or quality to constitute adverse possession. He was not claiming title or ownership ofi the land. Mere possession of land without adverse claim of exclusive title or interest is insufficient to establish title by adverse possession. Melton v. Goodman, Okl., 317 P.2d 244; Cook v. Craft, 207 Okl. 125, 248 P.2d 236.
Plaintiff argues that the period of more than sixty days prior to the date of his deed, during which there were resolutions, notices, appraisals, etc., was “competent evidence of the control and possession, adverse to the world,” and sufficient, when added to plaintiff’s possession under the deed, to amount to more than fifteen years adverse possession.
We find no evidence in the record of actual possession or occupancy by the county prior to the date plaintiff went into possession under his deed. In Morton v. Van Orsdol, 203 Okl. 394, 222 P.2d 520, we held that there was no presumption of possession by the county under a void resale tax deeR. In Sarkeys v. Scott, Okl., 269 P.2d 779, we held that constructive possession by holder of void resale tax deed is insufficient to create a title by prescription, but holder must show recordation of the tax deed and occupancy of the premises of an open, notorious, exclusive; continuous and hostile character for the statutory period. Compare Vaughn v. Town of Maysville, Okl., 295 P.2d 283, wherein we held that the title of a municipality which is in actual possession of land under color of title of a void tax resale deed ripens into a good title where possession is continuous, exclusive, adverse and hostile for a period of fifteen years.
Inasmuch as it clearly appears from the record that the original judgment for plaintiff was contrary to the law and evidence, we hold that the trial court did not err in sustaining defendants’ motion for new trial.
The order sustaining defendants’ motion for new trial is affirmed.
DAVISON, C. J., WILLIAMS, V. C. J., and WELCH, HALLEY, JOHNSON, BLACKBIRD and IRWIN, JJ., concur.
BERRY, J., dissents.
BERRY, Justice
(dissenting).
I am of the conviction that the following quoted provision of Sec. 4 of the 1908 Act (35 Stat.L. 312) controls this case:
“Sec. 4. That all land from which restrictions have been or shall be removed shall be subject to taxation and all other civil burdens as though it were the property of other persons than allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes. * *
To my way of thinking, the question posed by this appeal is whether restrictions on the tract in controversy had been removed prior to May 27, 1908, the effective date of the cited Act. The fact that restrictions had been removed is free from doubt.
The case of Skelton v. Dill, 235 U.S. 206, 35 S.Ct. 60, 59 L.Ed. 198, is squarely in point on the proposition that the tract in the hands of the heirs of Eliza Tiger was unrestricted. The headnote to said case (35 S.Ct. 60) clearly shows the Supreme Court of the United States holding in said case. The headnote reads as follows:
“The restrictions upon alienation by the heirs of an Indian allottee, made by § 16 of the supplemental Creek agreement of June 30, 1902 (32 Stat. at L. 500, chap. 1323), apply only to allotments made to living citizens in their own right, and not to allotments made on behalf of deceased persons, under the authority of § 28 of the original agreement of March 1, 1901 (31 Stat. at L. 861, chap. 676), or of §§ 7, 8 of the supplemental agreement, in none of which is there any suggestion of a restriction upon alienation.”
In the cited case it is pointed out in the body of the opinion that “In Mullen v. United States, 224 U.S. 448, 32 S.Ct. 494, 56 L.Ed. 834, a like question arose under the original and supplemental acts relating to the Choctaw and Chickasaw lands, and we held that the restrictions upon alienation imposed by those acts were applicable to allotments to living members in their own right, but not to allotments on behalf of members then deceased. We do not perceive anything in the acts relating to the Creek lands which calls for a different conclusion.”
The first paragraph of the syllabus to Moffett et al. v. Conley et al., 63 Okl. 3, 163 P. 118, reads as follows:
“Lands allotted under section 11, Curtis Act June 28,1898, c. 517, 30 Stat. 495, 497, in the name of a deceased Creek Indian, and which allotment was confirmed by Original Creek Agreement March 1, 1901, c. 676, § 6, 31 Stat. 861, 863, as well as lands allotted in the name of said deceased Creek citizen, pursuant to section 28 of said latter agreement, and where the patent thereto issued to ‘the heirs’ of the deceased ancestor, such heirs took the title by inheritance, and not by purchase.”
This Court held in Rentie et al. v. McCoy et al., 35 Okl. 77, 128 P. 244, that where a person entitled to a Creek allotment died before the allotment was made and the allotment was therefore made to his heirs, his heirs took as heirs and the land in their hands was not restricted.
In Smith v. Sumpsey & Rosie, 64 Okl. 186, 166 P. 1094, it is pointed out that restrictions upon alienation imposed upon citizens of the Seminole Nation apply to allotments made to living citizens and not to allotments made on behalf of deceased citizens. The syllabus to said case reads as follows:
.“The restrictions upon alienation by citizens of the Seminole Nation made by the original Seminole Agreement (Act of July 1, 1898, c. 542, 30 Stat.L. 567), apply only to allotments made to living citizens in their own right, and not to allotments made on behalf of deceased persons under the authority of section 2 of the second Seminole Agreement (Act of June 2, 1900, c. 610, 31 Stat.L. 250).”
Attention is directed to cases cited and discussed in the last above cited case at page 1095 of 166 P. At said page it is stated that “In the case of Skelton v. Dill, 235 U.S. 206, 35 S.Ct. 60, 59 L.Ed. 198, it was held that lands in the Creek Nation allotted after the death of the allottee, under Sec. 28 of that treaty, passed to the heirs free from restrictions; that the restrictions imposed under the other sections of the treaty did not apply to allotments made after the death of the allottee. * * * ” When it is remembered that this case involves the Creeks, and that the land in controversy was allotted after the death of the allottee, the Skelton v. Dill case must be said to represent controlling precedent.
In Greenlees v. Wettack, 43 Okl. 16, 141 P. 282, it was held that land allotted to a Cherokee heir was unrestricted in the hands of the heir. The syllabus of the case reads as follows:
“Section 14 of the Cherokee Agreement (Act July 1, 1902, c. 1375, 32 Stat. 717), providing restrictions as to sale, alienation, etc., of lands by allottee or his heirs within five years after issuance of patent, does not apply to lands allotted under section 20 of said agreement to heirs of an enrolled citizen who died subsequent to September 1, 1902, before receiving his allotment, and as to such lands the said agreement imposed no restrictions upon the right of alienation.”
The first paragraph of Chupco et al. v. Chapman et al., 76 Okl. 210, 170 P. 259, reads thus:
“Katie Chupco, a full-blood Creek Indian woman, died after enrollment, on April 26, 1900. After her death an allotment was selected for her and patented to her heirs. Held, such heirs took the title to the land by inheritance, and not by purchase.”
In view of the fact that restrictions had been removed on the land in controversy prior to the effective date of the cited 1908 Act, the land, by force of Sec. 4 of said Act, which is quoted in part, supra, was subject to ad valorem tax for 1912-1916.
I believe it advisable to point out that the fact that land is restricted in the hands of the Indian owner does not necessarily render the land exempt from ad valorem tax.
In Wynn v. Fugate, 149 Okl. 210, 299 P. 890, 891, a full-blood Indian inherited an interest in the allotment of a half-blood Cherokee. The allotment so inherited was subject to ad valorem tax in the hands of the half-blood allottee. The full-blood Indian heir contended that under the provisions of Sec. 9 of the 1908 Act the land was restricted in his hands and that it was therefore exempt from ad valorem tax. In rejecting said contention this Court pointed out that "though the land in question be subject to restrictions upon alienation, as here contended but not here decided, and though the full-blood Cherokee Indian heir be subject to restrictions upon the sale of the land, a distinction recognized but not here decided, the land may be subject to taxation. The distinction between restrictions on land or the alienation thereof and restrictions on taxation is clear, notzvith-standing the statement of this court in Marcy v. Board of County Commissioners et al., 45 Okl. 1, 144 P. 611, that ‘the power to tax inherited Indian land is coincident with and dependent upon the removal of restrictions upon alienation,’ * * * ”.
The first paragi-aph of the syllabus to the Wynn v. Fugate case, supra, reads as follows:
“Under the provisions of section 4 of the Act of Congress of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. 312), all land from which restrictions have been or shall be removed shall be subject to taxation as though it were the property of other persons than allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes. The exception thereto is land exempt from taxation by the provisions of some treaty between the Indian tribe and the United States government, which treaty exemption is protected by section 6, article 10, of the Constitution of Oklahoma.”
An application of the rale announced in Wynn v. Fugate, supra, clearly sustains the proposition that if Indian land wás unrestricted prior to effective date of the 1908 Act, it was thereafter subject to ad valorem tax, notwithstanding provisions of an Act of Congress requiring that the County Court approve a conveyance of the land by the Indian owner.
In Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States, 319 U.S. 598, 63 S.Ct. 1284, 1288, 87 L.Ed. 1612, the Supreme Court of the United States said that “ ‘Nontaxability and restriction upon alienation are distinct things’, Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes, For Sandy Fox Creek No. 1263 v. Commissioner, supra, 295 U.S. 421, 79 L.Ed. 1517, 55 S.Ct. 822, and when Congress wants to require both alienability and nontaxability it can as it has so often done, say so explicitly.” In Sec. 4 of the 1908 Act, Congress said in plain language “that all land from which restrictions have been * * * removed shall be subject to taxation”, and so Congress has spoken in so far as this case is concerned.
In arriving at the intent of Congress in enacting the 1908 Act in controversy, it is well to remember that the heirs of Eliza Tiger, as members of the Creek Tribe, received allotments in their own right in connection with which they enjoyed the same ad valorem tax benefits as those enjoyed by other Creek allottees who did not inherit from ancestors who were entitled to allotments. It follows that if ad valorem tax benefits are extended to Creek lands inherited prior to allotments being made, the limited number of Creeks who took allotments as heirs are, taxwise, placed in a preferred position to those who did not so take. I am of the opinion that Congress did not intend to grant a tax preference to those taking Creek allotments as heirs.
All italics appearing in this dissent have been supplied.
For reasons given, I respectfully dissent to the opinion promulgated herein.
Supplemental Opinion on Rehearing
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiffs in error urge on rehearing that this court overlooked several of their contentions which are decisive. The appeal herein was from order of the trial court granting a new trial to certain of the defendants. In concluding that the trial court did not err, we deemed it appropriate to decide certain meritorious questions for the guidance of trial court and counsel upon another trial of the cause. The remaining contentions of plaintiffs in error will now be considered.
The first contention is, as follows:
“The granting of a new trial is error, where:
“(a) Defaulting parties have not moved for a new trial, and the granting of a new trial for them is at a different term.
“(h) Where the cross-petitioners who did file motion for new trial had neither a claim nor cause of action”.
In support of this proposition, it is argued:
“There were about forty-one defendants named. None appeared. Wilson Tiger, Jr., not named as a defendant, without notice, leave or process, filed cross-petition. Default decree was granted against some thirty-three defaulting defendants. The court vacated these default judgments two years after the decree.”
The judgment of the trial court in favor of plaintiffs was entered on October 19, 1955. It recites: “ * * * the defendant Wilson Tiger, Jr., appearing in person and by his attorney, W. F. Semple, * * * the defendants Colbert Turkey, Lucy Deer, nee Tiger, Alice Lee, Nellie Starr, Rachel Kelly, Walter Kelly and Betty Kelly, as defendants-cross petitioners appearing by their attorney W. F. Semple. * * *
On October 20, 1955, Motion for New Trial was filed by W. F. Semple as attorney on behalf of “defendants and cross-petitioners.”
The order of the trial court granting a new trial, dated November 1, 1957, recites: “there comes on for hearing the Motion for New Trial of the defendants and cross-petitioners Colbert Turkey, Lucy Deer, nee Tiger, Wilson Tiger, Jr., Alice Lee, Nellie Starr, Alexander Kelly, Rachel Kelly, Walter Kelly and Betty Kelly; * * * and the other defendants appearing not; and orders and adjudges that the Motion for a New Trial of the defendants and cross-petitioners, Colbert Turkey group, should be and the same is hereby sustained, * *.”
All of the above-named defendants are parties to this appeal. Our decision affirmed the action of the trial court in sustaining their motion for new trial. We are unable to see the pertinency of paragraph (a) of the proposition. Paragraph (b) is, we think, adequately disposed of by our decision herein holding that the property involved was restricted and non-taxable in the absence of approved conveyances by the full-blood heirs, and that the cross-petition of said defendants was timely filed.
Plaintiffs in error contend that the failure of cross-petitioners to tender taxes and penalties bars their action to cancel the resale tax deed. In Cherry v. Crown Hill Cemetery Trust, 200 Okl. 35, 191 P.2d 591, we held that where the pleadings contain a prima facie showing that the land was non-taxable, no tender of taxes is necessary prior to determination of that issue.
Next, plaintiffs in error contend that' cross-petitioners are judicially estopped by judgment from litigating the question of taxability, alienability and restrictions on the land as previously adjudged against them in the district court of Tulsa County. The argument advanced in support of this proposition is as follows:
“It has been three times heretofore judicially finally established and adjudged that this allotment to the heirs of Eliza Tiger was 'taxable’; the tax sales and tax resales thereof was valid; the heirs of Eliza Tiger and the Five Civilized Tribes were judicially excluded as having no interest in such allotment.”
The three judgments referred to by plaintiffs in error were rendered in the following causes in the district court of Tulsa County, Oklahoma:
No. 78869, Sears-McCullough Mortgage Company, J. W. Hobgood and Nora E. Hobgood v. Eliza Tiger, Creek Roll No. 7963, et al.
No. 79190, A. G. Carlson et al. v. The Unknown Heirs etc. of Eliza Tiger, deceased, et al.
No. 88472, Fred A. Losey v. The Unknown Heirs, etc. of Eliza Tiger, deceased.
The rule of “estoppel by judgment” was well stated in the syllabus in Woodworth v. Town of Hennessey, 32 Okl. 267, 122 P. 224, 226, as follows:
“A fact or question which was actually and directly in issue in a former suit, and was there judicially passed upon and determined by a domestic court of competent jurisdiction, is conclusively settled by the judgment therein, so far as concerns the parties to that action, and persons in privity with them, and cannot be again litigated in any future action between such parties or privies, in the same court or in any other court of concurrent jurisdiction, upon the same or a different cause of action.”
See, also, Wilkey v. Southwestern Greyhound Lines, Okl., 322 P.2d 1058.
We note that the tract which is the subject-matter of this action was not involved in any of the cases referred to, although it was a part of the allotment of Eliza Tiger, deceased, as were the tracts involved in those cases, and that at least some of the defendants and cross-petitioners in the instant case were either parties to or privy to the parties in the cases referred to.
In Cause No. 78869, title was not designed prior to 1949. The judgment generally quiets title in plaintiffs as against all defendants but there is no allegation or determination that the lands involved therein were unrestricted or taxable.
The judgments in Nos. 79190 and 88472 included findings that Mahaley Kelly, Nancy Tiger, Wadley Kelly and Wesley Tiger were the sole and only heirs of Eliza Tiger, deceased, and that they had conveyed all their right, title and interest in and to said property.
Under the law of our decision, the restrictions on said land would have been removed by approved conveyances by the full-blood heirs, in which event the lands would have been liable for ad valorem taxes, as adjudged.
We must presume that the judgments were valid and responsive to the evidence. Mulhall v. Mulhall, 3 Okl. 304, 41 P. 109; Ashinger v. White, 106 Okl. 19, 232 P. 850; Cox v. Warford, 34 Okl. 374, 126 P. 1026; Raymer v. First Nat. Bank of Berwyn, 184 Okl. 392, 87 P.2d 1097. Inhering therein were findings of every fact and every conclusion of law (uncontradict-ed by the judgment roll) that were necessary to support them. Murphy v. Walkup et al., Okl., 258 P.2d 922, 928 and Woodrow v. Ewing, Okl., 263 P.2d 167, 172, and cases there cited.
The case cited by plaintiffs in error, Barnett v. Newcomer, Okl., 307 P.2d 148, is clearly distinguishable. In that case, the judgment which was pleaded as estoppel found that the land involved was not then restricted imder any act of Congress.
It follows that the judgments relied upon by plaintiffs in error cannot properly be construed as having decided that the lands included in the allotment of Eliza Tiger, deceased, were unrestricted and taxable prior to approved conveyances by her full-blood heirs, and therefore they cannot constitute an estoppel as to that issue. The general findings that said heirs had no right, title or interest in the tracts involved in those actions could not bind the heirs as to the tract involved in the instant case.
Plaintiffs in error next contend that the conveyance by Wesley Tiger in July, 1913 ‘‘sufficiently started the statute of limitations against his cotenants.” They cite Kanuebbe v. McCuistion, 168 Okl. 165, 33 P.2d 1088, which is clearly distinguishable. In that case, the widow and children of the original allottee conveyed, with court approval, all their right, title, and interest in the land involved therein in 1909, and the grantee and his successors had been in actual open, notorious, adverse and exclusive possession from that date to the date of commencement of the action in 1929.
In the present case we held that the prescriptive period of fifteen years was applicable, but that plaintiffs in error had failed to prove the requisite adverse possession for the prescribed period.
The final contention of plaintiffs in error is that there is no right of action in any of the defendants and cross-petitioners (parties to this appeal) to determine the heirs of Eliza Tiger. In this connection, it is argued that the statutes of this state do not provide a right of action to determine heirs, nor to quiet title, unless the deceased ancestor was in fact at some time or another actually in possession of the property, and that, since Eliza Tiger died before enrollment, she could never have been in possession of the lands included in her allotment. Plaintiffs cite the language of 84 O.S.1951 § 257 as authorizing an action to determine persons entitled to real property, “where any person dies intestate, possessed of real property in this State * *
Said statute further provides:
“or where the grantees in any deed, or deed of patent made and issued or designated as ‘the devisees,’ of ‘the heirs at law’ or ‘the legal representatives’ of a named deceased person, without naming them, or by any other description or designation which leaves at large the names or individual identity of the particular persons embraced therein, the name and individual identity of (such persons) may be judicially determined * *
The land involved in the instant case was allotted by deed of March 26, 1904, to “The Heirs of Eliza Tiger, Creek Indian Roll No. 7963 (deceased).” Under the quoted language of the statute, said defendants had a right to have the identity of the “Heirs” determined.
Furthermore, the answer and cross-petition of the defendants alleged a cause of action in the nature of ejectment for possession of the land in question and to quiet title thereto. It is well settled that one not in possession may bring an action for possession and to quiet title by cancellation of a deed which constitutes a cloud on the title. 12 O.S.1951 § 1141; Sarkeys v. Martin, Okl., 286 P.2d 727; Sooner Pipe & Iron Co. v. Bartholomew, 207 Okl. 191, 248 P.2d 225. In the last cited case, at page 227 of the Pacific Reporter, we said:
“Plaintiffs in error further contend that the defendants in error were not in possession and therefore could not maintain an action for quieting title. The petition delineates the chain of title showing that the land was the allotment of James W. Phillips, an Osage Indian, and was sufficient to maintain an action to quiet title and for possession of the premises under Title 12, § 1141, O.S.1941.”
Rehearing is denied.
DAVISON, C. J., WILLIAMS, V. C. J., and WELCH, HALLEY, JOHNSON, JACKSON and IRWIN, JJ., concur. | CASELAW |
Gaur Chakraborty
Gaur Chakraborty alias Gour Narayan Chakraborty is the former spokesperson of West Bengal State committee of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). He is one of the senior most person in India who was arrested and detained under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. After seven years of incarceration he was acquitted of all charges under the UAPA.
Political life
Chakraborty worked in the Eastern Railway hawkers union led by Left politics. He was associated with the Communist Party of India before 1967 and later joined the Communist Party of India (Marxist). In the early 70s in West Bengal, he maintained his contacts with Naxal leaders but did not leave the CPI(M). Next three decades, he was attached with Revolutionary Democratic Front (RDF) and various fractions of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) as well as civil society movement in West Bengal. He became active in Singur and Nandigram movements at the time of Left Front (West Bengal) Government and played a crucial role in uniting urban support bases in favour of the tribal upsurge in Jangalmahal, the three Left wing extremism affected districts of Bankura, Purulia and Paschim Medinipur. In the time of Lalgarh movement, the CPI (Maoist) declared his name as outfit official spokesperson.
Arrest
On 23 June 2009 just immediately after the then Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee's announcement to implement the ban on the CPI (Maoist) in the state of West Bengal, Kolkata Police arrested Chakraborty as he emerged from the office of a private TV channel in Kolkata after giving them an interview. He was charged with several offences including under section 20 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act or UAPA. In October 2012 Chakraborty was admitted to Bangur Institute of Neurosciences after a cardiac arrest in Presidency jail.
Acquittal
The City Sessions judge of the Bankshall Court, Kolkata acquitted Mr. Chakraborty of all the charges on 19 July 2016. The prosecution could not substantiate the charges brought against him and he was set free from jail after 7 years imprisonment when he was 78. | WIKI |
BRIEF-Gibraltar Says qtrly earnings per share $0.64
Nov 3 (Reuters) - Gibraltar Industries Inc- * Gibraltar reports third-quarter 2017 financial results * Sees Q4 2017 revenue $231 million to $236 million * Sees FY 2017 revenue $960 million to $965 million * Q3 sales $275 million versus I/B/E/S view $275.8 million * Gibraltar Industries Inc - qtrly earnings per share $0.64 * Gibraltar Industries Inc - qtrly adjusted earnings per share $0.67 * Gibraltar Industries Inc - narrowing its full-year earnings guidance and expects GAAP EPS to be between $1.40 and $1.47 per diluted share for FY * Gibraltar Industries Inc - narrowing full-year earnings guidance within co’s previous guidance range * Gibraltar Industries Inc sees fy adjusted earnings per share $1.60 to $1.67 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Men’s Most Common Mental Health Disorders
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Last Updated on November 20, 2021 by Ben Lesser
Mental health disorders are the most common problems in men. We are in the doldrums when we find that our loved ones have become substance abuse and drug abuse victims. We start to search for various disorders methods to cater to drug abuse to assist our loved ones. Further, if we became the victim of drug addiction, it proves disastrous for us. It can lead to damaging our mental condition and causes the comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is a need for dual diagnosis to nip disorders.
Mental health disorders have various kinds linked with drug addiction. Further, these disorders are not age, race, caste, or gender-specific, but their effect varies in specific populations.
For example, researches tell that Women suffer two times more than men do from the common anxiety and stress problem. Disorders are rampant across the world.
Researches tell that men are the main victim of these disorders. The most common disorders in men result from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that contribute to the onset and progression of disorders. There is an expected two percent rise in the number of people with these disorders every year.
The Most Common Disorders in men are those that tend to go non-diagnosed and untreated. Well, most disorders go untreated and non-diagnosed irrespective of gender, race, and creed. All thanks to our collective societal ignorance towards mental health. There are two types of these disorders; anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Most of the time, the social pressure that goes untreated causes people to be less social and spend most of their time alone. Men with a social anxiety disorder will spend most of their time worrying about what other people think about them and their situation. This social anxiety makes them socially awkward to an extend people start judging them. While the people suffering from mental health disorders are already overly conscious about how others perceive them and what others think about them? Do they fit in society’s standard, What if they do something unacceptable? All these questions continuously keep bugging the people suffering from anxiety, depression or disorders. Men with the obsessive-compulsive disorder will worry about things that have nothing to do with their lives, which can get to be quite stressful and frustrating to live with.
Social Anxiety Disorders have Same Impacts on Both Genders
Have you ever find someone who was excruciatingly shy? They despise having to meet new people. They always seem more at ease at home than at a movie or a party, particularly if they do not know anyone who will be present. Social anxiety disorder, which is often mistaken for shyness, is far more than getting the jitters before a work interview or speaking in front of many people. Disorders including social anxiety can be crippling on an emotional level, and it’s difficult to comprehend unless you’ve been through it. The distinction is in the way each person thinks. Whereas a normally functioning individual may be concerned about doing the wrong thing during a work interview or a meeting with a potential client, anyone with this condition is afraid of being judged on any level in mental health disorders. They have an unhealthy fear of people talking about them, judging them, and criticizing them, forming unfounded assumptions about their every step.
A man with mental health disorders condition may find it extremely difficult to go to work or school and may look to others as though they aren’t trying hard enough or lack motivation or the skills required to succeed. Alcoholism and drug abuse are potential consequences for people with disorders. It is not uncommon for adults to develop alcoholism to relax with a drink at a social event. Of course, a person who does not suffer from addiction or abuse alcohol would find this activity perfectly appropriate. Someone who suffers from disorders including social anxiety, on the other hand, can consume significantly more alcohol to overcome inhibitions and overcome the fear that governs his life. When this occurs, the chances of developing of tolerance being addicted rise.
The most common mental health disorders in men are usually diagnosed with alcohol abuse. Many men who are suffering from mental problems will be diagnosed with substance abuse problems as well. Most men will also be diagnosed with other disorders at some point in their lives. These other disorders are common in both men and women and usually affect men more than women.
An individual may suffer from disorders like obsessive-compulsive disorder if they have problems with their mind-controlling their physical actions. This type of infection involves the individual keeping their thoughts under control by performing various rituals or breathing techniques. Habits like not throwing your trash in the proper place can be a symptom of an obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individuals who suffer from OCD may become obsessed with one thing, such as polishing off a bottle of wine while watching television or checking to see if everyone has voted. OCD is a complex disorder to deal with and can cause significant problems of Mental Health Disorders for the individual’s social life.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Can Rule Over a Men’s Life
Consider crawling into bed after a long and exhausting day, laying your head on your pillow, close your eyes, and then experiencing anxiety of disorders because you can’t remember if you locked your windows. You get out of bed, check all of your windows to make sure they’re tightly fastened to keep your family safe, and then crawl back into bed. You shut your eyes, lay your head on your pillow, and you’re still not sure if those windows are closed. What if one of them hasn’t been unlocked yet? What if you didn’t go far enough with the locking mechanism? Then you get up and double-check everything in disorders. Perhaps you have a compulsion to double-check the locks three times before going to bed. You know all the windows are locked; all you have to do is double-check them three times, and you have no idea why. However, if you only review them twice, anything awful will occur, for which you will be held accountable. Men also feel a sense of duty to protect their families, and this sense of duty can worsen an obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is just one example of what a man with obsessive-compulsive disorder might go through.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, this disorders is identified by obsessive thoughts and compulsive habits known as routines. Nobody knows why anyone develops OCD, but studies have shown that it runs in families and that the condition itself has much to do with fear and anxiety.
Psychotherapy and medicine in the form of antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications are currently used in care for Mental Health Disorders.
According to a report released by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Disorders including substance abuse and addiction affect people with OCD faster than the general population.
For example, some medications, such as cocaine, can cause or intensify OCD symptoms, while others, such as opiates that affect the central nervous system, can relieve symptoms of Mental Health Disorders. One person may abuse opiates because they unwittingly self-medicate their symptoms, whereas another may not have developed OCD symptoms until after abusing stimulants. Although knowing whether OCD occurred before or after the onset of a substance addiction disorder is not critical, it is critical to obtain adequate care effective for both conditions.
A third Most Common Disorders in men is SAD. It is a medical problem related to causes the individual to have extreme fears of public places or social situations. It can make the person unable to go out to restaurants, movies, or even work. People with SAD may have many phobias such as blushing, heart palpitations, sweating, blushing, fear of death, or fear of social settings. They fear of doing something not considered normal or something that can offend others. They feel severe difficulty in communicating with their fellow beings. All these bulked up suffocating feelings lead them to seek artificial relaxation and comfort in disorders. Sometimes people use sedative medicines, excessive use of them is also dangerous. Otherwise people with SAD will commonly be inclined towards the use of substances to make themselves feel normal, including alcohol, cigarettes, or even drugs.
The fourth Most Common Disorders in men are substance abuse or dependence. An individual who is addicted to a drug may use it excessively and may experience cravings. Cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamines, heroin, and amphetamines are some of the most common substances of choice for those who are suffering from Mental Health Disorders. Some people become so addicted to these substances that it becomes impossible for them to lead an everyday life without them.
A final disorders for a man is depression. Depression causes a person’s energy levels to fall to near zero and can be highly debilitating. A depressed person’s energy cannot be renewed, which can cause a person to become inactive, unhealthy, and irritable. Once a person is diagnosed with depression, the medical community will usually prescribe antidepressants or mood stabilizers to help the person return to a more normal functioning level.
Being labeled with one or more of the Most Common Disorders in men can profoundly impact a person’s quality of life both socially and surprisingly the impact is even greater behind the doors.
Although many individuals lead satisfying lives after suffering from one or more of these Mental Health Disorders, others don’t have such good luck. This is due to the varying effects of the diseases on the body and a person’s self-image. They know the disorder you have been diagnosed with can provide you with information about treatment and recovery options available to you.
Men Having Bipolar Disorder More Vulnerable to Alcohol and Abuse Drugs
Bipolar disorder is one of the disorders. It is a chronic brain condition marked by significant changes in a person’s mood, functionality, energy levels, and other daily life aspects. The symptoms related to this disorder are complex and can be difficult to spot, particularly in the early stages. They can show signs of depression during the depressive cycle. On the other hand, this individual may be bursting with energy, displaying excessive or inappropriate happiness, or engaging in abnormal behaviour. Although experts aren’t sure how the two are connected in Mental Health Disorders, people with bipolar disorder often engage in substance abuse, leading to addiction.
While there is no cure for bipolar disorder, there are much treatments available for bipolar disorder. Prescription drugs, ranging from mood stabilizers to anticonvulsants, can be prescribed in some disorders situations.
Some options for Treatment include:
• Antidepressants are drugs that are used to treat depression
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a form of therapy
• Family and group counseling
• Individuals will receive education to help them understand their symptoms and avoid episodes
• Medications for sleep
Obtaining Help with A Dual Diagnosis Treatment
The healing process for a man in your life who has a dual diagnosis that involves addiction can seem to be very difficult in mental health disorders.
No one recovery plan will work for everybody, according to experts at the National institute on Drug Abuse.
Someone may respond well to outpatient treatment while another requires treatment in a residential facility. Another may benefit from medication, and a third may benefit more from psychotherapy without drugs.
The Following Factors Can Influence Which Aspects of A Man’s Treatment Programme for Disorders Are Included:
• The period of substance abuse
• The occurrence of particular co-occurring conditions in disorders
• What kind of drugs has he been addicted to?
• The amount of support he gets from his family and friends
• His degree of dedication to his recovery
• Outside of care, he may have duties such as caring for family members such as children or the elderly.
• When you go to have Mental Health Disorders and then seek professional help
Your family physician will conduct a thorough examination and review of your medical history. From this information, diagnoses will be drawn, and a treatment plan will be developed against Mental Disorders based on your specific needs. A treatment plan for dual diagnosis will include medications, therapy, and mental and social services. In addition to this, the health care provider will make the decision based on your family’s preferences. Getting help for dual diagnosis will not only help you recover from the disorder that you suffer from, but it will also help you live a happy life with friends and family that are entirely supportive of your mental health needs.
Getting help for Mental Disorders can be a challenging task. However, you can receive the care for your loved one in addiction and when you find a skilled health care team that is willing to treat your condition and your other health problems, you will be able to attain the peace of mind you are looking for finally. Getting help for a dual diagnosis is a decision that you need to take seriously, but it can be an essential step to cater to Mental Health Disorders. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Celor lens
The result was Keep. There is consensus that the article should not be deleted outright, but no consensus as to whether the page should be kept or merged. (non-admin closure) Jax 0677 (talk) 17:25, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
Celor lens
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Unsourced since 2006, no sourcing found, dicdef. Deprodded without comment. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 05:46, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Photography-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 06:44, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Technology-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 06:44, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Keep appears to be a notable lens design. Dedicated book chapter, few sentences in another book , and more . Lack of references is not a reason for deletion. The requirement is verifiability not verification. Rentier (talk) 11:17, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* That doesn't fix the article being an obscure dictionary definition that fails to assert notability. My toenails exist and can be verified; does that make them worthy of an article? Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 18:32, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Unless your toenails have received significant coverage in multiple reliable sources, no. ~Kvng (talk) 15:05, 2 September 2017 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 03:07, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
* Shouldn't be deleted, but merging to Dialyte lens would make sense to me. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 12:24, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
* A merge would be kind of acceptable, though I'm not sure what it would accomplish. The main article might end up with a disproportionate coverage of the Celor design - or not. It's a fairly specialised subject with most sources hidden behind paywalls, so it's hard to tell. Rentier (talk) 12:59, 30 August 2017 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Keep per sources found by . Merge can always be considered after AfD has closed. ~Kvng (talk) 15:05, 2 September 2017 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, J 947(c) (m) 05:56, 6 September 2017 (UTC)
* Keep per sources dug up by . In the interest of consensus, a merge or a selective merge is a reasonable course of action, and may better serve our readers on this specialist topic in optical lens design. --Mark viking (talk) 20:59, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
| WIKI |
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Benjamin V. SALMONESE, Jr.; Frank Piscitelli; Marco G. Fiore; Thomas DeCeglie; Peter C. Restivo; David C. Lavender; Michael J. Eisemann; Michael Ricottone; Thomas J. Desimone; Howard Zelin, Defendants, Glen Benussi, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 02-1430.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued: March 26, 2003.
Decided: Dec. 15, 2003.
Kevin H. Marino (Wendy E. Gerstmann, on the brief), Newark, NJ, for Defendant-Appellant.
David B. Anders, Assistant United States Attorney (James B. Comey, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York; Steven R. Peikin, Assistant United States Attorney, on the brief), New York, NY, for Appellee.
Before: McLAUGHLIN, B.D. PARKER, Jr., and RAGGI, Circuit Judges.
RAGGI, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-Appellant Glen Benussi was found guilty after a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Lewis A. Kaplan, Judge) of conspiracy to commit securities fraud, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 77q(a), 77x, wire fraud, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346, and commercial bribery, see 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. He now appeals from a final judgment of conviction pronounced on July 8, 2002, and entered on July 29, 2002, sentencing him to five years’ incarceration, a three-year term of supervised release, $10,773,461.24 in restitution, and a $100 special assessment. Benussi is presently released on bad pending resolution of this appeal.
In urging this court to reverse or vacate his conviction, Benussi does not dispute his knowing and intentional participation in the charged conspiracy. Instead, he challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of proof that the conspiracy operated within five years of his May 7, 2001 indictment, as required by the applicable statute of limitations. See 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a). Presented with substantially this same challenge in a post-verdict motion for a new trial, see Fed.R.Crim.P. 33, the district court concluded that the statute of limitations was satisfied by evidence that Benussi’s co-conspirator, Louis Pasciuto, had received fraud proceeds on and after May 8, 1996. See United States v. Benussi, 216 F.Supp.2d 299, 317 (S.D.N.Y.2002).
In challenging this ruling on appeal, Be-nussi argues that (1) Pasciuto’s passive receipt of fraud proceeds cannot, as a matter of law, establish the conspiracy’s continuance into the limitations period; (2) the trial evidence was, in any event, insufficient to prove Pasciuto’s knowing receipt of such proceeds; (3) the prosecution’s reliance on Pasciuto’s receipt of proceeds, an overt act not charged in the indictment, constituted either an impermissible constructive amendment of the indictment or a prejudicial variance in proof; (4) the Fifth Superseding Indictment on which Benussi was tried, see United States v. Fiore, S5 00 Cr. 1267(LAK) Indictment (hereafter “Indictment S5” or “S5”), was untimely because it did not relate back to the May 7, 2001 Second Superseding Indictment in which Benussi was initially named, see United States v. Fiore, S2 00 Cr. 1267(LAK) Indictment (hereafter “Indictment S2” or “S2”); and (5) a new trial is required because the general verdict of guilty makes it impossible to determine if the jury relied upon untenable legal theories.
We conclude that none of these claims has merit. We hold that (1) when a member of a conspiracy whose purpose is economic profit knowingly receives a share of the scheme’s anticipated proceeds, whether “actively” by holding out his hand or “passively” by holding out his brokerage account, that conspirator engages in an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (2) the trial evidence in this case sufficed to support a reasonable jury’s finding that Pasciuto did knowingly receive conspiracy proceeds into a brokerage account under his control within the statutory limitations period; (3) because the indictment specifically alleged that the conspiracy extended through the conspirators’ receipt of proceeds, the government’s reliance on un-pleaded overt acts of receipt to satisfy the statute of limitations constituted neither a constructive amendment of the indictment nor an impermissible variance in proof; (4) because Indictment S5 did not materially broaden or substantially amend Indictment S2, it properly related back to the earlier pleading; and (5) no new trial is warranted where, as in this case, any deficiencies in one theory of guilt are factual rather than legal and sufficient evidence supports a guilty verdict on an alternative theory.
I. Background
A. The Conspiracy to “Pump and Dump” Securities
On May 7, 2001, Glen Benussi was first charged, together with ten co-defendants, with conspiracy to commit securities fraud, wire fraud, and commercial bribery in connection with the initial public stock offerings of two businesses, Gaylord Companies (“Gaylord”) and Thermo-Mizer Environmental Corporation (“Thermo-Mizer”). See Indictment S2. The conspiracy, a variation on the classic “pump and dump” scheme — whereby persons holding certain securities fraudulently inflate their price (the “pump”) in order to sell at an artificial profit (the “dump”) — is described in detail in Judge Kaplan’s comprehensive opinion denying Benussi’s Rule 33 motion. See United States v. Benussi, 216 F.Supp.2d at 302-07. We assume familiarity with that opinion and here review only the facts necessary to our discussion of the issues on appeal.
In the fall of 1995, Glen Benussi, together with three other principals of Nationwide Securities (“Nationwide”), opened a Manhattan branch office and agreed to underwrite the initial public offering of 750,000 shares of Gaylord common stock. The offering plan provided for stock to be sold at $3.00 per share, with purchasers also offered two warrants per share at a cost of $0.10 each. Each warrant entitled its holder to buy an additional share of Gaylord common stock at the $3.00 offering price during the period between October 31,1996, and October 30, 2000.
Instead of following this plan, Benussi and his confederates secretly agreed to “strip” one warrant from each stock unit. The Nationwide principals divided most of these warrants among themselves, using the remainder to bribe brokers to assist in their scheme to inflate the market price of the Gaylord securities, thereby ensuring significant profits when the conspirators sold their stripped warrants. Meanwhile, the conspirators generally concealed their interests in the stripped warrants by using nominee accounts under their control. For example, Benussi traded stripped warrants in Nationwide accounts in his wife’s maiden name, as well as in the names of two offshore corporations, Barson Holdings, Ltd., and Rum United, Ltd. Louis Pasciuto, a Nationwide broker, traded stripped warrants in Nationwide accounts in the name of his then-girlfriend (subsequently, his wife), Stefanie Feehan.
In February 1996, the conspirators repeated this scheme in connection with the public offering of 750,000 shares of Ther-mo-Mizer common stock. Once again, the offering plan permitted customers to purchase one share of stock, this time at $5.00 per share, together with two warrants at $0.10 each. The conspirators again stripped one warrant from each unit, distributed these stripped warrants among themselves, and fraudulently manipulated the market price of Thermo-Mizer’s securities to inflate the value of their warrants.
B. Sale of the Stripped Warrants
In order not to alert market attention to their scheme, the conspirators agreed not to sell their stripped warrants until trading was approved by Nationwide principal Marco Fiore. In the case of the Gaylord warrants, Fiore’s approval came in mid-November 1995, a short time after the public offering; in the case of the Thermo-Mizer warrants, Fiore authorized sale on February 28,1996, the same day the public offering took effect.
Trading records show that the conspirators did not dispose of their shares in single blocks, but usually employed a series of transactions, often over several months. For example, Benussi used seven transactions in two nominee accounts between November 1995 and January 1996, to sell approximately 35,000 Gaylord warrants at prices ranging from $1.00 to $1.75 per warrant. On the other hand, Benussi sold all 190,000 of his Thermo-Mizer warrants on February 28, 1996, the day he acquired them, using four transactions in three nominee accounts, for which he received from $2.50 to $3.38 per warrant. Other conspirators, however, paced their Thermo-Mizer sales over the course of the next few months. Significantly, for purposes of the statute of limitations issue before us, co-conspirator Louis Pasciuto sold approximately 60,000 Thermo-Mizer warrants out of the Stefanie Feehan account through more than a dozen trades executed between May 3, 1996, and June 24,1996.
C. OveH Acts within the Limitations Period
Of the ninety overt acts alleged in Indictment S2, only one involved conduct during the limitations period: “On or about August 9, 1996, [an unindicted co-conspirator] caused a Nationwide customer to sell approximately 850 shares of Ther-mo-Mizer common stock.” Indictment S2 at ¶ 39kkkk. In Indictment S5, the aforementioned overt act was deleted and three other timely overt acts were alleged:
pp. On or about May 7, 1996, Louis Pascuito caused a Nationwide brokerage account in the name of Pascuito’s girlfriend to sell approximately 5,000 Ther-mo-Mizer warrants at approximately $0.38 per warrant.
qq. On or about May 30, 1996, Louis Pascuito caused a Nationwide brokerage account in the name of Pascuito’s girlfriend to sell approximately 4,000 Ther-mo-Mizer warrants at approximately $0.19 per warrant.
rr. On or about June 24, 1996, Louis Pascuito caused a Nationwide brokerage account in the name of Pascuito’s girlfriend to sell approximately 12,010 Ther-mo-Mizer warrants at approximately $0.19 per warrant.
Indictment S5 at ¶ 38pp-rr.
In his Rule 33 motion to the district court, Benussi argued that these unilateral warrant sales could not satisfy the statute of limitations because they evidenced no concerted activity by the conspirators. Indeed, Benussi submitted that the charged conspiracy had ended when the conspirators received their shares of the stripped warrants or, at the latest, in early April 1996, when the conspirators stopped manipulating the Gaylord and Thermo-Mizer securities and Nationwide’s Manhattan office closed. The district court rejected these arguments, holding that the indictment alleged, and the evidence established, that the conspiracy extended through the conspirators’ receipt of profits from sales of the stripped warrants. See United States v. Benussi, 216 F.Supp.2d at 311-14.
In reaching this conclusion, however, the district court identified a different concern with relying on the pleaded overt acts to satisfy the statute of limitations. Specifically, it was unclear to the court whether the trades described in these overt acts actually involved stripped warrants acquired pursuant to the charged conspiracy. Apparently, Pasciuto had sold the majority of his stripped Thermo-Mizer warrants— some 24,750 — in early March 1996, leaving only 2,250 stripped warrants in the Feehan account at the start of May 1996. The other 58,285 Thermo-Mizer warrants in the Feehan account in May 1996 were the product of a fraudulent transfer that Pas-ciuto had made in March 1996 from Benus-si’s Rum United account. These warrants, however, had not been stripped from the initial stock offering; rather, they had been purchased by Pasciuto and certain Nationwide principals on the open market earlier in the month with money appropriated from the Rum United account — initially without Benussi’s knowledge — in an effort to curb the securities’ price decline. As the district court observed,
Even if the ... purchase [of Thermo-Mizer warrants] in the Rum account arguably was in furtherance of the conspiracy, it is not a rational inference that their subsequent theft, transfer, and eventual sale by one or more of the co-conspirators furthered the conspiratorial agreement with which Benussi was charged.
Id. at 314. Nevertheless, the district court concluded that it had not been necessary for the jury to determine exactly which May warrant trades out of the Feehan account involved the 2,250 stripped warrants because trading records plainly showed that the Feehan account received the proceeds for all May sales on or after May 8, 1996. Citing this court’s opinion in United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d 89, 98 (2d Cir.2001), the district court ruled that such “knowing receipt” of conspiracy proceeds satisfied the requirement for an overt act within the limitations period. See United States v. Benussi, 216 F.Supp.2d at 317-19.
II. Discussion
A. A Co-Conspirator’s Knowing Receipt of Conspiracy Proceeds into a Brokerage Account Under His Control Can Constitute an Overt Act in Furtherance of the Charged Scheme
Benussi asserts that receipt of conspiracy proceeds into the Feehan account on or after May 8, 2003, cannot, as a matter of law, bring the charged conspiracy within the statute of limitations.
When a conspiracy requires proof of an overt act, the government satisfies the statute of limitations, see 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a), if it establishes that the conspiracy operated within the five-year period preceding the indictment, and a conspirator knowingly committed at least one overt act in furtherance of the scheme within that period. See Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391, 396-97, 77 S.Ct. 963, 1 L.Ed.2d 931 (1957); United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 97. Benussi acknowledges this test but asserts that (1) unilateral receipt of proceeds cannot establish an ongoing conspiracy, and (2) passive receipt of proceeds cannot constitute an overt act in furtherance of the scheme. We review these legal claims de novo. See United States v. Coriaty, 300 F.3d 244, 249 (2d Cir.2002).
In evaluating Benussi’s twin challenges, we look to the scope of the charged conspiracy. As the Supreme Court explained in Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. at 397, 77 S.Ct. 963, “the crucial question in determining whether the statute of limitations has run is the scope of the conspiratorial agreement, for it is that which determines both the duration of the conspiracy, and whether the act relied on as an overt act may properly be regarded as in furtherance of the conspiracy.”
1. A Conspirator’s Receipt of Anticipated Economic Proceeds Evidences the Continued Operation of a Conspiracy
Benussi argues that the scope of the charged conspiracy extended only to the conspirators’ receipt of stripped warrants or, at the latest, to April 8, 1996, when their manipulation of the market for Gay-lord and Thermo-Mizer warrants ended. He insists that the conspiracy alleged in the indictment did not extend to the conspirators’ unilateral sales of their stripped warrants after that April date. See Appellant’s Br. at 32-39. The argument, however, is not supported by the indictments, which specifically allege that the ultimate conspiratorial goal was the sale of fraudulently acquired and inflated securities and the receipt of substantial cash profits. In both Indictments S2 and S5, the grand jury states that defendants
engaged in deceptive and manipulative sales practices in order to sell securities of the Subject IPOs to their retail customers, thus creating demand for, and increasing the price of, the securities, and enabling the defendants to sell the securities they controlled through the nominees at artificially inflated prices. As a result of this scheme, the defendants obtained illegal profits of not less than approximately $2.0 million.
Indictment S2 at ¶ 23; Indictment S5 at ¶ 23.
This court has consistently ruled that where a conspiracy’s purpose is economic enrichment, the jointly undertaken scheme continues through the conspirators’ receipt of “their anticipated economic benefits.” United States v. Mennuti, 679 F.2d 1032, 1035 (2d Cir.1982); accord United States v. LaSpina, 299 F.3d 165, 175 (2d Cir.2002); United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98; see also United States v. Fletcher, 928 F.2d 495, 500 (2d Cir.1991); United States v. Knuckles, 581 F.2d 305, 313 (2d Cir.1978). This conclusion derives from the well-established principles that (1) a conspiracy continues “until its aim has been achieved, it has been abandoned, or otherwise terminated,” United States v. Rucker, 586 F.2d 899, 906 (2d Cir.1978); and (2) absent withdrawal, a conspirator’s “participation in a conspiracy is presumed to continue until the last overt act by any of the conspirators,” United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52, 98 (2d Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks omitted) (and cases cited therein).
Benussi argues that a conspirator’s receipt of anticipated economic benefits cannot, as a matter of law, prove an ongoing conspiracy if he singularly controls when that receipt occurs; in such a case, there must be some other evidence of concerted activity. His only support for this assertion is an observation in United States v. Roshko, 969 F.2d 1, 8 (2d Cir.1992), that the defendant in United States v. Mennuti had “acted in concert with the other conspirators after the completion of the underlying mail fraud offense in order to further the conspirators’ general criminal objective of securing an economic windfall for themselves.”
In fact, this statement is dictum, intended neither to support the actual holding in Roshko nor to limit the “payoff’ principle articulated in Mennuti. Indeed, Roshko acknowledged that it “makes a good deal of sense” to view “conspiracies for economic gain” as continuing until “ ‘the conspirators receive their anticipated economic benefits’ ” because the receipt of such benefits is the “ ‘sole reason’ ” the conspirators become involved in the scheme. Roshko, 969 F.2d at 8 (quoting United States v. Mennuti, 679 F.2d at 1035). The court simply found the “payoff’ analogy inapt when applied to conspiracies with non-economic goals.
The pleaded purpose of the Roshko conspiracy was procurement of resident alien status for Meir Roshko through a fraudulent marriage, an end achieved outside the statutory limitations period. To avoid dismissal, the prosecution, relying on Mennu- ti, argued that the conspiracy extended to Roshko’s subsequent divorce, his remarriage, and his second wife’s adjustment of her immigration status, the last event being Mrs. Roshko’s “payoff’ for her participation in the charged conspiracy. The court disagreed, not, as Benussi suggests, because the conspirators failed to engage in any concerted action during the limitations period, but because their actions within that time frame simply were not in furtherance of the conspiracy’s pleaded purpose. See id. at 8 (“[T]he grand jury did not allege that Irene [Roshko’s] acquisition of permanent resident status was an object of the conspiracy .... Meir’s acquisition of a green card was the object of the conspiracy alleged in this indictment. The subsequent alleged overt acts — his divorce and his marriage to Irene — were superfluous to the success of that object .... ”).
In Benussi’s case, not only was the charged conspiracy economically motivated, the indictment specifically pleaded the receipt of such gain as the ultimate object of the jointly undertaken scheme. See Indictment S2 at ¶ 23; Indictment S5 at ¶ 23 (“As a result of this scheme, the defendants obtained illegal profits of not less than approximately $2.0 million.”). Thus, Roshko, no less than Mennuti, supports the conclusion that the scope of the conspiracy in this case continued through both the conspirators’ sale of the stripped warrants and their receipt of profits.
Benussi’s citation to United States v. Doherty, 867 F.2d 47 (1st Cir.1989), does not alter our conclusion. In that case, although a pleaded objective of the charged conspiracy was the salary increase that would accompany a fraudulently procured police promotion, the First Circuit rejected the government’s argument that each salary payment constituted a new overt act by the defendant. Then-Circuit Judge Breyer, writing for the court, observed that “payoffs” could reasonably be viewed as part of a conspiracy where their receipt “consists of one action, or a handful of actions, taking place over a limited period of time, or where some evidence exists that the special dangers attendant to conspiracies ... remain present until the payoff is received.” Id. at 61. But no such conclusion was warranted “where receiving the payoff merely consists of a lengthy, indefinite series of ordinary, typically noncriminal, unilateral actions, such as receiving salary payments, and there is no evidence that any concerted activity posing the special societal dangers of conspiracy is still taking place.” Id. (emphasis in original).
Were this court to follow Doherty, Be-nussi would not benefit because, in his case, the conspirators’ receipt of profits fits more comfortably into the former Do-herty category than the latter. Although the conspirators’ sales of stripped warrants numbered more than a handful, they were hardly “indefinite” in number or “lengthy” in duration. Indeed, it appears that all the stripped Thermo-Mizer warrants were sold within ten weeks of the public offering and within four weeks of the closing of the Nationwide Manhattan office. This is not surprising. Implicit in the conspiratorial scheme was an understanding that the receipt of benefits depended on selling the stripped warrants before their inflated market price collapsed. Pasciuto’s May 1996 warrant sales out of the Feehan account and his receipt of benefits on and after May 8, 1996, fall within this understanding.
In sum, because a “conspiracy continues so long as overt acts in furtherance of its purposes are done,” United States v. Rucker, 586 F.2d at 906; because receipt of anticipated profits is an overt act in furtherance of an economically-motivated conspiracy, see, e.g., United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98; and because an overt act may be committed by “only a single one of the conspirators,” Braverman v. United States, 317 U.S. 49, 53, 63 S.Ct. 99, 87 L.Ed. 23 (1942); see also United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d at 98, we reject Benussi’s argument that, as a matter of law, a single conspirator’s receipt of anticipated benefits within the limitations period cannot, by itself, establish an ongoing conspiracy, see generally United States v. LaSpina, 299 F.3d at 174 (holding that where conduct falls within scope of criminal agreement, conspiracy continues “as long as one or more conspirators” engage in such conduct).
2. A Conspirator’s Passive Receipt of Proceeds Can Constitute an Overt Act in Furtherance of the Conspiracy When Stick Receipt is Knowing and Intentional
Citing our statement in Ben Zvi that “[t]o constitute an overt act for purposes of the statute of limitations the act must involve some affirmative conduct or deliberate omission,” United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 97, Benussi submits that the passive receipt of profits into the Feehan account on and after May 8, 1996, cannot, as a matter of law, constitute the affirmative overt act necessary to satisfy the statute of limitations. We disagree.
In Ben Zvi, this court made plain that when the object of a conspiracy is economic profit, defendants engage in the necessary affirmative conduct and, therefore, commit the required overt act when they knowingly take possession of their share of that profit. The Ben Zvi conspirators schemed to defraud their insurer by staging a robbery of their own jewelry store. To determine whether the government satisfied the statute of limitations, the court considered two overt acts. The first charged Luiz Ben Zvi with causing an electronic funds transfer to be made from Lloyd’s of London to Lloyd’s New York attorney. The second charged Ms. Ben Zvi and her brother with causing checks to be drawn from the lawyer’s bank account to pay their insurance claim. The court ruled that the first transfer did not constitute an overt act by Ms. Ben Zvi because “though precipitated by earlier fraudulent acts and omissions of defendant and her coconspirators,” it “did not involve or otherwise turn on any identifiable act or omission of the conspirators as of the time of the wire transfer.” Id. Although the second act similarly involved a financial transfer by an innocent third party precipitated by the defendants, the court identified an important difference: the defendants themselves received the check, which was made payable to their jewelry business. Because this check represented the “anticipated economic benefits” of the conspiracy, the court ruled that its “knowing receipt ... by the defendant and her co-conspirators constituted overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Id. at 98.
Benussi submits that Ben Zvi is distinguishable because the conspirators there took physical possession of the anticipated proceeds. But the case does not indicate whether the manner of receipt was by the conspirators’ own hands, through a clerical employee, through an attorney or accountant, by direct deposit to the conspirators’ business account, etc. Indeed, the means by which a conspirator takes possession of his share of the scheme’s proceeds is not determinative of his commission of an overt act. A street thief or bank robber may well receive his share of criminal proceeds in hand; a more sophisticated schemer may arrange for fraud proceeds to be wired to his bank or brokerage account — or, as in this case, that of his nominee. In each case, what establishes the receipt as an overt act is not whether the conspirator’s conduct can be labeled “active” or “passive,” but whether the receipt was knowing and intentional. See United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98 (finding defendants’ “knowing receipt” of conspiratorial proceeds to satisfy overt act requirement). The unwitting receipt of criminal proceeds cannot, after all, constitute an overt act. See United States v. Floyd, 496 F.2d 982, 988 (2d Cir.1974). The requisite knowledge and intent to possess such proceeds, not the means employed to take possession, are the decisive factors in establishing a conspirator’s “affirmative” receipt of the proceeds or, at the least, his “deliberate” failure to renounce them. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 97.
We therefore reject Benussi’s legal challenge and hold that a conspirator’s knowing receipt of criminal proceeds achieved passively through a wire transfer into an account under his control can satisfy the overt act element of conspiracy.
B. Trial Evidence Established Pasciuto’s Knowing Receipt of Conspiracy Proceeds Within the Statute of Limitations
Benussi submits that the trial evidence was insufficient to support a jury finding that Pasciuto knowingly received conspiracy proceeds through the Feehan account on or after May 8, 1996. In assessing a factual sufficiency challenge, we review the evidence in its totality, see United States v. Autuori, 212 F.3d 105, 114 (2d Cir.2000), and in the light most favorable to the prosecution, see United States v. Berger, 224 F.3d 107, 116 (2d Cir.2000), mindful that the task of choosing among permissible competing inferences is for the jury, not a reviewing court, see United States v. Morrison, 153 F.3d 34, 49 (2d Cir.1998). We will affirm the jury’s guilty verdict if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements” of the charged crime “beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (emphasis in original); accord United States v. Best, 219 F.3d 192, 200 (2d Cir.2000).
Applying this standard of review, we reach the same conclusion as Judge Kaplan: “there was ample evidence from which the jury reasonably could have concluded that [Pasciuto] knowingly received payments for the sale of warrants in the Feehan account” on and after May 8, 1996. United States v. Benussi 216 F.Supp.2d at 318. Specifically, evidence of Pasciuto’s active participation in the “pump” phase of the conspiracy established his strong motive to “dump” stripped warrants at inflated prices. Trial evidence further revealed that the conspirators almost uniformly used nominee accounts at Nationwide to hold their stripped warrants and to receive profits from the sales thereof. Pasciuto’s wife, Stefanie Feehan, testified that she did not open the Nationwide account in her name out of which thousands of stripped Thermo-Mizer warrants were sold throughout the spring of 1996; rather, Pasciuto advised her that he had opened this account. Ms. Feehan identified Pasciuto’s handwriting on the account’s forged signature cards as well as on a related check. She further testified that she had never traded in the account, but when she received proceeds from any transactions therein, she gave them either to Pasciuto or, at his direction, to other persons.
We must assume not only that the jury credited Ms. Feehan’s testimony, but that it drew all reasonable inferences therefrom in the prosecution’s favor. See United States v. Walker, 191 F.3d 326, 333 (2d Cir.1999). Thus, although Ms. Feehan may not have offered direct evidence of Pasciuto’s May sale of Thermo-Mizer warrants from her account or of the subsequent receipt of benefits from those sales, we conclude that the evidence of Pasciuto’s overall control of the account together with his active role in the conspiracy sufficed to support a reasonable jury inference that Pasciuto knowingly received those proceeds and, thereby, committed an overt act in furtherance of the charged conspiracy within the limitations period. See United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98.
C. Proof of Pasciuto’s Unalleged Overt Acts within the Limitations Period Did Not Constitute a Constructive Amendment of the Indictment or an Impermissible Variance in Proof
Benussi argues that the government cannot satisfy the statute of limitations by proof of an unalleged overt act. Specifically, he submits that the prosecutor’s reliance on Pasciuto’s unalleged receipt of conspiracy proceeds on and after May 8, 1996, violated due process by constructively amending the indictment or, alternatively, by creating a prejudicial variance between the indictment and the proof adduced at trial.
1. Proof of an Unalleged Overt Act Can Satisfy the Statute of Limitations Provided Defendant Has Fair Notice
In United States v. Frank, this court reaffirmed “the well-established rule of this and other circuits that the overt act element of a conspiracy charge may be satisfied by an overt act that is not specified in the indictment, at least so long there is no prejudice to the defendant.” 156 F.3d 332, 337 (2d Cir.1998) (and cases cited therein); accord United States v. LaSpina, 299 F.3d at 182 (“It is clear the Government may offer proof of acts not included within the indictment, as long as they are within the scope of the conspiracy.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). As we explained in United States v. Armone, “[a] principal reason for the overt act requirement in a conspiracy prosecution is simply to manifest that the conspiracy is at work.” 363 F.2d 385, 400 (2d Cir.1966) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, as long as defendant is “given notice of the core of criminality to be proven at trial,” this court has afforded the prosecution “significant flexibility” to prove the conspiracy’s operation through both unalleged and alleged overt acts. United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d at 338 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Benussi does not attack this principle as it applies to the general overt act element of conspiracy. Instead, he submits that the principle should not extend to overt acts used to satisfy the statute of limitations. See generally United States v. Davis, 533 F.2d 921, 929 (5th Cir.1976) (holding that conspiracy’s operation within statute of limitations must be proved by an overt act alleged in the indictment). This court expressly rejected an identical argument in United States v. Frank, holding: “We see no reason to devise a special rule for the statute of limitations requirement that is different from the rule governing the overt act element.” 156 F.3d at 339. Benussi urges us to reconsider Frank on the ground that the statute of limitations serves a special purpose — -namely, to protect against stale prosecutions — which can be met only by requiring proof of a specifically pleaded overt act.
Of course, this panel cannot refuse to follow Frank unless and until its holding is overruled by our court en banc or by the Supreme Court. See Jones v. Coughlin, 45 F.3d 677, 679 (2d Cir.1995). In any event, Benussi’s argument that proof of a pleaded overt act is necessary to serve the staleness concerns of the statute of limitations overlooks the fact that' statutes of limitations presumably serve the same purpose for conspiracies without overt act requirements. See, e.g., United States v. Spero, 331 F.3d 57, 60 (2d Cir.2003) (noting that racketeering conspiracy, see 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), does not require proof of an overt act); United States v. Grammatikos, 633 F.2d 1013, 1023 (2d Cir.1980) (holding that conspiracies to import or distribute controlled substances, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 963, do not require overt acts to be .pleaded or proved). In such cases, once the government proves the conspiracy’s existence, the scheme’s continued operation into the limitations period is presumed, see United States v. Spero, 331 F.3d at 61, without the jury having to find proved the timely commission of any overt act, alleged or unalleged, see United States v. Grammatikos, 633 F.2d at 1022.
This body of law reinforces Frank’s conclusion that there is no sound reason to devise a special rule for overt acts as they relate to the statute of limitations. “In the matter of the statute of limitations, as in the case of overt acts generally,” the law’s “principal concerns are that a defendant have fair and adequate notice of the charges against him and have suffered no undue prejudice as a result of the proof offered.” United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d at 339. Accordingly, the rule for pleading and proof remains the same: “the statute of limitations may be satisfied by proof of an overt act not explicitly listed in the indictment, as long as a defendant has had fair and adequate notice of the charge for which he is being tried, and he is not unduly prejudiced by the asserted variance in the proof.” Id. We address the question of fair notice in the next section. See id. at 338 n. 5 (observing that issue of whether conspiracy may be proved by an unalleged overt act frequently reduces to the question whether there was a “variance” between the indictment and the proof at trial).
2. Constructive Amendment and Variance
Benussi submits that even if an unal-leged overt act can satisfy the statute of limitations, in his case the government im-permissibly “amended and varied the indictment by relying on evidence that the charged conspiracy continued by virtue of [Pasciutoj’s sale of non-stolen Thermo-Mizer warrants whereas the [Indictment S5] referred only to the sale of stolen Thermo-Mizer warrants.” Appellant’s Br. at 55.
a. Constructive Amendment
“To prevail on a constructive amendment claim, a defendant must demonstrate that either the proof at trial or the trial court’s jury instructions so altered an essential element of the charge that, upon review, it is uncertain whether the defendant was convicted of conduct that was the subject of the grand jury’s indictment.” United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d at 337; see also United States v. Wallace, 59 F.3d 333, 337 (2d Cir.1995). “Where charges are constructively narrowed or where a generally framed indictment encompasses the specific legal theory or evidence used at trial,” there is no constructive amendment. United States v. Wallace, 59 F.3d at 337 (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212, 218, 80 S.Ct. 270, 4 L.Ed.2d 252 (1960) (noting that indictment written in general terms may support conviction on alternative bases). In short, not all modifications constitute constructive amendments. In this case, the limitations element of the charged conspiracy required the prosecution to prove a timely overt act. But, as already discussed, the prosecution could carry its burden on this element by proving any alleged or unal-leged overt act that fit within the “core of criminality” identified in the indictment. United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d at 338; see also United States v. Patino, 962 F.2d 263, 266 (2d Cir.1992) (citing approvingly United States v. Robison, 904 F.2d 365, 369 (6th Cir.1990)) (upholding 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) conviction where indictment charged use of a .357 Magnum but proof showed use of a shotgun, because the specific type of firearm used by the conspirator was not an essential element of the crime).
The core criminality pleaded in this indictment was a fraud scheme, operating between October 1995 and June 1996, whose ultimate purpose was the conspirators’ realization of millions of dollars in illegal profits from them sales of inflated stripped warrants. See Indictment S5 at ¶¶ 23, 24. Indictment S5 identified twenty-five occasions on which conspirators, including Pasciuto, engaged in the sale of such warrants. Id. at ¶ 38. Under these circumstances, proof of other unalleged sales of stripped warrants during the conspiratorial period hardly constitutes a constructive amendment of the pleadings.
Contrary to the argument advanced on appeal by Benussi, nowhere did the indictment allege that warrant sales within the limitations period involved only stolen, as opposed to stripped, securities. Rather, as the district court noted, the proof at trial raised a question as to which May sales involved stripped warrants and which sales involved stolen warrants. But the fact that the prosecution might have proved certain alleged overt acts that may not have furthered the charged conspiracy did not preclude it from proving other unal-leged overt acts falling squarely within the charged scheme. In sum, although Pasci-uto’s sales of stripped warrants in early May 1996 and his receipt of proceeds therefrom on or after May 8, 1996, were not specifically pleaded in the indictment, they are plainly within the charged core of criminality and constitute a permissible alternative basis for proving the general allegation that the conspiracy continued for several weeks into the limitations period.
b. Variance
“A variance occurs when the charging terms of the indictment are left unaltered, but the evidence offered at trial proves facts materially different from those alleged in the indictment.” United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d at 337 n. 5 (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted). Although the distinction between constructive amendment and variance may appear “merely one of degree,” there is an important difference in outcome: “a constructive amendment of the indictment is considered to be a per se violation of the grand jury clause, while a defendant must show prejudice in order to prevail on a variance claim.” Id.; see also United States v. McDermott, 245 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir.2001) (reiterating principle that variance must cause “substantial prejudice” to warrant reversal).
A defendant cannot demonstrate that he has been prejudiced by a variance where the pleading and the proof “substantially correspond, where the variance is not of a character that could have misled the defendant at the trial, and where the variance is not such as to deprive the accused of his right to be protected against another prosecution for the same offense.” United States v. Mucciante, 21 F.3d 1228, 1236 (2d Cir.1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, because Indictment S5 gave Benussi fair and adequate notice that the conspiratorial scheme achieved its ultimate economic purpose through the conspirators’ multiple sales of stripped securities and their receipt of proceeds through June 1996, Benussi cannot show that he was prejudiced by proof of a few uncharged proceed receipts after May 8, 1996.
D. Indictment S5 Relates Back to Indictment S2 for Purposes of Calculating the Statute of Limitations
Benussi submits that Indictment S5, filed on August 8, 2001, more than five years after the last overt act in furtherance of the charged conspiracy, should have been dismissed as untimely. He asserts that Indictment S5 does not relate back to the timely filed Indictment S2 because the two pleadings allege different time frames for the charged conspiracy and different overt acts within the limitations period. We review this question of law de novo. See United States v. Yousef, 327 F.3d 56, 137 (2d Cir.2003).
“It is black letter law that ‘[o]nce an indictment is brought, the statute of limitations is tolled as to the charges contained in that indictment.’ ” United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98 (quoting United States v. Grady, 544 F.2d 598, 601 (2d Cir.1976)); accord United States v. Gengo, 808 F.2d 1, 3 (2d Cir.1986). Further, a superseding indictment that supplants a pending timely indictment relates back to the original pleading and inherits its timeliness as long as the later indictment does not materially broaden or substantially amend the original charges. See Gengo, 808 F.2d at 3. In determining whether a superseding indictment materially broadens or amends the original charges, we will consider whether the additional pleadings allege violations of a different statute, contain different elements, rely on different evidence, or expose the defendant to a potentially greater sentence. See United States v. Ben Zvi, 168 F.3d 49, 55 (2d Cir.1999). No single factor is determinative; rather, the “touchstone” of our analysis is notice, i.e., whether the original indictment fairly alerted the defendant to the subsequent charges against him and the time period at issue. See United States v. Gengo, 808 F.2d at 3, cf. United States v. Ben Zvi, 168 F.3d at 55 (holding that notice must come in indictment).
To the extent Indictment S5 alleges a different time frame for the conspiracy (October 1995 through June 1996) than Indictment S2 (October 1995 through August 1996), the law is clear that there is no obstacle to relation back when a superseding pleading narrows, rather than broadens, the original charges. See United States v. Ben Zvi, 168 F.3d at 54; United States v. Grady, 544 F.2d at 602. Accordingly, we reject this part of Benussi’s challenge without further discussion.
This court has not yet ruled on whether the addition of new overt acts to a superseding indictment constitutes a substantial alteration in the original charge so as to preclude relation back. Cf. United States v. Gengo, 808 F.2d at 3 (noting that the issue, although raised in the district court, was not pursued on appeal because the overt acts in question had been dismissed on other grounds). A number of our sister circuits have upheld relation back where additional overt acts simply flesh out or provide more detail about the originally charged crime without materially broadening or amending it. See, e.g., United States v. Pearson, 340 F.3d 459, 465 (7th Cir.2003) (holding that addition of three overt acts of concealment in superseding indictment did not preclude relation back because “the uninterrupted success of the conspiracy turned on defendants’ ability to continuously conceal the truth about the defective batteries from consumers and ... shareholders”); United States v. Lash, 937 F.2d 1077, 1081-82 (6th Cir.1991) (holding that although additional overt acts in superseding indictment supplied “different details” about the operation of the conspiracy, both indictments “described the same conspiracy to defraud investors during the same time frame through the operations” of the same two businesses); see also United States v. O’Bryant, 998 F.2d 21, 24-25 (1st Cir.1993) (holding that superseding indictment containing “more detail in terms of overt acts” than original pleading, nevertheless related back because “the initial indictment informed appellant in no uncertain terms that he would have to account for essentially the same conduct with which he was ultimately charged in the superseding indictment”). We adopt this approach and hold that the same standard of review applies to overt acts as to any other aspect of a superseding pleading, i.e., whether the new acts materially broaden or substantially amend the original pleading. See United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98.
Applying that standard to this case, we conclude that the overt acts added in Indictment S5 — all relating to Pasciuto’s sale of warrants out of the Feehan account in May and June 1996 — did not materially broaden or substantially amend the conspiracy charged in Indictment S2. Both S2 and S5 alleged the identical economically motivated conspiracy to commit fraud and bribery in order to strip warrants from Gaylord and Thermo-Mizer stock offerings, to inflate the price of those securities, and then to sell the stripped warrants at the inflated price, thereby netting millions of dollars in fraudulent profits for the conspirators. See Indictment S2 at ¶¶ 22, 23; Indictment S5 at ¶¶ 22, 23. S2 served clear notice on Benussi that the prosecution intended to prove numerous sales of stripped warrants by various conspirators as overt acts in furtherance of the charged scheme. Indeed, thirty-six such sales were pleaded in S2. See Indictment S2 at ¶ 39r, s, t, u, w, x, z, aa, cc, dd, ff, gg, ii, jj, kk, mm, nn, oo, pp, qq, tt, w, xx, zz, bbb, ddd, fff, hhh, iii, 111, qqq, cccc, dddd, eeee, gggg, iiii. Although the last of these sales occurred in March 1996, S2 charged the conspiracy’s continuance through August 1996. Thus, Benussi cannot establish either unfair surprise or prejudice from the superseding indictment’s identification of an additional three warrant sales in May and June 1996.
To the extent Benussi attempts to analogize his case to United States v. Ratcliff, 245 F.3d 1246, 1253-54 (11th Cir.2001), in which relation back was denied because a superseding indictment expanded the original conspiracy by a dozen years, seven additional smuggling ventures, and ten additional co-conspirators, the factual comparison is obviously inapt. Like the defendants in O Bryant, Pearson, and Lash, Benussi was informed by Indictment S2 “in no uncertain terms that he would have to account for essentially the same conduct with which he was ultimately charged” in Indictment S5, United States v. O'Bryant, 998 F.2d at 24, i.e., a scheme to “pump and dump” Gaylord and Thermo-Mizer securities. The three additional overt acts provided a bit more detail about one co-conspirator’s sale of Thermo-Mizer warrants at an inflated profit, but Benussi had certainly been given ample notice in the original pleading that there were numerous such sales and that each one furthered the conspiracy. In sum, the additional overt acts did not broaden or substantially amend the original charge in this case; accordingly, Indictment S5 was properly deemed timely as related back to Indictment S2.
E. The General Verdict in this Case Does Not Require a New Trial
As an alternative to reversal, Benussi seeks a new trial on the ground that it is impossible to determine whether the jury’s general verdict of guilty was based upon (1) the securities fraud objective of the conspiracy to which Pasciuto’s timely receipt of proceeds related, or the wire fraud or bribery objectives, for which there was no timely overt act; and (2) Pasciuto’s timely receipt of profits from the sale of stripped or stolen warrants. See Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298, 312, 77 S.Ct. 1064, 1 L.Ed.2d 1356 (1957), overruled on other grounds, Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 10, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978). The argument is both legally and factually unconvincing.
In Yates v. United States, the Supreme Court considered a general guilty verdict on a Smith Act conspiracy with the twin objects of (1) advocating the overthrow of the United States government and (2) organizing, as the Communist Party of America, a society of persons to so advocate. The Court ruled that because the law’s organization prohibition referred only to the creation of the Communist Party — an event indisputably occurring outside the applicable statute of limitations — the conspiracy conviction could not rest on that objective. Id. at 304-11, 77 S.Ct. 1064. Rejecting the government’s argument that the conviction could be affirmed on the advocacy objective, the Court stated that a general verdict must be set aside where it “is supportable on one ground, but not on another, and it is impossible to tell which ground the jury selected.” Id. at 312, 77 S.Ct. 1064.
In Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 56-59, 112 S.Ct. 466, 116 L.Ed.2d 371 (1991), however, the Court clarified that Yates’s broad pronouncement applies only when there is legal error in one of the bases for conviction. The Court explained that by “legal error,” it meant “a mistake about the law,” not “a mistake concerning the weight or the factual import of the evidence.” Id. Indeed, where the error in a verdict is factual, as where one basis for conviction is “unsupported by sufficient evidence,” a guilty verdict “ ‘stands if the evidence is sufficient with respect to any one of the acts charged.’ ” Id. at 56-57, 112 S.Ct. 466 (quoting Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 420, 90 S.Ct. 642, 24 L.Ed.2d 610 (1970)).
The errors of which Benussi complains are not “legal” in the sense identified in Griffin. Indeed, with respect to the three criminal objectives of the charged conspiracy — securities fraud, wire fraud, and bribery — Benussi fails to establish even a factual error. As we have repeatedly noted in this opinion, the indictments consistently identify profit as the conspirators’ ultimate goal in pursuing the triple criminal objectives of their scheme, specifically, the $2 million in profit eventually realized from the conspirators’ sale of inflated securities. Thus, the jury could reasonably have found that Pasciuto’s receipt of profits on and after May 8, 1996, was a timely overt act in furtherance of any of the three conspiratorial objectives. See generally United States v. Mennuti, 679 F.2d at 1035; accord United States v. LaSpina, 299 F.3d at 175; United States v. Ben Zvi, 242 F.3d at 98; United States v. Fletcher, 928 F.2d at 500; United States v. Knuckles, 581 F.2d at 313. In any event, because the issue of whether Pasciuto’s knowing receipt of profits from the sale of stripped warrants was “in furtherance” of any of the conspiracy’s stated objectives was a fact question for the jury, see United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d at 99, any error in ascribing the acts to a single objective would not require the guilty verdict to be set aside because, as Benussi concedes, Pasciuto’s acts could certainly be found to be in furtherance of the conspiracy’s securities fraud objective, see Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. at 56-57, 112 S.Ct. 466.
The same conclusion pertains to Benus-si’s argument that the jury may have erroneously based its verdict upon Pasciuto’s receipt of proceeds from the sale of stolen rather than stripped warrants. There is no question that the proceeds at issue— whether from the sale of stolen or stripped warrants — were received into the Feehan account within the limitations period. Thus, this case presents no “legal error” akin to that in Yates. Instead, as Judge Kaplan explained, the problem with reliance on Pasciuto’s May sale of stolen warrants was one of factual insufficiency: the prosecution had failed to adduce evidence to support a reasonable jury inference that the sale of stolen warrants was in furtherance of the charged conspiracy. See United States v. Benussi, 216 F.Supp.2d at 314, 325; see generally Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. at 410-11, 77 S.Ct. 963. But because the evidence was sufficient to support a reasonable jury finding that Pas-ciuto’s timely receipt of proceeds from the sale of stripped warrants was in furtherance of the charged scheme, no new trial is required. See Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. at 56-57, 112 S.Ct. 466.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated, we conclude that (1) a conspirator’s knowing, albeit passive, receipt of scheme proceeds into a brokerage account under his control can constitute an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (2) the trial evidence in this case sufficed to establish a co-conspirator’s knowing receipt of conspiracy proceeds within the statutory limitations period; (3) an unalleged overt act can satisfy the statute of limitations element of conspiracy, where, as in this case, the act constitutes neither a constructive amendment of the indictment nor an impermissible variance in proof; (4) the addition of new overt acts to Indictment S5 did not materially broaden or significantly amend the charges originally filed in Indictment S2 so as to preclude relation back; and (5) no new trial is required by factual insufficiencies in certain prosecution theories because the jury’s general verdict of guilty was supported by sufficient proof on alternative theories. Accordingly, Benussi’s judgment of conviction is hereby Affirmed.
. Although Mr. Pasciuto’s name is alternatively spelled "Pasciuto” and "Pascuito” in the record before this court, in this opinion we adopt the spelling used by both sides in their appellate briefs, except in direct quotations of documents in the record.
. On appeal, Benussi points to government trial exhibits suggesting that the Thermo-Mizer warrants traded out of the Feehan account on or after May 7, 1996, were those bought on the open market and stolen from Benussi. Thus, he asserts, the stripped warrants derived from the conspiracy had to have been among those traded earlier, between May 3 and May 6, 1996. See Gov't Ex. 407-C. The government does not contend otherwise, but urges us to focus, as the district court did, on the dates the Feehan account received proceeds from all May warrant sales.
. The prosecution cites Ben Zvi to support its argument that "it is of no legal significance that the overt act that occurred within the limitations period was not actually performed by Benussi, Pasciuto, or any other member of the charged conspiracy.” Appellee's Br. at 26. We emphasize that Ben Zvi does not alter the requirement that an overt act must be knowingly committed by at least one member of a conspiracy. See 18 U.S.C. § 371; see also Braverman v. United States, 317 U.S. at 53, 63 S.Ct. 99; United States v. Floyd, 496 F.2d 982, 988 (2d Cir.1974). Indeed, it was precisely because the Ben Zvi conspirators' knowing receipt of proceeds was their act— separate and distinct from the lawyer's drawing of the check — that the court held that the overt act requirement was satisfied.
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The Lego Brick Metaphor
Our first metaphor helps us think of important object characteristics, such as composability, simple interfaces, and comprehensibility (limited number of forms). It also illuminates important aspects of the object-oriented software development process, most notably the fact that two distinct but related processes are required.
Let s express the metaphor as a dictum: software should be assembled from a finite set of composable units the way that dinosaurs and castles and spaceships are constructed from a common set of Lego bricks . It is no accident that the first special issue of the Communications of the ACM devoted to objects had a cover photo of stacked red and yellow Legos.
On its face, this seems to be a restatement of Brad Cox s software IC metaphor. But there are depths and nuances to this metaphor that are missing from the simpler software IC idea. Like Cox s metaphor, this one tells us that we should be able to construct an arbitrary number of software artifacts from a finite set of standard parts. This is a characteristic of many other aspects of nature as well as of mass-produced products. For example, the world around us is constructed from a very finite set of parts ” atoms of the periodic table or, below them, quarks ” especially given the variety and complexity of the things manifest in the world. Houses are constructed from two-by-fours, nails , 4-by-8- foot sheets of plywood, and so forth. Even societies are built from butchers, bakers, and candlestick makers .
By focusing on the composable nature of Lego bricks, the metaphor reminds us of how object thinking views the importance of decomposition and composition. (Remember Plato s views, quoted earlier in this book.) The metaphor also reminds us of the importance of composability across contexts, a generalization of the concept of reuse. Removing a Lego brick from a dinosaur and using it to shore up the antenna on your space station is an example of composability (reuse) across contexts.
More important, perhaps, the metaphor reminds us that simple and obvious interfaces are required if our objects are to be as composable and as useful as Lego bricks. (The standard physical dimensions of a Lego brick are but another aspect of its public interface.) Further exploration of the metaphor and its implications suggests ways to discover, design, and build truly reusable and composable objects. This alone would make the metaphor extremely valuable . Given that developers have pursued the dream of reusable code libraries from the very advent of computing ”with very limited success ”a way to actually accomplish that goal would be invaluable.
Note
Almost all software development has focused on a very limited concept of reuse instead of the composability implicit in the axiom of Witt, et al. and Plato s philosophy of taking apart and putting together again. Some would claim that the industry track record with reusable libraries, class libraries, components , and widget libraries suggests that reuse across contexts is impossible . At issue, however, is not the possibility of composability but the means of achieving it. Reuse efforts (as opposed to composability efforts, which have been almost nonexistent) have been characterized by a focus on the solution space ”computer code, algorithms, and data structures. True composability will require an understanding of the problem space ”of the natural world as advocated by object thinking. In Chapter 10, we will explore the issue of composability further in a discussion on the future of objects.
Exploration of the metaphor begins with considering what it implies about the development process: that there is a necessary separation between the process required to create objects (Lego bricks) and the process of assembling those objects into useful products (software, in our case). The metaphor suggests that
• Creators are (probably) adults working for the Lego Company.
• Users are children (at least at heart), ages 4 to adult.
• Creators have specific concerns and use specialized processes to accomplish their goals.
• Users care little about the components, as components. Their concerns focus on what can be built with the components and the ability of the artifact to satisfy their needs.
• The component engineers need to be very concerned with the internal structure of the bricks, what kind of plastics will yield the correct degree of malleability, colorfastness, friction to keep them together, spacing of the pips at the top of the brick, and so on. They also have to create components that transcend particular applications because their goal is to build bricks equally useful for dinosaur and spaceship construction. More important, they want bricks that can be used successfully by unknown end users to build whatever it is that they have imagined.
• Users want to move easily from concept to construction without the need to concern themselves with technical details. They want rapid feedback, they want to be able to change their mind in mid-construction, and they want the artifact constructed to operate in their world as it is.
Applied to software, the metaphor suggests separation of domain decomposition and object definition from the tasks of assembling applications and solving specific operational problems. To some degree, with some implementation languages, this separation has started to occur. Consider the class libraries that come with a language such as Smalltalk or Visual Basic. Many of the classes (the collection and magnitude classes, for instance) in such libraries reflect the same kind of general and abstract thinking that leads to good software Legos. Another example of this separation is the attempt to create visual programming environments for application assembly that are at least quasi-independent of the underlying implementation language. Such attempts are but a start toward an object-mature world, where the two tasks are as clearly separated as they are in the world of Legos.
Note
I would like to bring to the reader s attention a nuance of this metaphor as something to think about without attempting to fully develop the idea. The metaphor suggests differentiation between users and creators that, in the case of the Lego brick, is very different from the similar distinction made in this book. A Lego user is a child ”a kind of ultimate consumer. In the case of objects and software, we are treating other programmers as users.
If we were to be completely consistent with the Lego metaphor, we would have to argue in favor of delivering objects to end users, those filling roles in business and organizational worlds , and not to programmers. The objects would have to be directly usable without the need to use programming environments and compilers. Each component would need to be a small executable program, modifiable via user messages, not modules of source code made available to programmers.
Another, critically important, aspect of the metaphor is the ability of users to successfully employ the bricks based solely on their intuitively obvious external characteristics. A child can look at a brick and instantly tell whether it is suitable for inclusion in the project at hand. It is not necessary to know anything about the chemistry of plastics or whether this particular brick was made at Sun BuildingBlock Corporation or Microsoft BuildingBlock Corporation. There is no need to read a complex user manual that explains either the brick or how to use it. There are, however, patterns: diagrams suggesting proven ways that you can construct a family of similar artifacts ”houses, for example.
Software objects cannot even approximate this degree of composability, but the metaphor suggests that full realization of object potential requires satisfaction of this characteristic.
The fact that two different groups of people, and two different processes, are involved in brick creation and artifact assembly, one group being adults and the other children, might lead one to believe that the metaphor de-skills the task of application assembly ”after all, it can be done by children (or end users, perhaps). This would be a misleading conclusion.
The Legoland store in the Mall of America periodically sponsors two events. (Located in Bloomington, Minnesota, the MOA is the largest shopping mall in the United States.) In the first event, children are invited to use the unlimited set of bricks at hand to construct various things. Prizes are given to the best constructions. The second invites professional architects and designers to use the same bricks to create various structures, which are then sold as part of a charity auction.
As should be expected, there was a large qualitative difference between the constructions of the architects and those of the children. The building bricks remained the same. The architects, however, were able to bring to bear other skills ”proportion, geometry, aesthetics, and so on ”that the children did not yet possess. The architects were domain experts (end users) who were able to use the bricks to build solutions that fully exploited their domain knowledge. They were able to use the Lego bricks to simulate the way they wielded girders and bricks in the real-world domain where they worked.
Note
Following up the immediately preceding note, perhaps the users of objects would not have to be the ultimate end user but could be a new kind of professional assembler or collage artist, with a set of skills not available to the end user but quite different from those required by traditional programmers and software developers. The demand that objects be run-time modifiable executable programs would not change.
Two other items suggested by the metaphor are related. Objects should be simple, and there should be relatively few of them. There are fewer than 10 basic Lego brick types. (Kits contain additional parts, each of which is highly specialized, such as tiny human figures and motors, but these cannot be considered true Legos.) There are only 134 elements and only six quanta. The vast majority of houses in this country are built with fewer than 10 standard sizes of dimension lumber. In all of those cases as well, the base elements are simple and highly specialized.
start sidebar
How Many Objects?
One of the heuristics for object discovery is Find the nouns. Each noun in a domain description is a potential object class. Estimating the minimal class set could involve a simple count of nouns employed in a domain.
Expanding on this heuristic, how many classes would be required to model the universe? Well, how many nouns are required?
The Oxford English Dictionary has about 550,000 words. An English teacher once told me that about 40 to 45 percent of the words in a dictionary will be nouns.
If we eliminate proper nouns and synonyms, that percentage will be reduced to around 25 to 30 percent of the words describing potential objects. Eliminating archaic nouns ”bodkin and amanuensis, for example ”will reduce the percentage still further, to 15 or 20, perhaps. This translates into about 110,000 classes. A pretty large number but clearly finite.
Instead of the OED, however, a better estimate might be obtained using the vocabulary required to read the average daily newspaper. Most things are quite adequately described in a newspaper.
Vocabulary required to read a typical newspaper: about 1400 words!
Using the 30 percent estimate (we don t have archaic terms to eliminate, hopefully) suggests a need for only 420 classes. Allowing liberal ability to add classes representing objects that do not make the paper, we still come up with fewer than a thousand classes to model all typical domains of human interest.
If your problem domain ”or worse , your application ”has thousands of classes (and I have seen some), you probably have yet to master object thinking.
end sidebar
This suggests that there are a similarly small number of objects from which we can construct any type of software needed to model any domain or organization. (See the sidebar How Many Objects? )
It s frequently convenient to build a large construct from small, but not the smallest possible, components. It s easier to build living things with hydrocarbon molecules than directly with individual atoms. It s easier to build a roof with a truss made of standard-dimension lumber and gang nails than a board and a nail at a time. Intermediate constructs, such as trusses used to build houses, are components. The number of components will be much larger than the number of objects from which those components are constructed. Moreover, they will likely reflect stylistic differences reflective of the designers and potential users of such components.
The last item suggested by the metaphor deals with process. Watching a child work with the bricks reveals a process of discovery filled with a certain amount of trial and error and supportive of rapid change as prototypes fail to meet satisfaction criteria and so are taken apart and reassembled in another attempt to reach the envisaged goal.
XP development closely resembles playing with Lego bricks in the sense that it too allows discovery and emergent solutions, tolerates and leverages mistakes, encourages taking things apart and reassembling them into more elegant solutions (refactoring), and relies heavily on feedback as to the extent to which the current assembly meets user expectations.
Both XP and the metaphor suggest a need for a development environment that supports this kind of development process model. Smalltalk and visual programming environments, such as Visual Studio, provide examples of development environments and tools that are superior to, in this regard, compile-link-test environments such as C++ (even Visual C++ with incremental compilation). This notion would seem to be borne out in experience. It typically takes about half as long to develop an application with Smalltalk as with C++, given equivalent levels of skill in the developers, even with current incremental compilers. Even advocates of languages such as C++ will tend to concede the speed-of-development issue and focus instead on characteristics-of-product issues such as speed of execution.
Microsoft Object Thinking
Object Thinking (DV-Microsoft Professional)
ISBN: 0735619654
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 2004
Pages: 88
Authors: David West
Similar book on Amazon
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If you may any questions please contact us: flylib@qtcs.net | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit 2018.4.99-c0f884b2
Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit
mitk::LocaleSwitch Struct Reference
Convenience class to temporarily change the current locale. More...
#include <mitkLocaleSwitch.h>
Public Member Functions
LocaleSwitch (const char *newLocale)
~LocaleSwitch ()
LocaleSwitch (LocaleSwitch &)=delete
LocaleSwitch operator= (LocaleSwitch &)=delete
Detailed Description
Convenience class to temporarily change the current locale.
This helper class can be used to switch to a specific locale for a couple of operations. Once the class is destroyed, the previous locale will be restored. This avoids calling or forgetting to call setlocale() in multiple return locations.
Typically this is used to switch to a "C" locale when parsing or printing numbers, in order to consistently get "." and not "," as a decimal separator.
WARNING: Please be aware that using setlocale and there for is not thread safe. So use this class with care (see tast T24295 for more information. This switch is especially use full if you have to deal with third party code where you have to controll the locale via set locale
{
mitk::LocaleSwitch localeSwitch("C");// installs C locale until the end of the function
ExternalLibraryCall(); //that might throw or what ever.
}
If you just want to control you own stringstream operations use imbue instead, as it is threadsafe. E.G.:
std::string toString(int number)
{
std::ostringstream parser;
parser.imbue(std::locale("C"));
parser << number;
return parser.str();
}
Definition at line 57 of file mitkLocaleSwitch.h.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
◆ LocaleSwitch() [1/2]
mitk::LocaleSwitch::LocaleSwitch ( const char * newLocale)
explicit
Definition at line 64 of file mitkLocaleSwitch.cpp.
◆ ~LocaleSwitch()
mitk::LocaleSwitch::~LocaleSwitch ( )
Definition at line 65 of file mitkLocaleSwitch.cpp.
◆ LocaleSwitch() [2/2]
mitk::LocaleSwitch::LocaleSwitch ( LocaleSwitch )
delete
Member Function Documentation
◆ operator=()
LocaleSwitch mitk::LocaleSwitch::operator= ( LocaleSwitch )
delete
The documentation for this struct was generated from the following files: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
SQL Esempio di un cursore che interroga tutte le righe per indice per ciascun database
Esempio
Qui, un cursore viene utilizzato per scorrere tutti i database.
Inoltre, un cursore da sql dinamico viene utilizzato per interrogare ogni database restituito dal primo cursore.
Questo per dimostrare l'ambito di connessione di un cursore.
DECLARE @db_name nvarchar(255)
DECLARE @sql nvarchar(MAX)
DECLARE @schema nvarchar(255)
DECLARE @table nvarchar(255)
DECLARE @column nvarchar(255)
DECLARE db_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT name FROM sys.databases
OPEN db_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM db_cursor INTO @db_name
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
SET @sql = 'SELECT * FROM ' + QUOTENAME(@db_name) + '.information_schema.columns'
PRINT ''
PRINT ''
PRINT ''
PRINT @sql
-- EXECUTE(@sql)
-- For each database
DECLARE @sqlstatement nvarchar(4000)
--move declare cursor into sql to be executed
SET @sqlstatement = 'DECLARE columns_cursor CURSOR FOR SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME FROM ' + QUOTENAME(@db_name) + '.information_schema.columns ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION'
EXEC sp_executesql @sqlstatement
OPEN columns_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM columns_cursor
INTO @schema, @table, @column
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
PRINT @schema + '.' + @table + '.' + @column
--EXEC asp_DoSomethingStoredProc @UserId
FETCH NEXT FROM columns_cursor --have to fetch again within loop
INTO @schema, @table, @column
END
CLOSE columns_cursor
DEALLOCATE columns_cursor
-- End for each database
FETCH NEXT FROM db_cursor INTO @db_name
END
CLOSE db_cursor
DEALLOCATE db_cursor | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Engineering Experience 4: Design a Small Solar Vehicle/Nl/2014: Team PM10
Introduction
All students have to make a small solar verhicle (SSV). A competition on the Martelarenplein (Leuven) will determine which car is the best. To do that the car has to hit a steal ball which has to roll as high as possible on a ramp. Besides reaching the highest point there are also the criteria of most innovative car and the car with the best appearance.
We are team Light-Weight. It stands for what the team is engaged in, we want to make an energy-efficient and fast solar vehicle.
Gantt Chart
Gantt Chart with values determined in the beginning
Gantt Chart with real values
Contract of cooporation
contract of coorporation Light-Weight
Week 1
We had our first seminar. This was about the planning and goals of the EE4 project. Immediately after that we gathered in a group. There were already some decisions to make. We discussed the strength and weakness of everyone. This allowed us to make those decisions quickly. For the first deadline the analysis phase, enterprising and orientation phase had to be made.
Week 2
In this seminar we got the solar panel and the motor for our car. This week we had to do some tests for the SSV I, with this information we could calculate the power and diode factor. We divided work need to be done for the report.
Week 3
We discussed and made some adjustment to the SSV I report. We also thought about the design of our vehicle, the materials and chose also some parameters we will use for our calculations. After doing the measurements last week we could determine every factor of our solar panel as well as our DC-motor. We calculated the m-value, maximum power, working point of our motor,... In short: everthing we need to know about our solar panel and dc motor to make our SSV as efficient as possible. Also a detailed error analysis was performed on our m-value.
Week 4
After calculating everything analytically, we can check everything with a simulation. So During the week, all the values were calculated in Matlab, a simulation tool. The values seem to look to same so the values must be correct.
The seminar of this week was about simulink. This is the second case that has to be finished as well the 21th of march. This case consists of a graphical simulation of the solar panel, DC-motor, load torque,.. It is very similar to the Matlab case but with Simulink it is possible to determine the fysical behaviour.
Week 5
This week seminar was about FabLab. A fabrication lab in Leuven where we will manufacture our SSV. The manager of FabLab gave a short eplanation what we need to know before we start building.
After the seminar we continued working on our report. We had to correct some values because we used the wrong short circuit current to calculate our maximum power.
Also the first drawing of our SSV was finished. This consist only the general shapes but gives us a good view on how it will look.
Week 6
This week is the final week to complete the SSV I case and the Simulink case. There is no seminar so we agreed to meet an hour earlier so we can try to finish everything.
Unfortunately we had some wrong values. So we had to correct a lot, but normally we have the right values now.
Everything is calculated but has to be put together in the report before 21/03. This is the deadline.
Week 7
Feedback on our SSV1 report, report was good but we have to do some corrections. We prepared us for the test we will have next week.
Week 8
We got the test from EE4. After the test we ordered some stuff we will need to build the car. We ordered gears, shafts and bearings. We also made a plan how we would build the car.
Week 9
We built the SSV during the vacation, now we have to do an impact test. We made some conclusions out of the test. The weight of the frame was too high, and the surface of one golf ball is too small to hit the petanque ball. We have to make some adjustments to the car. We started with SSV2 and divided the work.
Week 10
This session we spend to most time to case SSV2. Everyone searched after information and together we could make some conclusions. The adjustment to the car were done, but we need also some support wheels. The support wheels are necessary to ride straight to the petanque ball.
Week 11
We simulated a race and launched the petanque ball, the SSV is ready for the race! We completed case SSV2 and started with process report.
Week 12
Today we had an appointment with the coach and het told us what had to be changed on SSV 2. After the short appointment we corrected our mistakes and he focussed us on the race/Test in week 13.
Before the ee4 session there was the demo-day where everybody showed their SSV. The coaches and outsiders could vote for the prettiest and most innovative car. Unfourtunately we didn't win.
Week 13
Today was the big race! After some the exciting poules we managed to get in the top three of our poule with a height of 21.2! This saved us a spot in the semi-Finals. The semi-finals were tough but we succeeded in getting into the finals. The final race was performed three times, the first run we finished last so we tought we had no chance at all of winning, the second race we finished first and the last race was so close no one saw with the naked eye who won. Luckily there was a camera installed to see the exact height. They announced the winner but then there was a mix-up with the results, our ball wasn't visible on the first pictures, we were even higher than the others. So this means we won the race with an astonishing height of 30.4!!!
The reports
First version SSV case 1
Final version SSV case 1
First version SSV case 2
Final version SSV case 2
First version Process Report
The final report
This report contains everything(except the process report). It is possible to consult each part(alone) in their respective section | WIKI |
Zuckerberg is 'concerned' about Trump's orders on immigrants
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said he was "concerned" over executive orders signed by President Donald Trump, which would limit the number of immigrants and refugees coming to the U.S. "We need to keep this country safe, but we should do that by focusing on people who actually pose a threat," Zuckerberg wrote in a post on his Facebook page. "Expanding the focus of law enforcement beyond people who are real threats would make all Americans less safe by diverting resources, while millions of undocumented folks who don't pose a threat will live in fear of deportation." Some of Trump's executive orders would directly curtail the number of immigrants and refugees in the U.S. His directive to build a wall along the U.S.- Mexico border and limit funding to U.S. cities that protect illegal immigrants has bristled relations with Mexico. On Thursday, Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto canceled a meeting with Trump over planned executive actions related to immigration. On Friday,Trump signed an executive order for "extreme vetting" of visa seekers from terror-stricken countries. Zuckerberg said the issue was "personal," as he and his wife, Priscilla Chan, come from a family of immigrants and refugees, respectively. Had his wife's family not been allowed in the U.S., her family would not be alive today, he added. The Facebook executive did say he was glad Trump was open to allowing "Dreamers" to stay, the term for immigrants who were brought to the U.S. at a young age by their parents. "We are a nation of immigrants, and we all benefit when the best and brightest from around the world can live, work and contribute here," Zuckerberg wrote. "I hope we find the courage and compassion to bring people together and make this world a better place for everyone." Zuckerberg's entire post can be read below: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Look up: Parieto-
1. Parieto-
Pa·ri'e·to- (Anat.) A combining form used to indicate connection with , or relation to , the parietal bones or the parietal segment of the skull ; as, the parieto -mastoid suture.
Found op http://www.encyclo.co.uk/webster/P/24
2. parieto-
<anatomy, prefix> A combining form used to indicate connection with, or relation to, the parietal bones or the parietal segment of the skull; as, the parieto-mastoid suture. ... (29 Oct 1998) ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parieto-
3. Parieto-
• A combining form used to indicate connection with, or relation to, the parietal bones or the parietal segment of the skull; as, the parieto-mastoid suture.
Found op http://thinkexist.com/dictionary/meaning/parieto-/
4. parieto-
Type: Term Definitions: 1. A wall (of the body, the abdominal wall); a parietal bone.
Found op http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=65407
5. parieto-occipital
Relating to the parietal and occipital bones or to the parts of the cerebral cortex corresponding thereto. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parieto-occipital
6. parieto-occipital artery
<anatomy, artery> The largest cortical branch of the pericallosal artery supplying the medial and superolateral surface of the parietal lobe posterior to the paracentral lobule; rarely does it extend to supply part of the occipital lobe. ... Synonym: arteria parieto-occipitalis, superior inter...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parieto-occipital+artery
7. parieto-occipital fissure
Synonym for parieto-occipital sulcus ... A very deep, almost vertically oriented fissure on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex, marking the border between the parietal lobe and the cuneus of the occipital lobe; its lower part curves forward and fuses with the anterior extent of the calcarine ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parieto-occipital+fissure
8. parieto-occipital sulcus
A very deep, almost vertically oriented fissure on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex, marking the border between the parietal lobe and the cuneus of the occipital lobe; its lower part curves forward and fuses with the anterior extent of the calcarine fissure (sulcus calcarinus); the great de...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parieto-occipital+sulcus
9. parieto-occipital sulcus
parieto-occipital fissure noun a sulcus near the posterior end of each hemisphere that separates the parietal lobes and the occipital lobes in both hemispheres
Found op http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=parieto-occipital%20sulcus
10. parieto-occipital fissure
(from the article `cerebrum`) ...Rolando, between the frontal and parietal lobes, which separates the chief motor and sensory regions of the brain; the calcarine fissure on the ...
Found op http://www.britannica.com/eb/a-z/p/19
11. Parieto-occipital sulcus
Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure ( parieto-occipital sulcus or Parietoöccipital fissure) is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm. in front of th...
Found op http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parieto-occipital_sulcus
12. parieto-occipital branch of medial occipital artery
Type: Term Definitions: 1. a posterior branch of the medial occipital artery supplying the medial surface of the occipital lobe extending to area of the parieto-occipital sulcus of the cerebrum. Synonyms: ramus parieto-occipitalis arteriae occipitalis medialis
Found op http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=12082
1. Parietobalaena
Parietobalaena is an extinct genus of baleen whale, belonging to the family Pelocetidae. It lived during the Miocene in North America, Europe, Australia and Japan. ...
Found op http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietobalaena
2. Parietochloris
In taxonomy, Parietochloris is a genus of algae, specifically of the Chlorococcales. ===Scientific references=== ===Scientific databases=== ...
Found op http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietochloris
3. Parietochloris incisa
Parietochloris incisa is a fresh-water green algae. It is the richest plant source of the PUFA arachidonic acid. ...
Found op http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietochloris_incisa
4. parietofrontal
Relating to the parietal and the frontal bones or the parts of the cerebral cortex corresponding thereto. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parietofrontal
5. parietofrontal
(pә-ri″ә-to-frun´tәl) pertaining to the parietal and frontal bones, gyri, or fissures.
Found op http://www.encyclo.co.uk/local/21001
6. parietofrontal
Type: Term Pronunciation: pă-rī′ĕ-tō-frŭn′tăl Definitions: 1. Relating to the parietal and the frontal bones or the parts of the cerebral cortex corresponding thereto.
Found op http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=65408
7. parietography
Rarely used term for a radiographic examination of the wall of the stomach using a combination of pneumoperitoneum and intraluminal air and barium. ... Origin: parieto-+ G. Graphe, a writing ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parietography
8. parietography
parietography 1. A radiographic imaging of the walls of an organ. 2. A rarely used term for a radiographic examination of the wall of the stomach using a combination of pneumoperitoneum and intraluminal air and barium.
Found op http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/1578/
9. parietography
Type: Term Pronunciation: pă-rī′ĕ-tog′ră-fē Definitions: 1. Rarely used term for a radiographic examination of the wall of the stomach using a combination of pneumoperitoneum and intraluminal air and barium.
Found op http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=65409
10. parietomastoid suture
[n] - the suture between the parietal and the temporal bones
Found op http://www.webdictionary.co.uk/definition.php?query=parietomastoid%20suture
11. parietomastoid
Relating to the parietal bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parietomastoid
12. parietomastoid suture
Articulation of the posterior inferior angle of the parietal with the mastoid process of the temporal bone. ... Synonym: sutura parietomastoidea. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Found op http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?parietomastoid+suture
13. parietomastoid suture
noun the suture between the parietal and the temporal bones
Found op http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=parietomastoid%20suture
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How do I determine which process has TCP ports or UDP ports open?
John Savill
October 2, 2001
1 Min Read
ITPro Today logo
A. To display which process ID is using a certain TCP port or UDP port, you can start by using the Netstat command with the n (display in numeric form), o (display the owning process ID--this works on Windows XP only), and a (display all connections and listening ports) switches as follows:
netstat -noa
For example, the command
C:>netstat -noa
might produce output like the following:
Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 888 TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:1025 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 988 TCP 0.0.0.0:1076 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:5000 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1144 TCP 127.0.0.1:1063 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1380 TCP 127.0.0.1:1064 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 500 TCP 127.0.0.1:1065 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 500 TCP 127.0.0.1:1199 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 356 TCP 200.200.200.206:139 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 200.200.200.206:1150 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 200.200.200.206:1150 200.200.200.1:139 ESTABLISHED 4 TCP 200.200.200.206:1152 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 200.200.200.206:1152 200.200.200.200:139 ESTABLISHED 4 UDP 0.0.0.0:135 *:* 888 UDP 0.0.0.0:445 *:* 4 UDP 0.0.0.0:500 *:* 712 UDP 0.0.0.0:1026 *:* 1124 UDP 0.0.0.0:1027 *:* 1124 UDP 0.0.0.0:1028 *:* 712
After you have this information, you can use the Tasklist command to match a particular process ID to a task name. To search for a specific process ID, use the following format:
C:> tasklist | findstr
A sample command and output might look like
C:> tasklist | findstr 712 lsass.exe 712 Console 0 1,792 K
The sample output indicates that the task lsass.exe is using process ID 712. If you're using Windows 2000, you can accomplish the same task by using Tlist instead of Tasklist. (See also, "TCP vs. UDP Ports").
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liikuntaesteinen
Noun
* 1) disabled, physically challenged having a physical disability which affects one's ability to move around | WIKI |
List of archives in Iceland
This is list of archives in Iceland.
Archives in Iceland
* National Archives of Iceland
* Reykjavík Municipal Archives | WIKI |
Etten-Leur railway station
Etten-Leur is a railway station located in Etten-Leur, Netherlands. The station was opened on 11 December 1854 and is located on the Roosendaal–Breda railway. The station is operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The station was closed between 25 September 1940 and 30 May 1972.
Train service
The following services currently call at Etten-Leur:
* 2x per hour intercity services Zwolle - Arnhem - Nijmegen - 's-Hertogenbosch - Roosendaal | WIKI |
Heart and Vascular Center
Stroke
About 700,000 Americans will have a stroke this year—that's one person every 45 seconds. Fortunately, you can reduce your chance of suffering a stroke by gaining a greater understanding of how this condition occurs and by identifying common risk factors and symptoms.
A stroke can occur by two different mechanisms. When a blood vessel (artery) leading to or within the brain becomes blocked this event is called an "ischemic stroke.” Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells in your brain and when the blood flow stops even for just a few minutes, the cells begin to die. As a result, these cells can lose their ability to function. Alternatively, a “hemorrhagic stroke” can occur if a blood vessel within the head ruptures and leaks blood into the surrounding brain tissue. This bleeding causes acute swelling and compression of brain tissue leading to cell death.
The specific physical abilities that will be lost or affected by a stroke depend on the extent of cell death and where in the brain the stroke occurred. The brain is divided into four primary parts.
If the stroke starves oxygen-rich blood from these brain regions, the following related functions will be affected:
• The left hemisphere — Controls the right side of the body, speech, language and memory
• The right hemisphere — Controls the motor function of the left side of the body, depth perception, recognition of faces, body parts and other everyday items, short term memory, problem solving, social judgment and reasoning
• The cerebellum — Controls balance and coordination
• The brain stem — Controls life-support functions such as breathing, blood pressure and heartbeat, eye movements, hearing, speech and swallowing
Risk Factors
Some factors that increase your risk of stroke are genetically determined. Others simply happen naturally or are due to lifestyle. The factors resulting from heredity or natural processes can't be changed, but those that are environmental can be modified with the help of our comprehensive approach to vascular care.
The five uncontrollable risk factors include:
• Age
• Male
• African American heritage
• Family history of diabetes
• Family history of stroke
The basic controllable risk factors include:
• Treatable medical disorders—diabetes, atrial fibrillation, heart attack, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, personal history of stroke or TIA, and patent foramen ovale (or "PFO," an abnormal opening between the right and left sides of the heart)
• Smoking
• Excessive alcohol intake
• Obesity
• Drug abuse (especially cocaine)
• Physical inactivity
• Low estrogen in women
The risk of stroke is greatly reduced by lowering your blood pressure, smoking cessation, beginning or increasing exercise, controlling medical problems, maintaining optimal weight and eating a healthy diet.
Symptoms
The warning signs of a major stroke are:
• Sudden weakness or clumsiness (occasionally with numbness) of the face, arm or leg on one side of the body
• Loss of speech, or difficulty speaking (i.e. garbled words)
• Acute dimness or loss of vision in one eye – often described as a shade coming down over the field of vision in one eye
"Temporary strokes" (transient ischemic attacks or TIAs) can occur days, weeks or even months before a major permanent stroke. The symptoms occur rapidly and last a relatively short period of time, usually from a few minutes to several hours. The usual symptoms are like those of a major stroke, except that the signs and symptoms are temporary, typically lasting 24 hours or less. If you experience a TIA, you may be up to 9 times more likely to suffer a major stroke in the near future.
Screening and Diagnosis
Assessing your level of risk is an important step that you can take to prevent a stroke. The St. Joseph Hospital Vascular Institute offers a comprehensive screening program to help you get this critical information. Screenings include a medical history, physical examination and blood tests to check for high cholesterol or other conditions that may contribute to atherosclerosis. An ultrasound examination of your carotid arteries, the blood vessels in your neck that are the primary blood supply to the brain, will also be performed to determine if there is significant disease (a.k.a. atherosclerosis). An ultrasound is a non-invasive examination that uses ultrasound waves, instead of X-rays, to visualize the neck and other peripheral arteries. For more information, click here.
Treatment
Time is critical. Until a few years ago, acute strokes were regarded as untreatable. Brain cells were thought to die within minutes after a stroke began, so acute treatment was believed to be useless. Now researchers have discovered that treatment following a stroke, especially if begun within three hours of onset, can help preserve brain tissue. At the St. Joseph Hospital Vascular Institute, advances in treatment and rehabilitation have also made it possible for many stroke patients to regain full function and quality of life. Treating a stroke depends on where the stroke occurred in your brain and whether it's ischemic or hemorrhagic. The doctor may use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan or angiography (injecting dye through a catheter inserted into the suspected blocked blood vessel and taking x-rays of the vessels) to determine the stroke type and location.
Some of the cutting-edge treatments offered at the St. Joseph Hospital Vascular Institute include:
• Carotid Endarterectomy -this is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that removes plaque from the affected carotid artery. The procedure requires a small incision in the neck so that the diseased artery can be exposed for surgical manipulation. The operation involves gentle plaque extraction from the opened vessel once blood has been appropriately thinned and clamps have been applied to the carotid artery above and below the area of arterial disease. The repaired artery is then closed using synthetic patch material. During the procedure ultrasound is used to ensure a perfect result. Once completed, normal blood flow is restored to the brain and the inside of the diseased blood vessel is restored to a clean, smooth surface that reduces the risk of future stroke events.
There is a small risk of having a stroke during the surgical procedure. The recommendation of the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association is that the stroke rate for carotid artery surgery, for symptomatic patients should be 5% or less and 3.5% or less for asymptomatic patients. The vascular specialists at St. Joseph Hospital have recently analyzed their long-term results of carotid endarterectomy. They have a remarkably low operative stroke rate of 0.45% for all patients (symptomatic or not) and a 0% mortality rate.
• Carotid Stenting -this is a minimally invasive endovascular procedure that uses guidewire and catheter techniques to traverse the disease within the carotid artery and then perform balloon angioplasty and stent deployment. These maneuvers essentially tack down the plaque and increase the artery’s flow diameter. Arterial access is usually gained from the femoral artery in the groin but also occasionally from a larger artery in the arm.
Similar to carotid endarterectomy, there is a risk of having a stroke during the angioplasty/stenting procedure due to the dislodging of debris (embolization) from the diseased artery. Most recent large clinical series including our own data demonstrate that the stroke risk is higher with this procedure compared to endarterectomy, especially in patients over age 80. However, in the skilled hands of St. Joseph Hospital vascular specialists the procedure is usually well tolerated if the appropriate patient is chosen for treatment.
• Plasminogen activator (t-PA) – this drug can be given intravenous or intra-arterial during the acute phase of a stroke to help dissolve the blood clot that typically forms within the blocked artery in the brain. This emergency treatment is only performed at tertiary care centers such as St. Joseph Hospital and can be life-saving if given within the first 4 to 6 hours of stroke symptoms. It is therefore critical to seek emergency medical attention at the first signs or symptoms of an acute stroke.
Rehabilitation
Most stroke patients can benefit from rehabilitation, and today the outlook for stroke patients is more hopeful than ever before. Because of advances in treatment and rehabilitation available at the St. Joseph Hospital Vascular Institute, many stroke patients are being restored to a fully functional life.
To learn more about stroke visit the American Stroke Association website at www.strokeassociation.org. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Waldorf education/Evidence
Motion to bifurcate
I don't know whether the motion to bifurcate will succeed, but whether or not it does I'll suggest a solution to editors who have large numbers of diffs to present. It could be helpful to take a small number of representative examples and explain those in depth, then offer a brief bullet pointed summary for the others. Durova Charg e! 16:03, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
* Amen, but you didn't take that advice, did you? Fred Bauder 15:09, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks Durova. I've got, for example, 15 diffs pointing to one editor who has deleted tags - mostly {advert} but some {NPOV} and some {Totally Disputed}. I'd hate to use up 15 or my diffs pointing to each of these - but seeing *how many times* this was done is a good part of the case. Does the Arbitration Committee generally take someone's word for it if they give an example and just say, this happened 15 times between May and June? Personally, I'm hoping for the bifurcation, but this user's actions of owning the articles are common through several articles - so either way would be fine. The only problem, again, becomes how to present all the evidence with only 100 diffs. I'll take your advice above. Thanks. Pete K 16:11, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
* At WP:RFI and WP:PAIN I like to see specific diffs because anyone can claim that Editor X did such-and-such 15 times. If the editor actually presents the diffs I'll see whether the claims stand up to the evidence - I'll also surf around the surrounding text as well to look for additional background. Although I don't have any inside information about how arbitrators operate, from what I've seen it seems to be pretty similar. Durova Charg e! 02:48, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks, Durova. I decided to focus my attention on the Waldorf Education article for now. There are abundant diffs in the other articles too, and I'm still holding out hope for bifurcation. It seems harder to pare down the diffs than I thought. And I haven't even started looking at the discussion page yet. Generally, when you look at this stuff, do you value diffs taken from the article more than diffs taken from the discussion pages? I don't know, but for me, talk is cheap - what ends up happening in the actual article seems like it should be of more interest to the ArbCom. Pete K 04:33, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
* I don't think that policy is less important on talk pages than on articles. Then again, some things such as vandalism matter less on a talk page because the average reader doesn't see them. Durova Charg e! 14:19, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
Sock Puppets
Another question. It would be great if the Arbitration Committee determined if sock puppets are being utilized here. Is that part of the standard operating procedure in such cases? If sock puppets are being used, and they could be identified here, it would help us to establish patterns of behavior. In some areas, meat puppets have apparently been used as well - some users actually went on public bulletin boards calling for meat puppets. We had a time when it appeared at least two Waldorf high-school students arrived to give support to Waldorf (perhaps on behalf of their own teacher). I can't support what I am saying above, of course, but I think the Arbitration Committee could indeed identify sock puppets at least. The other issue is that early on in the articles we have unregistered users producing a lot of brochure language. If those unregistered users later became registered users, are we allowed to connect their anonymous edits to their registered edits through their IP address? Thanks! Pete K 16:52, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
* As far as I know the arbitrators don't do that. Very few admins can perform a checkuser. Read up on the checkuser page to see whether this situation fits their requirements. Durova Charg e! 02:50, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
* Most of us can do checkuser, but having experience with it, often find it makes little difference. The question is behavior, not person. Fred Bauder 19:36, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
* OK, I'll defer to your wisdom and experience on this. Pete K 21:33, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
Question for the Clerk
Should material from Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_arbitration relating to this case be moved here? Newyorkbrad 19:01, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
* Yeah, probably. Thatcher131 01:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
Waldorf Arbitration
* moved from Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration Thatcher131 01:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
This was posted on HGilbert's talk page and subsequently removed by HGilbert. I've reproduced it here:
HGilbert, you placed the following on the Arbitration page: "Note: I have been accused of having a financial interest in this article. I am employed as a teacher in a Waldorf school - a non-profit organization. I receive no money for anything connected with Wikipedia editing. My position is no different than someone working in any other field contributing to an article about that field. In addition, I have published a book on Waldorf education. Wikipedia policies explicitly allow editors to cite their own publications, making it further clear that those working and publishing in a field are in no way excluded from editing articles. I do not cite (and do not seek to cite) my own work in the field at present, however. Hgilbert 16:23, 19 November 2006 (UTC)"
It occurs to me that you may not be clear on the "conflict-of-interest" in this case. You have a financial interest in the success of Waldorf - you DO get paid a salary so I don't know what the "non-profit" stuff you mention above is about (clearly to throw people off the scent) - it's not as if you are a volunteer. The fact that you have produced and defended the brochure language on the Waldorf Education article is what points to the conflict of interest. You haven't made neutral edits - you have made POV edits. It's not like you have simply edited a few details - you practically WROTE the article from your own POV. Here are a couple of your early edits . You don't get to say you just edited like everyone else so conflict-of-interest doesn't apply. Your hand in this article is considerable PLUS you babysit this article to ensure your POV remains in tact. When many, many editors have pointed out to you that it is POV and brochure language, you fight them on it. So, no, you're not just editing like anyone else in the field of Waldorf, you are POV-pushing in the field of Waldorf, and you get paid and you have written a book - and THAT, my friend, is conflict-of-interest. Pete K 17:07, 19 November 2006 (UTC) Pete K 18:48, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
The added material is verifiable, and you are welcome to request citations, in which case I can easily offer sources to support it (or see the books listed in the bibliography). Descriptions of the goals and actual curriculum of the schools are factual; the educational approach has these as stated goals and as its curriculum (as published in a number of standard works on Waldorf education). I doubt very much that you can find sources that dispute that these are the goals and curriculum. Hgilbert 21:43, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* PeteK at the Arb page:
* "Conflict-of-interest exists with one or more editors who are financially connected to the success of Waldorf. These editors include Walodrf teachers HGilbert and TheBee - both are primary culprits in the edit wars and responsible for the brochure langage as well as frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article. Pete K 20:02, 18 November 2006 (UTC)"
* 1. Please document in what way I am, as you write, "financially connected to the success of Waldorf".
* 2. Please document with a number of diffs in what way I am, as you write, "responsible for the brochure langage" in the Waldorf article.
* 3. Please document with a number of diffs, that I have been, as you write, "frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article."
* Thanks, Thebee 20:52, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Maybe later... I think that's all part of the arbitration process. I'll do all this when we enter into arbitration. If I produce it now, you will start refuting it here and referencing your own websites - and we will never get anywhere. Let's let the arbitration begin and then we can both support our positions with evidence. Thanks in advance for your patience! Pete K 21:01, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
For the record, I'm also going to claim that TheBee's role in these edit wars has been to remove links to websites and articles critical of or not completely supportive of Waldorf and to infuse the articles with links to his own self-published websites that are defamatory of people and organizations who are critical of Waldorf. There has been a tremendous effort by several editors to try to get TheBee to stop introducing links to his own self-published, original research, and defamatory websites and to stop removing links to legitimate websites and articles. This inappropriate linking not only occurs on the English version of Wikipedia, but on every language (that I know of) version of Wikipedia. This problem, then, spans ALL Wikipedia versions and should be corrected in each of them. Pete K 21:45, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Clerk note: You should probably save this sort of stuff for the Evidence page if and when the case opens. Thatcher131 21:48, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* Note: There have been accusations and evidence all around that various parties are affiliated with organizations for and against Waldorf education or, obviously, otherwise love or hate Waldorf education. —Centrx→talk • 21:49, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* Yes, I agree. That's why I'm not providing evidence, but simply trying to clarify claims. Pete K 21:51, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* I'm thinking it's better to have these discussions here than on the Arbitration page. HGilbert wrote on the Arbitration page "One user claims here that editors who have had any contact with Waldorf education, including having a child enrolled in the schools or even merely having visited the schools, are inherently biased towards the educational approach. Hgilbert 22:07, 19 November 2006 (UTC)" This is, of course incorrect. A look at the context of that discussion will show the statement above was talking about people who have a "connection to", not a "bias towards" Waldorf. Mr. Gilbert made a suggestion about which editors are "unconnected" to Waldorf. Having a child in Waldorf certainly connects one to Waldorf. An editor who has visited several Waldorf schools and had walk-throughs, parent orientations, brochure materials, etc. given to them is certainly not unconnected to Waldorf with regard to their opinion. It's like having an opinion about Las Vegas without ever having been there is different than having an opinion about Las Vegas after having visited the place. That's all that statement was meant to say. Mr. Gilbert is grasping at straws here. Pete K 22:48, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Thatcher131, you write: "You should probably save this sort of stuff for the Evidence page if and when the case opens." When would that be, at the earliest? Thanks, Thebee 23:27, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* Cases open 24 hours after the fourth net vote to accept. (If one more arbitrator votes to accept; if one votes to decline, two more would have to vote to accept.) If a case does not have 4 votes after being listed for 10 days, it is declined by rule. Thatcher131 00:07, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks! Thebee 10:43, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* Hgilbert wrote: "One user claims here that editors who have had any contact with Waldorf education, including having a child enrolled in the schools or even merely having visited the schools, are inherently biased towards the educational approach. That same user, Pete K, and another user, DianaW, are extremely frequent contributors (often several times daily) to an extremely anti-Waldorf web forum and have emotionally charged personal issues with Waldorf education." This is malarkey. I don't have an "emotionally charged personal issue with Waldorf education." My child left Waldorf years ago and is successful academically, well adjusted, and a normal, happy child. Neither he nor I nor my husband have any "personal issue" with Waldorf education, beyond the obvious, that it is natural for parents to be concerned with their child's education. Who else is going to criticize Waldorf education, if it isn't Waldorf parents or former Waldorf parents? Do we all have "personal issues" if we don't like Waldorf education? Hgilbert in particular is fond of saying things like this ("She has issues" or Diana is "emotional") hoping that some kind of sour insinuation will be taken by the reader. I do not have emotional problems, I do not have strange personal issues. I am a successful professional, happily married with a child who does not have problems. There has been a completely unsuccessful effort to dig up "dirt" on me personally that would somehow discredit me in things I say that are critical of Waldorf education, often merely hoping that the fact that I have kept on saying them for several years now will suggest that I am a fanatic, or that there must be some unrevealed aspect of my situation that would change everything if only the truth would come out. There's not. (name redacted) tries to make his insinuations very vague in this manner, to avoid deeper questioning, or sound like he's being delicate or discreet in not revealing something he knows. He's faking. I continue my activism in this regard for various obvious and transparent reasons, and which I am always willing to explain, such as the issue interests me, I know that information I provide is often helpful to prospective and current Waldorf parents, and it's an issue I actually know something about. Waldorf is a unique environment; people who've been inside and left, often under duress, are very much relied on by people who've recently left who find that outside, nobody can understand what they're talking about if they haven't experienced it. This is very similar to leaving a cult or other high-demand group.
* Implications that I have "personal issues" can't be substantiated, or that I bear grudges against Waldorf for some undisclosed personal reason. I don't. The school didn't fire me, the school didn't kick out my child, my child did not cause a problem there, and I did not cause a problem there or have a personal conflict with anyone there. My child is not troubled or having academic difficulties for which I blame Waldorf. ((name redacted)'s tried that one specifically, claiming that I blame the Waldorf school for my son's "problems in reading." My son doesn't have any problem in reading, and never did. He's an A student in 8th grade. (name redacted) invented this scenario. I am not divorced, I have not had a custody battle or a dispute with my spouse about Waldorf education etc. We left the school on good terms and my husband is supportive of my activities. I'm an ordinary person; whatever (name redacted) hopes the reader will imagine about me from describing me as having "personal issues" is a fantasy of his.DianaW 03:31, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* And no one, that I've noticed, has claimed that someone who has a child enrolled in a Waldorf school, or has merely visited the schools, is inherently biased in favor of the education. The question was whether a Waldorf teacher has a conflict of interest.DianaW 03:31, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* Moreover there is nothing "extreme" or "extremely anti" about the mailing list to which (name redacted) refers. Use of the term "extreme" often does double duty in his and TheBee's rhetoric, possibly hoping to suggest we are political extremists. He's referring to a mailing list that is one of the few that allows *any* critical perspectives on Waldorf education or anthroposophy (you'll be removed quickly if you try to say anything critical on pro-Waldorf lists). The range of opinion on the mailing list (name redacted) is referring to varies quite a bit; ardent Waldorf supporters post there nearly as often, if not just as often, as critics or parents who are questioning, concerned, or trying to sort out confusing experiences in Waldorf education, or simply gain more information if they are considering enrolling. The organization that sponsors the list, PLANS, is the sponsor of a lawsuit against two California school districts claiming that Waldorf education in public schools in the US violates church/state separation. They are not in any sense "anti" Waldorf education in the "extreme" sense Hgilbert would like people to wonder. They are critical. There is nothing "extreme" in any position expressed at the PLANS web site, and it is rare that anyone on the mailing list says anything "extreme" either, though it is a list that is only lightly moderated with open subscription. It is true that the list is often high volume with multiple conversations running daily, but this does not make it "extreme." I know of no one there whose views I could characterize as "extreme." (Unless perhaps you count the anthroposophist who linked to an antisemitic hate site the other day?) When these folks are challenged to produce the "extreme" statements from PLANS or their mailing list, they fall silent (not wanting to *actually* direct new readers to the site, which contains a lot of trenchant and convincing criticism.) The criticism, if I had to briefly summarize it, is that the schools need to be more forthright about their connections to anthroposophy, and people often express various objections to weaknesses or flaws in the curriculum, or report bad experiences their children have had in these schools, ranging from delayed reading to complaints of bullying etc. It is hard to take seriously someone calling such viewpoints from concerned parents "extreme." And if anthroposophists consider separation of church and state an "extreme" viewpoint - well, that explains why the lawsuit was necessary.DianaW 04:14, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
HGilbert writes: "Administrators who have recommended taking the issues to dispute resolution include User:Longhair, and if my memory serves me rightly User:Centrx and possibly User:Cormaggio, in addition to User:Durova." I would like HGilbert to support this statement. I think it is incorrect but perhaps his memory is better than mine. Administrator Longhair, as I recall, recommended mediation. I don't believe Administrators Centrx or Cormaggio recommended Arbitration. I could be wrong - but I believe HGilbert was referring to Administrator Durova in his initial statement.
"Note that though he claims in the last-cited diff that the list of editors I originally provided on this arbitration page did not include the full (or a fair) range of editors involved with the article, the user making this accusation has not added any further involved editors. The list as I originally placed it appears to have been complete and fair; it certainly is to the best of my knowledge." I'm reluctant to modify the arbitration request since you beat me up for months when I modified the mediation request. You have left at least two editors off the list. I believe I have brought this to your attention. I have contacted 999 and Hanuman Das on their talk pages but they have not responded so perhaps they aren't interested (who can blame them). Still, they were there making edits recently (reversing some of the more outlandish stuff) and you chose not to invite them.
"Frequent accusations of "brochure language" have been launched; an administrator's investigation made it clear that such language has been introduced by those hostile to the subjects as well as those in favor of them." This is apparently a fabrication by Mr. Gilbert. Here's what the administrator had to say about this:
* "I most certainly did examine Venado's diffs above. I also read Pete K's response to the one diff of his edit, a rebuttal which you fail to mention. Your own repeated assertion that Pete K has inserted brochure language remains unsupported as does the related implication that other involved editors named in the arbcom request inserted brochure language. I strongly caution you against attempting further guesses, particularly when referring to my role as an administrator in your statements to the arbitration committee. That sleight of word looks like very bad faith. DurovaCharge! 04:25, 20 November 2006 (UTC)"
HGilbert continues: ''"Vis a vis Durova's questioning of "contradictory claims" and my quote of "an administrator's investigation" (see below); in a discussion on his talk page, Durova cited a particular sentence of the article Waldorf education as an example of what he considered problematic "brochure language". That particular section was, however, authored by an editor not involved in the current discussion and critical of, not supportive of Waldorf education, as proven by an independent editor; that editor, not me, provided the diff to prove the case on Durova's talk page (Durova might have missed this on his own talk page because it came from another editor, not myself). What is contradictory is then his use of this evidence to support his claim that I and other "pro-Waldorf" users are inserting such language when it was exactly an "anti-Waldorf" user who inserted this."'' Mr. Gilbert is again, mistaken here (see Administrator Durova's comment above). The whole point, that Mr. Gilbert continues to miss, apparently, is that the article is riddled with brochure language that Mr. Gilbert is continually defending. How it got there is really unimportant (even though Mr. Gilbert IS responsible for much of it). That Mr. Gilbert has sorted editors into "pro" and "anti" Waldorf screams volumes about why we are having problems here. (name redacted) - everyone here is supposed to be "pro" a good article. Maybe the "assume good faith" template should be posted here. Pete K 05:17, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* A couple of clarifications to the above that may help the Arbitration team, who are probably largely unfamiliar with what this controversy is about. I wrote above: "There is nothing 'extreme' in any position expressed at the PLANS web site, and it is rare that anyone on the mailing list says anything 'extreme' either." That mailing list is primarily for criticism of Waldorf education and anthroposophy. Typical topics include the anthroposophical influences in the Waldorf curriculum that are downplayed for parents (unless the parents happen to be anthroposophists). Anthroposophy is an esoteric/occult doctrine (some call it esoteric Christianity), and some parents are dismayed to learn it is influencing their child's education when they were initially assured that the school was "non-sectarian." Anthroposophy, critics claim, is in many of the teaching materials and themes of the lessons, in the school-wide festivals, and guides the teachers' discussions of the children's development. Waldorf teachers in training spend a full year studying anthroposophy before they study teaching methods. Commitment to anthroposophy is often the main criterion for success as a Waldorf teacher. Academic standards, critics claim, are often low.
* The critics don't want to interfere with anyone's right to run an anthroposophical school or put their children in an anthroposophical school. And the critics don't say Waldorf schools are all bad; most of us liked many things about the Waldorf school and still agree with many of the teaching methods. They just want the schools to be forthright about the extent of anthroposophy in the curriculum and in the life of the school, before they enroll children. (And in the case of public schools, anthroposophy does not belong at all, because it violates church/state separation; that's what the PLANS lawsuit is about.)
* Anthroposophists, in reply, have very few cogent rebuttals to any of this, other than to say we're wrong, it doesn't happen the way we say it does, or we must all be people with "personal problems" or we'd never criticize their wonderful schools. Sometimes we're told we're enemies of spirituality, or something childish like that; if we "hate" anthroposophy (we don't), we must hate all religions. In fact, Waldorf parents are a wide variety of religious backgrounds and obviously don't hate all forms of spirituality (and the critics are merely a typical cross-section of average Waldorf parents, and are also of all manner of faith backgrounds). Or we're told probably our children just didn't do well in school, that must be why we're chronic complainers. The criticisms of anthroposophy itself are probably too complex to go into on this page - some people have religious qualms about anthroposophy (Christians often think it's sort of pagan, while pagans may be offended by the Christian elements), others have philosophical or personal disagreements. Criticizing a religious doctrine or religious institutions is perfectly acceptable, even desirable, a right and an obligation that falls under free speech and freedom of religion in democratic societies. Public scrutiny of religion and religious ideologies is a public service. It's the reason, for instance, that the Catholic church has slowly but surely had to remove pedophile priests. The controversy around anthroposophy/Waldorf overall is very similar to the controversies that often develop around other unpopular religious sects ranging from Scientology, Christian Science, Opus Dei, to smaller fringe groups like UFO cults or tiny radical groups. They all have their critics, and they often have "critics of critics" trying to figure out how to get them to shut up.DianaW 14:22, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
Waldorf Shenanigans
* This demonstrates HGilbert's attempt to remove the actual issue of the arbitration from the summary. I will replace it. See Durova's statement concerning the reason for the arbitration recommendation. Pete K 05:33, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* This demonstrates HGilbert modifying MY OWN statement. Apparently, I'm not allowed to make a statement without interference from him. Pete K 05:44, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
It is my understanding that the editor opening the case provides the brief summary of the situation. I attempted to do so without personalizing or contested accusations. When a user added a personal and contested accusation, I moved it from there to his own statement. That is the source of the above and below concern. The editor in question, Pete K, has since replaced the original accusation back into the brief general summary. Hgilbert 11:34, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
* Are you suggesting we should open a NEW arbitration case to cover your conflict-of-interest? Are you suggesting that it was just coincidence that you opened this arbitration case based on what other administrators had suggested months ago, and not based on (and on the heels of) administrator Durova's suggestion that we should arbitrate YOUR CONFLICT OF INTEREST? Get real, (name redacted). Everyone here isn't as stupid as you apparently think they are. Administrator Durova suggested here and here that arbitration should be started to discuss the issue of your conflict of interest. That you preemptively opened the arbitration about something else is, as with the highly disputed mediation request you opened, artfully dishonest. We were discussing your conflict of interest, an administrator suggested we should arbitrate this, and YOU opened the arbitration about SOMETHING ELSE. And when the INTENDED topic was put into the brief summary, YOU removed it. This is not a "personal or contested accusation" - it is the REASON for the arbitration. Arbitration can be personal, it can be about personal conflicts, and it can be about personal misbehavior (as conflict of interest is). Your actions here are disingenuous in my view. Pete K 15:27, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
* HGilbert appears to have moved a short paragraph from "Brief summary of situation" to "Statement by Pete K":"Conflict-of-interest exists with one or more editors who are financially connected to the success of Waldorf. These editors include Walodrf teachers HGilbert and TheBee - both are primary culprits in the edit wars and responsible for the brochure langage as well as frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article."This is not an NPOV paragraph; rather, it contains accusations against two parties, stated as fact ("both are primary culprits"). It appears that paragraph was originally part of Pete K's statement and signed by Pete K, in the same position to which HGilbert restored it, but is now an unsigned part of the "Brief summary". (It was not part of the original summary section when the case was added to WP:RFAR.) – SAJordan talkcontribs 08:55, 20 Nov 2006 (UTC).
* SAJordan, what would you suggest with regard to the personal accusation that PeteK has inserted in the Brief summary of situation in the Arbitration Request, trying (unfoundedly) to allege that I, assumed by PeteK to be working as a Waldorf teacher, have a financial interest in promoting Waldorf education in the article on Waldorf education? Thanks, Thebee 11:22, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* As perhaps I should have stated in my prior comment, Thebee, I'm not ArbCom, nor Mediator nor Admin nor anything else official, merely another user, and a relative newbie at that (less than two months). I was not attempting to make any decision or motion or suggestion, but only a factual observation with cites to diffs. I think that much was within anyone's rights, not depending on position. My opinion of the matter need not interest nor concern anyone. . . . That said, if you still want my suggestion, it would be to add your statement to the others on the project page, so that your view can be considered along with theirs. Look over the suggested format, and follow it. Bring up and refute false accusations against you; address any other serious unresolved complaint (by or against you) in this dispute. Be calm, factual, specific. Cite diffs. Make your very best case now. That much I'd advise anyone entering arbitration. (But my opinion won't count; ArbCom's will.) – SAJordan talkcontribs 12:56, 20 Nov 2006 (UTC).
* Thanks SAJordan, for the opportunity to clarify this. The statement was originally added by me to the brief summary here. It was removed from the summary by HGilbert here and added to my statement here. When I noticed that my signature wasn't at the end of my statement, I assumed it was a mistake on my part (not the shenanigans of HGilbert) and I moved my signature down to the end of what I thought was my original statement here. I didn't notice at the time that HGilbert had, in fact, revised my statement. Also, please note Durova's statement - the arbitration was intended to be about the conflict-of-interest issue and HGilbert has attempted to make it about something else and to move the conflict-of-interest portion out of the summary and into my personal statement.Pete K 13:52, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
And more shenanigans. . . Hgilbert, with the noble aim of "reducing his statement," has removed the comments that I am responding to above, so that (not for the first time) I appear to be replying to someone or something imaginary. Hgilbert's statement used to say that I had "emotionally charged personal issues" regarding Waldorf; now this inappropriate personal remark does not appear. I really wish there were less of this sort of altering the record later. He did this on the Waldorf talk page way back when, also, making outrageous (and false) personal comments about Pete and then removing Pete's name when I objected. (So I appear to be sputtering 'How dare you' over something that now reads very benignly.) Now Pete of course can and certainly will reply to recent things posted about him on the arbitration page that are false and make no sense, but as long as I'm here, "Venado's" recent comments are way off base, too. I don't think Pete has a financial interest in a school he once helped found that has long since closed. To suggest that he has a "financial interest" in the way these articles on wikipedia read because he is writing a book is goofy. Whether the articles here read positively or negatively or neutrally, it would be impossible to guess whether whether this could affect book sales; it seems very unlikely. It's fairly unlikely that the author of *any* book on Waldorf (whether praising or criticizing) would earn enough money from it to be influenced to edit content on wikipedia in any particular direction, from hope of increasing the book sales. Basically, that's ridiculous. This is a desperate maneuver in reply to the obvious conflict of interest presented by Waldorf teachers, who straightforwardly draw a salary from a Waldorf school, feed their families with this job, and are here editing the Waldorf/Steiner articles to read exactly like the promotional literature that is passed out to parents. Also, while I'm sure the school is not paying him to do this, it sure makes him look devoted to the cause, and that's the leading criterion for on-the-job advancement in Waldorf.
I'd also like to clarify that when I write that I'm not divorced etc., have no family disputes about Waldorf etc., this is not to imply that if a person is divorced etc. this disqualifies them from having a cogent opinion on Waldorf or contributing to these articles. I'm pointing out that the Waldorf cheerleaders here are merely grasping at straws to attempt to disqualify critics of their movement, using any kind of inappropriate personal material that has fallen into their hands, and the only reason they post personal junk about Pete and not me is that they don't *have* it on me. This is why I'm merely said to have "personal issues." They will try *whatever* angle they think has a prayer of working. It is really unconscionable to start talking about people's marriages and children here; I don't think Pete or I or any other critical editor on these articles would ever have the gall to comment on other people's marriages or families.DianaW
* Yes, deletion of the record... I'm sick of it too - but I can't say I blame him. If you're going to trim a statement, best to trim out the stuff that offended everyone and the stuff in your original statement that has been shown to be false already. We can just use diffs to show what you responded to. I'm getting in the habit of producing them for everything I say these days anyway. Here's what he trimmed out - in case anyone is interested. He trimmed out the part where he called me "anti-Waldorf" and so, as he did to you, it now appears to the reader that I, too, have responsed to something that was never there. He still kept the bizare claim about the "brochure language" portion though. Also, and I'm sure it was probably unintentional, but he removed the statement where he ADMITS his conflict-of-interest (even though he apparently still does not understand that it really *is* a conflict-of-interest to be a Waldorf teacher and produce brochure language in a Waldorf article). It admission read:
* "Note: I have been accused of having a financial interest in this article. I am employed as a teacher in a Waldorf school - a non-profit organization. I receive no money for anything connected with Wikipedia editing. My position is no different than someone working in any other field contributing to an article about that field. In addition, I have published a book on Waldorf education. Wikipedia policies explicitly allow editors to cite their own publications, making it further clear that those working and publishing in a field are in no way excluded from editing articles. I do not cite (and do not seek to cite) my own work in the field at present, however. To be very clear: I do not have any financial interest relating to this site." Hgilbert 16:23, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
* And he has replaced this admission with a simple (Nixonesque): "I do not have any financial interest relating to this article." Hgilbert 16:23, 19 November 200 So all we can really do is just be prepared for more of this sort of thing. Digging in the history for diffs will be the focus of this exercise - oh, and being sure the diffs (and impressions) that are produced by others are in the proper context. I suspect by the time this is through, the arbitration team will have gotten a dose of what we've had to put up with for months. Pete K 01:31, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
He also deleted mention of the "extremely anti-Waldorf web forum." Did this seem less important to him suddenly, or or did he realize that he'd just be encouraging interested parties to go check out this forum for themselves, and that once they were there it would be very clear that there aren't any "extreme" views being posted there by Waldorf critics? It's an interesting forum at the moment since a zealous Waldorf defender recently posted links to a virulently antisemitic hate site - a contribution that makes interesting reading in light of the wikipedia fights over just how important Steiner's racism and antisemitism were, and whether they influence anyone in Waldorf today. Twice in the past few months we've had a nasty dialogue with an anthroposophist posting racist or hate materials on that list; the last one was a Holocaust denier - defending another well-known anthroposophist who is a Holocaust denier. If anything, this phenomenon seems to be on the increase. Could the seemingly increasing boldness of these people in anthroposophy be connected to the fact that anthroposophists generally can't admit there's any racism in Rudolf Steiner?
Looking back at the diffs that Hgilbert posted purportedly to show that Pete claims anyone who ever visited a Waldorf school is biased in favor of Waldorf, the contention was only about who, among recent editors, had been invited to the arbitration dialogue. It was not about trying to claim these people had a "conflict of interest" in editing the article.DianaW 12:19, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
* I think HGilbert was suggesting that I made the claim of bias (not conflict of interest). I certainly don't believe everyone who comes in contact with a Waldorf school is biased "in favor" of Waldorf... LOL! I know lots of people who have come in contact with Waldorf who are definitely not in favor of Waldorf - some who have had very ugly experiences with Waldorf, some who like Waldorf, some who hate it, some who have their kids in Waldorf, some who have pulled their kids out of Waldorf, some who have sued Waldorf, and so on. As the statement clearly shows - I was indicating a "connection" to Waldorf, not a bias towards Waldorf. This was in response to HGilbert's statement that certain editors were "unconnected" to Waldorf. Pete K 19:19, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
* For the record, I listed here which editors I felt ARE biased toward Waldorf education and why. Pete K 19:24, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
* I'm referring to this statement in his original statement, now reprinted below, and which he says he still stands by: "They [meaning Pete and Diana] have also claimed that anyone involved in anthroposophy or Waldorf education is by nature too biased to be cited or to be an editor, whereas their own and outside critics' views are unbiased." Yes, "biased" - but he says you're saying "too biased to be cited or to be an editor," which would mean they couldn't even work on the article. He's trying to paint us as so thoroughly unreasonable that we wouldn't even let ANYONE INVOLVED IN WALDORF work on the article, and wouldn't allow Waldorf authors to be cited in reference lists - to deflect attention from the ACTUAL claim - that a Waldorf teacher has a conflict of interest editing the article.
Neither of us has ever claimed anything like what he's attributed to us. I'm also slowly understanding that Hgilbert has had a lot of trouble understanding what "brochure language" means - he thinks it is just a nasty word that means stuff he puts in that we don't like, or stuff we put in that he doesn't like. "Brochure language" refers to the sort of sales pitch that is found in schools' promotional literature. It is very silly to suggest Diana or Pete want to put in "brochure language." Waldorf schools hand prospective customers a glossy brochure with smiling children eagerly engaged in something in the classroom, or romping in the sunshine; the rhetoric is all the stuff that we can document (with dozens and dozens of diffs) is in *actual* Waldorf brochures. Maybe we need to get some hard copies of Waldorf brochures for comparison; these days, of course, the main purveyor of Waldorf "brochure language" is school web sites. We can easily show that in many cases Hgilbert inserts language that is IDENTICAL to what is found on Waldorf school web sites and is clearly not what would normally appear in an encyclopedia article. "Head, heart, and hands" "whole child" "Rudolf Steiner was a Renaissance man" type stuff. One of my personal favorites is "fastest growing independent school movement in the world." I've been literally begging - for years - for somebody in Waldorf to source this. If a Waldorf supporter could even suggest a means by which such a claim COULD be sourced, it would be interesting. (Is somebody out there counting different types of new schools opening and closing every year, worldwide?) If there is a "fastest growing" one in 2006, it is probably evangelical Christian schools in (for instance) Africa or South America. Yes, we have many diffs that show Hgilbert inserting brochure language - boasts about how great Waldorf is, or how amazing a man Rudolf Steiner was - completely unmoored from claims that can be objectively documented.DianaW 19:35, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
Briefer statement
I have shortened my statement in response to a reminder that there is a word limit for these. The original statement appears below and still stands.Hgilbert 11:30, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
Original statement by Hgilbert
There tend to be two strongly polarized parties editing these articles, one sympathetic to the themes, one antagonistic to them. Attempts to achieve an objective point of view in the article have been stymied, in part due to extremists on both sides seeking to put in what they see as "truth" and remove anything contrary to their POV. (Examples:Talk:Waldorf_education, )
There is also a failure of good faith; see here, here and here, where even opening this request for arbitration (as suggested by several administrators over several months) stimulates accusations. Administrators who have recommended taking the issues to dispute resolution include User:Longhair, and if my memory serves me rightly User:Centrx and possibly User:Cormaggio, in addition to User:Durova.
Note that though he claims in the last-cited diff that the list of editors I originally provided on this arbitration page did not include the full (or a fair) range of editors involved with the article, the user making this accusation has not added any further involved editors. The list as I originally placed it appears to have been complete and fair; it certainly is to the best of my knowledge.
The refusal by the two editors most antagonistic to the subjects of these articles, User:Pete K and User:DianaW, to enter mediation has blocked further progress along these lines. The former has been repeatedly warned about his incivility; the latter has also had egregious violations. The incivility has dropped off considerably in the last weeks, it should be noted. User:Thebee has also been incivil on occasion.
Frequent accusations of "brochure language" have been launched; an administrator's investigation made it clear that such language has been introduced by those hostile to the subjects as well as those in favor of them.
The same two parties, Pete K and DianaW, have suggested that certain themes, such as the actual life of Rudolf Steiner, should not be given due weight (see Talk:Rudolf_Steiner/Archive_2 in order to make room for critical questioning exposing the "reality" of his views. They have also claimed that anyone involved in anthroposophy or Waldorf education is by nature too biased to be cited or to be an editor, whereas their own and outside critics' views are unbiased.
The polarization visible elsewhere in the articles comes to a crux over the delicate subject of Rudolf Steiner's views on race and ethnicity, see Talk:Rudolf Steiner's views on race and ethnicity. Steiner's views were complex, as he came out strongly against racism and anti-Semitism but made comments about individual races and ethnic groups that are offensive or at least questionable to many modern sensibilities. This article is itself currently recommended for deletion as it is in many respects a quote farm.
I feel that these articles need to be verifiable and NPOV. The term "brochure language" has been unhelpful, as it tends to be used to refer to anything one point of view wishes to strip away from the article; especially anything that might cast the subject in a positive light, even if this is relevant and verifiable information.
The articles should mention any controversy over the subjects, as also their positive reception, but these themes should not dominate over an exposition of the actual subjects themselves. The goals, model of child development, teaching methods and curriculum should be the dominant focus of an article on Waldorf education; Steiner's life, work and philosophical development should be the dominant focus of an article on Steiner; the ideas, institutions and historical development of anthroposophy should be the dominant focus of an article on anthroposophy. Hgilbert 17:00, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
Note: I have been accused of having a financial interest in this article. I am employed as a teacher in a Waldorf school - a non-profit organization. I receive no money for anything connected with Wikipedia editing. My position is no different than someone working in any other field contributing to an article about that field. In addition, I have published a book on Waldorf education. Wikipedia policies explicitly allow editors to cite their own publications, making it further clear that those working and publishing in a field are in no way excluded from editing articles. I do not cite (and do not seek to cite) my own work in the field at present, however. To be very clear: I do not have any financial interest relating to this site. Hgilbert 16:23, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
One user claims here that editors who have had any contact with Waldorf education, including having a child enrolled in the schools or even merely having visited the schools, are inherently biased towards the educational approach. That same user, Pete K, and another user, DianaW, are extremely frequent contributors (often several times daily) to an extremely anti-Waldorf web forum and have emotionally charged personal issues with Waldorf education. Hgilbert 22:07, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Vis a vis Durova's questioning of "contradictory claims" and my quote of "an administrator's investigation" (see below); in a discussion on his talk page, Durova cited a particular sentence of the article Waldorf education as an example of what he considered problematic "brochure language". That particular section was, however, authored by an editor not involved in the current discussion and critical of, not supportive of Waldorf education, as proven by an independent editor; that editor, not me, provided the diff to prove the case on Durova's talk page (Durova might have missed this on his own talk page because it came from another editor, not myself). What is contradictory is then his use of this evidence to support his claim that I and other "pro-Waldorf" users are inserting such language when it was exactly an "anti-Waldorf" user who inserted this. Hgilbert 02:35, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
A few points
* 1) The correct pronoun when referring to me is she.
* 2) Some misunderstandings appear to have arisen from my statements shortly before this arbitration case opened. WP:COI appeared to have influenced how ArbCom handled a particular prior case. Normally I would recommend that parties try the entire Dispute resolution process before coming to arbitration. I also prefer to direct editors to Disruptive editing whenever that could be a viable alternative to arbitration. A lack of response at two RFCs and difficulties in gaining the attention of other administrators weighed in my recommendation to pursue a case here: community consensus was unlikely to develop. I neither stated nor meant to imply that WP:COI should be the sole or primary topic of the committee's attention.
* 3) Regarding brochure language, PeteK is correct about my assessment: it appears that certain editors have acted as gatekeepers at this family of articles, allowing and protecting changes that reflect favorably on Waldorf education while closing the door to edits that challenge Waldorf education or flag the POV problems. The full post in which I first quoted the disputed phrase is here: I hadn't anticipated it would become a source of contention or I would have phrased my surrounding statement in terms that would have left no room for doubt. Editors who act as gatekeepers for a family of articles violate WP:OWN, WP:NOT, and WP:NPOV - the walled garden remains a walled garden no matter who plants particular flowers. Durova Charg e! 03:18, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
* Thank you Durova. I apologize if I misrepresented your position on weight of the COI portion of the request. It was not intentional. Pete K 04:25, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
* Apology accepted. I also checked the four central participants' userpages today and it doesn't look as if anyone has requested mentorship. Arbitrators seldom comment until the final stages of a case, at which point it's pretty late to start making changes. Adopt-a-user is one way to get into mentorship although Mentorship mentions other arbitration-specific options. I can't speak for the arbitrators, but my own standards are simple: do your best to shoot straight, own up to your misses, and try to get help at improving your aim. That goes for everyone. I'd rather not prepare another addendum and if everybody follows those suggestions the whole case will probably go much more smoothly. I won't quarrel with straightforward corrections to whatever mistakes I might have made. The editor who has done the most to summon me here is the same editor against whom I've supplied the most evidence. It stands to reason that this person's interests would be best served by giving me no further reason to return to the case. Durova Charg e! 02:53, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
* "It stands to reason that this person's interests would be best served by giving me no further reason to return to the case." LOL... Yes, I quite agree. I've had more than my share of problems with him but even I feel like kicking him under the table to get him to give it a rest about his issues with you. I think you're right - some people can't stop even when their actions are hurting them. Oh well... Pete K 03:02, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks - yet I'm completely serious about recommending mentorship to both sides. WP:CIVIL applies on all around and it's a more obvious call against you and DianaW than against anyone else. You're also accused of several other policy violations. If you've browsed some past cases as I recommended you know that arbcom might invoke topic bans or revert parole on anyone in the case: editors who don't exercise enough self-awareness and self-control get external limits imposed upon them. My recommendations to both sides might seem to carry a wink and a nod toward certain editors - I don't mean my words that way at all. In fact I worry that my participation may inadvertently yield complacency in some quarters. The evidence I submit against certain editors doesn't do much to defend others (tu quoque isn't something I cite only as convenient - it's a common human failing we all have to guard against). Every named editor should take a close look at the evidence and prepare responses along with some mea culpa replies as appropriate and here's what I'm doing to fix that. I can only say this so many times before it loses its meaning - so consider it said. Durova Charg e! 04:30, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
* Yes, I understand. I absolutely know I bear some of the responsibility for the problems here. I'm aware that both Thebee and HGilbert have prepared long lists detailing what they claim are my personal attacks against them - I expect they will be presenting them at some point. Administrators who have taken the time to look at these lists have seen them as exagerated claims for the most part, but I acknowledge that I lost my cool more than a few times especially when I first arrived here. In my defense, I was often frustrated and intimidated by their agressive reverting of my edits, repeated citings of Wikipedia policies. After having posted a few things I regretted, there were regular attempts to get one administrator after another to ban me on the same evidence that previous administrators had dismissed. I understand that is no excuse not to be civil. I've been working on toning it down in the past month and hopefully the arbitrators will notice that I have improved considerably. When I first arrived here I read through the back pages and saw how they had shut down and bullied other editors - Lumnos3, Fergie in particular. I felt (perhaps wrongly) that I had to come on strong when I started posting, lest they shut me down as well. I acknowledge that this was probably a mistake on my part. Hopefully, I will be able to defend against these claims again. Regarding the other claims, I absolutely intend to address each one (I'm guessing the 1000 word limit doesn't include defending against assertions by others). I will attend to this tonight and first thing tomorrow. Thanks!!! Pete K 06:36, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
Question to Fergie
In the Evidence presented by Fergie section, you refer to the Wikipedia policy Wikipedia is not a soapbox, and then write:
* "Much of the Waldorf Education article as it stands in its locked state reads like a brochure trying to sell Waldorf Education. Many passages are unverified (WP:VERIFY) and biased to the point of violating WP:NPOV."
But you do not give any evidence in terms of specific diffs, that support your view, for others to look at to see if they agree. Can you do that? Thanks. Thebee 15:25, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
* You saw the diffs I provided, right? Pete K 17:06, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
My question was a question to Fergie, not to you. I'm confident she can answer for herself. The Evidence page, as far as I understand, is meant for individual editors not only to make general assertions regarding the case at hand, but also to - themselves - provide diffs that support their assertions, not leave that to others. It is not a page for just general statements regarding a case. That was provided during the initial phase of the Arbitration. Thanks, Thebee 10:49, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
Question to PeteK
On 19 November, you wrote and I asked;
* PeteK at the Arb page:
* "Conflict-of-interest exists with one or more editors who are financially connected to the success of Waldorf. These editors include Walodrf teachers HGilbert and TheBee - both are primary culprits in the edit wars and responsible for the brochure langage as well as frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article. Pete K 20:02, 18 November 2006 (UTC)"
* 1. Please document in what way I am, as you write, "financially connected to the success of Waldorf".
* 2. Please document with a number of diffs in what way I am, as you write, "responsible for the brochure langage" in the Waldorf article.
* 3. Please document with a number of diffs, that I have been, as you write, "frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article."
You answered:
* Maybe later... I think that's all part of the arbitration process. I'll do all this when we enter into arbitration. If I produce it now, you will start refuting it here and referencing your own websites - and we will never get anywhere. Let's let the arbitration begin and then we can both support our positions with evidence. Thanks in advance for your patience! Pete K 21:01, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
Maybe you can provide them now on the three specific points mentioned? Thanks, Thebee 10:56, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
* Perhaps you haven't read the evidence that supported these claims. You wrote to me above about the arbitration page "It is not a page for just general statements regarding a case. That was provided during the initial phase of the Arbitration." My statements were general. I believe (and it's not up to you to decide) that I have supported them. Maybe you haven't noticed that I have provided evidence that:
* 1. That you have "worked at times as a math teacher at Waldorf schools" (by your own admission on your own website) and that you are a priniple of a website (AWE) that solicits donations for providing Waldorf support and supplying defamatory content about critics of Waldorf.
* 2. I admit, the bulk of brochure language that is still in the Waldorf education article has been added by HGilbert. Most of the edits you have made have been so outrageous they haven't seen more than a few moments in the article itself - editors, even sympathetic to Waldorf, have been quick to remove your outrageous claims (see the section on "hate groups" in my evidence - I only cited three examples but there were dozens). I later added to my original statement that your primary purpose has been to detour people to your own original research websites - and there has been plenty of evidence provided to demonstrate this.
* 3. I believe I have demonstrated this adequately, but I can certainly go back through and produce more edits from you, edit warring and so forth if you think I haven't made my point clearly. I tried to concentrate my efforts on the Waldorf education article - which you have done comparitively little edit-warring in. If I focus my attention on the Rudolf Steiner and the RS views on race and ethnicity and PLANS articles, I can, of course, provide many, many more examples of your POV edits.
* IOW, I am constrained by the space allotted here and not by any lack of evidence of your wrongdoing. I have made a motion to bifurcate the Waldorf article from the others for this very reason. There is so much evidence of your activities that there isn't enough room on these pages to produce it. I believe more is on its way, however, so please don't be impatient. Thanks. Pete K 16:16, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
Nothing of what you writes answers my first question, requesting that you provide evidence in terms of diffs demonstrating that I am personally, as you wrote, "financially connected to the success of Waldorf", implying that I personally would benefit economically from the "success of Waldorf education".
As I've told in my introducing statement in this case, I do not have any financial interest related to this article, and have not worked as a Waldorf teacher since the 1990s. That I at that time, more than ten years ago, and on a number of earlier occasions, have worked as a math teacher at different Waldorf schools is probably as loose a connection you can have to Waldorf education as an at one time, 20 years earlier, trained Waldorf teacher, being the primary basis for my interest in and contribution to the article. Before the 1990s and later, I have worked in other professions, as described at my personal site.
That the site http://www.americans4waldorf.org of which I am one of its five co-editors solicits economical donations in support of Waldorf education does not in any way benefit me personally, and I get no money out of it.
You also do not give one diff in support of your statement that I have been, as you have written, "responsible for the brochure langage" in the article on Waldorf education.
This is also the case for your statement that I have been, as you write, "frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article" on Waldorf education.
I am quite impatient for you to do this and provide such diffs with regard to the Waldorf article. As you write that you have concentrated on this article, that should not be too difficult. If you can't provide such documenting diffs, I would need to draw that conclusion that you have no such evidence, and that what you wrote was untrue, which (again) would contradict what you wrote on 5 Nov. ("I always tell the truth Sune. That may be the key difference between us.") in a similar way as I have documented on another point in my introducing statement in this case.
If you can't provide such evidence in terms of diffs, I'd be grateful if you would retract your statement with regard to the article on Waldorf education, to which your allegations referred.
Thanks, Thebee 23:30, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
"Nothing of what you writes answers my first question, requesting that you provide evidence in terms of diffs demonstrating that I am personally, as you wrote, "financially connected to the success of Waldorf", implying that I personally would benefit economically from the "success of Waldorf education"." I guess I don't care if you don't think so. It's up to the arbitrators to weigh the evidence and make decisions. "This is also the case for your statement that I have been, as you wrote, "responsible for the brochure langage" in the article on Waldorf education, for which you do not provide one diff that documents this." I ran out of diffs with my case against HGilbert. I'm not going to build a secondary case on the discussion page just because, big surprise, you think I've said something about you that I can't support. "This is also the case for your statement that I have been, as you write, "frustrating the efforts of many editors to produce NPOV language in the article" on Waldorf education." I have supported all the claims I have made on the arbitration page. That's all I'm concerned with right now. I'm not going to get into a dialog with you about anything else. I notice you haven't made an assertion or provided any evidence on the arbitration page. Is this a timing issue, or do you have nothing to say in your defense? Having a side dialog on the discussion page is, in my view, counterproductive and the actual case has taken up more of my time this week than I can afford.
"I am quite impatient for you to do this and provide such diffs with regard to the Waldorf article. As you write that you have concentrated on this article, that should not be too difficult. If you can't provide such documenting diffs, I would need to draw that conclusion that you have no such evidence, and that what you wrote was untrue, which would contradict what you wrote on 5 Nov. ("I always tell the truth Sune. That may be the key difference between us.") in a similar way as I have documented on another point in my introducing statement in this case." I don't think I need to do any such thing at this time. Your impatience has nothing to do with me. "If you can't provide such evidence in terms of diffs, I'd be grateful if you would retract your statement with regard to the article on Waldorf education, to which it referred." I don't think I've said anything that requires retraction. Thanks! Pete K 23:59, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
* After you had gotten two warnings for personal attacks at different times, one by admin GoldenWattle on 1 Sept. and one by admin Centrx on 31 Oct, you wrote, 31 Oct, two minutes after you deleted the first warning from your Talks page, as part of what you described as "irrelevant stuff":
* "For the record - I don't believe I have broken ANY Wikipedia rules with one exception - the 3RR rule a couple of months ago."
* Against this background, what you write that you think on this point stands out as less interesting, as long as you do not provide any diffs in support of your serious personal accusations against me in this case from a Wikipedia perspective, made at the beginning of this arbitration, which you haven't, leaving it out of the many things you write and comment on at the Evidence page - on the Waldorf article, that your allegations about me referred to - pointing to that what you wrote more had the character of harassment than statements of facts.
* Thanks, Thebee 00:54, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
* The above belongs at the Evidence page. I'm sorry for having made the comment here. Thebee 12:35, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* You should make all this part of your assertions and evidence on the arbitration page Sune. Then I'll have to address it. You know what happened there as you've levied these charges before and I've answered them. So far, what you seem to be doing here on the talk page is intimidating people, first Fergie then me, for providing evidence. Why not make a statement and then we can go from there? Thanks! Pete K 01:00, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
* Come to think of it - I'd may formally request that you stop intimidating people who are providing evidence here. Make a statement like everyone else and support your evidence - like everyone else. People who are interested in providing evidence in this case may be detered by your intimidation here. Pete K 01:19, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
PeteK:
* "... what you seem to be doing here on the talk page is intimidating people, first Fergie then me, for providing evidence."
That is not correct. What I have done is to point out that you have not provided evidence with regard to a number of specific allegations and ask that you (individually) do that at the Evidence page. That is the point of the Evidence page, supporting your allegations in this case with documenting diffs.
You write that you find this request intimidating, and that - instead - I should make your unsupported allegations about me here at this page, outside the Evidence page, part of my assertions and evidence at the Evidence page, as you refuse to support them with documentation, both here and at the Evidence page. That sounds like an expression of strange logic.
In addition, you then write that you're thinking of formally requesting somewhere that I - at this Talks page of the Evidence page - stop asking you and Fergie to provide diffs in support of some of your specific statements/allegations, questions for which this Talks page, but not the Evidence page, stands out as the proper place. What do you suggest we discuss here, where you have made the allegations I ask you to document supporting diffs for, but then left aside at the Evidence page, both in terms of statements and evidence in their support?
Thebee 01:55, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
"That is not correct. What I have done is to point out that you have not provided evidence with regard to a number of specific allegations and ask that you (individually) do that at the Evidence page. That is the point of the Evidence page, supporting your allegations in this case with documenting diffs." Yes, the arbitrators should decide if I have done this, of course. I have either supported my claims with evidence or I haven't. You are, however, trying to get me to support claims that I haven't made on the arbitration page - and that I don't need to support with evidence on that page. So again, I encourage you to bring your accusations to that page and I'll address them there.
"You write that you find this request intimidating, and that - instead - I should make your unsupported allegations about me here at this page, outside the Evidence page, part of my assertions and evidence at the Evidence page, as you refuse to support them with documentation, both here and at the Evidence page. That sounds like an expression of strange logic." No, it's where that activity should take place. I'm not required to support anything you claim I have said here on this page. You are here harassing me and intimidating others to keep them from posting their evidence.
"In addition, you then write that you're thinking of formally requesting somewhere that I - at this Talks page of the Evidence page - stop asking you and Fergie to provide diffs in support of some of your specific statements/allegations, questions for which this Talks page, but not the Evidence page, stands out as the proper place. What do you suggest we discuss here, where you have made the allegations I ask you to document supporting diffs for, but then left aside at the Evidence page, both in terms of statements and evidence in their support?" My friend YOU are the one suggesting we discuss things here, not me. This is not intended to be a place for sniping by people who have chosen not to participate in the case - about issues that are not part of the case. If you have trouble understanding what is part of the case, have a look at the project page. Those are the issues that are to be discussed here - not other issues. If you put the issues you believe are important on the project page, then they can be addressed there, and if needed, discussion can take place here. I'm not, as I said, interested in an ongoing dialog with you about this as, again, it is not part of the arbitration UNTIL you put it in there. Knock yourself out my friend. Pete K 03:44, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
* Regarding the removal of a warning template: Wikipedia has no consensus that restricts the removal of warning templates from an editor's own user space. The matter has been subject of extensive discussion because this sort of thing happens fairly often in edit disputes. My recommendation is for any editor who objects to a template to request that an administrator remove it because that action usually places the removal above reproach, but I know of no other administrator who makes that particular recommendation. At any rate - since that isn't even at guideline level - I recommend the editors in this case concentrate on more substantive issues. Durova Charg e! 03:25, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks Durova. I believe I replaced the templates immediately (reverted my archiving) when TheBee complained soon after I archived them. It is not, nor has it ever been, my intention to hide anything (which is, always available in the history anyway). I was just trying to do some housecleaning and when there was an objection - I reverted it back. Frankly, I thought my user space was mine to do whatever I wanted with - but when I saw it was going to cause a controversy (for TheBee) I was happy to restore it. Pete K 05:17, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* Editors do have more leeway in user space than elsewhere. So far the community has leaned on placing some sort of restrictions on warning removal but hasn't agreed on what type of restriction to impose. When the removal happens during an edit war it usually goes over as antagonistic regardless of whether the warning was legitimate or frivolous, which is why I advise editors to request an administrator do the deletion - it's like letting a referee make the call. I'm not deleting your warnings BTW. Durova Charg e! 15:29, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
PeteK 05:17, 4 December 2006 (UTC) on his removal on 31 October 2006 of the warning by Golden Wattle on 1 September 2006 for a personal attack from his Talks page:
* "I believe I replaced the templates immediately (reverted my archiving) when TheBee complained soon after I archived them. It is not, nor has it ever been, my intention to hide anything (which is, always available in the history anyway). I was just trying to do some housecleaning and when there was an objection - I reverted it back. Frankly, I thought my user space was mine to do whatever I wanted with - but when I saw it was going to cause a controversy (for TheBee) I was happy to restore it."
Just out of curiosity, I have looked at the history of your Talks page, and have difficulty seeing any time when you have restored the original warning by Golden Wattle to your Talks page, and do not find it there today either. Maybe you can tell and show when you restored it, as you write that you believe(?) you did, writing that you were happy to do it? Thanks, Thebee 17:30, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* If you will show me exactly which warning you are referring to, I'll be happy to restore it for you. Do you have a diff with the actual warning? Again, I'm not trying to hide anything. Pete K 17:49, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* Actually, Sune, I'll do you one better. Feel free to restore anything you want to see on my talk page yourself. You have my permission to restore anything you believe I have deleted that you feel needs to be on the page. Knock yourself out... Pete K 17:54, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
PeteK:
* "If you will show me exactly which warning you are referring to, I'll be happy to restore it for you. Do you have a diff with the actual warning?"
It's the one by Golden Wattle mentioned and linked to (at least) twice in the discussion above, the last time 17 lines upwards.
* "Actually, Sune, I'll do you one better. Feel free to restore anything you want to see on my talk page yourself. You have my permission to restore anything you believe I have deleted that you feel needs to be on the page. Knock yourself out..."
"Knock myself out"? A second time? You sure I'd survive that, even from myself, even though you've told me in discussions that I (187cm) am much smaller than you ...? The primary point is not that you deleted the warning as such, or that the warning is restored. The primary point is that you deleted obvious evidence of a number of personal attacks by you, as documented by the Warning by Golden Wattle, when faced with a second similar warning from Centrx, just minutes before you then went on to tell Admin Centrx that you did not think his warning had any validity:
* "For the record - I don't believe I have broken ANY Wikipedia rules with one exception - the 3RR rule a couple of months ago."
and then in a second step also explicitly denying the validity of the first warning by Golden Wattle.
A new point is that you did not restore the warning by Golden Wattle to your talks page, as you today write to Durova that you believe you did, telling that you were happy to do it, in a similar way you told, when warned by Centrx, that you believed that you had not made any personal attacks, two minutes after you had deleted the evidence of it.
Such types of denial of simple and obvious facts belong to what regrettably makes it so difficult to discuss with you at times regarding what you do and write.
This is exemplified also by your comments regarding the removal of a direct link in one article to a section in another Wikipedia article and replacing it with just a general link to the page. It did not work in its original form, and I had fixed it. You described the replacement of the direct link to the relevant section with just a general link to the page, in the edit summary with "Repaired link". When I reinserted the direct link, you removed it again, and argued for this in the edit summary with: "You don't need this propaganda in the link.".
When I asked Admin Centrx for advice on how to handle this problem, he did not answer. And you gave an untruthful description of what you had done: "Indeed, in the edit you made that we are discussing, you included with the link a POV description. That's what I removed then - and I have gone back and removed it again", describing my correcting linkfix as a vendetta", in a similar way you here at this page describe my simple and very polite question to you second time to document allegations you made at the beginning of the arbibration with some substantiating diffs as "intimidation" of you.
What you wrote in the first mentioned discussion was untrue, as you did not remove anything in my Edit summary, that you referred to with your comment, but the specificity of the link. When I pointed this out, you dismissed this and did not address it, in a similar way you here have dismissed my question to you to document the allegations about me, that you made at the beginning og the arbitration, unless I force you to answer it by asking at the Evidence page to do it, and calling my question, not your way of handling it and refusal to answer it, "intimidation".
Thebee 20:33, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* What I have stricken above belongs at Evidence page. I'm sorry I brought it up here. Thebee 12:51, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Again, you insist on bringing all this on the talk pages. As I have said, restore anything you like on MY talk page and make whatever claims you feel are valid on the arbitration page. I don't know how to be more accommodating to you. If you have a gripe, bring it where it's supposed to be. Right now, my time is limited (I work for a living, believe it or not) and I can't possibly engage you in an on-going dialog here - and there is no reason to believe that even if I answer your complaints here, that this will be the end of it. The arbitration page is there for these kinds of claims. At the moment, I barely have time to read all your complaints - let alone answer them. BTW, I've filed a request, as I said I would above, asking the arbitration team to have a look at your behavior here. It's inappropriate to attack from the sidelines here. Again, if you have something to bring to this process, it should be on the arbitration page. I will happily accommodate you there. Hopefully, you will take this to heart. Thanks in advance. Pete K 20:47, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* Honestly, both sides would serve their interests better by devoting attention to policy issues. Durova Charg e! 21:59, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
Reply to Durova and others, mentorship etc.
I just wanted to make a general statement about the stuff about mentorship, apologizing for incivilities etc. With all due respect, this is excruciatingly time consuming, and not the focus of my life. I think it's really great that there are people dedicated to making wikipedia better - it's a very worthwhile project and it's great that there are smart and focused people improving its quality, refining procedures etc. I'm not one of them. I'm not interested in becoming a "wikipedia citizen" etc. I've used wikipedia for various things and been grateful that there are volunteers working hard to make it what it is. I've contributed here and there in various other areas I have interest in. I'm working on adding critical sections on Jose Saramago's novels (big fan). I'm fighting with a white supremacist on the article about Nadine Gordimer. That's the extent of it for me. Having a job and family I don't have time to "become a wikipedian." In this Steiner/Waldorf/anthroposophy situation I am here to say what I have to say. I am generally a person able and willing to cooperate with others, but I'm just not interested in getting a mentor, and I've spent almost zero time learning my way around all these complicated procedures and rules. There's no doubt I've been incivil on a number of occasions and could play more nicely, especially with certain people. OTOH I'm unlikely to spend my limited time going through a long list of diffs provided by Hgilbert or whoever listing the times I've said "bullshit" or gotten (definitely) rather huffy and snotty with him. It is very difficult for me to be polite to "Thebee," who states publicly that I am associated with a hate group. I can certainly acknowledge it would be much better for me to stifle rude replies. For me however this is just reality - I am not good at playing games going through lengthy procedures to try to prove I can play the wikipedia game the wikipedia way. I will almost always choose to spend such time working on the article or discussing the issues. I make no secret of the fact that my main aim here is not "improving wikipedia articles" but "doing damage control" regarding the fact that these folks are using wikipedia for free advertising and a pulpit to preach from. I understand that attitude may be slightly frowned on at wikipedia, in which case I'll accept reprimands or advice. (This sort of thing is going on with many of the articles on small religious sects, and frankly the critics are doing wikipedia a service.) I'm not trying to say I'm blameless or always a pleasant individual to deal with - I accept full blame for any occasion where I've lost my temper or said something stupid or rude. I'll quote Durova: "I won't quarrel with straightforward corrections to whatever mistakes I might have made." (I'm also not quite done adding evidence, and this is literally all the time I'm going to spend replying to criticisms of my behavioral faux pas.DianaW 13:08, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
For instance - Thebee has noted correctly that I was wrong to accuse him of making a list on me. He made long lists on Pete, and I asked him if he had lists on me, too. I looked around to try to figure out if he had a list on me. I never found one. He never replied to my question. Though it may not have been an unreasonable question on my part, I was wrong to go on insisting there was a list when there apparently wasn't. In my own defense I'll say that I believed my own accusation. I was then a bit chagrined to look back through that dialogue and realize I had converted a suspicion into an accusation that never had any basis.DianaW 13:39, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
WP:COI and PeteK
The allegation that PeteK's book project constitutes a conflict of interest happens to touch on a subject where I have some expertise. Books-in-progress range from loose sheets of longhand notes (which seldom reach fruition) to final polishes on a manuscript for which the writer has already been paid in advance. The committee decides whether COI has been violated. I'll offer some relevant questions for consideration: Durova Charg e! 16:27, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
* Has PeteK received an advance from a publisher for this project?
* Has PeteK entered a contract with a literary agent?
* Has PeteK submitted book proposals or queries for the project?
* Does PeteK have special qualifications that make his project likely to find a publisher at some future date, such as prior book authorship or an MFA in writing?
* Has PeteK received financial compensation for other writing connected to Waldorf or Anthroposophy criticism, such as magazine or book articles, employment or contract work for a Waldorf-critical organization, or a website that gets AdSense revenue?
Thanks Durova. I'm happy to answer these questions.
* Has PeteK received an advance from a publisher for this project? - No.
* Has PeteK entered a contract with a literary agent? - No.
* Has PeteK submitted book proposals or queries for the project? - No.
* Does PeteK have special qualifications that make his project likely to find a publisher at some future date, such as prior book authorship or an MFA in writing? - Possibly - by some stretch. I am the primary author of a technical book on AutoCAD which was published in 1995. The publisher was John Wiley and Sons, Inc. I'm certain they wouldn't be interested in a book about Waldorf education. I have also had published several articles in trade magazines about the subject of AutoCAD drafting - also back in the 1990's. As a technical illustrator, my illustrations (not my writing) are sometimes published in technical books about ADA (handicap access).
* Has PeteK received financial compensation for other writing connected to Waldorf or Anthroposophy criticism, such as magazine or book articles, employment or contract work for a Waldorf-critical organization, or a website that gets AdSense revenue? - No.
Additionally, my authorship of this "book" could most accurately be described as a hobby. In it's current form it is loose pages of scribbled notes - and publication, if it were to occur, would be in several years, if ever. Pete K 16:54, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
Advert label on Waldorf education page
An issue that needs to be dealt with in some form by this arbitration is whether the advert label is appropriate for the Waldorf education article. Venado has now shown that it was originally put there by a vandal who was labelling many articles this way, and who has since been blocked from editing. Some editors feel it is appropriate; other editors, coming without predispositions, have indicated that they see no justification for such a label. An opinion by the arbitrators would be helpful. Hgilbert 01:23, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
* There is nothing to suggest that the user in the diff HGilbert presented above is "coming without predispositions". There have been a lot of predisposed people pretending to be neutral here. Additionally, there is nothing to suggest that the blocked "vandal" was vandalizing the article by placing the tag there (as it appears several people agreed that it belongs there). As vandals go, and we've seen lots of them, that seemed like a very reasonable edit. I suspect the Arbitration Committee will review the article carefully with respect to all the claims that have been made. Pete K 01:38, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
* This is the diff provided by Venado to suggest the placement of the {advert} tag was "vandalism". The diff shows clearly that the edit summary for the block does not describe the tag placements as vandalism. The edit summary says "Bad faith edits (nothing but applying templates, many inaccurate, plus snarky comments on user's pages)" - so this was not called "vandalism" as Venado and HGilbert have characterized it - but "bad faith edits". That may not seem like too big a difference, but notice the assessment of the tag placements by the administrators who comment "many inaccurate" - which means even the administrators issuing the ban on this "bad faith" editor found at least some of the tag placements to be accurate. Additionally, the ban was at least in part issued for "snarky comments on user's pages". We don't know how much weight the "snarky comments on user's pages" had on the decision to ban - and this activity apparently didn't occur with respect to the Waldorf article or any of the editors editing that article so there's no reason to suspect that a malicious intent was the reason for the {advert} tag. In any case, the editor was NOT banned specifically for placing the {advert} tag on the Waldorf article, and there is no evidence whatsoever that this was a malicious, controversial or anything but a legitimate, well-considered and appropriate edit. I'm quite sure Durova has a latin phrase that appropriately encapsulates this - but I like Shakespeare's term - much ado about nothing. Pete K 03:31, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
Suggestions to both sides: use a light touch with the edit button during arbitration. Nobody looks good if a new skirmish breaks out over a template. Arbitrators usually remain tight lipped until the voting phase so don't ask depend on them to settle this. You might petition another admin to make the call about whether the template stays or goes (I'm staying out of that one). If both sides agree to that solution and abide by it then that's a piece of evidence you can cooperate, which looks good all around. PeteK adds a side comment that amounts to meatpuppetry. If that's a serious allegation then present it in a serious manner rather than as an insinuation on a talk page. Durova Charg e! 05:43, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks Durova. I'm not making a formal charge here - I'm happy to assume good faith. The guy may have been predisposed to removing tags for no reason - for all we know. We've had a suggestion that someone else was predisposed to adding them for no reason - so why not? I'm not willing to concede any assumptions at this point. All we know is he removed a tag. There has been no evidence to support HGilbert's claim that he did this without predisposition - just like there's no evidence to support his claim that the guy who added the tag was a vandal. Pete K 06:30, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
* When I make an assessment about whether a tag belongs on an article I ask whether the template describes the article accurately. Rarely does the tagging editor's possible motivation come into play. Durova Charg e! 06:41, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
Maximum 1000 words and 100 diffs?
The evidence page asks:
* "When placing evidence here, please be considerate of the arbitrators and be concise"
and advices:
* "Please make a section for your evidence and add evidence only in your own section. Please limit your evidence to a maximum 1000 words and 100 diffs, ..."
So far, the section by Pete has grown to appr. 6,700 words, exceeding the suggested limit with soon seven times. This makes is probably close to impossible to read for anyone, including arbitrators, and adress for any of those adressed in the different sub sections in a reasonable way. How have similar situations been adressed and handled in the past? Thanks, Thebee 23:48, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
* Well, there is a provision in the arbitration policy allowing the arbitrators to ask the clerks to condense and sumarize long evidence presentations, but I'm not aware of it ever being used in a case. My personal feeling is that it should be possible to make a good case within those limits by being focused and concise. If the arbitrators have a problem with the presentation I am sure they will let Pete know. Thatcher131 00:17, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks for your answer. How many cases are you aware of where an editor has used 6-7000 words to present his or her views? Thebee 00:25, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* I haven't kept track. Thatcher131 01:09, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* To be fair, I asked for bifurcation of the case from the outset. I've tried to be concise in my initial presentation of evidence, but adding rebuttals has, of course, expanded my evidence. I suspect TheBee will be using far less words and but many links to elaborately constructed pages on his own websites... just a guess of course. Pete K 00:34, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Pete, that's a WP:AGF foul. Durova Charg e! 02:59, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* BTW Thatcher, I seem to recall that happening in the Gundagai editors case. It doesn't seem worth dredging through the diffs to verify whether some posts were condensed as well, but one of the editors' submissions definitely needed a lot of moving and template-signing. I'm glad there are people who volunteer to be clerks and arbitrators because somebody's got to do it, but whew. Durova Charg e! 03:05, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Well, in the Gundagai case it was a problem of getting all her contributions organized in one place since she didn't pay much attention to the "post in your own section" rule. I've been a clerk for 3 months or so and watching closely for a couple months before that and have not seen for myself a request from the arbs to the clerks to re-work the evidence in any manner other than purely clerical. Thatcher131 03:51, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* "Pete, that's a WP:AGF foul." Yes, you're right... sorry. Apologies to TheBee. I shouldn't have assumed you will be providing numerous links to your web pages. Please forgive me. Pete K 03:35, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
Thatcher, Pete does raise a very good question about the motion to bifurcate. I think the lack of response is slowing down this case: if it doesn't bifurcate then a lot of withheld evidence is going to come into play rather late, which will repeat the process of examination and rebuttals on an already long evidence page. Could you request some responses on whether bifurcation is likely to happen or not? Durova Charg e! 15:45, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Durova, so far, Pete - according to the word stats of a text editor - has used appr. 7,000 words to describe and argue for his views regarding in the main two articles (including the one on WE) but also other of the articles in this case before a possible bifurcation. I would expect Pete has used this space to cover what he views as the most important issues in his view.
* If the main problem for the arbitrators is to get a picture of the behaviour of different editors - possibly in the main PeteK, DianaW, Hgilbert and me - in our editing, just as a possible reflexion: do you expect adding possibly 7,000 more words from Pete, in addition to all possible additional comments and answers by others, would add important information with regard to this problem?
* Thanks, Thebee 16:45, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* I've tried to limit my evidence to the Waldorf education article - an article TheBee has not done too much editing in. I could present, as DianaW did, lots of evidence from other articles relating to TheBee's activities. I'm certain that my desire to limit my evidence to this article has benefitted TheBee overall. Another editor, Professor Marginalia, who I happen to know is one of the five members of the controversial Americans for Waldorf Education group (the 5 member group responsible for suggesting PLANS is a hate group) has escaped criticism completely despite heavily biased editing in the PLANS article because of her relatively few edits in the Waldorf article that I concentrated on. If more space were available, I would certainly have the opportunity to address her edits along with TheBee's to demonstrate a pattern of inappropriate and conspiratory activity there. I'm not sure 7,000 more words would be enough, however. Pete K 18:42, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
Anyone else has any comments on this? Thebee 19:45, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Well, I'd like to comment that so far TheBee hasn't provided one word of evidence in this case. Not one word. Instead he as been "buzzing" around the talk pages issuing demands for evidence from me and others. I suspect that if TheBee ever gets around to producing his evidence, I may have a few thousand more words to add to the evidence page. If TheBee had produced his evidence in a timely manner, his evidence could have been refuted along side the evidence produced by HGilbert, Venado, and Trueblood. I certainly don't want to rush him, but this process started before Thanksgiving (that's Nov. 23rd Sune). I understand this case covers a lot of material, but I want to be sure there is adequate time to address and possibly refute each and every point TheBee presents in his evidence. Pete K 21:44, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
Anyone else has any comments on the request by PeteK for space for 7,000 more words of comments? Thanks, Thebee 22:33, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Well, if you think I've used up too much space, maybe you won't mind leasing me the space you were going to use but never did. Pete K 22:44, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
Anyone else has any comments? Thebee 23:26, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
* Compare to another recent case where I participated: Requests for arbitration/Gundagai editors/Evidence. With the notable exception of the first statement from the anonymous editor, these presentations are neat and to the point. The editors described major patterns and provided sufficient diffs to illustrate each contention. Durova Charg e! 00:56, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
Based on that, would you have any suggestion for the present case? Thanks, Thebee 01:06, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
* My graduate studies were in writing and I've done some tutoring and teaching assistantship in the subject. The biggest mistake most people make is to start a draft too soon. Read the existing submissions carefully. Take notes on paper or a text editor to identify your points of interest. Eliminate whatever's already covered unless you have something new and valuable to add. Dig around with some research to verify your hunches - I usually have three or four browser windows open in addition to my word processing program. Then decide which points are most important and structure a presentation. Write something out, then sleep on it. Give it another look and some changes. Perhaps my most important piece of advice is the strangest: don't post it while you're hungry. People tend to be quarrelsome when they're hungry.
* When it comes to addressing me in particular, I'd prefer if you don't. The real heart of the matter is with the article editors. If you spot a factual error or contradiction in something I've posted then just present the correction and evidence in a straightforward manner. If something seems unclear about my meaning it's okay to query me. This reference might be obscure to someone who lives in Sweden, but maybe you've heard of Judge Wapner from The People's Court. Talk to him fairly and show him your evidence. If you think he's missed something point it out and he'll pay attention, but what everybody said about Wapner's courtroom was "Don't talk back to the judge!" Anyone who tried to insult his competence got the lecture of their life right there in front of everybody with the cameras rolling. He only gave those lectures when they were appropriate and he didn't seem to hold a grudge afterward: basically a nice guy who didn't tolerate nonsense. I don't judge at this arbitration of course, but in administrative roles I try to be like him. Durova Charg e! 03:24, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
Since this case deals with the actions of one group of editors on one group of articles, I doubt there will be any bifurcation. You should get all of your evidence out at the start. Take as much space as you need, but be aware that the suggested guidelines on evidence are for the arbitrators' benefit, as they are busy and cases can become very complicated, and are therefore for your benefit as well. Having an extremely long evidence page does not gain you an advantage, and possibly the reverse. If the evidence is too long, there is a provision in arbitration policy where the arbitrators can ask the clerks to clean up and summarize the evidence. I don't think this has ever actually been used, and I'd rather not be a pioneer. You may be able to condense your evidence somewhat by reducing the argumentation and letting the diffs speak for themselves, where possible, and by focusing on the behavior of other editors rather than trying to prove a case about Waldorf education. For example, the user Instantnood is banned from editing articles about Singapore, not because his views were wrong, but because he could not edit collegially and cooperatively with others. Thatcher131 05:02, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
* Thank you Thatcher for looking into the bifurcation issue. Pete K 06:05, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
Thanks for the advice, Durova! On "maybe you've heard of Judge Wapner from The People's Court": If you have it on American TV, we mostly have in on Swedish TV too in some form after the introduction of commercial TV a number of years ago. It's re-broadcast from one week to many years later, and includes from Boston Legal and The West Wing down to Soap and The Jerry Springer Show. The People's Court I only remember having seen a few times in its parodied form though (regrettably). Thebee 10:34, 8 December 2006 (UTC) | WIKI |
user2024080 user2024080 - 1 year ago 55
Node.js Question
MEAN - `post` giving error message on test with Postman, not able to predict the issue.
I am working with
MEAN
app, I have created a post request with
name,username,password
- i am trying to test this using the
postman
chrome add-on.
But I am always getting an error instead of my data posted.
i am connecting with
db
like this:
mongoose.connect( 'mongodb://jbarif:root@ds147975.mlab.com:47975/family', function( err ) {
if( err ) console.log( err );
console.log( 'connection successful!' ); //getting consoled
} );
posting the data like this:
"use strict";
var User = require('../models/userModel');
module.exports = function( express, app ){
var openApi = express.Router();
openApi.post('/create', function( req, res ){
var user = new User();
var name = req.body.name;
var username = req.body.username;
var password = req.body.password;
console.log( name, username, password + '\n' + user );
user.save(function(err) {
if (err) {
// duplicate entry
if (err.code == 11000)
return res.json({ success: false, message: 'A user with that username already exists. '});
else
return res.send(err); //always getting this!
}
res.json({ message: 'User created!' });
});
});
//prefixing the open apis
app.use('/open', openApi);
return openApi;
}
here is the error from
postman
:
{
"message": "User validation failed",
"name": "ValidationError",
"errors": {
"password": {
"message": "Path `password` is required.",
"name": "ValidatorError",
"properties": {
"type": "required",
"message": "Path `{PATH}` is required.",
"path": "password"
},
"kind": "required",
"path": "password"
},
"username": {
"message": "Path `username` is required.",
"name": "ValidatorError",
"properties": {
"type": "required",
"message": "Path `{PATH}` is required.",
"path": "username"
},
"kind": "required",
"path": "username"
}
}
}
for your knowledge here is my
server.js
:
var
express = require('express'),
path = require('path'),
morgan = require('morgan'),
bodyParser = require('body-parser'),
port = process.env.PORT || 8080,
mongoose = require('mongoose'),
openApi = require('./app/api/openApi'),
familyApi = require('./app/api/familyApi'),
app = express();
//app config;-
var base = app.use( express.static( __dirname + '/public') );
var reqest = app.use( morgan('dev') );
var jsonParse = app.use( bodyParser.json() );
var urlParse = app.use( bodyParser.urlencoded({extended:true}));
mongoose.connect( 'mongodb://jbarif:root@ds147975.mlab.com:47975/family', function( err ) {
if( err ) console.log( err );
console.log( 'connection successful!' );
} );
// mongoose.connect('mongodb://node:noder@ds013456.mlab.com:13456/practical');
//calling api from another files;
openApi( express, app );
familyApi( express, app );
app.get('/', function( req, res ) {
res.sendFile( path.join( __dirname + '/public/app/views/index.html') );
});
app.get('*', function( req, res, next ) {
return res.status(404).json({success: false, message: 'Route \'' + req.url + '\' is invalid.'});
});
app.listen( port );
console.log('app is listening at', port );
Answer Source
Mongoose validation is failing because you have nothing in user object.
change it to :
var userData = {name: req.body.name, username: req.body.username, password:req.body.password};
var user = new User(userData); | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 3, 1892.djvu/306
298 and in the absolute difference between what they call "dead" and living matter; in accepting and theorising on these reports, no allowance has been made for the turn given to them by the preconceived notions of these Christian missionaries and travellers; nor any allowance for the unwillingness and inability of savage peoples and uncultured classes to reveal what their notions of things really are, and their persistent effort, indeed, to conceal and mislead when questioned as to these notions. Secondly, the scientific study of Folk-lore, in its comparison of the genuine expressions of Folk-belief in Folk-customs, Folk-sayings, and Folk-poesies shows that the terms which would be usually translated by our words "soul", "ghost", or "spirit" do not mean anything like what these words signify to us. One finds, for instance, that what is really meant by the terms thus translated is not a wandering "spirit", but a restless corpse, and that Dr. Tylor's definition of the "soul" as "capable of continued existence after the death or destruction of the body", is a Christian Culture-conception, rather than a Pagan Folk-conception; or that what | WIKI |
Talk:Fuccboi (novel)
notability and OR
Article was tagged for notability and original research, I reverted it – can't ping the editor, so if you'd like to lay out your thinking here, that'd be welcome. theleekycauldron (talk • contribs) (she/her) 23:34, 9 December 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
~singpolyma/sgx-jmp
ref: 045da39f25b74034e7bba44cb5f1db48a935ba84 sgx-jmp/test/test_customer_repo.rb -rw-r--r-- 4.2 KiB
045da39fStephen Paul Weber Hotfix: arguments in wrong order 1 year, 9 months ago
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# frozen_string_literal: true
require "test_helper"
require "customer_repo"
class CustomerRepoTest < Minitest::Test
FAKE_REDIS = FakeRedis.new(
# sgx-jmp customer
"jmp_customer_jid-test" => "test@example.com",
"jmp_customer_id-test@example.com" => "test",
"catapult_jid-+13334445555" => "customer_test@jmp.chat",
"catapult_cred-customer_test@jmp.chat" => [
"test_bw_customer", "", "", "+13334445555"
],
# sgx-jmp customer, empty DB
"jmp_customer_jid-empty" => "empty@example.com",
"jmp_customer_id-empty@example.com" => "empty",
"catapult_jid-+16667778888" => "customer_empty@jmp.chat",
"catapult_cred-customer_empty@jmp.chat" => [
"test_bw_customer", "", "", "+16667778888"
],
# v2 customer
"jmp_customer_jid-test_v2" => "test_v2@example.com",
"jmp_customer_id-test_v2@example.com" => "test_v2",
"catapult_jid-+14445556666" => "test_v2@example.com",
"catapult_cred-test_v2@example.com" => [
"test_bw_customer", "", "", "+14445556666"
],
# legacy customer
"catapult_cred-legacy@example.com" => [
"catapult_user", "", "", "+12223334444"
],
"catapult_jid-+12223334444" => "legacy@example.com"
)
FAKE_DB = FakeDB.new(
["test"] => [{
"balance" => BigDecimal(1234),
"plan_name" => "test_usd",
"expires_at" => Time.now + 100
}],
["test_v2"] => [{
"balance" => BigDecimal(2345),
"plan_name" => "test_usd",
"expires_at" => Time.now + 100
}]
)
def mkrepo(
redis: FAKE_REDIS,
db: FAKE_DB,
braintree: Minitest::Mock.new
)
CustomerRepo.new(redis: redis, db: db, braintree: braintree)
end
def setup
@repo = mkrepo
end
def test_find_by_jid
customer = @repo.find_by_jid("test@example.com").sync
assert_kind_of Customer, customer
assert_equal 1234, customer.balance
assert_equal "merchant_usd", customer.merchant_account
end
em :test_find_by_jid
def test_find_by_id
customer = @repo.find("test").sync
assert_kind_of Customer, customer
assert_equal 1234, customer.balance
assert_equal "merchant_usd", customer.merchant_account
end
em :test_find_by_id
def test_find_by_customer_jid
customer = @repo.find_by_jid("customer_test@jmp.chat").sync
assert_kind_of Customer, customer
assert_equal 1234, customer.balance
assert_equal "merchant_usd", customer.merchant_account
end
em :test_find_by_customer_jid
def test_find_by_jid_not_found
assert_raises do
@repo.find_by_jid("test2@example.com").sync
end
end
em :test_find_by_jid_not_found
def test_find_legacy_customer
customer = @repo.find_by_jid("legacy@example.com").sync
assert_kind_of LegacyCustomer, customer
assert_equal "+12223334444", customer.tel
end
em :test_find_legacy_customer
def test_find_sgx_customer_by_phone
customer = @repo.find_by_tel("+13334445555").sync
assert_kind_of Customer, customer
assert_equal "test", customer.customer_id
end
em :test_find_sgx_customer_by_phone
def test_find_v2_customer_by_phone
customer = @repo.find_by_tel("+14445556666").sync
assert_kind_of Customer, customer
assert_equal "test_v2", customer.customer_id
end
em :test_find_v2_customer_by_phone
def test_find_legacy_customer_by_phone
customer = @repo.find_by_tel("+12223334444").sync
assert_kind_of LegacyCustomer, customer
assert_equal "legacy@example.com", customer.jid.to_s
end
em :test_find_legacy_customer_by_phone
def test_find_missing_phone
assert_raises do
@repo.find_by_tel("+15556667777").sync
end
end
em :test_find_missing_phone
def test_find_db_empty
customer = @repo.find("empty").sync
assert_equal BigDecimal(0), customer.balance
end
em :test_find_db_empty
def test_create
redis = Minitest::Mock.new
braintree = Minitest::Mock.new
repo = mkrepo(redis: redis, braintree: braintree)
braintree_customer = Minitest::Mock.new
braintree.expect(:customer, braintree_customer)
braintree_customer.expect(:create, EMPromise.resolve(
OpenStruct.new(success?: true, customer: OpenStruct.new(id: "test"))
))
redis.expect(
:msetnx,
EMPromise.resolve(1),
[
"jmp_customer_id-test@example.com", "test",
"jmp_customer_jid-test", "test@example.com"
]
)
assert_kind_of Customer, repo.create("test@example.com").sync
assert_mock braintree
assert_mock braintree_customer
assert_mock redis
end
em :test_create
end | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 14.djvu/71
* MOSS. 57 has a good harbor visited by steamers, and trades in wood and preserves. Population, iu I'JOO, 8!)41. In 1814 the treaty was signed at Moss by which Norway consented to a union with Sweden. MOSS (.MDutth, Dutch, OIIG. mus, Ger. Moos, moss; eonneeted with Lat. inuscus, OChurch Slav. iiiUfliCi, Lith. miisai, Welsh mwswg, moss). A plant belonging to the group Musci (q.v. ) of the bryopbytes (q.v.). MOSS AGATE. See Mocha Stone. MOSSAMEDES, mos-sil'mfi-dSs. The chief town of the District of Mossamedes, Portuguese West Africa, situated on the Atlantic coast 150 miles north of the mouth of the Kunene (Map: Africa, F li). It is a well-built and regularly laid out town, with a fine Government building, church, hospital, and a fort. The harbor is excel- lent, and equipped with an iron pier, and the trade is considerable. The chief exports are rub- ber, cattle, and dried fish. Population, 4500. MOSS-ANIMALS. See Polyzoa. MOSSBUNKER (from Dutch marshanker, probably from mars, peddler's pack, or possibly from mas, crowd -- bank, bank; so called in allusion to the appearance of the fish in shoals ) . A name (heard about New York and New Jersey) for the menhaden (q.v.). It is said by Goode (Fishery Industries, Hec. /., Washington. 1884) that the word is a relic of the early Dutch, who took it from their name for the horse mackerel of Europe, which was "marshbanker.' It has survived in some localities in New Jersey in its original form, but is more usually cut down and changed to 'bunker' about New York and Long Island Sound. MOSSES FROM AN OLD MANSE. A col- lection of tales by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1846). Many of his famous sketches are contained in it. MOSSLEY> mos'Ii. A municipal borough in Lancashire, England, on the Tame, three miles southeast of Oldham (Map: England, D .3) . Its importance dates from 1840, when there were established cotton and woolen factories, mill works, and foundries. The town hall is a hand- some structure. The municipality owns its mar- kets and its gas works, and maintains recreation grounds. Population, in 1901, 1.3,450. MOSSO, m6s's6, Angelo (1846—). An Ital- ian physiologist. He was born at Turin, studied medicine there, at Florence, Leipzig, and Paris, and in 1870 w'as appointed professor of physi- ology at Tvirin. He invented various instruments to measure the pulse, and experimented and wrote upon the variation in the volume of the piilsp during sleep, mental activitv. or emotion. In 1900-01 he visited the United States and em- bodied the results of his observations in Demn- cra^ia nella religione e neUn srien::a (1901). Among his other works are: Die Diagnosfik des Pulses (1879): l^uVa pnura (1884. trans, into German and French) ; Die Temperatur des Ge- liirns (1894) ; and Der ![enseh anf den Hoeh- alprn (1898). MOSS PINK. A flowering plant. See Pjii.ox. MOSS SIDE. A manufacturing town in Lan- cashire. England. I'G miles southwest of Man- chester (Map: England, D 3). It is provided with !ias. electric lightiiig. and water by the Manchester corporation. The town owns its tramways and slaughter-houses, maintains a MOSTELLARIA. free library, and provides for technical educa- tion. Population, in 1891, 23,800; in 1901,26,700. MOST, JoiiANN Joseph ( 1840— ). A German- American anarchist, born at Augsburg in Ba varia. lie learned the trade of bookbinding, and in 1863-68 traveled as an apprentice through Germany, Austria, Italy, and Switzcrbind. On his return to Germany he was first a socialist writer at Mainz and afterwards editor of tlie Frcie Presse in Berlin. He was several times arrested and imprisoned because of the violence of his writings. From 1874 to 1878 he was a representative of Chemnitz in the Imperial Reichstag, but in the latter year, having been expelled from the socialist organization, he went to London, where in 1879 he founded the anarch- ist organ Die Frcilieit. In 1881 he was there arrested for printing editorials approving the assassination of Czar Alexander II. and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment. Upon his re- lease he emigrated to New York, where he re- sumed the publication of his paper. In 1886, and again in 1887, he was imprisoned for incit- ing to violence. During the following years he continued to publish his paper, lectured, and wrote frequently in the interests of anarchy. .fter President McKinley's assassination, in 1001, he was arrested for publishing a .seditious editorial in Die Freilieit, and was sentenced to one year's imprisonment. He was sent to the New York penitentiary in June, 1902. Among Most's publications are: Der Kleinbiirger und die Socinldemokratie ( 1876) ; Die Liisiing der soeialen Fra(ie (1876); Mosts Proletarier-JAcderhuch (1875) ; Why I Am a Communist (1890) ; and Down with the An^archi-sts! (1901), a pamphlet published in order to prove that the aims of anarchy are pacific. MOSTAGANEM, mos'ta-ga-nem'. A fortified seaport of Western Algeria, in the Department of Oran, situated on a steep cliff on the Mediter- ranean coast 45 miles east of Oran (Map: Africa, El). It has flour mills and tanneries, and an active trade in wool, skins, and horses. It is con- nected by a branch road with the railroad from Oran to Algiers. Population, in 1901. 17.485; of commune. 18,090. Mostaganem was a large and important trade centre in the sixteenth cen- tury, but later fell into decay. It has again jirospered since its capture by the French in 1833. MOSTAR, mos'tiir. The largest town and former capital of Herzegovina (q.v.), situated on the Narenta about 50 miles southwest of Serajevo, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Austria-Hungary, E 5). It has a number of modern buildings, but is essentially Oriental in appearance, with its numerous mosques, bazaars, and Turkish shops. There are a fine Greek cathedral, a higher gymnasium, and a number of trade schools. Tobacco and arms are the chief products. Mostar is the seat of a Roman Catholic and a Greek bishop, as well as of a mufti, and has a strong garrison. Population, in 1895, 17,020, including over 7000 Mohamme- dans. MOS'TELLA'RIA (Lat.. ghost). An enter- taining comedy of a haunted house, by Plautus, which appears to have been adapted from the Phnsmn of Philemon. The plot is ingenious and the characters are well drawn. | WIKI |
Stereotypic movement disorder
Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is a motor disorder with onset in childhood involving restrictive and/or repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand waving or head banging), that markedly interferes with normal activities or results in bodily injury. To be classified as SMD, the behavior in question must not be due to the direct effects of a substance, autism, or another medical condition. The cause of this disorder is not known.
Signs and symptoms
Common repetitive movements of SMD include head banging, arm waving, hand shaking, rocking and rhythmic movements, self-biting, self-hitting, and skin-picking; other stereotypies are thumb-sucking, dermatophagia, nail biting, trichotillomania, bruxism and abnormal running or skipping.
Cause
The cause of stereotypic movement disorder is unknown.
Diagnosis
Stereotyped movements are common in infants and young children; if the child is not distressed by movements and daily activities are not impaired, diagnosis is not warranted. When stereotyped behaviors cause significant impairment in functioning, an evaluation for stereotypic movement disorder is warranted. There are no specific tests for diagnosing this disorder, although some tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions. SMD may occur with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, intellectual disability, Autistic Spectrum Disorder, fetal alcohol exposure, or as a result of amphetamine intoxication.
When diagnosing stereotypic movement disorder, DSM-5 calls for specification of:
* with or without self-injurious behavior;
* association with another known medical condition or environmental factor;
* severity (mild, moderate or severe).
Classification
Stereotypic movement disorder is classified in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a motor disorder, in the category of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Differential diagnosis
Other conditions which feature repetitive behaviors in the differential diagnosis include autism spectrum disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, tic disorders (e.g., Tourette syndrome), and other conditions including dyskinesias.
Stereotypic movement disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome (TS). Unlike the tics of TS, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age three, are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics. Tics are less likely to be stimulated by excitement. Children with stereotypic movement disorder do not always report being bothered by the movements as a child with tics might.
Treatment
There is no consistently effective medication for SMD, and there is little evidence for any effective treatment. In non-autistic habit reversal training may be useful as well as decoupling. No treatment is an option when movements are not interfering with daily life.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the severity of the disorder. Recognizing symptoms early can help reduce the risk of self-injury, which can be lessened with medications. Stereotypic movement disorder due to head trauma may be permanent.
Epidemiology
Although not necessary for the diagnosis, individuals with intellectual disability are at higher risk for SMD. It is more common in boys, and can happen at any age | WIKI |
What is wrong this line of code?
fn main() {
println!("{:?}", std::option::Option::filter("hello world", |a : &str| a.len() == 5))
}
i wanna write it that way but it says size not known
How it is expected to work, first of all? Option::filter is a method, its first argument is self, i.e. Option<T>.
2 Likes
It's usually a good idea to also include:
• The error message you're hitting
• Maybe a link to the playground, then people can easily replicate it and may be able to help
Copied it to the playground: Rust Playground
I give you that the first error is indeed a bit unhelpful.
But if you look a bit further you'll find:
error[E0308]: mismatched types
<snip>
= note: expected enum `Option<str>`
found reference `&'static str`
Option::filter expects self as its first argument, so it must be of type Option<T>
That gets you to
println!("{:?}", Option::filter(Some("hello world"), |a : &str| a.len() == 5))
which will give you the error:
= note: expected closure signature `for<'a> fn(&'a &str) -> _`
found closure signature `for<'a> fn(&'a str) -> _`
And that's because P: FnOnce(&T) -> bool.
And your T = &str.
If you then try with |a: &&str| ... it will work. Or you can just leave out the type annotation there.
3 Likes
please i need answer i am stuck
There have been answers within 10 minutes of your initial post. So ... uhm ... read those first
3 Likes
That's on you then and there's not much we can help you with anymore, sorry.
2 Likes
It is completely unclear what you are even trying to do.
You are calling a function that is a method of Option (ie. it's first argument is Option<_>) on a type that is clearly not Option (&str).
Your filter condition looks like you want to restrict to something that has 5 characters. The words "hello" and "world" both have 5 characters. Maybe you are trying to split your string on whitespace and filter to words that have 5 characters – I have no idea if that is actually what you are after. But if so, then Option::filter isn't going to help you.
You probably wanted to use the str::split_whitespace() method in this case, and filter the resulting iterator.
3 Likes
Certainly you have answers to your question there. Your question was "What is wrong with this line of code" and people have explained why it will not compile.
I suspect that was not the question you really meant to ask. It would help people help you if you would say what it is you actually want to achieve with that code. Otherwise people have to guess at what your real problem is, which of course is likely to be unhelpful and a waste of time.
So, what are you actually trying to do with that code?
2 Likes
i fixed the issue
I'm curious. What was it supposed to do? How did you fix it?
it supposes to add extra check on some or none and i fixed it by creating an option type because filter is defined for option type
1 Like
This topic was automatically closed 90 days after the last reply. We invite you to open a new topic if you have further questions or comments. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to Buy a Sound Decibel Meter
Categories
Consider the features and costs of a sound decibel meter before you buy it. Also consider its methods for noise measurements. There are two types: professional-grade and handheld sound decibel meters. Listed below are some benefits of each type of sound level meter. Read on to learn how to buy one for your needs. Here are some tips to help you choose the best sound decibel meter. The right model will help you get the job done.
Features of a sound decibel meter
A sound decibel meter is a device that measures sound level, typically in decibels. The display will display the level, either directly or in a combination of frequency-weighting and time. It can also be displayed in signal form such as AC and DC. It may be connected to an external instrument for further processing. Depending on the use, some meters also have an output jack for recording.
There are different types of noise-level meters. The “A”-weighting system approximates the equal loudness contour at low levels of SPLs. The “B”-weighting networks correspond to medium-level and “C”-weighting networks correspond to high-level. There is also a “D”-weighting network, which is used in aircraft noise measurements. These weighting networks don’t correlate well with subjective tests.
Methods of measuring noise levels with a sound decibel meter
The basic use of a sound-level meter is to measure the loudness of sounds and to display the readings in decibels. These meters use a microphone to measure sound pressure levels and work by converting them to an electrical signal. According to Anthonysespresso.com sound decibel meters are used to measure the loudness and duration of sounds. They will display the results in decibels. A young listener’s threshold of pain is 120 decibels. This is approximately ten times louder that zero.
The second most common method for measuring noise levels using a sound decibel meter is manual data collection. Manual data collection is time consuming and requires the use of many sound decibel meters by a large number of people. This method of measuring noise levels requires large numbers of sound level meters and many trained people to do the measurements. It is still more accurate than using a sound decibelmeter for one measurement.
Cost of a sound decibel meter
If you’re unsure of how to choose the best sound decibel meter for your needs, there are two main types: linear integrating and exponential. In the past, they were both described in separate standards. IEC 123 was the first standard for industrial meters. IEC 61672 is the second standard for both types. Both were originally described with four accuracy classes. However, this number has been consolidated into two.
The cost of sound level meters can vary depending on their features and class. Basic models are as low as $100 while more expensive models can run up to $3500. You can also choose from different software options to complement your sound decibel meter. Some manufacturers offer free solutions with basic data transfer capabilities, while others offer more comprehensive post-processing platforms for editing and analyzing measurement data. A good rule of thumb is to purchase a unit that meets your current measurement needs, but can easily be upgraded or replaced with new features as your business grows.
Choosing a sound decibel meter
There are several factors to consider when choosing a sound decibel meter. The noise level that you will be measuring is the first. A device that measures the loudness in a stadium’s acoustics might be useful if you are measuring noise from outdoor concerts. Besides the noise level, price is also a factor. You might consider investing in a more costly model with more advanced features.
Sound-level meters are useful tools to assess the intensity of noise in a room or other area. Sound decibel meters can be used to adjust the noise level for safety, comfort, and productivity. They are used extensively in offices, factories, music studios, as well as other areas. Click here to purchasing the best one depends on your environment, noise source, and accuracy requirements. There are some tips to help you choose the right decibel meter for you.
Recent Stories | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Commonwealth v. Aves
Commonwealth v. Aves, 35 Mass. 193 (1836), was a case in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on the subject of transportation of slaves to free states. In August 1836, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw ruled that slaves brought to Massachusetts "for any temporary purpose of business or pleasure" were entitled to freedom. The case was the most important legal victory for abolitionists in the 1830s and set a major precedent throughout the North.
History
In 1836, Mary Aves Slater of New Orleans went to Boston to visit Thomas Aves, her father. She brought with her a six-year-old girl named Med who, under Louisiana law, was considered the property of Slater's husband, Samuel Slater. When members of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society learned that an enslaved girl was staying in Boston, they hired attorney Rufus Choate to bring the matter to court. Choate was joined by abolitionist attorneys Ellis Gray Loring and Samuel E. Sewall.
A writ of habeas corpus was served on Thomas Aves, the owner of the house where Med was staying. It was served in the name of a male abolitionist, Levin H. Harris, because it was considered unseemly in those days for women to take part in public affairs. On August 21, 1836, the case was brought before Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.
Benjamin Robbins Curtis, later known for his dissent in the Dred Scott decision, represented Aves. Curtis argued that the doctrine of comity required Massachusetts to respect the laws of Louisiana, and therefore Mrs. Slater should be allowed to bring Med home with her.
Loring argued that the comity principle did not apply "in doubtful cases," and that there was no consensus on slavery; England and several other European nations had a policy of "disregarding the lex loci in the case of slaves," giving them "immediate and entire liberty" when they were brought there from another country. He characterized slavery as immoral, and expounded on the commonwealth's longstanding commitment to liberty.
When giving his opinion, Shaw discussed several precedents in international law, including the British case of Somerset v. Stewart (1772), and the abolishment of slavery in Massachusetts. The only people who could be treated as slaves in Massachusetts, he reasoned, were fugitive slaves, and then only because the U.S. Constitution specifically required it. Therefore, Med had become free as soon as her alleged owner voluntarily brought her to Massachusetts. He cited several cases demonstrating that even in Southern states it was understood that a slave became free when voluntarily brought to a free state.
Commonwealth v. Aves was later used as a precedent in other Northern states. Connecticut used it in Jackson v. Bulloch (1837); New York and Pennsylvania used it in legislation declaring that slaves became free when brought to those states; and Ohio courts began using it in 1841. By the start of the Civil War, every Northern state other than Indiana, Illinois, and New Jersey granted freedom automatically to any slave brought within its borders.
Med was placed in the custody of the abolitionist women, while her mother and siblings remained enslaved in New Orleans. The women renamed her Maria Somerset, after Maria Weston Chapman and the Somerset case. At some point later she was moved to an orphanage. | WIKI |
Page:Euripides (Donne).djvu/173
Rh
Different he, of different guise
His arms. Who is the warrior?
Tydeus he,
The son of Œneus.
What! the prince who made
The sister of my brother's bride his choice?"
The young and graceful Parthenopæus, the proud boaster Capaneus, and Hippomedon, that "haughty king," are pointed out; but Antigone casts only a passing glance on these, and yearns to behold her brother. "Where is my Polynices, tell me?" "He is standing there near the tomb of Niobe," is the reply. I see him, but indistinctly," says the princess, "I see the semblance of his form:"—
Although, not among the leading characters, Menœceus, the son of Creon, Jocasta's brother, is a most interesting one. The prophet Tiresias has declared that Thebes must be taken by the Seven, unless this youth will die for the people. In deep distress Creon implores his son to quit this fatal land. Menœceus, "with an honest fraud," deceiving his father, freely gives his life. He says:— | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 42 Part 1.djvu/536
508 SIXTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Sess. II. Ch. 185. 1922. at $1,100 each, one $1,020, four at $1,000 each, six at $900 each; accountant and bookkeeper, $2,000; messengers or laborers—sixteen at $840 each, eight at $720 each, six at $600 each; lieutenants of the watch—one $1,000, two at $960 each; watchmen—thirty at $840 each, fifty-two at $720 each; skilled laborers—four at $1,000 each, three at $960 each; messen}g;vboys—two at $720 each, seven at $600 each, nine at $480 each; c omen—0ne $540, three at $480 each, one $360, sixteen at $240 each; for extra labor and emergency em- M _ plo ents, $12,480· in all, $361,920. _ pi0y`§§T‘m°°l’ °°°"°m' Pychi salaries and compensation of necessary employees in the mechanical sho s and power plant of the Department of %culture, §',‘;¤"§·{;’g,smm, b $90,000: Prowkiied, That hereafter the Secretary of Agric ture may, bureaus, <=¤¤·.i<¤ ww; by transfer settlement through the general accounting office, reimd°°° u°°°f°° burse any appropriation ma e for the salaries and compensation of employees m the mechanical shops of the department from the appropriation made for the bureau, office, or division for which any work m said sho is performed, and such reimbursement shall be at the actual cost oislabor for such work. Total, Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, $451,920. msozuaxnous EXPENSES, nmranrnmrrr or AGRICULTURE. °°¤'¤*¤¢°¤*°*P°¤¤°¤- For stationery, blank books, twine, a, gum, dry goods, soa , brushes, brooms, mats, oils, paints, glass, iiucriiber, hardware, ice, {ues, water and as pipes, heating apparatus, furnitnue, carpets and mattings· for Eghts, freight, express charges advertising, telegraphing, telephoning, postage, washing towels, and necessary replairs and improvements to b an heating apparatus; or the purchase, subsistence, and care o orses and the purchase and repair of harness and vehicles, for omcial purposes only; for the payment of duties on imported articles, and the Dxartment of Agriculture’s pro ortionate share of the expense of the patch aglent m New Yor ; iior official traveling expenses; and for other misce aneous supplies and enses not otherwise provided for, and necessary for the and Aumemensww efficient work of the department, $161,000, of which not to exceed °""‘ $5%:10 phaltlh be ginriglediately gvaélgzble for tgie purplhase of an auto- _mo e or eo ci useo the retaryo Agric ture. ¤a;i.?1$¤i?a°i%i° The Secretago of Agriculture is authorized to construct in the grounds of the partment of Agriculture, in the District of Columbia and at a fpomt to be selected by `m, a vault at a cost of not exceedin $2,500, or the safe storage outside of laboratories and buildings, ol supplies of highly infiammable materials, the cost of such vault to be prorated and paid from the appropriations provided for the bureaus occupying space therein. am. RENT or nurwmcs IN rim msrmcr or ooumnrn. B"“<“¤¢S·°*¤·· D·C· For rent of buildings and parts of buildings in the District of Columbia, for use of the various bureaus, divisions, and offices of the Qéttgghm Department of Agriculture, $181,866: Prmnkkd, That only such part ` of this sum shall e available to pa rent for space which can not be furnishedteby the Public Buildings Commission in Government buildmgs loca in the District of Columbia. W°°*h°* B‘¤°°“- WEATHER BUREAU. samnms. Sisfjgg §;rgS¤*g,¤g· ¤· Chief of bureau, $5,000; assistant chief, $3,250; chief clerk, $2,500- ’ ’ chiefs of divisions-—one of stations and accounts $2,750, one of prmtmg, $2,500, three at $2,000 each; clerks—eight of class four, | WIKI |
Cost-effectiveness of proton radiotherapy versus photon radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer patients: Exploring the model-based approach
Loeki Aldenhoven*, B Ramaekers, J Degens, C Oberije, J van Loon, A C Dingemans, D De Ruysscher, M Joore
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
1 Citation (Scopus)
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Proton radiotherapy (PT) is a promising but more expensive strategy than photon radiotherapy (XRT) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PT is probably not cost-effective for all patients. Therefore, patients can be selected using normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models with predefined criteria. This study aimed to explore the cost-effectiveness of three treatment strategies for patients with stage III NSCLC: 1. photon radiotherapy for all patients (XRTAll); 2. PT for all patients (PTAll); 3. PT for selected patients (PTIndividualized).
METHODS: A decision-analytical model was constructed to estimate and compare costs and QALYs of all strategies. Three radiation-related toxicities were included: dyspnea, dysphagia and cardiotoxicity. Costs and QALY's were incorporated for grade 2 and ≥ 3 toxicities separately. Incremental Cost-Effectiven Ratios (ICERs) were calculated and compared to a threshold value of €80,000. Additionally, scenario, sensitivity and value of information analyses were performed.
RESULTS: PTAll yielded most QALYs, but was also most expensive. XRTAll was the least effective and least expensive strategy, and the most cost-effective strategy. For thresholds higher than €163,467 per QALY gained, PTIndividualized was cost-effective. When assuming equal minutes per fraction (15 minutes) for PT and XRT, PTIndividualized was considered the most cost-effective strategy (ICER: €76,299).
CONCLUSION: Currently, PT is not cost-effective for all patients, nor for patient selected on the current NTCP models used in the Dutch indication protocol. However, with improved clinical experience, personnel and treatment costs of PT can decrease over time, which potentially leads to PTIndividualized, with optimal patient selection, will becoming a cost-effective strategy.
Original languageEnglish
Article number109417
Pages (from-to)109417
JournalRadiotherapy and Oncology
Volume183
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2023
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
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Software Architecture
In this blog, I will write some notes about software architecture that I have learned through experience or through books.
What is software architecture
In the book "Architecting applications for the enterprise" by Dino Esposito and Andrea Saltarello, they have give a very apt definition. According to them architecture precisely refers to building a system for a client.
Thinking
Software architecture is not an exact science. The principles are guidelines and not rules. Sometimes these principles might even be in conflict of each other. So the main point is building a system for a client - which means choosing the guidelines based on your needs. It all depends on the context.
What about all the -ities
While reading the book of standards is immensely boring, the ISO/IEC 9126 standard actually does a good job of categorizing the -ities. By the way, what is -ities? ities mean all the words applicable in software architecture that end with ity. For ex. Functionality, reliability, usability etc. The standard defines that there are 6 such categories
• Functionality - based on requirements for suitability, security, inter-operability and compliance.
• Reliability - capability of software to maintain a certain performance under special conditions. This includes maturity, fault tolerance and recoverability.
• Usability - ability for a user to understand and use it easily.
• Efficiency - performance in terms of appropriate time response and resource utilization.
• Maintainability - ability to adopt for changes.
• Portability - ability to port from one platform to another.
Fundamentals
• Cohesion - High cohesion means in a function, class or library the set of responsibilities are strongly related. High cohesion is good, that is, if all responsibilities are strongly related and they are in one place (function, class or library) then they favor maintenance and re-usability. Conversely, if a function, class or library is taking on too many responsibilities, its tough to maintain and reuse. This is similar to Single Responsibility Principle.
• Coupling - Two classes (X and Y), libraries or modules are said to be coupled if changes to one almost always require a change in other. And if X is not logically involved in the changes made to Y but it has to change because of the created dependency then they are considered as coupled. Low coupling is preferred.
• Together - Cohesion and coupling go hand in hand. If two functions or classes which are part of a logical responsibility are together - that is fine. We don't need to take steps to decouple them. Although, in case of classes it is advisable to communicate via interfaces. A system which has low coupling and high cohesion generally is highly readable, maintainable, testable and reusable. The principle of separation of concerns means high cohesion and low coupling. Concerns and features are generally one and the same.
Composition vs Inheritance
Inheritance is a pillar of OO programming. But it has subtle issues when it comes to fragile base classes, virtual members, constructors etc. Composition is a more defensive approach. For ex, let's say there is a User class and there is a need for RegisteredUser class. In composition, you will create a RegisteredUser class which will have a private User property. It is up to you to expose whatever public members of User you want to expose and whatever logic you want to keep between User and RegisteredUser. RegisteredUser has no access to internal members of User class and can not alter User class's behavior in any way. The composed classes have no explicit relationship so you can not substitute one for the other. If you want to do so, you can always use a IUser interface. In case of Inheritance by passing around one or the other type, some subtle bugs can come up. To avoid this during inheritance, it is important to follow the guidelines of Liskov's principle.
SOLID
• S - Single Responsibility Principle - Classes should be simple and focus on one main core task or single responsibility. A responsibility is a reason to change. Not following SRP results in huge classes that become unmanageable over time. But taking SRP to limits results in anemic classes which only have properties and no behavior. This however doesn't mean that we should not have DTOs or ViewModel classes. Their purpose is to carry data - for which they are perfectly valid.
• O - Open Closed Principle - Modules should be open for extension and closed for modification. This principle promotes use of interfaces and composition. For ex, if a class uses a generic logging interface, it can be extended to use any logging mechanism without changing the code.
• L - Liskov's Principle - Subclasses should be substitutable for their base classes. This is to avoid derived classes altering the behavior of base classes in a way that is not expected. It is therefore better to use composition than inheritance.
• I - Interface Segregation Principle - Clients should not be forced to use interfaces they don't need. This is similar to SRP for interfaces. The principle says that we should try to avoid fat or thin interfaces. A thin interface doesn't really provide much value while a fat interface combines more than one responsibilities and the consumer has to implement functions for other responsibilities even if they don't need them.
• D - Dependency Inversion Principle - High level modules should not depend upon low level modules. Both should depend upon abstractions. This is similar to programming to interfaces rather than implementations. If two modules/classes/components are not really related but need to communicate, they should do it via interfaces. Then you are left with the problem of how to convert those interfaces into concrete classes and how to pass it to the external component. For that Dependency Injection Pattern can be used. Injecting dependencies via constructors is more preferable since it allows you to see upfront and in one place all the dependencies of a class.
Other Vectors (just guidelines not principles)
• KISS - Keep it simple stupid. It means that we should write only the logic that is necessary and avoid unneeded complexity.
• YAGNI - You ain't gonna need it. Similar to KISS.
• DRY - Don't repeat yourself. Avoid code duplication.
Domain Driven Design - DDD is about crunching knowledge about a given business domain and producing a software model that faithfully mirrors it. The focus here is on behavior rather than data. Few of the important aspects of DDD are noted below -
• Ubiquitous language - is a vocabulary shared by all parties involved in the project. It is used in both documentation and discussions. It also helps in naming and structuring the classes and properties and other constructs. It promotes clarity and minimizes assumptions. The language emerges out of numerous discussions that business teams have with development teams.
• Bounded Context - areas of the domain that are better treated independently because of their own ubiquitous language. So when analyzing the domain, we find that same ubiquitous language is not applicable yet the systems are connected - it is helpful to treat it as a separate bounded context with its own architecture.
• Domain Model - it is a conceptual view of a business domain. One bounded context has one domain model.
• Modules - Within a bounded context, a domain model is sub divided into modules. A module is similar to a .NET namespace. One bounded context or domain model can have several modules. A module consists of entities and value objects. Both are .NET classes.
• Value Objects - Object whose attributes never change after instantiation and if they change the object becomes a new instance which is fully identified by new collection of attributes. For ex. Address is a good example of a value object.
• Entities - When uniqueness is important to a specific object i.e when an attribute such as ID is required - then that object is an entity. Entities have both data and behavior.
• Persistence of Entities - A domain model doesn't directly take care of its own persistence. Repositories takes care of persistence on behalf of entities.
• Aggregates - When few individual entities are being constantly used and referenced together - the collection of entities is termed as aggregate. It is common to first decompose the domain model into aggregates and then into entities and value objects. Although they are separate entities, we treat them as a single unit for the purposes of data changes. Each aggregate has a root entity which is called aggregate root. Aggregate also represent invariant conditions in the domain model. An invariant condition is essentially a business rule that is required to be constantly verified in the domain model. An aggregate root can have an interface that can have properties or methods that check these invariant conditions.
• Domain Services - Any logic that spans across multiple aggregates is placed in classes called domain services. Ideally, if multiple entities in the same aggregate need some logic, that logic should go in aggregate root but if multiple aggregates are involved - domain services come into the picture. For ex. a checkout operation requires checking availability of product, checking price changes and checking shipping estimates. This logic can't be part of one aggregate.
• Repositories - are domain services responsible for persisting aggregates. One repository per aggregate root is advisable. It is in the repositories where actual data access code using connection strings or commands would be written. For ex, CustomerRepository, OrderRepository etc.
• Domain Events - Similar to events. When in requirements the 'when' adverb is used, most of the times it means that some event is going to take place 'when' something else happens. Instead of writing sequential code, it is desirable to break into events. This allows for defining a list of handlers without touching the code that raised the event. It also decouples the handler from the event meaning same handlers can be run in case of different events.
• Some similarity with relation databases - entities correspond to tables. Aggregates are union of tables linked together by FK relationships. And Aggregate root is the unique table in a graph of FK relationships that contain only outbound FK references.
When to use DDD - If the software project has some level of complexity, will need to be maintained for some time and will be updated for changes - it is advisable to look into DDD. DDD is more about analysis and mirroring the actual business domain - and the closer the software is to the business domain the better. If the need is for a simple or a one-time application - then we don't need to put much emphasis on DDD. If the job can be done by using say for example, wordpress, then also we don't need to worry about DDD. The point is to not create any unnecessary complexity. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Piece by Piece (2005 film)
Piece by Piece is a 2005 American documentary film directed by Nic Hill. The film documents San Francisco's graffiti culture from the early 1980s to 2004. It is narrated by the San Francisco graffiti artist Senor One, better known as Renos.
The San Francisco Bay Guardian ' s Cheryl Eddy singled the film out as the highlight of the 2006 Hi/Lo film festival, calling it "an educational experience" and "a thoughtful document". In a full review for that same paper, Johnny Ray Huston said it was "a thorough history that still makes time ... for abstract, lyrical flowing passages". Huston complained that sections such as those featuring Tie One or Reminisce could make movies in themselves, and wished to see more detailing of artists' entries into the legitimate art world. He concluded that the film and director "succeeded at a mighty task" and were interested in displaying "a deep but entertaining understanding of the city as both a historical site and a nexus for contemporary change". Rory L. Aronsky of Film Threat wrote that the documentary "gets this graffiti culture completely right", while for Dennis Harvey of Variety, it was "an excellent overview of two decades' graffiti in San Francisco".
Chapter 1
The first segment of Piece by Piece lays out the fundamentals of San Francisco graffiti by documenting topics that laid the groundwork for artists today. Items covered are “Cholo” writing, the impact of PBS's Style Wars (1983), and the development of San Francisco's defined style. This segment includes not only San Francisco's graffiti originals, but also commentary from noted New York City writers such as Seen, Cope2 and Case2. It also covers the life and death of Dream One, a San Francisco graffiti pioneer and a vocal figurehead in Bay Area urban welfare activism.
Chapter 2
The second segment elaborates on what it takes to establish credibility among the graffiti community, documents a shift from words to images, and tetcreats of how San Francisco developed graffiti styles yet to be seen in other parts of the world. This segment features works from writers such as KR and the horses of Reminisce, following writers and documenting their creative expression. Also featured here are Grey, Buter, Joro, Norm and Barry McGee (Twist).
Chapter 3
The final segment of Piece by Piece explores the wide range of public opinion towards graffiti by giving voice to citizens of San Francisco and to representatives of law enforcement on the subject. It also details the artists’ confessions of their love and addiction to graffiti art and typographic lettering, instances of their social activism, and the short life span of their work.
Featured artists and crews
Dug, Cycle, Grey, Seen, Dream, Tie One, KR, Revok, Twist, Renos, Crayone, Diet, Ub-40, Reminisce, Deen, Buter, Giant, Jorone, Vegan, Kode/Kodigo/Koder, Norm, Reyes, Abhor, Awe, Bisie, Bles, Bzaro, Case2, Charo, Chief, Cope2, Cuba, Cyme, Cypher, Darks, Dj Rise, Emuse, Erupto, Flack, Fury, Igni, Jase, Maseo, Mque, Nate, Kid, Neon, Omen, ORFN, Phine, Phresh, Piccaso, Poesia, Quake, Raeyvn, Revers, Rolex, Saber, Saytr, Sibl, Skew, Skrag, Spie, Sprays, Trem, Twick, UFO, Vogue, 1Werd, TMF, TDK, TWS, ICP, AS, THR, HTK, BMB, FSC, MSK, AWR, AOK, LORDS, BA, US, GTB, KUK, OSD, BST et al.
Soundtrack
* DJ Qbert, D-Styles, TOPR, People Under The Stairs, All Bets Off, Kid 606, Dystopia, Bas1 et al.
Awards and selections
* Best Documentary at the Bare Bones International Film Festival
* DC International Film Festival: Official Selection
* Documenta Madrid: Official Selection
* Hi/Lo Film Festival: Official Selection
* Rhythm of the Line - International Graffiti & Hip-hop Film Festival, Berlin: Official Selection | WIKI |
All's Well That Ends Well (Chiodos album)
All's Well That Ends Well is the debut album by American post-hardcore band Chiodos, released through Equal Vision Records in July 2005. Four music videos for the songs "One Day All Women Will Become Monsters", "The Words 'Best Friend' Become Redefined", "Baby, You Wouldn't Last a Minute on the Creek", and "All Nereids Beware" have been produced for the promotion of the album. The album has sold more than 200,000 copies as of 2008.
Re-release DVD
Live At The Metro – Chicago
* "There's No Penguins In Alaska"
* "Baby, You Wouldn't Last a Minute on the Creek"
Live At Bamboozle – New Jersey
* "The Words 'Best Friend' Become Redefined"
* "All Nereids Beware"
Live At The Chain Reaction – California
* "To Trixie And Reptile, Thanks For Everything" (Acoustic)
Home Movies
* On Tour With Chiodos
* Recording 'Lindsay Quit Lollygagging'
Personnel
* Chiodos
* Craig Owens – lead vocals
* Jason Hale – lead guitar
* Pat McManaman – rhythm guitar
* Matt Goddard – bass guitar
* Derrick Frost – drums
* Bradley Bell – keyboards, piano, vocals
* Production
* Produced, engineered and mixed by Marc Hudson
* Mastered by Alan Douches, at West West Side Music, West New York / Tenafly, New Jersey
* Art direction and design by Paul A. Romano (workhardened.com)
Trivia
* The song "One Day Women Will All Become Monsters" is a reference to Shakespeare's play King Lear. Many of the lyrics from the song as well as the title of the song are taken almost word for word from the play.
* The song "To Trixie And Reptile, Thanks For Everything" is a reference to old girlfriends of band members Craig Owens and Bradley Bell
* The song "There's No Penguins In Alaska" is made up from a number of Shakespeare's sonnets. The chorus comes from line 5 of Shakespeare's Fifth, the term "murderous shame" is borrowed from line 14 of his Ninth, and the lyrics "The worst was this; my love was my decay" are taken from line 14 of his Eightieth.
* The line "star-crossed lovers" from the song "Expired In Goreville" is derived from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
* Sandie Jenkins is a woman from Bradley Bell's church who would call his mother, and he could not recall where he had met her, thus the track title.
* In a Podcast interview with AP Magazine, Craig Owens revealed that the song "Baby, You Wouldn't Last a Minute on the Creek" is lyrically about Craig wanting to quit the band, not about the end of a relationship like majority assumed.
* The song title "There's No Penguins in Alaska" was originally a Snapple fact from inside of the cap.
* The end of the song "Baby, You Wouldn't Last A Minute On The Creek" is actually the first track, "Prelude", in reverse.
* In the song, "All Nereids Beware", the opening line "This spring of love resembles the uncertain glory of an April day" is a modern adaptation of a line said by Proteus in the Shakespearean play The Two Gentlemen of Verona.
* The Phrase "I'll Stop Stabbing When You Stop Screaming" is printed on the side of the liner behind the CD tray.
Charts
Album | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boo D. Licious
The result of the debate was delete. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 14:27, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
Boo D. Licious
Hardly notable. Aside from the fact that her name is a play on words from a Destiny Child song, this performer has not made enough movies to be even considered notable and has no other claims to notability to speak of. Thus Delete. Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 03:33, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete, not sufficiently notable. Roy boy cr ash fan [[Image:Flag_of_Texas.svg|30px]] 03:51, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per well argued nomination. ε γκυκλοπ αίδεια * 22:51, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
* Weak keep. The IMDB link lists a whole bunch of videos she's been in, way more than enough for any normal actor to be notable. It's possible that every one of those videos is such a tiny niche thing that they don't add up to notability, but it seems more likely that this person really is a notable porn actor. --Allen 22:55, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
* Delete Porn actors can make a movie a week, so imdb count isn't really the best benchmark, doesn't seem to have won any awards for her eh... "performances". Eivind 00:31, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
* Strong keep As a fine example of early 21 century Reality porn. Garnier 22:00, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
* Comment: The article in question does not assert this alleged fact. Care to cite a verifiable source? -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 03:53, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
* Keep.--KrossTalk 21:02, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
* Comment from closing admin: Quantity of videos is seldom a measurement for notability when it comes to porn. I mean really. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 14:27, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Mono is an open source implementation of Microsoft's .NET Framework based on the ECMA standards for C# and the Common Language Runtime.
learn more… | top users | synonyms
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Gottlob Burmann
Gottlob Wilhelm Burmann (18 May 1737 in Lauban – 5 January 1805) was a German Romantic poet and lipogrammatist. He is best known for his dislike of the letter R. The letter does not appear in any of his 130 poems. He even eliminated it from his daily speech, refusing to say his last name for over seventeen years. | WIKI |
Hoover still cooking with win over St. Francis - Glendale News-Press
NORTHEAST GLENDALE Can a successful summer league tournament change perceptions? That's the question facing the Hoover High boys' basketball team, which continued a summer of strong play in Saturday afternoon's Pool Play B finale at the Vaquero Summer Classic at Glendale Community College. The visiting Tornadoes relied on their depth in putting away depleted St. Francis, 62-42, in advancing to Sunday's championship. Undefeated Hoover will face unbeaten Mark Keppel of Alhambra, the Pool Play A champ, back at GCC at 3:50 p.m. for the tournament title. St. Francis, which finished 1-2 and third in its pool, takes on Glendale in the fifth-place game at 1:30 p.m. These types of wins are nice. It sure beats losing, but our thing in the summer is to keep on improving, Tornadoes Coach Jack Van Patten said. We thought we'd be good this year and certainly we've had to work on it. Our secret is to continue to do what we're good at and stay away from what we're not good at and we'll be OK. On Saturday afternoon, the Tornadoes' depth was apparent as five players scored seven or more points, including senior guards Jashley Francisco and Arvin Atakhanian, who teamed up for 30 points. The duo seemed at the epicenter of each thwarted Golden Knights' rally. St. Francis, which trailed by 11 at halftime, pulled to within 31-27 on a three-pointer from Jake Beck (team-high 12 points) off an assist from Jordan Lynch with 14:37 remaining. Beck's triple was immediately answered down court when Francisco found a wide open Teo Davidian, who buried his own three-pointer to put Hoover back up by seven. St. Francis again surged and climbed within 36-31 with 12:25 remaining on an offensive putback by Philip Little. Yet, Hoover answered back on its possession with a slashing layup from Atakhanian as the Tornadoes' lead was buoyed to 38-31. The bucket marked the first two points of a Hoover 10-0 run capped by a free throw from Atakhanian that propelled the Tornadoes to a 46-31 advantage with 8:49 remaining. We're pretty deep, we hustle and we shoot the ball well, said Van Patten, whose team hasn't posted a winning season since 2007-08. Once I can figure out what to do on offense, we may have something. The first half of play was somewhat seesaw with St. Francis leading, 10-8, until Hoover countered with a 9-0 run. St. Francis stayed within 21-18 before the Tornadoes closed with the final eight points of the half. Last year, we were pretty bad and we wouldn't have won these games. It was great to beat [Crescenta Valley] and now St. Francis, said Francisco, whose squad has dropped eight straight regular season games to Crescenta Valley. Maybe people will see we're a good team. As for St. Francis, perhaps the defeat was not an indicator of future success, as the team played without three starters, including injured junior forward Evan Crawford. We just weren't missing three starters. We were missing our three biggest players who are our most physical players, St. Francis Coach Ray O'Brien said. We're not the most athletic of teams, so we know if we don't execute, we won't win and that's what happened today. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Alan S. Goldman
Alan S. Goldman is an American chemist and Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Rutgers University. Goldman's research area is homogeneous catalysis with emphasis on C-H activation.
Recognition
Goldman has been recognized by numerous awards. He was awarded the ACS Catalysis Lectureship for the Advancement of Catalytic Science in 2018. He received the ACS Award in Organometallic Chemistry in 2019 and the Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson Award from the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK) in 2020. In 2021, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. | WIKI |
Page:De Vinne, Invention of Printing (1876).djvu/347
Rh invention of typography. It was thought that the fixing of the invention within this year would sufficiently establish the priority of Coster, for the year 1442 was the date then assigned to the rival invention in Germany. The authority of Junius for the year 1440 was, no doubt, a pedigree of the Coster family, of which he makes no mention.
There are troublesome entanglements connected with this date of 1440. Subsequent defenders of the legend, who tried to supply the deficiencies and correct the errors of Junius, made discoveries which compelled them to acknowledge that Lourens Janszoon (supposed by them to be Lourens Janszoon Coster) died in the year 1439. If he died in 1439, and if we believe that the invention was made in 1440, then he did his typographic work in the year after his death. The absurdity of this date was clearly perceived when it was afterward discovered that Gutenberg had been engaged as early as 1436 in experiments with printing. To preserve the appearance of probability, the date of the invention was removed to 1423, so as to allow Coster time for experiment and for the perfection of his invention.
The name of the inventor is as uncertain as the date of the invention. Junius names him Laurentius Johannes, surnamed Ædituus, or Custos. In the pedigree, the name was | WIKI |
Austria’s Ittner Says Banks Undercapitalized Versus Peers
Austria’s six biggest banks have
less capital and rely more on wholesale funding than their peers
in eastern Europe , and they need to build up their risk buffers,
the central bank’s chief bank supervisor said. The lenders, which include Erste Group Bank AG (EBS) and
Raiffeisen Bank International AG (RBI) , have an average Tier 1 capital
ratio of 9.4 percent, compared with 10.2 percent for 15
international banks active in the region, the central bank’s
Andreas Ittner told journalists in Vienna today. The Austrian
banks have lent 147 percent of their deposits compared with 127
percent for their peers, which means they have to raise more
funding in the market, Ittner said. “In our view it is necessary to beef up the risk buffers
and improve the capital ratios ,” Ittner said. “We appeal to
them to put as much as possible into the strengthening of
capital. We are in permanent talks to the banks about this.” Erste, Raiffeisen and UniCredit SpA (UCG) ’s Bank Austria are the
biggest lenders in the former Communist part of Europe. They
compete with KBC Groep NV (KBC) , Societe Generale (GLE) SA, Intesa Sanpaolo
SpA (ISP) and Swedbank AB. (SWEDA) In total, Austrian banks make 60 percent of their
consolidated net income in this region, and a third of their
exposure is in “higher risk” countries, Ittner said. Profit
originating from eastern Europe increased rapidly before the
financial crisis, and Ittner said the central bank didn’t want
that repeated. ‘Unlimited Growth’ “Banks shouldn’t return to the old growth models but
should aim for a new, sustainable, normality,” he said. “We
don’t want to return to the way things were before: unlimited
growth without appropriate risk buffers.” Ittner repeated a central bank estimate that the Alpine
nation’s banks need to raise 10 billion euros ($14.5 billion) by
2019 to reach the minimum requirement of 7 percent core Tier 1
capital under the new Basel III banking rules, and to repay 5.9
billion euros in state aid. He also said that the lenders are
aware that the minimum level won’t be sufficient. “All banks know that if they only hold the minimum level,
they won’t have access to particularly cheap refinancing,”
Ittner said. He said the central bank wouldn’t formally set a
higher limit than the Basel minimum itself, like Switzerland,
the United Kingdom and Sweden have. Ittner declined to predict if all three Austrian banks
undergoing this year’s European Union stress test would pass the
exercise. “If I knew that already we wouldn’t have to calculate
this,” he said. Apart from Erste and Raiffeisen,
Oesterreichische Volksbanken AG (VBPS) will participate for the first
time in the test. To contact the reporter on this story:
Boris Groendahl in Vienna at
bgroendahl@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Angela Cullen at
acullen8@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:United States/Archive 110
Article written by a New Yorker?
Articles seems to have be written by someone in New York as its mentioned 65 times, let alone Manhattan being mentioned 6 times. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:02, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* Given that New York is the largest city by population in the United States and the US center of both publishing and finance, it should hardly be surprising that it is mentioned frequently in this article. Also, you seem to be including the names of publications (e.g., New York Times) and the appearances of New York as a location within references (see above re: publishing). There are actually closer to 20 mentions of the city itself in this article. General Ization Talk 19:20, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* The notion that one New Yorker wrote or substantially wrote this article is incorrect. Over 5000 editors have contributed to this article, and 48 of them have made 100 or more edits. This is a highly collaborative article. Cullen328 (talk) 19:34, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* I also think the count does not differentiate between the city and the state, which would inflate the number. Shoreranger (talk) 13:44, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
* United Kingdom mentions London 38 times. TFD (talk) 11:48, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
* Excellent response. Shoreranger (talk) 21:25, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
It's a valid observation, though. Outside of lists or references, the top 5 largest cities as stated in the article are mentioned:
* 1) New York: 24 times
* 2) Los Angeles: 4 times
* 3) Chicago: 0 times
* 4) Dallas: 0 times
* 5) Houston: 1 time
Manhattan, a borough of New York City, is also discussed or mentioned an additional 7 times, more than any major city.
On a related note, I'm gathering sources to do the Fashion section which was originally added mainly about New York. Feel free to use any of these:
Regards, Rjjiii (talk) 19:36, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* As I recall, Chicago_school_(architecture) was mentioned in the article before it was removed in an overzealous machete swipe. Another approach would be to mention redlining.-- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 20:32, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* Chicago school of economics, . The article could use a single clear sentence that explicitly lays out segregation, Jim Crow laws (in the south), and redlining (in northern cities like Chicago), maybe right after reference [110]. I don't think much needs to be added to the article though; it's inching back towards 10,000 words. A chunk of the New York stuff comes from images and asides, like the bit about Mormonism. Rjjiii (talk) 22:10, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* This is the modification which removed the Chicago school of architecture and replaced it with a picture of a New York building. -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 22:56, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
* I've added a single, clear sentence. It may be a bit dense. Feel free to tweak it. -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 00:58, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
* I've also reworked the aside about Mormonism into something more historically relevant. In the process I looked at trying to remove the PoV that keeps popping back into the religion section, and found a misrepresented source. None of this has all that much to do with the NY bias... on that score it's surprising that neither Baltimore nor New Orleans are mentioned, given their historical importance. -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 17:05, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
* But far less current importance. TFD (talk) 11:50, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
* Perhaps, though when the levees on Lake Pontchartrain broke in 2005 it was quite a notable catastrophe (as was Harvey in Houston a few years later). Baltimore is surely at least notable for "The Star-Spangled Banner" and The Wire. :) 15:33, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
Pamphlet
This might not be the right department since I could not find a phone number. I am originally from Maryland. I was given a bible about 50 years ago dates 1894 found a brochure or pamphlet in in in excellent condition with the company of Pretzincer’s Gatarrh Balm company on it 8 pages. It’s been in my closet for many years. I’m donating the Bible but contents I am not. Would like to find the interesting home. This is history and would like it to go home. Julie 2601:547:1200:5850:4CD4:1C56:B48D:A33A (talk) 18:33, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
* Wikimedia Commons is apt to host such things. You might ask at their help desk. You might also consider listing it on eBay, where a similar such pamphlet, rather dog-eared at that, is listed for $95 (but that's not necessarily indicative of its real value). Note that the proper spelling is Pretzinger's Catarrh Balm. Possibly the most relevant article Wikipedia itself has is on the company founder's Dayton house. Dhtwiki (talk) 05:45, 23 January 2024 (UTC) (edited 05:47, 23 January 2024 (UTC))
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 25 January 2024
Change 'though' to 'through' in the education section. "The United States tertiary education is primarily THOUGH the state university system" Dhuibhshithe (talk) 03:57, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
* ✅ RudolfRed (talk) 05:17, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 29 January 2024
Update of inaccurate percentage US land area covered by water from 4.66 to 7 percent.
Back calculating the area using the land area minus total US area (both of which are shown right next to this in the article) contradicts the 4.66 % figure. Additionally there are sources giving the more accurate figure.
https://www.geographyrealm.com/which-states-have-the-highest-percentage-of-water-area/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/379294/us-water-area-state-type/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20and%20its,territorial%20waters%20along%20the%20coast.
Thanks, hope this helps :)) EditorJack99 (talk) 13:39, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
* ✅ While Statista is not generally considered a reliable source for Wikipedia, I was able to find a table from the USGS which not only confirms the 7.0% figure but is more recent than the previous source, and so I've updated the infobox accordingly. Regards, Orange Suede Sofa (talk) 00:33, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
Potential American exceptionalism and overlinking in the lede
In this edit, KlayCa (hi, there!) changed the recent rephrasing:
* the world's sole military superpower, also wielding considerable cultural, economic, and political influence.
back to:
* the world's foremost political, cultural, economic, military, and scientific power.
The edit notice for this article complains that this article is overlinked. (I think that tag was added by Moxy...hello!) I agree that these links in particular at best don't contribute much and at worst are leading up a garden path. They are redundant because all of these articles are already linked as "Main article:"s from subsections in the body. They feel a bit off because e.g. Politics of the United States is not about the worldwide political influence of the United States, it's about domestic politics. Likewise, Culture of the United States is not about the worldwide cultural influence of the United States.
I flag this wording as a potential example of American exceptionalism because it seems to be making the very strong claim that the United States is somehow ranked number one in all of these areas. That may be true in some ways, but most of those claims are disputed or disputable, and lots of people are probably rolling their eyes at this sort of "USA #1" phrasing. For example, China has the largest GDP in terms of PPP, and I think the European Union has a bigger nominal economy. How would we measure whether the EU or the United States wields more cultural influence? Arguably American culture is mostly a copy of European culture, including its main languages. According to World Intellectual Property Indicators, far more patent applications are made in China than the United States now; does that mean China has more scientific or technical power? There's probably more consensus that the US has the most powerful military in the world, perhaps because it tops the list of countries with highest military expenditures. But it does not have the largest military by number of people. Does the UK have more political influence than the United States because it has given birth to more countries? Does the parliamentary system have more influence or are there more presidential republics?
We could of course gather more facts in support of the argument that the United States is number one in all these areas. But to the degree that these claims are disputed by notable commentators, it's not Wikipedia's place to declare an unconditional winner based on our own judgement; we're supposed to be neutral on controversies like that. I do think it's pretty undisputed that the United States is a very important country in all those areas, and conveying the importance of the United States in world affairs is something useful for the article to do.
I think there are three good ways to fix the POV problems. One is to make the more generic claims, which is the phrasing I had previously added. Two is to make more specific claims, like that the United States leads the world in military spending, Nobel Prize winners, exports of television and movies? Maybe there are specific claims about American diplomacy that can be paraphrased? Or something about Global policeman? This is starting to feel complicated; maybe deferring these details to the body would be better.
I dunno, any suggestions? -- Beland (talk) 03:03, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* BTW, if we want to talk about the foreign policy influence of the United States (in the body, if not the lede), Pax Americana / Global policeman are important post-WWII concepts. While Marilyn Monroe is mentioned and is certainly a notable cultural export, the Monroe Doctrine isn't mentioned, but that and the American Revolution were pretty critical to the freeing of almost all of the colonies of North and South America from their European masters. Not to mention United States involvement in regime change and military- and civilian-occupied territories. -- Beland (talk) 08:51, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* In addition to military spending, U.S. military forces have a global presence that China and Russia are nowhere close to achieving: over 300 military bases established worldwide, for the past 75 years policing the world's sealanes (current events included), U.S. troops recently invited on Danish, Swedish, and Finnish soil. The statement is incontrovertible. The rest of the sentence simply says the U.S. is "unsurpassed" as an economic, cultural, etc. "force" —nothing about knocking out the EU and China in every measurable sense. It's an accurate statement about the country's unmatched global power. Mason.Jones (talk) 18:25, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* Well, it does seem the US is surpassed by China in terms of number of troops and patents awarded, so in a literal sense it's arguably not unsurpassed in military size and science. Unless there is an objective overall ranking in these areas to point to? -- Beland (talk) 22:23, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* Number of troops is not significant; it's their presence and active involvement worldwide. Similar to total patents, you're taking China's (and the EU's) larger population as evidence of equal military or economic or cultural prowess in the world. That's not a yardstick. Mason.Jones (talk) 22:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* GDP is the yearly market values of goods/services produced. The United States still leads greatly in terms of total wealth/economic power. Saying that the United States is the most influential in terms of culture/science shouldn't be disputable, either. None of this necessarily implies "superiority" in terms of exceptionalism. One could argue that the United States has a "bad culture" (whether from something like tipping to its ideology) KlayCax (talk) 01:29, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* We would need reliable sources that support the claim that the United States indisputably has the most cultural and scientific influence worldwide. Because people from China will point to the Four Great Inventions of paper, printing, gunpowder, and compass, and a writing system that's used by billions. If you mean contemporary influence, we would need to be specific. I got curious about what sources actually say, and US News and World Report ranks Italy and France above the United States in terms of cultural influence, so I guess that claim has to come out. -- Beland (talk) 02:34, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* The lede already says the United States has the world's largest economy, supported by details in the body, which also clarifies that's nominal GDP. It also already says the US "ranks among the highest in the world in international measures of income, wealth, economic competitiveness, productivity, innovation," all of which have internal links to back them up. I don't think we then need an additional general awesomeness claim on top of that which violates the show, don't tell principle and takes up additional words. If there's something specific to add about international global economic influence, we might mention (as the article does), the U.S. dollar. If there's something else specific you had in mind, we'd need reliable external sources or at least a Wikipedia article to link to and mine for citations. -- Beland (talk) 02:46, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* If you want to say the U.S. is the country with the most foreign military bases or the most involved in occupying other countries, or something, I would be fine with saying that specifically, but "unsurpassed military force" could mean the things you think are important, or it could mean troop strength. -- Beland (talk) 02:10, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* International relations scholars are essentially unanimous in stating that the United States is the world's most powerful military. It isn't a violation of NPOV to state that. KlayCax (talk) 02:16, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* If you want to add that claim, we need some reliable sources to support it. The article just says the United States spends the most of any country on its military, and has the third-largest by number of personnel. -- Beland (talk) 02:37, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 February 2024
Under Demographics->Health, the grammar in the following phrase is incorrect: "but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debate."
It will need to be updated to "but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated." or similar. Skeletrox (talk) 04:27, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* ✅ Hyphenation Expert (talk) 06:06, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
Change the title to the United States of America
The first sentence says United States of America or United States or simply America so title should be the United States of America CarterandOreo (talk) 20:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
* Have you seen Q2 in the FAQ at the top of this page? -- Beland (talk) 20:23, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
* yea Careo (talk) 20:44, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
* OK, so do you have any new arguments or counterarguments supporting a title change that haven't been considered in previous discussions? The first sentence says "commonly known as the United States", and the FAQ and WP:COMMONNAME explain why titles use the common name and not the formal name. -- Beland (talk) 01:33, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
Genocide wording
A sentence was recently inserted into the article implying that many historians believe that there was a singular, uniform genocide committed against Native Americans. (Which cited a 2015 article from the revisionist historian Jeffrey Ostler.)
Yet this appears to be a misinterpretation of what he's saying. Historians, even those who tend to hold the most negative views of American conduct such as Jeffrey Ostler, reject the claim that the United States uniformly committed genocide against Native Americans, as it is well known that American treatment of certain indigenous peoples varied significantly from that of others. Ostler argues that there was forced population transfers/ethnic cleansing with small-scale genocides of particular indigenous groups by state/local actors (w/national indifference) but denies there was a universal genocide (singular) of Native Americans. The predominant viewpoint among mainstream historians is that there were widespread mass atrocities (forced population transfers/ethnic cleansing, unequal land treaties, and military conquests) committed against the indigenous populations of what is now considered part of the United States. (Any claims to the contrary should be rightfully rejected as WP: FRINGE and denialist.) But they overwhelmingly refer to it as "forced population displacement/ethnic cleansing" rather than "genocide" when they mention it. Ostler himself also states that this is the predominant viewpoint:
"Since 1992, the argument for a total, relentless, and pervasive genocide in the Americas has become accepted in some areas of Indigenous studies and genocide studies. For the most part, however, this argument has had little impact on mainstream scholarship in U.S. history or American Indian history. Scholars are more inclined than they once were to gesture to particular actions, events, impulses, and effects as genocidal, but genocide has not become a key concept in scholarship in these fields."
At best, the sentence should be revised before being reinstated into the article.KlayCax (talk) 19:47, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* The Oxford Encyclopedia reference you are deleting does indeed state that the policies of Indian removal or assimilation have been "characterized by some historians as genocide". There is no contest that the cited source verifies the claim. For others to verify that, I will include the source that you've deleted twice now (revert #1, #2) without adding it to the talk page discussion:
* -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 20:00, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* Ostler says exactly what I stated above: (Ostler also openly states he is a minority within the field.) Historians predominantly characterize it as forced population transfer/ethnic cleansing rather than genocide.
* Even among those who consider parts of Native removal/assimilation genocidal, they overwhelmingly reject the claim that it composed a singular genocide, which the wording that was added implies.
* This of course does not mean that the United States didn't commit mass atrocities against its indigenous population. The country obviously did. KlayCax (talk) 20:08, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* So using the adjective "genocidal" would satisfy you? -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 20:13, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* If we're referring narrowly to specific events of Indian assimilation/removal, yes. (e.g. "The early treatment of Native Americans in California has been considered genocidal by some historians.")
* If we're referring more broadly, no. (e.g. "American treatment of Native Americans has been considered genocidal by some historians.") KlayCax (talk) 20:21, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* I have used your preferred "some cases" wording. As you can see on the linked page, there are several books with titles including genocide, holocaust, and ethnic cleansing. -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 23:20, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* The new wording still implies that it is predominantly characterized as genocide. We would need substantially more historians to hold this view before casually mentioning this in the article.
* Beyond this, mentions of "genocide" in Wikipedia articles have generally only been mentioned when the claim is nearly undisputed among political scientists and historians. An extraordinary amount of agreement is required.
* To give just a few examples of this:
* There is a consensus on the Belgium page that the Congo Free State shouldn't be mentioned as a possible genocide on its main page, despite many historians considering it this.
* There is a consensus on the Soviet Union page that the Holodomor shouldn't be classified or claimed to be a genocide on its main page, despite the same.
* There is a consensus on the China page that claims of Uyghur genocide should be excluded on its main page, despite the same.
* There is a consensus on the Japan (featured article) and Empire of Japan articles that "genocide" or "ethnic cleansing" shouldn't be used on the main pages, again.
* Other Anglophonic countries (Australia, Canada, and New Zealand) exclude mentions of "genocide" or "ethnic cleansing" from their articles, despite often engaging in behavior similar to the early United States.
* That's why I'm under the view that it should be excluded for now. Even those who take a maximally negative view of America's treatment of its indigenous people, such as Howard Zinn, have predominantly and explicitly opposed classifying it as such in their works. Unlike Ward Churchill, or Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Ostler is a great and rightfully respected historian, and he's done some great research on the matter, but he only cites particular instances of this as being genocidal, and states that his opinion is a small minority of current scholarship. If the Congo Free State, Holodomor, and claims of Uyghur genocide are excluded for lacking consensus, then I can't see how this does.
* The debate belongs on the American Indian Wars, California, and related articles, rather than on the main United States page. KlayCax (talk) 05:27, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
KlayCax, I've noticed your revert #3. Perhaps other people share your opinion? If so, I'm sure they'll weigh in below. For the record, the sentence "some cases of which have been characterized as genocide or ethnic cleansing" does not imply that everyone agrees, the sentence in the present perfect passive would be true even if only one historian made this claim (which is far from being the case). I did note with surprise that the word genocide is not in the index of A People's History of the United States. I would like to see your reference where he "explicitly opposed classifying it as" genocide.-- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 15:19, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
* It gives off the implication that they are predominantly classified as such. Even the events in California, which are to me the strongest evidence (I'd say so) of the U.S. government committing genocide, are still widely disputed among historians as of 2023. For Zinn: he always referred to it as "ethnic cleansing". I don't have the link on me. But he often prefaced it with stuff like: "Although the United States did not commit genocide, Jackson, Jefferson, and others were ethnic cleansers of Native Americans and were hungry for their land." (Citing Jackson's adopted child Lyncoya Jackson as evidence that he didn't intend to exterminate them as a people. Rather, steal their land and subdue it into the greater American polity.") A People's History of the United States never uses the word "genocide" to describe American actions. (Which was intentional.) Ostler is probably the most prominent mainstream historian to claim so, but he openly lists himself among a small minority of scholars.
* While WP:OTHER exists, most editors generally rely on precedent from other articles (albeit this is not official policy: just a rule of thumb), and there's been a strong hesitation about listing anything as a "genocide" or "ethnic cleansing" without it being near-universal among political scientists and historians. That's why I gave the above examples. That's why the article should refrain from labeling it as such. I get the desire to right great wrongs. It's just not the purpose of Wikipedia.
* Unless there's a major shift in historiography — with a large majority labeling it as such — contentious claims shouldn't be included in the main article. KlayCax (talk) 02:15, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* There's always a problem with ascribing modern concepts to historic events that occurred long before the concepts were invented. TFD (talk) 02:34, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
Mentioning non-British colonies in the lede
regarding this edit which dropped:
* eventually incorporating lands of many indigenous peoples and former colonies of Spain, France, and Russia.
I added that because just saying the United States arose from British colonies seems...unbalanced. That may be its most important colonial connection, but most of the territory of the country was never British. French and Spanish laws, customs, and languages have been retained in various parts of the United States colonized by those countries, and that hardly seems trivial to me. For brevity's sake, I didn't add that the fifty states include several formerly independent countries, that the US still owns territory it bought from Denmark, that it was also colonized at times by Sweden and the Netherlands, spawned its own colony in Liberia, or that it once administered the Philippines, Cuba, the DR, Haiti, Nicaragua, the Panama Canal Zone, and a whole lot of Pacific islands. -- Beland (talk) 07:33, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* @Beland: No thinking person is going to oppose your addition about French, Spanish, and Russian colonies. Changing it (as you did, with a nice edit summary) is enough. It doesn't require a Talk Page discussion with one editor. Mason.Jones (talk) 18:01, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* Uh, well, the reason I bring it up here is that they reverted my addition. I don't think they'd appreciate the implication they are not a "thinking person". -- Beland (talk) 22:26, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* The editor didn't remove your text for its content; it was removed to reduce total word count. I'd restore it, with an edit summary. Mason.Jones (talk) 22:42, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* That's correct. This information belongs in the article. It just doesn't belong in the lead. The goal was to make it below 450 words in the lead. It's already ballooning back up again.
* It's not supposed to be a systematic, through historiography of American history. Just the basics of how its national polity has changed. KlayCax (talk) 01:31, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* Ah, sorry, it seems we were both editing and commenting at the same time, so there was a bit of an edit conflict. Where is the number 450 coming from? -- Beland (talk) 02:05, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* It was a rule of thumb (not consensus) from past discussions, . The previous versions of the article suffered from significant bloat (particularly in the lead, with editors adding discussions of gun laws, universal healthcare, death penalty, circumcision, drinking habit, and other trivia into it.) The general agreement was an article with a byte count of less than 300k and a lead wording of less than 450. ( was one who advocated shortening the page.) KlayCax (talk) 02:42, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* The edit summary was "More moving around/restoring. This lead seems pretty good.", so I'm not sure what the reason for removal was. I don't see why they wouldn't simply revert me putting it back in unless we had discussed it first and they were persuaded that the ideas were worth the extra words or whatever the objection was, or other editors voiced support. That's why, to avoid edit wars and to make useful progress on writing high-quality articles, if there's not an obvious way for me to address concerns raised in the edit summary of a revert, I generally follow the the bold, revert, discuss cycle. But since you have voiced support, I restored the text in question in modified form, adding context about immigration as mentioned below. -- Beland (talk) 02:03, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* In fact, the 13 colonies had either copied or received English law and it was extended to every part of the U.S. except Louisiana. The English language also became the working language of every state (except perhaps Lousiana) and there is no state continuity of any acquired part of the U.S. other than the 13 colonies and Louisiana.
* It might have been different if say Quebec had voluntarily joined the Revolution and retained its laws, language and customs. But unlike the original 13 colonies and arguably Hawaii and Alaska, no territories have ever voted to join the U.S. TFD (talk) 19:50, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* @TFD: You didn't cite New Mexico's special status for the Spanish language, incl. translation of all government documents. These rights were granted through negotiations in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This is indeed "state continuity" after Mexico formally ceded its territory to the U.S. And English will never be the official language there. Mason.Jones (talk) 22:31, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* I don't see any mention of Alaskans having any say in the matter on Alaskan Purchase. You'll find other independent countries joining the 50 states in the Vermont Republic and Republic of Texas. (Not trying to cram these in the lede, but for completeness I'll mention Puerto Rico retaining Spanish as its primary legal language, the USVI retaining Danish laws like driving on the left, and retention of Polynesian cultures and languages in American Samoa and Hawaii.) As I look at a map of the United States, outside of the East, I see mostly French, Spanish, and Native American place names. Legal continuity is not the only important factor in describing where the United States comes from. The diversity of its cultural heritage seems like a basic fact about the country. It seems poor to promote the idea that the British colonies expanded into a vacuum, or the misconception they were the first to colonize the Americas. Perhaps it's also worth noting how much of an immigrant country it is. People of British heritage make up a relatively small fraction of the population. -- Beland (talk) 22:49, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* What is important is that they expanded by annexing territories once Vermont was added as the 13th state. In some cases, Americans settled beyond the frontier then asked the U.S. to annex them. Texas is the only state after that voluntarily joined the U.S. But Vermont had broken away from Massachusetts, while Texas (like Oregon and Hawaii) had been settled by Americans.
* Note also that when new states join, they join as states under the same conditions as existing states. No change to the U.S. constitution is made. This is very different from how the four countries of the UK came together.
* Alaska and Hawaii were listed as non-self-governing territories at the UN and were removed from the list after referendums to become a states.
* Finally, Puerto Rico, USVI, Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands are not part of the U.S. but are "unincorporated" territories administered by them. Their inhabitants were considered too foreign and unassimilable to be incorporated into the U.S.
* The diversity of the U.S. relies mostly on immigration rather than acquiring foreign territory. TFD (talk) 02:43, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
* OK, so I'm not sure what all those comments imply for the lede. -- Beland (talk) 20:22, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
* It means that there is no reason to enumerate in the lead the various states that owned land acquired by the U.S. Now if half the people in the U.S. spoke Russian and followed Russian laws, then it should be mentioned. TFD (talk) 02:38, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Well, it's not half, but 41 million Americans speak Spanish, including the majority in Puerto Rico, and Spanish and French and Danish laws have been inherited into American jurisprudence in a few states and territories. Hundreds of jurisdictions including reservations, Hawaii, and some territories, also use indigenous law to one degree or another. But with sensitivity to due weight, instead of listing the countries by name, I've changed the language to "territory from indigenous peoples and former colonies of various European powers". Mostly it seems misleading not to mention that the United States expanded beyond the bounds of British North America, since we do mention that's where it started. And I added mention of population inflows, which does seem like more of a core part of American identity and history. -- Beland (talk) 05:16, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
"government" in infobox
must be definitively sourced, or removed soibangla (talk) 04:32, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* The infobox says "Federal constitutional republic". The body of the article explains in some detail how the federation of states works, about the written constitution, and that the country is a republic rather than a monarchy. I'm unsure what exactly you feel has not been firmly established about that phrase? Is there another one you would prefer? -- Beland (talk) 05:24, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* I just removed "presidential" from the infobox, as it is unsourced, and I do not even see "constitutional republic" is sourced anywhere in the article. where are the sources? by this point, we need definitive sources. soibangla (talk) 05:45, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* It is common knowledge. One of the many sources is in the Constitution itself. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript Led8000 (talk) 05:58, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* "It is common knowledge" is absolutely not compliant with the principles of this encyclopedia soibangla (talk) 06:05, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Please assess your current state of mind. It seems to me that something is going on in your personal life currently, and you are very disgruntled emotionally. Led8000 (talk) 06:51, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* This is a wholly inappropriate comment to another user. — Czello (music) 08:50, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* I have reported this comment to WP:AN/I. I do not see anywhere in the consitution that defines the United States using the word "republic", though a Republican form of government is guaranteed to the states, nobility is prohibited, and no role for a monarch is defined. That said, do we really need a footnote to document that the United States is a republic and not a monarchy? -- Beland (talk) 09:12, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Republican would be lowercase technically. There are many sentences in the Constitution where each word in a sentence is capitalized, as seen there, and in the direct transcription link above. Led8000 (talk) 11:22, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
Length of lede
Template:Editnotices/Page/United States says that the lede is overly long. Checking MOS:LEADLENGTH, 3 to 4 paragraph is apparently normal for an article over 5,000 words. This article has about 9,800 words, according to the automated page stats. I combed through the intro and dropped some of the finer details to make it shorter, but a lot of stuff there seemed important. It's currently 4 paragraphs, which for a topic this important seems fine to me. If forced to drop it to 3 paragraphs, which the MOS says is typical for featured articles, I'd drop some of the details about Congress and merge the third paragraph into the first one. , it looks like you added the editnotice about this. Are you satisfied with the length reductions? Do you have some target length in mind? Anything in particular you think could be omitted? Anyone else have any thoughts? -- Beland (talk) 21:19, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* Oh, reading the "Government and politics" section made it clear the lede had too many details about Congress, so I did the trim and merge proposed above, and now we're down to 3 paragraphs. Is that satisfactory, or is there more to trim? -- Beland (talk) 21:38, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* I would like to restore the mention of race relations. It is supported by the article. Black history is especially an important part of American history. This was brought up last year. Senorangel (talk) 03:32, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
* In what way? Saying that race relations were "problematic" is euphemistic and there's no way to quickly summarize the history in the lead. (Which is already too long.) KlayCax (talk) 05:01, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
* I've reduced the lede from four to three paragraphs. Is that still too long? If so, what is your preferred target length? -- Beland (talk) 01:32, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* I agree with Senorangel; the entire second half of the 20th century shouldn't be defined by the Cold War alone. If I'm thinking about the most important things that have happened in American history that are not mentioned in the lede, I think they'd be Jim Crow, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Industrial Revolution. I think those can be slipped in without adding to many words; I'll give that a try. -- Beland (talk) 01:32, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* Many norms and practices in the United States today were not widely accepted or implemented before the Progressive Era. Industrialization had led to the rise of American tycoons, names that the world still recognizes for better or worse. It feels odd that the Civil rights movement and its major causes, Jim Crow laws or broader phenomena, are absent. I know the lead is already long. But brief inclusions of some of these would fill in the gaps. Senorangel (talk) 02:25, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
* Well, the second time around I managed to squeeze a lot into few words. Not sure what sort of pre-Progressive Era things you had in mind, but there wasn't room for very much. I did manage to point out how the federal government has grown and suffrage has expanded over time, which hints at the Jeffersonian-era reforms expanding voting to most white men, women voting, and substantial advancements in racial equality for voting. Feel free to suggest other stuff, but it sounds like we're trying to keep the intro to 450 words. I also wonder whether the intro is too heavy on history and economics compared to the body of the article. -- Beland (talk) 08:51, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Thanks, I will dig more into it, probably with some of the body sections first. Senorangel (talk) 00:51, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
KlayCax reverted on the basis of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:United_States/Archive_109#Request_for_Comment:_What_should_the_lead_mention_regarding_the_United_State's_record? previous RFCs]. Most of the changes did not touch those topics, so I am restoring some of them. Senorangel (talk) 02:51, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
Extended confirmed edit request
"Republic" at the start of the article is currently linking to the Republican party. Led8000 (talk) 04:38, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* it sure is, and that shit gotta stop soibangla (talk) 04:42, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Thanks for fixing that incorrectly disambiguated link. BTW, many editors find four-letter words offensive, and might consider it uncivil language and respond badly. -- Beland (talk) 05:20, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* , it was not disambiguated. It was added by here https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States&diff=prev&oldid=1204479535, then you did not notice it, and I did not notice it until today. Led8000 (talk) 05:39, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* I expect that this text was drafted as republican, which is indeed a disambiguation page that includes both Republican Party (United States) and republic, among many other choices. The display text could have been changed as part of a grammar check without noticing that the (incorrect) disambiguation isn't even needed anymore. -- Beland (talk) 09:18, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Is there a grammar check like that? I usually do not use the visual editor. Led8000 (talk) 09:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* By "grammar check" I mean the process of an editor reading the displayed text with their eyes and mentally verifying that it follows the rules of English grammar. -- Beland (talk) 00:11, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* this stuff should make any reputable editor livid soibangla (talk) 05:48, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
Adding a third section on Ancestry for the Ethnic Groups section of the Infobox / Fleshing out the National Origin section
I was thinking of making it something like this:
I believe this would not only help flesh out how diverse the USA actually is; but it would be more uniform with the infoboxes of Other countries. 🤓 WeaponizingArchitecture | scream at me 🤓 17:30, 12 February 2024 (UTC)
* I like the idea of having that information easily accessible, but it looks a bit long for an infobox. I checked a few countries and they seem to only include high-level (racial) breakdowns there. Mexico just links to the body text. I was going to suggest doing that for this ethnicity list, but it turns out that list actually would need to be added to the body. It's not present on Demographics of the United States and I don't know whether it should be or not. I'm not sure if the map or the table would be better to pull from Race and ethnicity in the United States into United States, but doing both might be too much? I do like them both, though. Maybe you should stick a section link in the infobox and whatever you think is appropriate in the Population section, and we can see how it looks in context? -- Beland (talk) 09:04, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Would a Drop-down work? 🤓 WeaponizingArchitecture | scream at me 🤓 14:29, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* A drop-down list would be the wrong solution, since readers are not expected to make a choice here. A list wrapped in a Show/Hide control would be a good solution to prevent it from taking up too much space in the infobox. hidden might work for that. Given that people often don't click on things, I wonder if more people would see it in the Population section, but then again people often don't keep reading the entire article. -- Beland (talk) 18:16, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* Should follow the example of our best FA articles Canada, Japan, Germany... That do not list the same data three times in 3 different locations. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 18:25, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* It looks like those articles all put this info in the Demographics section and not the infobox. That's certainly a good way to handle it. -- Beland (talk) 00:30, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
citations and clarifications needed on governance style
Citations needed for statement that the USA is a "liberal democracy". Clarification needed where it is described as a Federal Presidential Republic - no article link to this, just the word "Federal". Also no citations to support claim.
The voting system of the USA arguably isn't a in line with definitions of liberal democracy or republic (rule of the public via representatives, as the electoral college is not the public)
Separately to the above (subjectively) perhaps an updater might consider a more descriptive definition of the USA government structure, taking into consideration the unitary presidential federation with dual factions and a lower/upper house, but more concisely and with linked definitions. 2A02:C7C:6ADF:3300:5C58:3C87:2000:AC84 (talk) 22:03, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
* All sourced in the article.....just need to take time and read beyond the lead. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 23:00, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
* The United States is one of the canonical examples of a Liberal Democracy. Arguably, it was the first modern Liberal Democracy. -- Rockstone Send me a message! 02:59, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
"Indian reservations" wording
It should be Native American, not Indian. Finntastico2 (talk) 16:21, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
* Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 17:08, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
* The article uses the language in reliable sources. TFD (talk) 21:21, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
* @Finntastico -- Some WP readers (me too) prefer the term "Native," but many Natives still prefer "Indian" and use it in their organizations. In 2024, "Indian" remains the official nomenclature of the U.S. government (including for reservations), so this article follows current usage. Mason.Jones (talk) 19:09, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 22 February 2024
America is not a liberal democracy, it is a constitutional Republic. 2601:183:C57F:95F0:6856:FE71:1E03:5493 (talk) 05:23, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. it is both, as those are not mutually exclusive terms. Aoidh (talk) 05:37, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* It is both a liberal democracy and a constitutional republic. -- Rockstone Send me a message! 19:15, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
Genocide
FMSky, why did you revert information about the Native American genocide? Citations are provided in the article. The talk makes it clear that there's a universal agreement to include. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 13:36, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* Cause you also inserted other unsourced contentious stuff --FMSky (talk) 13:43, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* Such as? ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 13:56, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* @ShirtNShoes -- Such as, over the past year you've been blocked, warned, and told to stop edit-warring. It's therefore rather impolite on your part to now insert unsourced, opinionated POV throughout this article. (You even managed to change the demonym "American" to "U.S.", a debate settled on WP-EN fifteen years ago.) Please desist. Mason.Jones (talk) 16:44, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* there might be consensus to discuss the Native American genocide in the body of the article, but it's inappropriate for the lead. -- Rockstone Send me a message! 22:54, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
* @Rockstone35 you might want to hold off on giving them that green light. Having done a quick look into the edits they made here, they appear to have seemingly manufactured claims and quotes in the edits they've made.
* In their attempted set of edits here one of the major claims they inserted is the following, "According to David Stannard in American Holocaust, this is the largest genocide in world history, and led to an estimated 100 million deaths." however if you look at their attempted citation it's actually a different book entirely they've cited, with a citation reading: "Stannard, David E. (1996). Uniqueness as Denial: The Politics of Genocide Scholarship. Westview Press. pp. 245–281."
* Now, I then googled that supposed citation and it turns out, low and behold, that's not correct either. The supposed claim by David Stannard is actually part of an essay that was published in the book "Is the Holocaust Unique", with the exact quoted page numbers appearing to be available here and on page 263 we find the following:
* "Because of the unprecedented immensity of the disaster that befell the people of the Americas as a collectivity, resulting in a population collapse of somewhere between 50 and 100 million - that is, in the annihilation of 90 to 95 percent of the entire hemisphere's indigenous human inhabitants" (emphasis mine).
* Basically it appears this user openly took a short passage on a single page of this essay, that applied to the effects of European colonisation of the entire Americas, and then in my view deliberately misrepresented it as being about the United States alone and did this, along with significantly changing claims in previously sourced statements elsewhere in the article, solely to push their POV that the United States deliberately at all stages enacted the 'largest genocide in world history'.
* I shouldn't have to state this, but this sort of behaviour is grossly against Wikipedia's policies. Rambling Rambler (talk) 01:58, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
* There's a fiction factory at WP that regularly ascribes "world's worst genocides" to the United States. The Spanish and Portuguese ruled millions of indigenous peoples—with the greatest cruelty. There were only thousands of Natives living on what is now U.S. and Canadian territory when colonists first arrived. Sources in this article that seem to muddle or conflate U.S. and Latin American crimes against the indigenous peoples, in order to magnify those in the U.S., will be rejected as always. Mason.Jones (talk) 02:15, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
* There's a consensus that genocide was committed. Oxford states it was a genocide. The literature has changed a lot in 20 years. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 00:22, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* I think it's a bit disingenuous to refer to the current understanding of the situation as a "genocide". Can you please provide citations that the understanding has evolved in 20 years? -- Rockstone Send me a message! 00:28, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* There is a consensus. In fact, AskHistorians now automatically considers reducing the events to ethnic cleansing as a form of genocide denialism, with other major historical centers stating the same.
* I recommend viewing 's response:
* "In the United States, a subtle state of denial exists regarding portions of this country's history. One of the biggest issues concerning the colonization of the Americas is whether or not this genocide was committed by the incoming colonists. And while the finer points of this subject are still being discussed, few academics would deny that acts of genocide were committed. However, there are those who vehemently attempt to refute conclusions made by experts and assert that no genocide occurred. These “methods of denialism” are important to recognize to avoid being manipulated by those who would see the historical narratives change for the worse."
* Among mainstream historians: there is no debate. The Founding Fathers, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Teddy Roosevelt, and the United States are guilty of collective settler colonialism and genocide. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 14:27, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* The fact you think reddit counts as a reliable source to back your blatant WP:NOTHERE WP:ADVOCACY is not in the least bit surprising... Rambling Rambler (talk) 14:39, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* Random Reddit posters are not reliable sources. However, posts from reliable sources on the website are considered credible. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 16:28, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* Then why do we explicitly have a link just to remind people reddit is not a reliable source (WP:RSREDDIT)? Rambling Rambler (talk) 16:46, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* Read WP: RSREDDIT again. When an expert or experts posts on there, their words are considered credible, a situation that applies here. /r/AskHistorians is WP: RS. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 10:02, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
* So you're just straight up lying, which is not uncommon for you is it.
* "Reddit is a social news and discussion website. Reddit contains mostly user-generated content, and is considered both self-published and generally unreliable. Interview responses written by verified interviewees on the r/IAmA subreddit are primary sources, and editors disagree on their reliability. The policy on the use of sources about themselves applies" Rambling Rambler (talk) 17:50, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
Inconsistency between articles
The articles on Native American genocide in the United States and Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples state that there is an academic consensus that the United States committed genocide against its native populations. Yet this is entirely left out of the article. Why?
Only one is correct. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 00:18, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
* Those articles are WP: NPOV nightmares. Jeffrey Ostler states that his opinion is a minority within the literature. KlayCax (talk) 01:42, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
democracy
We live in very divisive times, and I am aware there are extensive efforts afoot to deny the United States is a democracy, but rather insisting it is a republic. As in, by really dumb allusion, "Republican." As I was just made aware, "republic" was linked to the Republican Party in this article, suggesting the GOP is America. I haven't been to this article for months, but no one caught that? In addition, the US has been referred to in this article as a "presidential" republic, which I do not see is sourced, nor even a defined term. Given the current extensive concerns about Democratic backsliding in the United States, this is worrisome.
There's a whole lotta propaganda goin' down these days, and this article is in serious need of intense scrutiny. soibangla (talk) 05:34, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* I expect that linking "republic" to "Republican Party" was probably just selecting the wrong item from a pull-down menu or somesuch. If you look at the article government, you'll see that "presidential republic" is one of the main systems of the world, for which the U.S. is the prototypical example. They are contrasted with parliamentary republics, which have no separation of powers between the executive and legislative functions. This is explained at length in the article Presidential system, the link to which you deleted. This is not propaganda, this is Civics 101. If you need an inline footnote to document this, I'll copy one in. -- Beland (talk) 08:03, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* where are the sources in the article? is Wikipedia relying on "common sense" Civics 101 we learned in 4th grade, or should it rely on reliable sources? there are no sources. Government enumerates many forms of republics, but does not specify the US as one of them. Surely, if this is such a certainty, if it's Civics 101 and common knowledge, there should be no problem in finding abundant sources that explicitly say so. Alas, none are provided. soibangla (talk) 08:32, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* The source for "presidential" in the article is in the section United States, namely James L. Sundquist. -- Beland (talk) 09:08, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* The narrative of how the presidential system was more or less invented in the United States is at Presidential system. -- Beland (talk) 09:14, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* The word "presidential" also links to that article, so readers who are confused or alarmed at that civics term of art can click through and learn all about it. -- Beland (talk) 09:20, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* if this is all so decisive, is it too much to expect a decisive cite in the infobox, where a decisive assertion is made? soibangla (talk) 09:29, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* MOS:INFOBOXREF says that repeating the reference in the infobox is not needed if the same material is referenced in the body. I have no objection to adding a cross-reference from the infobox to the existing footnote if it makes you feel better. I would not expect readers to find this designation to be in any way controversial or disputable, but here we are talking about it. -- Beland (talk) 09:36, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* ok, I just saw your change to Federal presidential republic from Federal constitutional republic, and before that Federal presidential constitutional republic. I suppose we'll need a Constitutional convention to finally resolve this. I give up. soibangla (talk) 09:02, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* I also just have to say, the members of the Republican Party I know would consider the linking of "republic" to the article on their party to be an obvious error that should be corrected, not some sort of propaganda victory. The vocabulary controversies which seem to be active in U.S. politics at the moment actually involve the words "democracy", as in "the United States is not a [pure] democracy, it's a republic" and "constitutional", as in "constitutional carry" of firearms which emphasizes originalist interpretations in this and other contexts.
* If there's anything to fret about, it's Wikipedia quality control mechanisms, which are somewhat eventualist. For better or worse, it appears that error was in the article for about 6 days. -- Beland (talk) 09:30, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
* , Could you please take more care when using drop-down menus (diff)? I'm not quite sure how you were able to confuse "republic" with "Republican Party (United States)". -- SashiRolls 🌿 · 🍥 20:42, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
* It was an accident from the visual editor, . Apologies. :) KlayCax (talk) 23:44, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
Reworking lead and returning bits to the old lead?
I just want to state that I vastly prefer the old lead to the new one, but going back into the page history to view the lead as it used to be made me realize just how much the lead has changed over the course of a month. However, I do prefer the lead as it existed on December 30, 2023.
However, if this version of the lead is no longer "in vogue," I would instead would like to suggest some aspects of the old lead return to the new one, rather than completely reverting to the old lead in itself.
For starters, the second paragraph in the lead likely needs to be split into two. While I understand the we want to keep the lead short, as it currently stands it glosses over 300 years of history and needs at least a little more context added. For instance, the lead goes "American territory was first settled by Paleo-Indians who migrated across the Bering land bridge over 12,000 years ago. Colonization by the British began in 1607." Woah! That's a lot of history. It's also extremely compacted and slightly misleading. Colonization of the Americas, and parts of modern America, had more than just the English colonizing it. The lead also doesn't make clear if its talking about North America, the Americas, or land that would later become part of the United States of America.
Possible rewording could go along the lines of, "North America was first settled by Paleo-Indians migrating across the Bering land bridge over 12,000 years ago."
There also could be further rewording to state: "British colonization throughout 17th century lead to the establishment of the Thirteen Colonies, which declared independence against the British Crown on July 16, 1776 as a result of disputes over taxation and political representation. The United States' victory in American Revolutionary War (1775–83) resulted in the first country founded on Enlightenment principles of unalienable natural rights, consent of the governed, and republicanism. A belief in Manifest destiny lead to the nation expanding westwards and acquiring new territories throughout its early history."
This is just a part of the rework to the lead I believe is necessary. I believe mentioning the confederation period is a bit too specific for the broad nature of the lead itself along with the Constitution and Bill of Rights. I also believe mentioning the United States' unique form of government compared to all comparable nations at the time is warranted and is not undue or biased. The United States' unique government and successful revolution did partly inspire the later French Revolution and Revolutions of 1848. BootsED (talk) 07:48, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
* I think some changes can be made to reflect the special nature of United States founding. Could you narrow down your suggestions, so that they are easier to read through? In my view, the progression from an initially loose confederation of states, to the passing of a constitution, and finally to a more consolidated federal government also presents a unique aspect of America's formation. Senorangel (talk) 03:42, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
* The lead is American exceptionalism. More weight needs to be given to the Native American genocide, enslavement of Africans, and capitalistic nature of the society, often built on exploitment and settler colonialism. ShirtNShoesPls (talk) 10:04, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
* Wikipedia isn't here to WP: RIGHTGREATWRONGS. KlayCax (talk) 02:37, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
KlayCax reversion
I reverted it back, /. 450 words wasn't a true consensus — rather a guide — so changed it back to the 500 word lead that was established through a multitude of RFC's.
I agree that the previous lead was far superior as well. KlayCax (talk) 02:40, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
* Was there a talk page discussion that went over why the lead was dramatically changed from how it was originally? I want to go back and review the reasoning behind it but I can't seem to find the talk page discussion that went over its rework. BootsED (talk) 05:48, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
* Someone should fix term duplication and WP:SEAOFBLUE in the lead Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 16:17, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
POW/MIA Flag in info box
@Illegitimate Barrister added the National League of Families POW/MIA flag to the infobox, under the logic that it is a quasi second national flag, being flown at many federal buildings. I removed it, under the logic that it was too big of a change to be made without discussing on the talk page.
So, should this flag be in the infobox or not? MRN2electricboogaloo (talk) 21:47, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
* Negative it is a small political action group that has a very narrow focus. Rjensen (talk) 22:19, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
* Definitely no. Many "awareness" flags go up at federal and state buildings on special days. Making these into national symbols of the U.S. in the WP inbox is unjustified. Mason.Jones (talk) 17:35, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
* Oppose. I appreciate that a citation was given, yet looking at the actual USC here, there is no evidence that the flag in question has the same status as the flag currently in the infobox. Orange Suede Sofa (talk) 07:04, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
* Oppose, The flag is not recognized in any manner as "Official", thus it lacks the status to be featured on the infobox.-Samoht27 (talk) 17:35, 20 Febuary 2024 (UTC) Samoht27 (talk) 17:36, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
* Oppose No. WP: SNOW close here. It's not a "quasi second national flag". (Lol.) KlayCax (talk) 17:35, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
Sea of blue in lead
Not sure what happened but the lead is cluttered with links.... this a prime example of what not to do WP:Seaofblue Moxy - 14:51, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
* Some editors live to link every noun in Wikipedia (even "country" and "settlement"). A regular de-linker who could pass through here once a month would be great. Mason.Jones (talk) 22:07, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 2 March 2024
I want to edit this page to write about the economic inequality and the healthcare system in America. Akaganhamilton1 (talk) 00:53, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
* Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone may add them for you. Jamedeus (talk) 00:59, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
"Compulsory School Attendance"
In the education section, the article says that "[...] children are required to attend school [...]", which is not true, since homeschooling is an option as well.
Although the source wrongfully uses the term "Compulsory School Attendance", the U.S. actually has a compulsory education system, not a compulsory school system, meaning that education may also take place independently of school. Therefore, this statement should be corrected accordingly.-- Maxeto0910 (talk) 00:42, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
* @Maxeto0910 The text was indeed lacking. See my reworded draft, which defines "K-12 education" and makes reference to widespread homeschooling. Mason.Jones (talk) 17:24, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
* Good. Thanks.-- Maxeto0910 (talk) 18:43, 11 March 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Requested articles/Requirements
For a complete guide on article creation, see Starting an article.
* 1) Check your page hasn't already been created under another name: a quick Wikipedia search, or a Google should clear it up
* 2) Consider marking it, and working on it in your sandbox
* 3) Find reliable sources
* 4) Check the subject is notable
* 5) If the past four points are OK, then create the article! | WIKI |
Tom Hare (veterinary pathologist)
Tom Hare MRCVS (8 October 1895 – 17 March 1959) was a British veterinary pathologist. He was professor of the Royal Veterinary College from 1927 to 1933.
He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School, and the University of Liverpool. During the First World War he served as an officer in the Cheshire Regiment, reaching the rank of captain. After the war, he returned to veterinary studies, and was Thelwall-Thomas Fellow in Pathology in 1924 and Holt Fellow in Pathology in 1925 at Liverpool. He briefly worked for the Lister Institute before moving to the Royal Veterinary College from 1927 to 1933. After 1933 he was Veterinary Research Laboratories from 1934 to 1941.
Hare was also an expert on the life and work of William Harvey. | WIKI |
This topic describes how to access a gateway from a client that runs the Windows operating system.
Prerequisites
You have created an SMB share. For more information, see Create a share.
Background information
To access a gateway from a client that runs the Windows operating system, you must mount the share as a local network drive first. After you mount the share, network mapping is established between the local directory and the share. You can perform operations on the remote share in the same way as managing local directories.
Note
• You can mount up to 16 SMB shares. The maximum number of SMB shares supported by different types of gateways varies depending on the CPU and memory. For more information, see Specifications.
• The capacity of the mounted share equals the OSS bucket capacity. The displayed capacity 256 TB is the maximum capacity of the file system. Currently, the capacities of OSS buckets are not limited.
• Beginning version 1.0.35, if you do not add an SMB user, the client accesses the SMB share as a public user. If you have added an SMB user, you need to grant read and write or read-only permissions to the user to access the SMB share.
• After you change the SMB user permissions, you must clear the user information stored on the client when you mount the SMB share. You can run the net use /delete < share path > command to clear the client information in the Windows operating system. This command does not require you to restart the client.
Procedure
1. Log on to the ECS console.
2. Open the This PC window and select Map network drive.
3. Select a drive and enter the mount point into the Folder field.
The mount point includes the IP address of the gateway and the name of the SMB share. Replace them with the actual IP address and share name. To query the mount point, navigate to the Share page of the gateway in the Cloud Storage Gateway console.
4. Click OK and enter the CIFS username and password.
If you have joined an Active Directory (AD) domain, add the domain before the username. The format is: <domain><username>.
5. After you mount the SMB share, verify the result.
If the following or similar information appears, it indicates that the SMB share is mounted to the local directory.
Verify the result
6. Access the SMB share.
After the SMB share is mounted to the local directory, you can perform operations on the remote share in the same way as managing the local directory. If you have the write permission, you can write data to the SMB share. If you have the read-only permission, then you can only read data from the SMB share.
Note Shares are synchronized with the associated OSS buckets. Operations performed on shares are synchronized to the associated OSS buckets. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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