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Oil falls on strong dollar, crude glut; storms limit losses
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Oil prices fell Tuesday, with Brent losing nearly 2 percent, as the dollar rallied and glut worries grew amid forecasts for higher U.S. crude stockpiles and Iran’s remark that it was on target to reach peak production. News that energy firms in the U.S. regulated areas of the Gulf of Mexico had shut some 22 percent of crude oil equivalent output as a precaution to threats from a tropical storm limited some of the downside in crude prices. Brent crude futures LCOc1 settled down 89 cents, or 1.8 percent, at $48.37 per barrel. U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude futures CLc1 fell 63 cents, or 1.3 percent, to close at $46.35. It was a second straight day that oil slid on worries of oversupply and a strong dollar, adding to Monday’s drop of more than 1 percent in Brent and WTI. “Today is just another economic story that’s fed the dollar’s strength and with the weekly build expected in U.S. crude, prices are getting a double whammy,” said Tariq Zahir, a trader in WTI timespreads at Tyche Capital Advisors in New York. “Yes, we have storm concerns but they are not really affecting production as much as the market bulls would like.” After the market settled, the trade group American Petroleum Institute reported that U.S. crude stockpiles rose 942,000 barrels last week, in line with expectations of analysts polled by Reuters. The U.S. government will release official inventory data on Wednesday. [EIA/S] An Iranian government official said at an oil industry conference in Norway that Tehran’s production was expected to hit 4 million barrels per day by year end. Iran was producing that much before Western sanctions reduced its exports. The dollar index .DXY, which measures the greenback against a basket of currencies, hit three-week highs after the U.S. Consumer Expectations Index rose to October highs. [USD/] The dollar has rallied since Friday, after Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen raised expectations for a U.S. rate hike in a policy speech. A stronger greenback tends to make dollar-denominated commodities such as oil costlier for holders of other currencies. Oil prices rose about 20 percent earlier in August, after the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries said it was working with non-OPEC members to reach a production freeze. Iraq said on Tuesday it was committed to freezing output when OPEC meets informally for talks with other producers in Alegria next month. Additional reporting by Ahmad Ghaddar in LONDON and Roslan Khasawneh in SINGAPORE; editing by David Gregorio and Marguerita Choy | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Kürkənd
Kürkənd or Kyurtkend or Kurdkand may refer to:
* Kürkənd, Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
* Kürkənd, Neftchala, Azerbaijan
* Kurdkand, Iran | WIKI |
Selecting and Deselecting RenderData
• THE POST BELOW IS MORE THAN 5 YEARS OLD. RELATED SUPPORT INFORMATION MIGHT BE OUTDATED OR DEPRECATED
On 20/11/2008 at 17:05, xxxxxxxx wrote:
User Information:
Cinema 4D Version: 11
Platform: Mac ;
Language(s) : C++ ;
---------
When I insert a new RenderData into the document it becomes active (selected), along with the first RenderData.
I am trying to deselect the new RenderData (or prevent it from becoming selected), but nothing seems to work.
Here is what I'm trying...
if(newRD->GetBit(BIT_ACTIVE) == TRUE)
{
newRD->ToggleBit(BIT_ACTIVE);
newRD->DelBit(BIT_ACTIVE);
newRD->DelBit(BIT_ACTIVERENDERDATA);//Just in case, trying to delete the ACTIVERENDERDATA bit
EventAdd();
}
I have also tried:
doc->SetSelection(rd, SELECTION_NEW); //rd is the first RenderData
Any info here would be appreciated.
Thanks!
• THE POST BELOW IS MORE THAN 5 YEARS OLD. RELATED SUPPORT INFORMATION MIGHT BE OUTDATED OR DEPRECATED
On 20/11/2008 at 23:21, xxxxxxxx wrote:
I found an indirect solution to my problem...
It wasn't coming from just inserting a RenderData into the document. It was because that RenderData had been copied from another RenderData. Once I specified the COPY_NO_BITS flag, it was deselected when inserted into the document.
Log in to reply
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Henry Metcalf
Henry Metcalf may refer to:
* Henry Metcalf (rugby union) (1878–1966), South African rugby union player
* Henry B. Metcalf (1829–1904), prohibitionist in the United States
* Henry C. Metcalf (1867–1942), American organizational theorist
* Henry Harrison Metcalf (1841–1932), American editor, journalist, historian and politician | WIKI |
Class: Rex::Parser::IP360XMLStreamParser
Inherits:
Object
• Object
show all
Defined in:
lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb
Instance Attribute Summary collapse
Instance Method Summary collapse
Constructor Details
#initialize(&block) ⇒ IP360XMLStreamParser
Returns a new instance of IP360XMLStreamParser.
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 12
def initialize(&block)
reset_state
on_found_host = block if block
end
Instance Attribute Details
#on_found_hostObject
Returns the value of attribute on_found_host.
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 10
def on_found_host
@on_found_host
end
Instance Method Details
#attlistObject
:nodoc:
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 92
def attlist # :nodoc:
end
#cdata(d) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 80
def cdata(d)
#do nothing
end
#comment(str) ⇒ Object
:nodoc:
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 88
def comment(str) # :nodoc:
end
#instruction(name, instruction) ⇒ Object
:nodoc:
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 90
def instruction(name, instruction) # :nodoc:
end
#reset_stateObject
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 17
def reset_state
@host = {'hname' => nil, 'hid' => nil, 'addr' => nil, 'mac' => nil, 'os' => nil,
'vulns' => ['vuln' => {'vulnid' => nil, 'port' => nil, 'proto' => nil} ],
'apps' => ['app' => {'appid' => nil, 'svcid' => nil, 'port' => nil, 'proto' => nil } ],
}
@state = :generic_state
end
#tag_end(name) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 69
def tag_end(name)
case name
when "host"
on_found_host.call(@host) if on_found_host
reset_state
when "vulnerability"
@host['vulns'].push @x
end
@state = :generic_state
end
#tag_start(name, attributes) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 25
def tag_start(name, attributes)
case name
when "host"
@host['hid'] = attributes['persistent_id']
when "ip"
@state = :is_ip
when "dnsName"
@state = :is_fqdn
when "macAddress"
@state = :is_mac
when "os"
@host['os'] = attributes['id']
when "vulnerability"
@x = Hash.new
@x['vulnid'] = attributes['id']
when "port"
@state = :is_port
when "protocol"
@state = :is_proto
when "application"
@y = Hash.new
@y['appid'] = attributes['application_id']
@y['svcid'] = attributes['svcid']
@y['port'] = attributes['port']
@y['proto'] = attributes['protocol']
@host['apps'].push @y
end
end
#text(str) ⇒ Object
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 54
def text(str)
case @state
when :is_fqdn
@host['hname'] = str
when :is_ip
@host['addr'] = str
when :is_mac
@host['mac'] = str
when :is_port
@x['port'] = str
when :is_proto
@x['proto'] = str
end
end
#xmldecl(version, encoding, standalone) ⇒ Object
We don’t need these methods, but they’re necessary to keep REXML happy
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# File 'lib/rex/parser/ip360_xml.rb', line 86
def xmldecl(version, encoding, standalone) # :nodoc:
end | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[L.A. No. 31471.
Sept. 7, 1982.]
FORD DEALERS ASSOCIATION et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES et al., Defendants and Appellants.
Counsel
Lawrence Silver for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
George Deukmejian, Attorney General, and John J. Crimmins, Deputy Attorney General, for Defendants and Appellants.
John K. Van de Kamp, District Attorney (Los Angeles), and Harry B. Sondheim, Deputy District Attorney, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.
Opinion
BIRD, C. J.
This case concerns a challenge to five regulations promulgated by appellants, the Department of Motor Vehicles and the director of the department (hereafter, the DMV). The DMV appeals from a trial court order declaring the regulations invalid and granting an injunction against their enforcement.
I.
Section 1651 of the Vehicle Code authorizes the director of the DMV to adopt rules and regulations “as may be necessary to carry out the provisions” of the Vehicle Code. In November of 1977, the DMV filed an order adopting approximately 24 new regulations, all relating to division 5 of the Vehicle Code, Occupational Licensing and Business Regulations. (See Veh. Code, §§ 11100-12104.)
In December of 1977, Ford Dealers Association (hereafter, the Ford Dealers), an association of approximately 132 automobile dealers, brought an action for declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging that 7 of the new regulations were invalid because they were beyond the scope of the authorizing statutes and/or unconstitutional. (See former Gov. Code, § 11440, establishing a procedure for obtaining a judicial declaration as to the validity of an administrative regulation.) The trial court issued a temporary restraining order barring enforcement of the challenged regulations, and, in May of 1978, issued a preliminary injunction restraining the DMV from enforcing the regulations.
In July of 1979, after a two-day hearing, the trial court found the seven regulations invalid on various statutory and constitutional grounds and issued a permanent injunction against their enforcement. The court also awarded sanctions against the DMV for an alleged failure to respond adequately to a request for admissions. The DMV challenges the trial court rulings as to five of the contested regulations and as to the sanctions. The Ford Dealers appeal from a trial court evidentiary ruling.
II.
The court’s role in reviewing administrative regulations adopted pursuant to the former Administrative Procedure Act is a limited one. “First, our task is to inquire into the legality of the challenged regulation, not its wisdom. (Morris v. Williams (1967) 67 Cal.2d 733, 737 [63 Cal.Rptr. 689, 433 P.2d 697].) Second, in reviewing the legality of a regulation adopted pursuant to a delegation of legislative power, the judicial function is limited to determining whether the regulation (1) is ‘within the scope of [the] authority conferred’ ([former] Gov. Code, § 11373) and (2) is ‘reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of the statute’ ([former] Gov. Code, § 11374). Moreover, ‘these issues do not present a matter for the independent judgment of an appellate tribunal; rather, both come to this court freighted with the strong presumption of regularity accorded administrative rules and regulations.’ (Ralphs Grocery Co. v. Reimel (1968) 69 Cal.2d 172, 175 [70 Cal.Rptr. 407, 444 P.2d 79].) And in considering whether the regulation is ‘reasonably necessary’ under the foregoing standards, the court will defer to the agency’s expertise and will not ‘superimpose its own policy judgment upon the agency in the absence of an arbitrary and capricious decision.’ (Pitts v. Perluss (1962) 58 Cal.2d 824, 832 [27 Cal.Rptr. 19, 377 P.2d 83].)” (Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. v. Superior Court (1976) 16 Cal.3d 392, 411 [128 Cal.Rptr. 183, 546 P.2d 687]; see also Pacific Legal Foundation v. Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1981) 29 Cal.3d 101, 111 [172 Cal.Rptr. 194, 624 P.2d 244]; International Business Machines v. State Bd. of Equalization (1980) 26 Cal.3d 923, 931, fn. 7 [163 Cal.Rptr. 782, 609 P.2d 1].)
As the court noted in Agricultural Labor Relations Bd. v. Superior Court, supra, 16 Cal.3d at page 411, “although these rules have been often restated, it would be well to remember that they are not merely empty rhetoric.” Where the Legislature has delegated to an administrative agency the responsibility to implement a statutory scheme through rules and regulations, the courts will interfere only where the agency has clearly overstepped its statutory authority or violated a constitutional mandate.
The five regulations at issue here were adopted pursuant to a legislative delegation of authority found in section 1651. All five were designed to implement section 11713, subdivision (a), which bars the dissemination of false or misleading statements to the public. This statute was passed as a remedial statute, designed to protect the public. “[T]he dominant concern of this statutory scheme is that of protecting the purchaser from the various harms which can be visited upon him by an irresponsible or unscrupulous dealer.” (Merrill v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1969) 71 Cal.2d 907, 920 [80 Cal.Rptr. 89, 458 P.2d 33].) “Protection of unwary consumers from being duped by unscrupulous sellers is an exigency of the utmost priority in contemporary society.” (Vasquez v. Superior Court (1971) 4 Cal.3d 800, 808 [94 Cal.Rptr. 796, 484 P.2d 964, 53 A.L.R.3d 513]; see also Barquis v. Merchants Collection Assn. (1972) 7 Cal.3d 94, 111 [101 Cal.Rptr. 745, 496 P.2d 817].) As a remedial statute, it must be liberally construed “to effectuate its object and purpose, and to suppress the mischief at which it is directed.” (California State Restaurant Assn. v. Whitlow (1976) 58 Cal.App.3d 340, 347 [129 Cal.Rptr. 824].)
A. Regulation 402.00, Advertising Defined
Regulation 402.00 provides as follows: “402.00 ‘Advertising’ Defined, (a) In the broad context of Vehicle Code Section 11713(a), any statement advertised refers to any statement, representation, act or announcement intentionally communicated to any member of the public by any means whatever, whether orally, in writing or otherwise.
“(b) As used elsewhere in the Vehicle Code and in this article, the terms ‘advertising’, ‘advertisement’, or ‘advertise’ refer to a statement, representation, act or announcement intentionally communicated to the public generally for the purpose of arousing a desire to buy or patronize.” (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 13, § 402.)
Prior to 1970, subdivision (a) of section 11713 provided that it was unlawful for a licensed automobile dealer to “intentionally publish or circulate any advertising which is misleading or inaccurate ....” In 1970, the present version of the section was enacted, providing that it is unlawful “[t]o make or disseminate . .. before the public in this state, in any newspaper or other publication, or any advertising device, or by public outcry or proclamation, or in any other manner or means whatever, any statement which is untrue or misleading . .. .” (Stats. 1970, ch. 522, § 2, p. 1017; see ante, p. 356, fn. 4, for complete text of statute.)
The DMV argues that this revision of section 11713, subdivision (a) indicated a legislative intent to broaden the reach of the statute to include oral representations, as well as media advertising. This argument has merit. The deletion of the requirement that statements be “publish[ed] or circulatefd]” indicates that the Legislature intended to broaden the statutory prohibition. Indeed, the statute now makes it unlawful to disseminate untrue or misleading statements before the public by any manner or means whatever. Broader language would be difficult to find.
The Ford Dealers argue that the dual definition of “advertise” in regulation 402.00 is internally inconsistent and not justified by the language of the authorizing statutes. Although “advertise” is used frequently elsewhere in the Vehicle Code, it generally is used in a manner which clearly indicates that it refers only to media advertisements. For instance, section 11713, subdivision (c) requires a dealer “within 48 hours in writing to withdraw any advertisement of a vehicle that has been sold or withdrawn from sale.” However, in subdivision (a), “advertised” is used only in the final clause; the body of the subdivision refers generally to statements made or disseminated to the public, a definition broad enough to include oral statements to individual members of the public. Thus, both the history of section 11713, subdivision (a) and its language provide support for the DMV’s conclusion that “advertise” as used in that subdivision has a different definition than in the rest of the Vehicle Code.
The Legislature’s choice of this particular language is significant. Section 11713, subdivision (a) closely parallels the language of Business and Professions Code section 17500. Section 17500 repeatedly has been interpreted so as to include within its reach oral statements made to individual members of the public. Thus, in Chern v. Bank of America (1976) 15 Cal.3d 866 [127 Cal.Rptr. 110, 544 P.2d 1310], this court held that a member of the public had a cause of action under section 17500 when a bank employee made misleading statements to her over the telephone about the rate of interest on a loan. Similarly, in People v. Superior Court (Jayhill) (1973) 9 Cal.3d 283 [107 Cal.Rptr. 192, 507 P.2d 1400, 55 A.L.R.3d 191], this court found that a complaint charging that encyclopedia salespeople made misrepresentations to individual purchasers was sufficient to state a cause of action for a violation of section 17500. (See also People v. Bestline Products, Inc. (1976) 61 Cal.App.3d 879, 922-924 [132 Cal.Rptr. 767].) And in People v. Conway (1974) 42 Cal.App.3d 875 [117 Cal.Rptr. 251], the Court of Appeal upheld a criminal conviction for a violation of section 17500 based on the finding that representatives of an automobile dealership had made false or misleading statements to individual customers.
These judicial interpretations of similar language in a code section covering the same problem—false and misleading statements to the
public—are persuasive in this case. Words with an accepted judicial interpretation should be given the same interpretation in statutes dealing with the same subject matter. (Kuntz v. Kern County Employees’ Retirement Assn. (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d 414, 422 [134 Cal.Rptr. 501].) Here, the Legislature has chosen to use the same broad language in two similar statutes. Prior interpretations of Business and Professions Code section 17500 should be followed both because they are of precedential value and because they present a reasonable and persuasive interpretation of the disputed language.
The one published Court of Appeal decision considering this aspect of section 11713, Feather River Trailer Sales, Inc. v. Sillas (1979) 96 Cal.App.3d 234, 248-249 [158 Cal.Rptr. 26], came to the same conclusion. Noting that “[t]he issue need not be belabored,” the court held that one-to-one statements fall within the reach of the statute. “The term ‘advertised’ as it is used in the Vehicle Code sections before us, is nowhere specifically defined in that code. Historically, however, the terms advertising and ‘advertisement’ have been held to be broad enough to include oral representations made on a one-to-one basis.... [IF] We hold, therefore, that the trial court erred in concluding that the one-on-one discussions between plaintiffs and the [customers] could not come within the statutory meaning of the term ‘advertising.’” (Ibid.)
The Ford Dealers argue that this interpretation of section 11713, subdivision (a) brings it into conflict with section 11705, subdivision (a)(14), which authorizes suspension of a dealer’s license when the licensee has caused any person to suffer as a result of “fraudulent representations.” They label this section a “specific” provision covering misrepresentations made to individuals, and assert that it prevails over the general provisions of section 11713, subdivision (a).
However, the Ford Dealers ignore the crucial distinctions between the two statutes. While the statute barring “fraudulent representations” requires actual reliance on the misrepresentations, section 11713, subdivision (a) penalizes the making or dissemination of the statements, regardless of how they are received by the customer. “It has been recognized in recent years that the evils of deceptive advertising cannot be reached effectively if legislation to that end is interpreted to require proof of actual reliance upon a false statement knowingly made .... ” (Webster v. Board of Dental Examiners (1941) 17 Cal.2d 534, 541 [110 P.2d 992].) Section 11713, subdivision (a) is far broader than the statute relied on by the Ford Dealers. There is no conflict between the statutes, and no basis for concluding that either one supersedes the other.
The Ford Dealers’ contention that section 11713, subdivision (a) does not authorize the DMV to penalize licensed dealers for the statements of their employees must also be rejected. The courts have repeatedly held that licensees are responsible for the acts of their employees. “‘The licensee, if he elects to operate his business through employees must be responsible to the licensing authority for their conduct in the exercise of his license . .. . ’ By virtue of the ownership of a . .. license such owner has a responsibility to see to it that the license is not used in violation of law.” (Cornell v. Reilly (1954) 127 Cal.App.2d 178, 186-187 [273 P.2d 572]; Camacho v. Youde (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 161 [157 Cal.Rptr. 26]; Kirby v. Alcoholic Bev. etc. Appeals Bd. (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 732, 737 [109 Cal.Rptr. 291].)
The settled rule that licensees can be held liable for the acts of their employees comports with the general law governing principal-agent liability. “An agent represents his principal for all purposes within the scope of his actual or ostensible authority .. ..” (Civ. Code, § 2330.) When a licensed dealer places salespeople in the position to work with customers, the dealer is responsible for the actions of those employees.
In Feather River Trailer Sales, Inc. v. Sillas, supra, 96 Cal.App.3d 234, the Court of Appeal interpreted section 11713, subdivision (a) as incorporating the standard concept of principal-agent liability. In that case, a corporation was held liable for the misleading oral statements of a salesperson. In support of this interpretation of the statute, the DMV notes that a violation of section 11713, subdivision (a) is grounds for the revocation of a salesperson’s license. (See § 11806, subd. (d).) In addition, the DMV notes that many licensed automobile dealerships are corporate entities. To hold section 11713, subdivision (a) applicable only to the statements of licensed dealers would gut the statute of much of its force.
In a similar fashion, cases construing Business and Professions Code section 17500 have consistently held business managements liable for the acts of their agents. The bank in Chern v. Bank of America, supra, 15 Cal.3d 866 was held liable for the statements of its employees. The corporation in People v. Superior Court (Jayhill), supra, 9 Cal.3d 283 was held liable for the acts of its salespeople. And in People v. Conway, supra, 42 Cal.App.3d 875, the Court of Appeal upheld the criminal conviction of the president of an automobile dealership, based in part on the false and misleading statements of his employees. The court found the evidence “sufficient to show that appellant, as president of Pasadena Motors, was in a position to control the activities of the dealership and thus could be held criminally liable for false advertising.” (Id., at p. 886, italics in original. See also Goodman v. Federal Trade Commission (9th Cir. 1957) 244 F.2d 584, 590-593 [corporation liable for acts of salespeople under statute barring “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce”].)
The Ford Dealers argue that cases construing Business and Professions Code section 17500 are not on point because that section specifically applies to “all persons” making misleading statements. However, the Ford Dealers misunderstand the DMV’s citation to these cases. The decisions in Chern, Jayhill and Conway all held employers liable for the statements of their employees. The fact that under the statute the employees might have been held liable as individuals was not necessary to the conclusion that liability should be imputed to their employers. Thus, cases finding that Business and Professions Code section 17500 incorporates the concept of principal-agent liability are relevant to the interpretation of section 11713, subdivision (a).
The facts of People v. Conway, supra, 42 Cal.App.3d 875, demonstrate the importance of principal-agent liability. There, the district attorney had received over 500 complaints about defendant’s business transactions. Defendant himself did not personally make many of the statements on which liability was based. However, the court found him liable for the numerous illegal acts of his employees. Only through imposing liability on the licensee can such conduct be effectively controlled.
The DMV properly construed section 11713, subdivision (a) to apply to the one-to-one statements of salespeople, as well as those of the dealers themselves. Therefore, the trial court erred in finding regulation 402.00 invalid.
B. 404.03, Dealer Added Charges
Regulation 404.03 provides as follows: “Dealer Added Charges. A dealer may not identify a separate charge or charges for services performed on vehicles prior to delivery to the extent the dealer is or will be reimbursed for such expenditures by another party. If a dealer does identify a separate charge or charges for delivery and preparation services performed over and above those delivery and preparation obligations specified by the franchisor and for which the dealer is to be reimbursed by the franchisor, then the services performed and the charges therefor shall be separately itemized. Such added charges must be included in the advertised price.” (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 13, § 404.03.)
The trial court held this regulation invalid as beyond the scope of the authorizing statute, section 11713, subdivision (a). The DMV contends that the regulation is designed to prevent a specific kind of misleading statement, and as such is authorized by the broad statutory prohibition against false and misleading statements. The Ford Dealers argue both that the regulation goes beyond the scope of the statute and that it bars statements that are not in fact false or misleading.
An administrative agency is not limited to the exact provisions of a statute in adopting regulations to enforce its mandate. “[T]he absence of any specific [statutory] provisions regarding the regulation of [an issue] does not mean that such a regulation exceeds statutory authority ... .” (Credit Ins. Gen. Agents Assn. v. Payne (1976) 16 Cal.3d 651, 656 [128 Cal.Rptr. 881, 547 P.2d 993]; Ralphs Grocery Co. v. Reimel, supra, 69 Cal.2d at p. 176, fn. 3.) The DMV is authorized to “‘fill up the details’” of the statutory scheme. (Kugler v. Yocum (1968) 69 Cal.2d 371, 376 [71 Cal.Rptr. 687, 445 P.2d 303].) A regulation barring a specific class of misleading statements falls within the authority of the DMV under this statute.
In addition, the DMV clearly has the discretion to decide that statements such as those at issue here are inherently misleading. Interpreting the identical language of Business and Professions Code section 17500, this court said, “a statement is false or misleading if members of the public are likely to be deceived.... ‘The statute affords protection against the probability or likelihood as well as the actuality of deception ....’ [Citations.]” (Chern v. Bank of America, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 876; see also Fletcher v. Security Pacific National Bank (1979) 23 Cal.3d 442, 451 [153 Cal.Rptr. 28, 591 P.2d 51].) It is within the authority of the DMV to conclude that consumers confronted with an itemized charge for services performed on their automobile will assume that they are paying extra to purchase those specific services. Where that is not in fact the case, because the dealer has already been paid for the services, the DMV could reasonably conclude that such an itemized charge is inherently misleading.
The trial court’s ruling that regulation 404.03 is beyond the scope of the agency’s authority was erroneous.
C. Regulation 403.02, subdivision (b), Rental Vehicles
The Ford Dealers next challenge subdivision (b) of regulation 403.02, which requires a seller to “clearly identify]” a vehicle as a rental vehicle if the seller knows that it previously was so used. The trial court found that the DMV had the authority to issue a regulation requiring disclosure of the history of a used car, but held that there was insufficient evidence in the administrative record to demonstrate the necessity for disclosure of the rental history.
The Ford Dealers renew their claim that the DMV was not authorized to require the affirmative disclosure of a vehicle’s history. However, the omission of crucial information can be as misleading as a direct misstatement of fact. Where, in the absence of an affirmative disclosure, consumers are likely to assume something which is not in fact true, the failure to disclose the true state of affairs can be misleading. (Cf. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. v. F.T.C. (7th Cir. 1979) 605 F.2d 964, 971-973 [F.T.C. can order affirmative disclosures in order to avoid deception].) Section 11713, subdivision (a) does not require proof of actual deception, only the probability or likelihood of deception. (Cf. Chern v. Bank of America, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 876; Fletcher v. Security Pacific National Bank, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 451.) The DMV could reasonably conclude that consumers are likely to be deceived if they are not informed that the automobile they are purchasing was formerly used in certain specified ways.
The trial court concluded, however, that there was no evidence in the record to support the decision to require disclosure of rental history. The Ford Dealers argue that rental cars are better serviced and maintained than privately owned cars, and that it is thus arbitrary and capricious to require disclosure of rental history.
It is well to remember that it is not this court’s role to reweigh the evidence before the administrative agency to determine whether this regulation was warranted. The provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act in effect at the time these regulations were adopted required only that the agency provide interested parties an opportunity to present their views to the agency, with or without an opportunity for oral argument. (See former Gov. Code, § 11425.) Judicial review of the record was limited to a determination of whether the challenged regulation was “‘entirely lacking in evidentiary support.’” (Pitts v. Perluss, supra, 58 Cal.2d at p. 833.)
The trial court erred in holding that the administrative record contained no evidence to support this regulation. The record contains testimony indicating that consumers are interested in knowing whether they are buying a rental vehicle. Although the automobile dealers did present evidence indicating that at least some rental vehicles are in better condition than privately owned automobiles, the agency was not bound to conclude that this obviated the need for the regulation. As one consumer advocate testified, the information could be useful to assist the buyer in understanding the vehicle’s mechanical condition. In addition, he testified that it was important to a consumer’s confidence and “psychological” peace of mind that the consumer know if a vehicle had previously been used for rental, regardless of whether or not that history affected its value.
Thus, there was evidence in the record to support the conclusion that it is misleading to sell a rental vehicle without informing the purchaser of the vehicle’s history. Based on this evidence, the DMV could reasonably decide that the refusal to disclose such information would violate section 11713, subdivision (a).
D. Regulations 403.00 and 404.09, Vagueness Challenges
Finally, the Ford Dealers challenge two regulations, claiming that both are unconstitutionally vague. Regulation 403.00 provides as follows: “403.00 Advertisements. Any advertised statements, representations, or offers made in connection with the sale or attempted sale of any vehicle(s) shall be clearly set forth, and based on facts and shall be subject to these regulations and the Vehicle Code.” (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 13, § 403.00.)
Regulation 404.09 provides: “404.09 Qualifying Statements. Qualifying statements used in connection with vehicle advertisements, including the qualifying statements required by this article, shall be large enough and displayed for a sufficient period of time to enable the average reader or viewer to comprehend such statements.” (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 13, § 404.09.)
The Ford Dealers complain that the phrases “based on facts” and “clearly set forth” are vague. In addition, they attack as vague the requirement that statements be “large enough and displayed for a sufficient period of time” so that an “average” person can understand them.
Initially, it is important to note that when an administrative regulation is challenged the standard of constitutional vagueness is less strict than when a criminal law is attacked. “In the field of regulatory statutes governing business activities, where the acts limited are in a narrow category, greater leeway is allowed.” (Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville (1972) 405 U.S. 156, 162 [31 L.Ed.2d 110, 115-116, 92 S.Ct. 839]; Winters v. New York (1948) 333 U.S. 507, 515 [92 L.Ed. 840, 849, 68 S.Ct. 665] [ “The standards of certainty in statutes punishing for offenses is higher than in those depending primarily upon civil sanction for enforcement.”].) Further, when commercial speech is regulated, the United States Supreme Court has been less concerned with the dangers of overbreadth or a chilling effect because of the limited danger of inhibiting speech. (Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, supra, 433 U.S. at pp. 380-381, 383 [53 L.Ed.2d at pp. 833-835]. See also United States v. National Dairy Corp., supra, 372 U.S. at p. 36 [9 L.Ed.2d at pp. 567-568].)
The first phrase challenged by the Ford Dealers, “based on facts,” easily overcomes a vagueness attack. A statement is based on facts if the speaker knows facts which support the statement. Thus, an advertiser who makes a claim or offer about a vehicle must be aware of facts which support that claim or offer.
The next phrase, “clearly set forth,” is somewhat more difficult, because it must be applied in particular factual settings. Viewed in the abstract, it means merely that such statements, representations or offers cannot be hidden or camouflaged. Further explication would depend on a case-by-case evaluation. The courts can “refine and develop standards under the [statute] on a case-by-case basis .... [T]his is neither unusual nor unconstitutional.” (Volkswagen Interamericana, S.A. v. Rohlsen (1st Cir. 1966) 360 F.2d 437, 445.)
Numerous cases from around the country have upheld regulatory statutes despite the presence of phrases of this ilk, which must be refined through application. For instance, the United States Supreme Court rejected a vagueness challenge to a statute penalizing those who forced a broadcaster to hire more personnel than the “number of employees needed.” (United States v. Petrillo (1947) 332 U.S. 1, 6-8 [91 L.Ed. 1877, 1882-1883, 67 S.Ct. 1538].) Similarly, the courts have regularly upheld statutes barring “unfair” competition. (See, e.g., Fed. Trade Comm. v. Raladam Co. (1931) 283 U.S. 643, 648 [75 L.Ed. 1324, 1329, 51 S.Ct. 587, 79 A.L.R. 1191]; People ex rel. Mosk v. National Research Co. of Cal. (1962) 201 Cal.App.2d 765, 772 [20 Cal.Rptr. 516]. See also CSC v. Letter Carriers (1973) 413 U.S. 548, 576-579 [37 L.Ed.2d 796, 815-817, 93 S.Ct. 2880] [“actively participating in .. . fund-raising” and taking an “active part in managing” not vague]; Boyce Motor Lines v. United States (1952) 342 U.S. 337, 341-343 [96 L.Ed. 367, 371-372, 72 S.Ct. 329] [“so far as practicable” not vague]; Volkswagen Interamericana, S.A. v. Rohlsen, supra, 360 F.2d at p. 445 [“good faith” requirement not vague].)
In a case very similar to the instant situation, the Second Circuit upheld an agency order that a publisher print certain information “in clear, conspicuous type,” in a position “adapted readily to attract the attention of a prospective purchaser.” (Bantam Books, Inc. v. F.T.C. (2d Cir. 1960) 275 F.2d 680, 683, cert. den., 364 U.S. 819 [5 L.Ed.2d 49, 81 S.Ct. 51].) The court held that a more specific order would not be feasible, since clarity and conspicuousness would vary with the size, col- or, placement and design of the publications. “We shall not require the Commission to attempt to devise a universal formula that would take account of all these permutations ...(Ibid.) More recently, the Seventh Circuit upheld an order requiring that certain notices be “clearly and conspicuously displayed” in advertising and promotional materials. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. v. F.T.C., supra, 605 F.2d at p. 969, cert. den., 445 U.S. 934 [63 L.Ed.2d 770, 100 S.Ct. 1329].)
These cases also dispose of the vagueness challenge to the requirement that statements be “large enough” and “displayed for a sufficient period of time” so that an “average” person can comprehend them. It would not be possible for the DMV to set forth specific guidelines covering all the possible advertisements that might fall within the mandates of this regulation. The fact that the exact reach of the statute must be determined through application does not thereby render it vague. “[G]eneric terms” like “‘nuisance’ or ‘negligence’ .. . must be translated into specific situations of fact in order to be cognizable. The attribute of generality does not of itself, however, require a holding of nullity for vagueness.... [11] [I]t would be impossible to draft in advance detailed plans and specifications of all acts and conduct to be prohibited [citations], since unfair or fraudulent business practices may run the gamut of human ingenuity and chicanery.... What constitutes ‘unfair competition’ or ‘unfair or fraudulent business practice’ under any given set of circumstances is a question of fact [citation], the essential test being whether the public is likely to be deceived [citation].” (People ex rel. Mosk v. National Research Co. of Cal., supra, 201 Cal.App.2d at p. 772.)
Here, the “essential test” is whether the reader or viewer is likely to be deceived or confused by an advertisement that is so small or displayed so briefly that it cannot be understood. This is a reasonable standard to which the industry can reasonably be expected to conform its conduct. It is not vague.
Finally, the regulation’s reference to the “average reader or viewer” is not vague. Indeed, the definition of vagueness is often phrased in terms of the “average” person’s ability to understand a statute. (See, e.g., People v. Newbie (1981) 120 Cal.App.3d 444, 453 [174 Cal.Rptr. 637].) Further, obscenity laws frequently refer to the “average” citizen. (Miller v. California (1973) 413 U.S. 15, 24 [37 L.Ed.2d 419, 430-431, 93 S.Ct. 2607]; Bloom v. Municipal Court (1976) 16 Cal.3d 71, 76 [127 Cal.Rptr. 317, 545 P.2d 229].) It is no less fair to ask the advertiser to conform advertisements to the abilities of the average reader or viewer than it is to ask society as a whole to conform to the expectations of the archetypal “reasonable person.” Regulations 403.00 and 404.09 are not void on vagueness grounds.
III.
The DMV appeals from the trial court’s imposition of $8,000 in sanctions for “inadequate” answers to two requests for admissions. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 2034, subd. (c).) The Ford Dealers asked the DMV to admit the following: “In the promulgation of the ‘Old Regulations’ [regulations in effect before 1977] and in the promulgation of the ‘New Regulations’ [those at issue in this case] no formal fact finding study, investigation survey or other fact finding process was authorized by the Defendant Department of Motor Vehicles, or its agents and employees,” and “no report of any formal fact finding study, investigation survey or other fact finding process was received or utilized by the Defendant Department of Motor Vehicles or its agents and employees.” The DMV denied these requests for admissions.
These questions asked whether any fact-finding process was authorized by the DMV, and whether the report of any fact-finding process was received or utilized by the DMV. The investigator who drafted the challenged regulations stated at his deposition that he had utilized comments from other departmental investigators, based on their experiences in the field. This by itself constitutes a “fact finding process” or a “report” of a “fact finding process” sufficient to render the denial of the above admissions true. Sanctions should not have been imposed on the DMV as a result of its denial of these requests for admissions.
IV.
The prohibition of untrue or misleading statements is one aspect of a statutory scheme designed to 'protect consumers and deter irresponsible sales practices. In the highly competitive environment of our modern business world, such safeguards are an essential protection against deceptive and unscrupulous business transactions. In keeping with its mandate to implement this statutory scheme through rules and regulations, the DMV has promulgated a series of regulations intended to ensure compliance with the strict language of the statute. These regulations represent a thorough and reasonable effort to implement the statute in a fair and effective manner.
The trial court erred in finding the regulations invalid and in granting an injunction against their enforcement. The judgment is reversed.
Mosk, J., Richardson, J., Kaus, J., Broussard, J., and Reynoso, J., concurred.
Newman, J., concurred in the result.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references are to the Vehicle Code.
The DMV demurred to the original complaint, claiming that the association lacked standing to challenge the regulations. Without conceding the validity of this argument, the Ford Dealers amended the complaint to add a second association and 13 individual automobile dealers as plaintiffs.
The former Administrative Procedure Act (see former Gov. Code, §§ 11371-11445) was repealed and reenacted in 1979, effective July 1, 1980. (Stats. 1979, ch. 567, §§ 1-9, pp. 1778-1795; see Gov. Code, §§ 11340-11370.5.)
Section 11713, subdivision (a) provides as follows: “It shall be unlawful and a violation of this code for the holder of any license issued under this article: [1Í] (a) To make or disseminate or cause to be made or disseminated before the public in this state, in any newspaper or other publication, or any advertising device, or by public outcry or proclamation, or in any other manner or means whatever, any statement which is untrue or misleading, and which is known, or which by the exercise of reasonable care should be known, to be untrue or misleading; or to so make or disseminate or cause to be so disseminated any such statement as part of a plan or scheme with the intent not to sell any vehicle or service so advertised at the price stated therein, or as so advertised.”
Business and Professions Code section 17500 provides as follows: “It is unlawful for any person, firm, corporation or association, or any employee thereof with intent directly or indirectly to dispose of real or personal property or to perform services, professional or otherwise, or anything of any nature whatsoever or to induce the public to enter into any obligation relating thereto, to make or disseminate or cause to be made or disseminated before the public in this state, or to make or disseminate or cause to be made or disseminated from this state before the public in any state, in any newspaper or other publication, or any advertising device, or by public outcry or proclamation, or in any other manner or means whatever, any statement, concerning such real or personal property or services, professional or otherwise, or concerning any circumstance or matter of fact connected with the proposed performance or disposition thereof, which is untrue or misleading, and which is known, or which by the exercise of reasonable care should be known, to be untrue or misleading, or for any such person, firm, or corporation to so make or disseminate or cause to be so made or disseminated any such statement as part of a plan or scheme with the intent not to sell such personal property or services, professional or otherwise, so advertised at the price stated therein, or as so advertised. Any violation of the provisions of this section is a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), or by both." (Italics added.)
In addition, former Health and Safety Code section 26209, which barred false or misleading statements “disseminated in any manner or by any means” was held to be “broad enough to cover oral representations ....” (People v. Galway (1953) 120 Cal.App.2d 45, 49 [260 P.2d 212]; People v. Schmitt (1957) 155 Cal.App.2d 87, 102 [317 P.2d 673].)
In another context, the Ford Dealers recognize that a statute that specifically applies to the acts of licensed dealers also governs the actions of the dealers’ employees. They concede without discussion that section 11705 applies to salespeople as well as licensed dealers. However, the language of section 11705 is identical to that of section 11713. Both refer only to licensed dealers. If, as the Ford Dealers concede, section 11705 applies to salespeople, section 11713 must as well.
The imputation of liability to the employer is based on the assumption that a licensed dealer is in a position to control the actions of salespeople. Consequently, it is held to be fair to impute to the employer liability for the violations of employees. (See, e.g., In re Marley (1946) 29 Cal.2d 525 [175 P.2d 832].) However, where a dealer is able to demonstrate unusual circumstances that negate the presumption of control, it might be unfair to hold that dealer liable for the misrepresentations of salespeople. Mere lack of knowledge would not suffice, where a dealer appeared to have tolerated misleading statements in the past or created a climate in which such misstatements were likely to occur. However, a dealer might be able to defend against an action under section 11713, subdivision (a) by demonstrating that it made every effort to discourage misrepresentations; had no knowledge of salespeople’s misleading statements; and, when so informed, refused to accept the benefits of any sales based on misrepresentations and took action to prevent a reoccurrence.
In this case, only the validity of the administrative regulation holding employers liable, in general, for the statements of their employees is at issue. In the absence of a specific factual setting raising the question, the court need not decide the exact dimensions of a possible exception to that general rule.
Regulation 403.02 provides in full: “403.02 Vehicle History, (a) Express advertisements of a vehicle’s prior use or ownership history must be accurate. [11] (b) Former taxicabs, rental vehicles, publicly owned vehicles, insurance salvage vehicles and revived salvage vehicles shall be clearly identified as such if the previous status is known to the seller. [11] (c) If a vehicle is advertised and/or sold as a ‘demonstrator’ and such a vehicle has been previously registered or sold to a retail purchaser, the selling dealer shall clearly disclose to the buyer the fact of such prior registration or sale before obtaining the buyer’s signature on a purchase order or sales contract.” (Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 13, § 403.02.)
The Ford Dealers’ assertion that the former provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (former Gov. Code, §§ 11371-11445) were unconstitutional because they did not require agencies to conduct a full hearing on the merits of proposed regulations is without merit. Administrative rulemaking proceedings are “quasi-legislative” proceedings, and “a hearing of a judicial type is not required .... [11] There is no constitutional requirement for any hearing in a quasi-legislative proceeding.” (Franchise Tax Board v. Superior Court (1950) 36 Cal.2d 538, 549 [225 P.2d 905]; California Optometric Assn. v. Lackner (1976) 60 Cal.App.3d 500, 505-509 [131 Cal.Rptr. 744].) Further, where a hearing is provided by law, as it was under former Government Code section 11425, there is no requirement that such a hearing be adversarial. (Cf. United States v. Florida East Coast R. Co. (1973) 410 U.S. 224, 240 [35 L.Ed.2d 223, 236, 93 S.Ct. 810].) The Ford Dealers were not denied any constitutional right on this administrative record.
The Ford Dealers argue that the trial court erred in refusing to allow them to present additional evidence as to the reasonableness of this regulation. They submitted an offer of proof indicating that their expert witness was prepared to testify that rental vehicles are in better condition than private vehicles of the same model and year. However, the trial court correctly ruled that the judiciary was limited to an examination of the administrative record in an action challenging an administrative regulation. (Schenley Affiliated Brands Corp. v. Kirby (1971) 21 Cal.App.3d 177, 196-197 [98 Cal.Rptr. 609] and cases cited.) In addition, the preferred evidence, even if accepted, did not refute the evidence in the record that consumers are interested in the history of their automobiles and would feel misled if sold a vehicle without being informed that it had been used for rental purposes.
The Ford Dealers’ additional claim that this regulation is unconstitutionally vague is disposed of by the holding of the following section, post, at pages 365-369.
The Ford Dealers argue that this rule of construction should not be applied to section 11713, subdivision (a) because it contains penal sanctions: a violation of section 11713 can be punished as a misdemeanor (see § 40000.11), subject to a fine of $500 and a jail term of up to six months (see Pen. Code, § 19). However, the potential criminal liability associated with a violation of this statute is not before the court in this case. The Ford Dealers initiated this case as an action for declaratory and injunctive relief, pursuant to former Government Code section 11440, a provision of the Administrative Procedure Act. As a result, only the civil, administrative aspects of the statute are presently before the court. Questions as to the interpretation of a penal statute should not be addressed in a case litigated under the administrative law. (See Judson Steel Corp. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 658, 668 [150 Cal.Rptr. 250, 586 P.2d 564], See also Cal. Emp. Com. v. 3utte County etc. Assn. (1944) 25 Cal.2d 624, 630-631 [154 P.2d 892] and California State Restaurant Assn. v. Whitlow, supra, 58 Cal.App.3d at pp. 346-347 [interpreting remedial statutes liberally in administrative proceedings, although violations of the statutes constituted misdemeanors].)
The Ford Dealers raise two additional arguments in support of their claim that a strict standard of statutory construction should be applied to this case. First, they argue that the regulations at issue here impinge upon constitutionally protected First Amendment rights. The Supreme Court has provided the short and clear answer to this claim. Although commercial speech is protected by the Constitution, false, deceptive or misleading advertising is subject to restraint. (Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977) 433 U.S. 350, 383 [53 L.Ed.2d 810, 835, 97 S.Ct. 2691].) Because regulations governing false and misleading advertising are directed only at unlawful business practices, standard First Amendment cases are not controlling. (United States v. National Dairy Corp. (1963) 372 U.S. 29, 36 [9 L.Ed.2d 561, 567-568, 83 S.Ct. 594].) Such regulations can be broader than statutes regulating other speech because the danger of a chilling effect on protected speech is not present. (Ibid.; Bates, supra, 433 U.S. at pp. 380-381 [53 L.Ed.2d at pp. 833-834].) Statutes regulating commercial advertising, therefore, need not be strictly construed.
Next, they assert that the statute should be narrowly construed because automobile dealers face revocation of their licenses—and thus potential loss of their livelihood—if they violate the statute. It is true that loss of a license may be a serious punishment. The due process clauses of both the state and federal Constitutions protect the right to employment from arbitrary state interference. (Sail’er Inn, Inc. v. Kirby (1971) 5 Cal.3d 1, 17 [95 Cal.Rptr. 329, 485 P.2d 529, 46 A.L.R.3d 351]; In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637, 652 [183 Cal.Rptr. 508, 646 P.2d 179].) However, the state has a strong interest in regulating the licensed professions and clearly may discipline individuals employed in those fields. (Endler v. Schutzbank (1968) 68 Cal.2d 162, 170 [65 Cal.Rptr. 297, 436 P.2d 297]; Camacho v. Youde, supra, 95 Cal.App.3d at p. 164; Cornell v. Reilly, supra, 127 Cal.App.2d at p. 184.) Due process mandates do not necessarily require that the exacting rules of procedure employed in the criminal courts be applied to license revocation procedures. “[T]he overwhelming weight of authority has rejected any analogy which would require [an administrative] board to conduct its proceedings for the revocation of a license in accordance with theories developed in the field of criminal law. [Citations.]” (Webster v. Board of Dental Examiners, supra, 17 Cal.2d at p. 538.)
| CASELAW |
Page:Glossary of words in use in Cornwall.djvu/500
ALMONDBURY AND HUDDBRSFIELD. 139 Thrown, turned in a lathe (as bed-posts, &c.). Thrum. When the piece of cloth is finished the weaver leaves one or two yards of the cloth in the slay, or yeld. When the fresh mate- rial is put in, the new warp is twisted with tbe fingers to that left in. It is next pulled through the yelds and slay, and when the weaving is commenced the old warp is cut off. The part so cut off is the thrum. The weavers formerly had 'the thrum for themselves, but not now. This spare material was used for the manufacture of hearth- rugs, dust-mops, &c. Thnuhen, past participle of to thrash, or thresh, Thrnsten (pronounced thrussen; gl, thrus'n), crowded; inconveni- enced by pressure of business, or want of room. Thumb, fonnerly pronounced thddm, which see. Thumper, a lie. Thnimer, thunder. Thnnneiolock, thunder-clock, a black beetle. See Clock. Thwaite, a word found in names of places, as Aithwaite, Slsixthwaite, &c. Also in family names, as Thwaiies^ MivlsXethwaitey &c. The word itself means ploughed land where a wood has been grubbod up. Tickle, careful ; nice ; dangerous, &c. Tickle weather, when it may soon turn to rain ; a tickle job, one that requires care and caution. A mous6-ti*ap should be set tickle^ i. e. easy to go off. Tioktack, a second. Tigaree, tigaree, touch me wood, a boys' game. One boy turns out to run, and as soon as he can touches one who does not touch wood. The ' tigged * boy takes his place, unless he is sharp enough to touch No. 1 in return. Time (pronounced tatom ; gl, taum). In such an expression as * By [the time] I had got home I had lost the pain,' it is usual to omit the words in brackets. Tinkler, a tinker. Tin money. In money clubs it is customary to make a certain con- tribution for the good of the house, to be spent in drink, for which a sort of tin token is given. Tirl, the wheel of a barrow. Probably from tirly a variant of trilly to turn. Troll was used in Hampshire for trundling a hoop. Toarthre, no doubt formed from two or three, but to be taken as a whole, and to be used adjectively as such, of which the following is an example. A boy at the Grammar School came up to one of the masters and said, *I've brought you a toarthre sums.* * Oh, two or three. Very well; let me look.* * No, sir, not two or three; a toarthre,' * Well, how many then ? ' * Perhaps six or seven.* | WIKI |
Julia Carta
Julia Carta (1561-fl. 1605) was an Italian folk healer.
She was active as a cunning woman.
She was prosecuted by the Spanish Inquisition on Sardinia for heresy because of alleged witchcraft and devil worship. The heresy trial against her lasted from 1596 and 1605, and is known as the most prominent and documented trials of the Inquisition in Sardinia. She was convicted of heresy. Documentation is however lacking on which punishment she was given and if she was executed or not. | WIKI |
Do I Have a Cold or Allergies?
Do I Have a Cold or Allergies?
By RMHP
Do I Have a Cold or Allergies?
Cold Symptoms vs. Allergy Symptoms
Cold symptoms and allergy symptoms can feel pretty similar, so how do you know which one you're dealing with? Colds are more common in winter, and most people suffer from allergies during the warmer months, but both can hit you any time during the year.
These are the key differences between allergies and colds for you to remember the next time you’re feeling a bit under the weather.
Key differences between allergies and colds
First, you should understand how colds and allergies come into your life. The common cold is caused by a virus, which then causes your immune system to fire up and fight back. Allergy symptoms pop up when your overactive immune system has a response to allergens (like pollen, dust, and pet dander).
One of the biggest differences in symptoms will be duration. Typically, a cold doesn’t last more than 14 days or so, while allergies can plague you for months on end.
Symptoms of a cold
If you have a common cold you might develop a cough, sore throat, runny nose, congestion, and sneeze attacks. Sometimes, you’ll feel fatigued and your body will ache. Symptoms like fevers and itchy eyes rarely occur when you have a cold.
And remember, if your cold symptoms last for more than 2 weeks you should go see your doctor. You might have a bacterial infection that requires antibiotics.
Common allergy symptoms
With allergies, some of the symptoms will be similar to those of a cold. A runny or stuffy nose and sneezing are two common symptoms of allergies. Occasionally, allergies also cause people to cough, have a sore throat, and feel fatigued. A fever and/or aches and pains almost never occur with allergies.
Itchy eyes are common with allergies, though, and can be one sign that you’re not dealing with the common cold.
Recovering from allergies and colds
Recovering from allergies could involve over-the-counter antihistamines, or another medication prescribed by your doctor. If you aren’t sure what’s causing your symptoms it’d be worthwhile to find out so that you can avoid those triggers and keep yourself feeling great. You may have even developed an allergy recently when you’ve never suffered before.
Bouncing back after the common cold usually means lots of rest and relaxation. Drink plenty of fluids and eat healthily — hearty, healthy winter soups are a great way to help yourself feel better, even if allergies are the culprit.
Recover
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User:Mike Peel/Royal Pomona Palace
The Royal Pomona Palace and botanical gardens was located in Pomona Island, Manchester. It was formerly known as Cornbrook Strawberry Gardens, before being renamed after the Roman goddess Pomona. The site was opened in 1846. Purchased by George Jennison in 1868.
As a result of the industrial revolution, by the 1880s the site was surrounded by factories. In 1887 a nearby chemical factory exploded, which caused considerable damage to the palace, resulting in the closure of the palace and gardens. The area later became known as the Pomona Docks.
A pub was later named after it. | WIKI |
Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 05.pdf/287
258
ter Academy, and at Brown College, whence he graduated with high honors in 1856. Entering the Harvard Law School, he took his degree of bachelor of laws in 1858. In 1859 he was admitted to the Suffolk Bar, and entered the office of Judge Benjamin F. Thomas. In 1861 he married a daughter of Judge Thomas; and they have two daughters, who are married. His promi nence in the profession did not begin at his admission to the bar. Before he had been long in the Law School, he was picked out by his instructors as a young man of uncommon good judgment, of trained meth ods of thought, of unusual acumen. As a student his industry fairly amounted to a rapacity of learning. From the time he entered Judge Thomas's office until the judge's death twenty years afterwards, the relations of these two men, both professionally and otherwise, were very close. They were constantly employed together in the same cases; and as the younger man matured, he grew to be more and more his elder's associate rather than his junior. There was a sympathy and congeniality of mind in both men that pro duced striking results in the preparation and presentation of their cases. In 1860 practice at the Suffolk Bar was diversified. No lawyer, except the convey ancer and some of the criminal lawyers, confined himself strictly and exclusively to any special branch of the profession. By 1880 this specializing had made consider able headway; in 1893 it has engulfed the profession. But from the beginning Mr. Olney's practice led more especially into two chan nels, — the law of wills and estates and the law of corporations. Upon both he is a recognized authority. His clearness of per ception and soundness of intellect, aided by his profound knowledge of the law and his truly judicial quality of mind, gave him peculiar advantages In leading his clients to a safe and sure position. In his work he is always prompt and
thorough. These are attributes which can not be commended too highly to members of the legal profession. No man can be really successful as a lawyer unless he does his work promptly and thoroughly. Noth ing appeals so certainly to a business man seeking legal counsel or direction. It is natural, therefore, that Mr. Olney should have gained a most enviable reputation as a chamber counsel. To a remarkable force of intellect he has joined an indefatigable industry, supplement ing both by a splendid physical constitu tion. Such a combination in a lawyer is capable of great results, and Mr. Olney has taken entire advantage of these gifts. He is a hard student and an omnivorous reader. All literature, legal and otherwise, is grist to his mill. His preparation of cases is so complete that they come to trial but rarely. He in variably familiarizes himself with every aspect of the case. Hence the settlement of a case by him means that his client gets all that he is entitled to. His breadth of view is so comprehensive, his honesty and fairness are so well recognized, and his judicial temperament is so thoroughly appreciated by opposing counsel and by all the parties, that his ultimatum is generally accepted. As a junior Mr. Olney was always of the greatest help to his senior associates. His accumulation of facts and marshalling of the evidence, and his application of the law pertaining to the case in hand, gave his seniors unlimited confidence that they had their whole case within reach. His faultless logic and his ingenuity of mind could always be depended upon to help them over a rough spot or around a sharp corner. But of late years it is as senior coun sel only that Mr. Olney has appeared in cases. There the same great legal qualities already spoken of have won the admiration of his juniors. But more than that, the courtesy, kindness, and patience shown his younger associates have been unfailing, and | WIKI |
Page:The Golden Bowl (Scribner, New York, 1909), Volume 2.djvu/16
THE GOLDEN BOWL and this liberal form, which many families, many couples, and still more many pairs of couples, wouldn't have found workable. That last truth had been distinctly brought home to them by the bright testimony, the quite explicit envy, of most of their friends, who had remarked to them again and again that they must, on all the showing, to keep such terms, be people of the highest amiability—equally including in the praise of course Amerigo and Charlotte. It had given them pleasure—as how shouldn't it?—to find themselves shed such a glamour; it had certainly, that is, given pleasure to her father and herself, both of them distinguishably of a nature so slow to presume that they would scarce have been sure of their triumph without this pretty reflexion of it. So it was that their felicity had fructified; so it was that the ivory tower, visible and admirable doubtless from any point of the social field, had risen stage by stage. Maggie's actual reluctance to ask herself with proportionate sharpness why she had ceased to take comfort in the sight of it represented accordingly a lapse from that ideal consistency on which her moral comfort almost at any time depended. To remain consistent she had always been capable of cutting down more or less her prior term.
Moving for the first time in her life as in the darkening shadow of a false position, she reflected that she should either not have ceased to be right—that is to be confident—or have recognised that she was wrong; though she tried to deal with herself for a space only as a silken-coated spaniel who has scrambled out of a pond and who rattles the water from his 6 | WIKI |
Estrogen
Pioneering research shows the essential role played by the female hormone estrogen in preserving muscle bulk and strength in women. Muscles need to repaired following injury to maintain their strength and function. It has long known that male sex hormones like testosterone and related compounds have potent muscle-building action.
The current University of Minnesota study shows that in females, stem cells in the muscle, or satellite cells, which are responsible for generating new muscle after injury, depend on estrogen for their function and reproduction. This is via a special class of estrogen receptors on these cells, called ERα.
Satellite cells are located near the cell membrane of a muscle cell; and are activated only when they are require to reproduce following a muscle injury. Like other stem cells, they can then differentiate to form mature muscle cells;while a group of them remain undifferentiated to maintain a pool of quiescent satellite cells. This is called self-renewal. When these cells are lacking, as in some mutant cells; skeletal muscle regeneration is severely affected.
Maximum muscular force
There is an age-related drop in satellite cell number, both in men and in women. This is attributed to both cell-linked and environment-linked factors; among which is the sudden drop in estrogen levels in menopausal women. Estrogen deficiency is known to reduce the bulk of skeletal muscle and the maximum muscular force in women. It also impairs muscle recovery after injury.
Researchers found that without estrogen stimulation, the number of muscle stem cells in both groups of mice dropped; by an astonishing 30% to 60%. This continued to decline with the duration of estrogen deprivation. The decline was due to the entry of these cells into pathways leading to programmed cell death or apoptosis.
The cells that left were slow to reproduce and differentiate into new muscle fibers; resulting in a loss of muscle strength after injury. The response to injury was not affected by estrogen loss until the 21st day, when the strength was shown to be less by almost 20%. After a second episode of injury, the loss of strength recovery was more marked at 23% to almost 40% between day 28 and day 42 following injury.
Estrogen deficiency
To confirm this was due to estrogen deficiency; they treated some of the mice whose ovaries had removed with estrogen, and this resulted in maintaining the number of satellite cells in the pool intact. They also treated some of these mice with bazedoxifine, a new drug, which acts only on ERα on the satellite cells. This drug was able to restore satellite cells to their original number; acting as an estrogen agonist.
Simultaneously, researchers looked at data obtained by Finnish scientists from muscle biopsies taken from a group of women just before and just after they entered menopause. These results showed that human satellite; cell number fluctuated significantly in relation to variations in the serum estrogen levels.
These can used for selective ERα receptor stimulation in muscle stem cells; without affecting breast or endometrial tissue. This provides a potential safe therapeutic option to help older women retain strong muscles after menopause. Researcher Dawn Lowe says, “This is the first work to show that estrogen deficiency affects the number as well as the function of satellite cells. What estrogen does in women in terms of reproduction has been known for decades. Now we’re learning what estrogens do in women’s muscles.” | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
J3/16-283 To: J3 From: Daniel Chen Subject: Answers to Questions without edits in 16-262r1 Date: 2016 October 11 Discussion: This paper is to answer the questions raised in paper 16-262r1 ===================================================================== 1. [185-186 11.1.5] If a CHANGE TEAM construct is executed while a construct is executing, and that construct has a that is a coindexed object, does the CHANGE TEAM construct affect the image index of the association? I think not, because it doesn't affect the image index of an actual argument (or at least I hope it doesn't). A note might be helpful to stave off a future interp request. Something like "Execution of a CHANGE TEAM statement does not affect associations of coindexed actual arguments to dummy arguments of procedures that have not completed execution when the CHANGE TEAM statement is executed, or associations established by constructs that have not completed execution when the CHANGE TEAM statement is executed." Or this could be said in 11.1.3.3. Something like "If the is a coindexed object, the image to which it refers is not affected by executing a CHANGE TEAM statement while the construct is executing," and something like that somewhere in 15.5.2.3. Answers: The question is not valid because a or a dummy argument is not a coindexed object. cannot be a coindexed object as per "C1103 (R1105) variable shall not be a coindexed object." 2. [207 NOTE 11.34] Should variables that are referenced or defined by calls to atomic subroutines have the VOLATILE attribute? Otherwise, how does the processor know that some other image does not have its value in a cache? It probably isn't enough to specify explicitly that it has the attribute implicitly because an ordinary reference to it might appear in a different scoping unit from its use in a reference to an atomic subroutine. Of should every reference to an atomic subroutine be preceded and followed by SYNC MEMORY (which seems like a rather large hammer)? If they need to have the VOLATILE attribute, its description should be changed to encompass more than "means other than Fortran." Answers: VOLATILE is defined as [112:24] "The VOLATILE attribute specifies that an object may be referenced, defined, or become undefined, by means not specified by the program." The suggested change breaks the definition of VOLATILE, which is not desired. 3. [210:17 R1169] Why doesn't SYNC TEAM allow an integer to specify the team, as is allowed in an ? Answer: SYNC TEAM is allowed to sync an ancestor team that is specified by the team varialbe. A team number is only unique among teams that are created by the same FORM TEAM statement. Therefore, team number cannot be used in SYNC TEAM as it is ambiguous. 4. [213 11.6.10] What happens if an image that other images consider to have failed actually hasn't, doesn't realize they believe it's failed, and locks a lock variable? Answer: The definition of failed image is: [14:41]"image that has not initiated termination but which has ceased to participate in program execution." Therefore, it cannot lock a lock variable. 5. [214-215 11.6.11] Are failed or stopped images error conditions, or simply information made available using the ? This affects whether an image control statement without a STAT= specifier causes error termination if another image has failed, and the wording of "if an error other than a stopped image or failed image...." Answers: Failed images or stopped images are error conditions but they will cause error termination only if the STAT= specifier is omitted. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Depending on your history and urgency of your condition, I tailor my physical exam to most appropriately assess your condition. My goal is to devise the most informed diagnosis and treatment plan. Though it may come off as tedious, remember that doctors should perform a full history and physical exam to formulate a proper diagnosis. Rushing to treatment is never a good idea so manage your expectations for your initial visit and allow your doctor to perform his/her duties diligently.
In clinic, I typically focus on ruling out nervous system pathologies and observe for any physical signs of distress. I may perform some or all of the following on you. The following is for reference only and is not meant to be used by you to self-diagnose a condition.
1. Full cranial nerve examination that includes sensory, smell, vision, motor function and reflex of nerves that originate directly from your brain.
2. Full upper limb neurological testing for sensory changes at shoulders, arms or hands, motor strength testing, normal deep tendon reflexes at your biceps, forearm and triceps and abnormal reflex testing.
3. Full torso sensory, motor and reflex testing
4. Full lower body sensory, motor strength and reflex testing that includes the knee jerk reflex, hamstring tendon reflex, achilles reflex, plantar reflex, and abnormal reflexes.
5. Examining your eyes with an appropriate scope.
6. Taking your blood pressure multiple times.
7. Balance testing.
8. Basic observation of your speech, swallowing, communication and though process.
9. Observation for bruising, cuts and swelling.
10. Temperature analysis for fever.
11. Neck muscle and joint testing
Adopted from chiropractic training and guidelines outlined by international headache society as reported by:
Hainder et al. 2013. American Family Physician. “Approach to acute Headaches in adults” http://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0515/p682.html | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ONTAP 9.14
to Japanese version
Create an LDAP client configuration
If you want ONTAP to access the external LDAP servers in your environment, you must first set up an LDAP client on the storage system.
What you’ll need
One of the first three servers in the AD-domain resolved list must be up and serving data. Otherwise, this task fails.
There are multiple servers, out of which more than two servers are down at any point of time.
Steps
1. Consult with your LDAP administrator to determine the appropriate configuration values for the vserver services name-service ldap client create command:
1. Specify a domain-based or an address-based connection to LDAP servers.
The -ad-domain and -servers options are mutually exclusive.
• Use the -ad-domain option to enable LDAP server discovery in the Active Directory domain.
You can use the -preferred-ad-servers option to specify one or more preferred Active Directory servers by IP address in a comma-delimited list. After the client is created, you can modify this list by using the vserver services name-service ldap client modify command.
• Use the -servers option to specify one or more LDAP servers (AD or UNIX) by IP address in a comma-delimited list.
The -ldap-servers field replaces the -servers field. This new field can take either a host name or an IP address for the LDAP server.
2. Specify a default or custom LDAP schema.
Most LDAP servers can use the default read-only schemas that are provided by ONTAP. It is best to use those default schemas unless there is a requirement to do otherwise. If so, you can create your own schema by copying a default schema (they are read-only), and then modifying the copy.
Default schemas:
• MS-AD-BIS
Based on RFC-2307bis, this is the preferred LDAP schema for most standard Windows 2012 and later LDAP deployments.
• AD-IDMU
Based on Active Directory Identity Management for UNIX, this schema is appropriate for most Windows 2012, and later AD servers.
• AD-SFU
Based on Active Directory Services for UNIX, this schema is appropriate for most Windows 2003 and earlier AD servers.
• RFC-2307
Based on RFC-2307 (An Approach for Using LDAP as a Network Information Service), this schema is appropriate for most UNIX AD servers.
3. Select bind values.
• -min-bind-level {anonymous|simple|sasl} specifies the minimum bind authentication level.
The default value is anonymous.
• -bind-dn LDAP_DN specifies the bind user.
For Active Directory servers, you must specify the user in the account (DOMAIN\user) or principal (user@domain.com) form. Otherwise, you must specify the user in distinguished name (CN=user,DC=domain,DC=com) form.
• -bind-password password specifies the bind password.
4. Select session security options, if required.
You can enable either LDAP signing and sealing or LDAP over TLS if required by the LDAP server.
• --session-security {none|sign|seal}
You can enable signing (sign, data integrity), signing and sealing (seal, data integrity and encryption), or neither (none, no signing or sealing). The default value is none.
You should also set -min-bind-level {sasl} unless you want the bind authentication to fall back to anonymous or simple if the signing and sealing bind fails.
• -use-start-tls {true|false}
If set to true and the LDAP server supports it, the LDAP client uses an encrypted TLS connection to the server. The default value is false. You must install a self-signed root CA certificate of the LDAP server to use this option.
If the SVM has a SMB server added to a domain and the LDAP server is one of the domain controllers of the home-domain of the SMB server, then you can modify the -session-security-for-ad-ldap option by using the vserver cifs security modify command.
5. Select port, query, and base values.
The default values are recommended, but you must verify with your LDAP administrator that they are appropriate for your environment.
• -port port specifies the LDAP server port.
The default value is 389.
If you plan to use Start TLS to secure the LDAP connection, you must use the default port 389. Start TLS begins as a plaintext connection over the LDAP default port 389, and that connection is then upgraded to TLS. If you change the port, Start TLS fails.
• -query-timeout integer specifies the query timeout in seconds.
The allowed range is from 1 through 10 seconds. The default value is 3 seconds.
• -base-dn LDAP_DN specifies the base DN.
Multiple values can be entered if needed (for example, if LDAP referral chasing is enabled). The default value is "" (root).
• -base-scope {base|onelevel|subtree} specifies the base search scope.
The default value is subtree.
• -referral-enabled {true|false} specifies whether LDAP referral chasing is enabled.
This allows the ONTAP LDAP client to refer look-up requests to other LDAP servers if an LDAP referral response is returned by the primary LDAP server indicating that the desired records are present on referred LDAP servers. The default value is false.
To search for records present in the referred LDAP servers, the base-dn of the referred records must be added to the base-dn as part of LDAP client configuration.
2. Create an LDAP client configuration on the SVM:
vserver services name-service ldap client create -vserver vserver_name -client-config client_config_name {-servers LDAP_server_list | -ad-domain ad_domain -preferred-ad-servers preferred_ad_server_list -schema schema -port 389 -query-timeout 3 -min-bind-level {anonymous|simple|sasl} -bind-dn LDAP_DN -bind-password password -base-dn LDAP_DN -base-scope subtree -session-security {none|sign|seal} [-referral-enabled {true|false}]
You must provide the SVM name when creating an LDAP client configuration.
3. Verify that the LDAP client configuration is created successfully:
vserver services name-service ldap client show -client-config client_config_name
Examples
The following command creates a new LDAP client configuration named ldap1 for the SVM vs1 to work with an Active Directory server for LDAP:
cluster1::> vserver services name-service ldap client create -vserver vs1 -client-config ldapclient1 –ad-domain addomain.example.com -schema AD-SFU -port 389 -query-timeout 3 -min-bind-level simple -base-dn DC=addomain,DC=example,DC=com -base-scope subtree -preferred-ad-servers 172.17.32.100
The following command creates a new LDAP client configuration named ldap1 for the SVM vs1 to work with an Active Directory server for LDAP on which signing and sealing is required:
cluster1::> vserver services name-service ldap client create -vserver vs1 -client-config ldapclient1 –ad-domain addomain.example.com -schema AD-SFU -port 389 -query-timeout 3 -min-bind-level sasl -base-dn DC=addomain,DC=example,DC=com -base-scope subtree -preferred-ad-servers 172.17.32.100 -session-security seal
The following command creates a new LDAP client configuration named ldap1 for the SVM vs1 to work with an Active Directory server for LDAP where LDAP referral chasing is required:
cluster1::> vserver services name-service ldap client create -vserver vs1 -client-config ldapclient1 –ad-domain addomain.example.com -schema AD-SFU -port 389 -query-timeout 3 -min-bind-level sasl -base-dn "DC=adbasedomain,DC=example1,DC=com; DC=adrefdomain,DC=example2,DC=com" -base-scope subtree -preferred-ad-servers 172.17.32.100 -referral-enabled true
The following command modifies the LDAP client configuration named ldap1 for the SVM vs1 by specifying the base DN:
cluster1::> vserver services name-service ldap client modify -vserver vs1 -client-config ldap1 -base-dn CN=Users,DC=addomain,DC=example,DC=com
The following command modifies the LDAP client configuration named ldap1 for the SVM vs1 by enabling referral chasing:
cluster1::> vserver services name-service ldap client modify -vserver vs1 -client-config ldap1 -base-dn "DC=adbasedomain,DC=example1,DC=com; DC=adrefdomain,DC=example2,DC=com" -referral-enabled true
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User:Mirza Arslan69/sandbox
Mirza Arslan, widely known by his nickname Mirza, is a 20-year-old professional street fighter and social media personality hailing from Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. With a passion for combat sports, Mirza has honed his skills in the art of street fighting, showcasing his prowess and agility in various underground fighting circuits. His remarkable abilities have garnered him a significant following on social media platforms, where he shares his stories and engages with his dedicated fanbase. Mirza's unique combination of athleticism, charisma, and dedication to his craft has solidified his position as an influential figure in both the world of street fighting and the online community. | WIKI |
Page:The Spirit of Russia by T G Masaryk, volume 2.pdf/230
204 Holding firmly as he does to the theory that there is a natural harmony between state and church, it goes without saying that for Russia, where there are many creeds, the Orthodox church is to be the state church. "The state recognises one creed among all as the true one; it supports and favours one church exclusively; all other churches and creeds being regarded as of lesser value."
Such was the spirit in which Pobědonoscev, as chief procurator of the holy synod, treated the old believers and the sectaries, being especially harsh to the stundists.
When the decree of toleration was issued in April 1905 and was followed by a manifesto in October of the same year, the clergy demanded the summoning of a council for the revision of the existing relationships between church and state. In response to this demand, Pobědonoscev sent the chiefs of the eparchies a questionnaire, wherein, however, no reference was made to the thorny problem of the relationship between church and state. Despite his slavophilism, Pobědonoscev suddenly became a defender of Petrine ecclesiastical reform and of the uncanonically founded synod.
In Pobědonoscev's view, perfect harmony between church and state was to be realised by unmitigated absolutism. He was ever the most determined opponent of political no less than of religious reform. During the regime of Svjatopolk-Mirskii, when the question of political reforms was under discussion, Pobědonoscev, speaking in the name of religion, denied the tsar's right to limit in any way whatever the powers bestowed on him by the deity. Similar had been the ideas of the ecclesiastical politicians in the days of old Moscow.
It is said that as early as 1906 Pobědonoscev had elaborated a design to recruit from the clergy against the duma a clerical governmental party, and certainly the elections to the fourth duma realised this plan.
Pobědonoscev was by no means original. His Moscow Collection was a mere compilation of well-known ideas from numerous European and Russian conservatives and reactionaries. Most of the notions in the book may be traced back to Le Play. Pobědonoscev wrote a cordial appreciation of this Catholic adviser of Napoleon III. But Le Play was no more than one among the many French adversaries of democracy and revolution to exercise an influence upon Russian politicians and | WIKI |
Indian Pipe
Indian Pipe
Monotropa uniflora, also known as the ghost plant, Indian pipe, or corpse plant is a herbaceous perennial plant, formerly classified in the family Monotropaceae, but now included within the Ericaceae. It is native to temperate regions of Asia, North America and northern South America, but with large gaps between areas. It is generally scarce or rare in occurrence. Unlike most plants, it is white and does not contain chlorophyll. Instead of generating energy from sunlight, it is parasitic, more specifically a myco-heterotroph. Its hosts are certain fungi that are mycorrhizal with trees, meaning it ultimately gets its energy from photosynthetic trees. Since it is not dependent on sunlight to grow, it can grow in very dark environments as in the understory of dense forest. It is often associated with beech trees. The complex relationship that allows this plant to grow also makes propagation difficult. The plant is sometimes completely white but commonly has black flecks and a pale pink coloration. Rare variants may have a deep red color. The stems reach heights of 10–30 cm, clothed with small scale-leaves 5–10 mm long. As its scientific name suggests, and unlike the related Monotropa hypopitys (but like the closely related Monotropastrum humile), the stems bear only a single flower, 10–15 mm long with 3-8 petals. It flowers from early summer to early autumn. Like most mycoheterotrophic plants, M. uniflora associates with a small range of fungal hosts, all of them members of Russulaceae.
Flower Family: Heath
Scientific Name: Monotropa uniflora
Usual Color: White
Source | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Calling Ivanka and Melania Trump Handmaids is a popular joke. It’s also a bad one.
On left-leaning Twitter right now, a reliable way to rack up some retweets is to call Ivanka Trump “Ofjared,” or Melania Trump “Ofdonald.” (Or, if you want to be really creepy, calling Ivanka “Ofdonald.”) To explain that a popular Twitter joke is Bad, Actually, is to be a humorless scold, but the Ofjared/Ofdonald joke is so unpleasant that I’m just going to go for it here. There are a lot of levels on which this joke has some issues. It’s a reference to The Handmaid’s Tale, in which Handmaids — fertile women forced to act as childbearing slaves to their owners, who ritually rape them once a month — take on their owner’s names with the prefix “of.” In the Hulu adaptation of Margaret Atwood’s novel, Elisabeth Moss’s character is called “Offred,” because she is the property of a man named Fred. So the joke here is that the Trump women, via their involvement with and participation in Donald Trump’s administration, have become their husbands’ property. They are powerless, they have been reduced to belongings, they have no independent identities of their own, and this is funny. On a purely technical level, it’s simply not a very good reference. Ivanka isn’t anything like an Offred, though she is a dead ringer for the Handmaid’s Tale character Serena Joy, the wife of Offred’s owner who smooths over her husband’s brutality with her smiling, immaculately coiffed blondeness. But more seriously, the Ofjared/Ofdonald joke creates some troubling slippage between its apparent target and the source of its humor. Ostensibly, the joke is supposed to critique Ivanka and Melania for their complicity with the Trump administration, for all the work that they did to make Donald Trump a palatable candidate during the election and the work they do now to advance his agenda. It’s supposed to say that we recognize them as free agents who made bad choices of their own free will and now have to face the consequences, the way SNL’s “complicit” sketch did. But the punchline of the Ofjared/Ofdonald joke is that the Trump women are not free agents, that they are property. It says, essentially, “You made your own choices and I don’t like them, so now I’m going to laugh at you for being a man’s property who can’t make her own choices, you loser.” It’s a slightly more highbrow cousin of the right’s “Hillary sucks, but not like Monica” quip, in that it’s pretty sure that positioning a woman as a man’s sexual property is the absolute funniest way to make a joke about her. And that’s a dangerous and troubling characterization no matter your politics. There are many, many things a reasonable person might want to criticize Melania and Ivanka Trump for, and many jokes to make about them. Why are we investing so much energy in the one about how they are sexual slaves? | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Welding Titanium
Welding Titanium
welding Titanium
(1) Titanium is a soft, silvery white, medium strength metal with very good corrosion resistance. It has a high strength to weight ratio, and its tensile strength increases as the temperature decreases. Titanium has low impact and creep strengths. It has seizing tendencies at temperatures above 800°F (427°C).
(2) Titanium has a high affinity for oxygen and other gases at elevated temperatures, and for this reason, cannot be welded with any process that utilizes fluxes, or where heated metal is exposed to the atmosphere. Minor amounts of impurities cause titanium to become brittle.
(3) Titanium has the characteristic known as the ductile-brittle transition. This refers to a temperature at which the metal breaks in a brittle manner, rather than in a ductile fashion. The recrystallization of the metal during welding can raise the transition temperature. Contamination during the high temperate period and impurities can raise the transition temperature period and impurities can raise the transition temperature so that the material is brittle at room temperatures. If contamination occurs so that transition temperature is raised sufficiently, it will make the welding worthless. Gas contamination can occur at temperatures below the melting point of the metal. These temperatures range from 700°F (371°C) up to 1000°F (538°C).
(4) At room temperature, titanium has an impervious oxide coating that resists further reaction with air. The oxide coating melts at temperatures considerably higher than the melting point of the base metal and creates problems. The oxidized coating may enter molten weld metal and create discontinuities which greatly reduce the strength and ductility of the weld.
(5) The procedures for welding titanium and titanium alloys are similar to other metals. Some processes, such as oxyacetylene or arc welding processes using active gases, cannot be used due to the high chemical activity of titanium and its sensitivity to embrittlement by contamination. Processes that are satisfactory for welding titanium and titanium alloys include gas shielded metal-arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and spot, seam, flash, and pressure welding. Special procedures must be employed when using the gas shielded welding processes. These special procedures include the use of large gas nozzles and trailing shields to shield the face of the weld from air. Backing bars that provide inert gas to shield the back of the welds from air are also used. Not only the molten weld metal, but the material heated above 1000°F (538°C) by the weld must be adequately shielded in order to prevent embrittlement. All of these processes provide for shielding of the molten weld metal and heat affected zones. Prior to welding, titanium and its alloys must be free of all scale and other material that might cause weld contamination.
Welding Titanium : Surface Preparation
WARNING
The nitric acid used to pre-clean titanium for inert gas shielded arc welding is highly toxic and corrosive. Goggles, rubber gloves, and rubber aprons must be worn when handling acid and acid solutions. Do not inhale gases and mists. When spilled on the body or clothing, wash immediately with large quantities of cold water, and seek medical help. Never pour water into acid when preparing the solution; instead, pour acid into water. Always mix acid and water slowly. Perform cleaning operations only in well ventilated places.The caustic chemicals (including sodium hydride) used to pre-clean titanium for inert gas shielded arc welding are highly toxic and corrosive. Goggles, rubber gloves, and rubber aprons must be worn when handling these chemicals. Do not inhale gases or mists. When spilled on the body or clothing, wash immediately with large quantities of cold water and seek medical help. Special care should be taken at all times to prevent any water from coming in contact with the molten bath or any other large amount of sodium hydride, as this will cause the formation of highly explosive hydrogen gas.
(1) Surface cleaning is important in preparing titanium and its alloys for welding. Proper surface cleaning prior to welding reduces contamination of the weld due to surface scale or other foreign materials. Small amounts of contamination can render titanium completely brittle.
(2) Several cleaning procedures are used, depending on the surface condition of the base and filler metals. Surface conditions most often encountered are as follows:(a) Scale free (as received from the mill).(b) Light scale (after hot forming or annealing at intermediate temperature; ie., less than 1300°F (704°C).(c) Heavy scale (after hot forming, annealing, or forging at high temperature).
Posted in Titanium, Weldability and Description of NonFerrous Metals Tagged with: , | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Henry Hill
Henry Hill Jr. (June 11, 1943 – June 12, 2012) was an American mobster who was associated with the Lucchese crime family of New York City from 1955 until 1980, when he was arrested on narcotics charges and became an FBI informant. Hill testified against his former Mafia associates, resulting in 50 convictions, including those of caporegime (captain) Paul Vario and fellow associate James Burke on multiple charges. He subsequently entered the Witness Protection Program, but was removed from the program in 1987.
Hill's life story was documented in the true crime book Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family by Nicholas Pileggi, which was subsequently adapted by Martin Scorsese into the critically acclaimed 1990 film Goodfellas, in which Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta.
Early life
Henry Hill Jr. was born on June 11, 1943, in the Manhattan borough of New York City to Henry Hill Sr., an Irish-American electrician and the son of a coal miner, and Carmela Costa, an Italian immigrant of Sicilian descent. Hill claimed in the book Wiseguy that his father emigrated to the United States from Ireland at the age of twelve, after the death of Hill's grandfather. The working-class family, consisting of Henry and his seven other siblings, grew up in Brownsville, a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn. Hill was dyslexic and performed poorly at school.
From an early age, Hill admired the local mobsters who socialized at a dispatch cabstand across the street from his home, including Paul Vario, a caporegime in the Lucchese crime family. In 1955, when he was 11 years old, Hill wandered into the cabstand looking for a part-time after-school job. In his early teens, Hill began running errands for patrons of Vario's storefront shoeshine, pizzeria, and cabstand. He first met the notorious hijacker and Lucchese family associate James "Jimmy the Gent" Burke in 1956. The 13-year-old Hill served drinks and sandwiches at a card game and was dazzled by Burke's openhanded tipping: "He was sawbucking me to death. Twenty here. Twenty there. He wasn't like anyone else I had ever met."
The following year, Vario's younger brother, Vito "Tuddy" Vario, and Vario's son, Lenny Vario, presented Hill with a highly sought-after union card in the bricklayers' local. Hill would be a "no show" and put on a building contractor's construction payroll, guaranteeing him a weekly salary of $190. This didn't mean Hill would be getting or keeping all that money every week, however; he received a portion of it, and the rest was kept and divided among the Varios. The card also allowed Hill to facilitate the pickup of daily policy bets and loan payments to Vario from local construction sites. Once Hill had this "legitimate" job, he dropped out of high school and began working exclusively for the Vario gangsters.
Hill's first encounter with arson occurred when a rival cabstand opened just around the corner from Vario's business. The competing company's owner was from Alabama, new to New York City. Sometime after midnight, Tuddy and Hill drove to the rival cabstand with a drum full of gasoline in the back seat of Tuddy's car. Hill smashed the cab windows and filled them with gasoline-soaked newspapers, then tossed in lit matchbooks.
Hill was first arrested when he was 16; his arrest record is one of the few official documents which used his real name. Hill and Lenny, Vario's equally underage son, attempted to use a stolen credit card to buy snow tires for Tuddy's wife's car. When Hill and Lenny returned to Tuddy's, two police detectives apprehended Hill. During a rough interrogation, Hill gave his name and nothing else; Vario's attorney later facilitated his release on bail. While a suspended sentence resulted, Hill's refusal to talk earned him the respect of both Vario and Burke. Burke, in particular, saw great potential in Hill. Like Burke, he was of Irish ancestry and therefore ineligible to become a "made man". The Vario crew, however, were happy to have associates of any ethnicity, so long as they made money and refused to cooperate with the authorities.
In June 1960, at 17 years old, Hill joined the United States Army, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg in North Carolina. He claimed the timing was deliberate; the FBI's investigation into the 1957 Apalachin mob summit meeting had prompted a Senate investigation into organized crime, and its links with businesses and unions. This resulted in the publication of a list of nearly 5,000 names of members and associates of the five major crime families. Hill searched through a partial list but could not find Vario listed among the Lucchese family.
Throughout his three-year enlistment, Hill maintained his mob contacts. He also continued to hustle: in charge of kitchen detail, he sold surplus food, loan sharked pay advances to fellow soldiers, and sold tax-free cigarettes. Before his discharge, Hill spent two months in the stockade for stealing a local sheriff's car and brawling in a bar with Marines and a civilian. In 1963, he returned to New York and began the most notorious phase of his criminal career: arson, intimidation, running an organized stolen car ring, and hijacking trucks.
In 1965, Hill met his future wife, Karen Friedman, through Vario, who insisted that Hill accompany his son on a double date at Frank "Frankie the Wop" Manzo's restaurant, Villa Capra. According to Friedman, the date was disastrous, and Hill stood her up at the next dinner date. Afterward, the two began going on dates at the Copacabana and other nightclubs, where Friedman was introduced to Hill's outwardly impressive lifestyle. The two later got married in a large North Carolina wedding, attended by most of Hill's gangster friends. In 1994, Hill, in his book Gangsters and Goodfellas, stated that Tommy DeSimone tried to rape Karen.
Air France robbery
Shortly before midnight on April 6, 1967, Hill and DeSimone drove to the Air France cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy International Airport with an empty suitcase, the largest Hill could find. Inside connection Robert McMahon said that the two should just walk in, as people often came to the terminal to pick up lost baggage. DeSimone and Hill entered the unsecured area unchallenged and unlocked the door with a duplicate key. Using a small flashlight, they loaded seven bags into the suitcase and left with US$420,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). No alarm was raised, no shots fired, and no one was injured. The theft was not discovered until the following Monday, when a Wells Fargo truck arrived to pick up the cash to be delivered to the French American Banking Corporation.
Hill believed that it was the Air France robbery that endeared him to the Mafia.
Restaurant ownership and murder of William "Billy Batts" Bentvena
Hill used his share of the robbery proceeds to purchase a restaurant on Queens Boulevard, The Suite, initially aiming to run it as a legitimate business and provide distance between himself and his mob associates. However, within several months, the nightclub had become another mob hangout. Hill later said that members of Lucchese and Gambino crews moved into the club en masse, including high-ranking Gambino family members who "were always there".
According to the book Wiseguy, after William "Billy Batts" Bentvena was released from prison in 1970, a welcome home party was thrown for him at Robert's Lounge, which was owned by Burke. Hill stated that Bentvena saw DeSimone and jokingly asked him if he still shined shoes, which DeSimone perceived as an insult. DeSimone leaned over to Hill and Burke and said, "I'm gonna kill that fuck". Two weeks later, on June 11, 1970, Bentvena was at The Suite near closing time when he was pistol-whipped by DeSimone. Hill said that before DeSimone started to beat Bentvena, DeSimone yelled, "Shine these fucking shoes!".
After Bentvena was beaten and presumed killed, DeSimone, Burke, and Hill placed his body in the trunk of Hill's car for transport. They stopped at DeSimone's mother's house to fetch a shovel and lime. They started to hear sounds from the trunk, and when they realized that Bentvena was still alive, DeSimone and Burke stopped the car and beat him to death with the shovel and a tire iron. Burke had a friend who owned a dog kennel in Upstate New York, and Bentvena was buried there.
About three months after Bentvena's murder, Burke's friend sold the dog kennel to housing developers, and Burke ordered Hill and DeSimone to exhume Bentvena's corpse and dispose of it elsewhere. In Wiseguy, Hill said the body was eventually crushed in a car crusher at a New Jersey junkyard, which was owned by Clyde Brooks. However, on the commentary for the film Goodfellas, he states that Bentvena's body was buried in the basement of Robert's Lounge, a bar and restaurant owned by Burke, and only later was put into the car crusher.
Drug business
In November 1972, Burke and Hill were arrested for beating Gaspar Ciaccio in Tampa, Florida. Ciaccio allegedly owed a large gambling debt to their friend, union boss Casey Rosado. They were convicted of extortion and sentenced to ten years at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg. Hill was imprisoned with Vario, who was serving a sentence for tax evasion, and several members of John Gotti's Gambino crew. In Lewisburg, Hill met a man from Pittsburgh who, for a fee, taught Hill how to smuggle drugs into the prison.
While Hill was in jail, his wife Karen had an affair with Paul Vario. Tommy DeSimone attempted to rape Karen, and when she resisted, beat her up. One theory is that Vario reportedly took revenge by telling the Gambino crime family that Tommy was the one who killed made man Billy Batts. They in turn killed DeSimone.
On July 12, 1978, Hill was paroled after four years and resumed his criminal career. He began trafficking in drugs, which Burke eventually became involved with, even though the Lucchese crime family, with whom they were associated, did not authorize any of its members to deal drugs. This Lucchese ban was enacted because the prison sentences imposed on anyone convicted of drug trafficking were so lengthy that the accused would often become informants in exchange for a lesser sentence.
Hill began wholesaling marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and quaaludes based on connections he made in prison; he earned enormous amounts of money. A young child who was a mule of Hill's "ratted" him out to Narcotics Detectives Daniel Mann and William Broder. "The Youngster" (so named by the detectives) informed them that Hill was connected to the Lucchese family and was a close friend to Vario and to Burke and "had probably been in on the Lufthansa robbery." Knowing of Hill's exploits, the detectives put surveillance on him. They found out that Hill's old prison friend from Pittsburgh ran a dog-grooming salon as a front. Mann and Broder had "thousands" of wiretaps of Hill, but Hill and his crew used coded language in the conversations. Hill's wiretap on March 29 is an example of the bizarre vocabulary:
"Pittsburgh Connection: You know the golf club and the dogs you gave me in return? Hill: Yeah. Pittsburgh Connection: Can you still do that? Hill: Same kind of golf clubs? Pittsburgh Connection: No. No golf clubs. Can you still give me the dogs if I can pay for the golf clubs? Hill: Yeah. Sure. [portion of conversation omitted] Pittsburgh Connection: You front me the shampoo and I'll front you the dog pills. ... what time tomorrow? Hill: Anytime after twelve. Pittsburgh Connection: You won't hold my lady friend up? Hill: No. Pittsburgh Connection: Somebody will just exchange dogs."
Lufthansa heist
On December 11, 1978, an estimated $5.875 million (equivalent to $ million in ) was stolen from the Lufthansa cargo terminal at Kennedy airport, with $5 million in cash and $875,000 in jewelry, making it the largest cash robbery committed on American soil at the time. The plot had begun when bookmaker Martin Krugman told Hill that Lufthansa flew in currency to its cargo terminal at the airport; Burke set the plan in motion. Hill did not directly take part in the heist.
Basketball fixing
Hill and two Pittsburgh gamblers set up the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point-shaving scheme by convincing Boston College center Rick Kuhn to participate. Kuhn, who was a high school friend of one of the gamblers, encouraged teammates to participate in the scheme.
Hill also claimed to have an NBA referee in his pocket who worked games at Madison Square Garden during the 1970s. The referee had incurred gambling debts on horse races.
1980 arrest
In 1980, Hill was arrested on a narcotics-trafficking charge. He became convinced that his former associates planned to have him killed: Vario, for dealing drugs; and Burke, to prevent Hill from implicating him in the Lufthansa heist. Hill heard on a wiretap that his associates Angelo Sepe and Anthony Stabile were anxious to have him killed, and that they were telling Burke that Hill "is no good" and "is a junkie". Burke told them "not to worry about it". Hill was more convinced by a surveillance tape played to him by federal investigators, in which Burke tells Vario of their need to have Hill "whacked".
When Hill was finally released on bail, Burke told him they should meet at a bar, which Hill had never heard of or seen before, owned by "Charlie the Jap". However, Hill never met Burke there; instead they met at Burke's sweatshop with Karen and asked for the address in Florida where Hill was to kill Bobby Germaine's son with Anthony Stabile. Hill knew he would be murdered if he went to Florida.
Edward A. McDonald, the head of the Brooklyn Organized Crime Strike Force, arrested Hill as a material witness in the Lufthansa robbery. With a long sentence hanging over him, Hill agreed to become an informant and signed an agreement with the Strike Force on May 27, 1980.
Informant and the witness protection program
Hill testified against his former associates to avoid impending prosecution and being murdered by his crew. His testimony led to 50 convictions. Hill, his wife Karen, and their two children (Gregg and Gina) entered the U.S. Marshals' Witness Protection Program in 1980, changed their names, and moved around to several undisclosed locations.
Jimmy Burke was given 12 years in prison for the 1978–79 Boston College point-shaving scandal, involving fixing Boston College basketball games. Burke was also later sentenced to life in prison for the murder of scam artist Richard Eaton. Burke died of cancer while serving his life sentence, on April 13, 1996, at the age of 64.
Paul Vario received four years for helping Henry Hill obtain a no-show job to get him paroled from prison. Vario was also later sentenced to 10 years in prison for the extortion of air freight companies at JFK Airport. He died of respiratory failure on November 22, 1988, at age 73 while incarcerated in the FCI Federal Prison in Fort Worth.
Hill's bigamy, subsequent arrests, and divorce
In the fall of 1981, Hill (now Martin Lewis) met a woman named Sherry Anders. After a whirlwind romance, the two got married in Virginia City, Nevada, despite the fact that Hill was already married. This led to a breakdown in many areas of Hill's life. In 1987, Hill was convicted of cocaine trafficking in a federal court in Seattle and expelled from the witness protection program. In 1990, his wife Karen filed for divorce after 23 years of marriage. The divorce was finalized in 2002.
In August 2004, Hill was arrested in North Platte, Nebraska, at North Platte Regional Airport after he had left his luggage containing drug paraphernalia. On September 26, 2005, he was sentenced to 180 days imprisonment for attempted methamphetamine possession.
Hill was sentenced to two years of probation on March 26, 2009, after he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of public intoxication. On December 14, 2009, he was arrested in Fairview Heights, Illinois, for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest, which Hill attributed to his drinking problems.
Later years
In his later years, after his first divorce, he married Kelly Alor, and then Lisa Caserta. They lived in Topanga Canyon, near Malibu, California. Both appeared in several documentaries and made public appearances on various media programs including The Howard Stern Show. Hill fathered a third child during this time.
Goodfellas film
Goodfellas, the 1990 Martin Scorsese-directed crime film adaptation of the 1985 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi, follows the 1955 to 1980 rise and fall of Hill and his Lucchese crime family associates. Hill was portrayed by Ray Liotta. Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy but subsequently, with Pileggi's agreement, changed the name to Goodfellas to avoid confusion with the unrelated television crime drama Wiseguy. Two weeks in advance of the filming, Hill was paid $480,000. Robert De Niro, who portrayed Jimmy Burke, often called Hill several times a day to ask how Burke walked, held his cigarette, and so on. Driving to and from the set, Liotta listened to FBI audio cassette tapes of Hill, so he could practice speaking like his real-life counterpart. The cast did not meet Hill until a few weeks before the film's premiere. Liotta met him in an undisclosed city; Hill had seen the film and told the actor that he loved it.
Other media appearances and activity
The 1990 film My Blue Heaven was based on Hill's life, with the screenplay written by Pileggi's wife Nora Ephron. The 2001 TV film The Big Heist was based on the Lufthansa heist, and Hill was portrayed by Nick Sandow.
In 2004, Hill was interviewed by Charlie Rose for 60 Minutes. Hill celebrated the film's 20th anniversary on July 24, 2010, by hosting a private screening at the Museum of the American Gangster. On June 8, 2011, a show about Hill's life aired on the National Geographic Channel's Locked Up Abroad.
In 2006, Hill and Ray Liotta appeared in a photo shoot for Entertainment Weekly. At Liotta's urging, Hill entered alcohol rehabilitation two days after the session shoot.
In reference to his many victims, Hill stated in an interview in March 2008 with the BBC's Heather Alexander: "I don't give a heck what those people think; I'm doing the right thing now," addressing the reporter's question about how his victims might think of his commercialization of his story through self-written books and advising on Goodfellas.
In 2008, Hill was featured in episode three of the crime documentary series The Irish Mob. In the episode, Hill recounts his life of crime, as well as his close relationship with Jimmy Burke and the illegal activity the two engaged in together. A large portion of the segment focuses on Burke's and Hill's involvements in the famous Lufthansa heist.
In August 2011, Hill appeared in the special "Mob Week" on AMC; he and other former mob members talked about The Godfather, Goodfellas, and other such mob films.
In 2014, the ESPN-produced 30 for 30 series debuted Playing for the Mob, the story about how Hill and his Pittsburgh associates, and several Boston College basketball players, committed the point-shaving scandal during the 1978–79 season, an episode briefly mentioned in the movie. The documentary, narrated by Liotta, was set up so that the viewer needed to watch the film beforehand to understand many of the references in the story.
Hill was a frequent guest on The Howard Stern Show, where he would often appear in drunken condition and openly discuss his alcoholism.
Books
In October 2002, Hill published The Wiseguy Cookbook: My Favorite Recipes from My Life as a Goodfella to Cooking on the Run. In it, Hill shared some stories throughout his childhood, life in the mob, and running from the law. He also presents recipes he learned from his family, during his years in the mob, and some that he came up with himself. For example, Hill claimed his last meal the day he was busted for drugs consisted of rolled veal cutlets, sauce with pork butt, veal shanks, ziti, and green beans with olive oil and garlic.
In 2012, Henry Hill collaborated with the author Daniel Simone in writing and developing a non-fiction book titled The Lufthansa Heist, a portrayal of the famous 1978 Lufthansa Airline robbery at Kennedy Airport. The book was published in August 2015.
Other books by Hill include:
Restaurants
Hill worked for a time as a chef at an Italian restaurant in North Platte, Nebraska, and his spaghetti sauce, Sunday Gravy, was marketed over the internet. Hill opened another restaurant, Wiseguys, in West Haven, Connecticut, in October 2007, which closed the following month after a fire.
Death
Hill died of complications related to heart disease in a Los Angeles hospital, on June 12, 2012, after a long battle with his illness, a day after his 69th birthday. His girlfriend for the last six years of his life, Lisa Caserta, said, "He had been sick for a long time. ... his heart gave out".
CBS News aired Caserta's report of Hill's death, during which she stated: "He went out pretty peacefully, for a goodfella." She said Hill had recently had a heart attack before his death and died of complications after a long history of heart problems associated with smoking. Hill's family was present when he died. Hill was cremated the day after his death. | WIKI |
Moss swamp: features and main characteristics
Moss swamp: features and main characteristics
Moss swamp: features and main characteristics
Anonim
In the world, swamps occupy huge areas. About 70% percent is occupied by wetlands in South America. In Russia, this figure is approximately 37% of the country's area, in Western Siberia - 42% of the entire territory.
Origin of the term and its meaning
Swamp - an ecosystem of the earth's surface, which is the surface of the Earth with excessive moisture and water accumulation. Vegetation remains accumulate in the water and organic matter accumulates. A swamp can be considered as a living organism that grows, increases in size and develops during the accumulation of peat. If the process of peat formation stops, then the place turns into a peat bog. They are formed after the drying up of rivers and lakes or by swamping the land.
moss swamp
There are several types of swamps: lowland, transitional and upland. The last type includes a moss swamp, which will be discussed in the publication.
Origin and features
The formation of moss swamps has several stages. First, moss is formed in meadows and forests, called "cuckoo flax". He has the ability to holda large amount of liquid, as a result of which peat begins to form. Over time, the surface of peat deposits overgrows, and the area increases. The water balance of the surface layers changes, and the vegetation is renewed: a moisture-loving one appears in place of dead vegetation. Peat layers increase, and as a result, trees in wetlands also die. At the last stage, sphagnum (Sphagnum) appears - white moss, after which the swamps were named moss. It absorbs liquid and has a convex shape.
moss peat bogs
White moss (Sphagnum) grows in water that is poor in soluble s alts. Hypnum moss grows where the water is flowing and hard. It also has moisture capacity, grows at the top, and the lower part of the stem rots and turns into peat.
Moss swamp occupies vast territories with a depth of up to 4 meters. They can be seen in the tundra of the Arkhangelsk province, and in Siberia.
How moss peat bogs form
This swamp is formed by peat moss (Spnagnum). It occurs on damp soil with moist air. Marshes are formed on meadow swamps, wet sandy and clay soil, rocks (western coast of Sweden and Norway). These mosses are moisture-loving and do not grow in high temperatures and dry air. They also evaporate a lot of moisture. Water in its composition is poor in nitrogen, lime (it can cause the death of moss), phosphoric acid and potassium. Properties of peat bogs: glow and mummifying effect.
kochi and moss swamps
Moss swamp hasan uneven surface covered with bumps that form near old stumps. It is very pleasant to sit down and rest on dry bumps after a tiring road, because the water is quite cold even on a hot day, since peat has poor thermal conductivity. The great Russian poet N. Nekrasov said that nature in Russia is “kochi, and moss swamps, and stumps.”
Famous moss swamps
Name
Short description
Old Country Moss
High swamp is located in the Tver region in the Central Forest Reserve. It occupies a huge area of 617 hectares.
Vasyugan swamps
Moss peat bogs are located between the Ob and Irtysh rivers, between the Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions. The area covers 53,000 km2. They are a source of fresh water for Western Siberia. There are many rare plants and animals.
Pinsk swamps
Located in Polissia and covers an area of 98,419.5 km2.
Mshinsky swamp
Located in the Leningrad region. Area - 60400 ha.
"Big Moss Swamp"
Located in the Kaliningrad region and has an area of about 4900 hectares. Peat capacity is up to 11 meters.
Animals and birds
Most of the inhabitants of the swamps are small in size and adapted to semi-aquatic habitation. In the moss swampssuch animals live:
• Birds that nest on the hummocks of swamps: plovers, partridges, black grouse, cranes, ducks, herons and lapwings, moorhens, meadow chasing, yellow wagtail, buntings, kestrel, meadow pipit, hobbies.
• Animals: raccoon, elk, otter, muskrat and mink.
• Mammals: water rat, water shrew, housekeeper vole, common shrew, field and bank voles. Moss hummocks serve as a refuge for them, they feed on found pine and grass seeds, berries.
• Various insects (mosquitoes, flies, ticks).
• Reptiles: viper and viviparous lizard.
• Amphibians: gray toads and grass frogs, bog turtle.
Some animals listed in the Red Book live in moss swamps.
in moss swamps
Plants
The following plants grow on moss swamps:
• Berries: cloudberries, lingonberries, cranberries (grows in transitional and raised bogs) and blueberries.
• Short gnarled pine and dwarf birch.
• The swamp cypress grows in North America and the Danube.
• Dewdrop, sedge, wild rosemary, pemphigus, calamus.
• Ground cover: sphagnum moss and cotton grass.
The fauna of moss swamps is poor. Trees are scattered in small numbers, so forage for animals is scarce. There are not enough places for birds and large animals to hide.
Mshara - what is it?
Moss peat bogs in the north are called Mshara, or Msharnik. So called kochkarnik, which is overgrown with moss. The plant is a stem densely planted with leaves. Near the leaves arebranches that hang down and fit tightly to the stem. The surface of the stem has thin-walled cells with holes, which form capillaries. On them, water rises from the soil, and peat mosses are filled with water. Over time, the old parts die off, turning into peat, and the tops grow upwards. Such swamps as a result of the influx of water grow in width, height and length. The result is a moss mass that rises above the soil water level. Msharniks are rich in tree remains and water mosses also grow in them.
moss peat bogs in the north
The moss swamp is a unique piece of wildlife in its beauty.
Popular topic | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Treasury Report Calls for Winding Down Fannie, Freddie
U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner presented Congress with a set of options for weaning
the $11 trillion mortgage market from its dependence on the
government, while calling for changes to be phased in
“responsibly and carefully” to avoid economic disruptions. The report delivered today by Geithner and Housing and
Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan presents three
approaches for a future housing finance system. It calls for the
government to shrink “and ultimately wind down” Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac, the bailed-out government-sponsored enterprises
that helped fuel the housing bubble before being felled by
investments in subprime mortgages. The transition to a new housing-finance system will likely
take five to seven years, Geithner said during a conference call
with reporters. “I want to emphasize we’re going to proceed on this path
to reform very carefully, so we make sure we’re supporting the
process of economic expansion and repair of the housing markets,
which of course are still suffering from the damage caused by
the crisis,” he said. The plan doesn’t endorse a particular long-term option or
offer legislation. All three proposals would accompany an end of
taxpayer support for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac , which together
have drawn more than $150 billion from the Treasury since they
were seized by the government in September 2008. Congressional Debate In Congress, the report’s release is the opening bell for a
political and policy bout over how to fix the mortgage-finance
system, a debate that is likely to last months or years. Real
estate brokers and developers have told lawmakers that the
housing market dominated by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac remains
too fragile to survive a precipitous overhaul. With the decline of private investment in home loans since
the credit crisis, the two companies, along with the Federal
Housing Administration, have come to own or insure almost 97
percent of mortgage bonds. Geithner, who said the government took its support for
housing “too far” heading into the credit crisis, said the
administration of President Barack Obama can take initial steps
without legislation and then will need lawmakers to step in. “We don’t want legislation to be too far deferred,” he
said at a conference in Washington today. “Ultimately we’re
going to have to explain to the market what the end game’s going
to be and we can’t wait too long.” Meeting Commitments Geithner said the federal government will continue to back
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac during the transition. “We’re going to make it very clear to the market and to
investors we will make sure Fannie and Freddie have the
resources they need to meet all their commitments as they go
through the process of reform,” he said on the call with
reporters. Though the administration envisions a smaller federal role
in the mortgage market, the Federal Housing Administration
should continue to support affordable housing, Donovan told
reporters. “FHA is a critical part of ensuring access and
affordability for low-income Americans and we must continue
that,” Donovan said. The three options presented by Treasury suggest differing
degrees of government involvement in the system. The most
dramatic would largely privatize housing finance, leaving a
government role to help “narrowly targeted” low-income buyers,
rural residents and military veterans. ‘Acute Costs’ The approach would “drastically reduce” taxpayer exposure
to failed loans, the report said, while adding “particularly
acute costs” to credit for many borrowers. The plan would boost
interest rates and could make the traditional 30-year, fixed-
rate mortgage hard to get, according to the report. A middle ground would replace Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
with a system that helps low-income, rural and veteran buyers in
normal times and also provides an expanded guarantee that the
government could ramp up in a crisis. The paper suggests using
high-priced fees or restricted amounts of public insurance to
achieve this goal. “Private actors would be on the hook for their own risky
decisions and the government would not be putting taxpayers at
direct risk in backing the nation’s mortgage market,” the
report said. Designing a guarantee system that could grow and
shrink would be a “significant operational challenge,” the
report concluded. Backstop A third option, which has drawn the most attention and
interest from consumer and industry groups, would have the
biggest government role and would hew closest to the current
system. It would impose more regulation and give the government
a role in “catastrophic reinsurance behind significant private
capital” to provide a backstop in times of crisis. Under this system, private companies could insure mortgage
bonds with the government paying out only to shareholders who
“have been entirely wiped out,” according to the report. The approach would provide the “lowest-cost access to
mortgage credit,” the report said, by attracting a large pool
of investors, thus boosting liquidity. The option carries risks.
If the system attracts too much capital, it could “artificially
inflate the value of housing assets,” much like what happened
in the years leading up to 2008. It also doesn’t necessarily protect taxpayers, the report
said. If oversight is lax or government premiums are
underpriced, “private actors in the market may take on
excessive risk and the taxpayer again could bear the cost,” the
report said. Mainstream Credit All options threaten to make mainstream credit less
available, pushing low- and moderate-income borrowers into FHA
loans, said Debby Goldberg, a project director at the National
Fair Housing Alliance. “It’s possible that the third option
might provide the best protection against concentration in the
market but it lacks the details to assure us that that’s the
case.” Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage securities were little
changed after the plan’s release. Fannie Mae’s current-coupon
30-year fixed-rate bonds yielded 0.78 percentage point more than
10-year Treasuries as of 2:30 p.m. in New York , compared with
0.79 percentage point yesterday, according to data compiled by
Bloomberg. Debt Spreads Spreads on Fannie Mae’s five-year unsecured debt fell 0.02
percentage point to 0.11 percentage point, down from 0.19
percent point on Feb. 3, as the proposal suggested shrinking the
balance sheets of the companies and Federal Home Loan Bank
system over time, reducing the supply of their borrowing. The Treasury proposal also recommends several steps that
can be taken quickly to begin easing government out of the
market. One is to increase the monthly insurance premiums, or
guarantee fees, now charged by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Higher premiums would in theory give other companies incentive
to compete for lending. The fees, which are negotiated lender by lender and vary
depending on a loan’s size and quality, averaged 0.22 percent
for GSE-insured mortgages in 2009, down from 0.25 percent a year
earlier, according to the Federal Housing Finance
Administration, which regulates Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Loan Limits The administration plan also recommends increasing Federal
Housing Administration premiums by 0.25 percentage points. The
plan suggests lowering the ceiling for loans that Fannie Mae and
Freddie Mac can insure. The cap on those conforming loans is
scheduled to drop from $729,750 to $625,500 on Oct. 1 if
Congress doesn’t act. Larger nonconforming, or jumbo, loans
typically carry higher interest rates . The administration endorsed an existing law that forces the
GSEs to shed loans in their almost $1.5 trillion portfolios by
at least 10 percent a year as a way to reduce government
exposure to failing mortgages. The outcome could be a question of survival for many in the
real estate industry, including millions of brokers and builders
whose livelihoods depend on an abundance of inexpensive loans. They are generally aligned with housing and consumer
advocates who say a government withdrawal that goes too far
would put homeownership out of reach for many borrowers and give
too much power to financial companies. ‘Sensitivity and Oversight’ “Greed is not going to disappear,” said John Taylor ,
president and chief executive officer of the National Community
Reinvestment Coalition , a Washington-based group that promotes
access to banking and credit services for underserved
communities. “What will disappear is the sensitivity and
oversight not to engage in bad practices.” Congress established Washington-based Fannie Mae in 1938
and Freddie Mac of McLean, Virginia , in 1970 to increase the
capital available for home lending by packaging mortgages into
bonds for sale to investors. The companies insured bond buyers
against losses, with an implied promise that the U.S. government
would make investors whole if the system failed. In an Oct. 20 interview with the Financial Crisis Inquiry
Commission, made public when the panel released audio tapes
yesterday, JPMorgan Chase & Co. Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon said Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were “the biggest
disasters of all time” and a leading cause of the U.S.
financial crisis. Freddie Mac Chief Executive Officer Charles E. Haldeman Jr.
today congratulated the administration on its report. “Clearly they understand the key issues and the need for
private-sector capital to return to the housing market,”
Haldeman said in a written statement. To contact the reporters on this story:
Lorraine Woellert in Washington at
lwoellert@bloomberg.net ; Rebecca Christie in Washington at
rchristie4@bloomberg.net To contact the editors responsible for this story: Lawrence Roberts at lroberts13@bloomberg.net ;
Christopher Wellisz at cwellisz@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Mae E. De Vincentis
Copy
Note that this appears to be a copy of. Works of the U.S. federal government are not copyrighted so that isn't a problem, but obviously this needs heavy editing, we can't be allowing government agencies (or anybody else) to write their own articles about how great they are. Beeblebrox (talk) 19:07, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
Orphan article message
JoeNMLC (talk) 18:51, 12 August 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Replacing K40 X-Axis Belt
So after 4+ years of K40 ownership I was seeing signs that my x-axis belt need to be replaced; fuzzy edged raster engraving and belt slippage at high speed engraving (belt was tight). The x-axis belt takes more abuse from slinging the laser head back and forth, so you would expect more wear then the y-axis. Haven’t seen a good description of the replacing the belt so I’m going to detail mine here.
K40 x-axis belt specs
• Pitch: 2.032mm (0.080”)
• Width: 4.67mm
• Type: MXL
I purchased mine from LightObject
Price is per foot with a 5 ft min order. Supposedly you need 3ft for the x-axis, so I ordered 6ft since I had to order at least 5ft. Turns out you need just a bit more than 3ft (36"). My stock belt ended up measuring 36-13/16" or 93.5cm. As luck would have it the 6ft I ordered had a bit extra and measured 187cm, exactly double the 93.5cm stock length. So I have a back up belt as I hoped I would, probably would have been better to order 7ft just to be sure.
To loosen the belt, slide the rail so that the end of the rail is lined up with the large hole on the right side. You can then access the 2 belt tensioning screws from the LPS compartment.
Unscrew all the way to drop the pulley.
Now that the belt is loose you can unloop the left side from the motor pulley and pull the belt back though the rail bracket.
Remove the 3 screws holding the head mounting plate and remove the plate
The laser head carriage is held on by the 4 carriage wheels. The wheels are mounted on eccentric posts so you need to first loosen the post screws on both sides. You can then use a 2mm Allen wrench to rotate the wheels away from the rail to drop and remove the carriage. If for some reason one or more of the posts don’t want to fully rotate you would then need to retighten the post screws and then remove the screws for the wheels and take the wheels off.
You can see the screw that holds the belt, so just unscrew that and you can remove the belt. My carriage was pretty crusty with over 4yrs of laser residue build up, so everything is getting a good cleaning.
Removed the wheel posts from the carriage and cleaned the carriage, wheels and belt tightening pulley with hot soapy water and an old tooth brush. Let everything soak a bit first to soften up the residue. When cleaning the parts make sure the surface of the wheels are completely clean of residue. You may need to lightly scrap with your fingernail to get some of the ground in residue off. Also be sure to clean the residue off both sides of the rail where the wheels ride. I’m probably going make this a general PM.
This is what a carriage wheel post looks like. One of my posts was actually binding in it’s hole so I cleaned up the posts with a bit of light sanding with very fine sand paper.
Here is a comparison of the old belt (bottom) with the new belt. You can definitely see the teeth on the old belt are worn down and rounded over.
The new belt needs holes in both ends to allow the attachment screw to thread through. I used a cheap Harbor Freight leather hole punch I had with the smallest punch and it was a perfect fit.
Reattached the belt to the carriage with the screw/washer with the teeth side out, making sure that the belt is not twisted.
Place the wheel posts back into the carriage body and tighten down the post screws. You can then reattach the wheels. Loosen the post crews and rotate the wheels all the way out. You should then be able to fit the carriage back on the rail, may take a bit of rotating side to side. Remember the that the side with the single post for the laser head plate goes on the back side of the rail.
Rotate the wheels on the back side all the way in and tighten down the post screws. Tighten the front post screws just enough so that the posts still turn, this helps prevent the post/wheels from shifting when you do the final tightening. Rotate the wheels in just enough so that they don’t spin freely in place but rather the whole carriage moves when you try to rotate the wheel. If you over tighten the wheels in they will bind on rail. After final adjustments tighten the front post screws and make sure the carriage slides smoothly down the rail.
To reattach the belt on the ends, start on the right side. Loop the belt over the tensioning pulley, making sure the belt is not twisted, line it up on the holes and just start the screws. Alternately you can just start the screws on the pulley, without the belt, and push is out all the way to allow it to cant downward. You can then make a loop with the belt and hook it over the pulley.
Take up the belt slack on the left side, form a tight loop, feed it through the rail bracket and loop it over the motor pulley. You can then tension the belt by evenly tightening the adjustment screws on the right end. The belt should be tight enough so when you pluck the belt it vibrates a bit. Note: If the belt is too tight it may bind or cause the tensioning pulley bracket to bend, so make sure it slides smoothly after adjusting. Realign the laser head.
My laser head carriage hasn’t looked this clean in a long time. :grin: Much sharper engraving now. :tada:
4 Likes
Nice write up…
2 Likes
Had you thought about replacing the flat roller for the tensioning pulley with a toothed one to protect the belt teeth and provide smoother belt rolling?
2 Likes
Damn, you beat me to it. I was going to suggest the same thing!
2 Likes
You know, I was actually thinking about that. I was wondering why that pulley was flat and if a pulley with teeth would be better. I’ll have to see what I can find. Thanks for the suggestion.
2 Likes
At minute 9:02 this is discussed on a much larger machine and a way to fix it(not so easy).
basically they flipped the belt so the smooth size runs over all the pulleys instead of running the toothed sides over the pulleys.
1 Like
Note that it’s not really 2mm pitch. It’s 2.032mm — and it actually matters to make the machine run in thousandths of an inch. It’s an imperial belt…
4 Likes
Thanks, I updated the post. :slightly_smiling_face:
2 Likes | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bahamian accused of hacking celebrities' emails pleads guilty in U.S.
NEW YORK (Reuters) - A Bahamian man accused of hacking into celebrities’ email accounts to steal unreleased movies and television scripts, personal information and sexually explicit videos that he then tried to sell pleaded guilty on Monday. Alonzo Knowles, who was arrested in December after allegedly trying to sell an undercover agent 15 scripts for $80,000, pleaded guilty in Manhattan federal court to charges of criminal copyright infringement and identity theft. “I am sorry for my actions,” Knowles said in court. Under a plea deal, Knowles, 24, agreed to forfeit $1,900 along with 25 unpublished movie and TV scripts and copies of unpublished music found on a DropBox account belonging to him. He also agreed to waive his right to appeal any sentence below 2-3/4 years in prison. His sentencing is scheduled for Aug. 25. According to authorities, Knowles maintained a list of at least 130 celebrities’ emails and phone numbers. His victims included movie and TV actors, a casting director, a popular singer-songwriter and a hip-hop artist, authorities say. Prosecutors have not identified by name the celebrities or the titles of the scripts at issue. But one script he offered to sell to the undercover agent was for “All Eyez On Me,” the upcoming biopic of Tupac Shakur, who died in a 1996 shooting, the film’s production company has said. The probe began in December, after a person described as a “popular radio host” received an offer from someone for scripts of a TV drama’s upcoming season, authorities said. The radio host contacted the show’s executive producer, leading to an investigation by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, authorities said. The investigation led to Knowles, who in video conference calls told the undercover agent that he had “exclusive content” that was “really profitable” and worth “hundreds of thousands of dollars,” prosecutors said. Knowles later traveled to New York, where he met the agent and provided the 15 scripts along with social security numbers for three professional athletes and an actress, authorities said. Prosecutors said Knowles told the agent he accessed the celebrities’ email accounts by sending a virus to their computers or by emailing a fake notification that their account had been hacked and asking for their passcodes. Following the meeting, Knowles was arrested. Reporting by Nate Raymond in New York; Editing by Frances Kerry | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Git
Chapters ▾ 2nd Edition
A3.8 Дадатак C: Git Commands - Patching
Patching
A few commands in Git are centered around the concept of thinking of commits in terms of the changes they introduce, as though the commit series is a series of patches. These commands help you manage your branches in this manner.
git cherry-pick
The git cherry-pick command is used to take the change introduced in a single Git commit and try to re-introduce it as a new commit on the branch you’re currently on. This can be useful to only take one or two commits from a branch individually rather than merging in the branch which takes all the changes.
Cherry picking is described and demonstrated in Rebasing and Cherry-Picking Workflows.
git rebase
The git rebase command is basically an automated cherry-pick. It determines a series of commits and then cherry-picks them one by one in the same order somewhere else.
Rebasing is covered in detail in Rebasing, including covering the collaborative issues involved with rebasing branches that are already public.
We use it in practice during an example of splitting your history into two separate repositories in Replace, using the --onto flag as well.
We go through running into a merge conflict during rebasing in Rerere.
We also use it in an interactive scripting mode with the -i option in Changing Multiple Commit Messages.
git revert
The git revert command is essentially a reverse git cherry-pick. It creates a new commit that applies the exact opposite of the change introduced in the commit you’re targeting, essentially undoing or reverting it.
We use this in Reverse the commit to undo a merge commit. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Club 33
Club 33 comprises a number of private dining clubs located within the various Disney Parks. First opening in 1967 inside Disneyland Park, the club was modeled after numerous executive VIP lounges created by pavilion sponsors in the 1964 New York World's Fair. At the time, Club 33 was the only location within Disneyland Park to offer alcoholic beverages.
Additional locations of Club 33 currently exist at Tokyo Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland and as a lounge in each of the four theme parks of the Walt Disney World Resort. Disneyland Club 33 members, and their guests, also have access to the 1901 Lounge at the Carthay Circle Restaurant in Disney California Adventure.
Original Disneyland location
Club 33 is located above the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction and next to Walt Disney's former apartment. The entrance of the club was formerly located next to the Blue Bayou Restaurant at "33 Royal Street" with the entrance recognizable by an ornate address plate with the number 33 engraved on it. Following a major remodeling in January 2014, the entrance was relocated to the Court of Angels with the La Mascarade d'Orleans holiday decoration shop converted into a reception foyer. Andrew Sutton, the executive chef at the Carthay Circle and Napa Rose restaurants at the Disneyland Resort, was placed in charge of the club's kitchen.
Name
According to Disney, Club 33 is simply named after its address at 33 Royal Street in New Orleans Square at Disneyland. However, several others believe that there are other explanations behind the name. Some speculate that the name refers to 33 institutional patrons at Disneyland in 1966-1967 when the club was being built and opened.
History
When Walt Disney was working with various corporate promoters such as Dylan Connolly at his attractions at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, he noted the multiple various "VIP Lounges". This gave him the idea that culminated in Club 33.
Originally, Walt Disney hosted VIPs in the lounge of the Red Wagon Inn restaurant at Disneyland. The number of VIPs grew to be too large for the lounge. When New Orleans Square was planned, this area for corporate sponsors and VIPs was included. Disney asked artist Dorothea Redmond to paint renderings and hired Hollywood set director Emile Kuri to decorate the facility. While Club 33 was originally intended to host Disneyland's corporate sponsors, when it opened on June 15, 1967, six months after Disney's death, individual memberships were also offered.
In January 2014, the Disneyland location was closed for renovation which included a doubling in size and a change in entrance location. It was reopened in mid-July 2014. Among the changes, the kitchen was moved and expanded by taking over the Trophy Room, previously a secondary dining area.
Design
In 1967 when the club first opened, its doorway was at 33 Royal Street. It was a simple doorway that looked unassuming to the average guest. The doorway was remodeled in 2014 with the rest of the upgrades but is no longer the main entrance to the club, which is now about 40 feet away. The front door opens into a vestibule that used to be a small shop. Check-in occurs in this vestibule and beyond there is an open-air courtyard, the Court of Angels. From there you can take an Art Nouveau themed elevator or winding staircase to the second level where the new club entrance is located.
At the top of the stairs, there are two rooms: Le Grand Salon and Le Salon Nouveau. The walls are adorned with butterflies pinned under glass and hand-painted animation cels from the original Fantasia film. Walt Disney handpicked much of the Victorian bric-a-brac in New Orleans antique stores.
Le Salon Nouveau is entered by passing through an area paneled in dark wood and lined with refrigerated wine cases. This room contains the original antique-style glass lift which was used prior to the 2014 remodel to take guests to the second level. The other room, Le Grand Salon, is more formal. It is the main dining room and is a New Orleans theme based on designs by Disney Imagineer Kim Irvine. Prior to 2014 remodel, the style was Napoleon-era First Empire. This dining room is a la carte service for lunch only, while before the reconstruction was buffet only.
The club is also furnished with a few props from Disney films. There is a functional dark wood telephone booth with leaded glass, just off the restroom balcony. An ornate walnut table with white marble top was used in Mary Poppins. A video capture from the film on display atop the table shows actors Karen Dotrice, Matthew Garber, and David Tomlinson standing immediately to its left. A harpsichord which was rumored to have been an antique was in fact custom-built for Lillian Disney specifically for use in Club 33. The underside of the lid features a Renaissance-style art piece that was hand-painted by Disney artists.
Walt Disney wanted to make use of Audio-Animatronic technology within Club 33. In the former Trophy Room, microphones in overhead lighting fixtures would pick up the sounds of normal conversation while an operator would respond via the characters. Though the system was never fully implemented, it was partially installed and remains so. An Audio-Animatronic vulture is perched atop a grandfather clock in the club's upstairs lobby. The microphones were visible at the bottom of each of the old Trophy Room's lighting fixtures.
Membership
Membership in the club has been exclusive since the very beginning. In fact, in 2007 the waitlist became so long that the club officially closed the waitlist for 5 years before reopening it again in 2012. That same year, the reported cost of membership was a $50,000 initiation fee and $15,000 annually for individuals, and even more for corporations. Filming is not allowed and photography is limited.
Membership initiation fees and dues are reportedly much higher now; as of 2022, it is reported that individuals invited to join must pay closer to $60–70,000 for initiation and up to $20,000 annually, according to current members. As opposed to waitlist protocols in the past, membership invitations are currently heavily influenced by referrals from current members.
Club 33 in other Disney parks
Tokyo Disneyland began operations of the second location in 1983. Rather than being located in New Orleans Square, it is located on Center Street of World Bazaar, the park's version of Main Street, U.S.A.
Shanghai Disney Resort's Club 33 location opened along with the park in the summer of 2016. Like the Tokyo location, it is located at the park's version of Main Street, U.S.A., Mickey Avenue.
An additional set of Club 33 locations opened at Walt Disney World. Originally confirmed to the Orlando Sentinel on April 13, 2017, the locations were set to open in Fall 2017. The first club opened the following year in Hollywood Studios in March 2018, followed by Epcot and Magic Kingdom. | WIKI |
Reiterate Baxter at Neutral - Analyst Blog
On Jan 28, we retained Baxter International ( BAX ) at Neutral after the company met Zacks Consensus Estimates for earnings for the fourth quarter and for 2012.
Why the Retention?
Baxter's fourth quarter revenues rose 5% in constant currency to $3,753 million and beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $3,714 million while earnings per share of $1.26 met the forecast. As in the previous quarter, the company's in-line earnings failed to provide an earnings surprise.
Baxter's outlook for 2013 was favorable. For 2013, Baxter guided to reported sales growth of 10% in constant currency. The company altered its expected adjusted earnings per share to the range of $4.60 to $4.70 (earlier $4.51 to $4.54) for 2013. Baxter expects cash flow from operations to approximate $3,300 million for 2013.
Despite the favorable earnings guidance, estimates for Baxter have been declining since it reported fourth quarter results on Jan 24. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2013 has gone down 3.5% to $4.67 per share. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2014 has dropped marginally 0.8% to $5.27.
The news regarding Baxter still remains somewhat mixed. On the positive side, Baxter's focus on life-sustaining products which are not commoditized partly insulate it from an economic downturn. The company is able to generate recurring revenues and consistent cash flow, due to its focus on chronic diseases. Among other positive factors, Baxter retains a strong product pipeline with several products in late-stage clinical development.
The Gambro acquisition in December 2012 for about $4 billion, strengthens the company's role in the hemodialysis market. It will be able to serve both acute and chronic dialysis patients. With the takeover, Baxter gains an established set of products which strengthen its existing dialysis lineup. Baxter is expected to benefit from the acquisition in several ways. It will be better placed to push sales in European markets, where Gambro had a strong presence. Baxter will also be in a stronger position to grow revenues in the rapidly expanding Asian and Latin American markets. Its pipeline has strengthened post acquisition. We are, however, wary of short-term earnings dilution on account of the Gambro acquisition.
On the flip side, despite resilience in certain sub-segments, we are concerned about relative stagnation in sales, a slightly somber outlook for hospital spending and tightening of reimbursement.
Improved execution has lifted sentiment somewhat toward Baxter. It is a good bet for value investors willing to wait as fundamentals improve further. Among others, the company competes with Becton, Dickinson and Company ( BDX ) in certain niches.
Other Stocks to Consider
Baxter carries a Zacks Rank #4 (Sell) rating. NuVasive, Inc. ( NUVA ) and Haemonetics Corporation ( HAE ) are two Zacks Rank #1 (Buy) stocks which are expected to do well.
BAXTER INTL (BAX): Free Stock Analysis Report
BECTON DICKINSO (BDX): Free Stock Analysis Report
HAEMONETICS CP (HAE): Free Stock Analysis Report
NUVASIVE INC (NUVA): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Rajakhr
Academic
* Mathematics
* Linguistics
* Art
* Philosophy
* Political science
Media
* Science Fiction
* comic books
* Japanese
* Franco-Belgian
* A little of American (Spider man, Silver Surfer, Spawn)
Skills useful for wikipedia
* Expert knowledge of XML and SVG
* Illustration and graphics art in general
* Native speaker of Dutch
* Advanced level of English
* General understanding of German, French, Latin, Finnish and Old English, at least on a linguistics perspective.
Beliefs that could cause conflicts of interest
* Psychiatry and (evolutionary) psychology are ultimately pseudo-sciences and not backed up by the rigour of true scientific criteria, any conclusion from them is met with scepticism by default unless it happens to be derived from proper channels.
* There is no hard reason to believe that children are somehow 'damaged' by hearing words as 'fuck' on television or seeing pornography, it is believed that such censorship is purely a moral issue, and not backed up by true scientific evidence to protect children.
* Similarly, there is no hard reason to assume that humans are the only mammals on the planet that would be mentally unfit to have sex the moment their sexual organs become ripe for reproduction, concepts such as 'the age of consent' are met with scepticism and it is believed that researches into it always involve rape to further a political or moral stance.
* Intellectual property or any laws prohibiting the uncontrolled spread of information are absurd and lead to huge legal inconsistencies and contradictions, this includes 'offensive content'.
* The human species and the scientific community is not interested in truth, but interested in results. The vast majority of scientific consensus is trivial to disprove, such an attack shall only be accepted though by the community if another theory is devised to take its place.
* Wikipedia is ultimately biased to a western perspective and western morals.
* Language præscription is a bad idea.
Extra
My creative portfolio can be found at http://nihilarchitect.net, I also draw political cartoons and niche comics on http://thisdomainisirrelevant.net, I am a member of Yes to Freedom, I can frequently be found on #linguistics on freenode IRC. I also author http://thewebisformachines.nihilarchitect.net, a resource for strategy of healthy web structures. My sanity is quite quæstionable and I don't believe in such concepts either of course. | WIKI |
User:Cortpcl
Peter Cort Larsen is a web developer with a broad experience in web development, based on the Microsoft-platform. Experience ranges from single handed bespoke web applications and maintenance of small-business systems to development of large-scale enterprise applications and system integration applications.
My experience covers all phases of the development process, such as: Proof of concept, architectural design, data modeling, development, implementation, testing and technical documentation.
Peter Cort Larsen’s Specialties: ASP.NET, ADO.NET, VB.NET, VB 2005, C#, ASP (Active Server Pages), ADO, VBScript, VBA, Ajax, HTML, CSS, DHTML, JavaScript Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Linq XML/ XSLT Web Services CMS: Web500, Composite, DynamicWeb Google Maps | WIKI |
X509ChainElementCollection X509ChainElementCollection X509ChainElementCollection X509ChainElementCollection Class
定义
表示 X509ChainElement 对象集合。Represents a collection of X509ChainElement objects. 此类不能被继承。This class cannot be inherited.
public ref class X509ChainElementCollection sealed : System::Collections::ICollection
public sealed class X509ChainElementCollection : System.Collections.ICollection
type X509ChainElementCollection = class
interface ICollection
interface IEnumerable
Public NotInheritable Class X509ChainElementCollection
Implements ICollection
继承
X509ChainElementCollectionX509ChainElementCollectionX509ChainElementCollectionX509ChainElementCollection
实现
示例
下面的代码示例将打开当前用户的个人证书存储区, 允许用户选择证书, 然后将证书和证书链信息写入控制台。The following code example opens the current user's personal certificate store, allows the user to select a certificate, and then writes certificate and certificate chain information to the console. 输出取决于所选的证书。The output depends on the certificate you select.
//Output chain element information.
Console::WriteLine( "Chain Element Information" );
Console::WriteLine( "Number of chain elements: {0}", ch->ChainElements->Count );
Console::WriteLine( "Chain elements synchronized? {0} {1}", ch->ChainElements->IsSynchronized, Environment::NewLine );
System::Collections::IEnumerator^ myEnum = ch->ChainElements->GetEnumerator();
while ( myEnum->MoveNext() )
{
X509ChainElement ^ element = safe_cast<X509ChainElement ^>(myEnum->Current);
Console::WriteLine( "Element issuer name: {0}", element->Certificate->Issuer );
Console::WriteLine( "Element certificate valid until: {0}", element->Certificate->NotAfter );
Console::WriteLine( "Element certificate is valid: {0}", element->Certificate->Verify() );
Console::WriteLine( "Element error status length: {0}", element->ChainElementStatus->Length );
Console::WriteLine( "Element information: {0}", element->Information );
Console::WriteLine( "Number of element extensions: {0}{1}", element->Certificate->Extensions->Count, Environment::NewLine );
if ( ch->ChainStatus->Length > 1 )
{
for ( int index = 0; index < element->ChainElementStatus->Length; index++ )
{
Console::WriteLine( element->ChainElementStatus[ index ].Status );
Console::WriteLine( element->ChainElementStatus[ index ].StatusInformation );
}
}
}
store->Close();
//Output chain element information.
Console.WriteLine ("Chain Element Information");
Console.WriteLine ("Number of chain elements: {0}", ch.ChainElements.Count);
Console.WriteLine ("Chain elements synchronized? {0} {1}", ch.ChainElements.IsSynchronized, Environment.NewLine);
foreach (X509ChainElement element in ch.ChainElements)
{
Console.WriteLine ("Element issuer name: {0}", element.Certificate.Issuer);
Console.WriteLine ("Element certificate valid until: {0}", element.Certificate.NotAfter);
Console.WriteLine ("Element certificate is valid: {0}", element.Certificate.Verify ());
Console.WriteLine ("Element error status length: {0}", element.ChainElementStatus.Length);
Console.WriteLine ("Element information: {0}", element.Information);
Console.WriteLine ("Number of element extensions: {0}{1}", element.Certificate.Extensions.Count, Environment.NewLine);
if (ch.ChainStatus.Length > 1)
{
for (int index = 0; index < element.ChainElementStatus.Length; index++)
{
Console.WriteLine (element.ChainElementStatus[index].Status);
Console.WriteLine (element.ChainElementStatus[index].StatusInformation);
}
}
}
store.Close();
'Output chain element information.
Console.WriteLine("Chain Element Information")
Console.WriteLine("Number of chain elements: {0}", ch.ChainElements.Count)
Console.WriteLine("Chain elements synchronized? {0} {1}", ch.ChainElements.IsSynchronized, Environment.NewLine)
Dim element As X509ChainElement
For Each element In ch.ChainElements
Console.WriteLine("Element issuer name: {0}", element.Certificate.Issuer)
Console.WriteLine("Element certificate valid until: {0}", element.Certificate.NotAfter)
Console.WriteLine("Element certificate is valid: {0}", element.Certificate.Verify())
Console.WriteLine("Element error status length: {0}", element.ChainElementStatus.Length)
Console.WriteLine("Element information: {0}", element.Information)
Console.WriteLine("Number of element extensions: {0}{1}", element.Certificate.Extensions.Count, Environment.NewLine)
If ch.ChainStatus.Length > 1 Then
Dim index As Integer
For index = 0 To element.ChainElementStatus.Length
Console.WriteLine(element.ChainElementStatus(index).Status)
Console.WriteLine(element.ChainElementStatus(index).StatusInformation)
Next index
End If
Next element
store.Close()
注解
调用ChainElements属性时, 将返回此类的实例。An instance of this class is returned when the ChainElements property is called.
属性
Count Count Count Count
获取集合中的元素数。Gets the number of elements in the collection.
IsSynchronized IsSynchronized IsSynchronized IsSynchronized
获取一个值，该值指示链元素的集合是否已同步。Gets a value indicating whether the collection of chain elements is synchronized.
Item[Int32] Item[Int32] Item[Int32] Item[Int32]
获取位于指定索引位置的 X509ChainElement 对象。Gets the X509ChainElement object at the specified index.
SyncRoot SyncRoot SyncRoot SyncRoot
获取一个对象，该对象可用于同步对 X509ChainElementCollection 对象的访问。Gets an object that can be used to synchronize access to an X509ChainElementCollection object.
方法
CopyTo(X509ChainElement[], Int32) CopyTo(X509ChainElement[], Int32) CopyTo(X509ChainElement[], Int32) CopyTo(X509ChainElement[], Int32)
从指定的索引开始，将 X509ChainElementCollection 对象复制到数组中。Copies an X509ChainElementCollection object into an array, starting at the specified index.
Equals(Object) Equals(Object) Equals(Object) Equals(Object)
确定指定的对象是否等于当前对象。Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.
(Inherited from Object)
GetEnumerator() GetEnumerator() GetEnumerator() GetEnumerator()
获取可用于在链元素集合中定位的 X509ChainElementEnumerator 对象。Gets an X509ChainElementEnumerator object that can be used to navigate through a collection of chain elements.
GetHashCode() GetHashCode() GetHashCode() GetHashCode()
作为默认哈希函数。Serves as the default hash function.
(Inherited from Object)
GetType() GetType() GetType() GetType()
获取当前实例的 TypeGets the Type of the current instance.
(Inherited from Object)
MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone()
创建当前 Object 的浅表副本。Creates a shallow copy of the current Object.
(Inherited from Object)
ToString() ToString() ToString() ToString()
返回表示当前对象的字符串。Returns a string that represents the current object.
(Inherited from Object)
显式界面实现
ICollection.CopyTo(Array, Int32) ICollection.CopyTo(Array, Int32) ICollection.CopyTo(Array, Int32) ICollection.CopyTo(Array, Int32)
从指定的索引开始，将 X509ChainElementCollection 对象复制到数组中。Copies an X509ChainElementCollection object into an array, starting at the specified index.
ICollection.IsSynchronized ICollection.IsSynchronized ICollection.IsSynchronized ICollection.IsSynchronized
ICollection.SyncRoot ICollection.SyncRoot ICollection.SyncRoot ICollection.SyncRoot
IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
获取可用于在链元素集合中定位的 IEnumerator 对象。Gets an IEnumerator object that can be used to navigate a collection of chain elements.
扩展方法
Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable)
IEnumerable 的元素强制转换为指定的类型。Casts the elements of an IEnumerable to the specified type.
OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable) OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable) OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable) OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable)
根据指定类型筛选 IEnumerable 的元素。Filters the elements of an IEnumerable based on a specified type.
AsParallel(IEnumerable) AsParallel(IEnumerable) AsParallel(IEnumerable) AsParallel(IEnumerable)
启用查询的并行化。Enables parallelization of a query.
AsQueryable(IEnumerable) AsQueryable(IEnumerable) AsQueryable(IEnumerable) AsQueryable(IEnumerable)
IEnumerable 转换为 IQueryableConverts an IEnumerable to an IQueryable.
适用于 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How To Replace Media in Drupal 8
How To Replace Media in Drupal 8
Now that the media module is in core (watch our class on the Media Module here), we’re starting to see some contributed modules come along that help fill in some of the gaps. Not being able to replace an image, pdf, or video is one of the most notable issues with the Media module.
So if you had a PDF that gets occasional updates, the only recourse you would have is to upload a new version and then head over to every node where the pdf is used and change it out. There has to be a better way!
Well, now there is: the Media Entity File Replace module from Brian Osborne.
From The Module Description
This module allows content editors to easily replace the source files associated with file-based media types (like “Document”). The replacement file overwrites the existing file, keeping the same filename and path, which is usually what content editors want to do when performing a file replacement.
This module operates on the media entity level, meaning the file replacement is done by accessing the edit form for a media entity that has a file source field on it. If you’re using Drupal’s media module for document management, then this is what you want.
Without this module, content editors would typically try and replace a file by editing the media entity, using the “remove” button on the file widget, and uploading a new replacement file with the same filename. However, this does not work as intended, as Drupal will append a number to the end of the replacement file, like “_1” or “_2”, instead of actually overwriting the original. The only workaround is to delete the media entity, hope the site is configured to automatically delete unused files on cron runs, wait for that deletion to occur, and then upload a new document with the same filename.
Getting Started
Install the module as you would any other. That’s it! That’s all you need to do.
When editing a media entity, a new section will appear at the top of the editing area allowing you to upload a new version of the entity and the option to keep the file name. You’ll probably want to keep the filename more often than not so anywhere the entity is embedded will use the new version.
How To Replace Media in Drupal 8
There are some things to note:
• As of this writing, the module is brand new – the Beta1 release was on January 1, 2020.
• It is not covered by the security advisory policy (as of yet)
• As such, you should be very careful and test before using this module in a production environment.
Brian Osborne is a Senior Web Developer at Princeton University and has contributed to a number of projects. He is also the creator of Layout Builder Styles, another module we covered in our Layout Builder class. Many thanks to Brian for creating and contributing this incredibly helpful add-on for the Media module!
Instructor
• Rod holds two masters degrees and has been training people how to do "things" for over 25 years. Originally from Australia, he grew up in Canada and now resides just outside Cincinnati, Ohio. He has worked in both the non-profit and for-profit worlds, in small companies and large corporations. His extensive open source experience includes WordPress, Joomla and Drupal and he really knows how to help you get the most out of the system you chose. Rod plays ice hockey a couple of times a week and rides his Goldwing motorcycle pretty much everywhere he can.
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TPX-0046
Precious Gene: The Application of RET-Altered Inhibitors
Qitao Gou 1, Xiaochuan Gan 1, Longhao Li 1, Qiheng Gou 2, Tao Zhang 1
The well-known proto-oncogene rearrangement during transfection (RET), also referred to as ret proto-oncogene Homo sapiens (human), is really a rare gene that’s active in the physiological growth and development of some organ systems and may activate various cancers, for example non-small cell cancer of the lung, thyroid cancer, and papillary thyroid cancer. Previously couple of years, cancers with RET alterations happen to be given multikinase inhibitors (MKIs). However, due to off-target effects, these MKIs allow us drug resistance and a few unacceptable negative effects. Therefore, these MKIs are restricted within their clinical application. Thus, the novel highly potent and RET-specific inhibitors selpercatinib and pralsetinib happen to be faster for approval through the Fda (Food and drug administration), and numerous studies of TPX-0046 and zetletinib are going ahead. It’s well tolerated along with a potential therapeutic for RET-altered cancers. Thus, we’ll concentrate on current condition-of-the-art therapeutics using these novel RET inhibitors and show their effectiveness and safety in therapy. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
IT tutorials
Technology
SQL Server 2012 : Introducing Basic Query Flow - WHERE Conditions (part 1) - Comparing with a List
4/19/2014 1:47:27 AM
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The WHERE conditions filter the output of the FROM clause and restrict the returned rows in the result set. The conditions can refer to the data within the tables, expressions, built-in SQL Server scalar functions, other queries, or user-defined functions. The WHERE conditions can also use several possible comparison operators and wildcards, as listed in Table 1. In addition, you can combine multiple WHERE conditions using Boolean AND, OR, and NOT operators.
Table 1 Standard Comparison Operators
Description Operator Example
Equals = Quantity = 12
Greater than > Quantity > 12
Greater than or equal to >= Quantity >= 12
Less than < Quantity < 12
Less than or equal to <= Quantity<= 12
Not equal to <> , != Quantity <> 12 , Quantity != 12
Not less than !< Quantity !< 12
Not greater than !> Quantity !> 12
Best Practice
To improve the performance of a client/server database, let the database engine do the work of restricting the rows returned, rather than make the client application wade through unnecessary data.
Caution
The comparison operators that include an exclamation point are not ANSI standard SQL. <> is portable; != is not.
Best Practice
The best way to find a thing is to look for it, rather than to first eliminate everything it isn't. It's easier to locate a business in a city than it is to prove that the business doesn't exist. The same is true of database searches. Proving that a row meets a condition is faster than first eliminating every row that doesn't meet that condition. In general (but not always), restating a negative WHERE condition as a positive condition improves performance.
Using the BETWEEN Search Condition
The BETWEEN search condition tests for values within a range. The range can be deceiving, however, because it is inclusive. For example, BETWEEN 1 and 10 would be true for 1 and 10. When using the BETWEEN search condition, the first condition must be less than the latter value because in actuality, the BETWEEN search condition is shorthand for “greater than or equal to the first value, and less than or equal to the second value.”
In this example, the BETWEEN selects all the work orders with a quantity greater than 9 and less than 20:
USE AdventureWorks;
SELECT WorkOrderID
FROM Production.WorkOrder
WHERE OrderQty BETWEEN 10 and 19
Caution
The BETWEEN search condition is commonly used with dates. However, BETWEEN without a time looks for the beginning of the final day, or with a time rounds up the final millisecond to possibly include 12:00:00.000 of the next day. The solution is to use the following:
WHERE Col >= StartDay AND Col < Ending Day + 1
For example,
WHERE SalesDate >= ‘6/1/2008’ AND SalesDate < ‘7/1/2008'
Comparing with a List
The WHERE condition can compare the test value against the values in a list using IN, SOME, ANY, or ALL. Each operator can also be mixed with a NOT to reverse the condition.
Algebra Actually Is Useful
As much fun as algebra class was, although you thought algebra might improve your logical minds, few of you believe you would actually use algebra in your chosen profession.
Enter the SQL WHERE clause.
Here's the problem: If you apply a function to the test column in the WHERE clause, then SQL Server is forced to calculate that function on every row before it can filter the WHERE clause. This is a sure setup for “Gee, I don't know, it worked OK on my notebook” syndrome.
For a simple example, assume there's an index on Coll. The following WHERE clause generates an unnecessary scan, reading every row, as every column is modified and then compared to 130:
SELECT Col2, Col3
FROM table
WHERE Col11 + 30 = 130;
Algebra to the rescue. Somehow figure out a way to move that function to the parameter on the right side of the = and off the column, so that the column on the left side is unencumbered by any calculation or functions:
SELECT Col2, Col3
FROM table
WHERE Col11 = 130 – 30;
Now SQL Server can evaluate 130 – 30 and perform a blazingly fast index seek on the rows with 100 in Col1. Although this is a simple example, the principle is true. How you write your WHERE clauses has a significant effect on the performance of your queries.
This is only a small taste of the Query Optimizer and whether WHERE clause expressions are searchable arguments, known as sargs.
SOME and ANY search conditions are functionally similar to IN — all are true if any value in the list is true — with three significant differences:
• SOME and ANY require a subquery. A list of literal values won't do.
• SOME and ANY are used with a mathematical operator (=, >, <, =>, etc.).
• IN, SOME, and ANY function differently when used with a NOT condition.
The AND search condition also requires a true subquery and returns a true when the search condition is true for every value in the list.
IN is similar to the EQUALS comparison operator because it searches for an exact match from a list. If the value is in the list, then the comparison is true. For instance, if you query the StateProvince table in the AdventureWorks database providing a list of state or province codes similar to the following:
USE AdventureWork;
SELECT Name
FROM Person.StateProvince
WHERE StateProvinceCode IN ('NC', ‘WV');
Result:
Name
-----------
North Carolina
West Virginia
Effectively, the IN search condition is the equivalent of multiple EQUALS comparisons ORed together:
USE AdventureWorks;
SELECT Name
FROM Person.StateProvince
WHERE StateProvinceCode = ‘NC'
OR StateProvinceCode = ‘WV';
Result:
Name
-----------
North Carolina
West Virginia
The IN operator may also search for a value in a list of columns. The following example searches for the text ‘Ken in either the FirstName and LastName columns:
USE AdventureWorks;
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Person.Person
WHERE ‘Ken' IN (FirstName, LastName)
Result:
FirstName LastName
-----------------------
Ken Kwok
Ken Meyer
Ken Myer
Ken Myer
Ken Sanchez
Ken Sanchez
You can combine the IN operator with NOT to exclude certain rows. For example, WHERE NOT IN ('NC', ‘WV') would return all rows except those in North Carolina and West Virginia:
USE AdventureWorks;
SELECT StateProvinceCode
FROM Person.StateProvince
WHERE StateProvinceCode NOT IN ('NC', ‘WV');
Abbreviated Result:
StateProviceCode
-----------
AB
AK
AL
AR
AS
AS
. . .
It's difficult to prove a negative, especially when a null value is involved. Because the meaning of null is “unknown,” the value being searched for could be in the list. The following code sample demonstrates how a null in the list makes it impossible to prove that ‘A' is not in the list:
SELECT ‘IN' WHERE ‘A' NOT IN ('B',NULL);
There's no result because the unknown null value might simply be an “A.” Because SQL can't logically prove that “A” is not in the list, the WHERE clause returns a false. Anytime a NOT IN condition is mixed with a null in the list, every row will be evaluated as false.
Others
- SQL Server 2012 : Introducing Basic Query Flow - FROM Clause Data Sources
- SQL Server 2012 : Understanding Query Flow (part 2) - Logical Flow of the Query Statement, Physical Flow of the Query Statement
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- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying and configuring virtual machines (part 2) - Creating virtual machines
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Category:Mestres da Capela Real
Mestre da Capela Real is the Portuguese term to designate the person in charge of all musical details related with the Capela (Chapel) of the Kings of Portugal. | WIKI |
Descovy (TAF and EM) Vs Stribild (Elvitegravir / Cobicistat / Emtricitabine / Tenofovir)
Combining Descovy and Stribild may be toxic to the patient’s health and has the potential to cause health complications. Consult your healthcare provider for more information about both antiretroviral medications and available alternatives.
Short Information on Descovy
Descovy is a drug that contains two active ingredients (emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide) in fixed amounts used for treating HIV. In conjunction with other antiretrovirals, adults and children alike who weigh 35 kg and over can use it. On the other hand, in cases where it is taken together with some very specific ARV drugs, children who weigh at least 25 kg can also use it [1]. It is a combination medicine made of two inhibitors belonging to the nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor class. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) contained in Descovy is considered a prodrug of tenofovir.
Descovy is not a guaranteed cure for the infection, but it can help lower the viral load to a level it becomes undetectable if the prescription is followed strictly.
Short Information on Stribild
Stribild is an HIV medication commonly referred to as the Quad pill based on the fact that it contains four antiretroviral agents (tenofovir / cobicistat / elvitegravir/ emtricitabine) in a single pill. It is used once daily for the treatment of HIV-1 infection [2].
Stribild is usually administered to patients who are 12 years and older and weigh not less than 25 kg. This drug is not a cure for HIV, but if it is taken exactly as prescribed, it can stop the virus from advancing to AIDS and also prevent transmission.
Comparison Between Descovy and Stribild
Descovy is a double combination antiretroviral that can be used alongside other antiretrovirals for greater effectiveness. On the other hand, Stribild is a fixed-dose drug that contains four active ingredients and is considered a complete regimen to be used alone for treating HIV-1.
Combining Descovy and Stribild is not safe. This is due to the fact that they contain similar ingredients. Utilizing both drugs may result in an overdose that can lead to serious complications. Seek the guidance of a healthcare provider or doctor to find other alternatives.
References
1. Emtricitabine / Tenofovir Alafenamide. Aidsinfo.nih.gov.
2. The Quad Pill, a Once-Daily Combination Therapy for HIV Infection. Leonard B. Johnson. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Volume 58, Issue 1, pages 93–98. Published 1 January 2014. Academic.oup.com.
It may be useful for you | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Utah, Idaho and Nebraska approve Medicaid expansion ballot measures
Three red states approved Medicaid expansion in Tuesday's midterm elections, changes that will potentially cover hundreds of thousands more low-income Americans, NBC News projected. Voters in Utah, Nebraska and Idaho were all expected to pass ballot measures to broaden the federal and state health insurance program, according to NBC. The support for Medicaid expansion, an Affordable Care Act provision, came over the objections of many officials who had so far declined to adopt it, citing budgetary constraints. In Utah, the change could extend coverage to 150,000 low-income people, according to The Salt Lake Tribune. Another 90,000 people could get insurance in Nebraska, according to the Lincoln Journal Star. About 62,000 could receive coverage in Idaho, according to the Associated Press. The results in the red-leaning states underscore the warming attitudes toward Obamacare and its Medicaid expansion provision that most states have adopted. The ballot measures also passed during a midterm election in which health care jumped to the top of voters' minds and emerged as the messaging priority for the Democratic Party as it took control of the House. The passage of the Medicaid propositions in red-leaning states Tuesday came even as other pro-GOP states propelled Republicans — who have repeatedly tried to repeal Obamacare — to gains in the Senate. A plurality of voters, 41 percent, said health care was the most important issue for their vote, according to preliminary exit polling. It came in well ahead of both the economy and immigration. Democratic candidates across the country hammered Republicans not only over what they called threats to the coverage guarantees for people with pre-existing conditions enshrined in Obamacare, but also over potential efforts to cut into funding for the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Before Tuesday's votes, 33 states and Washington, D.C., had expanded Medicaid, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. The program is a driver behind the lower uninsured rates seen under Obamacare, but some lawmakers have raised concerns about the funds needed for the combined federal-state program. In Utah, the ballot measure overrules a partial expansion of Medicaid that state lawmakers passed earlier this year, according to The Salt Lake Tribune. Some officials have suggested they could try to repeal the proposition, according to the newspaper. The Medicaid provision would raise about $90 million through a slight state sales tax increase to pair with federal funding. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Pratt - The history of music (1907).djvu/242
70.—Violin-Making—the linings and unfinished bass-bar.
71.—Violin-Making—neck and head, ribs, linings and corner-blocks, bass-bar and soundpost.
72.—Violin-Making—completed instrument.
73.—Stradivari Violin (1679)—side view, showing contours, scroll and inlaid ornamentation (from Hipkins).
74.—The same—front view, showing contours, f-holes and inlaid purfling. | WIKI |
Once you've launched a VPC with multiple public/private subnets as mentioned in https://acsrujan.net/setup-vpc-with-terraform-on-aws, you might have use cases where you'd want to ssh into ec2 instances in your private network.
What's bastion?
In english, a part of the wall of a castle that sticks out from it in order to protect it.
In computer science, a part (or a node) of the infrastructure that's accessible from out in order to protect the private infrastructure. Think of this like a gateway to enter your infrastructure.
Side note: The featured image is "The Gateway of India" located in Mumbai. In earlier days while ships and boats are primary source of commute, it'd be viewed first when you're entering Mumbai.
How to do it?
This post does exactly that. Here's a quick terraform script to do the same.
Here, AMI id is of default amazon-linux-2 OS.
Replace other values such as private_key_name, public_subnet, vpc_id respectively or define them in variables.
Upon running this terraform with terraform apply, you'd get an instance-id in output.
As you've IAM access to this instance, you don't need to have private key with you. You can simply add the following in ~/.ssh/config file and install mssh in your local system.
Host 172.31.*.*
ProxyCommand mssh i-xxxx -W %h:%p
Wait, mssh, what the hell is it?
tl;dr: it's a python wrapper to use ec2-instance-connect in AWS.
aws s3 cp s3://ec2-instance-connect/cli/ec2instanceconnectcli-latest.tar.gz .
pip install ec2instanceconnectcli-latest.tar.gz
mssh instanceid
Post this, you should be able to run mssh instance-id and be able to ssh into any instance in your private subnets. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Author:John Maplet (d. 1592)
Works
* A Greene Forest, or a Naturall Historie. Wherein may bee seene first the most sufferaigne vertues in all the whole kinde of stones & mettals: next of plants, as of herbes, trees, & shrubs; lastly of brute beastes, foules, fishes, creeping wormes, & serpents (1567)
* The Diall of Destinie ... wherein maybe seen the continuall ... course, ... effectes, and influence of the seven planets upon allkyndes of creatures here below: and unto the severall ... situation of countryes and kingdomes. Compiled and discussed briefly, as well astrological as poetically (1581) | WIKI |
User:Michaela Silinger
Michaela Silinger is a Czech American model, artist and animal activist. Michaela was born on January 6th, 1977 in Prague, Czech Republic. Her family escaped communism at an early age and moved to Paris, France. Once it was safe, she and her family moved to the United States where Michaela began modeling at age 18. She relocated to Los Angeles in 2003. She currently resides in the Hancock Park suburb of Los Angeles and lives with her notoriously famous beagle, "Emily". Known as Emily the Beagle aka Driving Miss Emily]'', the two can normally be found at dog rescue charity events in the Southern California area. | WIKI |
Melike Bakırcıoğlu
Melike Bakırcıoğlu (born February 24, 1987, in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish female basketball player. She plays for Fenerbahçe as forward position. She is 190 cm tall and weighs 79 kg. She is playing for Beşiktaş Cola Turka and also played between 2005 and 2010 for Turkey national women's basketball team.
Bakırcıoğlu is the designated double teaming player on defense.
Honors
* Turkish Championship
* Winners (3): 2006, 2007, 2009 with Fenerbahçe
* Turkish Cup
* Winners (3): 2006, 2007, 2009 with Fenerbahçe
* Turkish Presidents Cup
* Winners (2): 2007, 2009 with Fenerbahçe | WIKI |
Jean-François Carenco
Jean-François Carenco (born 7 July 1952) is a French civil servant and politician who served as Minister Delegate for the Overseas in the government of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne from 2022 to 2023. Following his appointment by President François Hollande, he previously served as president of the French Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) from 2017 to 2022.
Prior to joining the government, Carenco had a long career at the highest levels of the French Civil Service. He was a prefect in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (1996–1997), Tarn-et-Garonne (1997–1999), Guadeloupe (1999–2002), Haute-Savoie (2002–2004), Seine-Maritime (2006–2007), Haute-Garonne (2007–2008), Rhône (2010–2015) and Paris (2015–2017). | WIKI |
SQL Server administration and T-SQL development, Web Programming with ASP.NET, HTML5 and Javascript, Windows Phone 8 app development, SAP Smartforms and ABAP Programming, Windows 7, Visual Studio and MS Office software SQL Server and T-SQL Development Tutorials
Development resources, articles, tutorials, samples, codes and tools for .Net, SQL Server, Windows, Windows Phone, SAP and ABAP, like SAP UI5, Screen Personas, etc.
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How to Use sp_ExecuteSQL T-SQL Stored Procedure with Input and Output Parameters
sp_ExecuteSQL is a T-SQL system stored procedure that can be used to execute a dynamically built t-sql statement or a t-sql batch in SQL Server.
Of course this dynamically built t-sql statement or sql code can contain input / output parameters.
Note that you must considered the sql injection possibility or the code break down possibility if sql developers or database administrators are using sp_executesql in their t-sql codes.
A sample sp_ExecuteSQL t-sql call can be as follows. The output of the below sp_executesql statement will be a list of returned rows from Employees database table.
EXECUTE sp_executesql N'SELECT TOP 10 * FROM Employees' -- Select
EXEC GetUserByEmail N'kodyaz@kodyaz.com' -- Stored Procedure
SQL developers can create the @stmt argument dynamically and call a SQL stored procedure using parameters as follows:
DECLARE @sql nvarchar(max)
DECLARE @email nvarchar(50)
SET @email = N'kodyaz@kodyaz.com'
SET @sql = 'EXEC GetUserByEmail N''' + @email + ''''
--SELECT @sql
EXECUTE sp_executesql @sql
Building the final t-sql code or final stored procedure call by adding the parameter values into the statement is easy but is not a good way of using sp_ExecuteSQL SQL procedure.
The preferred method for using sp_executesql with parameters should be using the @params argument which takes place in the sp_executesql syntax.
SQL Server sp_ExecuteSQL syntax
Below is the t-sql syntax of sp_executesql system stored procedure.
In the sp_executesql transact-sql syntax :
@stmt is the nvarchar() variable input string which identifies the t-sql statement.
@params is the nvarchar() parameter declaration string which is consists of a list of parameters and parameter data type declarations.
Following the parameter declaration string or @params sp_executesql parameter, the parameter values are passes to the sp_executesql t-sql command. Each parameter value is passed by parameter name and parameter value seperating each parameter set using comma (,)
sp_executesql [ @stmt = ] stmt
[
{, [@params=] N'@parameter_name data_type [ OUT | OUTPUT ][,...n]' }
{, [ @param1 = ] 'value1' [ ,...n ] }
]
Sample sp_executesql code using parameter.
DECLARE @sql nvarchar(max)
DECLARE @email_input nvarchar(50)
SET @email_input = N'kodyaz@kodyaz.com'
SET @sql = 'EXEC GetUserByEmail @email'
EXECUTE sp_executesql @sql, N'@email nvarchar(50)', @email = @email_input
sp_ExecuteSQL Output Parameters syntax in T-SQL
We can define sp_ExecuteSQL parameters that gets output values from the sql stored procedures, and return output values as variables from the execution of a t-sql procedure.
The trick for using sp_ExecuteSQL OUTPUT Parameter in a SQL Server sp_executesql t-sql statement is declaring the out parameter with OUTPUT hint in the stored procedure parameter definition part. And setting the parameter value following the OUTPUT hint.
Here is a few sample sp_executesql sql codes.
DECLARE @SQL_String NVARCHAR(max)
DECLARE @Parameter_Definition NVARCHAR(max)
SET @SQL_String = N'
SELECT * FROM dbo.Employees;
SELECT
@Email_out = Email
FROM dbo.Employees
WHERE
EmployeeId = @EmployeeId_input'
SET @Parameter_Definition = N'
@EmployeeId_input uniqueidentifier,
@Email_out nvarchar(50) OUTPUT'
DECLARE @EmployeeId uniqueidentifier
DECLARE @Email nvarchar(50)
SET @EmployeeId = '3E8E578C-6810-48BD-AADB-620EDECF988C'
EXECUTE sp_executesql @SQL_String,
@Parameter_Definition,
@EmployeeId_input = @EmployeeId,
@Email_out = @Email OUTPUT
SELECT @Email as Email
Here is an other sample t-sql code where OUTPUT parameters are used in the sp_executesql statement.
DECLARE @SQL_String NVARCHAR(max)
DECLARE @Parameter_Definition NVARCHAR(max)
SET @SQL_String = N'EXEC GetEmail @EmployeeId_input, @Email_out OUTPUT'
SET @Parameter_Definition = N'
@EmployeeId_input uniqueidentifier,
@Email_out nvarchar(50) OUTPUT'
DECLARE @EmployeeId uniqueidentifier
DECLARE @Email nvarchar(50)
SET @EmployeeId = '00FCEFA4-BF81-4674-81C1-C2DE86F0C5F6'
EXECUTE sp_executesql @SQL_String,
@Parameter_Definition,
@EmployeeId_input = @EmployeeId,
@Email_out = @Email OUTPUT
SELECT @Email as Email
Another sample for sp_executesql where a stored procedure is called with proc parameter names are defined in the sp_executesql statement.
Assume that you have created the following sample stored procedure.
CREATE PROC GetEmail2
(
@EmployeeId uniqueidentifier,
@Email nvarchar(50) OUTPUT
)
AS
SELECT * FROM dbo.Employees;
SELECT
@Email = Email
FROM dbo.Employees
WHERE
EmployeeId = @EmployeeId;
GO
Now the following transact-sql sp_executesql command can be executed as follows:
DECLARE @SQL_String NVARCHAR(max)
DECLARE @Parameter_Definition NVARCHAR(max)
SET @SQL_String = N'
EXEC GetEmail2 @EmployeeId = @EmployeeId_input, @Email = @Email_out OUTPUT
'
SET @Parameter_Definition = N'
@EmployeeId_input uniqueidentifier,
@Email_out nvarchar(50) OUTPUT'
DECLARE @EmployeeId uniqueidentifier
DECLARE @Email nvarchar(50)
SET @EmployeeId = '997B3351-F876-414B-9C63-B90EC967B69B'
EXECUTE sp_executesql @SQL_String, @Parameter_Definition, @EmployeeId_input = @EmployeeId, @Email_out = @Email OUTPUT
SELECT @Email as Email
Developers can download sample t-sql codes with sp_executesql used in this article from T-SQL sp_ExecuteSQL Samples.
The sample codes includes sample database table creation, populating sql table with sample data and sample stored procedures create scripts.
Related SQL Resources
SQL Server Articles
SQL Server 2012
SQL Server Tools
SQL Blog
MS SQL Server Forums
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Three ways to keep your business out of the data breach headlines | TheHill
As high-profile data breaches continue to make news headlines, expectations concerning the security of data continue to rise. Given the trend surrounding new privacy- and cybersecurity-related laws around the world that mandate personal data breach and security incident notification – including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and Network and Information Security Directive, respectively – it’s now critical for organizations, particularly those with global operations, to maintain a level of compliance that combines productivity and data security. In the United States, businesses have been required to comply with dozens of state-level personal data breach notification laws for quite some time. As these laws continue to expand and evolve, the ever-changing regulatory landscape makes it difficult for organizations to determine which requirements will ultimately apply to them. For this reason, it is crucial to adopt a robust programmatic approach to data protection that meets a baseline of best practices at a global level. Organizations that do not keep pace with the ever-evolving data privacy regulatory landscape may very well experience crippling and long-lasting effects, not only to productivity but to overall business reputation, customer retention and revenues. In order to avoid awkward conversations about data breaches both within your organization and with your customers, prioritize these three considerations to help ensure that data security is maintained and business integrity is protected. Put your money where your risk is Investments in data management should not come at the expense of data security. To protect personal data, you must secure it from exfiltration by cybercriminals. Cybersecurity is an essential expenditure that should complement investments in information management processes and technologies, and is the only way to ensure that your organization’s critical applications and data are protected. In the face of an unfortunate data breach, even with the best detection and remediation technologies at your disposal, it’s still too late. Not only will your organization’s reputation be firmly placed on the front lines, you will most likely lose invaluable time and resources to investigate the incident and mitigate its impact, meet compliance mandates, and develop such assets as breach notification reports. Instead, strong upfront investment in holistic, preventive security technologies will help keep your organization out of the negative news headlines by reducing the risk of a breach occurring in the first place with better data security and protection. Internet of Things Though estimates vary, the explosion of internet-connected devices is estimated to reach as high as 50 billion by 2020. One result of this trend will be the generation of vast amounts of data, which companies will need to ensure is protected and secured. Yet even as the world’s digital infrastructure becomes increasingly interconnected, cybersecurity remains a fundamental challenge, and securing the high volume of distributed IoT devices themselves is only one part of the security equation. Because the rise of IoT creates a broadened threat landscape, it requires collaboration to holistically prevent attacks at every potentially vulnerable layer – on the endpoint, but also at the network and the application layers that interact with the IoT devices. Organizations must build advanced integrated security into the entire fabric of their networks to prevent successful cyberattacks and protect our way of life in the digital age. Cloud and ‘Software as a Service’ security As organizations expand their IT architecture from traditional networks and data centers to cloud deployments, and as they increasingly adopt SaaS applications to facilitate business productivity, more and more personal data is inevitably stored and accessed online. New risks are introduced and, as a result, new security processes are needed to help protect data in the cloud and maintain privacy compliance mandates. Traditional detect-and-respond approaches, cloud-only security capabilities, and siloed point products lack threat context from the network edge or at the user interface, rendering them ineffective. An integrated, automated approach across an organization’s entire architecture, from the network and data center to the cloud, is required to confidently and safely enable cloud deployments of any kind, and prevent data loss and cyber breaches at every stage of the attack lifecycle. Danielle Kriz is the senior director of global policy at Palo Alto Networks. The views expressed by contributors are their own and are not the views of The Hill. View the discussion thread. Contributor's Signup The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Duko
Duko is a village in the Savelugu municipal district of Ghana. In 2015 it had population of about 900 inhabitants.
Location
Duko is located 7 km south of Savelugu and 15 km north of Tamale, Ghana, the northern regional capital, on the Tamale-Bolga highway. As part of the expansion and upgrading of the Tamale International Airport to an international standard, a 5km road has been constructed to link the airport to the Tamale-Bolgatanga highway (N10) at Duko which is located about 3 km north-east of the airport.
Culture
Duko is inhabited primarily by the Dagomba people who speak the Dagbani language. Duko is headed by a chief who is subservient to the Paramount Chief of Savelugu. The incumbent chief of Duko is Naa Mahama Abukari 'Natural'. Duko is noted for 'Duko-Tua', literally Baobab of Duko. It was a large boabab tree believed to accommodate some spiritual creatures who were somewhat friendly to inhabitants of the village and serve as guards to the village. It was also host to a swam of bees which was believe to protect the village against possible attack from its neighbours. The tree was brought down in the year 1993 to pave way for the reconstruction of the Tamale-Bolga Highway.
Education
The village has a primary school and a kindergarten.
Economy
Many inhabitants of Duko are farmers who grow maize and rice. Until recently, farmers in the community were engaged in subsistence farming. | WIKI |
Trump warns China against waiting until after election to make trade deal | TheHill
President TrumpDonald John TrumpJoe Biden's record – not his gaffes – is dooming his campaign Trump defends shift of FEMA funds, citing Dorian's change in path Ryan Reynolds, Blake Lively donate M to help migrant children, social justice MORE on Tuesday sought to pressure China into coming to terms on a trade deal before the 2020 presidential election, warning that any agreement would get "MUCH TOUGHER" if Beijing waited. Trump claimed that the U.S. is doing "very well" in negotiations with China, though talks have stalled and the two countries have levied retaliatory tariffs on one another for months on end. The president suggested China would have a difficult time waiting him out, however, with the 2020 election still more than a year away. "While I am sure they would love to be dealing with a new administration so they could continue their practice of 'ripoff USA'($600 B/year),16 months PLUS is a long time to be hemorrhaging jobs and companies on a long-shot," Trump tweeted. "And then, think what happens to China when I win. Deal would get MUCH TOUGHER!" ....And then, think what happens to China when I win. Deal would get MUCH TOUGHER! In the meantime, China’s Supply Chain will crumble and businesses, jobs and money will be gone! The president added that aspects of China's economy are "crumbling" in the meantime. China's economy has slowed down amid the trade war with the U.S., though scores of companies have not relocated out of the country as Trump has previously claimed. Tuesday's tweets underscored Trump's commitment to seeing through the trade war with China even as uncertainty over next steps rattled investors and contributed to fears of a global economic slowdown. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was down nearly 400 points as of Tuesday morning after the two sides had still not reached a concrete arrangement to hold negotiations this month as previously expected. The Trump administration increased tariffs from 10 percent to 15 percent on a tranche of Chinese imports over the weekend. Another increase is set to go into effect next month. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Condor Tecnologias Não-Letais
Condor Não-Letal or Condor Tecnologias Não-Letais, is a Brazilian company of the war industry, defense, pyrotechnics and non-lethal weaponry. Its portfolio includes several non-lethal products such as rubber bullets, tear gas grenades, impact and morale grenades, tear gas grenade launchers, disabling electroshock devices, and pyrotechnics for signaling and rescue.
About 50% of Condor's non-lethal weapons production is exported to countries in Africa and the Middle East.
History
Founded in 1985 by a former director of Química Tupan, a former supplier of landmines to the Brazilian Army, on the same site as the old factory, Condor became the first specialized manufacturer of non-lethal weaponry to set up shop in Brazil.
In 2001, it exported its armaments for the first time, under order from the Brazilian Army for a UN peacekeeping mission in Algeria. In 2003, in the book "Non-Lethal Weapons," U.S. Colonel John B. Alexander, a consultant to the U.S. Department of Defense and former commander of the Green Berets in the Vietnam War, mentioned the manufacturer and its armaments in the book. | WIKI |
Second Malón de la Paz
The Second Malón de la Paz was a protest march of aboriginals of northwestern Argentina, demanding the restitution of their ancient lands. It started on 7 August 2006 in the province of Jujuy.
Malón is a word derived from Mapudungun and refers to a surprise incursion, as practised by the native tribes attacking creole settlements in the past. Therefore the expression means "Peace Incursion". The first Malón de la Paz was a 2,000 km march from Jujuy to Buenos Aires in 1946, to present land and human rights claims to President Juan Perón.
The Second Malón de la Paz was triggered by the long delay and refusal of the provincial government of Jujuy to comply with a judicial order granting the indigenous communities 15,000 km² of land. An assembly of members of different communities gathered in Abra Pampa, 200 km north of San Salvador de Jujuy (the same place where, 60 years before, the first Malón started). Following the resolutions of the assembly, a number of delegates from the communities scattered around the province marched from the Quebrada de Humahuaca to Purmamarca (60 km north of the provincial capital).
After a new assembly, on 8 August around 1,000 people blockaded National Routes 16 and 9, and demanded to be heard by governor Eduardo Fellner. The blockade is slated to last indefinitely.
History
The first Malón de Paz was not well received by the national government. Although the marchers got the attention and support of the people in the way, as well as formal acknowledgment by President Perón, they were soon expelled from Buenos Aires empty-handed. Only three years later, in 1949, the national government expropriated some lands to be granted to the indigenous communities, but the cession was never performed.
The 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution recognized the rights of the "originary peoples" to own their ancient lands. According to the delegates of the communities, in 1996 the national government started sending funds to Jujuy to handle the surveys and paperwork needed to make the lands property of the originary communities, but only 7 out of 123 collective property titles have been granted to them.
On 2 May 2003, justice ordered that the papers had to be delivered within no more than 15 months. The provincial government appealed the decision. The originary communities were displeased by this, and sent a letter to President Néstor Kirchner. The drastic measure of blocking national roads was called by the press "an ultimatum" to the provincial authorities. | WIKI |
Is there Switch case in Java?
The switch statement or switch case in java is a multi-way branch statement. Based on the value of the expression given, different parts of code can be executed quickly. The given expression can be of a primitive data type such as int, char, short, byte, and char.
How are switch cases implemented in Java?
Some Important rules for switch statements :
The value for a case must be of the same data type as the variable in the switch. The value for a case must be a constant or a literal. Variables are not allowed. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence.
How do you write a switch case in Java 8?
“switch case in java 8” Code Answer
1. int day = 4;
2. switch (day) {
3. case 6:
4. System. out. println(“Today is Saturday”);
5. break;
6. case 7:
7. System. out. println(“Today is Sunday”);
8. break;
Which data type is not used in switch case in Java?
A switch works with the byte , short , char , and int primitive data types. … An if-then-else statement can test expressions based on ranges of values or conditions, whereas a switch statement tests expressions based only on a single integer, enumerated value, or String object.
IT IS INTERESTING: What is
Is Java a case sensitive language?
Yes, it is case-sensitive. It is this way because of its heritage from C. To keep the language more familiar to what people were used to “in the day”, they left it as case-sensitive. There is an added advantage, since Java identifiers can be almost any Unicode character.
Can you switch Strings in Java?
The switch statement compares the String object in its expression with the expressions associated with each case label as if it were using the String. … The Java compiler generates generally more efficient bytecode from switch statements that use String objects than from chained if-then-else statements.
Can we use long in switch case in Java?
The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long, enum types, String and some wrapper types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long.
Is switch faster than if else?
As it turns out, the switch statement is faster in most cases when compared to if-else , but significantly faster only when the number of conditions is large. The primary difference in performance between the two is that the incremental cost of an additional condition is larger for if-else than it is for switch .
Can we use float in switch-case in Java?
Switch case allows only integer and character constants in case expression. We can’t use float values. … Break keyword can be used to break the control and take out control from the switch.
How do you close a switch-case in Java?
The execution flow of the switch statement in Java is:
1. If Case = Option 1, then STATEMENT1 is executed, followed by a break statement to exit the switch case.
2. If Case = Option 2, then STATEMENT2 is executed, followed by a break to exit the switch case.
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Which platform does Java run on?
Because the Java VM is available on many different operating systems, the same . class files are capable of running on Microsoft Windows, the Solaris™ Operating System (Solaris OS), Linux, or Mac OS.
Who is maintaining Java?
Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018.
Does capitalization matter Java?
Java, like most programming languages, is case sensitive. Even the slightest difference in naming indicates different objects (count does not equal Count). In order to be consistent, programmers follow naming conventions. For example, variables are lowercase (car) and classes are uppercase (Car).
Categories SQL | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Liquid Dietary Supplements Market to Reach $27.73 Bn, Globally, by 2027 at 4.0% CAGR: Allied Market Research
Allied Market Research published a report, titled, "Liquid Dietary Supplements Market by Ingredient (Vitamins & Minerals, Botanical, Proteins & Amino Acids and Others), Application (Bone & Joint Health, Heart Health, Immune Health, Sports Nutrition, Weight Loss, Digestive Health, and Others), Distribution Channel (Hypermarkets/Supermarkets, Health & Beauty Retail Stores, Drug Stores, and Online Pharmacies & E-Commerce Sites): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2020–2027." According to the report, the global liquid dietary supplements industry was estimated at $21.68 billion in 2019, and is anticipated to hit $27.73 billion by 2027, registering a CAGR of 4.0% from 2020 to 2027. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Associative Array Syntax
Avatar of Chris Coyier
Chris Coyier on
Simple
$carParts = array(
'Tires'=>100,
'Window'=>1042,
'DoorHandle'=>917
);
Array of Associative Arrays
public $notifyPartners = array(
array(
'name' => 'Twitter',
'tag' => 'Social Network',
'url' => ''),
array(
'name' => 'Campaign Monitor',
'tag' => 'Email Marketing',
'url' => ''),
array(
'name' => 'Sendloop',
'tag' => 'Email Marketing',
'url' => ''),
array(
'name' => 'Highrise',
'tag' => 'CRM',
'url' => '')
);
Looping
foreach ($carParts as $key => $value) {
echo $key.'=>'.$value.'<br />';
}
while ($element = each($carParts)) {
echo $element['key'];
echo ' - ';
echo $element['value'];
echo '<br />';
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikiquote:Votes for deletion/Cornholio
Cornholio
This article was PROD for reason "No sourced quotes." The tag was removed without curing the defect. The article was tagged for merger more than two years ago (There should not be articles that excerpt lines of fictional characters separate from the works in which they appear.) but, because the lines are unsourced, collating them into the main article is impractical. — Ningauble 19:09, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Vote closes: 20:00, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete as nom. ~ Ningauble 19:11, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete per nom, unsourced. TheAE talk 19:26, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete per . Cirt (talk) 19:27, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete, per nom. ~ UDScott 19:35, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. -Sketchmoose 19:46, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. - InvisibleSun 20:23, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. BD2412 T 23:32, 17 March 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:2007 Swiss incursion into Liechtenstein
Comments
Is this a proper name for the article? --PaxEquilibrium 09:42, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
* Not at all, as Switzerland in fact is responsible for the defence of Liechtenstein. (Even if they are not entitled to dislocate troops without Liechtenstein permission.) Jakro64 22:14, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
I also agree that this is not a very qualified name, which gives the feeling that the military did actually attack during this invasion. The 2003 invasion of Iraq is the name of the iraq war article. I didn't even hear of this incident until very late. Wwicki 07:31, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
Embarrassment to Switzerland?
I find this statement to not be of Wikipedia quality. Liechtenstein accepted any apologies and that was that. This statement is not backed up by any sources and therefore there is no evidence whatsoever that this was an embarrassment. If you can find me a source that would be great. Wwicki 07:31, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
* “The BBC's Paul Legg says the incident is embarrassing for the Swiss but not as bad as the one in 1985.”, second paragrpah from the bottom. – Zntrip 16:22, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
I also find "embarassing" to be a little...unappropriate. Why embarassing? Embarassing maybe for the lieutenant who made the navigational error, but only in front of his troops. It's not the first time something like this has happened, and won't be the last. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 12:36, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
* Yes - this isn't the first time something like this has happened. The reference to 1985 refers to an artillery exercise - strong winds blew a couple of rockets off course, they landed in forests on the wrong side of the border and caused a forest fire - Switzerland had to pay quite a lot of compensation for the damage —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wren-3 (talk • contribs) 15:01, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
* The self defence Army of a neutral country accidently invades another undefended country and you ask if it is embarassing? Since invasion threatens the very existance of a country it is taken very seriously by most countries. Image if the US or British army crossed an international border by mistake. <IP_ADDRESS> 17:12, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
Articles for Deletion debate
This article was merged with and redirected to Foreign relations of Liechtenstein as a result of an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash - tk 22:53, 26 May 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Upsonm
Born at around 02:00 on Monday 19th June 1989 at Priory Road Hospital, Edgbaston, Michael, 16, enjoys swimming; running; tennis the occassional game of golf. He currently attends King Edward VI Aston School and lives in Sutton Coldfield in the suburbs of Birmingham. Often known as 'funny' or 'witty' in his humour there are no lengths Michael will go to to get a laugh often resulting in depressing acts of self humiliation just to make others smile. Michael hates fat people and dreams of becoming even richer than he already is.
Michael's best used catch phrases to date include: 'gdbornin' or 'gd-actual-bornin'
hangon This is not a self appreciation page but a devoting its time to the achievemnts of Michael Upson and his celebrity status. The very fact that many of the admin staff have far more vain self-centred attempts at personal appreciation is obviously not taken into account the very fact none of you live in th U.K. tells me (head of the official michael upson fanclub) that you are very narrow minded and have forgotten the principles of Wikipedia. The entire section is in note form and refers only in the subjective. | WIKI |
Image file formats
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This article is about digital image formats used to store photographic and other images. For disk-image file formats, see Disk image. For digital file formats in general, see File format.
Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed, compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device displaying it.
Image file sizes[edit]
Generally speaking, in raster images, Image file size is positively correlated to the number of pixels in an image and the color depth, or bits per pixel, of the image. Images can be compressed in various ways, however. Compression uses an algorithm that stores an exact representation or an approximation of the original image in a smaller number of bytes that can be expanded back to its uncompressed form with a corresponding decompression algorithm. Considering different compressions, it is common for two images of the same number of pixels and color depth to have a very different compressed file size. Considering exactly the same compression, number of pixels, and color depth for two images, different graphical complexity of the original images may also result in very different file sizes after compression due to the nature of compression algorithms. With some compression formats, images that are less complex may result in smaller compressed file sizes. This characteristic sometimes results in a smaller file size for some lossless formats than lossy formats. For example, graphically simple images (i.e. images with large continuous regions like line art or animation sequences) may be losslessly compressed into a GIF or PNG format and result in a smaller file size than a lossy JPEG format.
Vector images, unlike raster images, can be any dimension independent of file size. File size increases only with the addition of more vectors.
For example, a 640 * 480 pixel image with 24-bit color would occupy almost a megabyte of space:
640 * 480 * 24 = 7,372,800 bits = 921,600 bytes
Image file compression[edit]
There are two types of image file compression algorithms: lossless and lossy.
Lossless compression algorithms reduce file size while preserving a perfect copy of the original uncompressed image. Lossless compression generally, but not always, results in larger files than lossy compression. Lossless compression should be used to avoid accumulating stages of re-compression when editing images.
Lossy compression algorithms preserve a representation of the original uncompressed image that may appear to be a perfect copy, but it is not a perfect copy. Often lossy compression is able to achieve smaller file sizes than lossless compression. Most lossy compression algorithms allow for variable compression that trades image quality for file size.
Major graphic file formats[edit]
Including proprietary types, there are hundreds of image file types. The PNG, JPEG, and GIF formats are most often used to display images on the Internet. These graphic formats are listed and briefly described below, separated into the two main families of graphics: raster and vector.
In addition to straight image formats, Metafile formats are portable formats which can include both raster and vector information. Examples are application-independent formats such as WMF and EMF. The metafile format is an intermediate format. Most Windows applications open metafiles and then save them in their own native format. Page description language refers to formats used to describe the layout of a printed page containing text, objects and images. Examples are PostScript, PDF and PCL.
Raster formats[edit]
JPEG/JFIF[edit]
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG-compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) file format. The JPEG/JFIF filename extension is JPG or JPEG. Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG/JFIF format, which supports 8-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images (8 bits each for red, green, and blue). JPEG applies lossy compression to images, which can result in a significant reduction of the file size. Applications can determine the degree of compression to apply, and the amount of compression affects the visual quality of the result. When not too great, the compression does not noticeably affect or detract from the image's quality, but JPEG files suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited and saved. (JPEG also provides lossless image storage, but the lossless version is not widely supported.)
JPEG 2000[edit]
JPEG 2000 is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy storage. The compression methods used are different from the ones in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression ratios, but also require more computational power to process. JPEG 2000 also adds features that are missing in JPEG. It is not nearly as common as JPEG, but it is used currently in professional movie editing and distribution (some digital cinemas, for example, use JPEG 2000 for individual movie frames).
Exif[edit]
The Exif (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard similar to the JFIF format with TIFF extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most cameras. Its purpose is to record and to standardize the exchange of images with image metadata between digital cameras and editing and viewing software. The metadata are recorded for individual images and include such things as camera settings, time and date, shutter speed, exposure, image size, compression, name of camera, color information. When images are viewed or edited by image editing software, all of this image information can be displayed.
The actual Exif metadata as such may be carried within different host formats, e.g. TIFF, JFIF (JPEG) or PNG. IFF-META is another example.
TIFF[edit]
The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format is a flexible format that normally saves 8 bits or 16 bits per color (red, green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals, respectively, usually using either the TIFF or TIF filename extension. The tagged structure was designed to be easily extendible, and many vendors have introduced proprietary special-purpose tags – with the result that no one reader handles every flavor of TIFF file.[citation needed]. TIFFs can be lossy and lossless; some offer relatively good lossless compression for bi-level (black&white) images. Some digital cameras can save images in TIFF format, using the LZW compression algorithm for lossless storage. TIFF image format is not widely supported by web browsers. TIFF remains widely accepted as a photograph file standard in the printing business. TIFF can handle device-specific color spaces, such as the CMYK defined by a particular set of printing press inks. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software packages commonly generate some form of TIFF image (often monochromatic) for scanned text pages.
RIF[edit]
RIF refers to raw image formats that are available on some digital cameras, rather than to a specific format. These formats usually use a lossless or nearly lossless compression, and produce file sizes smaller than the TIFF formats. Although there is a standard raw image format, (ISO 12234-2, TIFF/EP), the raw formats used by most cameras are not standardized or documented, and differ among camera manufacturers.
Most camera manufacturers have their own software for decoding or developing their raw file format, but there are also many third-party raw file converter applications available that accept raw files from most digital cameras. Some graphic programs and image editors may not accept some or all raw file formats, and some older ones have been effectively orphaned already.
As far as videocameras are concerned, ARRI's Arriflex D-20 and D-21 cameras provide raw 3K-resolution sensor data with Bayer pattern as still images (one per frame) in a proprietary format (.ari file extension). Red Digital Cinema Camera Company, with its Mysterium sensor family of still and video cameras, uses its proprietary raw format called REDCODE (.R3D extension), which stores still as well as audio+video information in one lossy-compressed file.
GIF[edit]
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is limited to an 8-bit palette, or 256 colors. This makes the GIF format suitable for storing graphics with relatively few colors such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos and cartoon style images. The GIF format supports animation and is still widely used to provide image animation effects. Its LZW lossless compression is more effective when large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic or dithered images.
BMP[edit]
The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless; their advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programs.
PNG[edit]
The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as a free, open-source alternative to GIF. The PNG file format supports 8 bit paletted images (with optional transparency for all palette colors) and 24 bit truecolor (16 million colors) or 48 bit truecolor with and without alpha channel - while GIF supports only 256 colors and a single transparent color.
Compared to JPEG, PNG excels when the image has large, uniformly colored areas. Even for photographs – where JPEG is often the choice for final distribution since its compression technique typically yields smaller file sizes – PNG is still well-suited to storing images during the editing process because of its lossless compression.
PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF (though GIF is itself now patent-free), and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel. The Adam7 interlacing allows an early preview, even when only a small percentage of the image data has been transmitted. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data for improved color matching on heterogeneous platforms.
PNG is designed to work well in online viewing applications like web browsers and can be fully streamed with a progressive display option. PNG is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors.
Animated formats derived from PNG are MNG and APNG. The latter is supported by Mozilla Firefox and Opera and is backwards compatible with PNG.
PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM[edit]
Netpbm format is a family including the portable pixmap file format (PPM), the portable graymap file format (PGM) and the portable bitmap file format (PBM). These are either pure ASCII files or raw binary files with an ASCII header that provide very basic functionality and serve as a lowest common denominator for converting pixmap, graymap, or bitmap files between different platforms. Several applications refer to them collectively as PNM (Portable aNy Map).
WEBP[edit]
WebP is a new open image format that uses both lossless and lossy compression. It was designed by Google to reduce image file size to speed up web page loading: its principal purpose is to supersede JPEG as the primary format for photographs on the web. WebP is based on VP8's intra-frame coding and uses a container based on RIFF.
HDR raster formats[edit]
Most typical raster formats cannot store HDR data (32 bit floating point values per pixel component), which is why some relatively old or complex formats are still predominant here, and worth mentioning separately. Newer alternatives are showing up, though. RGBE is the format for HDR images originating from Radiance and also supported by Adobe Photoshop.
Other raster formats[edit]
Vector formats[edit]
Main article: Vector graphics
As opposed to the raster image formats above (where the data describes the characteristics of each individual pixel), vector image formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly at any desired display size.
At some point, all vector graphics must be rasterized in order to be displayed on digital monitors. Vector images may also be displayed with analog CRT technology such as that used in some electronic test equipment, medical monitors, radar displays, laser shows and early video games. Plotters are printers that use vector data rather than pixel data to draw graphics.
CGM[edit]
CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is a file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text, and is defined by ISO/IEC 8632. All graphical elements can be specified in a textual source file that can be compiled into a binary file or one of two text representations. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF.
Gerber format (RS-274X)[edit]
The Gerber format (aka Extended Gerber, RS-274X) was developed by Gerber Systems Corp., now Ucamco, and is a 2D bi-level image description format. It is the de facto standard format used by printed circuit board or PCB software. It is also widely used in other industries requiring high-precision 2D bi-level images.
SVG[edit]
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open standard created and developed by the World Wide Web Consortium to address the need (and attempts of several corporations) for a versatile, scriptable and all-purpose vector format for the web and otherwise. The SVG format does not have a compression scheme of its own, but due to the textual nature of XML, an SVG graphic can be compressed using a program such as gzip. Because of its scripting potential, SVG is a key component in web applications: interactive web pages that look and act like applications.
Other 2D vector formats[edit]
3D vector formats[edit]
Compound formats (see also Metafile)[edit]
These are formats containing both pixel and vector data, possible other data, e.g. the interactive features of PDF.
Stereo formats[edit] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. FRANK DOUGLAS EVERHARDT
No. 8925SC29
(Filed 17 October 1989)
1. Constitutional Law § 51 (NCI3d)— speedy trial — constitutional issue — prosecution delay — no prejudice
The trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss charges of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury on constitutional speedy trial grounds where the alleged crime occurred in July 1984; the victim did not report it until the summer of 1987; the police did not interview defendant until August of 1987; a warrant was not procured until November 1987; defendant was indicted in February 1988; and the trial, originally set for June 1988, began on 15 September 1988. Defendant did not point to any evidence that law enforcement officials deliberately or unnecessarily delayed prosecution in order to gain some tactical advantage over defendant and did not demonstrate that the delay actually prejudiced the conduct of his defense.
Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 849 et seq.
2. Criminal Law § 224 (NCI4th)— Speedy Trial Act — continuances — no violation
The trial court did not err in a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss under N.C.G.S. § 15A-701 where the trial occurred more than 120 days after indictment only because of continuances; defendant sought one of those delays; the State sought the other two continuances because of crowded dockets and the unavailability of essential State witnesses; and only 80 days ran against the 120-day limit when the periods of time due to continuances were excluded. Parenthetically, N.C.G.S. §§ 15A-701 through 15A-704 were repealed effective 1 October 1989.
Am Jur 2d, Criminal Law §§ 849 et seq. •
3. Assault and Battery § 11.1 (NCI3d) — indictment — deadly weapon — sufficiently alleged
The trial court did not err in a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury arising from defendant’s sexual assault on his wife by not dismissing the indictment for lack of specificity where, although the indictment alleged that defendant assaulted his wife with a table leg and other objects such as a drink bottle and the evidence tended to show that defendant assaulted her with the leg of a footstool, the difference was more in semantics than in substance; the indictment sufficiently alleged the deadliness of the drink bottle to place defendant on notice of the prosecution; and defendant failed to cite any authority and so abandoned an issue regarding the time period described by the indictment. N.C. Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 28(b)(5).
Am Jur 2d, Indictments and Informations §§ 261-263, 266.
4. Assault and Battery § 14.3 (NCI3d)— sexual assault — deadliness of weapons — evidence sufficient
The trial court did not err by failing to dismiss for insufficient evidence the charge of felonious assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury where defendant sexually assaulted his wife with a cola bottle and a six to eight-inch footstool leg. The issue of deadliness was for the jury.
Am Jur 2d, Assault and Battery §§ 48-55.
5. Assault and Battery § 14.3 (NCI3d); Rape and Allied Offenses § 5 (NCI3d)— assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury — sexual assault —psychological trauma — physical injury
The trial court did not err in a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury by allowing the jury to determine that defendant’s sexual assaults on his wife with various objects while she was bound hand and foot caused serious physical or bodily injury where the State presented the victim’s testimony, testimony by treating physicians and by other experts which tended to prove that the trauma to the victim at the time was both mental and physical; the gravity of the physical injury did not become apparent until well after the incidents; and there was evidence of severe depression, insomnia, anorexia nervosa and severe, chronic headaches. Serious physical injury may be proven even when it is not evident immediately upon the impact of the assault; case law and medical science recognize that physical injury may later manifest itself as a result of psychological trauma.
Am Jur 2d, Assault and Battery §§ 48-55.
6. Assault and Battery § 14.3 (NCI3d)— sexual assault — proximate cause of injuries
In a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury arising from defendant’s sexual assaults on his wife, the State provided adequate proof that defendant’s actions in 1984 proximately caused mental distress which led to mental and physical conditions for which the victim was first treated in January 1985 and hospitalized in September 1985.
Am Jur 2d, Assault and Battery §§ 48-55.
7. Criminal Law § 34.4 (NCI3d)— sexual assault on wife —prior assaults —admissible to show lack of consent
The trial court did not err in a prosecution for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury arising from defendant’s sexual assaults on his wife by admitting testimony that defendant had violently abused his wife for years. N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) permits admission of extrinsic conduct evidence so long as the evidence is relevant for some purposes other than to prove the defendant had the propensity to commit the act for which he is being tried; in this case, the State sought to prove that, because of the victim’s fear arising from other abuse, her failure to leave the husband’s home should not be construed as consent to his abuse. Moreover, the same or like evidence was later admitted without defendant’s objection.
Am Jur 2d, Assault and Battery § 67; Evidence § 366.
Appeal by defendant from Ferrell (Forrest A.), Judge. Judgment entered 15 September 1988 in Superior Court, CATAWBA County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 30 August 1989.
Lacy H. Thornburg, Attorney General, by David R. Minges, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.
Christian, Houck, Sigmon & Green, by Daniel R. Green, Jr., for defendant-appellant.
GREENE, Judge.
This is an appeal by defendant from his conviction of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury under N.C.G.S. § 14-32(b). The trial court imposed a ten-year sentence.
The State’s evidence tended to show that the defendant, Frank Douglas Everhardt, married the wife-victim in July 1974 and they were divorced in October 1985. According to Ms. Everhardt, they separated on 21 July 1984 due to events which occurred the week before.
On 15 July 1984, after preparing supper, bathing their two children and putting them to bed, Ms. Everhardt went to bed. Before she could fall asleep her husband came home drunk, and demanded she get up. When she failed to respond to his demand that she “wake up bitch,” he dragged her from the bed by her hair and bashed her head against the floor. While she lay crying he acquired some rope from an adjacent porch and tied her hands and feet separately to the top and bottom of the bed. He then ripped off her clothing and forcibly inserted a six to eight inch footstool leg into her vagina for ten to fifteen minutes. While she still lay bound, he forced her to have vaginal and oral sex. After smoking a cigarette, he untied her. The defendant threatened to kill her if she ever told anyone. That night Ms. Everhardt slept on the couch, and the next day she managed to go to work as usual.
On the next evening the defendant, apparently drunk, again tied Ms. Everhardt to the bed and threatened her with the pistol. The defendant then used a syringe to inject liquor into her vagina for a period of ten to fifteen minutes. The next day Ms. Everhardt again managed to go to work.
On the third evening the defendant again tied Ms. Everhardt spread-eagle to the bed and held the gun to her head. He then inserted a cucumber and cola bottles into her vagina. After inserting the cucumber in her vagina, he forced it into her mouth. After forcing her to submit to vaginal sex, the defendant untied her and forcibly pushed her off the bed onto the floor. Ms. Everhardt again slept on the couch and stoically went to work the next day.
On the fourth night, the defendant again tied Ms. Everhardt to the bed, threatening her with the gun. He again inserted the footstool leg into her vagina, with more angry force than on the earlier occasion. The next day Ms. Everhardt again managed to go to work.
On the fifth evening the defendant attacked Ms. Everhardt in the kitchen where she was preparing supper. Grabbing her by the hair of her head, he threw her to the floor and bashed her head against the floor and dragged her about the house. He then relented long enough for her to put the kids to bed while he watched television. The defendant then tied her, again placing the pistol to her head. He inserted various vegetables into her vagina, including cucumbers, carrots and olives. He then forced her to eat these vegetables. Leaving her tied to the bed, the defendant ate the supper she had prepared for him, all the while laughing and saying how he would fix her so that no one else would want her. After he finished eating, he forced her to have vaginal and oral sex before untying her. Again she sought respite, sleeping alone on the couch.
On the sixth night the defendant again tied Ms. Everhardt, threatened her with the pistol, and forcibly had vaginal and oral sex. Leaving her tied, he then went to the kitchen and got a plate of spaghetti which Ms. Everhardt had been preparing for supper. As she was compelled to watch, he then masturbated and ejaculated on the spaghetti and forced it into her mouth with a fork, making her eat it. He then inserted a curling iron in her vagina. During all of this, the defendant made statements similar to those of the previous night, and told her she was ugly and was a “pile of shit.” After this abuse went on for what “seemed like forever,” the defendant left her bound for an hour before returning to untie her. Ms. Everhardt testified that after being untied: “I locked the bathroom door and I threw up and I laid on the bathroom floor and I cried, cried and cried and I knew that I could not stand to live with him anymore and I could not take it anymore.”
Ms. Everhardt’s sixteen-year-old son testified that in July of 1984 he was eleven or twelve years old. During the week in question, he awakened on two nights and went to the doorway of his parents’ bedroom. Each night he saw Ms. Everhardt tied to the bed while the defendant sexually abused her in the manner discussed above. The child heard her pleading for the defendant to leave her alone while the defendant cursed her and threatened to kill her.
The next day Ms. Everhardt and the children moved. She testified she feared the defendant might carry out his threat of killing her, and she also feared for her children’s safety. She also feared the defendant because of “years and years of physical violence,” although the events of July 1984 were of a different order and degree of abuse compared to earlier occurrences.
Following the incidents of July 1984, Ms. Everhardt felt like she was “the lowest person on the face of the earth,” a “nobody.” She had no self-esteem and no confidence. She was afraid and ashamed, and she feared that she had done something to cause the abuse the defendant visited upon her.
Ms. Everhardt had been the victim of abuse from childhood through much of her life. An earlier husband had beaten her so badly that in the mid-seventies she required brain surgery to remove damaged nerves, and in 1972 she attempted suicide. Prior to July 1984, she had received psychological counseling from time to time.
After leaving the defendant in July 1984, Ms. Everhardt lived with her mother. In January 1985, Ms. Everhardt entered the First Step Program, a program for victims of spousal abuse directed by Angela Phillips. This program provided both individual and group counseling. Ms. Phillips testified that upon entering the program Ms. Everhardt was “very weak emotionally and physically,” very timid, frightened, ashamed and subdued.
Ms. Everhardt testified that due to the abuse of July 1984, her mental and physical condition had so deteriorated by September 1985 that she was admitted to Catawba Memorial Hospital of Hickory for two weeks. Dr. Phillip Schmitt, her treating psychiatrist, testified as such and as an expert in clinical psychiatry. He described her condition as severely depressed, suicidal, insomnic, anxious and anorexic. He also noted she was subject to chronic, severe headaches. Dr. Schmitt also testified that symptoms such as Ms. Everhardt’s could follow traumatic stress, and a substantial delay in the reaction is not uncommon. Dr. Schmitt testified that Ms. Everhardt’s mental and physical conditions were related to the sexual and physical abuse by the defendant.
Ms. Everhardt was next hospitalized in December 1986 at Frye Regional Medical Center in Hickory where Dr. Carlos de la Garza, Medical Director of the Eating Disorder Unit, diagnosed her as suffering from anorexia nervosa with severe depression. He described her as “severely malnourished,” and he stated that this condition is usually related to past abuse. He testified that often anorexia nervosa victims subconsciously seek to make themselves sexually unattractive by starvation. He testified that “she wanted to be sexually unattractive because in the past she had been abused sexually and she felt that [her sexual attractiveness] was the cause of that [the abuse].”
Beginning in May 1987, Ms. Everhardt was counseled by Roland Mullinax, a clinical social worker at the Family Guidance Center in Hickory. The trial court qualified him as an expert in clinical social work and family therapy. Mr. Mullinax described Ms. Everhardt in May 1987 as suffering from eating and sleeping disorders, low self-esteem and under high stress. Mr. Mullinax stated that his treatment, which continued up to the week before trial, resulted in substantial improvement in her condition.
Frank Everhardt denied all of Ms. Everhardt’s accusations. He testified that he had left his wife on 13 July 1984, and by 16 July 1984 he was living in another apartment with a new girlfriend, Diana Williams. The defendant failed to procure Diana Williams’ testimony even though he had been in contact with her until a few months before trial. Also, the defendant denied ever having abused Ms. Everhardt. However, he admitted expressing a desire, to more than one person, to tie her and the police investigator to the back of his pickup truck in order to drag them down a highway. Lastly, the defendant testified that he had been convicted of driving while license revoked, driving while license permanently revoked, larceny of an automobile and driving under the influence.
The issues presented are: I) whether the defendant’s statutory and constitutional rights to a speedy trial were violated; II) whether the indictment alleged the crime with sufficient specificity; III) whether the State offered sufficient evidence for the jury to find the defendant guilty of assault with a deadly weapon causing serious physical injury; IV) whether evidence of prior assaults by defendant was improperly admitted.
I
The defendant argues the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss all charges on the grounds that defendant was not afforded a speedy trial as required by N.C.G.S. § 15A-701 (1988) and the United States Constitution.
A
The defendant apparently bases his constitutional claim on pre-indictment delays, and he thus asserts abuse of his due process rights. “Essentially a pre-accusation delay violates due process only if the defendant can show that the delay actually prejudiced the conduct of his defense and that it was unreasonable, unjustified, and engaged in by the prosecution deliberately and unnecessarily in order to gain tactical advantage over the defendant.” State v. McCoy, 303 N.C. 1, 7-8, 277 S.E.2d 515, 522 (1981).
The defendant notes that although the alleged crime occurred in July 1984, the victim did not report it until the summer of 1987, the police did not interview the defendant until August 1987, the police did not procure a warrant until November 1987, and the defendant was finally indicted in February 1988. The trial, originally set for June 1988, began on 15 September 1988.
The defendant fails, however, to satisfy either part of the McCoy test. First, the defendant has not pointed to any evidence that law enforcement officials deliberately or unnecessarily delayed prosecution in order to gain some tactical advantage over the defendant. Second, even so, the defendant has not demonstrated the “delay actually prejudiced the conduct of his defense . . .
The defendant argued unconvincingly that the State’s delays prejudicially resulted in the loss of two essential witnesses. One of these witnesses, the defendant’s mother, died on 28 June 1987. She died before the State began its investigation, and thus any hesitancy of the State could not have affected her availability. The other potential witness was Diane Williams, the woman with whom defendant claims to have been living in July 1984. Certainly her testimony would have been significant had it tended to prove an alibi, but we have no way of knowing whether the trial delay itself resulted in the absence of this witness. The defendant served this witness a subpoena for the trial initially scheduled 6 June 1988. However, when the re-scheduled trial occurred, she was nowhere to be found. The defendant has not indicated why she became unavailable. In sum, the defendant was afforded due process of law.
B
Defendant’s N.C.G.S. § 15A-701 (1988) argument also fails. The trial occurred more than 120 days after indictment only because of continuances. The defendant sought one of these delays. Two other delays occurred as a result of continuances granted at the State’s request. The State sought continuances because of crowded dockets and the unavailability of an essential State witness.
“While the burden of proof in supporting a motion to dismiss remains with the defendant, the State has the burden of going forward with evidence to show that periods of time should be excluded from the computation.” State v. Kivett, 321 N.C. 404, 408, 364 S.E.2d 404, 406 (1988).
We find the State’s motions for continuances and the orders granted thereon contained facially valid reasons for continuance, and the orders contained “the mandatory finding that the ends of justice served by granting the continuances outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.” Kivett, 321 N.C. at 408, 364 S.E.2d at 407. Thus, the periods of time which passed because of the continuances were properly not counted in the computation of the number of days between indictment and trial. Although 206 days passed between indictment (22 February 1988) and trial (15 September 1988), only 80 days ran against the 120-day time limit because of three consecutive continuances beginning 10 May 1988 and ending 13 September 1988. Therefore, no N.C.G.S. § 15A-701 violation occurred.
Parenthetically, we note that effective 1 October 1989, the 1989 General Assembly repealed Article 35 of Chapter 15A (N.C.G.S. §§ 15A-701 through 15A-704). 1989 S.L. Ch. 688, s.1.
II
The defendant also argues the trial court should have dismissed the indictment for lack of specificity. To place a criminal action before the jury, the State must first have alleged the crime with sufficient specificity in the indictment. State v. Pallet, 283 N.C. 705, 198 S.E.2d 433 (1973). The jury here convicted the defendant upon an indictment that alleged “on or about the 15-20th day of July, 1984 . . . the defendant . . . unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did assault . . . [Ms.] [Ms.] Everhardt while she was bound hands and feet with a rope, inflicting serious injury.”
The defendant argues the indictment did not specify any deadly weapon which was proven in evidence. “[I]t is sufficient for indictments or warrants seeking to charge a crime in which one of the elements is the use of a deadly weapon (1) to name the weapon and (2) either to state expressly that the weapon used was a ‘deadly weapon’ or to allege such facts as would necessarily demonstrate the deadly character of the weapon.” State v. Palmer, 293 N.C. 633, 639-40, 239 S.E.2d 406, 411 (1977).
The defendant asserts the indictment was faulty since it alleged he assaulted the victim with a “table leg,” and the evidence tended to show the defendant assaulted Ms. Everhardt with the leg of a footstool. This is moré a difference in semantics than in substance. The defendant had fair warning that the State sought to prosecute him for assaulting his wife with the leg of a piece of furniture, and the State explicitly called it a deadly weapon and provided the approximate date on which the assault occurred. We have no doubt the defendant was fully aware of the nature of the crime the State sought to prove.
Regarding the “drink bottles” mentioned in the indictment, we also conclude the indictment sufficiently alleged deadliness of these objects to place the defendant on notice of the prosecution. The indictment states the defendant assaulted Ms. Everhardt with a deadly weapon by inserting the furniture leg and other objects such as drink bottles into her vagina. While the indictment may not be the model of clarity, it does “charge the offense with sufficient certainty to apprise the defendant of the specific accusation against him so as to enable him to prepare his defense. . . .” Pallet, 283 N.C. at 708, 198 S.E.2d at 434.
The defendant also raises an issue regarding the time period described by the indictment during which the criminal acts were alleged to have occurred. Since the defendant failed to cite any authority, this assignment of error is deemed abandoned. North Carolina Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(b)(5).
Ill
The defendant also argues the trial court erred in failing to dismiss for insufficient evidence the charge of felonious assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. “If there is more than a scintilla of competent evidence to support allegations in the warrant or indictment, it is the court’s duty to submit the case to the jury.” State v. Horner, 248 N.C. 342, 344-45, 103 S.E.2d 694, 696 (1958).
A
We first address whether sufficient evidence of use of a deadly weapon was placed before the jury. A deadly weapon is:
Any instrument which is likely to produce death or great bodily harm, under the circumstances of its use .... The deadly character of the weapon depends sometimes more upon the manner of its use, and the condition of the person assaulted, than upon the intrinsic character of the weapon itself.
Where the alleged deadly weapon and the manner of its use are of such character as to admit but one conclusion, the question as to whether or not it is deadly within the foregoing definition is one of law, and the court must take the responsibility of so declaring.
State v. Smith, 187 N.C. 469, 470, 121 S.E. 737 (1924) (citations omitted). However, “[i]f there is a conflict in the evidence regarding either the nature of the weapon or the manner of its use, with some of the evidence tending to show that the weapon used or as used would not likely produce death or great bodily harm and the other evidence tending to show the contrary, the jury must, of course, resolve the conflict.” Palmer, 293 N.C. at 643, 239 S.E.2d at 413.
Regarding the deadly character of the drink bottles, we find the evidence presented clearly placed the issue before the jury. A cola bottle is “an instrument which, depending on its use, may or may not be likely to produce great bodily harm . . . .” State v. Joyner, 295 N.C. 55, 65, 243 S.E.2d 367, 374 (1978) (cola bottle inserted into victim’s rectum).
Similarly, we are unable to hold that a six to eight inch stool leg, and “the manner of its use” compel a conclusion that it was not a deadly weapon. The issue of the deadliness of the stool leg was for the jury.
B
The defendant also contends the trial court erred in allowing the jury to determine that the defendant’s assault caused serious injury since the State presented no evidence of physical harm.
“The term ‘inflicts serious injury,’ under G.S. 14-32(b), means physical or bodily injury resulting from an assault with a deadly weapon.” Joyner, 295 N.C. at 65, 243 S.E.2d at 373 (citing State v. Jones, 258 N.C. 89, 128 S.E.2d 1 (1962)). “Whether serious injury has been inflicted must be determined according to the particular facts of each case and is a question which the jury must decide under proper instructions.” Id. The State’s failure to provide any evidence of physical or bodily injury may preclude the jury from deciding the issue. Id.
The State contests this last statement, citing State v. Boone, 307 N.C. 198, 297 S.E.2d 585 (1982) for the proposition that serious injury may also be proven by showing serious mental injury. The Court in Boone decided that “serious personal injury” as used in N.C.G.S. § 14-27.2 et seq. may be established on proof of mental injury in order to raise the severity of rape and sexual offense cases from second to first degree. In so holding, the Supreme Court noted that the state legislature had redefined first degree rape to include the language “serious personal injury,” in place of the former language “serious bodily injury.” 307 N.C. at 202, 297 S.E.2d at 588. The Supreme Court explicitly limited its holding to the rape statute. 307 N.C. at 204, 297 S.E.2d at 589.
While “a wrecked nervous system” is often considerably more painful and enduring than “wounded or lacerated limbs,” May v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 157 N.C. 416, 422, 72 S.E. 1059, 1061 (1911), this court is not at liberty to extend the Boone decision to the interpretation of N.C.G.S. § 14-32. The language of N.C.G.S. § 14-27.2, “serious personal injury,” and the legislative context in which it arose, differs substantially from the language of N.C.G.S. § 14-32, “serious injury.” Further, in State v. James, 321 N.C. 676, 365 S.E.2d 579 (1988), the Court continued to adhere to the “physical or bodily” interpretation for N.C.G.S. § 14-32, explicitly accepting earlier case law which the Court had rejected in Boone in application to N.C.G.S. § 14-27.2.
We do, however, determine the State presented sufficient evidence of physical or bodily injury. The State presented the victim’s testimony, testimony of treating physicians and of other experts which tended to prove the trauma to Ms. Everhardt at the time of the incident was both mental and physical. However, the gravity of the physical injury incurred did not become apparent until well after the incident. The State’s case included evidence of severe depression, insomnia, anorexia nervosa, and severe, chronic headaches.
In Dorland, Medical Dictionary (26th ed. 1985), depression is defined as “a psychiatric syndrome consisting of dejected mood, psychomotor retardation, insomnia, and weight loss . . . .” Psychomotor retardation means “underactivity of both mind and body . . . ,” and more specifically, psychomotor pertains “to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity.” (Emphasis added.)
Insomnia is an “inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness.” Anorexia nervosa is “a psychophysiologic condition . . . characterized by severe and prolonged inability or refusal to eat, sometimes accompanied by spontaneous vomiting, extreme emaciation, amenorrhea (impotence in males), and other biological changes.” Psychophysiologic pertains “to psychophysiology; having bodily symptoms of a psychogenic origin.” Psychogenic means “having an emotional or psychologic origin (in reference to a symptom), as opposed to a physicogenic, or organic basis.” Lastly, psychophysiology is “the science that deals with the relationship between psychologic and physiologic processes.”
As the definitions indicate, the case at hand requires at least a superficial venture into psychophysiology. Such ventures are not unknown to North Carolina jurisprudence. An instructive example is Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 276 S.E.2d 325 (1981), a civil action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The elements of the civil cause of action are reminiscent of the criminal case at hand since here also we have extreme and outrageous conduct, intended to cause and causing severe emotional distress. Significantly, the Court there held that “[r]ecovery may be had for the emotional distress so caused and for any other bodily harm which proximately results from the distress itself.” Dickens, 302 N.C. at 452-53, 276 S.E.2d at 335 (emphasis added). Neither immediate physical injury nor foreseeability were required. Id. Indeed, we also see a psychophysiologic observation in Restatement (2d) of Torts Sec. 46, Comment k, regarding intentional infliction of emotional distress. “Normally, severe emotional distress is accompanied or followed by shock, illness, or other bodily harm, which in itself affords evidence that the distress is genuine and severe.”
N.C.G.S. § 14-32(b) punishes an assailant only where the victim incurs serious physical or bodily injury. Physical injury is certainly something more than emotional distress. See Dickens, 302 N.C. at 448, 276 S.E.2d at 332 (dictum). We hold that serious physical injury may be proven even when it is not evident immediately upon the impact of the assault. Case law and medical science recognize that physical injury may later manifest itself as the result of psychological trauma.
The seriousness of the injury was properly before the jury. When an injury may or may not be serious “depending upon its severity and the painful effect it may have on the victim,” the issue is for the jury to determine upon “the particular facts of each case.” State v. Ferguson, 261 N.C. 558, 560, 135 S.E.2d 626, 628 (1964). Here the victim endured considerable physical pain and was hospitalized for her condition. These are two factors to be considered in determining whether an injury is serious. State v. Owens, 65 N.C. App. 107, 111, 308 S.E.2d 494, 498 (1983).
The pain of Ms. Everhardt’s severe, chronic headaches could be a serious physical injury. Whether a headache results from a blow to the head or a blow to the psyche is legally irrelevant since either headache may feel the same physically to the victim, and here we are concerned only with whether the victim experiences a serious physical injury. Further, insomnia is a physical as well as a mental phenomenon, and a jury could properly find it to be a serious injury. Anorexia nervosa is by definition both physical and mental, and ample evidence was available to the jury that the victim here suffered physical emaciation therefrom. Lastly, depression involved psychomotor retardation which has to do with the physical manifestations of the depressed mental condition. From this evidence we find the State established the victim incurred physical or bodily injury. We are unable to state, as a matter of law, that these injuries are per se not serious. Thus, the issue was properly placed before the jury to determine whether any of these injuries were serious. Ferguson, 261 N.C. at 560, 135 S.E.2d at 628.
C
The defendant also argues the State provided inadequate proof that his actions in July 1984 proximately caused mental distress which led to the mental and physical conditions for which Ms. Everhardt was first treated in January 1985 and hospitalized in September 1985. North Carolina homicide cases are instructive on the principles of causation applicable in criminal law:
To warrant a conviction in this case, the State must establish that the acts of the defendants were a proximate cause of the death. “[T]he act of the accused need not be the immediate cause of death. He is legally accountable if the direct cause is the natural result of the criminal act.” State v. Minton, 234 N.C. 716, 722, 68 S.E.2d 844, 848 (1952); State v. Everett, 194 N.C. 442, 140 S.E. 22 (1927). There may be more than one proximate cause and criminal responsibility arises when the act complained of caused or directly contributed to the death. State v. Luther, 285 N.C. 570, 206 S.E.2d 238 (1974); State v. Horner, 248 N.C. 342, 103 S.E.2d 694 (1958).
State v. Cummings, 301 N.C. 374, 377, 271 S.E.2d 277, 279 (1980). See generally Torcia, 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law § 26 (14th ed. 1978); 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 45 (1989).
To prove causation the State must prove (1) that defendant’s actions caused the mental distress, and (2) the mental distress led to the physical conditions later experienced. See Kimberly v. Howland, 143 N.C. 399, 404, 55 S.E. 778, 780 (1906) (civil action for physical injuries manifesting themselves after “nervous shock” caused by defendant’s negligence). As the preceding paragraphs indicate, in principle, nothing prevents the State from proving its case by such a chain of causation. See generally 38 Am. Jur. 2d Fright, Shock, and Mental Disturbance §§ 13-24 (1968). Proof in fact here first consisted of the victim’s own testimony. Cf. Scott v. State, 169 Ga. App. 710, 314 S.E.2d 718 (1984) (victim’s testimony as to injury and treatment admissible to prove aggravated assault). Ms. Everhardt testified as to the devastating emotional effects of the defendant’s abuse. Also, she testified, without objection, that her later mental breakdown with the associated physical illnesses was the result of the incidents of 1984.
The jury, having heard the details of Ms. Everhardt’s ordeal and having heard Ms. Everhardt’s testimony of its emotional impact, had sufficient evidence from which to determine Ms. Everhardt immediately incurred severe psychological injury from the defendant’s abuse. Expert testimony was not necessary since the issue presented is not “so far removed from the usual and ordinary experience of the average man that expert knowledge is essential to the formation of an intelligent opinion. . . .” Gillikin v. Burbage, 263 N.C. 317, 325, 139 S.E.2d 753, 760 (1965). In other words, the defendant’s actions were so outrageously abusive that the jury was not faced with a complicated medical question in determining those actions caused the victim severe psychological harm.
Proving the next link in the causal chain perhaps would have been more difficult in the absence of expert testimony. However, we need not decide whether the victim’s testimony would have sufficed alone. The State also presented expert testimony to the effect that Ms. Everhardt’s mental condition and the physical symptoms associated therewith could have been caused by traumatic abuse such as Ms. Everhardt experienced. “Whether the physical injury was the natural and proximate result of the fright or shock is a question to be determined by the jury upon the evidence, showing the conditions, circumstances, occurrences, etc.” Watkins v. Kaolin Mfg. Co., 131 N.C. 536, 541, 42 S.E. 983, 985 (1902). Here the jury had the victim’s detailed account of these factors as well as the expert testimony of Drs. Schmitt and de la Garza relating her physical conditions to physical and sexual abuse.
The defendant argues the jury would have no basis for determining whether Ms. Everhardt’s physical symptoms were the result of the abuse of July 1984 or the abuse and stress she underwent in earlier years. However, the State was not required to prove that Ms. Everhardt’s physical condition absolutely could not have been caused by something other than the events of July 1984. It was only required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant’s abuse in July 1984 caused her eventual mental breakdown and physical injuries. See State v. Minton, 234 N.C. 716, 721, 68 S.E.2d 844, 847 (1952) (homicide case); see also Cummings, 301 N.C. at 377, 271 S.E.2d at 279. The jury could reasonably have found that some preexisting mental condition or instability could have been aggravated by the abuse of July 1984, thus causing serious injury.
The consequences of an assault which is the direct cause of the death of another are not excused nor is the criminal responsibility for the death lessened by a preexisting physical condition which made the victim unable to withstand the shock of the assault and without which preexisting condition the blow would not have been fatal.
State v. Atkinson, 290 N.C. 673, 682, 259 S.E.2d 858, 864 (1979), overruled on other grounds, 302 N.C. 101, 273 S.E.2d 666 (1981) (citations omitted); see also 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 45 (one whose act results in a criminal offense is guilty of the crime even though a concurrent cause is an “existent infirmity” of the victim).
IV
The defendant also argues the trial court erred to the defendant’s prejudice by admitting evidence of assaults occurring prior to those for which the defendant was tried. Indeed, Ms. Everhardt testified the defendant had violently abused her for years.
North Carolina Rule of Evidence 404(b) states:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake, entrapment or accident.
North Carolina Rule of Evidence § 404(b) (1988).
This list of other purposes is nonexclusive, and thus evidence not falling within these categories may be admissible. State v. Morgan, 315 N.C. 626, 340 S.E.2d 84 (1986). Rule 404(b) permits admission of extrinsic conduct evidence so long as the evidence is relevant for some purpose other than to prove the defendant has the propensity to commit the act for which he is being tried. Id. The record clearly reflects the State sought admission of prior acts to explain Ms. Everhardt’s failure to move out. Specifically, the State sought to prove that because of her fear arising from earlier abuse, Ms. Everhardt’s failure to leave her husband’s home should not be construed as consent to his abuse. In State v. Young, 317 N.C. 396, 413, 346 S.E.2d 626, 636 (1986), the Court held evidence of victim’s knowledge of defendant’s prior acts “may be admitted to show that the victim’s will had been overcome by her fears for her safety where the offense in question requires proof of lack of consent or that the offense was committed against the will of the victim.” In most cases the victim’s consent would likely be irrelevant to enforcement of N.C.G.S. § 14-32(b). However, in the peculiar case at hand, evidence of the victim’s consent to the sexual abuse with potentially deadly weapons could well have negated the State’s ability to prove serious injury occurred. Had the victim consented to the abuse, the State would have had great difficulty proving the defendant’s acts resulted in psychological trauma which manifested itself in serious physical injury.
Although admissible under Rule 404(b), the probative value of this evidence must still outweigh the danger of undue prejudice to the defendant to be admissible under Rule 403. State v. Frazier, 319 N.C. 388, 390, 354 S.E.2d 475, 477 (1987). This issue is a “matter within the sound discretion of the trial court, ‘and his ruling may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only upon a showing that it “was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” ’ ” State v. Jones, 89 N.C. App. 584, 594, 367 S.E.2d 139, 145 (1988) (citations omitted). Here the record shows no abuse of discretion by the trial court in admitting this evidence.
Additionally, the same or like evidence was later admitted without defendant’s objection. Accordingly, the defendant’s objection to the admission of testimony regarding such prior assaults and physical abuse is waived, and no prejudicial error results by reason thereof. See State v. Tysor, 307 N.C. 679, 300 S.E.2d 366 (1983).
Lastly, the defendant’s two remaining assignments of error relate to evidentiary matters. Since the defendant failed to present any substantive argument or citation on these issues, the assignments of error are deemed abandoned. North Carolina Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(b)(5). Nevertheless, we have examined these issues and found them without merit.
No error.
Judges Johnson and Eagles concur. | CASELAW |
Merck Manual
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Nonhuman Primate Therapeutics a
Nonhuman Primate Therapeutics a
Antibiotics
Amoxicillin
11 mg/kg/day, IM or SC; 11 mg/kg, PO, bid; 62.5 mg, PO, bid (lemurs)
Metronidazole
25–50 mg/kg, PO, bid for 10 days (gastroenteritis and inflammatory bowel disease)
Azithromycin
40 mg/kg, PO, once, then 20 mg/kg/day, PO, for 5 days
Cefazolin
25 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid for 10 days
Ceftriaxone
50–100 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid
Doxycycline
2.5 mg/kg, PO, bid for one day, then 2.5 mg/kg/day, PO
Minocycline
2–15 mg/kg/day, PO
Enrofloxacin
5 mg/kg, IM or PO, once to twice daily for 10 days
Erythromycin
30–50 mg/kg, IM or PO, bid-tid
Gentamicin
3–5 mg/kg, IM or IV, bid for 5-7 days
Penicillin G potassium + penicillin G benzathine
20,000–60,000 U/kg, IM, once to twice daily (higher dosage in lemurs)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
15–50 mg/kg, PO or IM, bid; sulfamethoxazole at 20 mg/kg, PO, bid (higher dosages for lemurs)
Parasiticides
Fenbendazole
50 mg/kg/day, PO, for 5 days, repeated in 2 wk
Ivermectin
200–300 mcg/kg, SC, IM, or PO, repeated in 14 days
Mebendazole
22 mg/kg/day, PO, for 3 days, repeated in 14 days (for Giardia sp)
Metronidazole
30–50 mg/kg, PO, bid for 5–10 days
Praziquantel
5 mg/kg, IM, PO, or SC, once (15–20 mg/kg, PO or IM, for some cestodes; 40 mg/kg, PO or IM, for trematodes)
Thiabendazole
100 mg/kg, PO, once, repeated in 14 days (owl monkeys); 50 mg/kg/day, PO, for 2 days (Strongyloides); 75–100 mg/kg/day, PO, for 10 days (Entamoeba, Balantidium) in great apes
Anesthetics and Analgesics
Ketamine hydrochloride
10–15 mg/kg, IM, for restraint only; ketamine (15 mg/kg) with diazepam (1 mg/kg), IM, or ketamine (8 mg/kg) with midazolam (0.2–1 mg/kg), IM, for additional muscle relaxation
Ketoprofen
2 mg/kg/day, IV or IM
Inhalant gas (isoflurane, halothane)
1%–2%; maintenance of surgical plane of anesthesia
Flunixin meglumine (analgesic)
0.5– 2 mg/kg, IV, IM, or SC, bid
Buprenorphine
0.005–0.01 mg/kg, SC, IM, or IV, bid-qid (great apes)
0.015–0.02 mg/kg, IM, SC, tid-qid (New World primates)
Butorphanol tartrate
0.02 mg/kg, SC, qid (New World primates); 0.02 mg/kg (not to exceed 0.3 mg total), IM (chimpanzees); may cause profound respiratory depression
Dexmedetomidine
40 mcg/kg, IM, for anesthesia in combination with ketamine at 20–30 mcg/kg, IM (lemurs) or at 2–6 mg/kg, IM (macaques and baboons)
Midazolam
0.05–0.1 mg/kg, IV (slow) or IM: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg, IM (with ketamine helps prevent seizures in lemurs); 5 mg/animal, IM (chimpanzees)
Oxymorphone (opioid analgesic)
0.025–0.075 mg/kg, IM or IV, every 4–6 hr (New World primates); 0.15 mg/kg, SC, IM, or IV, every 4–6 hr (Old World primates); 1–1.5 mg/animal, SC or IM, every 4 hr (chimpanzees)
Propofol
2.5–5 mg/kg, IV bolus induction, 0.3–0.4 mg/kg/min constant-rate infusion (baboons and macaques); 7–8 mg/kg, IV bolus (marmosets, larger nonhuman primates); 1–2 mg/kg, IV bolus (chimpanzees), followed by infusion to effect; oxygen support always available
Tiletamine-zolazepam
3–5 mg/kg, IM, for restraint only (great apes), severe ataxia noted during recovery: 1–2.5 mg/kg, IM (New World primates); 1.5–3 mg/kg, IM (macaques)
a All are extra-label uses. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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A Simple Technique for Initialising Properties with Internal Setters for Unit Testing
· 6 min read
John Reilly
OSS Engineer - TypeScript, Azure, React, Node.js, .NET
I was recently working with my colleagues on refactoring a legacy application. We didn't have an immense amount of time available for this but the plan was to try and improve what was there as much as possible. In its initial state the application had no unit tests in place at all and so the plan was to refactor the code base in such a way as to make testing it a realistic proposition. To that end the domain layer was being heavily adjusted and the GUI was being migrated from WebForms to MVC 3. The intention was to build up a pretty solid collection of unit tests. However, as we were working on this we realised we had a problem with properties on our models with internal setters...
Background
The entities of the project in question used an approach which would store pertinent bits of normalised data for read-only purposes in related entities. I've re-read that sentence and realise it's as clear as mud. Here is an example to clarify:
public class Person
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public string Address { get; set; }
public DateTime DateOfBirth { get; set; }
/* Other fascinating properties... */
}
public class Order
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string ProductOrdered { get; set; }
public string OrderedById { get; set; }
public string OrderedByFirstName { get; internal set; }
public string OrderedByLastName { get; internal set; }
}
In the example above you have 2 types of entity: Person and Order. The Order entity makes use of the the Id, FirstName and LastName properties of the Person entity in the properties OrderedById, OrderedByFirstName and OrderedByLastName. For persistence (ie saving to the database) purposes the only necessary Person property is OrderedById identity. OrderedByFirstName and OrderedByLastName are just "nice to haves" - essentially present to make implementing the GUI more straightforward.
To express this behaviour / intention in the object model the setters for OrderedByFirstName and OrderedByLastName are marked as internal. The implication of this is that properties like this can only be initialised within the current assembly - or any explicitly associated "friend" assemblies. In practice this meant that internally set properties were only populated when an object was read in from the database. It wasn't possible to set these properties in other assemblies which meant less code was written (a good thing
) - after all, why set a property when you don't need to?
Background explanation over. It may still be a little unclear but I hope you get the gist.
What's our problem?
I was writing unit tests for the controllers in our main web application and was having problems with my arrangements. I was mocking the database calls in my controllers much in the manner that you might expect:
// Arrange
var orderDb = new Mock<IOrderDb>();
orderDb
.Setup(x => x.GetOrder(It.IsAny<int>()))
.Returns(new Order{
Id = 123,
ProductOrdered = "Packet of coffee",
OrderedById = 987456,
OrderedByFirstName = "John",
OrderedByLastName = "Reilly"
});
}
All looks fine doesn't it? It's not. Because OrderedByFirstName and OrderedByLastName have internal setters we are unable
to initialise them from within the context of our test project. So what to do?
We toyed with 3 approaches and since each has merits I thought it worth going through each of them:
1. To the MOQumentation Batman!: http://code.google.com/p/moq/wiki/QuickStart! Looking at the MOQ documentation it states the following:
Mocking internal types of another project: add the following assembly attributes (typically to the AssemblyInfo.cs) to the project containing the internal types:
// This assembly is the default dynamic assembly generated Castle DynamicProxy,
// used by Moq. Paste in a single line.
[assembly:InternalsVisibleTo("DynamicProxyGenAssembly2,PublicKey=0024000004800000940000000602000000240000525341310004000001000100c547cac37abd99c8db225ef2f6c8a3602f3b3606cc9891605d02baa56104f4cfc0734aa39b93bf7852f7d9266654753cc297e7d2edfe0bac1cdcf9f717241550e0a7b191195b7667bb4f64bcb8e2121380fd1d9d46ad2d92d2d15605093924cceaf74c4861eff62abf69b9291ed0a340e113be11e6a7d3113e92484cf7045cc7")]
[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("The.NameSpace.Of.Your.Unit.Test")] //I'd hope it was shorter than that...
This looked to be exactly what we needed and in most situations it would make sense to go with this. Unfortunately for us there was a gotcha. Certain core shared parts of our application platform were GAC'd. A requirement for GAC-ing an assembly is that it is signed.
The upshot of this was that if we wanted to use the InternalsVisibleTo approach then we would need to sign our web application test project. We weren't particularly averse to that and initially did so without much thought. It was then we remembered that every assembly referenced by a signed assembly must also be signed as well. We didn't really want to sign our main web application purely for testing purposes. We could and if there weren't viable alternatives we well might have. But it just seemed like the wrong reason to be taking that decision. Like using a sledgehammer to crack a nut.
2. The next approach we took was using mock objects. Instead of using our objects straight we would mock them as below:
//Create mock and set internal properties
var orderMock = new Mock<Order>();
orderMock.SetupGet(x => x.OrderedByFirstName).Returns("John");
orderMock.SetupGet(x => x.OrderedByLastName).Returns("Reilly");
//Set up standard properties
orderMock.SetupAllProperties();
var orderStub = orderMock.Object;
orderStub.Id = 123;
orderStub.ProductOrdered = "Packet of coffee";
orderStub.OrderedById = 987456;
Now this approach worked fine but had a couple of snags:
• As you can see it's pretty verbose and much less clear to read than it was previously.
• It required that we add the virtual keyword to all our internally set properties like so:
public class Order
{
// ....
public virtual string OrderedByFirstName { get; internal set; }
public virtual string OrderedByLastName { get; internal set; }
// ...
}
• Our standard constructor already initialised the value of our internally set properties. So adding virtual to the internally set properties generated ReSharper warnings aplenty about virtual properties being initialised in the constructor. Fair enough.
Because of the snags it still felt like we were in nutcracking territory...
3. ... and this took us to the approach that we ended up adopting: a special mocking constructor for each class we wanted to test, for example:
/// <summary>
/// Mocking constructor used to initialise internal properties
/// </summary>
public Order(string orderedByFirstName = null, string orderedByLastName = null)
: this()
{
OrderedByFirstName = orderedByFirstName;
OrderedByLastName = orderedByLastName;
}
Thanks to the ever lovely Named and Optional Arguments feature of C# combined with Object Initializers it meant it was possible to write quite expressive, succinct code using this approach; for example:
var order = new Order(
orderedByFirstName: "John",
orderedByLastName: "Reilly"
)
{
Id = 123,
ProductOrdered = "Packet of coffee",
OrderedById = 987456
};
Here we're calling the mocking constructor to set the internally set properties and subsequently initialising the other properties using the object initialiser mechanism.
Implementing these custom constructors wasn't a massive piece of work and so we ended up settling on this technique for initialising internal properties. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Featured article review/Chad/archive1
* The following is an archived discussion of a featured article review. Please do not modify it. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page or at Wikipedia talk:Featured article review. No further edits should be made to this page.
The article was delisted by Nikkimaria via FACBot (talk) 3:12, 23 April 2022 (UTC).
Chad
* Notified: Aldux, Amcaja, Materialscientist, WikiProject Africa, Countries, diff for talk page notification
Review section
I am nominating this featured article for review because there are major issues with datedness and citation issues, see the detailed list on the talk page. (t · c) buidhe 23:23, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
* Well this has been due for awhile. I've done some updating and cleanup myself here and there, but don't have time for a more detailed undertaking. This article does reflect in a few ways the state of country articles in the early years of Wikipedia, and has not kept up with increasing standards since then. A shame though, as many areas remain quite good. CMD (talk) 03:17, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
* Move to FARC, dated text and other issues mentioned on talk unaddressed. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 15:39, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
* Move to FARC per Sandy. Hog Farm Talk 16:05, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
* Move to FARC per above (t · c) buidhe 21:48, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
FARC section
* Issues raised in the review section include currency and sourcing. Nikkimaria (talk) 03:01, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
* Delist no progress (t · c) buidhe 19:55, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
* Delist, issue unresolved. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 20:10, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
* Delist - minimal progress to resolving issues. Hog Farm Talk 15:55, 20 April 2022 (UTC)
* Delist no significant edits since March, concerns still remain. Z1720 (talk) 15:56, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
Nikkimaria (talk) 03:12, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Pachli - Nivenly Application
Pachli is an Android native application. It is a fork of the Tusky project.
Title: Pachli - Nivenly Application
Submitted by: Nik Clayton
Project site: pachli.app
Project GitHub: github.com/pachli/
Project Fedi: @pachli@mastodon.social
Table of Contents
Abstract
The Pachli project exists to create best-in-class software for users of the Mastodon social network, and servers that implement the Mastodon API.
The first application is an Android-native Mastodon client, suitable for use by anyone with an Android device and a Mastodon account.
This is needed because the official Mastodon Android app is a second-class citizen to the iOS app, and both apps are missing features supported by the web client, as explained in GitHub - mastodon/mastodon-android: Official Android app for Mastodon.
Other Android apps exist (including Tusky, Megalodon, Moshidon, Husky, Yuito, Trunks, Ivory, Fedilab, Tooot) but are problematic for one or more of the following reasons.
• Managed by a solo developer, with no continuity plan
• Not open source
• No project governance model
• Development has stagnated
Project Description
As noted, the app is Android-native and is a fork of a project that has existed for ~ 7 years. As is to be expected there is quite a lot of cruft in the codebase.
• Most of it is Kotlin, some key functionality is still implemented in Java
• Kotlin compiles to JVM bytecode, but as an implementation language is more concise than Java, supports more convenient higher-order programming concepts, has a sensible coroutine model, and distinguishes between null/non-null at the type level instead of requiring annotations.
• The code is a mix of programming styles. In particular, the most “modern” Android architecture patterns (https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture) are only followed in some places in the app. This complicates adding new features, and can make onboarding new developers onto the product more difficult.
• I’m actively working on improving this at the moment. It’s not a public roadmap item because the effects aren’t user visible
• This includes automating as much of the review process as possible using / writing decent linting tools.
• The UX is inconsistent. There’s no design system for the UI, different screens have slightly different layouts, margins, etc. Some areas of the app (drafts, scheduled posts, and announcements in particular) have a very bare-bones UI compared to the rest of the app.
• Fixing this is challenging because there are currently no real UI tests, so changes currently require a lot of manual testing. I intend to incrementally build out a suite of UI tests (chiefly, screenshot tests) over the next four to five months so that large scale UX work can be undertaken confidently, without worrying about breaking a key corner case somewhere.
• There are a number of outstanding issues that have been caught by lint scanning tools. A baseline has been put in place to ensure that no new issues make it into the code, and refactorings and other changes are slowly driving down the number of open lint issues in the baseline.
Current effort is spent in a roughly 50/50 split between implementing new features and fixing these issues.
The project’s code is hosted on GitHub (https://github.com/pachli/pachli-android), and uses additional GitHub infrastructure:
• Runners for CI
• Pull request workflow for managing contributions
• Managing CLA signatures
• Automated tests and linting
• Issues for tracking problems
• Discussions for non-ephemeral discussions
• Project Management tools
• https://pachli.app is hosted on GitHub Pages (https://github.com/pachli/website)
The project deliberately does not use real-time chat (Discord, etc) for project communication; I think it’s too ephemeral, favours people who can be online more than others, and is a poor archive of previous discussions and decisions.
The code and related material is licensed under GPL 3.0.
Project Scope
For users:
Right now the project’s single application is a native Android client, usable by any Mastodon user.
Pachli-the-application started as a fork of Tusky, and new features / bug fixes are rapidly being implemented to improve the user experience compared to both Tusky and other client apps, including:
• Seamless loading of content from the timeline (most other apps require the user to regularly tap a “Load more” button)
• A range of accessible fonts can be chosen in-app
• Support additional Mastodon features, like “trending posts”, and marking lists as exclusive.
There’s a tentative roadmap for user-visible future development at https://github.com/orgs/pachli/projects/1, key goals include:
• Support for translation (off-device, using the Mastodon API, and on-device using translation libraries)
• Work around Mastodon federation issues and allow the user to fetch content from servers other than their “home” server
• Improve the UX for users with larger devices (tablets, foldables, etc)
• Extend the application to support Mastodon-like services – servers that are similar to Mastodon and provide a close-enough API. Features that are now in stock-Mastodon often appear in these other services first (e.g., support for bookmarking posts)
There are related Fediverse services, like Lemmy or KBin, PeerTube, Pixelfed, etc, that would also benefit from a polished native Android app.
Pachli-the-app does not support those (and probably won’t in the future, as the user interaction model can be quite different), but if this project is successful I would welcome others who want to develop apps for those platforms under the Pachli brand. There is definitely scope for collaboration and sharing code.
For contributors (developers and non-developers):
• Be an exemplar of good, idiomatic Android code, demonstrating appropriate best practices
• Make it easy for new contributors to onboard
• Clearly describe project norms
• Provide an onramp for new contributors to make their first contribution
• Encourage appropriate tooling to simplify and speed up the contributor experience
• Encourage a culture of ownership, where contributors can report, propose fixes, and implement fixes to issues whatever their focus
• Encourage a culture of quality work
• Provide thoughtful, actionable feedback on PRs that helps developers grow their skills
• Enable rapid feedback on developer contributions
• Set clear expectations on how long a PR review cycle should take
• Release on a regular schedule, so developers get real-world feedback on their work, and the satisfaction of seeing users benefiting from their contributions
As the Pachli codebase is rewritten to be more modular it might also make sense to spin off some of those modules into separate libraries so that other applications can benefit from them.
I also want the Pachli developer community to participate in the broader Mastodon-and-related-services developer community, e.g., through membership of the Mastodon developer-only Discord groups to provide feedback on current and future API direction, assist developers of other apps, and so on.
For members:
Pachli-the-association is intended to provide a first class organisation to manage the development of the application under the 7 cooperative principles:
1. Voluntary and open membership
2. Democratic member control
3. Member economic participation
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, Training, and Information
6. Cooperation among Cooperatives
7. Concern for Community
Intended Use
Install from their app store of choice (currently served from Google Play and F-Droid, adding others is possible if there is demand), login, and get started.
Ideally Pachli would be usable to onboard new users who don’t have an account, but the Mastodon API does not permit deleting an account, and upcoming changes to Google Play policies require that if an app allows the user to create an account in-app then they must also be able to delete the account from the same app.
Anticipated Misuse
As a client app that interacts with the user’s server through the Mastodon API there’s little scope for misuse of the software by the account owner.
As currently written the app assumes that the user maintains control of their device. If a user would be comfortable staying logged in to a Mastodon server in their device’s browser, and have the browser remember their username and password then Pachli provides roughly equivalent security while the user is logged in to their account.
The user can log out of their account in Pachli, which removes the account metadata, cached timelines, and authentication tokens from the user’s device.
Countermeasures
A hypothetical “secure” mode of operation is possible. If toggled through the settings this might:
• Require the user to reauthenticate (e.g., face lock, pin, passcode) whenever returning to the app, before any content is displayed
• Use the relevant Android API to mark the app as sensitive, disabling screenshots
• Obfuscate / anonymise the names of accounts the app is signed in to until the user reauthenticates
• Note that this would hide the account details, but it would not prevent disclosure that the app is signed in with multiple accounts.
None of this stops a determined adversary with access to the target’s device. For example, they could:
• Root the device, and copy the Pachli databases
• Build a trojaned version of the app from the open source code, and deploy it to the device
So these are offered up as examples rather than specific things to do in the future; either way they’d need to be written with a specific threat model in mind.
Accessibility
For maintainers and contributors, honestly, that’s not something I’ve given much thought to. Recommendations for best practices would be welcome.
For users the app integrates with Android’s screen reader (“Talkback”) and gesture navigation support. I also implemented features to allow the user to choose from a range of different accessible fonts, increase the font size through the app, and use colour schemes with greater contrast.
Maintaining the quality of that coverage is a challenge. It’s not something there are currently Pachli-specific UX tests for. The standard Android tooling provides some support – warning that a UX element is missing content for a screen reader, or that a UX affordance is too small.
Needs
Broadly:
• A legal entity that can sign contracts for resources the project needs. Things like:
• Domain names; I’ve already bought a range, including pachli.app, pachli.org, pachli.ch (I’m based in Switzerland), pach.li.
• CI infrastructure; as noted earlier the project currently uses the free tier of GitHub workflows. That’s fine at the moment, but I expect that will become a problem once screenshot tests are introduced. And even before then, GitHub CI can take 10-12 minutes to run a series of tests that take less than two minutes locally.
• Trademarks; Pachli is not currently trademarked.
• Artwork; for use within the app and app store listings
• Fiscal host; Pachli is not currently accepting any funding until there’s a governance model in place. Once there is, and there’s members paying fees that money will have to be handled transparently.
• A governance model; https://pachli.app/about/ sets out the goal of an organisation run along the 7 cooperative principles. The ideas I’m considering are very similar to how Nivenly already works.
• If Pachli moves to become part of the Nivenly Foundation I wouldn’t expect there to be different “Nivenly members” and “Pachli members”, there would just be “Nivenly members”, who would have a stake in Pachli project governance.
(Broadly, I’m trying to sidestep having to form a separate Pachli Association)
• Infrastructure to help implement that governance model; mechanisms and tools for signing up new members, processing payments, votes, capturing proposals from the membership, recording decisions, helping to ensure the membership remains engaged with the project.
• Relevant training for the people that will be doing the work
• A grants policy; it’s not there yet, but once there’s fee paying members I hope to be able to use some of that money to offer grants to people who have the skills to contribute to an open source project but need financial support to do so. This doesn’t have to be writing code, it could be project management, or a detailed UX review, or committing to a certain number of hours of user support per week.
Last modified March 2, 2024: Blog post re: OCF wind-down (25d74d4) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1900 United States presidential election in New York
The 1900 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 6, 1900. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1900 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
New York was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President William McKinley of Ohio and his running mate Governor of New York Theodore Roosevelt. McKinley and Roosevelt defeated the Democratic nominees, former Congressman and 1896 presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I of Illinois. Also in the running was the Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs, who ran with Job Harriman.
McKinley carried New York State with 53.10 percent of the vote to Bryan's 43.83 percent, a victory margin of 9.27 points.
New York weighed in for this election as about three percent more Republican than the national average.
The 1900 election was a direct re-match between McKinley and Bryan who had run against each other four years earlier in 1896. While New York would continue its Republican dominance of the Fourth Party System and that McKinley had slightly improved on his national margin, New York swung heavily in Bryan's favor in 1900. Four years earlier, McKinley had defeated Bryan in the state by 18.85 points, sweeping every county in the state except Palatine German Schoharie County, including rare Republican victories in New York City. McKinley's 1900 margin of victory in New York State was less than half of his 1896 margin, primarily due to dramatic Democratic gains in New York City. While in 1896 Bryan had lost New York City by about 60,000 votes, in 1900 Bryan won a majority of over 30,000 votes in New York City, winning Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island. Bryan would win New York City again against William Howard Taft in 1908 though he would lose the state again. New York City would not vote Republican again until the Republican landslides of 1920 and 1924, and would subsequently become a reliably Democratic bastion in every election that followed. | WIKI |
Hilton Vancouver Downtown
The Hilton Vancouver Downtown is a hotel in the Canadian city of Vancouver, British Columbia. It is located in the Yaletown neighbourhood at the intersection of Homer Street and Robson Street. It was built in 1999 as The Westin Grand, Vancouver and was rebranded as a Hilton in January 2021.
Facilities
The hotel's facilities include six meeting rooms, a fitness centre, an outdoor saltwater pool and a hot tub. The hotel is also home to Hendricks Resto-Lounge, a 100-seat restaurant located on the second floor. The building was designed by Bruno Freschi Architects and Lawrence Doyle Young & Wright Architects. | WIKI |
TechSpot
reinstalled Windows.. cant see secondary hard drive.
By descarao
Sep 8, 2005
Topic Status:
Not open for further replies.
1. Cant find secondary hard drive.
Hi everybody,
I have a computer with two hard drives, I use the first one for operating system(Windows XP professional) and the second one for storage only. I formatted my primary hard drive and reinstalled Windows, I did not touch the secondary one. After installation, I cant find my storage(secondary drive) anywhere. Did I loose all the data there? Is there a way to fix this? Thank you in advanced for any assistance
Descarao
2. Nodsu
Nodsu TS Rookie Posts: 9,431
Look in Disk Management if and how the second drive is recognised. I sincerely hope you didn't use the silly dynamic disk thing..
3. descarao
descarao TS Rookie Topic Starter
I went to disk management and it doesnt detect my second drive. What is the dynamic disk setup you mentioned? I just reinstalled windows the same way I've done it b4. Any ideas?
4. Samstoned
Samstoned TechSpot Paladin Posts: 2,582
I think they mean this
xp disk management basic or dynamic
there was some discussion bout this awhile back
seems from what I remember (HA) you can go from one to other but not back or something like that
Fisrt thing I tell people about adding drives from another install on boot watch out for chkdsk.
5. RealBlackStuff
RealBlackStuff TS Rookie Posts: 8,165
Do you have two physical harddisks in your PC?
Check that all cables are properly connected on both ends.
The second drive should still be there.
Or did you at some time partition your single harddisk?
If you only formatted the first partition, the second partition (also called drive sometimes) should still be there.
Or did you do the silly thing (as per Nodsu)?
Then you are in the proverbial creek.
6. descarao
descarao TS Rookie Topic Starter
nm... I got it..
I should have known better to check the cables first... thank you guys for all the help
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MATLAB Answers
Loop in loop only returns results of first iteration
3 ビュー (過去 30 日間)
Paul Costache
Paul Costache 2021 年 8 月 14 日
コメント済み: Paul Costache 2021 年 8 月 15 日
Hello,
I used these loops to get the volume of particles from multiple fotos. Each iteration for 'f' is a separate foto. The table 'results' gets the properties for each foto and 'results_total' combines the results. The table 'results' also has different number of rows with each iteration.
I wanted to do the same with the second loop, where 'j' gives the number of particles identified in each picture and with Vol(j) I get the volume of each particle. As I did above I wanted to save the results for all fotos in 'Vol_total' but I get the values from the first foto, so f=1 added 2 times. So for example in the first foto there are 141 particles and in the second 111, Vol_total returns a double array 282x1 instead of 252x1.
How can I change the code to get the right results? Thank you!
Vol_total = table;
for f=1:2
% particles in each foto from a folder are being analyzed and some characteristics measured
% to simplify here number of fotos = 2
% code for calculation of results
results = regionprops('table',lm2, 'Area','Perimeter','MinFeretProperties','MaxFeretProperties');
results_total = vertcat(results,results_total);
for j=1:height(results)
Vol(j) = sum(V(lm2==j)); % V is the volume of each pixel and lm2 is the labelmatrix which shows the pixels that belong to the same particle
end
Vol_total = [Vol_total; Vol'];
end
採用された回答
darova
darova 2021 年 8 月 14 日
Try to preallocate Vol variable before for loop. Vol has size 141 after first iteration, that's why you have 282 elements
Vol = table(size(results));
for j=1:height(results)
Vol(j) = sum(V(lm2==j)); % V is the volume of each pixel and lm2 is the labelmatrix which shows the pixels that belong to the same particle
end
You should sum in two directions volume value. Don't know why don't you have an error in this line
% Vol(j) = sum(V(lm2==j)); % V is the volume of each pixel and lm2 is the labelmatrix which shows the pixels that belong to the same particle
v1 = V(lm2==j);
Vol(j) = sum(v1(:)); % sum all elements
1 件のコメント
Paul Costache
Paul Costache 2021 年 8 月 15 日
Vol = double(height(results));
for j=1:height(results)
v1 = V(lm2==j);
Vol(j) = sum(v1);
end
Vol_total = [Vol_total; Vol'];
Thanks for the tip. It worked but I had to leave out the index from v1 as I was getting an error.
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PTAH inequality result
There is an additional classic inequalityMathworldPlanetmath to be added to the list (A) through (F), namely the maximum-entropy inequality (in logarithmic form)
-i=1npilogpilogn.
Also, inequality (C) should be labeled “the Kullback–Leibler inequality”.
Then, the labeling could be modified: the first time the PTAH inequality appears it could be labeled (P); then the maximum-entropy inequality could be labeled (G), followed by Hölder’s inequality (already labeled (H)); and the statement could be “the inequalities (A) through (G) are equivalentMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath, each is a special case of (H), and (H) is a special case of (P). However, it appears that none of the reverse implicationsMathworldPlanetmath hold.”
Title PTAH inequality result
Canonical name PTAHInequalityResult
Date of creation 2013-03-22 18:08:33
Last modified on 2013-03-22 18:08:33
Owner cappymate (20671)
Last modified by cappymate (20671)
Numerical id 4
Author cappymate (20671)
Entry type Result
Classification msc 26D15 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Worthington George Smith
Worthington George Smith (25 March 1835 – 27 October 1917) was an English cartoonist and illustrator, archaeologist, plant pathologist, and mycologist.
Background and career
Worthington G. Smith was born in Shoreditch, London, the son of a civil servant. He received an elementary education at a local school and was then apprenticed as an architect. He married Henrietta White in 1856 and the couple had seven children, only three of whom survived childhood.
Smith worked for the architect Sir Horace Jones, becoming an expert draughtsman and a member of the Architectural Association. In 1861, however, he left the profession (having been required to design drains for Sir Horace) and embarked on a second career as a freelance illustrator. He put his former experience to use by producing illustrations for The Builder (a journal still published today) and continued as a regular contributor for the next twenty years.
In 1878, he described himself thus:
"the writer of these lines never had any teacher, either artistic or scientific, other than he always found supplied to him by close observation, careful reading, experience, and constant perseverance."
Botany and horticulture
Smith had an interest in natural history and gardening, and gradually developed a reputation as a botanical illustrator. His work appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle and in 1869 he became its chief illustrator, retaining this position for the next 40 years. He also contributed illustrations to the Journal of Horticulture and other periodicals.
In 1880, he co-authored Illustrations of the British Flora with the noted botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch.
Mycology and plant pathology
Worthington G. Smith's particular expertise was in fungi, which he collected, studied, and illustrated. He published extensively, writing over 200 articles and papers, as well as several books. His first major work in 1867 was to produce coloured illustrations of poisonous and edible fungi, printed in linen-backed poster format with an accompanying booklet. He published Clavis Agaricinorum (a key to British agarics) in 1870, wrote a popular book on mushrooms and toadstools in 1879, illustrated Stevenson's Hymenomycetes Britannici in 1886, and produced a supplement to M.J. Berkeley's Outlines of British Fungology in 1891.
In 1875, Smith published a paper describing and illustrating the overwintering spores of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potatoes, the disease responsible for the Great Famine of Ireland. For this he was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Knightian gold medal. The German mycologist Anton de Bary pointed out that Smith had actually described some contaminating spores, but national pride upheld Smith's reputation as a plant pathologist and he was appointed to several governmental commissions on plant diseases, as well as publishing a book on the subject in 1884.
He restored Sowerby's clay models of fungal fruitbodies displayed at the Natural History Museum and in 1898 wrote a successful short guide to them (later revised and reissued by John Ramsbottom). In 1908, he also wrote a "descriptive catalogue" of the specimens and drawings of the British bbasidiomycetes held at the museum.
Worthington G. Smith was the first mycologist to lead a fungus foray. In 1868 he was invited by the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club to be the expert leader of a field meeting dubbed "a foray among the funguses". This was so successful that the club held annual "forays" for the next 24 years. Smith helped publicize the club and its forays with a series of cartoons in various journals, some of them caricaturing the leading mycologists of the day. He also designed illustrated menus in similar style for the club's annual fungus dinners at the Green Dragon in Hereford. Smith became an honorary member of the club and in 1874, as a token of appreciation, was presented with a set of cutlery engraved with fungi taken from his illustrations. In 1896 Worthington G. Smith became a founder member of the British Mycological Society and was elected its President in 1904. He was also a Fellow of the Linnean Society.
Smith's reputation as a mycologist and plant pathologist has been overshadowed by the more lasting achievements of his contemporaries. His book on plant diseases was said to have been "out of touch" when published and C.G. Lloyd claimed his Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes resembled "an attempt by someone living in the Sahara to write a book about a rain forest." Many of the new fungal species described by Smith have been relegated to synonymy, though those that remain current include the agaric Leucoagaricus georginae (W.G. Sm.) Candusso and the bolete Rubinoboletus rubinus (W.G. Sm.) Pilát & Dermek. Smith's collections are now held in the mycological herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The species Agaricus worthingtonii Fr., Clitopilus smithii Massee, and Geastrum smithii Lloyd were named after him.
Archaeology
Worthington G. Smith's reputation as an archaeologist, specializing in the palaeolithic era, has grown rather than diminished. Of the five Lower Palaeolithic occupation sites known from Britain, four were discovered by Smith. He became interested in the subject after reading Sir John Evans's Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain (1872). In 1878 he found stone tools in building excavations at Stoke Newington Common and traced the tool-bearing layer over a wide area of north-east London. He discovered a similar site at Caddington, Bedfordshire, and published his findings in Man, the Primeval Savage (1894). He subsequently found further sites at Whipsnade and elsewhere, as well as making other archaeological discoveries in the Bedfordshire area.
Between 1887 and 1890, Smith acted as an assistant to Stephen Williams on his excavation in Mid-Wales on the Cistercian Abbeys at Strata Florida, Strata Marcella and Abbey Cwmhir. He undertook the surveying on these sites and drawing the finds for publication. Smith also attended the summer meetings of the Cambrian Archaeological Association regularly between 1875 and 1895.
Smith became the local county secretary for the Society of Antiquaries in 1897. In 1902 he was awarded a civil-list pension of £50 per annum "for services to archaeology" on the recommendation of Lord Avebury and Sir John Evans. The items he discovered are now dispersed, but some of his collections are held at the British Museum, Luton Museum, and the Museum of London.
A freeman of Dunstable
For reasons of health, Smith moved to his wife's home town of Dunstable, Bedfordshire, in 1884. There, he not only pursued his mycological and archaeological interests, but also investigated the history of the town. Amongst other things, he discovered and translated the charter granted to the town by King Henry I. As a result of his researches, he wrote an extensive book called Dunstable, its history and surroundings, published in 1904 and reprinted in 1980. In 1903 he became the first freeman of the borough of Dunstable, "in appreciation of the eminent services rendered to his country in connection with his profession, and his munificent gifts to the Corporation".
Selected works
* Mushrooms and Toadstools: How to distinguish easily the differences between the Edible and Poisonous Fungi (David Brogue, 1879).
* Diseases of field and garden crops. (Macmillan, 1884)
* Outlines of British fungology: Supplement. (Reeve, 1891)
* Man, the primeval savage; his haunts and relics from the hilltops of Bedfordshire to Blackwall. (E. Stanford, 1894)
* Guide to Sowerby's models of British fungi in the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). (British Museum, 1898)
* Dunstable: The downs and the district: A handbook for visitors. (The Homeland Association, 1904) | WIKI |
Page:The Burton Holmes lectures; (IA burtonholmeslect04holm).pdf/267
RONDA
the cliff-perched city now before us. Both cities tower a thousand feet above the plain, both boast a gorge of awful depth and a bridge of grand proportions and imposing height. Both have been Arab strongholds, both captured after many fruitless efforts by people of the Latin race, and both are to-day Christian cities. One thousand feet above the Vega we descry the snowy walls of red-tiled houses; before us is the entrance to the frightful gorge, or "Tajo," cleft in the rocky foundations of the town. The scene becomes more and more impressive as we draw nearer to the cliffs. The roar of tumbling waters is echoed back and forth between the walls of rock; the whirr and buzz of many tiny flour-mills fills the spray-laden air. Our guide points out a path by which we are to ascend city-*ward, but we can barely trace its tortuous upward course. He tells us that the bridge was built more than a hundred years ago, and that its arch is three hundred and fifty feet in height; that the river is | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Titus
The result was delete. Cirt (talk) 17:47, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
Michael Titus
* – ( View AfD View log • )
Autobiography of unremarkable photographer. Fails WP:GNG. Delicious carbuncle (talk) 22:10, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete I agree with the nomination, this article is full of autobiographical fluff while yielding little information of the notability of the subject. In the absence of any quality, independent documentation, I must conclude that the subject is indeed not notable. TheMindsEye (talk) 22:20, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Photography-related deletion discussions. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:47, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
* I don't know for sure whether this is autobiographical, though the combination of biographical information with lack of sources for this does suggest it. Amid a lot of fluff hinting at notability there's no mention of substantial exhibition or publication, let alone critical commentary. And so, delete. -- Hoary (talk) 06:07, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete. The technique is recent, the subject is presumably active currently, so FUTON bias unlikely to be prevalent. No significant third-party references in web, books, or news archives. Bongo matic 06:50, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
| WIKI |
How to view friends in contact?
Andrey Kim
Andrey Kim
March 16, 2015
How to view friends in contact?
Many people today have a profile in the social network "VKontakte", and although the developers are trying to give the system the simplest interface, users still have questions about this or that option. For example, not everyone knows how to view friends in contact.
Let's figure out how to do it.
VKontakte: View Friends
1. Open your personal page "VKontakte".
2. On the left you will see a list of sections that are editable.
3. In this list, find the section "My friends" and click on it once with the left mouse button.
4. Then in the same window, select the "All friends" tab, and a list of your friends will appear in a moment.
5. If you want to quickly find a particular friend, start typing his name in the search box, which is located above the list of friends.
6. Clicking on the link with the name and surname of a friend, you will find yourself on his page.
That's all! As you seeviewing friends is a very simple task! However, note that if you have a very large list of friends, and the Internet speed is not high, it will take time to load the list - just have patience and wait a bit, the list will load after a while. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
In re the Application of Roberto GIAMPAOLO, Petitioner, v. Evelina ERNETA, Respondent.
No. CIV.A. 104CV1395CC.
United States District Court, N.D. Georgia, Atlanta Division.
Aug. 23, 2004.
William E. Dorris, Kilpatrick Stockton, Chad V. Theriot, Smith Currie & Hancock, Atlanta, GA, for Petitioner.
James Francis Steckbauer, Office of James F. Steckbauer, Atlanta, GA, for Respondent.
ORDER
COOPER, District Judge.
Pending before the Court is a petition filed by Petitioner Roberto Giampaolo (“Petitioner”) under The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601, et seq, for the return of his minor child to Argentina. On August 19, 2004, the Court conducted an evidentiary hearing in this matter and heard from both Petitioner and Respondent Evelina Erneta (“Respondent”). Additionally, the Court heard testimony from the husband and brother of Respondent. The minor child in dispute gave testimony in the Court’s chambers. Based upon the testimony heard by the Court, the exhibits entered into evidence, and the Court’s review and application of the applicable law, the Court concludes that (1) Respondent wrongfully removed the minor child to the United States in violation of Petitioner’s rights of custody; (2) Petitioner was exercising his rights of custody at the time of the minor child’s removal; and (3) no affirmative defenses or exceptions warrant the Court not ordering the return of the minor child to Argentina. Therefore, the Court orders that the minor child be returned to Argentina forthwith.
I. FINDINGS OF FACT
On August 25, 1993, Respondent gave birth to Macarena Sol Giampaolo (the “Child”) in Argentina. Petitioner is the father of the Child. Petitioner and Respondent were never married. Thus, the Child was born out of wedlock.
Petitioner, Respondent, and the Child lived together at the same address in Argentina for several years. When the Child was approximately eight (8) years old, Petitioner and Respondent dissolved their relationship. Petitioner moved out of the family’s residence, and Respondent and the Child continued to live at that residence Notwithstanding Petitioner’s move, Petitioner continued to spend a substantial amount of time with the Child on a daily basis.
On January 16, 2001, Petitioner and Respondent voluntarily executed an agreement (the “Agreement”) regarding economical support, custody, and visitation. Pursuant to the translated Agreement, Petitioner agreed to pay a certain amount of money per month for the economic support of the Child. The Agreement also provided that “custody” or “guardianship” (“ten-encia”) of the Child would be granted to Respondent with the Petitioner maintaining broad visitation rights. After Petitioner and Respondent executed the Agreement and up until the time that the Child was removed from Argentina, Petitioner’s contact and relationship with the Child remained the same as it had been prior to the execution of the Agreement.
On September 12, 2001, Petitioner and Respondent, “[i]n exercise of their legal guardianship,” executed an Authorization to Travel document, which granted their approval for the Child “to travel to any country in the world, alone or accompanied by another adult, and to subsequently return to [Argentina], until of legal age, as often as is considered necessary...” Petitioner understood that he was executing the document to enable the Child to visit Respondent’s brother, who was living and continues to live in the United States.
On November 19, 2001, Respondent went to the Argentine police and made a police report that Petitioner had stated the following to her over the telephone: “I am going to take everything out of your house ... I am going to kick your daughter out. Finally, Respondent declared that Petitioner had followed his visitation schedule but had not paid child support. The police spoke with Petitioner about Respondent’s allegations, but Petitioner was not arrested. There is no evidence that anything else happened as a result of this police report, and there similarly is no testimony or evidence that either Respondent or the Child were ever harmed by Petitioner.
After Respondent made the above police report, Petitioner continued to spend time with the Child on a daily basis without supervision. The Child was a habitual resident of Argentina until February 18, 2002. On February 18, 2002, Respondent took the Child from Argentina and brought her to the United States. Petitioner did not know that Respondent and the Child were leaving Argentina. On the preceding day, Petitioner had spent hours with the Child and had also spoken to Respondent When Petitioner learned on February 18, 2002, that Respondent had left Argentina with the Child, Petitioner did not know where Respondent and the Child had gone or when they would be returning to Argentina.
While in the United States, Respondent and the Child have had little contact with Petitioner. After Respondent left with the Child on February 18, 2002, Petitioner did not hear from Respondent or the Child until May of 2002. Respondent contacted Petitioner on the telephone on three (3) or four (4) occasions between May of 2002 and August of 2002, although Petitioner did not have a telephone at his home in Argentina. Prior to the instant proceedings, August of 2002 was the last time that Petitioner heard from Respondent and the Child.
Following Petitioner’s conversation with Respondent in May of 2002, Petitioner knew that Respondent and the Child were in the United States. However, Petitioner did not know anything else about their location. No one whom Petitioner asked knew or told Petitioner the exact location of Respondent and the Child. When Petitioner asked Respondent their exact location, she would not tell him. Petitioner also asked the Child the exact location where she was living. As soon as the Child would try to tell him, however, Petitioner testified that someone would take the phone away.
On the three (3) or four (4) occasions that Petitioner spoke with Respondent, he inquired about when she would return the Child to Argentina. Respondent informed Petitioner during the first conversation that she had enrolled the Child in school in the United States and that the Child would be back in Argentina at the end of August after the school term concluded. When Petitioner spoke with Respondent in the middle of August of 2002, Respondent told Petitioner that she was waiting on certain paperwork before she sent the Child back to Argentina.
In November of 2002, Petitioner, who still resides in Argentina, contacted the Central Authority in Argentina. He submitted an application for the Child’s return in December of 2002. On February 13, 2003, Petitioner executed a Revocation of the Authorization to Travel. On March 17, 2003, the Central Authority finalized Petitioner’s application and then sent it to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (the “Center for Missing Children”). On June 18, 2003, with the help of the Center for Missing Children and the Gwinnett County Sheriffs Office, Petitioner learned the precise location of Respondent and the Child.
On July 24, 2003, the Center for Missing Children secured an attorney for Petitioner to help him file a Petition for the Child’s return. However, the attorney recused himself after a few months with the case. After retaining another attorney, a Petition was filed on May 18, 2004.
Since Respondent and the Child have been living in the United States, they have lived at several residences. The Child has also attended several different schools. The Child performs well in school and attends school regularly. She has made friends and enjoys living in the United States. The Child’s uncle and his family reside in the United States, but Respondent no longer communicates with them. The rest of the Child’s family is in Argentina, and Respondent does not consider it important to educate the Child on her Argentine roots. Respondent is now married to an individual who is a convicted felon and who also has violated Georgia’s Family Violence Act. Respondent and the Child are presently in the United States illegally.
II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. The Hague Convention and ICARA
The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (the “Hague Convention”) was implemented in the United States in 1988 as the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601 et seq. The Hague Convention was created with the stated purpose “to protect children internationally from the harmful effects of their wrongful removal or retention and to establish procedures to ensure their prompt return to the State of their habitual residence.” Hague Convention, Preamble. The goal of the Hague Convention is to restore the status quo ante and to deter parents from forum-shopping internationally to resolve custody disputes in a more sympathetic court. See Lops v. Lops, 140 F.3d 927, 936 (11th Cir.1998). The United States and Argentina, as signatories to the Hague Convention, are considered “Contracting States.”
Pursuant to Article 19 of the Hague Convention and ICARA, 42 U.S.C. § 11601(b)(4), the court’s role in applying the Hague Convention is not to resolve the merits of any custody issue. Rather, the court is to determine whether the child was removed or retained wrongfully from the child’s habitual residence. See Whal- lon v. Lynn, 230 F.3d 450, 455 (1st Cir.2000); Friedrich v. Friedrich, 983 F.2d 1396, 1400 (6th Cir.1993).
The Hague Convention considers the removal or retention of a child to be wrongful when:
(a) it is in breach of rights of custody-attributed to a person, an institution or any other body, either jointly or alone, under the law of the State in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention, and
(b) at the time of removal or retention those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention.
Hague Convention, Art. 3. The general rule is that a court shall order the return of a wrongfully-removed or retained child unless more than a year has elapsed between the date of the child’s wrongful removal or retention and the date that the proceedings were commenced and the child has become settled in her new environment. Hague Convention, Art. 12, see also Furnes v. Reeves, 362 F.3d 702, 710-11 (11th Cir.2004).
A parent seeking the return of a child bears the burden to establish wrongful removal or retention by a preponderance of the evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(1)(A). If the petitioner meets this burden, then the parent opposing the child’s return has the burden of establishing the applicability of one of the exceptions or affirmative defenses provided in Articles 12,13, or 20 of the Hague Convention. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(A), (B). Unless the respondent is successful in raising one of these defenses, the court must order the return of the wrongfully-removed or retained child.
B. Petitioner’s Prima Facie Case
To establish a prima facie case under the Hague Convention, the petitioner must establish the following: (1) the habitual residence of the child immediately before the date of the alleged wrongful removal or retention was in a foreign country, (2) the removal or retention is in breach of custody rights under the foreign country’s law; and (3) the petitioner was exercising custody rights at the time of the alleged wrongful retention. Lops, 140 F.3d at 936.
In this case, the Child’s habitual residence is not at issue. Both parties agree that the Child’s habitual residence is Argentina. Therefore, the law of Argentina governs the Court’s analysis regarding whether Petitioner had custody rights at the time of the Child’s removal or retention from Argentina. See In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1311 (S.D.Fla.2004). Further, the Hague Convention permits the Court to take judicial notice of Argentina’s law. Id.
With respect to custody rights, the Court notes that the Hague Convention distinguishes between “rights of custody” and “rights of access.” See Furnes, 362 F.3d at 711 “Rights of custody” include “rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child’s place of residence.” Hague Convention, Art. 5(a). “Rights of access,” on the other hand, include only “the right to take a child for a limited period of time to a place other than the child’s habitual residence.” Hague Convention, Art. 5(b). The Hague Convention’s remedy of return applies only when a petitioner possesses “rights of custody.” See Gonzalez v. Gutierrez, 311 F.3d 942, 945 (9th Cir.2002), Whallon, 230 F.3d at 455.
Petitioner and Respondent dispute whether Petitioner had custody rights over the Child at the time of her removal from Argentina. To resolve this issue, the Court first notes that Article 7 of the Hague Convention authorizes Central Authorities “to provide information of a general character as to the law of their State in connection with the application of the Convention.” In this case, Petitioner has put into evidence two letters from the Central Authority of Argentina. One letter is to the Center for Missing Children, and the other letter is to Petitioner’s counsel. To determine custody rights under Argentine law generally, the Central Authority directs the Court to the Argentine Civil Code.
Under the Argentine Civil Code, the Court finds that Petitioner maintained and continues to maintain rights of custody over the Child pursuant to the Argentine legal concept of patria potestas. The Argentine Civil Code, part of which Petitioner has also put into evidence, provides the following. “Patria Potestas denotes the set of rights and duties belonging to the parents in respect to the person and property of their children, for their protection and integral education, from the moment of their conception and while under age and not emancipated.” Argentine Civil Code, Art. 264. The Central Authority’s letter to Petitioner’s counsel specifically states that the definition of patria potestas under the Argentine Civil Code “coincides with the definition of custody given by art 5 of the Convention ” Thus, if Petitioner had patria potestas, the Court is of the opinion that he had “rights of custody” as conceived under the Hague Convention. See Whallon, 230 F.3d at 458 (finding that a petitioner had rights of custody over a child pursuant to Mexico’s legal concept of patria potestas); In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1311 (finding that a petitioner had rights of custody over a child pursuant to Argentina’s legal concept of pat-ria potestas), Mendez Lynch v. Mendez Lynch, 220 F.Supp.2d 1347, 1358 (M.D.Fla.2002) (same).
In the case of a child who was born out of wedlock and acknowledged by both parents, the exercise of patria potestas is given to both of them, “if there was cohabitation.” Argentine Civil Code, Art. 264(5). In this case, the parties do not dispute that the Child was born out of wedlock and that she is acknowledged by both parties. Additionally, there is no dispute that there was co-habitation Petitioner and Respondent stipulated that they lived together for several years after the Child’s birth. Therefore, under the Argentine Civil Code, both Petitioner and Respondent have the right to exercise pat-ria potestas over the Child.
The Agreement executed by Petitioner and Respondent did not vitiate Petitioner’s patria potestas over the Child. According to Respondent, the Agreement unambiguously grants her “custody” of the Child and gives Petitioner only broad visitation rights. To the contrary, Petitioner argues that the Agreement grants Respondent “guardianship” of the Child, not “custody.” In essence, Petitioner and Respondent dispute the proper translation of the word “tenencia.” The Court need not decide whether “tenencia” means “custody” or “guardianship,” however, because the Central Authority of Argentina has explained the legal meaning of “tenencia.” In the Central Authority’s letter to the Center for Missing Children, the Central Authority advised that pursuant to Argentina’s internal law, the term “tenencia” means “physical custody of the minor” and is not equivalent to legal custody. Therefore, even though Respondent was granted “tenencia” under the Agreement, Petitioner still retained patria potestas or joint legal custody over the Child. Cf. Gonzalez, 311 F.3d at 945 (holding that legal concept of patria potestas did not confer “rights of custody” upon parent seeking return of child to Mexico because the parties had executed a formal, legal custody agreement) (emphasis added).
Respondent’s argument that Petitioner does not have “rights of custody” based on Petitioner’s alleged failure to pay child support fails for purposes of this determination under the Hague Convention. Aside from this issue being heavily disputed, the Court believes that the issue is inapposite to its analysis because Respondent has provided no Argentine legal authority to support the proposition that a parent’s failure to pay child support strips the parent of patria potestas. In contrast, the Court observes that the letter from the Central Authority to Petitioner’s counsel expressly states that “[a] parent will only be deprived of the patria potestas or its exercise by an express decision on the matter made by the relevant judicial authorities, based in specific causes that would justify such a statement.” Here, Respondent has provided no evidence that such an express decision was ever made by a judicial authority. Therefore, the Court gives little consideration to this argument, as the issue is a custody issue that should be addressed by an Argentine court.
Since Petitioner had patria potestas over the Child with Respondent, his express consent was necessary for, among other things, the following acts: (1) the child getting married, (2) the child being legally emancipated, (3) the child entering into a religious community, the armed forces or security forces, (4) the child leaving the Republic, and (5) the child bringing a lawsuit. Argentine Civil Code, Art. 264 quater. That Respondent felt the need to request that Petitioner execute the Authorization to Travel document following their execution of the Agreement is further evidence that Petitioner never relinquished or stopped possessing his patria potestas.
Significantly, a petitioner is not required to have physical custody of a child to be entitled to the return of the child under the Hague Convention. See Furnes, 362 F.3d at 714. The Eleventh Circuit stated in Fumes:
[T]he violation of a single custody right suffices to make removal of a child wrongful. That is, a parent need not have “custody” of the child to be entitled to return of his child under the Convention, rather, he need only have one right of custody. Further, he need not have a sole or even primary right of custody.
Id. at 714-15 (citing Hague Convention, Art. 3(a)) (emphasis in original). Therefore, although Petitioner did not have physical custody of the Child, he still retained a bundle of custody rights under the legal concept of patria potestas, and the Court finds that those rights are sufficient to constitute “rights of custody” for purposes of the Hague Convention.
The Court finds that the Child’s removal breached Petitioner’s rights to exercise patria potestas over the Child. Here, the undisputed evidence shows that Petitioner and Respondent executed an Authorization to Travel document. Hence, the child “leaving” Argentina technically was not in violation of Petitioner’s rights because she had Petitioner’s permission to “travel” outside of the country. However, as the Central Authority of Argentina advises, a parent having patria potestas over a child must expressly authorize his or her child to change the place where he or she resides. The evidence in this case demonstrates that Respondent removed the Child from Argentina not to “travel” but to establish a new residence in the United States, without Petitioner’s permission or consent. Inasmuch as Petitioner never provided his authorization for the Child to change her place of residence and inasmuch as the Child’s removal effectively precluded Petitioner from caring for the Child and making decisions regarding the Child’s welfare and upbringing, the Court finds that the Child’s removal from Argentina was in breach of Petitioner’s “rights of custody.”
With respect to the final prong of Petitioner’s prima facie case, the Court concludes that the record is replete with evidence that Petitioner was exercising his custody rights at the time of the Child’s removal from Argentina to the United States. Courts in the Eleventh Circuit have found that “in the absence of a ruling from a court in the country of habitual residence, a court should liberally find ‘exercise’ where a parent keeps or seeks to keep any sort of regular contact with his or her child.” In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1312 (citing Mendez Lynch, 220 F.Supp.2d at 1359).
When the Child was in Argentina, Petitioner picked her up every morning to take her to school. Petitioner would pick the Child up from school and bring her to the home that he shared with his parents while Respondent was at work Respondent contends that Petitioner was able to spend so much time with the Child because Petitioner did not work, but even if true, this does not rebut Petitioner’s claim that he was exercising his custody rights at the time of the Child’s removal Additionally, Petitioner testified that he chose the Child’s school, and the Court finds Petitioner’s testimony on this issue to be credible. Petitioner also has produced receipts showing that he paid for at least some of the Child’s private schooling while she was living in Argentina, although Respondent contends that Petitioner and his father share the same name and Petitioner’s father may have paid the tuition Notably, Petitioner saw the Child the day before Respondent left Argentina with the Child. Petitioner and the Child had gone to a concert together on a Sunday afternoon, and Petitioner returned the Child to Respondent later that Sunday night. The evidence in this case clearly establishes that Petitioner had regular contact with the Child, cared for the Child, and made decisions about her upbringing.
Further, even after the Child’s removal from Argentina, Petitioner contacted friends and relatives of Respondent in an attempt to determine their location and return date. Once he finally talked to Respondent and the Child three (3) months after their departure from Argentina, he sought to get this information from them. When it became apparent that Respondent was not going to return the Child, Petitioner contacted the Argentine authorities and began the processes that led to his filing of the instant Petition. Thus, it can hardly be stated that Petitioner did not seek to maintain contact with the Child so as to exercise his rights of custody.
C. Applicability of Affirmative Defenses
Given that Petitioner has satisfied his burden of making out a prima facie case, the Court must order that the Child be returned to Argentina unless Respondent can establish the applicability of an affirmative defense or exception. Respondent contends that four (4) affirmative defenses provided by the Hague Convention are applicable: (1) Petitioner untimely filed his Petition, and the Child is now settled in her new environment, (2) Petitioner consented and/or acquiesced to the removal and/or retention of the Child, (3) there is a grave risk that returning the Child to Argentina would subject the Child to physical and psychological harm or otherwise put the Child in an intolerable situation, and (4) the Child objects to being returned to Argentina and has attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of the Child’s views. Even if an affirmative defense or exception applies, the Court still maintains the discretion to order the return of the Child to Argentina if doing so would further the aims of the Hague Convention. See Miller v. Miller, 240 F.3d 392, 402 (4th Cir.2001), England v. England, 234 F.3d 268, 270-71 (5th Cir.2000); Friedrich, 78 F.3d at 1067, Feder v. Evans-Feder, 63 F.3d 217, 226 (3d Cir.1995); Mendez Lynch, 220 F.Supp.2d at 1358.
1. Timeliness of Petition/Settlement in New Environment
Pursuant to Article 12 of the Hague Convention, a child who has been wrongfully removed or retained must be returned to his or her habitual residence, when at the date of the commencement of the proceedings before the judicial or administrative authority of the Contracting State, a period of less than one year has elapsed. Even when the proceedings were commenced after the one-year period, the court must order the return of the child, unless the respondent demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the child is now settled into its new environment. Hague Convention, Art. 12; 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(B).
Here, the Petition was filed over two (2) years after the Child left Argentina with Respondent. The Child left Argentina on February 18, 2002. The Petition was not filed until May 18, 2004. Respondent therefore maintains that the Petition is not timely, and the Child has now become settled in her new environment. In response, Petitioner urges the Court to equitably toll the one-year limitation period to account for Respondent’s concealment of the exact location where she and the Child were living.
The Eleventh Circuit has held that in cases where a child’s location has been concealed, it is proper for a district court to toll the beginning of the one-year period until the child is located. Furnes, 362 F.3d at 723 (“We agree with the district court that equitable tolling may apply to ICARA petitions for the return of a child where the parent removing the child has secreted the child from the parent seeking return”), see also In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1313 (applying equitable tolling to Hague petition); Mendez Lynch, 220 F.Supp.2d at 1362-63 (holding that equitable tolling applies to Hague petitions because otherwise “a parent who abducts and conceals children for more than one year will be rewarded for the misconduct by creating eligibility for an affirmative defense not otherwise available”).
Here, Respondent refused to inform Petitioner of the precise location of the Child, and Respondent and the Child changed residences several times. The unrebutted testimony of Petitioner shows that Petitioner did not know the street address, city, or state where the Child was living for over a year after the Child was removed from Argentina. Rather, Petitioner knew only that the Child was in the United States. In November of 2002, not long after Petitioner realized that Respondent was not going to return the Child to Argentina voluntarily, Petitioner contacted the Central Authority in Argentina. Petitioner submitted his Hague Application in December of 2002, and he also provided the Central Authority with the addresses of relatives and friends where the Respondent could be living. In March of 2003, after Petitioner’s Hague Application was finalized, the Central Authority sent the application to the Center for Missing Children. The Center for Missing Children then helped Petitioner to identify the precise location of the Respondent and the Child. Petitioner learned the precise location of the Child on June 18, 2003, and filed his Petition on May 18, 2004. The Court is of the opinion that Petitioner’s testimony regarding his search for the Child is credible, and Respondent did not refute this testimony. Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Petitioner timely filed the Petition within one (1) year of learning of the Child’s location.
Assuming arguendo that Petitioner did not file his petition in a timely manner, Respondent has not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that the Child is settled in her new environment. In analyzing the evidence before the Court, the Court notes that it “is permitted to consider any relevant factor surrounding the child’s living arrangement.” In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1313 (citing Lops, 140 F.3d at 946). Such factors might include the following: (1) the age of the child, (2) the stability of the child’s new residence; (3) whether the child attends school or daycare consistently, (4) whether the child attends church regularly, (5) the stability of the mother’s employment, (6) whether the child has friends and relatives in the new area, (7) the involvement of the parents, and (8) the uncertain immigration status of the parent and her child. See In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1314 (citations omitted).
As an initial matter, there does not appear to be any dispute that the Child performs well in school, attends school regularly, participates in some extracurricular activities, has become fluent in English, has made friends here in the United States, and enjoys living with Respondent and Respondent’s husband. The Child testified that she has her own room and is excited to have her own computer. All of these factors obviously weigh in favor of finding that the Child is settled in the United States.
However, the undisputed evidence likewise shows that in the two and one-half years that Respondent and the Child have been in the United States, they have lived at least at three (3) different residences and the Child has attended three (3) different schools. See In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1314 (finding that the child had gone to two (2) schools and lived at five (5) separate residences in the two and one-half years that she had been living in the United States). Moreover, Respondent testified that both she and the Child are here in the United States illegally, although Respondent stated that she has applied for her citizenship. See id. (stating that child’s stability was undermined by her mother’s uncertain immigration status); In re Koc, 181 F.Supp.2d 136, 152 (E.D.N.Y.2001) (noting that the immigration status of the child and her mother were uncertain). With the exception of Respondent and Respondent’s brother and his family, with whom Respondent no longer communicates, the Child has no family in the United States. The Child’s father, maternal and fraternal grandparents, uncle, and cousins are all in Argentina. In re Cabrera, 323 F.Supp.2d at 1314 (only mother and aunt were in United States, whereas a host of relatives were in Argentina); In re Koc, 181 F.Supp.2d at 152 (finding that child had “beloved” relatives in her habitual residence, although the child also had contact with relatives in the United States). Further, although the Child was born in Argentina and lived there for eight (8) of the ten (10) years of her life, Respondent testified that it is not important to her that the Child know her Argentine heritage. Finally, while Respondent and the Child now live in a house and Respondent has testified that she is married and financially supported by her husband, Respondent’s husband admitted at the evidentiary hearing that he is a convicted felon and that he violated Georgia’s Family Violence Act in the past. Having carefully weighed and considered all of the above factors, the Court finds that the Child is not settled in the United States to the extent that the Court should not order her return to Argentina.
2. Consent or Acquiescence to Removal or Retention
Respondent next contends that Petitioner consented to the Child’s removal from Argentina by executing the Authorization to Travel document. As mentioned above, Article 264 of the Argentine Civil Code required that Respondent and' Petitioner both consent to the Child leaving Argentina. With respect to authorizations to travel generally, the Central Authority of Argentina has advised that an authorization to travel grants the child permission to leave the country, not to reside abroad, unless expressly stated in the document. With respect to the Authorization to Travel document at issue in this case, there was not an express authorization for the Child to reside abroad. Rather, by its very title and terms, the document was only an authorization to “travel.” Therefore, the Court finds that Petitioner did not consent to the Child’s removal by executing that document.
Respondent also maintains that Petitioner acquiesced in the Child’s removal and/or retention, but Respondent has offered no support for this argument. To the contrary, Petitioner’s evidence suggests exactly the opposite. As discussed above with respect to Petitioner’s effort to exercise his rights of custody, Petitioner actively sought the return of the Child. To the extent that Respondent successfully negotiated with Petitioner in May of 2002 to allow the Child to remain in the United States through August of 2002, Respondent’s retention of the Child in the United States past August was wrongful. Shortly after Petitioner realized that Respondent would not return the Child voluntarily, Petitioner contacted the Central Authority of Argentina, completed a Hague Application, corresponded with the Center for Missing Children, revoked the Authorization to Travel document, and sought legal assistance to file his Hague Petition. Respondent focuses heavily on Petitioner’s failure to notify Respondent that he revoked the Authorization to Travel document, but Petitioner had no way to contact Respondent because she was concealing the contact information for the Child and her. The evidence simply does not support Respondent’s contention that Petitioner acquiesced to the removal and/or retention of the Child, and Respondent therefore has not met her burden of establishing this defense by a preponderance of the evidence.
3. Grave Risk of Harm or Intolerable Situation
Article 13(b) of the Hague Convention permits a court to decide not to order the return of the child to the habitual residence if “there is a grave risk that his or her return would expose the child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable situation.” The respondent must prove the applicability of this exception by clear and convincing evidence 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(A). This exception, like the other exceptions under the Hague Convention, is to be narrowly construed. Walsh v. Walsh, 221 F.3d 204, 217-19 (1st Cir.2000).
Courts considering the applicability of the exception under Article 13(b) have determined that “situations where repatriation might cause inconvenience or hardship, eliminate certain educational or economic opportunities, or not comport with the child’s preferences” do not create a grave risk of harm or otherwise qualify as intolerable situations. Blondin v. Dubois, 238 F.3d 153, 162 (2d Cir.2001). The potential physical or psychological harm must be “a great deal more than minimal.” Whallon, 230 F.3d at 459 (quoting Walsh, 221 F.3d at 218). Indeed, courts have interpreted “grave risk of harm” in this regard to mean either (1) the return of the child puts the child in imminent danger prior to resolution of custody, such as returning the child to a zone of war, famine or disease, or (2) the case is one of serious abuse or neglect, or extraordinary emotional dependence and the courts in the country of habitual reside rice, for whatever reason, may be incapable or unwilling to give the child adequate protection. Friedrich, 78 F.3d at 1069.
In this case, the Court is not persuaded that the Child faces a grave risk of physical or psychological harm or would otherwise be placed in an intolerable situation if returned to Argentina. The only evidence presented that raises the Court’s brow is Respondent’s testimony that Petitioner has made threats of harm, which Respondent supports with a police report that she filed against Petitioner in November of 2001. While the Court does not dismiss these allegations without giving them due consideration, the Court finds that there is no specific evidence that the Child faces a grave risk of harm. There is no evidence that Petitioner directly threatened the Child, with whom the Court is most concerned for purposes of this determination. More significantly, there is no evidence that Petitioner ever actually harmed Respondent or the Child. Moreover, Petitioner has produced no evidence that Petitioner is otherwise violent. From the day that Respondent filed the police report against Petitioner until the day before Respondent left Argentina with the Child, Petitioner still continued to spend time with the Child unsupervised. Thus, inasmuch as Respondent could not have perceived the risk of harm to be too great to the Child even immediately following the alleged threats, the Court is unable to find that returning the Child to Argentina would subject her to a grave risk of physical harm or an otherwise intolerable situation because of Petitioner’s alleged violent tendencies.
Respondent’s other argument, to which the Court gives very little weight, is that the Child should not be returned to Argentina because she has been residing in the United States for over two (2) years and has assimilated to living in the United States. See Friedrich, 78 F.3d at 1068 (“A removing parent must not be allowed to abduct a child and then—when brought to court—complain that the child has grown used to the surroundings to which they were abducted”). In this regard, Respondent states that the Child has taken special courses to assist her in learning English, and the Child has lost her ability to speak Spanish. As a result, Respondent contends that the Child will be set back a grade if she is returned to Argentina and will be subject to humiliation by her classmates. Respondent’s contentions constitute nothing more than mere speculation and are insufficient to establish the affirmative defense of grave risk of harm.
Respondent has failed to bring forth the clear and convincing evidence that is necessary for this exception to apply. There are no specific facts in evidence that demonstrate any potential physical harm to the Child. Moreover, there has been no testimony from an expert to establish that returning the Child to Argentina will likely cause her psychological harm. While the Child will likely have to make adjustments if the Court orders her return to Argentina, such adjustments must be made by every child who is returned to his or her habitual residence after being in another country for an extended period of time. Declining to order the return of the Child under the circumstances presented in this case would frustrate the aims of the Hague Convention and the ICARA rather than further them. Accordingly, the Court concludes that this exception does not apply.
4. Child’s Objection to Return
Respondent’s final argument is that the Child objects to being returned to Argentina, and she is of an age and maturity level at which it is appropriate for the Court to take account of her views. The Court met with the Child in chambers with counsel for Petitioner and Respondent present. The Child informed the Court that she was ten (10) years of age and would soon be eleven (11) on August 25, 2004. The Child acknowledged knowing the difference between right and wrong. Further, the Child recognized the importance of telling the truth and explained potential ramifications of not telling the truth. When asked whether she would tell the truth about the matters at issue, the Child affirmatively responded, “of course.” The Child demonstrated that she was articulate, intelligent, and mature. In addition, she provided generally credible testimony, although she appeared somewhat selective in her memories of Argentina. Notwithstanding this latter observation, the Court finds that it is appropriate for the Court to take account of her views.
Based on the Child’s testimony, the Court is convinced that the Child does not want to return to Argentina. The Child testified that she likes her school here in the United States and that she makes very good grades. She has made friends at school and enjoys playing with them. The Child likewise testified that she enjoys living with Respondent and that she believes the United States provides her better opportunities than Argentina. The Child expressed that she likes Respondent’s husband and thinks it is great that he walks her to the busstop every morning, goes with her to the mall, and takes her to the movies with his other daughter. The Child remembers very little about Argentina and believes that Petitioner only wants her returned to make Respondent mad and sad. The Child was very sad herself that Petitioner is seeking her return.
While the Court takes account of the Child’s views, the Court concludes that the Child’s views are not determinative in this case. Here, the Child has been in the United States with Respondent exclusively for over two (2) years. The Child only recently saw Petitioner on August 11, 2004, when Petitioner came to the United States for this evidentiary hearing. Naturally, the Child is now accustomed to the United States and has been influenced by Respondent’s preference for her to remain here. The Child appears to have internalized Respondent’s views about the possibility of being returned to Argentina and being around Petitioner. The Court does not wish to imply that the Child expressed no independent thoughts, but the testimony of the Child must be weighed and considered in its entirety. Thus, to the extent that Respondent has been successful in proving this exception, the Court nevertheless exercises its discretion to order return of the Child in furtherance of the aims of the Hague Convention. See Feder, 63 F.3d at 226 (citing Pub. Notice 957, 51 Fed.Reg. 10,494, 10,509 (1986)).
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Court ORDERS as follows:
1. The Courts GRANTS Petition for Return of Child to Petitioner [Doc. No. 1].
2. The Child, Macarena Sol Giampaolo, shall be RETURNED to Argentina within twenty (20) days of the date of this Order.
3. The Respondent may accompany the Child to Argentina.
4. Should Respondent prove unwilling to accompany the Child to Argentina, the Child shall be returned to Argentina with Petitioner.
5. The Child shall not be removed from the Northern District of Georgia pending her return to Argentina.
6. The passports of Respondent and the Child are to remain with the Clerk until Respondent proffers to the Court evidence that she has purchased a return ticket for the Child.
7. Once the Child is returned to Argentina, the parties’ rights are governed under their Agreement and Argentine law.
8. The Court understands that ICARA provides for the payment of attorney’s fees and costs. 42 U.S.C. § 11607(b)(3). Thus, Petitioner is ORDERED to file any motion for attorney’s fees and costs by August 30, 2004. Respondent shall have until September 7, 2004, to oppose said motion.
. The Court additionally notes that Petitioner denied the allegations made in the police report and likewise denied ever threatening to harm or harming Respondent or the Child.
. Petitioner apparently had use of a telephone at a neighbor's home, but Respondent contends that the neighbor eventually told her to stop calling the house.
. Depending on the specific exception or affirmative defense being invoked, the respondent must meet his or her burden either by clear and convincing evidence or by a preponderance of the evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(A)(B).
. "In ascertaining whether there has been a wrongful removal or retention within the meaning of Article 3, the judicial or administrative authorities of the requested State may take notice directly of the law of, and of judicial and administrative decisions, formally recognized or not in the State of the habitual residence of the child, without recourse to the specific procedures for the proof of that law or for the recognition of foreign decisions which would otherwise be applicable." Hague Convention, Art. 14.
. “The rights of custody may arise in particular by operation of law or by reason of a judicial or administrative decision, or by reason of an agreement having legal effect under the law of that State.” Hague Convention, Art. 3.
. Pursuant to the Hague Convention, “A Contracting State shall designate a Central Authority to discharge the duties which are imposed by the Convention upon such authorities.” Hague Convention, Art. 6.
. The Court notes that both letters contain legal conclusions about the particular rights of Petitioner and Respondent. However, the Court relies on these letters only for the general information that they provide about Argentine law and legal terms Applying the Argentine law (as explained by the Central Authority) to the facts in this case, the Court reaches its own legal conclusions.
. By way of background regarding patria potestas generally, one of our sister courts explained
The notion of patria potestas predates the modern conception of custody rights, as distinguished from rights of access. The conception has its roots in Roman law and it specifically referred to paternal power. A father's children were viewed as his chattel. The father’s rights in his children went beyond mere rights of custody, as presently conceived, to encompass something akin to ownership Indeed, the definition that appears in Black's Law Dictionary underscores the paternal origins of patria potes-tas. It defines it as follows ”[t]he authority held by the male head of a family over his children and further descendants in the male line, unless emancipated.”
From Roman times, it appears that the conception of patria potestas, as an operative legal conception, took diverging paths in the common law and civil law legal traditions. In the common law legal tradition, patria potestas was eroded by the emergence of the conception of parens patriae in the Chancery Courts of England Beginning with the conception of parens patriae, courts began to move from the paternalistic view of children as chattel to the more utilitarian notion that children are potential citizens that deserve the state’s protection. In contrast, the notion of patria potestas seems to have survived in many of the world's civil law nations and evolved into a generalized parental right that now includes such duties as support and affection.
See Lalo v. Malea, 318 F.Supp.2d 1152, 1154— 55 (S.D.Fla.2004) (citations and footnotes omitted).
. Petitioner testified that he did work with his family's business and that he received from $2,000 to $3,000 pesos per month.
. This information was shared by the Child when she testified in the Court's chambers. This testimony will be discussed more fully infra.
. The parties dispute the length of time that Respondent and the Child stayed at Respondent's brother’s house upon arriving in the United States. The Respondent's brother, who testified as a witness for Petitioner, stated that Respondent and the Child lived at his house from three (3) weeks to a month. Respondent, on the other hand, acknowledges staying there only two (2) to three (3) days and does not believe their stay there should qualify as living there.
. Petitioner was not asked at the evidentiary hearing and did not state whether she had submitted an application for the Child to become a United States citizen.
. Respondent’s husband testified that he was dating Respondent at the time he violated the Georgia Family Violence Act, but the act of violence was with respect to his ex-wife, not Respondent.
| CASELAW |
Built in 1767, the Presidential Mansion was a three-and-a-half-story brick house on the south side of Market Street. President George Washington used this home as the second Executive Mansion during his presidency, as did President John Adams.
President Washington and his wife lived in the Presidential Mansion from 1790 to 1797 along with nine enslaved people. These individuals, whose names were Moll, Christopher Sheets, Hercules, Richmond, Ona Judge, Austin, Giles, Paris, and Joe, were among the more than three hundred who were enslaved on the Washington’s farm in Virginia.
While in Philadelphia, Ona Judge self-emancipated from the mansion, aided by the free black community in Philadelphia. George and Martha Washington refused to grant Judge her freedom and pursued her throughout her lifetime.
The foundations of the Presidential Mansion were uncovered in 2000, and a memorial to mark its site and history opened in 2010. Included in the commemoration are the people enslaved by the Washingtons and the African American community (both free and enslaved) of Philadelphia. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Erebidae
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Erebidae
Gynaephora selenitica MHNT.CUT.2012.0.356 mont Rachais Male dos.jpg
Gynaephora selenitica
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Erebidae
Leach, [1815]
The Erebidae are a family of moths in the Noctuoidea superfamily. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings (Catocala); litter moths (Herminiinae); tiger, lichen, and wasp moths (Arctiinae); tussock moths (Lymantriinae); piercing moths (Calpinae and others); micronoctuoid moths (Micronoctuini); snout moths (Hypeninae); and zales (Zale), though many of these common names can also refer to moths outside the Erebidae (for example, crambid snout moths). Some of the erebid moths are called owlets.
The sizes of the adults range from among the largest of all moths (>5 in wingspan in the Black Witch) to the smallest of the macromoths (0.25 in wingspan in some of the Micronoctuini). The coloration of the adults spans the full range of dull, drab, and camouflaged (e.g., zales and litter moths) to vivid, contrasting, and colorful (e.g., Aganainae and tiger moths). The moths are found on all continents besides Antarctica.
Subfamilies[edit]
Classification[edit]
Among the Noctuoidea, the Erebidae can be broadly defined by the wing characteristics of the adults with support from phylogenetic studies. The cubital forewing vein, which runs outward from the base of a wing to the outer margin, splits into two (bifid), three (trifid), or four (quadrifid) veins from the wikt:medial area to the outer margin. These split veins are named M2, M3, CuA1, and CuA2 in order toward the inner margin. A trifid forewing has either a reduced or vestigial M2 vein or the M2 vein does not connect to the cubital veins, while M2 is as thick as M3 and connects or nearly connects to M3 in a quadrifid forewing. The same splitting of the hindwing cubital vein has analogous terms bifine, trifine, and quadrifine. The Erebidae typically have quadrifid forewings and quadrifine hindwings, though the Micronoctuini are exceptional with their bifine hindwings. Among the related families, most Erebidae are quadrifid moths like the Euteliidae, Nolidae, and Noctuidae and unlike the trifid Oenosandridae and Notodontidae. And among the quadrifid moths, the Erebidae have quadrifine hindwings like the typical Nolidae and Euteliidae and unlike the typical Noctuidae.[1][2][3]
Phylogenetic studies in the present century have helped to clarify the relationships between the structurally diverse lineages within the Noctuoidea and within the Erebidae. Morphological studies had led to a classification in which the monophyletic Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Micronoctuini were treated as families, and the other erebid lineages were largely grouped within the Noctuidae. Recent studies combining genetic characteristics with the morphological ones revealed that the former Noctuidae were paraphyletic, and some of the lineages within the Noctuidae were more closely related to the Arctiinae, Lymantriinae, and Micronoctuini families than to the other lineages within the Noctuidae.
The determination of these phylogenetic relationships has led to the present classification scheme in which several clades were rearranged while kept mostly intact and others were split apart. The Erebidae are one monophyletic family among six in the Noctuoidea. A more strictly defined Noctuidae family is also monophyletic, but the family lacks the quadrifine moths now placed as part of the Erebidae. Some subfamilies of the Noctuidae, such as the Herminiinae, were moved as a whole to Erebidae. Other subfamilies, including the Acontiinae and Calpinae, were each split apart. The Arctiinae became an erebid subfamily placed next to the closely related Herminiinae. The Lymantriinae became another erebid subfamily placed near the Pangraptinae. The rank of the Micronoctuini was changed from family to tribe to include the clade as a lineage within the Hypenodinae. The Erebidae are currently divided into 18 subfamilies, some of which are strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis and may persist through further study, while others are weakly supported and may be redefined again.
References[edit]
1. ^ Zahiri, Reza; et al. (2011). "Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)". Systematic Entomology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x.
2. ^ Lafontaine, Donald; Schmidt, Christian (19 Mar 2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". Zookeys 40: 26. doi:10.3897/zookeys.40.414.
3. ^ Zahiri, Reza; et. al (2013). "Relationships among the basal lineages of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) based on eight gene regions". Zoologica Scripta 42. doi:10.1111/zsc.12022.
External links[edit] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Paulette Gross, Jeremy Posner
Rabbi Paulette Robin Gross, a daughter of Betty R. Gross and James E. Gross of Watertown, N.Y., is to be married today to Jeremy Michael Posner, a son of Dr. Terry Ann Krulwich and S. Paul Posner of New York. Rabbi David H. Lincoln is to perform the ceremony in New York. The bride, 30, will be known as Rabbi Paulette Posner. She is the assistant rabbi at Park Avenue Synagogue. The bride graduated from Brandeis. She received a master's degree in education and her ordination from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York. Her parents own Berow & Monroe Shoes, a store in Watertown, N.Y. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Swift Q & A
How do I use generics in Swift?
Generics in Swift are a powerful feature that allows you to write flexible and reusable code by defining functions, methods, and data structures that can work with a variety of types. Generics enable you to write code that is type-agnostic while maintaining type safety. Here’s how you can use generics in Swift:
1. Defining a Generic Function or Method:
To create a generic function or method, you use angle brackets (<>) followed by a placeholder type name inside your function signature. This placeholder type can represent any data type and is typically named with a descriptive identifier. For example:
```swift
func swapValues<T>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) {
let temp = a
a = b
b = temp
}
```
In this example, ‘T’ is a generic type parameter that represents the type of values you want to swap.
1. Using Generic Types:
You can use the generic function or method with various data types, and Swift will infer the appropriate type based on the arguments you provide:
```swift
var x = 5
var y = 10
swapValues(&x, &y) // Swaps the values of 'x' and 'y'
var name1 = "Alice"
var name2 = "Bob"
swapValues(&name1, &name2) // Swaps the values of 'name1' and 'name2'
```
1. Generic Data Structures:
You can also create generic data structures like arrays, dictionaries, and stacks. Swift’s standard library provides generic collections that can work with any data type:
```swift
var intArray: [Int] = [1, 2, 3]
var stringArray: [String] = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
```
1. Type Constraints:
Sometimes, you may want to impose constraints on generic types to ensure they conform to specific protocols or have certain capabilities. Swift allows you to specify type constraints using the ‘where’ clause:
```swift
func processElements<T: Equatable>(_ elements: [T], target: T) -> [T] where T: Comparable {
return elements.filter { $0 > target }
}
```
In this example, the ‘T’ type must conform to both ‘Equatable’ and ‘Comparable’ protocols.
Generics are a fundamental aspect of Swift’s type system that promotes code reusability and type safety. They allow you to write flexible and efficient code that can work with various data types without sacrificing compile-time type checking. Generics are widely used in Swift for building generic algorithms, data structures, and functions, making your code more versatile and adaptable.
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Experienced iOS Engineer with 7+ years mastering Swift. Created fintech solutions, enhanced biopharma apps, and transformed retail experiences. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Paid Notice: Deaths ROSENBERG, JULIUS, M.D.
ROSENBERG--Julius, M.D. Age 88. Died peacefully at home in Palm Beach on November 17, 2003. His loving wife, Cathy, was at his side as always during these last difficult weeks and through the many years of joy they shared. Born in NYC, July 13, 1915, he graduated from New York University in 1936. He received his medical degree from New York University School of Medicine in 1940. He entered the US Navy in 1942 and was most proud of the year spent as a Medical Officer on Guadalcanal receiving two Battle Stars. He remained on Active Duty upon returning from the Pacific being promoted to Lt. Commander. He practiced medicine in Brooklyn, NY and was on the teaching faculty at Downstate Medical Center. He received Board Certification in Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology and was proud to be a Fellow of the American College of Physicians as well as a Fellow of the American College of Gastroenterology. In 1971, he moved to Florida, practicing medicine in West Palm Beach until his retirement in 1988. Dr. Rosenberg was predeceased by his first wife and the mother of his sons, Natalie. He is survived by his loving wife, Cathy, sons, Dr. Robert Rosenberg, and Dr. Mark Rosenberg, his wife Susan, and grandchildren, Stacey, Jed, Josh, Courtney and close friend, Bob Spray. Family, friends, patients and colleagues will remember him for his compassion, intellect, humor and love of sports. His family has requested in lieu of flowers, donations be made to Hospice of Palm Beach County, 5300 East Ave., West Palm Beach, FL 33407. Friends will be received at 9:30 A.M. on Thursday, November 20, 2003 at Quattlebaum Funeral Home, 1201 S. Olive Ave., West Palm Beach, FL 33401, with services beginning at 10:00 A.M. Interment will follow at Lake Worth Memory Gardens Cemetery. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Agnes Denes
External links modified
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130803215621/http://agnesdenesstudio.com/WORKSAustraliaForest.html to http://www.agnesdenesstudio.com/WORKSAustraliaForest.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100459/http://agnesdenesstudio.com/WORKSNWP.html to http://www.agnesdenesstudio.com/WORKSNWP.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130620124926/http://agnesdenesstudio.com/WORKS4.html to http://www.agnesdenesstudio.com/WORKS4.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130117172405/http://arts.mit.edu/va/roster/ to http://arts.mit.edu/va/roster/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 01:51, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
Citation 2 Irrelevant?
The article linked to in citation 2 seems, although about Agnes Denes in general, to bear no relation to the actual statement on the page is seems to be meant to corroborate. Can who(m)ever is responsible for this either amend or point out its relation? HectorHawkins (talk) 23:57, 30 December 2019 (UTC)
* do you mean the New York Times profile? It matches perfectly with the claims in the lede, but perhaps you meant another use in the article?ThatMontrealIP (talk) 00:06, 31 December 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
vêşi
Adjective
* 1) much, many
* des serran ra vêşi yo kı ma amey tiya. - It has been more than ten years since he/she has moved here.
Adverb
* 1) too | WIKI |
Wangarĩ Maathai
Wangarĩ Muta Maathai (1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan social, environmental, and political activist who founded the Green Belt Movement, an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights. In 2004 she became the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
As a beneficiary of the Kennedy Airlift, she studied in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree from Mount St. Scholastica and a master's degree from the University of Pittsburgh. She went on to become the first woman in East and Central Africa to become a Doctor of Philosophy, receiving her Ph.D. from the University of Nairobi in Kenya. In 1984, she got the Right Livelihood Award for "converting the Kenyan ecological debate into mass action for reforestation." Wangari Maathai was an elected member of the Parliament of Kenya and, between January 2003 and November 2005, served as Assistant Minister for Environment and Natural Resources in the government of President Mwai Kibaki. She was an Honorary Councillor of the World Future Council. As an academic and the author of several books, Maathai was not only an activist but also an intellectual who has made significant contributions to thinking about ecology, development, gender, and African cultures and religions.
Maathai died of complications from ovarian cancer on 25 September 2011.
Early life and education
Maathai was born on 1 April 1940 in the village of Ihithe, Nyeri District, in the central highlands of the colony of Kenya. Her family was Kikuyu, the most populous ethnic group in Kenya, and had lived in the area for several generations. Around 1943, Maathai's family relocated to a white-owned farm in the Rift Valley, near Nakuru, where her father had found work. Late in 1947, she returned to Ihithe with her mother, as two of her brothers were attending primary school in the village, and there was no schooling available on the farm where her father worked. Her father remained at the farm. Shortly afterward, at the age of eight years, she joined her brothers at Ihithe Primary School.
At 11 years, Maathai moved to St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School, a boarding school at the Mathari Catholic Mission in Nyeri. Maathai studied at St. Cecilia's for four years. During this time, she became fluent in English and converted to Catholicism. She was involved with the Legion of Mary, whose members attempted "to serve God by serving fellow human beings." Studying at St. Cecilia's, she was sheltered from the ongoing Mau Mau uprising, which forced her mother to move from their homestead to an emergency village in Ihithe. When she completed her studies there in 1956, she was rated first in her class, and was granted admission to the only Catholic high school for girls in Kenya, Loreto High School in Limuru.
As the end of East African colonialism approached, Kenyan politicians, such as Tom Mboya, were proposing ways to make education in Western nations available to promising students. John F. Kennedy, then a United States senator, agreed to fund such a program through the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, initiating what became known as the Kennedy Airlift or Airlift Africa. Maathai became one of some 300 Kenyans selected to study in the United States in September 1960.
She received a scholarship to study at Mount St. Scholastica College (now Benedictine College), in Atchison, Kansas, where she majored in biology, with minors in chemistry and German. After receiving her Bachelor of Science degree in 1964, she studied at the University of Pittsburgh for a master's degree in biology. Her graduate studies there were funded by the Africa-America Institute, and during her time in Pittsburgh, she first experienced environmental restoration, when local environmentalists pushed to rid the city of air pollution. In January 1966, Maathai received her MSc in biological sciences, and was appointed to a position as research assistant to a professor of zoology at University College of Nairobi.
Upon returning to Kenya, Maathai dropped her forename, preferring to be known by her birth name, Wangarĩ Muta. When she arrived at the university to start her new job, she was informed that it had been given to someone else. Maathai believed this was because of gender and tribal bias. After a two-month job search, Professor Reinhold Hofmann, from the University of Giessen in Germany, offered her a job as a research assistant in the microanatomy section of the newly established Department of Veterinary Anatomy in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University College of Nairobi. In April 1966, she met Mwangi Mathai, another Kenyan who had studied in America, who would later become her husband. She also rented a small shop in the city and established a general store, at which her sisters worked. In 1967, at the urging of Professor Hofmann, she travelled to the University of Giessen in Germany in pursuit of a doctorate. She studied both at Giessen and the University of Munich.
In the spring of 1969, she returned to Nairobi to continue her studies at the University College of Nairobi as an assistant lecturer. In May, she and Mwangi Mathai married. Later that year, she became pregnant with her first child, and her husband campaigned for a seat in Parliament, narrowly losing. During the election, Tom Mboya, who had been instrumental in founding the program which sent her overseas, was assassinated. This led to President Kenyatta effectually ending multi-party democracy in Kenya. Shortly after, her first son, Waweru, was born. In 1971, she became the first Eastern African woman to receive a Ph.D., her doctorate in veterinary anatomy, from the University College of Nairobi, which became the University of Nairobi the following year. She completed her dissertation on the development and differentiation of gonads in bovines. Her daughter, Wanjira, was born in December 1971.
1972–1977: Start of activism
Maathai continued to teach at Nairobi, becoming a senior lecturer in anatomy in 1975, chair of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy in 1976, and associate professor in 1977. She was the first woman in Nairobi appointed to any of these positions. During this time, she campaigned for equal benefits for the women working on the staff of the university, going so far as trying to turn the academic staff association of the university into a union, to negotiate for benefits. The courts denied this bid, but many of her demands for equal benefits were later met. In addition to her work at the University of Nairobi, Maathai became involved in several civic organisations in the early 1970s. She was a member of the Nairobi branch of the Kenya Red Cross Society, becoming its director in 1973. She was a member of the Kenya Association of University Women. Following the establishment of the Environment Liaison Centre in 1974, Maathai was asked to be a member of the local board, eventually becoming board chair. The Environment Liaison Centre worked to promote the participation of non-governmental organisations in the work of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), whose headquarters was established in Nairobi following the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972. Maathai also joined the National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK). Through her work at these various volunteer associations, it became evident to Maathai that the root of most of Kenya's problems was environmental degradation.
In 1974, Maathai's family expanded to include her third child, son Muta. Her husband campaigned again for a seat in Parliament, hoping to represent the Lang'ata constituency, and won. During his campaign, he had promised to find jobs to limit the rising unemployment in Kenya. These promises led Maathai to connect her ideas of environmental restoration to providing jobs for the unemployed and led to the founding of Envirocare Ltd., a business that involved the planting of trees to conserve the environment, involving ordinary people in the process. This led to the planting of her first tree nursery, collocated with a government tree nursery in Karura Forest. Envirocare ran into multiple problems, primarily dealing with funding, and ultimately failed. However, through conversations concerning Envirocare and her work at the Environment Liaison Centre, UNEP made it possible to send Maathai to the first UN conference on human settlements, known as Habitat I, in June 1976.
In 1977, Maathai spoke to the NCWK concerning her attendance at Habitat I. She proposed further tree planting, which the council supported. On 5 June 1977, marking World Environment Day, the NCWK marched in a procession from Kenyatta International Conference Centre in downtown Nairobi to Kamukunji Park on the outskirts of the city, where they planted seven trees in honour of historical community leaders. This was the first event of the Green Belt Movement. Maathai encouraged the women of Kenya to plant tree nurseries throughout the country, searching nearby forests for seeds to grow trees native to the area. She agreed to pay the women a small stipend for each seedling which was later planted elsewhere.
In her 2010 book, Replenishing the Earth: Spiritual Values for Healing Ourselves and the World, she discussed the impact of the Green Belt Movement, explaining that the group's civic and environmental seminars stressed "the importance of communities taking responsibility for their actions and mobilizing to address their local needs," and adding, "We all need to work hard to make a difference in our neighborhoods, regions, and countries, and in the world as a whole. That means making sure we work hard, collaborate, and make ourselves better agents to change." In this book, she explicitly engages with religious traditions, including the indigenous Kikuyu religion and Christianity, mobilizing them as resources for environmental thinking and activism.
1977–1979: Personal problems
Maathai and her husband, Mwangi Mathai, separated in 1977. After a lengthy separation, Mwangi filed for divorce in 1979. He was said to have believed that Wangari was "too strong-minded for a woman" and that he was "unable to control her". In addition to naming her as "cruel" in court filings, he publicly accused her of adultery with another Member of Parliament, which in turn was thought to cause his high blood pressure and the judge ruled in Mwangi's favour. Shortly after the trial, in an interview with Viva magazine, Maathai referred to the judge as either incompetent or corrupt. The interview later led the judge to charge Maathai with contempt of court. She was found guilty and sentenced to six months in jail. After three days in Lang'ata Women's Prison in Nairobi, her lawyer formulated a statement that the court found sufficient for her release. Shortly after the divorce, her former husband sent a letter via his lawyer demanding that Maathai drop his surname. She chose to add an extra "a" instead of changing her name.
The divorce had been costly, and with lawyers' fees and the loss of her husband's income, Maathai found it difficult to provide for herself and their children on her university wages. An opportunity arose to work for the Economic Commission for Africa through the United Nations Development Programme. As this job required extended travel throughout Africa and was based primarily in Lusaka, Zambia, she was unable to bring her children with her. Maathai chose to send them to her ex-husband and take the job. While she visited them regularly, they lived with their father until 1985.
1979–1982: Political problems
In 1979, shortly after the divorce, Maathai ran for the position of chairperson of the National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK), an umbrella organisation consisting of many women's organisations in the country. The newly-elected President of Kenya, Daniel arap Moi, tried to limit the amount of influence those of the Kikuyu ethnicity held in the country, including in volunteer civic organisations such as the NCWK. She lost this election by three votes, but was overwhelmingly chosen to be the vice-chairman of the organisation. The following year, Maathai again ran for chairman of the NCWK. Again she was opposed, she believes, by the government. When it became apparent that Maathai was going to win the election, Maendeleo Ya Wanawake, a member organisation which represented a majority of Kenya's rural women and whose leader was close to Arap Moi, withdrew from the NCWK. Maathai was then elected chairman of the NCWK unopposed. However, Maendeleo Ya Wanawake came to receive a majority of the financial support for women's programs in the country, and NCWK was left virtually bankrupt. Future funding was much more difficult to come by, but the NCWK survived by increasing its focus on the environment and making its presence and work known. Maathai continued to be reelected to serve as chairman of the organization every year until she retired from the position in 1987.
In 1982, the Parliamentary seat representing her home region of Nyeri was open, and Maathai decided to campaign for the seat. As required by law, she resigned from her position with the University of Nairobi to campaign for office. The courts decided that she was ineligible to run for office because she had not re-registered to vote in the last presidential election in 1979. Maathai believed this to be false and illegal, and brought the matter to court. The court was to meet at nine in the morning, and if she received a favorable ruling, was required to present her candidacy papers in Nyeri by three in the afternoon that day. The judge disqualified her from running on a technicality: as before, they claimed she should have re-registered to vote. When she requested her job back, she was denied. As she lived in university housing and was no longer a staff member, she was evicted.
Green Belt Movement
Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977 in response to the environmental concerns raised by rural Kenyan women. She moved into a small home she had purchased years before, and focused on the NCWK before becoming employed again. In the course of her work through the NCWK, she had the opportunity to partner with the executive director of the Norwegian Forestry Society, Wilhelm Elsrud. Maathai became the coordinator. Along with the partnership with the Norwegian Forestry Society, the movement had also received "seed money" from the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Women. These funds allowed for the expansion of the movement, for hiring additional employees to oversee the operations, and for continuing to pay a small stipend to the women who planted seedlings throughout the country. It allowed her to refine the operations of the movement, paying a small stipend to the women's husbands and sons who were literate and able to keep accurate records of seedlings planted.
The UN held the third global women's conference in Nairobi. During the conference, Maathai arranged seminars and presentations to describe the work the Green Belt Movement was doing in Kenya. She escorted delegates to see nurseries and plant trees. She met Peggy Snyder, the head of UNIFEM, and Helvi Sipilä, the first woman appointed a UN assistant secretary general. The conference helped to expand funding for the Green Belt Movement and led to the movement's establishing itself outside Kenya. In 1986, with funding from UNEP, the movement expanded throughout Africa and led to the foundation of the Pan-African Green Belt Network. Forty-five representatives from fifteen African countries travelled to Kenya over the next three years to learn how to set up similar programs in their own countries to combat desertification, deforestation, water crises, and rural hunger. The attention the movement received in the media led to Maathai's being honored with numerous awards. The government of Kenya, however, demanded that the Green Belt Movement separate from the NCWK, believing the latter should focus solely on women's issues, not the environment. Therefore, in 1987, Maathai stepped down as chairperson of the NCWK and focused on the newly separate non-governmental organisation.
Government intervention
In the latter half of the 1980s, the Kenyan government came down against Maathai and the Green Belt Movement. The single-party regime opposed many of the movement's positions regarding democratic rights. The government invoked a colonial-era law prohibiting groups of more than nine people from meeting without a government license. In 1988, the Green Belt Movement carried out pro-democracy activities such as registering voters for the election and pressing for constitutional reform and freedom of expression. The government carried out electoral fraud in the elections to maintain power, according to Maathai.
In October 1989, Maathai learned of a plan to construct the 60-storey Kenya Times Media Trust Complex in Uhuru Park. The complex was intended to house the headquarters of KANU, the Kenya Times newspaper, a trading center, offices, an auditorium, galleries, shopping malls, and parking spaces for 2,000 cars. The plan also included a large statue of President Daniel Arap Moi. Maathai wrote many letters in protest to, among others, the Kenya Times, the Office of the President, the Nairobi city commission, the provincial commissioner, the minister for environment and natural resources, the executive directors of UNEP and the Environment Liaison Centre International, the executive director of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the ministry of public works, and the permanent secretary in the department of international security and administration all received letters. She wrote to Sir John Johnson, the British high commissioner in Nairobi, urging him to intervene with Robert Maxwell, a major shareholder in the project, equating the construction of a tower in Uhuru Park to such construction in Hyde Park or Central Park and maintaining that it could not be tolerated.
The government refused to respond to her inquiries and protests, instead responding through the media that Maathai was "a crazy woman"; that denying the project in Uhuru Park would take more than a small portion of public parkland; and proclaiming the project as a "fine and magnificent work of architecture" opposed by only the "ignorant few". On 8 November 1989, Parliament expressed outrage at Maathai's actions, complaining of her letters to foreign organisations and calling the Green Belt Movement a bogus organisation and its members "a bunch of divorcees". They suggested that if Maathai was so comfortable writing to Europeans, perhaps she should go live in Europe.
Despite Maathai's protests, as well as popular protest growing throughout the city, the ground was broken at Uhuru Park for construction of the complex on 15 November 1989. Maathai sought an injunction in the Kenya High Court to halt construction, but the case was thrown out on 11 December. In his first public comments peonhe project, President Daniel Arap Moi stated that those who opposed the project had "insects in their heads". On 12 December, in Uhuru Park, during a speech celebrating independence from the British, President Moi suggested Maathai be a proper woman in the African tradition and respect men and be quiet. She was forced by the government to vacate her office, and the Green Belt Movement was moved into her home. The government audited the Green Belt Movement in an apparent attempt to shut it down. Despite the government's efforts, her protests and the media coverage the government's response garnered led foreign investors to cancel the project in January 1990.
In January 1992, it came to the attention of Maathai and other pro-democracy activists that a list of people were targeted for assassination and that a government-sponsored coup was possible. Maathai's name was on the list. The pro-democracy group, known as the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), presented its information to the media, calling for a general election. Later that day, Maathai received a warning that one of their members had been arrested. Maathai decided to barricade herself in her home. Shortly thereafter, police arrived and surrounded the house. She was besieged for three days before police cut through the bars she had installed on her windows, came in, and arrested her. She and the other pro-democracy activists who had been arrested were charged with spreading malicious rumors, sedition, and treason. After a day and a half in jail, they were brought to a hearing and released on bail. A variety of international organisations and eight senators (including Al Gore and Edward M. Kennedy) put pressure on the Kenyan government to substantiate the charges against the pro-democracy activists or risk damaging relations with the United States. In November 1992, the Kenyan government dropped the charges.
On 28 February 1992, while released on bail, Maathai and others took part in a hunger strike in a corner of Uhuru Park, which they labeled Freedom Corner, to pressure the government to release political prisoners. After four days of hunger strike, on 3 March 1992, the police forcibly removed the protesters. Maathai and three others were knocked unconscious by police and hospitalized. President Daniel arap Moi called her "a mad woman" and "a threat to the order and security of the country". The attack drew international criticism. The US State Department said it was "deeply concerned" by the violence and by the forcible removal of the hunger strikers. When the prisoners were not released, the protesters – mostly mothers of those in prison – moved their protest to All Saints Cathedral, the seat of the Anglican Archbishop in Kenya, across from Uhuru Park. The protest there continued, with Maathai contributing frequently, until early 1993 when the prisoners were finally released.
During this time, Maathai was recognized with various awards internationally, but the Kenyan government did not appreciate her work. In 1991 she received the Goldman Environmental Prize in San Francisco and the Hunger Project's Africa Prize for Leadership in London. CNN aired a three-minute segment about the Goldman prize, but when it aired in Kenya, that segment was cut out. In June 1992, during the long protest at Uhuru Park, both Maathai and President arap Moi travelled to Rio de Janeiro for the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit). The Kenyan government accused Maathai of inciting women and encouraging them to strip at Freedom Corner, urging that she not be allowed to speak at the summit. Despite this, Maathai was chosen to be a chief spokesperson at the summit.
Push for democracy
During the first multi-party election of Kenya, in 1992, Maathai strove to unite the opposition and for fair elections in Kenya. The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) had fractured into FORD-Kenya (led by Oginga Odinga) and FORD-Asili (led by Kenneth Matiba); former vice president Mwai Kibaki had left the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) party, and formed the Democratic Party. Maathai and many others believed such a fractured opposition would lead to KANU's retaining control of the country, so they formed the Middle Ground Group in an effort to unite the opposition. Maathai was chosen to serve as its chairperson. Also during the election, Maathai and like-minded opposition members formed the Movement for Free and Fair Elections. Despite their efforts, the opposition did not unite, and the ruling KANU party used intimidation and state-held media to win the election, retaining control of parliament.
The following year, ethnic clashes occurred throughout Kenya. Maathai believed they were incited by the government, who had warned of stark consequences to multi-party democracy. Maathai travelled with friends and the press to areas of violence in order to encourage them to cease fighting. With the Green Belt Movement she planted "trees of peace", but before long her actions were opposed by the government. The conflict areas were labeled as "no go zones", and in February 1993 the president claimed that Maathai had masterminded a distribution of leaflets inciting Kikuyus to attack Kalenjins. After her friend and supporter Dr. Makanga was kidnapped, Maathai chose to go into hiding. While in hiding, Maathai was invited to a meeting in Tokyo of the Green Cross International, an environmental organisation recently founded by former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. When Maathai responded that she could not attend as she did not believe the government would allow her to leave the country and she was in hiding, Gorbachev pressured the government of Kenya to allow her to travel freely. President arap Moi denied limiting her travel, and she was allowed to leave the country, although too late for the meeting in Tokyo. Maathai was again recognized internationally, and she flew to Scotland to receive the Edinburgh Medal in April 1993. In May she went to Chicago to receive the Jane Addams International Women's Leadership Award, and in June she attended the UN's World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna.
During the elections of 1997, Maathai again wished to unite the opposition in order to defeat the ruling party. In November, less than two months before the election, she decided to run for parliament and for president as a candidate of the Liberal Party. Her intentions were widely questioned in the press; many believed she should simply stick to running the Green Belt Movement and stay out of politics. On the day of the election, a rumour that Maathai had withdrawn from the election and endorsed another candidate was printed in the media. Maathai garnered few votes and lost the election.
In the summer of 1998, Maathai learned of a government plan to privatize large areas of public land in the Karura Forest, just outside Nairobi, and give it to political supporters. Maathai protested this through letters to the government and the press. She went with the Green Belt Movement to Karura Forest, planting trees and protesting the destruction of the forest. On 8 January 1999, a group of protesters including Maathai, six opposition MPs, journalists, international observers, and Green Belt members and supporters returned to the forest to plant a tree in protest. The entry to the forest was guarded by a large group of men. When she tried to plant a tree in an area that had been designated to be cleared for a golf course, the group was attacked. Many of the protesters were injured, including Maathai, four MPs, some of the journalists, and German environmentalists. When she reported the attack to the police, they refused to return with her to the forest to arrest her attackers. However, the attack had been filmed by Maathai's supporters, and the event provoked international outrage. Student protests broke out throughout Nairobi, and some of these groups were violently broken up by the police. Protests continued until 16 August 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land.
In 2001, the government again planned to take public forest land and give it to its supporters. While protesting this and collecting petition signatures on 7 March 2001, in Wang'uru village near Mount Kenya, Maathai was again arrested. The following day, following international and popular protest at her arrest, she was released without being charged. On 7 July 2001, shortly after planting trees at Freedom Corner in Uhuru Park in Nairobi to commemorate Saba Saba Day, Maathai was again arrested. Later that evening, she was again released without being charged. In January 2002, Maathai returned to teaching as the Dorothy McCluskey Visiting Fellow for Conservation at the Yale University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. She remained there until June 2002, teaching a course on sustainable development focused on the work of the Green Belt Movement.
Election to parliament
Upon her return to Kenya, Maathai again campaigned for parliament in the 2002 elections, this time as a candidate of the National Rainbow Coalition, the umbrella organisation which finally united the opposition. On 27 December 2002, the Rainbow Coalition defeated the ruling party Kenya African National Union, and in Tetu Constituency Maathai won with an overwhelming 98% of the vote. In January 2003, she was appointed Assistant Minister in the Ministry for Environment and Natural Resources and served in that capacity until November 2005. She founded the Mazingira Green Party of Kenya in 2003 to allow candidates to run on a platform of conservation as embodied by the Green Belt Movement. It is a member of the Federation of Green Parties of Africa and the Global Greens.
2004 Nobel Peace Prize
Wangarĩ Maathai was awarded the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for her "contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace." Maathai was the first African woman to win the prestigious award. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Between 1901 and 2018, only 52 Nobel Prize awards were given to women, while 852 Nobel Prize awards have been given to men. Through her significant efforts, Wangari Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Peace Prize.
"Maathai stood up courageously against the former oppressive regime in Kenya. Her unique forms of action have contributed to drawing attention to political oppression—nationally and internationally. She has served as inspiration for many in the fight for democratic rights and has especially encouraged women to better their situation."
AIDS conspiracy theory
Controversy arose when it was reported by Kenyan newspaper The Standard that Maathai had claimed HIV/AIDS was "deliberately created by Western scientists to decimate the African population." Maathai denied making the allegations, but The Standard has stood by its reports.
In a 2004 interview with Time magazine, in response to questions concerning that report, Maathai replied: "I have no idea who created AIDS and whether it is a biological agent or not. But I do know things like that don't come from the moon. I have always thought that it is important to tell people the truth, but I guess there is some truth that must not be too exposed," and when asked what she meant, she continued, "I'm referring to AIDS. I am sure people know where it came from. And I'm quite sure it did not come from the monkeys." In response she issued the following statement: "I have warned people against false beliefs and misinformation such as attributing this disease to a curse from God or believing that sleeping with a virgin cures the infection. These prevalent beliefs in my region have led to an upsurge in rape and violence against children. It is within this context, also complicated by the cultural and religious perspective, that I often speak. I have therefore been shocked by the ongoing debate generated by what I am purported to have said. It is therefore critical for me to state that I neither say nor believe that the virus was developed by white people or white powers in order to destroy the African people. Such views are wicked and destructive."
2005–2011: Later life
Following a trip to Japan in 2005, Maathai became an enthusiastic proponent of the waste-reduction philosophy of mottainai, a Japanese term of Buddhist origin. On 28 March 2005, Maathai was elected the first president of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council and was appointed a goodwill ambassador for an initiative aimed at protecting the Congo Basin Forest Ecosystem. In 2006, she was one of the eight flag-bearers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony. Also on 21 May 2006, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by and gave the commencement address at Connecticut College. She supported the International Year of Deserts and Desertification program. In November 2006, she spearheaded the United Nations Billion Tree Campaign. Maathai was one of the founders of the Nobel Women's Initiative along with sister Nobel Peace laureates Jody Williams, Shirin Ebadi, Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire. Six women representing North America and South America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace with justice and equality. It is the goal of the Nobel Women's Initiative to help strengthen work being done in support of women's rights around the world.
In August 2006, then United States Senator Barack Obama traveled to Kenya. His father was educated in America through the same program as Maathai. She and the Senator met and planted a tree together in Uhuru Park in Nairobi. Obama called for freedom of the press to be respected, saying, "Press freedom is like tending a garden; it continually has to be nurtured and cultivated. The citizenry has to value it because it's one of those things that can slip away if we're not vigilant." He deplored global ecological losses, singling out President George W. Bush's refusal to join the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its subsidiary, the Kyoto Protocol.
Maathai was defeated in the Party of National Unity's primary elections for its parliamentary candidates in November 2007 and chose to instead run as the candidate of a smaller party. She was defeated in the December 2007 parliamentary election. She called for a recount of votes in the presidential election (officially won by Mwai Kibaki, but disputed by the opposition) in her constituency, saying that both sides should feel the outcome was fair and that there were indications of fraud.
In 2009, she published "The Challenge for Africa" with her insights into the strengths and weaknesses of governance in Africa, her own experiences, and the centrality of environmental protection to Africa's future.
In June 2009, Maathai was named as one of PeaceByPeace.com's first peace heroes. Until her death in 2011, Maathai served on the Eminent Advisory Board of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa (AWEPA).
Wangarĩ Maathai died on 25 September 2011 of complications arising from ovarian cancer while receiving treatment at a Nairobi hospital.
Her remains were cremated and buried at the Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies in Nairobi.
Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award
In 2012, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests CPF, an international consortium of 14 organisations, secretariats and institutions working on international forest issues, launched the inaugural Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award.
Winners have included:
* 2012 – Narayan Kaji Shrestha, with an honourable mention to Kurshida Begum
* 2014 – Martha Isabel "Pati" Ruiz Corzo, with an honourable mention to Chut Wutty
* 2015 – Gertrude Kabusimbi Kenyangi
* 2017 – Maria Margarida Ribeiro da Silva, a Brazilian forestry activist
* 2019 – Léonidas Nzigiyimpa, a Burundian forestry activist
* 2022 – Cécile Ndjebet, a Cameroonian activist
Posthumous recognition
In 2012, Wangarĩ Gardens opened in Washington, DC. Wangarĩ Gardens is 2.7 acre community garden project for local residents which consists of over 55 garden allotments. This community garden honours the legacy of Wangarĩ Maathai and her mission for community engagement and environmental protection. The Wangarĩ Gardens consist of a community garden, youth garden, outdoor classroom, pollinator hive and public fruit tree orchard, vegetable garden, herb garden, berry garden and strawberry patch. Within the garden complex there are personal garden plots and public gardens. The personal plots are available to residents living within 1.5 miles of the community garden. Personal plot holders are required to contribute 1 hour monthly to the maintenance of the public gardens. The public gardens and orchard are maintained by plot holders and volunteers, and are open to everyone to enjoy and harvest. The Wangarĩ Gardens has no direct affiliation with the Green Belt Movement or the Wangarĩ Maathai Foundation but was inspired by Wangarĩ Maathai and her work and passion for the environment.
On 25 September 2013, the Wangarĩ Maathai Trees and Garden was dedicated on the lawn of the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning. The memorial includes two red maples symbolizing Maathai's "commitment to the environment, her founding of the Green Belt Movement, and her roots in Kenya and in Pittsburgh" and a flower garden planted in a circular shape that representing her "global vision and dedication to the women and children of the world" with an ornamental maple tree in the middle signifying "how one small seed can change the world".
On 1 April 2013, Google celebrated Wangari Maathai’s 73rd Birthday with a doodle.
In 2014, at what would have been her 50-year reunion, her Mount St. Scholastica classmates and Benedictine College unveiled a statue of the Nobel laureate at her alma mater's Atchison, Kansas campus. In 2019, with the renovation of the Westerman Hall of Science and Engineering, the college added a mural of Maathai and other scientists to the front entryway of the building.
In 2015, UNESCO published the graphic novel Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement as part of their UNESCO Series on Women in African History. As an artistic and visual interpretation intended for private or public use in classrooms, it tells the story of Maathai and the movement she started.
In October 2016, Forest Road in Nairobi was renamed to Wangarĩ Maathai Road for her efforts to oppose several attempts to degrade forests and public parks through the Green Belt Movement.
In September 2022, Washington, DC-based educational publisher, Science Naturally, included Dr. Maathai in their Women in Botany book in the Science Wide Open series for children. Brief excerpt:"'Dr. Wangari started the Green Belt Movement to change things. She taught women in Kenya how to grow trees from seeds, and the women were paid to plant trees all around the country.'"
Selected publications
* ; (1985)
* The bottom is heavy too: even with the Green Belt Movement : the Fifth Edinburgh Medal Address (1994)
* Bottle-necks of development in Africa (1995)
* The Canopy of Hope: My Life Campaigning for Africa, Women, and the Environment (2002)
* Unbowed: A Memoir (2006) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>333
* Reclaiming rights and resources women, poverty and environment (2007)
* Rainwater Harvesting (2008)
* State of the world's minorities 2008: events of 2007 (2008)
* ; (2009)
* Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril. (2010) chapter Nelson, Michael P. and Kathleen Dean Moore (eds.). Trinity University Press, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>665
* Replenishing the Earth (2010) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>142
Honours
* 1984: Right Livelihood Award
* 1986: Better World Society
* 1987: Global 500 Roll of Honour
* 1991: Goldman Environmental Prize
* 1991: The Hunger Project's Africa Prize for Leadership
* 1993: Edinburgh Medal (for "Outstanding contribution to Humanity through Science")
* 1993: Jane Addams Leadership Award
* 1993: Benedictine College Offeramus Medal
* 1994: The Golden Ark Award
* 2001: The Juliet Hollister Award
* 2003: Global Environment Award, World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations
* 2004: Conservation Scientist Award from Columbia University
* 2004: J. Sterling Morton Award
* 2004: Petra Kelly Prize
* 2004: Sophie Prize
* 2004: Nobel Peace Prize
* 2006: Légion d'honneur
* 2006: Doctor of Public Service (honorary degree), University of Pittsburgh
* 2007: World Citizenship Award
* 2007: Livingstone Medal from Royal Scottish Geographical Society
* 2007: Indira Gandhi Prize
* 2007: Cross of the Order of St. Benedict
* 2008: The Elizabeth Blackwell Award from Hobart and William Smith Colleges
* 2009: NAACP Image Award - Chairman's Award (with Al Gore)
* 2009: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan
* 2011: The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal awarded by Vanderbilt University
* 2013: Doctor of Science (honorary degree), Syracuse University, New York
* 2020: The Perfect World Award by The Perfect World Foundation | WIKI |
Citrix Storefront and HTML 5 Receiver using ALTADDR (not secure!)
Sep 26, 2013 11:54 · 320 words · 2 minute read
This article is just for reference and is not a recommended solution!
I needed to setup a quick and dirty solution to get some colleagues access to an application published using Citrix XenApp for the purpose of demonstrating performance.
The three key components were, XenApp server, StoreFront server and the HTML 5 receiver.
I unfortunately did not have the time or resources to setup and configured a Netscaler or Access Gateway (hence the quick and dirty approach).
I’ll stick a disclaimer at the top “This is in no way secure and I always recommend using a combination of Netscalers/Access Gateway and SSL certificates for any kind of public facing XenApp solution!”.
For the purpose of my “quick and dirty solution”, I’ve restricted access to a set of specific set of source IP addresses.
This also assume you have two public IP addresses assigned, one for the Storefront server and one for the XenApp server.
You’ll also need to configure firewall rules to allow inbound connections to the XenApp NAT using the WebSockets port configured within the XenApp policies. (default is 8008)
So, armed with NAT and a few configuration tweaks, I was able to publish my Citrix Storefront and allow my colleagues to access the published application using the Citrix HTML 5 receiver, here is how.
1. Enable Alternate Addressing on the storefront server…
a. Browse to the C:\InetPub\wwwroot\citrix\ folder.
b. Open the web.config file.
c. Find the “alternateAddress=”off” section and change it to “alternateAddress=”on”.
d. Save and close the file.
e. From the command prompt, run IISRESET
1. On the XenApp server, open up a command prompt and run.
a. ALTADDR /set nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn (where N is the public IP address that NATs to the private IP of the XenApp server)
b. Reboot the server.
c. Run ALTADDR /v to confirm the Alternate Address has taken.
1. Login to your storefront service, launch click on the application icon and he presto, the application launches. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- CDC Bankruptcy Plan to Give Holders as Much as $6.10 a Share
CDC Corp. (CDCAQ) , a China-based enterprise
software developer also known as Chinadotcom, won a judge’s
approval of a bankruptcy reorganization plan where shareholders
will get as much as $6.10 a share. The shares yesterday rose as much as 21 percent to $6 as of
3:52 p.m. New York time after opening at $4.95. Shares closed at
$5.44, up 49 cents. The cash for equity holders resulted from CDC’s sale of its
87 percent interest in CDC Software Corp. for $249.8 million to
Archipelago Holding, an affiliate of Vista Equity Holdings.
After paying a $65 million secured judgment claim and other
costs, CDC was left with a net of $172.8 million when the sale
was completed in April. Unsecured creditors with $2.9 million in claims were paid
in full and thus didn’t vote on the plan. Shareholders should expect to receive at least $5.01 a
share, according to the disclosure statement explaining the
plan. The stock price has ranged in the last three years from
$9.57 in April 2010 to 78 cents in December 2011. CDC’s petition listed assets at $377.4 million and debt of
$250.2 million. For the first half of 2011, revenue of $158.9
million resulted in a $17.8 million operating loss and a $23.9
million net loss. The case is In re CDC Corp., 11-79079, U.S. Bankruptcy
Court , Northern District of Georgia (Atlanta). To contact the reporter on this story:
Bill Rochelle in New York at
wrochelle@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
John Pickering at
jpickering@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Nebulizers Information
Nebulizer -- image credit wikimedia
Nebulizers aerosolize medications and deliver them as a mist to the lungs of a patient. It is a common means of drug delivery for individuals with respiratory illnesses.
Medical prescriptions and compounds that need to be applied to a patient's lungs are atomized by a nebulizer into an aerosol suspension. Droplets of the medication are less than 10 micrometers in diameter so they are comfortably inhaled by the patient to the lungs, not the mouth or throat. Applying medicine to the respiratory tract hastens its benefits and reduces side effects.
To use, a patient or care aide fills the nebulizer reservoir or cup with the correct dosage. Atomization is completed by manual power, a compressor, a piezoelectric element, or ultrasonic mechanisms. The patient is connected to the nebulizer with a mouthpiece or facemask that may be on an extension hose. The patient slowly takes deep breathes through the machine, which supplies the medicated aerosol in ambient gas, often for 5-25 minutes.
Analytical nebulizers are lab instruments that deliver aerosols to spectrometric elemental analysis.
Types
Soft mist inhaler: A user winds a spring to build pressure in the device, which once released forces a metered dose out of nozzles that atomize the liquid.
Human powered nebulizer (HPN): pedal-driven pistons atomize a liquid and supply it to the patient's lungs
Vibrating mesh: There are two types of vibrating mesh nebulizers. In active vibrating mesh nebulizers, a piezoelectric element vibrates a precision mesh plate that is in contact with the liquid and creates a micropump action that atomizes the liquid. Passive types of this device utilize an ultrasonic horn connected to a piezo element for nebulization.
Breath-actuated nebulizers: The nebulizer only aerosolizes medication when the patient inhales, meaning none of the aerosol is lost through the nebulizer or exhalation valve. These nebulizers can be manual, mechanical, or electronic.
Jet nebulizer: A compressor flows air or oxygen through the liquid to generate an aerosol that can be inhaled.
Ultrasonic nebulizer: A piezoelectric crystal at high frequency (1-3 MHz) creates the aerosol.
Specifications
• Medication cup capacity: amount of medication the reservoir can hold
• Particle size: size range of atomized medications
• Pressure and flow: range of internal pressures and rate of flow compressor-type
• Power supply: battery, AC, or DC
Features
• Portable: a small profile and light weight enables to nebulizer to be used while travelling
• Air tubing: enables the patient to sit away from the device
• Dishwasher safe: the nebulizer is safe to wash in household dishwashers
• Quiet operation: the nebulizer runs silent or near-silent
• Auto shut-off: the device shuts off after not being used for a predetermined period
• Latex free: no latex components for those who are allergic
• Storage compartments: designated integral locations for the mouthpiece, mask, and tubing
Resources
Wikipedia—Nebulizers
American Association for Respiratory Care—A Guide to Aerosol Deliver Devices for Respirator Therapists (.pdf)
Georgia State University, Dept. of Respiratory Therapy—Jet, Ultrasonic, and Mesh Nebulizers...(.pdf)
Image Credits:
Wikimedia
Product Announcements
Precision Polymer Engineering Ltd.
Qosina Corp. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
gi-gdk-3.0.18: Gdk bindings
CopyrightWill Thompson Iñaki García Etxebarria and Jonas Platte
LicenseLGPL-2.1
MaintainerIñaki García Etxebarria (inaki@blueleaf.cc)
Safe HaskellNone
LanguageHaskell2010
GI.Gdk.Structs.EventButton
Contents
Description
Used for button press and button release events. The type field will be one of EventTypeButtonPress, EventType2buttonPress, EventType3buttonPress or EventTypeButtonRelease,
Double and triple-clicks result in a sequence of events being received. For double-clicks the order of events will be:
Note that the first click is received just like a normal button press, while the second click results in a EventType2buttonPress being received just after the EventTypeButtonPress.
Triple-clicks are very similar to double-clicks, except that EventType3buttonPress is inserted after the third click. The order of the events is:
For a double click to occur, the second button press must occur within 1/4 of a second of the first. For a triple click to occur, the third button press must also occur within 1/2 second of the first button press.
Synopsis
Exported types
newZeroEventButton :: MonadIO m => m EventButton Source #
Construct a EventButton struct initialized to zero.
Properties
axes
x, y translated to the axes of device, or Nothing if device is the mouse.
getEventButtonAxes :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Double Source #
Get the value of the “axes” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #axes
setEventButtonAxes :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Double -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “axes” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #axes := value ]
button
the button which was pressed or released, numbered from 1 to 5. Normally button 1 is the left mouse button, 2 is the middle button, and 3 is the right button. On 2-button mice, the middle button can often be simulated by pressing both mouse buttons together.
getEventButtonButton :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Word32 Source #
Get the value of the “button” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #button
setEventButtonButton :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Word32 -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “button” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #button := value ]
device
the master device that the event originated from. Use eventGetSourceDevice to get the slave device.
clearEventButtonDevice :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “device” field to Nothing. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
clear #device
getEventButtonDevice :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m (Maybe Device) Source #
Get the value of the “device” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #device
setEventButtonDevice :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Ptr Device -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “device” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #device := value ]
sendEvent
True if the event was sent explicitly.
getEventButtonSendEvent :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Int8 Source #
Get the value of the “send_event” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #sendEvent
setEventButtonSendEvent :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Int8 -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “send_event” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #sendEvent := value ]
state
a bit-mask representing the state of the modifier keys (e.g. Control, Shift and Alt) and the pointer buttons. See ModifierType.
getEventButtonState :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m [ModifierType] Source #
Get the value of the “state” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #state
setEventButtonState :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> [ModifierType] -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “state” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #state := value ]
time
the time of the event in milliseconds.
getEventButtonTime :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Word32 Source #
Get the value of the “time” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #time
setEventButtonTime :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Word32 -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “time” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #time := value ]
type
getEventButtonType :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m EventType Source #
Get the value of the “type” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #type
setEventButtonType :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> EventType -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “type” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #type := value ]
window
the window which received the event.
clearEventButtonWindow :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “window” field to Nothing. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
clear #window
getEventButtonWindow :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m (Maybe Window) Source #
Get the value of the “window” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #window
setEventButtonWindow :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Ptr Window -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “window” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #window := value ]
x
the x coordinate of the pointer relative to the window.
getEventButtonX :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Double Source #
Get the value of the “x” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #x
setEventButtonX :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Double -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “x” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #x := value ]
xRoot
the x coordinate of the pointer relative to the root of the screen.
getEventButtonXRoot :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Double Source #
Get the value of the “x_root” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #xRoot
setEventButtonXRoot :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Double -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “x_root” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #xRoot := value ]
y
the y coordinate of the pointer relative to the window.
getEventButtonY :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Double Source #
Get the value of the “y” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #y
setEventButtonY :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Double -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “y” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #y := value ]
yRoot
the y coordinate of the pointer relative to the root of the screen.
getEventButtonYRoot :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> m Double Source #
Get the value of the “y_root” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
get eventButton #yRoot
setEventButtonYRoot :: MonadIO m => EventButton -> Double -> m () Source #
Set the value of the “y_root” field. When overloading is enabled, this is equivalent to
set eventButton [ #yRoot := value ] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sex myths: what's real, what's fake, and what still needs more science
There are a lot of myths about sex out there. In their book Don't Put That in There!: And 69 Other Sex Myths Debunked, Indiana University doctors Aaron Carroll and Rachel Vreeman look deep into the scientific and medical literature to show that many popular ideas about sex are flat wrong. I spoke to Carroll about some of the most enduring misconceptions about sex. "There's been lots of research on this," Carroll said. "This idea that men are obsessed with sex and that women don't think about it is false." Here's what research does find: "More than half of men report that they think about sex every day or maybe several times a day. But that means that almost half of men don't think about sex even every day. Granted, fewer women [19 percent] think about sex every day than men do, but again, we're talking about once a day or every day. "This idea that men are having much more sex than women is false, as well. If you look at single people, just over half of men ages 18 to 24 haven't had sex in the last year. And fewer women — it's like 57 percent of men versus 51 percent of women — haven't had sex in the year before. "If you look at the other side of the spectrum, of having the most sex, 5 percent of single women in that age group had sex four or more times per week, versus 2 percent of men. They [women] start to fall behind at 30." Carroll is very skeptical of this one: "As with all sexual arousal, there is some sort of placebo effect, where if people believe that they're going to get sexually aroused by something, it's probably more likely to occur." "You can probably find small, biased studies" that suggest some foods are aphrodisiacs, he said. "But when they try to do double-blind placebo-controlled trials, there's very little evidence that any of that works. Some people will point to lab studies with rats where they fed them different kinds of stuff. Well, that's great for rats, but human sexuality is a little more complicated. There's just a total lack of evidence." "The question is if I somehow gave this to you, and you were not aware of it, would you be more willing to be aroused? And there's no evidence of that for any food." Shutterstock "I've always heard that circumcision is a negative thing because it's going to reduce people's sensation," Carroll said. "That the rationale behind that is that the foreskin is going to be very sensitive. And if you take the foreskin off, then the head of the penis just rubs against things its entire life, and therefore might get calloused or not be as sensitive. "In some countries where HIV is much more prevalent, this [circumcision] became a potential way to try to reduce men's chance of getting HIV. And they now have studies where they took men and got them to agree to be randomized to be circumcised or not, to see if it would change the rates of HIV being transmitted. "As a side note, they could also ask them if it changed sensation. It turns out that the opposite of what most people might have thought occurred. Men who had circumcision didn't have any problems with their penises becoming less sensitive. In fact, there was some evidence that their penises became more sensitive. "Whether or not that is sustained over time, we don't know. We don't have long-term studies on the order of years to see if it would decrease sensation over time."(Note: Since this story was first published, a study testing the penis sensitivity of 62 total men found no differences between those who had been circumcised and those who hadn't. The study was too small to necessarily settle the case for good, but as Vox's Brian Resnick noted, "That no effect was found in this small group probably means if a difference does exists, it's likely very small.") Carroll said the research on this one is surprisingly thin. "Why don't we have any studies that are conclusively determining what the fluid is, or does it actually happen? That would be easy to do, you would think. And yet no one has done that study. You just have to go to the internet, and there's huge amounts of evidence that this is happening." "There was only one real study that did it through close observation, and it was very small," he says. "It was 38 women, and they didn't see a release of fluid, so they said it doesn't exist. But it's like, really? Could they not turn on the internet and find someone who does report to squirt all the time, and go study them?" "There's a big difference between studies that ask men how big their penises are and those that actually measure how big their penises are," Carroll said. "When men report it, they find that the average erect penis size is like 5.6 to 6.4 inches. But in studies where urologists actually measure stretched penile length, the average size actually comes out less. In most of the studies, the average size is like 4.7 to 5.1 inches. So the idea that the average penis is 7 inches seems a little inflated." "I had always been told that men peak way earlier than women — that women sort of hit the peak of their sexuality in their 30s and that men were much earlier," Carroll said. Still, the research doesn't seem to bear this out. "Part of the issue is: How do you define peak? Is it when you're having the most sex? Is it when you're having the most pleasurable sex? But it almost didn't matter what metric you picked —the idea of women peaking way later than men was just not true," he said. "If your metric is having more sex, men evidently do it later in life than women do. Single men were most likely to have sex four or more times a week in their 30s, and partnered men are most likely in their 40s. And for both single and partnered women, frequent sex is most likely in their 20s. "I think the take-home message is there's no pattern here. The idea that men and women are completely out of sync — there's no truth to that at all." "If you define wet dream as an intense dream that results in orgasm that wakes you up, well, then it turns out that women have them too, and at much higher numbers than you would think," Carroll said. "Even back in the '50s, when you wouldn't expect lots of women to theoretically report this, the Kinsey Institute found that almost 40 percent of women had reported having a wet dream — as defined as I just did — at some point in the past." "There have been more thorough studies published in journals," he added. "They did a study of students at a large Midwestern university and found that 30 percent of [women] had had a wet dream in the last year. So these are not uncommon." "If you talk to women, and you ask them what they think (and that's probably the most important thing), the collective wisdom seems to be that G-spots absolutely exist — that there are parts of the front of the vagina that are more sensitive," Carroll said. "Unfortunately, we can't seem to prove it scientifically, in the sense that we can't find an area with more nerves. On individual scans we can't see any part of the vagina that appears different with respect to blood flow or amount of nerves or anything like that." "Having said that," he added, "a lot of those studies are very, very small, and I wouldn't take them to be proven as conclusive. There's no scientific evidence proving it doesn't exist, and tons and tons of women are reporting that it does." Shutterstock "What's amazing is how panicked people are about getting anything from a toilet seat. The toilet seat is like the cleanest thing in the bathroom, because it's the thing that they're obsessed about washing," Carroll said. "Most sexually transmitted diseases don't live in the air, and they won't live outside the body. Almost all kinds of germs that cause sexually transmitted diseases will die very quickly, even if they were on a surface. "There are almost no reports of sexually transmitted diseases, if any, being transmitted by toilet seats. And certainly not HIV. We could find really no evidence of real studies or anything where people could report that this had actually happened. Having said that, if it makes you feel better to wipe off toilet seat, go ahead." This interview has been edited for length and clarity. It was originally published on July 2, 2014, and has been slightly updated since then. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Vector space/Dimension n and n vectors/Equivalences/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber | WIKI |
Page:Harper's New Monthly Magazine - v108.djvu/1042
978
HE older members of the family having departed in gala attire to attend a wedding, the two-year-old Elbridge inquired of sister Helen, aged five, "What is a wedding?" "I'm afraid you're too young to understand," was the worldly-wise reply, "but it's something between a funeral and dancing-school."
LARA overheard her parents talking about Bible names.
"Is my name in the Bible?" she asked.
"No, dear."
"Didn't God make me?"
"Yes."
"Then why didn't He say something about it?" | WIKI |
Page:Little elephant's picnic, (IA littleelephantsp00wash).pdf/26
back to the bench where Grandpa had rested. "I'm sure this is where I sat," he said. But no pie was there.
"I'll go on to the next bench," said Little Elephant, and trotted ahead. He came around a bend in the path, and there on a bench he saw the hatbox. But a big tramp elephant was just lumbering up toward the seat.
"Oh, dear!" thought Little Elephant. "Suppose he should find out there's a pie in that box." So he ran as fast as he could to get there first. Just as the tramp elephant sat down on the bench Little Elephant skidded to a stop in front of him.
"Please, sir," he said, for Little Elephant could be very polite, "this is my mother's hatbox." And with that he picked it up in his trunk and ran off. His heart was beating very fast, but he had saved the custard pie.
When he got back Mother Elephant looked very sternly at Grandpa and Father Elephant, but she said Little Elephant was a good boy. "You can run and play now," she told him. "I'll call you when lunch is ready." So Little Elephant went off with his fish pole and sailboat.
"Be careful of your new sailor suit!" Mother Elephant called after him, "and don't go in the water."
Little Elephant soon found a bridge and for a long | WIKI |
User:Tyrone Bryan
Tyrone Clifton Bryan was born on October, 22, 1976 in Silver spring, Maryland. His mother's name is Marcella Gaddis and his father's name is William Franklin Bryan ll. Tyrone has one brother, William Franklin Bryan lll, He was born on the 18th of March, 1972. Tyrone was raised to believe in no particular religious faiths and neither parents belonged to any political parties. His family lived in mostly comfortable, suburban settings in the east coast states of Maryland, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Tyrone's parents split apart in 1995 and three years later his mother died from lung cancer. Tyrone moved in with his father while obtained his GED certificate in 1998 and shortly there after moved to Philadelphia. In the years ahead, free from any parental restrains, Tyrone' s interest in the arts flourished. He made a name for himself in Philadelphia artist community as a Filmmaker, Photographer and Art critic. In 2007 he decided to enter into the Community College of Philadelphia's Art and Design program while in the same year, founded the artist management firm, the I.C.C.A ( The International Consortium for the Cultural Arts). In April of 2007 he regained his connecting with Janet Mariam Kalantarian. The two married on December 19th, 2009. They now have a son, Cyrus Balthazar Kalantarian- Bryan, born on May, 1st, 2009. Tyrone and his wife and son live in Berlin, Germany. | WIKI |
‘In the Dream House’ by Carmen Maria Machado: An Excerpt
When you purchase an independently reviewed book through our site, we earn an affiliate commission. I never read prologues. I find them tedious. If what the author has to say is so important, why relegate it to the paratext? What are they trying to hide? Dream House as Prologue In her essay “Venus in Two Acts,” on the dearth of contemporaneous African accounts of slavery, Saidiya Hartman talks about the “violence of the archive.” This concept—also called “archival silence”—illustrates a difficult truth: sometimes stories are destroyed, and sometimes they are never uttered in the first place; either way something very large is irrevocably missing from our collective histories. [ Return to the review of “In the Dream House.” ] The word archive, Jacques Derrida tells us, comes from the ancient Greek ἀρχεῖον: arkheion, “the house of the ruler.” When I first learned about this etymology, I was taken with the use of house (a lover of haunted house stories, I’m a sucker for architecture metaphors), but it is the power, the authority, that is the most telling element. What is placed in or left out of the archive is a political act, dictated by the archivist and the political context in which she lives. This is true whether it’s a parent deciding what’s worth recording of a child’s early life or—like Europe and its Stolpersteine, its “stumbling blocks”—a continent publicly reckoning with its past. Here is where Sebastian took his first fat-footed baby steps; here is the house where Judith was living when we took her to her death. Sometimes the proof is never committed to the archive—it is not considered important enough to record, or if it is, not important enough to preserve. Sometimes there is a deliberate act of destruction: consider the more explicit letters between Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok, burned by Hickok for their lack of discretion. Almost certainly erotic and gay as hell, especially considering what wasn’t burned. (“I’m getting so hungry to see you.”) The late queer theorist José Esteban Muñoz pointed out that “queerness has an especially vexed relationship to evidence. . . . When the historian of queer experience attempts to document a queer past, there is often a gatekeeper, representing a straight present.” What gets left behind? Gaps where people never see themselves or find information about themselves. Holes that make it impossible to give oneself a context. Crevices people fall into. Impenetrable silence. The complete archive is mythological, possible only in theory; somewhere in Jorge Luis Borges’s Total Library, perhaps, buried under the detailed history of the future and his dreams and half dreams at dawn on August 14, 1934. But we can try. “How does one tell impossible stories?” Hartman asks, and she suggests many avenues: “advancing a series of speculative arguments,” “exploiting the capacities of the subjunctive (a grammatical mood that expresses doubts, wishes, and possibilities),” writing history “with and against the archive,” “imagining what cannot be verified.” The abused woman has certainly been around as long as human beings have been capable of psychological manipulation and interpersonal violence, but as a generally understood concept it—and she—did not exist until about fifty years ago. The conversation about domestic abuse within queer communities is even newer, and even more shadowed. As we consider the forms intimate violence takes today, each new concept—the male victim, the female perpetrator, queer abusers, and the queer abused—reveals itself as another ghost that has always been here, haunting the ruler’s house. Modern academics, writers, and thinkers have new tools to delve back into the archives in the same way that historians and scholars have made their understanding of contemporary queer sexuality reverberate through the past. Consider: What is the topography of these holes? Where do the lacunae live? How do we move toward wholeness? How do we do right by the wronged people of the past without physical evidence of their suffering? How do we direct our record keeping toward justice? The memoir is, at its core, an act of resurrection. Memoirists re-create the past, reconstruct dialogue. They summon meaning from events that have long been dormant. They braid the clays of memory and essay and fact and perception together, smash them into a ball, roll them flat. They manipulate time; resuscitate the dead. They put themselves, and others, into necessary context. I enter into the archive that domestic abuse between partners who share a gender identity is both possible and not uncommon, and that it can look something like this. I speak into the silence. I toss the stone of my story into a vast crevice; measure the emptiness by its small sound. [ Return to the review of “In the Dream House.” ] I Eros limbslackener shakes me again— that sweet, bitter, impossible creature. —Sappho, as translated by Jim Powell Dream House as Not a Metaphor I daresay you have heard of the Dream House? It is, as you know, a real place. It stands upright. It is next to a forest and at the rim of a sward. It has a foundation, though rumors of the dead buried within it are, almost certainly, a fiction. There used to be a swing dangling from a tree branch but now it’s just a rope, with a single knot swaying in the wind. You may have heard stories about the landlord, but I assure you they are untrue. After all, the landlord is not a man but an entire university. A tiny city of landlords! Can you imagine? Most of your assumptions are correct: it has floors and walls and windows and a roof. If you are assuming there are two bedrooms, you are both right and wrong. Who is to say that there are only two bedrooms? Every room can be a bedroom: you only need a bed, or not even that. You only need to sleep there. The inhabitant gives the room its purpose. Your actions are mightier than any architect’s intentions. I bring this up because it is important to remember that the Dream House is real. It is as real as the book you are holding in your hands, though significantly less terrifying. If I cared to, I could give you its address, and you could drive there in your own car and sit in front of that Dream House and try to imagine the things that have happened inside. I wouldn’t recommend it. But you could. No one would stop you. Dream House as Picaresque Before I met the woman from the Dream House, I lived in a tiny two-bedroom in Iowa City. The house was a mess: owned by a slumlord, slowly falling apart, full of eclectic, nightmarish details. There was a room in the basement—my roommates and I called it the murder room—with blood-red floors, walls, and ceiling, further improved by a secret hatch and a nonfunctional landline phone. Elsewhere in the basement, a Lovecraftian heating system reached long tentacles up into the rest of the house. When it was humid, the front door swelled in its frame and refused to open, like a punched eye. The yard was huge and pocked with a fire pit and edged with poison ivy, trees, a rotting fence. I lived with John and Laura and their cat, Tokyo. They were a couple; long-legged and pale, erstwhile Floridians who’d gone to hippie college together and had come to Iowa for their respective graduate degrees. The living embodiment of Florida camp and eccentricity, and, ultimately, the only thing that, post–Dream House, would keep the state in my good graces. Laura looked like an old-fashioned movie star: wide-eyed and ethereal. She was dry and disdainful and wickedly funny; she wrote poetry and was pursuing a degree in library science. She felt like a librarian, like the wise conduit for public knowledge, as if she could lead you anywhere you needed to be. John, on the other hand, looked like a grunge rocker-cum-offbeat-professor who’d discovered God. He made kimchi and sauerkraut in huge mason jars he monitored on the kitchen counter like a mad botanist; he once spent an hour describing the plot of Against Nature to me in exquisite detail, including his favorite scene, in which the eccentric and vile antihero encrusts a tortoise’s shell with exotic jewels and the poor creature, “unable to support the dazzling luxury imposed on it,” dies from the weight. When I first met John, he said to me, “I got a tattoo, do you want to see?” And I said, “Yes,” and he said, “Okay, it’s gonna look like I’m showing you my junk but I’m not, I swear,” and when he lifted the leg of his shorts high on his thigh there was a stick-and-poke tattoo of an upside-down church. “Is that an upside-down church?” I asked, and he smiled and wiggled his eyebrows—not lasciviously, but with genuine mischief—and said, “Upside down according to who?” Once, when Laura came out of their bedroom in cutoffs and a bikini top, John looked at her with real, uncomplicated love and said, “Girl, I want to dig you a watering hole.” Like a picara, I have spent my adulthood bopping from city to city, acquiring kindred spirits at every stop; a group of guardians who have taken good care of me (a tender of guardians, a dearheart of guardians). My friend Amanda from college, my roommate and housemate until I was twenty-two, whose sharp and logical mind, flat affect, and dry sense of humor witnessed my evolution from messy teenager to messy semiadult. Anne—a rugby player with dyed-pink hair, the first vegetarian and lesbian I ever met—who’d overseen my coming-out like a benevolent gay goddess. Leslie, who coached me through my first bad breakup with brie and two-dollar bottles of wine and time with her animals, including a stocky brown pit bull named Molly who would lick my face until I dissolved into hysterics. Everyone who ever read and commented on my LiveJournal, which I dutifully kept from ages fifteen to twenty-five, spilling my guts to a motley crew of poets, queer weirdos, programmers, RPG buffs, and fanfic writers. John and Laura were like that. They were always there, intimate with each other in one way and intimate with me in another, as if I were a beloved sibling. They weren’t watching over me, exactly; they were the protagonists of their own stories. But this story? This one’s mine. [ Return to the review of “In the Dream House.” ] | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
2005.01.20 20:08 "[Tiff] deleting tags!", by Antoine
2005.01.21 20:02 "Re: [Tiff] deleting tags!", by Frank Warmerdam
ps. what exactly do we lose with tiffcp? I found one way of "deleting" a tag - tiffcp will fail to copy a tag if it has an illegal value for its value (or values, I think it was the number of values that it takes, or size of the value, I forget, anyway we had dateTimes that had 25 whatevers and should only have 20, the tag was present before setting another tag, and absent after...)
Antoine,
As to what we lose with tiffcp, I can't give a precise answer. But there are esoteric tags not addressed in the list processed by tiffcp. Also, tiffcp unpacks and repacks the imagery and as far as I know this could lose (or correct) some quirks of the original image.
Best regards,
---------------------------------------+--------------------------------------
I set the clouds in motion - turn up | Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
light and sound - activate the windows | http://pobox.com/~warmerdam
and watch the world go round - Rush | Geospatial Programmer for Rent | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Loading…
Protocol - Physical Functioning - Subjective
Add to My Toolkit
Description
The interviewer asks the participant (or proxy) a series of questions about the level of difficulty he/she has performing everyday activities. These activities may be prohibited by a long-term (chronic) health problem. A hand card with the questions and response options is provided to the participant. Temporary conditions (e.g., broken leg, pregnancy) that prevent the participant from doing the activity do not apply.
Specific Instructions
Questions may be answered by a proxy. Items a., q., r., and s. are not related to physical functioning and may be omitted.
Protocol
By {yourself/himself/herself} and without using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have . . .
HAND CARD - [IDENTICAL TO THE QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES BELOW.] DO NOT INCLUDE TEMPORARY CONDITIONS LIKE PREGNANCY OR BROKEN LIMBS.
RESPONSES: NO DIFFICULTY = 1, SOME DIFFICULTY = 2, MUCH DIFFICULTY = 3, UNABLE TO DO = 4, DO NOT DO THIS ACTIVITY = 5, REFUSED = 7, DON’T KNOW = 9.
a.
managing {your/his/her} money [such as keeping track of {your/his/her} expenses or paying bills]?
____
b.
walking for a quarter of a mile [that is about 2 or 3 blocks]?
____
c.
walking up 10 steps without resting?
____
d.
stooping, crouching, or kneeling?
____
e.
lifting or carrying something as heavy as 10 pounds [like a sack of potatoes or rice]?
____
f.
doing chores around the house [like vacuuming, sweeping, dusting or straightening up]?
____
g.
preparing {your/his/her} own meals?
____
h.
walking from one room to another on the same level?
____
i.
standing up from an armless straight chair?
____
j.
getting in or out of bed?
____
k.
eating, like holding a fork, cutting food or drinking from a glass?
____
l.
dressing {yourself/himself/herself}, including tying shoes, working zippers, and doing buttons?
____
m.
standing or being on {your/his/her} feet for about 2 hours?
____
n.
sitting for about 2 hours?
____
o.
reaching up over {your/his/her} head?
____
p.
using {your/his/her} fingers to grasp or handle small objects?
____
q.
going out to things like shopping, movies, or sporting events?
____
r.
participating in social activities [visiting friends, attending clubs or meetings or going to parties]?
____
s.
Doing things to relax at home or for leisure [reading, watching TV, sewing, listening to music]?
____
t.
Pushing or pulling large objects like a living room chair?
____
Availability
Available
Personnel and Training Required
The interviewer must be trained to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population. The interviewer must be trained and found to be competent (i.e., tested by an expert) at the completion of personal interviews*.
* There are multiple modes to administer this question (e.g., pencil and paper and computer-assisted interviews).
Equipment Needs
Although the source instrument was developed to be administered by computer, the PhenX Working Group acknowledges that these questions can be administered in a non-computerized format (i.e., pencil-and-paper instrument). Computer software is necessary to develop computer-assisted instruments. The interviewer will require a laptop or handheld computer to administer a computer-assisted questionnaire.
Requirements
Requirement CategoryRequired
Major equipment No
Specialized training No
Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection No
Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual No
Mode of Administration
Interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Senior
Participants
Ages 60 or older
Selection Rationale
This protocol covers a range of activities associated with daily living and is useful in assessing the extent to which an individual has physical limitations in doing those activities. The protocol was administered and validated during a large national survey.
Language
English
Standards
StandardNameIDSource
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Phys func subj proto 62840-4 LOINC
Human Phenotype Ontology Impairment of activities of daily living HP:0031058 HPO
caDSR Form PhenX PX151101 - Physical Functioningsubjective 6179217 caDSR Form
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
The Expert Review Panel #1 reviewed the measures in the Anthropometrics, Diabetes, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness, and Nutrition and Dietary Supplements domains.
Guidance from the ERP includes:
• No significant changes
Back-compatible: no changes to Data Dictionary
Previous version in Toolkit archive (link)
Protocol Name from Source
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Sample Person Questionnaire: Physical Functioning Module, 2005-2006
Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics. (2005-2006). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample person questionnaire: Physical functioning module. Question number PFQ.061.
General References
None
Protocol ID
151101
Variables
Export Variables
Variable Name Variable IDVariable DescriptiondbGaP Mapping
PX151101_Doing_House_Chores
PX151101060000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... doing chores around the house [like vacuuming, sweeping, dusting or straightening up]? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Dressing
PX151101120000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... dressing {yourself/himself/herself}, including tying shoes, working zippers, and doing buttons? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Eating
PX151101110000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... eating, like holding a fork, cutting food or drinking from a glass? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Getting_Out_Of_Bed
PX151101100000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... getting in or out of bed? show less
N/A
PX151101_Going_Out
PX151101170000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... going out to things like shopping, movies, or sporting events? show less
N/A
PX151101_Leisure
PX151101190000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... Doing things to relax at home or for leisure [reading, watching TV, sewing, listening to music]? show less
N/A
PX151101_Lifting_10_Pound
PX151101050000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... lifting or carrying something as heavy as 10 pound [like a sack of potatoes or rice]? show less
N/A
PX151101_Managing_Money
PX151101010000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... managing {your/his/her} money [such as keeping track of {your/his/her} expenses or paying bills]? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Preparing_Meals
PX151101070000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... preparing {your/his/her} own meals? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Pushing_Pulling_Large_Objects
PX151101200000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... Pushing or pulling large objects like a living room chair? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Reaching_Over_Head
PX151101150000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... reaching up over {your/his/her} head? show less
N/A
PX151101_Sitting_2_Hours
PX151101140000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... sitting for about 2 hours? show less
N/A
PX151101_Social_Activities
PX151101180000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... participating in social activities [visiting friends, attending clubs or meetings or going to parties]? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Standing_2_Hours
PX151101130000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... standing or being on {your/his/her} feet for about 2 hours? show less
N/A
PX151101_Standing_Armless_Chair
PX151101090000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... standing up from an armless straight chair? show less
Variable Mapping
PX151101_Stooping
PX151101040000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... stooping, crouching, or kneeling? show less
N/A
PX151101_Using_Fingers_Small_Objects
PX151101160000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... using {your/his/her} fingers to grasp or handle small objects? show less
N/A
PX151101_Walking_Quarter_Mile
PX151101020000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... walking for a quarter of a mile [that is about 2 or 3 blocks]? show less
N/A
PX151101_Walking_Room_To_Room
PX151101080000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... walking from one room to another on the same level? show less
N/A
PX151101_Walking_Up_10_Steps
PX151101030000 By {yourself/himself/herself} and without more
using any special equipment, how much difficulty {do you/does Sample Person (SP)} have... walking up 10 steps without resting? show less
Variable Mapping
Physical Activity and Physical Fitness
Measure Name
Physical Functioning - Subjective
Release Date
May 10, 2010
Definition
A measure to determine if a person has difficulty performing everyday activities.
Purpose
Physical limitations may prevent a person from performing activities of daily living and engaging in normal physical activity.
Keywords
physical functioning - subjective, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness, physical functioning, physical limitations, activities of daily living, ADL, NHANES, gerontology, aging, geriatrics
Measure Protocols
Protocol ID Protocol Name
151101 Physical Functioning - Subjective
Publications
There are no publications listed for this protocol. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Early western travels, 1748-1846 V13.djvu/109
from hence, and approaches within four miles of the Arkansas or the Post of Osark, affording a much nearer communication than the present course of the river.
Towards evening, two keel boats came in sight, one of which was deeply loaded with whiskey and flour; the other, a small boat fitted out by a general Calamees and his brother, two elderly men out on a land speculation, who intended to ascend the river as far as the Cadron,[74] which is 300 miles from hence by water, or to the Fort,[75] which is 350 miles further. I perceived that they noted down every particular which {70} came to their knowledge, but appeared to be illiterate men, and of course, I found them incapable of appreciating the value of science. On application, they merely condescended to offer me a passage, provided I would find my own provision, and work as a boat-man. Such was the encouragement, which I at length wrung from these generous speculators; not, I dare say, exploring the Missouri territory with the same philanthropic views as the generous Birkbeck.
21 st.] About 12 o'clock, the thermometer was again at 67°. In the course of the forenoon, I took a solitary ramble down the bank of the river, and found along its shelving border, where the sun obtained free access, abundance of the Mimosa glandulosa of Michaux; also Polypremum procumbens, Diodia virginica, Verbena nodiflora, . Eclipta erecta, Poa stricta, Panicum capilaceum, Poa reptans as usual in vast profusion, and Capraria multifida. The trees and shrubs are chiefly the Pecan, (Carya olivœformis) C. aquatica; the black walnut, (Juglans nigra), but very rare; Fraxinus quadrangulata, Liquidamber and Platanus, but rarely large or full | WIKI |
This week we have been learning about scarcity which means insufficiency or shortness of supply. Firstly we listened to a story about a planet called Justenuf. They had a computer called Abun-Dance who sorted out all the nutri-bags strawberry trifle and smoked salmon so there was always enough.One day Abun-Dance broke down and there was never enough.
After that we had a task, it was to make a square or a circle for points only with the resources that we had in a pack. We learnt we had to trade for resources we didn't have.
Are second activity was to name our class which we did we called it Brightland and we also had to design a flag for our country which we are working on.
Hope you enjoy my blog and remember to read my next one! | FINEWEB-EDU |
La Casa de al Lado capitulo 82
La Casa de al Lado capitulo 82. La Casa de al Lado capitulo 82 online. Este capitulo se emitio el dia Viernes 23 de Septiembre del 2011. En esta web tambien puedes ver todos los capitulos de esta Telenovela que esta super interesante. Esperamos que disfrutes de esta gran telenovela y puedas difundir nuestro contenido mediante el Facebook.
La Casa de al Lado : En La Casa de al Lado, cada personaje guarda un gran secreto que hará dudar hasta de quien menos imaginamos y no se sabrá quien miente o quien dice la verdad, quienes serán los buenos o los malos y en quien se podrá confiar o temer.
Pilar Arismendi, es una dulce y encantadora mujer que está casada con Javier Ruiz, socio de Gonzalo Ibáñez. Gonzalo es un exitoso abogado, quien conoce a Ignacia, vecina de Pilar y Javier, y le pide matrimonio algunos meses después de haber quedado viuda de Adolfo, quien falleció en muy extrañas circunstancias. Luego de la boda, Gonzalo llega a vivir a la casa de al lado de su socio, y es allí donde comienza a descubrir muchas verdades que hasta ahora desconocía. Una de ellas es que en esa misma casa vive Leonardo, el hermano gemelo de Adolfo.
Es así como Gonzalo comienza a darse cuenta que en esa casa nada es como parece, y empieza a descubrir una cadena de intrigas en torno a esa muerte tan misteriosa, en la que todos los que le rodean, pueden ser sospechosos. Mientras más indaga sobre ese “supuesto” accidente que le quitó la vida a Adolfo, más va descubriendo que allí, cada quien tiene un secreto muy bien guardado.
Associating Back Pain and Multiple Sclerosis
Associating Back Pain and Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive disease such as demyelinating and affects the motor and sensory neurons. The disease will cause cycles of remission, which causes the condition to worsen. When exacerbation starts etiology is reviewed, which includes the cause? The cause at this time is not clear, yet some experts believe that viral infections and autoimmune disease plays a part in Multiple Sclerosis cause.
The disease is complication, yet it cause back pain. According to Pathophysiology views, the scatters of demyelinization will start affecting the brain, as well as the spinal cord. Once it affects these areas degeneration starts targeting the myelin sheath (Nerves that insulates the layers of cells) and causes a string of patches of sclerotic tissues. The patches impair the conduction, which reaches the “motor nerve impulses.”
How do I know if I have Multiple Sclerosis?
You consider the symptoms. The symptoms include ataxia, blurred vision, weakness, heat intolerance, nystagmus, sensation impairment, speech scan, diplopic, optic neuritis, paresthesia, tremor intentions, euphoria sensations, paralysis, incontinence urine, and powerlessness to feel or measure the pose of the body.
What is ataxia?
Ataxia is the lack or inability to control the muscles coordination or movement.
What is nystagmus?
Nystagmus is involuntary movements of the eyes, which rhythmically move from side to side and is caused from the disease since the nerves and muscles behind the eyeball is affected.
What is diplopic?
Diplopic and/or diplopia are double vision. Double vision is caused from lack of coordination of the eye movement. The optic neuritis also affects the eyes.
If multiple sclerosis is present doctors use MRI tests, EMG, CSF, CT, Oligoclonal banding, and so on. Once the tests are completed and if increases of G (IgG), i.e. immunoglobulin are present and protein intake is increasing as well, thus WBC is present, he considers medical management.
Atrophy when spotted under MRI tests will start medical management as well. The medical management varies from patient to patient. Back pain is common.
According to statistics, the mass of people in the universe will suffer some degree of back pain. Some people go through the pain, yet have never sustained injuries. Other people may experience pain from injuries, and feel how horrible the pain can become.
When considering back pain one must ask what its cause is. How can one control the pain? What self-care prevention strategies can one use to ease back pain? What treatments are available to me?
The fact is back pain can occur from feet conditions, such as swelling, heel pain, burning soles, battered ligaments, and so on. Sport injuries, car accidents, inappropriate bending, and lifting are all related to back pain. In fact, various medical conditions cause back pain, including multiple sclerosis, edema, and so on. With the many variants related to back pain, one must educate you on how the spine is structured and what happens if that structure is interrupted. Let’s get started and learn what we can about back pain, and how we can eliminate such stress in our lives.
When multiple sclerosis is present, medical treatment often includes diet, controlled exercise, speech therapy, physical therapy; fluids increased, meds, and so on. Muscle relaxants, such as Baclofen or Lioresal are giving to the patient etc. The doctor will often recommend that the patient take Maalox. Maalox is laced with magnesium and aluminum hydroxide, which is in the muscles and apparently lacking its natural remedy, thus the Maalox acts as a substitute.
Alterna-GEL is also prescribed, which has the chemicals the muscles produce as well known as aluminum hydroxide gel. Once medical management is set up doctors will consider nurses intervention.
© Copyright 2010 Short Quote about Life | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Djzeec/sandbox
Wet Dreams medallion is a mysterious object that has never been seen, it was made around 400 years ago. The legend says that “who ever looks into the medallion, will fall in love with the person who holds it”. It was created by three Gods. Appetite God, Kinky God and Love God. Purpose of the medallion should be to help anyone find their true soulmate. Some of the findings point out that it should be hidden somewhere in the forests of Balkan. Some of the text found in ancient writings says that it is possible that medallion can cause side effects but no one knows for sure. There is not much information about this medallion that has been found in time until today... | WIKI |
Talk:Garden City, Surfside Beach
Merge
This article is improperly named, and appears to duplicate content for both Garden City (South Carolina) and Surfside Beach, which are separate municipalities. Any reason not to merge? --(WT-en) Peter Talk 19:42, 3 March 2009 (EST) | WIKI |
Typecho无插件增加文章目录功能
具体实现分为三个部分,下面分别来进行代码添加
1.添加代码至functions.php
把下面代码放到主题文件functions.php最后一行之前
function createCatalog($obj) { //为文章标题添加锚点
global $catalog;
global $catalog_count;
$catalog = array();
$catalog_count = 0;
$obj = preg_replace_callback('/<h([1-6])(.*?)>(.*?)<\/h\1>/i', function($obj) {
global $catalog;
global $catalog_count;
$catalog_count ++;
$catalog[] = array('text' => trim(strip_tags($obj[3])), 'depth' => $obj[1], 'count' => $catalog_count);
return '<h'.$obj[1].$obj[2].'><a name="cl-'.$catalog_count.'"></a>'.$obj[3].'</h'.$obj[1].'>';
}, $obj);
return $obj;
}
function getCatalog() { //输出文章目录容器
global $catalog;
$index = '';
if ($catalog) {
$index = '<ul>'."\n";
$prev_depth = '';
$to_depth = 0;
foreach($catalog as $catalog_item) {
$catalog_depth = $catalog_item['depth'];
if ($prev_depth) {
if ($catalog_depth == $prev_depth) {
$index .= '</li>'."\n";
} elseif ($catalog_depth > $prev_depth) {
$to_depth++;
$index .= '<ul>'."\n";
} else {
$to_depth2 = ($to_depth > ($prev_depth - $catalog_depth)) ? ($prev_depth - $catalog_depth) : $to_depth;
if ($to_depth2) {
for ($i=0; $i<$to_depth2; $i++) {
$index .= '</li>'."\n".'</ul>'."\n";
$to_depth--;
}
}
$index .= '</li>';
}
}
$index .= '<li><a href="#cl-'.$catalog_item['count'].'">'.$catalog_item['text'].'</a>';
$prev_depth = $catalog_item['depth'];
}
for ($i=0; $i<=$to_depth; $i++) {
$index .= '</li>'."\n".'</ul>'."\n";
}
$index = '<div id="toc-container">'."\n".'<div id="toc">'."\n".'<strong>文章目录</strong>'."\n".$index.'</div>'."\n".'</div>'."\n";
}
echo $index;
}
2.添加代码到themeInit函数里
继续在functions.php内搜索关键词function themeInit，如果有themeInit这个函数，则在themeInit这个函数内添加下面的代码
if ($archive->is('single')) {
$archive->content = createCatalog($archive->content);
}
如果没有themeInit这个函数，则在functions.php最后一行之前添加下面的代码
function themeInit($archive) {
if ($archive->is('single')) {
$archive->content = createCatalog($archive->content);
}
}
3.添加getCatalog()
最后在需要输出文章目录的位置调用<?php getCatalog(); ?>即可,这是通用的方法，具体到每个人使用时，可以根据自己的需求修改，不再赘述。
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User:Dorevabelfiore/sandbox/Carmen Febo-San Miguel
Carmen Febo-San Miguel is the director of Taller Puertorriqueño, a center dedicated to Puerto Rican arts, history, education and culture located in the “Golden Block” or El Centro_de_Oro in the Fairhill neighborhood in the east side of North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a medical doctor, she served the North Philadelphia community for over 35 years, offering family health services in both English and Spanish.
Early Life and Medical Career
Carmen Febo San-Miguel was born in Ciales, Puerto Rico and went on to study at the University of Puerto Rico for undergraduate studies and her medical degree.
At the age of 68, Dr. Febo San-Miguel retired from her medical practice to focus on her directorship of Taller Puertorriqueno.
Art and Cultural Heritage Work
Taller
In 2017, San Febo-Miguel became one of the featured subjects of a Mural Arts Philadelphia mural titled "LatinX Heroes", depicting leaders of the arts community in Philadelphia along with Puerto Rican poet Julia de Burgos.
Awards
* 2010 Bread and Roses Community Fund Tribute to Change Award
* 2014 Philadelphia Business Journal Minority Business Leader Award
* 2018 La Justicia Award by the Hispanic Bar Association of Pennsylvania | WIKI |
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