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Enable Temperature and Humidity Analysis with a Humidity Sensor Circuit Design
March 22, 2018 CircuitStudio
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Living in a country with temperature averages of 35°C all year long, I have excellent heat tolerance. It’s the humidity that gets me all hot and bothered. I come from a small and peaceful town at the base of a hill. It sounds nice but is arguably the most humid town in the whole country.
I remember showering at least fives times per day, unable to stand the high concentration of water vapor in the air. When I wasn’t drowning out the heat, I was trapped in my air-conditioned room. Knowing the exact amount of humidity wasn’t relevant to me, in this case. However, in many industries, humidity data acquisition and control is critical for operation.
The Importance of Humidity Data Logging
Humidity is the amount of water vapor content in the air. A common expression used in measuring the parameter is relative humidity, which is expressed in RH or %. Humidity control is critical in industries like pharmaceutical, foods, and paper. A high concentration of water vapor in the air can seriously affect vital processes.
Two of my early humidity data logging projects involved food packaging and operating theatres at hospitals. In food packaging, high humidity increases the risk of microorganism growth and contamination, which poses a direct health risk to consumers. In operating theatres, humidity has to be regulated at around 60% to prevent exposed tissues from drying.
A humidity data logger helps in alerting operational personnel of any anomalies in the regulated humidity. Besides that, the availability of historical data allows for a professional audit to be performed as required.
How to Design a Humidity Data Logger
Designing a humidity data logger isn’t too complicated. However, you still need to get it right to ensure accuracy and long-term storage capability. Here are some important considerations:
1. Choosing the Right Sensor: Humidity sensors are available in many shapes and types. You’ll need to select the right humidity sensor to measure the required range of humidity. Depending on the nature of your applications, you may need to select a humidity sensor with high accuracy. The method of acquiring the humidity value may differ between sensors.
Humidity sensor
Determine the range of humidity you need to measure.
1. Microcontroller, Memory, and RTC: Unless it involves heavy data processing, an 8-bit microcontroller will suffice for a humidity data logger design. It needs to have the required analog or digital port to receive the incoming humidity value from the sensor.
When designing a humidity data logger, you need to get the right non-volatile memory like Flash or FRAM to store the humidity value readings. The size of the non-volatile memory is defined by the number of records that need to be safely stored in the datalogger.
A timestamp is normally required, which calls for a Real Time Clock to be included in the design as well.
2. Data Retrieval: To enable graphical visualization of the humidity values, the stored records need to be transferred to a computer. This often called for communication interfaces like RS232 or USB to be integrated to the humidity data logger. A data retrieval module needs to be implemented in the firmware to facilitate the data transfer.
Using an iPad to record data from instruments anywhere
Meaningful graphs generated from values acquired by the data logger.
1. Calibration: All humidity sensors experience drift over a period of time. This is why it’s important to include a calibration function to offset the value acquired by the sensor. It saves you from having to replace the humidity sensor regularly.
2. Power Options: Depending on the applications, you can either power the humidity data logger with a switching power supply or a battery. If it’s designed for a handheld application, the battery capacity needs to be sufficient for the duration of usage in the field.
Optimal PCB Layout for a Humidity Data Logger
Common best design practices apply for a humidity data logger PCB layout. If you’re using an analog humidity sensor, you need to ensure that the track connecting the output of the sensor to the microcontroller is protected from any high-speed signals. It’s also important to maintain separate ground planes for both analog and digital parts.
Both the microcontroller and humidity sensor require stable voltage to function optimally. It helps to place bypass capacitors near the positive supply pins of both components. Some humidity sensors use a protocol like I2C to acquire the value. In that case, ensure the signals are routed in parallel. Professional PCB design software like Altium’s CircuitStudio can help you optimize your layout.
Ready to start your own humidity data logger design? Get valuable tips from an expert at Altium.
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Cancer Treatment Centers of America
Brain cancer information
What is brain cancer?
Primary brain cancer develops from cells within the brain. Part of the central nervous system (CNS), the brain is the control center for vital functions of the body, including speech, movement, thoughts, feelings, memory, vision, hearing and more.
Primary brain tumors are classified by the type of cell or tissue the tumor affects, and the location and grade of the tumor. Tumor cells may travel short distances within the brain, but generally won't travel outside of the brain itself.
When cancer develops elsewhere in the body and spreads (metastasizes) to the brain, it’s called a secondary brain tumor, or metastatic brain cancer. Metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors. Some cancers that commonly spread to the brain include lung, colon, kidney and breast cancers.
Brain cancer incidence
Each year, over 190,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with a brain tumor (National Brain Tumor Society).
It is estimated that 23,800 new cases of brain and other nervous system cancers will be diagnosed in 2017, with the median age at the time of diagnosis being 58 (American Cancer Society).
How brain cancer develops
The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer can begin in the CNS or, more commonly, it can spread there.
Primary brain tumors are tumors that form from cells within the brain. Not all primary brain tumors are the same. Primary brain tumors can be divided into malignant or benign tumors.
• Benign primary brain tumors are not cancerous. They grow slowly, and tend to be more amendable to surgical or other treatments. However, benign brain tumors can still damage normal brain tissue and cause serious problems.
• Malignant brain tumors are more aggressive by definition. They grow more quickly and invade local structures more aggressively.
Metastatic brain tumors are tumors that spread (metastasize) to the brain from another location in the body, such as the lung, colon, breast or kidney. Metastatic brain tumors are more common than primary brain tumors.
Types of brain cancer
Learn about different types of brain cancer.
Brain cancer symptoms
Read about common brain cancer symptoms.
Brain cancer risk factors
Read about common risk factors for brain cancer.
Brain cancer grading
Learn about brain cancer grading.
We're here to guide you through the cancer journey
We understand you may be feeling overwhelmed with questions and concerns about your type of cancer and what it all means. We're here to help guide you through the process.
Our hospital
Explore our cancer hospitals, which house the latest treatments, technologies and integrative oncology services under one roof.
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Discover our patient-centered approach, and how you get all your questions answered in a single visit by a dedicated team of cancer experts.
Contact us
Discuss treatment options with an Oncology Information Specialist, who is available 24/7 at (888) 552-6760, or chat with us. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Kinetic model for dynamic response of three-phase fluidized bed biofilm reactor for wastewater treatment
Satoshi Tsuneda*, Joseph Auresenia, Yutaka Inoue, Yuji Hashimoto, Akira Hirata
*この研究の対応する著者
研究成果: Article査読
19 被引用数 (Scopus)
抄録
Step changes in inlet concentration has been introduced into the completely mixed three-phase fluidized bed biofilm reactor treating simulated domestic wastewater to study the dynamic behavior of the system and to establish the suitable kinetic model from the response curve. Three identical reactors having different biomass volumes were operated in parallel. It was found that the response curves showed second-order characteristics, and thus at least two first-order differential equations are necessary to simulate the substrate and biomass response curves. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed using different types of rate equations and their corresponding kinetic parameters were used to simulate the theoretical response curve using the Runge-Kutta numerical integration method. As a result, although various types of conventional biokinetic models such as Monod, Haldane and Andrew types were examined, all the theoretical substrate response curves underestimated time constants compared to the actual substrate response plots. On the other hand, the theoretical curve of the kinetic model that incorporates adsorption term has best fit to the actual response in most of the cases. Thus, it was concluded that adsorption of substrate onto biofilm and carrier particles has significant effect on the dynamic response in biofilm processes.
本文言語English
ページ（範囲）31-37
ページ数7
ジャーナルBiochemical Engineering Journal
10
1
DOI
出版ステータスPublished - 2002
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• バイオテクノロジー
• 環境工学
• バイオエンジニアリング
• 生体医工学
フィンガープリント
「Kinetic model for dynamic response of three-phase fluidized bed biofilm reactor for wastewater treatment」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
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740th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron
The 740th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron AKA 740th AC&W Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the, Air Defense Command, 29th Air Division, Great Falls Montana, stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It was discontinued on 15 August 1962.
The unit was a General Surveillance Radar and Ground Control Intercept (GCI)squadron providing for the air defense of the United States. Its call sign was Rollerskate and was the primary controller site for the 54th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (FIS), call sign Campaign. Rollerskate controllers guided three different Air Force fighters during intercepts while in operation. The F-84G Thunderjet, 1953–1954, F-86D Sabre Interceptor, (the Dog) 1954–1957 and the F-89J Scorpion, 1957–1960. Rollerskate operated MPS-7 Search Radar and MPS-14 Height Finder Radar. Rollerskate intercept controllers were distinguished for being the first GCI site to successfully intercept and technically shoot down Major General Jarred V Crabb during a surprise evaluation of Rollerskate by senior CADF officers. Major General Crabb, who had assumed command of Central Air Defense Force, was flying an F-102 when three of 13 F-86D's were successfully guided to the "SPLASH." General Crabb was on his way to Great Falls AFB with orders for any operational unit to try an intercept him on his route. Rollerskate knew they were to scramble one alert bird in an effort to intercept the general, what they didn't know was four additional flights of three were scrambled without their knowledge. As each flight of three were taking off, an Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) team ordered the gate guard not to call the operations room until they entered the radar ops building. This left the officer on duty, Lt. Frank Imel and his Intercept Control Tech S/SGT Charles Diaz, to successfully control all the 13 Dogs. The evaluation officers were amazed by Lt. Imel and his crews performance during the mission. When General Crabb heard the three "SPLASHES" he decided to land at Ellsworth and by saying, "Bullsxxt, I want to see the camera film." After reviewing the gun camera film, General Crabb commended the three pilots and gave a special well done to Lt. Imel. General Crabb agreed he had in fact been shot down. Rollerskate had some of the best GCI controllers in ADC.
Lineage
* Activated as 740th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 1 February 1953 Call sign Rollerskate
* Inactivated, 15 August 1962
Assignments
* 31st Air Division, 1 February 1953
* 29th Air Division, 16 February 1953
* Minot Air Defense Sector, 1 January 1961 – 15 August 1962
Stations
* Rapid City AFB, South Dakota
* Re-designated: Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota 1 June 1953-15 August 1962 | WIKI |
Queen mother (Africa)
Queen mother (also Queenmother) is a term used to describe certain female traditional rulers in African cultures. Though there is no general description of a "queen mother", as their roles have varied by society, political context, and culture, they generally play an important role in local government and "wield social power and influence."
They are thus an important part of social, political, and cultural institutions across the African continent: the Akan, for example, recognize them as important local political actors and often trace inheritance through them in a matrilineal fashion; whereas in Uganda, the term may be used to describe women who ruled outright. The amount of power queen mothers currently hold has been diminished since pre-colonial times, though the 21st century has seen their influence grow in certain contexts. Many are members of the African Queens and Women Cultural Leaders Network, a voluntary organization.
History
Queen mothers were once important political figures who commanded respect prior to the colonial era. However, the delegation of roles to these figures varied: in some instances, they were considered to be autonomous rulers, in others, they had specific jurisdiction over "women's" issues (or issues that involved both men and women together, such as rape, adultery and marital conflict), in others still, they were simply the literal mothers of prominent figures, and afforded all the status therein.
Colonists from Europe, due to their own sexism, negotiated only with titled men in the areas that they operated in. Queen mothers in Africa, essentially, were not recognized as important and were often referred to in colonial/missionary historical documents as "sisters" of the men in power. The denial of status these women faced facilitated their titles' losses of power - hence, under colonial rule, Queen mothers, like other women on the continent, lost "social, religious, constitutional, and political privileges and rights."
Post-colonial governments "continued with policies that undermined women's traditional authority": In 1957, as an example, Ghana's independence leaders did not include queen mothers in their affairs, choosing instead to only work with the male chiefs. Women's absence in politics and, particularly, traditional institutions has created and worsened an unequal distribution of power and resulted in women's "concerns and rights not being adequately addressed."
In 1988, the Ashanti Queen Mother Association was formed. It now has around forty-four women leaders from the Ashanti region as members. The group attends to issues relating to women.
The 1992 Constitution of Ghana included Article 277 which defines chieftaincy. Article 277 defines a chief as a person who has been properly nominated from the correct lineage and "enstooled, enskinned or installed as a Chief or a Queen Mother in accordance with the relevant customary law and usage." In the summer of 2010, the National House of Chiefs in Ghana announced the inclusion of 20 queen mothers. Queen mothers are appointed to the house for four-year terms.
In 2006, the United Nations Children's Fund started working with queen mothers to help support welfare efforts for women and children in different parts of West Africa.
More recently, areas such as the Upper West Region of Ghana, where the tradition of having queen mothers has not been practiced, have been encouraged to "reinstall" queen mothers by advocates of women's empowerment. More women have been installed as queen mothers in the northern part of Ghana, an occurrence which has raised the status of women in the area.
In 2014, the Ghanaian Chieftaincy Minister, Henry Seidu Danaa, declared that queen mothers' participation in the House of Chiefs was constitutional.
Description and duties
The title of queen mother is an English compound word used to collectively describe women in traditional African leadership roles. The Akan peoples use the term ohemmaa, which means "female ruler". In the Ga tradition, they are called manye or "community mother". In the Pabir tradition, they are known as maigira, a word that means "female monarch." In the Benin tradition, queen mothers are known as iyobas. In the traditions of Yorubaland, a woman who is ritually invested with the title is known as an iya oba or "titled mother of the king".
The office of the queen mother is also known as the "stool". In Ghana, queen mothers are selected from the royal family of each town and village. It is the head of the royal family and the elders who choose both the chief and the queen mother, a pair that might be related to one another. The royal families are made up of the first settlers of an area.
Akan tradition
In the Akan tradition, queen mothers rule alongside the chief or the king in their area. Queen mothers are considered the spiritual heads of their communities and the keepers of genealogical knowledge. They have veto power of the king or chief and may appoint their own ministers. Queen mothers also select candidates for the next chief if the chief's "stool" is vacant. Queen mothers preside over courts which hear cases about disputes brought to the court by women. In their courtrooms, queen mothers and their court officials "wield power over disputants." When necessary, queen mothers can "assume full control of central authority." In some instances (such as during the reign of Queen Yaa Asantewa), they have "acted as war leaders."
Bini tradition
The Kingdom of Benin did not have queen mothers until after the end of the fifteenth century when there was a conflict for the throne. During the conflict, women gained power and the first of their number, Queen Idia, became a queen mother. Queen mothers in the Benin tradition are, like those in Western monarchies, the literal mothers of the kings. The classical queen mothers of Benin, each known as an Iyoba, had a great deal of power and were venerated as the protectors of the kings.
Burundian tradition
In the defunct Kingdom of Burundi, a queen mother was known as a Mugabekazi. This titleholder served as a powerful figure during the reign of either her son or - as was the case with Queen Ririkumutima - her stepson.
Dahomeyan tradition
Amongst the Fon people of Dahomey, the Kpojito serves as the queen mother. Traditionally, this titleholder had religious appeals, served as a counsel to the king, or Ahosu of Dahomey, and pleaded before him in capital cases. A prominent holder of this title was Queen Hwanjile.
Today the kpojito still holds a position of influence within the kingdom's great council, and also oversees both a significant portion of Dahomey's day-to-day administration and the ceremonial remnant of the famous Dahomey Amazons military unit. She shares this latter function with Queen Hangbe, chief of the name of the Hangbe royal family.
Egyptian tradition
In ancient Egypt, one of history's most important nations, the principal consort of the king - or Pharaoh of Egypt - was known as the Great Royal Wife; she presided over her husband's harem, served a variety of priestly functions in the kingdom, and was even sometimes an heir to the throne in her own right due to her hereditary background. An important holder of the title was Queen Hatshepsut.
Later, in the Egyptian successor state that was itself ruled by the Muhammad Ali dynasty, the king - now referred to as the Khedive of Egypt - had a consort known as a Khanum whose activities followed the precedent set by the queens and empresses of Ottoman Turkey, whose empire the khedivate had once been part of. Queen Hoshiyar Qadin was arguably the most prominent holder of this latter title.
Kongolese tradition
In the old Kingdom of Kongo, a queen mother was known as a Mwene Nzimba Mpungu. She was usually the reigning king's paternal aunt, and was expected to lead the four women that were ex officio members of the Ne Mbanda Mbanda, the kingdom's crown council.
Krobo tradition
Among the Krobo, there is the "paramount queen mother" and several "lesser" queen mothers ruling under her. Krobo queen mothers have less power than the queen mothers of the Akan tradition do. It is speculated the tradition of the queen mother may have been adopted from the Akan.
The Krobo select queen mothers through a secret election by the elders. After her selection, she is notified of her new role by having white clay smeared on her arm. A ritual installation is performed where she is taught, advised, given a new name and then presented to the chief. Krobo queen mothers are seen as "mothers" of their community and while there is an emphasis on women's affairs for the queen mother, she helps both men and women.
Kushite tradition
In the Kingdom of Kush, an ancient state that was located in what is today the Sudan, a queen mother was known as a Kandake. She ruled alongside her son the king, or Qore of Kush, and joined him in serving a variety of priestly functions in his kingdom. Holders of the title were so famous that they were mentioned in both the Alexander Romance and the New Testament of the Bible.
Malinke tradition
In the Mali Empire, a famous medieval state that was located in West Africa, the most important woman in the realm was the Qasa, the senior wife and co-ruler of the ruling emperor, or Mansa of Mali. One of the most powerful holders of the title, Empress Kassi, was a partisan in a plot to overthrow her ex-husband Mansa Sulayman following their divorce.
Pabir tradition
Pabir queen mothers are expected to become celibate. The Pabir queen mother's role is ceremonial, and her "true power lies in her ability to foment opposition against the king."
Serer tradition
In the Serer kingdoms of Senegambia, a queen mother was referred to as a Lingeer. She was typically the mother or sister of the reigning king, or Lamane, and ruled her own territory in his kingdom. As with the Akans, dynastic succession was vested in her progeny instead of the lamane's.
Swazi tradition
Amongst the Swazi people of Southern Africa, the queen mother is known as the Ndlovukati. Joining her son the king, or Ingwenyama of Eswatini, she rules the kingdom of Eswatini in what is essentially a diarchy. Although most of the day-to-day functions of administration are performed by the ingwenyama, the ndlovukati is spiritually prominent due to her officiating during the annual Reed Dance rite.
Tswana tradition
Amongst the Tswana people, the queen mother is referred to as the Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi. She serves as an advisor to her son the chief, or Kgosi, and is generally held in high esteem by the members of the tribe that he rules. A prominent holder of the title was Queen Ruth, Lady Khama.
Yoruba tradition
Women of varying ages and ancestries are installed as the "titled mothers of the kings" of the Yoruba. They also have a variety of different functions.
The Erelu Kuti of Lagos, for example, is ranked third in the order of precedence. She serves as regent when the "stool" of the king, or Oba of Lagos, is vacant. As part of the coronation ceremonies for a new oba, she also publicly blesses the candidate prior to his installation. For these reasons, she is regarded as the queen mother of the realm.
Elsewhere, in Egbaland, the Moshade is another example. A titled courtier in the service of the king, or Alake of Egbaland, she is the functionary charged with the responsibility of crowning him. Following this, she also conducts the installations of all of his subordinate chiefs. Due to this, she too claims queen mother as part of her ceremonial style.
In addition to these and other women in Yorubaland that hold the title "iya oba", there is also a class of women that are known as oba obirin or "king of the women". Usually holders of the principal title Iyalode, these figures oversee women's affairs in the various kingdoms and represent their gender in the privy councils of the kings.
Today
Queen mothers today continue to adapt to the changing world and the position has "remained vital." They participate in business and recognize the contributions of midwives.
Queen mothers have helped support breast cancer awareness in Ghana. In order to raise awareness of their role in Africa, four queen mothers from Ghana toured the United States.
Some queen mothers have said that their authority is not as respected as much as the authority of the male chiefs. While many queen mothers and other women in traditional roles have faced obstacles for creating lasting change for women, they continue to organize in order to be represented "in formal political processes." They pursue educational opportunities, like the legal literacy training at libraries in Ghana or workshops.
In Ghana, queen mothers have started the Manya Krobo Queen Mothers Association (MKQMA) in order to help children who have been orphaned because of HIV and AIDS. The group was started by Nana Okleyo. Studies of the association's work in the Manya Krobo District found that it was a good model of how to address the issue of orphans in West Africa, though it did have some limitations. There are approximately 370 queen mothers involved in MKQMA. In addition, the MKQMA, under the leadership of Manye Esther, has developed HIV/AIDS prevention programs and helped support more than 400 orphans. | WIKI |
Talk:Isaiah Dixon
Did he served in World War II or just the army
On close reading I realized that the article does not say when he served in the army. The main obituary linked here also does not give a time. He mainly served in El Paso, so seems not to have actively been at a front. However war time service categories do not require having directly been in battle. Still without a time we can not be more precise.John Pack Lambert (talk) 15:04, 6 September 2021 (UTC)
* Recommend adding rank, occupational duties and bases stationed if ascertained in reliable sources. Semper Fi! FieldMarine (talk) 12:06, 21 June 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
What is SSL / TLS and do I need a secure email connection?
SSL stands for Secured Socket Layer - basically it is a secure way of providing authentication and encryption during communication online between your computer and the Purple Dog mail server.
When you use a standard POP or IMAP connection to download your email (the most popular method still in use), your username and password is sent in cleartext across the Internet. This means that anyone using the same wireless connection as you, or the same network as you, or watching traffic at your ISP - or anyone in a position to see your Internet traffic can potentially "inctercept" your network traffic and clearly read your username and password. With this information, they can easily read all your email and worse, steal confidential information, send out spam or other malicious acts.
Don’t think anyone would do that to you? A hacker may not be interested in you or your business and snoop on you maliciously. Increasingly they want this information so that they can log into your account to send spam. By using your legitimate username and password, they can send out much more spam before having to move on to another address. Recent research claims that cyber criminals are focusing on acquiring as many compromised email accounts as possible. Mostly so they can send out "phishing" emails - or scam emails asking for money.
Have you ever received an email from someone in your address book that is asking for money or some strange request - e.g. "I'm in peru and got robbed - please send me money! " - if you have, this is the resuult of someone hacking into their email.
How to be more secure?
An SSL connection encrypts your email traffic so that it cannot be read at any point between your computer and the Purple Dog mail server that you are using.
The downside is that usually, email is not encrypted once it continues its onward journey across the internet, to its destination (unless both parties have set up mutual digital certificates). However, at least your connection to the server is more secure.
SSL / TLS email is a free technology, and available with all mainstream email clients. However, it does require additional set up time and is not suitable for every installation.
How do I set up SSL / TLS email ?
If you'd like to investigate this further, please read the article here for more information. We are also happy to assist - just get in touch.
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Talk:Mompesson House
Expansion of Mompesson House text
Hi @Murgatroyd49 I'm attempting to do an expansion of the Mompesson House article, with both text and images. Could you please hold off on reverting changes for an hour? Thanks. Isaksenk (talk) 17:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
* @Murgatroyd49 I was also planning on converting all the references to sfn form, which is why I was moving the sources already there to the Sources section. I was just about to change the cites to sfn form. Isaksenk (talk) 17:46, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
* Seriously, add the template to the head of the article while editing. Then others (like me) are aware of what is happening. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 17:48, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
* Thanks for letting me know, I'll do that in the future. Isaksenk (talk) 18:15, 20 August 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Tati Solar Power Station
Tati Solar Power Station (TSPS), is a planned solar power station in Botswana. The power station is under development by a consortium that comprises two independent power producers (IPPs), one based in Botswana, and the other based in the United Kingdom. Investors in the solar project come from South Africa, United Kingdom and The Netherlands. When completed, this renewable energy infrastructure project is expected to become the first privately owned, large-scale grid-ready, solar power plant in the country.
Location
The power station would be located on 300 ha, in Tati, outside the city of Francistown, the country's second-largest city. Francistown is located about 433 km, north-east of the city of Gaborone, the capital of Botswana.
Overview
The power station has a planned capacity of 100 megawatts. It will be developed in phases. The first phase will have capacity of 50 megawatts. As of February 2021, the developers had received an environmental certificate of compliance from the relevant local authorities. In July 2021, the Botswana Energy Regulatory Authority (BERA) also approved the project, and issued a generation license.
Developers
The power station is under development by a consortium comprising Shumba Energy Limited from Botswana and Solarcentury Africa, based in the United Kingdom.
Shumba Energy Limited is a Botswana-based "mineral exploration company, with a portfolio of exploration and mining coal projects". Its stock of shares is listed on the Botswana Stock Exchange and co-listed on the Mauritius Stock Exchange.
* Shumba Energy Limited
Solarcentury Africa is a subsidiary of BB Energy, an independent energy trading company, based in the United Kingdom. It primarily deals in "gasoil, gasoline, bitumen and fuel oil". As of August 2021, Solarcentury maintains a portfolio of 2.1 gigawatts of installed generation capacity, sold to mining operations, commercial and industrial clients in Africa.
* Solarcentury Africa
The owner/developers of this power station are expected to create a special purpose vehicle company to own and operate the solar farm. For descriptive purposes, we shall call that SPV Tati Solar Company. The table below illustrates the shareholding in Tati Solar Company. | WIKI |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 32.djvu/284
Lawrence
LAWRENCE, THOMAS (1711–1783), physician, second son of Captain Thomas Lawrence, R.N., by Elizabeth, daughter of Gabriel Soulden of Kinsale, and widow of a Colonel Piers, was grandson of another Dr. Thomas Lawrence (d. 1714), who was nephew of Henry Lawrence (1600–1664) [q. v.] and was first physician to Queen Anne, and physician-general to the army (Gent. Mag. 1815, pt. ii. p. 17).
Lawrence was born in the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, on 25 May 1711, and, accompanying his father when appointed to the Irish station about 1715, was for a time at school in Dublin. His mother died in 1724, and his father then quitted the navy and settled with his family at Southampton. The son finished his preliminary education at the grammar school in that place, and in October 1727 was entered as a commoner of Trinity College, Oxford. After graduating B.A. in 1730, and M.A. in 1733, he chose medicine for his profession, and removed to London, where he attended the anatomical lectures of Dr. Frank Nicholls [q. v.] and the practice of St. Thomas's Hospital. He graduated M.B. at Oxford, 1736, M.D. 1740, and succeeded Nicholls as anatomical reader in the university, but resided in London, where he also delivered anatomical lectures.
Lawrence was admitted a candidate of the London College of Physicians in 1743, and a fellow in 1744. After filling various college offices he was elected president in 1767, and was annually re-elected for seven consecutive years. After 1750, finding the popularity of his anatomical lectures diminished by the increasing celebrity of William Hunter [q. v.], he abandoned them, and devoted himself wholly to medical practice, in which, owing to occasional fits of deafness and to some personal peculiarities, he achieved less success than his abilities, learning, and character deserved. About 1773 his health began to fail, and he first perceived symptoms of 'angina pectoris,' which continued to distress him during the rest of his life. In 1782 he had an attack of paralysis, and in the same year removed from London to Canterbury, where he died on 6 June 1783. He was buried in St. Margaret's Church, and a tablet, with a Latin epitaph, was placed in the cathedral.
Lawrence is chiefly remembered as the friend of Dr. Johnson, who was one of his patients. He was introduced to Johnson by Dr. Richard Bathurst [q. v.] Johnson, who corresponded with him about his own ailments in Latin, said that he was 'one of the best men whom he had known' (19 March 1782). Mrs. Thrale gives a painful account of a visit which she and Johnson paid Lawrence when he had just partially recovered from a paralytic stroke.
On 25 May 1744 Lawrence was married in London to Frances, daughter of Dr. Chauncy, a physician at Derby, by whom he had six sons and three daughters. His wife died on 2 Jan. 1780, and on the 20th of the same month Johnson wrote him a letter of friendly and pious condolence. When one of his sons went to the East Indies Johnson wrote the elegant Latin alcaic ode, 'Ad Thomam Laurence, medicum doctissimum, cum filium peregre agentem desiderio nimis tristi prosequeretur.' Another of his sons was Sir Soulden Lawrence [q. v.]
Lawrence's works were all written in elegant Latin, which he regarded as the only fitting vehicle for medical treatises. They are: 1. 'Oratio Harvæana,' 4to, London, 1748. 2. 'Hydrops, disputatio medica,' 12mo, London, 1756, in the form of a dialogue between Harvey, Sir George Ent, and Dr. Hamey, grounded on the doctrines of Stahl. 3. 'Prælectiones medicæ duodecim de calvariæ et capitis morbis,' 8vo, London, 1757. An analysis of this work and also of the next is given by Haller in his 'Biblioth. Anatom.' ii. 537–8. 4. 'De Natura Musculorum prælectiones tres,' 8vo, London, 1759. 5. 'The Life of Harvey' prefixed to the college edition of his 'Opera Omnia,' 4to, London, 1766, for which Lawrence received 100l. 6. 'Life of Dr. Frank Nicholls, "cum conjecturis ejusdem de natura et usu partium humani corporis similarium,"', 4to, London, 1780, privately printed.
LAWRENCE, THOMAS (1769–1830), president of the Royal Academy, was born in the parish of St. Philip and Jacob, | WIKI |
Francisco Astaburuaga Cienfuegos
Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos (July 21, 1817 – June 13, 1892) was a Chilean politician and lawyer.
Biography
Astaburuaga was born in Talca on July 21, 1817. His parents were Cayetano Astaburuaga Valdovinos and Petronila Cienfuegos Silva.
He studied in Presbítero Juan de Díaz Romo School and Instituto Nacional. Studied Law in Universidad de San Felipe; and was sworn in as lawyer on September 5, 1832.
Astaburuaga married on June 10, 1853, with María del Rosario Vergara Rencoret.
Works
* Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile; Second Edition. Santiago, Chile; 1899. | WIKI |
Page:Our Neighbor-Mexico.djvu/161
Rh and likely to be on my back with this fierce and unused riding. So we go gayly on to Regla.
The hills are well stripped by the charcoal vender and the steam-engine devourer, and look like some of the brown, barren, rocky sides of New Hampshire in July. The sun pours a midday torrid heat upon us, and makes us like that too-willing lass of whom it is said that, when her lover said '"Wilt thou?' she wilted. "So did we, though the heat that wilted us was from without, and not within. San Miguel shone out on the plain below, said to be one of the prettiest of Mexican towns. Our road lies to the left, and its beauty is left also. The plains in which this beauty lingers stretch far away to the east and north, bounded by tall dark mountains that seem to jealously guard the sleeping beauty below. At the hour of noon our tired steeds and more tired selves enter the gates of the hacienda of Regla.
This hacienda lies in a ravine, with a high wall going up to and on its outer edge, and with entrances well barred and guarded. Before its gate is a fine fountain, set in the side of the hill, flowing through a lion's mouth inserted in the rocks. Around the carved stone rim of the basin women and children are filling their water-pots. The water tastes delicious after our hot and dusty ride; far better, I doubt not, than the brandies and other "hot and rebellious liquors" would have done, which are still too freely offered, and far too freely imbibed.
The English have brought valuable money and men to this country, but have not yet brought total abstinence; and too many Americans are still ashamed of that teetotal excellence which, though it has not entirely conquered that land, has given its laborers and leaders more than half the prosperity and comfort they enjoy. If it could come here and drive out the legion of devils which the cup of inebriety introduces, it would be a blessing of blessings to all the people. Amen, so let it be!
Leaving our horses at the gate, we are led by the house where dinner (they call it breakfast here) is awaiting us, under vast arches, alongside of a paved brook, now nearly waterless, and whose blocks | WIKI |
What Happens When Marcus Samuelsson Takes Harlem to London?
Marcus Samuelsson lives in Harlem. He loves Harlem. He loves it so much that he decided to spread it to east London. Mr. Samuelsson’s Red Rooster Harlem, a neighborhood restaurant known for its soul food and soul-stirring gospel brunches, has birthed a doppelgänger Red Rooster Shoreditch. The restaurant, which opened in May, is one of several ventures placing him into new territory. Having already established restaurants in Bermuda and in Sweden, Mr. Samuelsson opened the eponymous Marcus late last year at MGM National Harbor, a casino in Maryland outside Washington, D.C., and anticipation is high for Marcus B & P set to open any day now in downtown Newark. He generated buzz this summer when he signed a lease to open a still unnamed restaurant on Brooklyn’s Greenpoint waterfront. Among the new additions to his culinary portfolio, Red Rooster Shoreditch stands apart for its unabashed exaltation of Harlem and black American culture. But what happens when you try to bottle Harlem up like hot sauce and sprinkle it? Does it taste the same when commoditized? Does it lose its flavor? Since adopting Harlem as his home and choosing it to hone his skills as a showman restaurateur, Mr. Samuelsson has masterfully straddled a fine line between gentrification, appropriation and approbation. Mr. Samuelsson, born in Ethiopia and raised in Sweden, has garnered enough Harlem street cred to successfully strut out Streetbird Rotisserie, a more casual, less expensive eatery less than a mile from Red Rooster Harlem, and Harlem Eat Up, an annual food festival that takes over Morningside Park each May. He has found a culinary aesthetic that’s the equivalent of the electric slide, a line dance that still prompts black families to rise up in unison at backyard cookouts but equally rouses a crowd at a predominantly white wedding. Mr. Samuelsson said people had been begging him to replicate Red Rooster elsewhere but that he took his time until he found the right fit. “You know what? We could do another Red Rooster, but it has to be in another city that has similar DNA as New York,” he said in an interview a little over a month after the restaurant opened. Like other hip neighborhoods turned hipster, Shoreditch has become synonymous with gentrification. It was even turned into a much-debated synonym for gentrification: Shoreditchification. In September 2015, anti-gentrification protesters surrounded Cereal Killer Café, a quirky eatery that provides patrons with nostalgia in the form of $5 bowls of cereal. The influx of luxury lofts and high-end stores still prompts sneers from some locals and creatives who turn to Shoreditch’s street graffiti and art galleries for comfort. Red Rooster’s location somewhat insulates it from a potential backlash. It sits in the basement of The Curtain Hotel, a boutique hotel open to the general public that features a Members Club costing £250 to join and £1000 in annual membership dues. An opening page for the club reads, “We’re not about wealth and status. We don’t care who your parents are. We want members that have something in common: namely, a creative soul.” Red Rooster is open to the dining public, as is Mr. Samuelsson’s Tienda Roosteriais, a taqueria on the hotel’s ground floor. The menu’s prices are moderate. A side of fresh collard greens, big enough to split between two people, will set you back £5, a sensible price compared to Neiman Marcus’s frozen collard greens sold last holiday season for $66, plus $15.50 in shipping. One of the more expensive food items on Red Rooster’s menu is the £44 Bird Royale Feast. Look on Instagram, and you’ll see a happy diner delighted by a fountain candle placed in the middle of a whole fried chicken. And art was everywhere inside Red Rooster Shoreditch, meant to convey a curated cool. On the wall of the stairs into the restaurant, Kehinde Wiley’s “Portrait of Andries Stilte” is prominently displayed. Photographs, paintings and drawings by lesser-known artists cover papered walls inside. The décor somewhat mirrored that of Streetbird’s nods to hip-hop but took it to a next level with a glass entrance covered in a Louis Vuitton motif in which the LV is replaced with RR. It harkened to the genius of Daniel Day, better known as Dapper Dan, the Harlem courtier who reconstructed luxury brands into hip- hop high fashion and has now teamed up with Gucci. In a lounge area of the restaurant, the real LV motif covered stools made out of buckets. Another stool was covered in a portrait of President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama. Above the restaurant’s bar, a Salt ‘N’ Pepa album hung from a clothesline along with a copper saucepan and other items. Music has been a major backdrop of Mr. Samuelsson’s Harlem outlets, with DJs spinning regularly. On Monday nights, the Rakiem Walker Project rocks the crowd at the bar. Various jazz artists play at Ginny’s Supper Club, the space beneath Red Rooster that becomes a dance hall late weekend nights into early morning. Mr. Samuelsson wanted to take that same energy to Red Rooster Shoreditch, but it could not be duplicated. The restaurant enlisted the House Gospel Choir, a 40-member group that boasts itself as “the choir that house built.“ Gospel choirs in Harlem embrace the black church as a foundation and inspiration, but the House Gospel Choir, with no direct link to the organs, rousing sermons and other traditions of other black Christian church, has created something altogether different. A handful of members, wearing black T-shirts and black slacks, serenaded patrons with big gospel-ish vocals over electronic dance music. The members are of different faiths and backgrounds. The group has focused on the word gospel, said Raff, the choral director. “It really means good news,” he said. “It wasn’t about taking Red Rooster Harlem and plopping it down. You become part of our family. I see Red Rooster celebrating the rawness of the art that was here.” Raff said he had never been to Harlem. “It’s on my wish list,” he said. If he went to Red Rooster Harlem, he would see other differences. The bartenders and servers seem to be able to make their own choices when it comes to fashion. At Red Rooster Shoreditch, several servers had uniformed vests emblazoned on the back with the Red Rooster logo, a silhouette of the bird, but it was bedazzled in sequins, a touch that took over-the-top into cheesy. Speaking of which, there’s macaroni and cheese, collard greens and other soul food staples on the menu. Deviled eggs. Cornbread. Chicken and waffles. The greens were vinegary for my taste, and my brunch guest – a teenage daughter with a palate refined on classic southern, soul food cuisine – wondered why the biscuits tasted like scones. (My personal trick is equal parts butter and Crisco.) Kyle Gibson, assistant general manager, admitted that it has been difficult to introduce Britons to an American cuisine, particularly when a word like biscuit there conjures up an image of a flat, rectangular, edible stick possibly dunked in a cup of tea and not a flaky round bread smothered in gravy. There were some adjustments to the Shoreditch menu: peas and eggs and quinoa porridge. The shrimp and grits on the Shoreditch menu ditched the gumbo of okra and Andouille sausage. Grits. “Some people just don’t know what they are,” Mr. Gibson said. “Grits? What’s that?” asked Campbell Addy, a fashion photographer, founder of Nii Journal and Nii Agency, who has pushed for diversity and the representation of black people in the fashion industry. His portrait of Brooklyn rapper Joey Bada$$ is on the most recent cover of the catalog of Asos, the online British clothing retailer. Mr. Addy, 24, happened to have a show of photos from the latest issue of Nii Journal in Protein Studios, a gallery a block or so away from Red Rooster Shoreditch. He and friend Georgina Johnson, a 24-year-old clothing designer and artist, spoke fondly of Shoreditch despite their disappointment in the gentrification and of visits to Harlem. Though Mr. Addy was confused about grits, wondering whether it was porridge, he remembered eating collard greens when he was in New York. He doubted that a kitchen full of Britons could get them right. “I wouldn’t eat collard greens in London,” Mr. Addy said. Ms. Johnson was unaware of Red Rooster’s opening, but she said she admired Mr. Samuelsson for trying to introduce Britons to a culture so steeped in blackness. Gentrification continues “with black and brown communities and businesses being pushed to the margins,” she said, adding later, “As a person navigating London and central areas, it’s always nice to see something owned by someone that looks like you in that type of space.” Mr. Samuelsson said he asked himself several questions as he entered Shoreditch. Among them was “Where is it going? Who is it for?” “Harlem is an aspirational culture for the rest of the world,” Mr. Samuelsson said, citing James Baldwin and Romare Bearden among the writers and artists who have drawn people from all over the world to Harlem. He went on later, “I wanted to make sure it was built of Harlem but is for everyone.” I’m not sure it’s for this black Southerner. I had a good time. I enjoyed most of my food and drink. If you’re in Shoreditch, go. But know that it is Harlem-light, and you may be working your mouth up for a sweet tea and realizing there’s no sugar. Maybe Harlem just can’t be spread. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:DNA/Archive 8
You looked up dichotomy on wikipedia because of this and put it on VFD didnt you? lol (I dont appreciate that - I created that entry) Bensaccount 04:37, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)
* Not exactly. I looked at your contributions, and when I got to dichtomoy, I put it on VfD. Stewart Adcock 01:36, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
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(to Bensaccount) Please note that I am not saying that there is nothing of value in your proposal. Rather, I am just saying that the version that was hammered out by several people with all kinds of expertise is significantly better. Peak 05:54, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)
* This is not a zero-sum game Bensaccount 18:36, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)
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I dont think we need a second paragraph yet (see define and describe. Bensaccount 18:32, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
The proposed second paragraph belongs under the location heading. Bensaccount 18:32, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
* [Peak:] That is your POV, which you should not impose on others. For example, many people believe that the preamble should mention chromosomes. Since not all DNA is in chromosomes, and since not everything in a chromosome is DNA, some people felt that the connection between DNA and chromosomes could be left to a second paragraph within the preamble. This is not to say that there shouldn't be a section on "Location". That depends on how much we want to squeeze into the preamble. Peak 04:36, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC) | WIKI |
Adductor Longus & Brevis Trigger Points
Adductor Muscle Trigger Points Cause Inner Quadriceps and Groin Pain
Adductor trigger points are commonly associated with hip and groin pain. Many people who begin experiencing this pain can not related to a single activity or injury. In acute cases this does occur with sprinting, jumping, and quickly changing directions such as in basketball or soccer. However this often occurs with chronic repetitive movements such as walking, jogging, and running.
The pain begins in the groin or anterior hip and radiates towards the knee along the inside of the quadriceps muscle. The adductor longus and adductor brevis muscle are responsible for adduction or squeezing the knees together. However they also play a role in hip flexion with walking and running. It is in these circumstances we see many runners with excessive muscle hypertonicity and loss of flexibility in the hamstrings, quadriceps, and adductor muscles.
This radiating leg pain can be confused with low back pain, sciatica from the upper lumbar, lumbar disc herniations, iliacus muscle sprains, degenerative hip arthritis, hernias, quadriceps sprains, and iliotibial band friction syndrome.
adductor longus and brevis trigger point
Adductor longus and brevis trigger point radiating pain patterns can extend past the knee to the foot. In this case the condition is more likely to be misdiagnosed as low back injuries, disc herniations, or other causes of sciatic pain. The history, physical examination, orthopedic testing, and muscle testing should show that the pain patterns are different and inconsistent with many of the previously mentioned injuries.
As with any trigger point the key to proper diagnosis is palpation and reproduction of the symptoms from the anterior hip to the knee, and toward the anterior ankle. When the adductor longus and brevis trigger points are identified a proper treatment plan aimed at decreasing muscle hypertonicity, increasing flexibility, and decreasing fascial adhesions and trigger points in the leg muscles can begin.
A variety of treatments for decreasing muscle hypertonicity include massage therapy, manual therapy, active release technique, and Graston technique. All of these muscle therapies are excellent at decreasing fascial adhesions and restoring proper function to the quadriceps, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus muscles.
In some cases we've seen patients misdiagnosed for nerve entrapment syndromes including iliacus muscle syndrome, obturator tunnel syndrome, meralgia paresthetica , saphenous nerve syndrome, and tarsal tunnel syndrome.
In patients who experiences condition with their recreational activities such as exercise class, yoga, jogging, running, and swimming additional strengthening exercises may be beneficial. If the adductor muscles are compensating because of postural changes, low back strengthening exercises may provide significant benefit in both a short-term and long-term.
In runners the patient may not be proper we utilizing the ankle, knee, and hip for stability, strength, and endurance. Changing running gates may improve and limit future injuries, especially if the person is compensating for their weakness by increasing adductor activity while running. Muscle adductor injuries are common in both speed workouts, hill climbing, and patients who do not toe off while running. A lack of toe off can be either because of weakness, poor flexibility, or other foot and ankle injuries including Achilles tendinitis and plantar fasciitis.
Nerve entrapment injuries can benefit for a variety of strength, flexibility, and endurance exercises. The muscle therapy techniques of Graston technique, Active Release Technique, and massage therapy are also viable treatments. Low level laser or cold laser therapy can also enhance recovery and treatments.
Trigger points that produce reading pain from the anterior hip towards the ankle are the result of adductor longus and adductor brevis trigger points. Treatment should address these muscle injuries and reduce the likelihood of future reoccurrences. A variety of treatments and techniques can be utilized. Examination and treatment plans will incorporate the overall physical condition of the person, work activities, and recreational activities to designing a unique treatment plan.
Our Chandler Chiropractic & Physical Therapy Clinic treats patients with a variety of muscle, tendon, joint, and ligament injuries. The clinic provides treatment for runners, tri-athletes, and weekend warriors in addition to common headache, neck, and back patients traditionally seen in Chiropractic, Physical Therapy, Massage Therapy clinics. We work with all ages and abilities of the residents in Phoenix, Tempe, Gilbert, Mesa, and Chandler AZ. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What are All-On-4 Implants?
May 22, 2024 | All-on-4 Implants
What are All-On-4 Implants?
Discover the revolutionary solution for a full-arch restoration with All-on-4 dental implants. This innovative technique offers a permanent, reliable, and aesthetically pleasing alternative to traditional dentures. By using just four strategically placed implants, All-on-4 supports a complete set of prosthetic teeth, providing you with confidence and comfort.
Learn about the benefits, procedure, and recovery process, and find out if you are an ideal candidate for this life-changing treatment.
Key Takeaways
• All-on-4 dental implants provide a stable, comfortable, and natural-feeling alternative to dentures.
• To qualify for All-on-4 implants, patients must have sufficient jawbone density and be in good overall health.
• The All-on-4 procedure involves a consultation, implant surgery, temporary denture placement, healing, and permanent denture fitting.
• Maintaining excellent oral hygiene and scheduling regular dental checkups are essential for the long-term success of All-on-4 implants.
What are All-on-4 Dental Implants?
All-on-4 dental implants represent a revolutionary approach to full-arch tooth replacement. This innovative procedure offers one of the most efficient ways to restore a complete dental arch with minimal hassle.
The main purpose is to support fixed dentures that are fixed permanently and securely onto your gum. Unlike traditional methods, all-on-4 implants can provide immediate implant-supported denture solutions, allowing you to leave the clinic with a restored smile on the same day.
Essentially, all-on-4 is designed to provide a stable and durable foundation for a full set of teeth, eliminating the inconvenience associated with removable dentures.
All-on-4 dental implants enable you to gain the full functionality and aesthetic appeal of natural teeth, transforming your oral health and overall quality of life. With all-on-4, you can chew, speak, and smile with confidence, knowing your new teeth are securely anchored. Moreover, these implants significantly reduce the need for bone grafting, making them an ideal choice for many patients.
By understanding what all-on-4 implants are and how they work, you’ll be well-prepared to consider this excellent method for restoring your smile.
How Do All-on-4 Dental Implants Work?
All-on-4 dental implants have revolutionized the field of prosthetic dentistry by providing a viable treatment option for patients missing most or all of their teeth. So, how do All-on-4 implants work?
The procedure involves the placement of four implants in the jawbone. These implants are strategically placed to maximize contact with the bone, providing optimal support for the dental prosthesis.
Generally, your dentist will insert the two front implants vertically and the two back implants at a 45-degree angle to utilize available bone. During the surgery, the dentist will make precise incisions in the gum to expose the bone, where the implants will be drilled and secured. Once the implants are in place, a temporary prosthesis is attached, allowing patients to leave the surgery with functional teeth.
Over time, the bone integrates with the implants in a process known as osseointegration, ensuring the stability of the prosthesis.
The All-on-4 procedure minimizes bone grafting needs, making it accessible for those with less dense bone. With minimal recovery time and the potential for lifelong results, this treatment option offers a convenient, effective solution for dental restoration, providing renewed confidence and improved quality of life for patients.
Benefits of All-on-4 Implants
All-on-4 implants present a compelling alternative to traditional dentures and individual implants, offering a range of benefits that enhance both functionality and quality of life:
1. Stability and Comfort
Unlike removable dentures that can shift and cause discomfort, All-on-4 implants are securely anchored to the jawbone, providing a stable and natural feel. This stability eliminates concerns about slippage or clicking sounds during speech or eating, allowing you to interact with confidence.
2. Restored Ability to Eat a Full Range of Foods
The enhanced stability of All-on-4 implants translates to improved chewing function. You can once again enjoy a diverse diet, including crunchy and chewy foods that might have been difficult with dentures or missing teeth. This not only enhances your culinary experiences but also contributes to better nutrition.
3. Improved Jawbone Health
Traditional dentures can lead to bone loss in the jaw over time, as the absence of tooth roots stimulates natural bone resorption. All-on-4 implants, however, mimic the function of tooth roots by providing stimulation to the jawbone. This helps to maintain bone density and prevent the facial changes associated with bone loss.
4. Potential for Lifelong Results
With proper care and maintenance, All-on-4 implants have the potential to last a lifetime. This contrasts with dentures, which may require periodic adjustments or replacements. The durability of All-on-4 implants makes them a cost-effective long-term solution for tooth replacement.
5. Increased Confidence
The combination of improved functionality, aesthetics, and comfort contributes to a significant boost in self-confidence. You can smile, speak, and eat without reservation, knowing that your teeth are secure and natural-looking. This newfound confidence can positively impact various aspects of your life, from social interactions to professional endeavors.
Am I a Suitable Candidate for All-on-4 Implants?
While All-on-4 implants offer numerous advantages, they might not be suitable for everyone. Determining your candidacy requires a comprehensive evaluation by a dental professional. However, here are some general factors that indicate you might be a good candidate for All-on-4 implants:
• Significant Tooth Loss or Failing Teeth: All-on-4 implants are designed to replace an entire arch of teeth. If you’re experiencing significant tooth loss, have multiple failing teeth, or are facing the prospect of full dentures, All-on-4 implants could be a viable solution.
• Sufficient Jawbone Density: Adequate jawbone density is crucial for the successful placement and long-term stability of implants. If you’ve experienced bone loss due to periodontal disease or tooth loss, bone grafting procedures might be necessary to create a solid foundation for the implants.
• Good Overall Health: Optimal oral and overall health are important for the success of any surgical procedure. While certain medical conditions might require special considerations, maintaining good health generally enhances the healing process and minimizes the risk of complications.
Ultimately, a thorough consultation with a qualified dentist or oral surgeon is the best way to determine if All-on-4 implants are the right choice for you. They will assess your individual circumstances, discuss your goals and expectations, and develop a personalized treatment plan tailored to your needs.
The All-on-4 Implant Process
The journey to your new smile with All-on-4 implants involves several distinct phases, each carefully planned and executed to ensure optimal results:
• Consultation and Evaluation: The process begins with a comprehensive consultation with your dentist or oral surgeon. They will thoroughly assess your oral health, medical history, and jawbone density through examinations and imaging. This evaluation helps determine your suitability for All-on-4 implants and allows for personalized treatment planning.
• Implant Surgery (and Possible Tooth Extractions): On the day of the surgery, you’ll receive anesthesia to ensure your comfort. Any remaining teeth that need to be extracted will be removed. Then, the four dental implants will be strategically placed into your jawbone. The two front implants are typically placed vertically, while the two back implants are angled for optimal support.
• Temporary Denture Placement: Immediately after implant placement, a temporary set of dentures is attached to the implants. This temporary prosthesis allows you to function normally while the implants integrate with your jawbone.
• Healing Period: Over the next few months, a process called osseointegration takes place. This is where the implants fuse with the bone, creating a strong and stable foundation for your permanent teeth. During this healing period, you’ll be provided with instructions on how to care for your temporary dentures and maintain good oral hygiene.
• Fitting of Permanent Dentures: Once osseointegration is complete, typically after several months, your temporary dentures will be removed, and your custom-made permanent dentures will be securely attached to the implants. These permanent dentures are designed to look, feel, and function like natural teeth, restoring your smile and chewing ability.
Costs and Considerations
When considering the All-on-4 dental procedure, it’s essential to focus on both the costs and considerations involved. The All-on-4 treatment provides a transformational solution for patients seeking permanent dental implants, but the surgery’s financial aspects shouldn’t be overlooked.
Costs for All-on-4 implants can vary widely based on your specific needs and the expertise of your dental professional. The initial procedure might seem expensive, but considering the potential lifelong results, improved jawbone health, and restored ability to eat a full range of foods, the investment is often justified.
Dental insurance may cover part of the costs, but out-of-pocket expenses are a significant consideration. Patients also need to remember that, aside from the implants, follow-up care and maintenance are critical to ensuring the longevity of the All-on-4 treatment. The costs of potential adjustments or repairs should be factored in as well.
Weighing these considerations can help patients determine if the All-on-4 procedure is the right choice for their dental and financial situation. It’s advisable to have a detailed consultation with a qualified dental surgeon to understand all aspects of the procedure and make an informed decision about your treatment and associated costs.
How to Care for Your Implants
Maintaining the longevity and success of your All-on-4 implants requires diligent oral hygiene practices. Here’s how you can ensure your new smile stays healthy and vibrant:
Proper Oral Hygiene
Brush your teeth at least twice daily using a soft-bristled toothbrush and non-abrasive toothpaste. Be sure to clean all surfaces of your dentures, including the gum line and the underside. Flossing or using interdental brushes is crucial for cleaning the spaces between teeth and around the implants, removing food particles and plaque buildup. Consider using a water flosser for a gentle and effective clean.
Cleaning Around the Implants
Cleaning around the implants requires extra attention. Use a specialized brush to reach the areas beneath the dentures and around the implant posts. Your dentist will demonstrate the proper technique to avoid damaging the implants or surrounding tissues.
Regular Dental Checkups and Professional Cleaning
Regular dental checkups, typically every six months, are essential for monitoring the health of your implants and surrounding tissues. Your dentist will perform a professional cleaning, removing any tartar or plaque buildup that can’t be reached with home care. They’ll also assess the condition of your implants, ensuring they remain secure and functional.
By following these care guidelines, you’ll not only protect your investment in All-on-4 implants but also ensure a lifetime of confident smiles and enjoyable eating experiences. Remember, good oral hygiene is a lifelong commitment, and your dentist is your partner in maintaining optimal oral health.
Rediscover Your Smile with All-on-4 Dental Implants
All-on-4 dental implants offer a remarkable opportunity to reclaim your smile and enhance your quality of life. This innovative treatment combines the stability of implants with the convenience of a full-arch restoration, providing a long-lasting and natural-looking solution for missing teeth.
Don’t let missing teeth hold you back any longer. Discover the life-changing benefits of All-on-4 implants at New Leaf Rohnert Park. Our experienced team is dedicated to helping you regain your confidence and enjoy a full, healthy smile.
Request an Appointment with our experts today at (707) 586-1549 and take the first step towards a brighter future. Your dream smile awaits!
Eddie Kuo, DDS
Eddie Kuo, DDS
Owner @ New Leaf Rohnert Park
Professional Degrees
University of California at Davis – BS in Biological Sciences with emphasis in Neurology, Physiology, Behaviors
University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, Doctorate of Dental Surgery
State University of New York at Buffalo – General Practice Residency at Erie County Medical Center
Front Office Staff On Phone Taking Appointment
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Mount Martin National Park
Mount Martin is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 829 km northwest of Brisbane. | WIKI |
User:Riccardo LFC
Languages and linguistic student. I'm Italian and study Russian and Polish, I'm interested in I.E. linguistics | WIKI |
Frederick Roberts (cricketer, born 1848)
Frederick Roberts (24 September 1848 – 13 July 1903) was an English first-class cricketer active 1867–68 who played for Surrey. He was born in Kennington; died in Rotherhithe. | WIKI |
User:HancyParas
Born in Kathmandu Nepal. He is famous for nothing. He is very honest so sometimes people perceive him as rude. He doesn't follow any particular religion but he is not an atheist. He doesn't have any academic qualifications because he doesn't believe in the education system. Everything he knows he taught it to himself. He is lost. He has a mental illness. He likes to play mobile games because he can't afford other gaming consoles or PC. He is very rational still somewhat emotional. He needs a girlfriend in his life. | WIKI |
User:Siddiqee
Living in Islamabad and have lot of interests.
Now living in Lahore.
Articles' Contribution
Mandi Faizabad
National symbols of Pakistan
* pnb:User:Siddiqee
* ur:User:Siddiqee | WIKI |
Maximum subarray sum of a given array using c++
In this C++ tutorial, we are going to discuss the maximum subarray sum of a given array. Firstly we will learn what is subarray?
What is Subarray in C++
A subarray is a contiguous part of an array. It is an array inside another array. For example, consider the array [1, 2, 3], There are 6 non-empty sub-arrays. The subarrays are (1), (2), (3), (1,2), (2,3) and (1,2,3) but (1,3) is not subarray.
Problem Description:
Given an array of n integers a1,a2,…,an, our task is to find the maximum subarray sum of numbers in a contiguous region in the array. The problem is interesting when there may be negative numbers in the array. For example, for the array of values [1, 1, −3, 4, −1, 3, 1, −5, 4], the contiguous subarray with the largest sum is [4, −1, 3, 1], with sum 7.
Solutions of maximum subarray sum of a given array using c++
There are several possible methods for solving this problem with different time complexities. Here we are going to learn three methods.
Method 1 to solve Maximum subarray sum of a given array in C++
This is a direct method to solve the problem is to go through all possible subarray, calculate the sum of the numbers in each subarray and maintain the maximum sum. Implementation of this method :
Time Complexity: O(n^3)
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n,i,j,k;
//n: size of input array
cin>>n;
int a[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
cin>>a[i];
int sum,msum=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i;j<n;j++)
{
sum=0;
for(k=i;k<=j;k++)
{
sum+=a[k];
}
msum=max(msum,sum);
}
}
cout<<msum<<endl;
return 0;
}
Input:
9
-2 1 -3 4 -1 2 1 -5 4
Output:
6
Method:-2
This method is similar to the first method but more efficient. We can make the first method more efficient by removing one loop which is done by calculating the sum at the same time when the right end of the subarray moves. Implementation of this method :
Time Complexity: O(n^2)
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n,i,j,k;
//n: size of input array
cin>>n;
int a[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
cin>>a[i];
int sum,msum=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
sum=0;
for(j=i;j<n;j++)
{
sum+=a[j];
msum=max(msum,sum);
}
}
cout<<msum<<endl;
return 0;
}
Input:
9
-2 1 -3 4 -1 2 1 -5 4
Output:
6
Method:-3
We can also find the required result in O(n) time, this method is known as Kadane algorithm. Algorithm for this method-
• Initialize : sum=0 and smax=0
Loop for each element of the array
• sum=max(sum+a[i],a[i]);
• smax=max(smax,sum)
Time Compexity: O(n)
Implementation of this method :
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n,i,j,k;
//n: size of input array
cin>>n;
int a[n];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
cin>>a[i];
int sum,msum;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(i==0)
{
sum=a[i];
msum=sum;
}
else
{
sum=max(sum+a[i],a[i]);
msum=max(sum,msum);
}
}
cout<<msum<<endl;
return 0;
}
Input:
9
-2 1 -3 4 -1 2 1 -5 4
Output:
6
Also, learn:
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Colonialism impacted Africa in many ways. One impact was in the area of religion. The Europeans saw a great opportunity to spread Christianity to Africa. Missionaries went to Africa to spread their religion. They believed they were helping to civilize the African people. They also offered humanitarian help in the form of medical care and education.
Another impact was the exploitation of the continent. Africa had many resources, including cotton and gold. The Europeans wanted these resources, so they could make products and enrich their treasuries. The colonies served as a marketplace for the products made in the European factories. Africa also became a source for slaves who were then sent to other regions of the world.
Unfortunately, colonization often brought conflict. The European countries often fought with one other over control of African land. The Europeans would then implement their political system in Africa once they gained control over these lands. Additionally, when the...
(The entire section contains 2 answers and 542 words.) | FINEWEB-EDU |
(Mary Evans/Interfoto/Sammlung Rauch)
to avoid skin irritation and that he could actually still hold the brushes himself), so that he could continue with the enduring love he had for his masterpieces. Renoir’s paintings are often described as being easily recognizable for their use of bright colors and bold lines. He developed a sunny, joyful, outlook in his works and spent his early years sketching on the banks of the Seine, alongside Monet. It was this time of experimentation with Monet that led to the use of bright colors that became so central to the Impressionist movement. He didn’t consider his works moralistic or political and he often represented non-serious themes. He had a complete mastery of facial features, making his portraiture commissions engaging and particularly lifelike. He loved to paint women and he was always sympathetic and generous in his depictions of women. One of the other areas in which he excelled was the “movement” he created within his pieces, particularly when painting water – the fast, fragmented brushstrokes with the light effects of the sun beaming down and the shadows created by the subjects he painted are simply breathtaking and unique. It is cited that Renoir only ever used five colors on his palette because his time as a highly revered porcelain painter at the very beginning
ABOVE: Exhibitions of art took place at the Salon de Paris on an annual basis; this illustration is c. 1868. BELOW: A caricature of photographer Nadar. The Impressionist artists held their first exhibition at his studio.
(Mary Evans/Library of Congress)
Made with FlippingBook - professional solution for displaying marketing and sales documents online | FINEWEB-EDU |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vanda Teuta Vucicevic
The result was Delete. Tikiwont (talk) 09:11, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
Vanda Teuta Vucicevic
* ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)
Could be notable, but article as it stands fails to establish notability. Wizardman 17:49, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
* Delete. Only asserts notability in the most general terms. Where, specifically, has her work been recognized?--The Fat Man Who Never Came Back (talk) 17:54, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. —TreasuryTag talk contribs 18:23, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Visual arts-related deletions. – David Eppstein (talk) 16:41, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* Delete No assertion of notability for what seems a young photographer. Johnbod (talk) 17:02, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* Delete She has exhibited at the Riverside Studios, which is a TV studio and cinema, and not a major exhibition centre for contemporary art, and Seimans_artLab, which looks a bit more significant, but not enough to justify WP:BIO. I've added the links to the article in any case, though should add that the Riverside Studios one is from the Bosnia Institute, where the artist works as an editorial assistant .--Ethicoaestheticist (talk) 22:00, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* Delete per above. Modernist (talk) 13:10, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
| WIKI |
How Sleep Disorders Affect Daily Life
Sleep is a critical part of your overall health. Without proper sleep, it can impact your mental and physical well-being. Adults should get between 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night for optimal health. The quality of your sleep is also essential. A night of poor sleep here and there will not severely impact your health. However, chronic sleep issues and sleep disorders can seriously worsen your quality of life. Below, you will find how sleep disorders affect daily life.
How Sleep Disorders Affect Daily Life
Sleep disorders are serious conditions that impact one’s ability to sleep well on a regular basis. Irregular sleep can impact one’s physical and mental health and, in turn, can impact overall quality of life. Consider the following ways sleep disorders impact daily life.
Chronic Fatigue
Sleep disorders can lead to daytime fatigue, which is one of the most immediate and noticeable issues. Chronic fatigue causes serious problems as it impacts every aspect of people’s daily lives, including work, school, and even relationship performance. Those who experience daily fatigue for one week or more due to poor sleep should consult with a sleep expert right away.
Mental Health
Sleep disorders can lead to serious mental health issues. Those who do not get enough sleep or get poor quality sleep experience severe emotional consequences, including mood swings, irritability, and stress. If left untreated, it can develop into more complicated issues such as anxiety and depression. It is vital to work with a sleep expert at an advanced sleep institute to address the issue right away.
Physical Health
Chronic sleep loss caused by sleep disorders leads to serious physical health issues. Common health issues include diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. It can also lead to a weakened immune system. This can make you more susceptible to getting sick throughout the year, which can further impact your physical health. Poor sleep can also impact your hormones, leading to unwanted imbalances. These imbalances can create even more issues with your physical and emotional well-being.
Common Sleep Disorders
Several sleep disorders can affect your quality of life. If you experience any symptoms related to the following sleep disorders, contact a sleep expert right away. They can diagnose the issue and create a treatment plan based on your unique needs.
Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing when you sleep. Common symptoms include loud snoring and frequent awakenings throughout the night, as well as choking or gasping sounds during sleep. People with the condition also experience issues in their daily lives, including daytime sleepiness, issues with concentration, and other cognitive issues. If left untreated, sleep apnea can lead to serious health issues. Sleep disorder treatment is necessary for those who have sleep apnea.
Restless Leg Syndrome
Restless leg syndrome is a neurological disorder. It is characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move your legs. This is often due to experiencing uncomfortable sensations in your legs. It can occur during the day, but it often impacts people when they are trying to fall asleep at night. Common symptoms associated with restless leg syndrome include itching, crawling, tingling, or aching. These symptoms go away temporarily when you move your leg. However, this condition can lead to serious sleep issues. It is critical to seek treatment from a sleep expert.
Insomnia
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. Common symptoms include anxiety about sleep, trouble falling asleep, and difficulty staying asleep. Poor-quality sleep also leads to mood changes, daytime fatigue, and headaches. Fortunately, several effective treatment options can improve sleep if you suffer from insomnia.
Sleep Disorder Treatment
If you experience regular sleep issues, it is important to consult with a sleep expert. They can diagnose your condition and create a customized treatment plan based on your unique needs. Contact the team at Sleep MD today to schedule an appointment!
Sleep test now avaialble-click viewx | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Your HIIT Workouts - Oxygen Magazine
Your HIIT Workouts
Get the most out of your cardio workout with these two high-intensity interval routines.
Author:
Publish date:
Social count:
0
HIIT_620x440
Maximize your cardio workout with high-intensity interval training. Four times per week, choose one of these HIIT cardio plans and perform it after the strength portion of your program. Before you get started, warm up for five minutes with light activity, such as walking or jogging. And, FYI: "rest" means that you stop altogether.
Option 1: In the Gym
Try this interval workout on a treadmill, elliptical or recumbent bike.
Sprint for 1 minute
Rest for 1 minute
Sprint for 45 seconds
Rest for 45 seconds
Sprint for 30 seconds
Rest for 30 seconds
Sprint for 15 seconds
Rest for 1 to 2 minutes
Repeat the entire sequence 3 to 5 times.
Option 2: Take It Outside
Find an area with enough room for you to run straight for 30 to 45 seconds (when running for one minute, turn around when you reach the end and sprint back in the other direction). Continue the sequence in this manner. Working against the wind and elements can help you burn even more calories than you would at the gym!
Sprint for 1 minute
Walk for 1 minute
Rest for 1 minute
Sprint for 45 seconds
Walk for 45 seconds
Rest for 45 seconds
Sprint for 30 seconds
Walk for 30 seconds
Rest for 30 seconds
Sprint for 15 seconds
Walk for 15 seconds
Rest for 2 minutes
Repeat the entire sequence 3 to 5 times.
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User:Matancha
* Username: matancha
* Birth date: 1994
* Current location: Haifa, Israel
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Shaker communities
The Shakers are a sect of Christianity which practices celibacy, communal living, confession of sin, egalitarianism, and pacifism. After starting in England, it is thought that these communities spread into the cotton towns of North West England, with the football team of Bury taking on the Shaker name to acknowledge the Shaker community of Bury. The Shakers left England for the English colonies in North America in 1774. As they gained converts, the Shakers established numerous communities in the late-18th century through the entire 19th century. The first villages organized in Upstate New York and the New England states, and, through Shaker missionary efforts, Shaker communities appeared in the Midwestern states. Communities of Shakers were governed by area bishoprics and within the communities individuals were grouped into "family" units and worked together to manage daily activities. By 1836 eighteen major, long-term societies were founded, comprising some sixty families, along with a failed commune in Indiana. Many smaller, short-lived communities were established over the course of the 19th century, including two failed ventures into the Southeastern United States and an urban community in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Shakers peaked in population by the 1840s and early 1850s, with a membership between 4,000 and 9,000. Growth in membership began to stagnate by the mid 1850s. In the turmoil of the American Civil War and subsequent Industrial Revolution, Shakerism went into severe decline. As the number of living Shakers diminished, Shaker communes were disbanded or otherwise ceased to exist. Some of their buildings and sites have become museums, and many are historic districts under the National Register of Historic Places. The only active community is Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village in Maine, which is composed of at least three active members.
The first Shaker societies
The first Shaker community was established north of Albany, and was first called "Niskayuna", a rendering of the Indian name for the land. Later the town they were in was officially named Watervliet. That part of the town of Watervliet is now in the town of Colonie (since 1895), and the name Watervliet is now limited to the city of Watervliet (1896). In addition, Niskayuna is now the name of a town to the northwest. This has led to some confusion, because many historical accounts refer to them as the Niskayuna Shakers, while others refer to them as Watervliet Shakers. The Watervliet Shaker Historic District is where Mother Ann Lee was buried.
By 1780, the missionary work of the Shakers had attracted many new converts. An extensive series of trips throughout New England from 1781 through 1783 brought in followers across the entire region. Converts began appearing in New Lebanon and Canaan, New York; Hancock, Pittsfield, Richmond, Ashfield, Harvard, and Shirley, Massachusetts; and the states of Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine (then part of Massachusetts), among other locations.
In 1784, Ann Lee and her brother both died, leaving James Whittaker to lead the faith. By 1787, he too had died, and Joseph Meacham assumed the role as leader. Meacham appointed Lucy Wright of Pittsfield to co-lead, and under their auspices they organized a central village in New Lebanon, as well as organizing the original settlement of Watervliet. By 1790, the Hancock Village was also organized. After the formation of the New Lebanon, Watervliet, and Hancock communities, within three years nine more communities would organize in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine.
Settlement growth
The Shakers built more than 20 settlements that attracted at least 20,000 converts over the next century. Strict believers in celibacy, Shakers acquired their members through conversion, indenturing children, and adoption of orphans. Some children, such as Isaac N. Youngs, came to the Shakers when their parents joined, then grew up to become faithful members as adults.
As their communities grew, women and men shared leadership of the Shaker communities. Women preached and received revelations as the Spirit fell upon them. Thriving on the religious enthusiasm of the first and second Great Awakenings, the Shakers declared their messianic, communitarian message with significant response. One early convert observed: "The wisdom of their instructions, the purity of their doctrine, their Christ-like deportment, and the simplicity of their manners, all appeared truly apostolical." The Shakers represent a small but important Utopian response to the gospel. Preaching in their communities knew no boundaries of gender, social class, or education.
Bishoprics
Shaker communities were grouped into bishoprics, which were governing units. The leadership team, called a ministry, resided in the bishopric's primary community. This ministry consisted of two men known as Elders and two women known as Eldresses. The New Lebanon Bishopric, the primary bishopric unit, was located in New York and included the Mount Lebanon and Watervliet Shaker Villages, as well as, after 1859, Groveland Shaker Village. In addition to its own member communities, the ministry of New Lebanon Bishopric oversaw all other Shaker bishoprics and communes. After New Lebanon closed in 1947, this central Ministry relocated to Hancock Shaker Village, and after the closure of that community in 1960, to Canterbury Shaker Village. When Canterbury closed in 1992, Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village remained as the last extant Shaker commune.
Family groups
A Shaker village was divided into groups or "families." The leading group in each village was the Church Family, and it was surrounded by satellite families that were often named for points on the compass rose. Managing each family was a leadership team consisting of two Elders and two Eldresses. Shakers lived together as brothers and sisters. Each house was divided so that men and women did most things separately. They used different staircases and doors. They sat on opposite sides of the room in worship, at meals, and in "union meetings" held to provide supervised socialization between the sexes. However, the daily business of a Shaker village required the brethren and sisters to interact, as did the dancing and other vigorous activity of their worship services. Though there was a division of labor between men and women, they also cooperated in carrying out many tasks, such as harvesting apples, food production, laundry, and gathering firewood. Every family was designed to be self-supporting with its own farm and businesses, but in times of hardship, other parts of the village, or even other Shaker villages, pitched in to help the afflicted.
Out-families, short-lived settlements, and missions
Some organized In addition to the organized communities, other small and very short-lived communities emerged during the history of the Shakers, as well as various missions. These included:
* Numerous communities throughout New England: Cheshire, Ashfield, Richmond, Shelburne Falls, Turners Falls, Norton, Petersham, Grafton, Upton, and Rehoboth in Massachusetts; Windham, Preston, Stonington, and Saybrook, Connecticut; Guilford and Pittsford, Vermont; and Tuftonboro, New Hampshire. These emerged during the 1780s but were eventually absorbed into the larger Shaker communities.
* Two families in Canaan, New York. These began in 1813, and were part of the larger New Lebanon Village.
* Poland Hill at Poland, Maine. This community, founded by the former residents of Gorham when that village closed, served as the North Family and Gathering Order of the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village.
* Drake's Creek, or the Mill Family, in Warren County, Kentucky, was a venture by the South Union, Kentucky, Shakers, to establish a water-powered mill some 16 miles removed from the South Union community itself. Begun in 1817, the venture proved unsuccessful and was shut down in 1829.
* A community in Darby Plains in Union County, Ohio, which existed from 1822-1823. Quickly abandoned, the Shakers there relocated to the Whitewater Settlement.
* Missions to Straight Creek and Eagle Creek in Ohio.
* A short-lived settlement at Red Banks, Kentucky.
* Missions to San Francisco and San Diego, California, in the 1880s and 1890s. Arthur W. Dowe, from Canterbury Shaker Village, operated a mission in San Francisco for several years in the early- and mid-1890s at 948 Mission Street. A small urban community of Shakers persisted in the city until the 1906 earthquake and ensuing fire. Cornelia R. Powers, of Watervliet Shaker Village, was in San Diego by the late 1880s and missionized there for several years.
Shaker village tourism
In the 19th century, hundreds of tourists visited Shaker villages, and many of them later wrote about their experiences there. Outsiders were invariably impressed by Shaker cleanliness, prosperity, and agriculture. Shaker food was delicious, and they were hospitable to outsiders. Shakers had a reputation for honesty and their products were the best of their kind.
Museums
* Alfred Shaker Museum, Alfred, Maine
* Canterbury Shaker Village, Canterbury, New Hampshire
* Enfield Shaker Museum, Enfield, New Hampshire
* Fruitlands Museum, Harvard, Massachusetts
* Hancock Shaker Village, Hancock, Massachusetts
* Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, Harrodsburg, Kentucky
* Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, New Gloucester, Maine
* Shaker Historical Museum, Shaker Heights, Ohio
* Shaker Historical Society, Colonie, New York
* Shaker Museum | Mount Lebanon, New Lebanon, New York
* Shaker Museum at South Union, Auburn, Kentucky | WIKI |
Greek M1934/39 helmet
The M1934/39 helmet was the primary combat helmet used by the Greek Armed Forces during the Second World War. Greece purchased these helmets from Italy prior to the conflict as a replacement for their World War I-era Adrian helmets and refitted them with locally manufactured liners.
Background
The M1934/39 was initially produced and tested in Italy as a possible replacement for the Italian military's World War I era Adrian helmets. The helmet did not meet their standards however, and they were sold to Greece as bare shells just before the outbreak of World War II. Once the Greeks received the M1934/39's they painted them green and added their own liners and chin straps. These liners were made from leather and featured seven 'tongues'. One of the 'tongues' was marked with a crown and the words ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ("Greek Army"). Due to the sudden onset of hostilities between Greece and Italy, Greece did not receive the total number of helmets ordered and as a result, was unable to equip their entire army with the M1934/39.
World War II and beyond
After Italian and German forces overran Greece in 1941 (see Battle of Greece) many captured M1934/39's were reissued to occupying troops and used within the country until the end of the war. Once hostilities ceased in 1945 however, Greek authorities refitted a large number of these helmets with British-style leather liners and put them back into service with various police units until the 1960s. | WIKI |
Hyundai’s Czech Plant Started to Build New Gear Box Facility
Hyundai Motor Co. (005380) ’s Czech car plant
in Nosovice began construction on a second unit that will
manufacture gear boxes, a spokesman said. The new facility, to be finished next year, is part of the
factory’s plan to boost annual capacity to 300,000 cars from
200,000, spokesman Petr Vanek said by phone today. The carmaker
will invest 3.5 billion koruna ($212 million) to boost capacity
at its Nosovice plant, located east of Prague. Hyundai’s Czech unit supplies cars to markets in Germany,
the U.K., Russia and Israel. About 4 percent of its total
production is shipped to showrooms in the Czech Republic . Hyundai’s Czech unit plans to hire 650 workers this year
and add another 250 next year, according to Vanek. It should
start a third production shift in the autumn, he said. To contact the reporter on this story:
Lenka Ponikelska in Prague
lponikelska1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
James M. Gomez at
jagomez@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
gynaecology
(redirected from Gynacology)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
gynaecology
The science of diagnosing and treating disorders of the female genital tract and reproductive system.
gy·ne·col·o·gy
(GYN) (gī'nĕ-kol'ŏ-jē)
The medical specialty concerned with diseases of the female genital tract, as well as endocrinology and reproductive physiology of the female.
Synonym(s): gynaecology.
[gyneco- + G. logos, study]
gynaecology
The speciality concerned with abnormality and disease of the female external genitalia (vulva), the vagina, womb (uterus), Fallopian tubes, ovaries and other structures in and about the female pelvis, and with the breasts. It is concerned, in particular, with menstrual disorders, ENDOMETRIOSIS, pelvic infection, cancer of the uterus and adjacent organs, cysts and tumours of the ovaries, infertility, contraception and complications of child-bearing including ectopic pregnancy and breast lactation disorders.
Patient discussion about gynaecology
Q. What is ovarian cyst and why is it painful? Is that pathological? Dangerous? Need information please.
A. don’t worry- ovarian cyst is usually a natural thin. It shouldn’t be of a problem. And if you need to hear it from a gynecologist:
http://www.5min.com/Video/Menstrual-Pains-and-Cysts-2374793
More discussions about gynaecology | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to Convert an IMG File to AVI
By J.S. Copper
i Ciaran Griffin/Stockbyte/Getty Images
Backing up your DVD collection to digital IMG image files is a great way to preserve the entire DVD, but it doesn't make your movies any more portable. Converting the image files to a movie file allows you to play the file back in standard video player applications as well as drastically reducing the file size. Converting these files is fairly simple with a free, cross-platform utility.
Step 1
Download and install Handbrake version 0.7. Handbrake is a free, cross-platform video conversion utility.
Step 2
Launch Handbrake. Select "Source" from the navigation toolbar and select your IMG file.
Step 3
Select "Toggle Presets" and select one of the pre-configured video output options.
Step 4
Choose a name and select a destination to save the file to in the main window.
Step 5
Select "AVI" from the "Format" drop down menu. There are additional options you can set within the main window, but it is best to leave these at the default unless you know what you are changing and adjusting. Refer to Handbrake's help files for more information regarding these advanced settings.
Step 6
Select "Start" from the navigation toolbar. Handbrake will begin the process of extracting the movie from the IMG and converting it to an AVI movie file. Once completed, exit Handbrake.
× | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Roy Welch
Roy Edward Welch (December 19, 1901 – September 27, 1977) was an American professional wrestler and promoter. He is best known as the promoter of the NWA Mid-America territory (also known simply as the Nashville office) alongside Nick Gulas.
Professional wrestling career
Welch began wrestling in 1930. During the 1930s, he was a prominent tag team wrestler alongside his brother Herb Welch.
The Welch brothers were recognized as the inaugural NWA Mid-America AWA Southern Tag Team Champions in 1943. Welch won the title a second time with Eddie Gossett in 1950, then twice more with Herb Welch in 1952.
In 1944, the Welch brothers were recognized as the NWA World Tag Team Champions. They vacated the titles in 1946 after Herb Welch was injured in a car accident.
In 1949, the Welch brothers were recognised as the inaugural NWA Tennessee Tag Team Champions after defeating Art Nelson and Earl Knielson.
In 1949, the Welch brothers won the Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling NWA Southern Tag Team Championship, holding the title until 1951.
In 1956, Roy Welch and Chris Tolos won the NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship.
Welch retired from professional wrestling in 1961.
Promoting career
Welch began promoting in the 1940s, establishing the Nashville office with Nick Gulas. Welch and Gulas' territory spanned Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. In 1949, Welch and Gulas joined the National Wrestling Alliance. Their promotion was known as NWA Mid-America.
In the early-1950s, Welch acquired the Mobile-Pensacola (Gulf Coast) end of Leroy McGuirk's Tri-State Wrestling promotion, turning it into its own promotion. Due to Welch's commitments in Nashville, his son Buddy Fuller (Edward Welch) was appointed booker for Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling. Welch sold his interest in the promotion to Lee Fields in 1959–1960, who rebranded the promotion Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling.
In 1960, Welch and Gulas were charged with conspiring to stop an investigation of their business practices, having allegedly made payments to Senator Estes Kefauver (himself a former wrestler), who had made a complaint against them with the United States Department of Justice for obstructing his attempts to promote professional wrestling in opposition to them.
In the 1960s, Welch hired Jerry Jarrett as an office assistant; Jarrett eventually became the booker for the Memphis area of Welch's territory, taking over from Welch as his health declined.
Welch retired from promoting in the 1970s due to ill health. In 1977, shortly before Welch's death, NWA Mid-America was split in two after Jerry Jarrett broke away from Nick Gulas following a business dispute, with Welch siding with Jarrett.
In addition to promoting, Welch owned a large dairy farm in Gibson County, Tennessee and a herd of Poland China pigs.
Personal life
Welch had multiple relatives who became professional wrestlers, including his brothers Herb, Jack, and Lester, his son Buddy, and his grandsons Jimmy Golden, Robert Fuller, and Ron Fuller.
Death
Welch died on September 27, 1977, at the age of 75 in the Trenton Memorial Hospital in Trenton, Tennessee.
Championships and accomplishments
* Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
* NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time) – with Herb Welch
* NWA Mid-America
* AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Eddie Gossett (1 time) and Herb Welch (3 times)
* NWA Tennessee Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Chris Tolos (1 time) and Herb Welch (1 time)
* NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 time) – with Herb Welch | WIKI |
Nickolas ZERVOS, Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, v. VERIZON NEW YORK, INC., f/k/a Verizon Communications Inc., f/k/a Nynex Corporation, f/k/a New York Telephone Company, and Empire Healthchoice, Inc., f/k/a Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield, Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants, United Healthcare Co., Inc., a/k/a United Healthcare, Defendant.
Docket Nos. 01-9213(L), 01-9234(XAP).
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued Oct. 29, 2001.
Decided Jan. 28, 2002.
Steven G. Storch, Storch, Amini & Mun-ves, P.C., New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Randy M. Mastro, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants Verizon New York, Inc. and Empire Health-Choice, Inc.
Before: JACOBS, POOLER and KATZMANN, Circuit Judges.
Judge JACOBS dissents in a separate opinion.
POOLER, Circuit Judge.
Nickolas Zervos suffers from metastatic breast cancer, an essentially incurable condition that often can be held at bay temporarily either by repeated cycles of conventional chemotherapy or by a single cycle of high dosage chemotherapy followed by an autologous blood stem cell transplant (“HDCT”). On his physician’s advice and after being warned that HDCT often involves more — and more severe — side effects than conventional chemotherapy, Zervos elected to use HDCT because he believed it gave him a chance at a longer period of remission. However, Empire HealthChoice, Inc. (“Empire”), the carrier for Zervos’ health care coverage from his employer, Verizon New York, Inc. (“Verizon”), declined to pre-certify Zervos’ eligibility for coverage for HDCT, finding that the treatment was investigational and experimental. As part of its internal appellate process, Empire referred Zervos’ case to an outside reviewer. Although that reviewer found that HDCT was effective for treatment of Zervos’ condition and that the clinical trial in which he would be treated was well-designed, Empire again denied coverage — this time because HDCT had not been proven to be superior to conventional chemotherapy.
Zervos began this litigation in January 2001 and concomitantly requested a preliminary injunction. The district court denied Zervos’ request for injunctive relief and we affirmed. Zervos v. Verizon New York, Inc., 252 F.3d 163 (2d Cir.2001)(‘‘Zervos II”). In affirming, we noted that Zervos might be able to establish that the administrator applied the health insurance plan’s “Experimental/In-vestigational” exclusion erroneously on appeal by defining it in a manner not supported by the language of the plan. Id. at 174. On remand and after a bench trial, the district court found that Empire’s appellate process was arbitrary and capricious and remanded to Empire, directing that a different outside consultant review Zervos’ eligibility. Because the denial of benefits based on the record at the time of the remand was unreasonable, and the remand did not account for the fact that each day was crucial in this case, we find that the remand was an abuse of discretion and reverse and remand for the entry of an injunction requiring coverage.
BACKGROUND
1. Request for Treatment
In February 2000, Zervos discovered a lump in his right breast. A biopsy demonstrated that the lump was malignant, and the subsequent mastectomy at Parkway Hospital indicated that the cancer had spread to twelve out of the twelve lymph nodes examined. After further testing, Zervos learned that the malignancy probably had infiltrated his sternum. Based on these findings, Parkway referred Zervos to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center for more aggressive chemotherapy. On October 13, 2000, Dr. Charles S. Plesdorffer, Zervos’ physician at Columbia Presbyterian, requested insurance approval to proceed with HDCT following a protocol that he attached. Zervos already was receiving standard chemotherapy in the form of Adriamycin and Cytoxan, which he “tolerated well.” He subsequently responded to this conventional chemotherapy and to a course of radiation, and his cancer went into remission. Zervos v. Verizon New York, Inc., No. 01-CIV-685, 2001 WL 253377, *4 (S.D.N.Y. March 14, 2001) (“Zervos I ”).
II. Relevant Policy Provisions
The policy covering Zervos provided coverage for “medically necessary” treatments, defined as treatments that “are required for the necessary treatment of Injury, Illness, or pregnancy, as distinct from those which are unnecessary or Experimental/Investigational.” Under the policy, “Experimental/Investigational” means “services or supplies which are not of proven benefit for the diagnosis or treatment of the Covered Person’s condition, or are not generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate for that condition, as determined by the Claims Administrator.”
Dr. Steven Wolinsky, Empire’s medical policy director, testified that he himself decided whether a treatment was experimental or investigational “based on literature, research and evidence,” or, at his discretion, he referred the decision to Empire’s Technology Assessment Committee (“TAC”). The TAC consists of Empire medical personnel and academic physicians from the New York City or Albany area. In determining whether a procedure is of “proven benefit,” within the meaning of the policy, Wolinsky or the TAC considers “the efficacy [of the treatment] balanced by the toxicity and whether that net positive health effect compares favorably with other standard treatments.” Toxicity, in Wolinsky’s view, includes any side effects of the treatment from the most minor to the most toxic.
The policy also provides for an internal appeal, the resolution of which is committed to the discretion of Empire, as Appeals Administrator. Empire refers these appeals to an external reviewer, usually the Medical Care Ombudsmen Program (“MCOP”), an organization that was set up about five years ago to handle appeals of coverage decisions. MCOP, which has no ties to Empire other than the payment it receives for handling an appeal, refers each case to a doctor who has expertise concerning the insured’s condition. Dr. Wolinsky then poses a series of questions to the external consultant, who answers them based on the patient’s records, his or her own expertise, and the medical literature. Dr. Wolinsky first told the district court that Empire “abide[s] by whatever decision the external reviewer makes.” However, at trial, he admitted that Empire accepted only the reviewer’s determination of what the medical literature showed and her “clinical expertise [on] what’s the best treatment for the patient at the given time.”
III. The Evolution of Empire’s HDCT Policy
For several years in the 1990s and based on the available medical research, Empire covered HDCT for patients who, like Zervos, had metastatic breast cancer and had responded to standard chemotherapy. At that time, several Phase II studies, which are summarized in Edward A. Stadtmauer, M.D., et al., Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy Compared with High-Dose Chemotherapy Plus Autolo-gous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Breast Cancer, 342 New Eng. J. Med.1069 (2000), and one Phase III randomized study — the “Bezwo-da” study — supported the conclusion that HDCT provided an overall survival benefit for patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, in May 1999, Dr. Wolinsky became aware of abstracts that had been presented at an American Society of Clinical Oncology (“ASCO”) meeting. These abstracts discussed controlled, randomized Phase III studies and in Dr. Wolinsky’s view did not show an improvement in result for HDCT. Dr. Wolinsky therefore convened a meeting of the TAC in July 1999. At that meeting, Empire decided to continue coverage based in part on a presentation from Zervos’ treating physician, Dr. Hesdorffer.
Later in 1999 evidence of fraud discredited the Bezwoda study. In addition, the principal study showing “little or no benefit” from HDCT, the Stadtmauer study, had gained greater acceptance in the oncology community. This new information caused Wolinsky to again convene the TAC. At a meeting in March 2000, Dr. Diana Lake of Sloan Kettering Memorial Hospital presented the results of three randomized Phase III studies of the use of HDCT in Stage IV breast cancer patients: the Philadelphia trial involved in the Stadt-mauer article, a French trial, and a study at Duke University. The French trial showed a three-year overall survival rate of 59% in the HDCT group versus 28% in the control group. The Duke study, on the other hand, showed a three-year survival rate of 41% in the HDCT patients versus 55% in the control group. The Stadtmauer study, which considered the largest population of patients, showed no significant difference in overall survival and mortality between the control group and the HDCT group. Based on Lake’s presentation, the TAC determined to initially deny coverage for HDCT for metastatic breast cancer.
Dr. Wolinsky also testified that at the time of the March 2000 TAC decision, he was aware of ASCO’s position that because there was a “lack of persuasive data demonstrating superior effectiveness” of HDCT, that treatment “should only be performed in the context of a high quality clinical trial.” He denied that cost played any role in determining whether a treatment was of proven benefit or considered effective or appropriate by the medical community.
Since the March 2000 TAC meeting, Empire has denied three of the four requests it received for coverage of HDCT. It also initially denied coverage to the fourth applicant, a woman whose cancer was not as advanced as Zervos’ cancer, but reversed its position after receiving a letter from an outside reviewer stating that HDCT was as effective for this woman’s condition as conventional chemotherapy and was the best possible treatment for her because it would be administered in a well designed and randomized clinical trial. The appellate decision to grant coverage was made by Empire’s Dr. Downs, not Dr. Wolinsky.
IV. Empire’s Action on Zervos’ Request
Empire denied Dr. Hesdorffer’s request for coverage for Zervos on October 18, 2000, because “Autologous Peripheral Stem Cell Harvest/Transplant is Experimental and Investigational in Breast Cancer Stage IV.” Zervos’ physician appealed, and Empire sent Zervos’ records along with a list of questions to Dr. Thomas R. Spitzer, director of the bone marrow transplant program and deputy chief of the hematology-oncology unit at Massa-chussetts General Hospital. Dr. Spitzer indicated, based on available data, that HDCT would not improve Zervos’ health outcome. However, he also said that “[h]igh dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation appears to be as effective as prolonged combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. A possible benefit of high dose chemotherapy is the avoidance of a protracted course of continuous combination chemotherapy.” Finally, Dr. Spitzer indicated that Dr. Hesdorffer’s study was well designed.
In reviewing Dr. Spitzer’s answers, Dr. Wolinsky ignored Dr. Spitzer’s assertion that HDCT was as beneficial as any other treatment because, in Dr. Wolinsky’s view, Dr. Spitzer’s other answers demonstrated that HDCT had not been proven to be beneficial. Dr. Wolinsky assumed that Dr. Spitzer had overlooked the toxicity portion of a proven benefit analysis. On October 24, 2000, Dr. Wolinsky sent Zervos a notice reaffirming the initial denial and stating:
“There are no convincing data to show that high dose chemotherapy and Auto-logous Peripheral Stem Cell Transplant is superior to conventional chemotherapy alone for males with metastatic breast cancer.” The Autologous Peripheral Stem Cell Harvest and Transplant remains denied as experimental and in-vestigational.
After learning of Empire’s denial, Zer-vos received radiation treatments in an effort to stabilize his condition. As a result of those treatments and conventional chemotherapy, Zervos’ cancer was in remission as of the end of February 2001, and he was eligible to receive HDCT in Hesdorffer’s study.
V. Initial District Court Proceedings
On January 29, 2001, Zervos filed a complaint against Empire and Verizon in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and moved for a preliminary injunction directing Empire to cover the cost of HDCT. Zervos claimed that Empire discriminated against him based on his disability and gender and that its denial of coverage was arbitrary and capricious and thus violated the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. Three days after Zervos began his lawsuit, Empire — at the request of co-defendant Verizon — obtained a second medical opinion from an MCOP outside reviewer, Dr. Raymond B. Weiss. Weiss said that “[tjhere is no published evidence that indicates [HDCT] for men with metastatic breast cancer is any more beneficial than any other form of chemotherapy” and that Dr. Hesdorffer’s study was not well designed.
The district court denied Zervos’ request for a preliminary injunction, finding that his evidence failed to demonstrate irreparable injury because he did not show that HDCT would improve his likelihood of survival and that defendants reasonably concluded HDCT was experimental and investigational. Zervos I, 2001 WL 253377, at *8-10.
VI. The First Appeal
We affirmed the district court’s order. We agreed that Zervos failed to establish that he had a likelihood of success on any of his claims including the ERISA claim, at least insofar as he premised that claim on the administrative record presented to the district court. Zervos II, 252 F.3d at 173. We noted, however, that
Our decision ... does not necessarily mean that Zervos may not be able to develop a successful federal claim.... Zervos may be able to establish that, under the plan, the focus of an “arbitrary and capricious” inquiry should not be on Empire’s initial decision to deny coverage for HDCT — that is, the decision that Empire made after the TAC meeting. Rather, Zervos may be able to show (1) that judicial review here should focus on the final, definitive decision to deny coverage (which was all but made by an external reviewer); (2) that in this case that decision was the one communicated to Zervos by letter dated October 24, 2000; and (3) that that decision was “arbitrary and capricious” because it was based on a material misunderstanding of what is meant under the plan by the term “Experimental/Investigational.” Compare The Plan at 6 (defining “Experimental/Investigational”) as “services ... which are not of proven benefit for the ... treatment of the Covered Person’s condition, or are not generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate for that condition” with Letter from Empire to Zervos (Oct. 24, 2000) (“We are unable to authorize [HDCT] for the following reason: ‘There are no convincing data to show that [HDCT] is superior to conventional chemotherapy alone for males with metastatic breast cancer.’ [HDCT] remains denied as experimental and inves-tigational.”).
Id. at 174-75 (footnote omitted). We also cautioned that “[i]n this case — whatever it may ultimately require — -justice can tolerate no substantial delays.” Id. at 174.
During the pendency of the appeal, Zer-vos unfortunately suffered a recurrence of his metastatic disease, making him ineligible to receive HDCT. A new three-month course of chemotherapy did not reduce the size of the metastatic lesions, which now were in his lung. However, another experimental course of chemotherapy begun in May 2001 substantially improved Zer-vos’ condition. Zervos had significant complications from this treatment, including damage to the right lung.
VII. Proceedings on Remand
On July 30, 2001, two days after testing that established Zervos’ renewed eligibility to participate in the Hesdorffer protocol, Zervos renewed his request for a preliminary injunction and asked to combine that application with a trial on the merits. At a conference on August 13, 2001, the district court denied Zervos’ request for an accelerated trial because defendants had made a summary judgment motion. The court heard oral argument on the summary judgment motion on September 6, 2001. On October 1, 2001, the first date of the scheduled trial, Judge Daniels granted Empire’s motion for summary judgment dismissing Zervos’ ADA claim but refused to dismiss his ERISA claim.
During the five-day trial, the district court heard testimony from the key players in the formation of Empire’s policy on HDCT and from the doctors who played a role in reviewing Zervos’ initial claim and internal appeal. In addition, Dr. Weiss and several expert witnesses offered their opinions. At the conclusion of the trial, on October 5, 2001, the district court stated that it intended to issue a decision early the following week. However, on October 11, 2001, Judge Daniels’ chambers called Zervos’ attorney and asked whether Zer-vos could wait for a decision until the following week. The attorney replied that based on Zervos’ physician’s advice and the strong likelihood of an appeal to this court by the non-prevailing party, Zervos could not wait for a decision beyond October 16, 2001. On October 16, chambers staff advised Zervos that the court had not yet reached a decision and asked how much longer Zervos would be eligible to receive HDCT. The following day Zervos submitted a declaration from Dr. Hesdorf-fer who stated that Zervos remained eligible for HDCT but that within the past month his cancer markers had increased slightly, indicating that the disease was about to “bounce back.” Dr. Hesdorffer also said:
[Ujnless the Treatment is administered to Mr. Zervos by the end of October, there is a grave risk that his metastatic disease will return, as it did in March of this year, and he will again become ineligible to receive the Treatment. This time, however, because tumor cells develop resistance to chemotherapy with each course of therapy, the chance of finding another chemo-agent that will yield another response sufficient to make him eligible for the Treatment a third time is remote at best.... [Without [HDCT], Mr. Zervos’ treatment options going forward are fairly limited, and his long-term prognosis, based just on continuing with his current treatment, would be severely limited because there is a limit to the amount of his current treatment that he can ultimately tolerate.
On October 22, 2001, the district court issued two memorandum opinions and orders: the first gave the court’s reasons for dismissing the ADA claim, and the second addressed the ERISA claim without specifically addressing Zervos’ renewed request for a preliminary injunction. In his second decision, Judge Daniels found that (1) Empire’s decision to stop covering HDCT was not arbitrary and capricious; (2) Empire’s initial decision to deny coverage for Zervos’ HDCT was not arbitrary and capricious; but (3) Empire’s appellate process was conducted in an arbitrary and capricious manner because the questions asked did not directly relate to policy terms and were confusing, Wolinsky weighed the answers to the same question by different reviewers inconsistently, and Empire sometimes, but not always, covered Experimental/Investigational treatment. Zervos v. Verizon New York, Inc., No. 01-CIV-685, 2001 WL 1262941, at *7-15 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.22, 2001) (“Zervos III”). The court remanded the case to Empire for “an immediate expedited review within 48 hours of plaintiffs submission of current relevant information.” Id. at * 15. It directed that Empire ask a new MCOP reviewer to answer questions “that elicit a clear and unequivocal response regarding whether the treatment is of proven benefit or generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate.” Id. at *15. Judge Daniels further ordered that the new reviewer “be clearly and directly asked whether there is any other medical or clinical reason that the patient should receive the treatment despite its experimental/investigational nature.” Id. The court neither explicitly retained jurisdiction nor explicitly directed the entry of judgment.
VIII. The Second Appeal
Upon receipt of the district court’s opinion and order, Zervos immediately filed a notice of appeal and a motion requesting that we consider that portion of the appeal that contested the appropriateness of the remand on an expedited basis and issue a decision no later than October 31, 2001. The motion was granted, and Chief Judge Walker referred the appeal to this panel. Empire cross-appealed from the district court order to the extent that it found Empire’s appellate process to have been arbitrary and capricious. We heard oral argument on October 29, 2001, after which the panel directed the parties to appear before a CAMP mediator. The settlement discussion failed. On October 30, 2001— with Judge Jacobs dissenting — we issued an order reversing the district court’s order and directing the entry of an injunction requiring that Empire cover the cost of HDCT for Zervos. Judge Daniels promptly entered an order in compliance with this directive.
On October 31, 2001, Empire moved for a stay and for recall of the mandate, and Zervos informed the court that Empire declined to obey Judge Daniels’ order. We unanimously denied Empire’s motion.
Zervos asserts that we have jurisdiction of his appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) because the district court, in effect, denied his request for immediate injunctive relief. Empire argues that we lack appellate jurisdiction because the district court did not make a final determination on the request for injunctive relief. On the merits, Zervos argues that the district court abused its discretion in remanding the case to a plan administrator instead of entering an injunction ordering treatment.
DISCUSSION
I. Jurisdiction
Section 1292(a)(1) gives the courts of appeals jurisdiction of appeals from “[ijnterlocutory orders of the district courts ... granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions, or refusing to dissolve or modify injunctions.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). A party may appeal from an order that does not explicitly deny an injunction if (1) it has the practical effect of denying injunctive relief and (2) it has a “serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence.” Carson v. Am. Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. 79, 83-84, 101 S.Ct. 993, 67 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981) (internal quotation marks omitted). In Carson, the Supreme Court held that the court of appeals had jurisdiction over an appeal from a district court order declining to approve a settlement agreement because the order to proceed to trial deprived the plaintiffs of the advantages the settlement agreement conferred, which included immediate injunctive relief. Id. at 87-89, 101 S.Ct. 993. The Court found that these combined circumstances “constitute[d] serious, perhaps irreparable consequences that petitioners can effectually challenge only by an immediate appeal.” Id. at 90, 101 S.Ct. 993 (internal quotation marks omitted). We also have found that we had jurisdiction over an appeal from an interlocutory order that dismissed without leave to amend particular counts on which the plaintiff sought injunctive relief because the denial of injunctive relief pending appeal from a final judgment was “likely to have a serious and irreparable impact upon [the plaintiffs’] ability to compete.” Volvo N. Am. Corp. v. Men’s Int'l Prof'l Tennis Council, 839 F.2d 69, 76 (2d Cir.1988).
In this case, we find that the practical effect of the district court’s refusal to order immediate injunctive relief, despite (1) an established violation of ERISA; (2) the fact that the district court issued its order at a time when the plaintiffs cancer could recur at any day; and (3) our earlier recognition that time was of the essence, was an effective denial of the plaintiffs request for injunctive relief. Time has always been a critical factor in this case. As early as June of last year when the plaintiff had not established his ERISA claim, we instructed that justice would not tolerate any further “substantial delays.” Then in October 2001, Dr. Hesdorffer generally predicted that the plaintiff might become ineligible for HDCT treatment if it was not administered approximately by the end of October., Thus, the record shows that when the district court entered its order towards the end of October, any further delays would increase the risk that the plaintiff would become ineligible for the relief sought.
Of course the presence of time pressure alone is insufficient to establish that the district court’s remand was an effective denial of the plaintiffs request for relief. For example, even in cases where time is of the essence, a remand is probably not a final determination when the district court is unable to determine whether there has been a violation of ERISA because of an incomplete record. But in this case, the record was sufficiently complete for the district court to find that the appeals process was arbitrary and capricious. As we discuss below at III, the record also supported coverage for Zervos. Thus, the main purpose the remand served was to give the defendants an opportunity to remedy their defective appeals process. Even assuming that the defendants ordinarily should be allowed this opportunity, here the remand essentially decided that the plaintiff, who had established the predicate condition for relief, and whose cancer could recur at any time, would not receive the treatment for another week or two. We hold that because Zervos established that (1) the appeals process was arbitrary and capricious both procedurally and, as we discuss below, substantively, and (2) his request for relief could be rendered moot before he received relief, the delay triggered by the remand effectively denied injunctive relief.
Moreover, plaintiff established that this effective denial had a “serious, perhaps irreparable, consequence.” The denial is serious because each delay meant that there was a risk that Zervos would become ineligible for HDCT. And it is “perhaps irreparable” because the Hesdorffer declaration established- that Zervos probably has run out of conventional treatment options based on the increase in his cancer markers, the toxicity of his current treatment, and the increasing resistance of his cancer to conventional treatments. At this juncture, HDCT may well be the only effective or appropriate treatment available to Zervos.
Consequently, we find that we have jurisdiction over this appeal. We stress, however, that this holding is limited to the exigent and unique circumstances of this case. We do not reach the issue of whether a remand to a plan administrator is a final judgment within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we do not suggest that a district court order granting a remand rather than the preliminary injunctive relief that a party requested ordinarily would be appealable immediately pursuant to Section 1292(a).
II. Standard of Review and Definition of the Record
The parties agree that Empire had discretion to interpret the provisions of the plan it administered. Therefore, reviewing courts can disturb Empire’s interpretations and actions only if they are arbitrary and capricious. Miller v. United Welfare Fund, 72 F.3d 1066, 1070 (2d Cir.1995). A decision is “arbitrary and capricious [if it] is without reason, unsupported by substantial evidence or erroneous as a matter of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Because this standard is highly deferential, we have said that “the trial court should not conduct a de novo hearing on a rejected applicant’s eligibility for benefits.” Miles v. New York State Teamsters Conference Pension and Retirement Fund Employee Pension Benefit Plan, 698 F.2d 593, 599 (2d Cir.1983). We also have implied that the district court should not accept information from the insurer that was not part of the original record unless the insured is instrumental in causing the information to be added to the record. See Zuckerbrod v. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co., 78 F.3d 46, 50 n. 2 (2d Cir.1996). Even where the district court exercises de novo review of the plan administrator’s determination, the district court “ought not” to accept additional evidence absent “good cause.” DeFelice v. American Int’l Life Assurance Co. of NY, 112 F.3d 61, 66 (2d Cir.1997).
We review de novo the district court’s assessment of the plan administrator’s decision. Miller, 72 F.3d at 1070.
Zervos argues that the district court should have conducted, and we must conduct, a review limited to the administrative record and thus not consider the testimony of Empire’s experts and of Dr. Weiss. In light of Miles, Zuckerbrod, and DeFelice, we agree that our review must be limited to evidence that was before Empire when it (1) determined in March 2000 that it would deny coverage for HDCT, (2) denied Zervos coverage on October 18, 2000, or (3) rejected Zervos’ appeal on October 24, 2000. Although the incompleteness of an administrative record might — under certain circumstances — constitute good cause for hearing additional evidence, the record before Empire at the time it made the October 24, 2000, decision was not incomplete. Rather, Empire followed the steps in handling Zervos’ application and appeal that it followed for any other insured up to and including its solicitation of Dr. Spitzer’s opinion. The additional information that Empire obtained after Zervos filed this lawsuit appears to be aimed at bolstering its legal position and not at providing fuller review of Zer-vos’ claim. Therefore, we limit our review of Empire’s decision to the administrative record as it is described by the testimony of Dr. Wolinsky and by the minutes of the TAC meeting. This record includes the written submissions of Drs. Spitzer and Hesdorffer made prior to October 24, 2000.
III. The Merits
For purposes of this appeal, neither party questions either the TAC’s initial decision to deny coverage for HDCT to insureds with metastatic breast cancer or Wolinsky’s October 18, 2000, initial denial of coverage to Zervos. Therefore, we have no cause to review these determinations, and, in any case, little basis to question them. The studies before the TAC reasonably could be read to establish that HDCT did not provide a survival benefit over long term conventional chemotherapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer. These studies also demonstrated that although HDCT conveyed approximately the same survival benefit as very long term conventional chemotherapy, it had more side effects and more serious side effects. The evidence that the TAC considered, and particularly ASCO’s view that HDCT is appropriate in the context of a well designed clinical trial, also supports Zervos’ contention that HDCT can be appropriate for individual patients in the context of a well designed clinical trial. The TAC took all of this evidence into account by determining to initially deny coverage but to allow coverage if an external reviewer found HDCT was appropriate for an individual patient.
Thus, we focus our review on (1) the correctness of the district court’s conclusion that Empire’s appellate process functioned in an arbitrary and capricious manner and (2) the appropriateness of remand rather than injunctive relief as a remedy.
We agree that Empire’s appellate process was arbitrary and capricious, primarily because Dr. Wolinsky required that a treatment be superior to another existing treatment in order to avoid exclusion under the policy’s experimental/investigational language while the language itself requires only that the treatment be effective — not more effective than alternatives — and considered to be appropriate by the relevant medical community. Thus, contrary to basic ERISA principles, Dr. Wolinsky in effect added additional language to the policy. See, e.g., Gallo v. Madera, 136 F.3d 826, 330 (2d Cir.1998) (“Even when trustees of a pension plan are entitled to deference in interpreting the terms of the plan, deference cannot be so broad as to permit them to graft additional requirements onto unambiguous plan definitions.”). Dr. Wolinsky also acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner by refusing to consider Dr. Spitzer’s opinion that HDCT would benefit Zervos as much as long-term conventional chemotherapy. Dr. Wolinsky testified that the question which produced Dr. Spitzer’s favorable response was one of the three which ordinarily “carried] the most weight.” Because Dr. Wolinsky’s basis for rejecting Dr. Spitzer’s answer was his unfounded assumption that Dr. Spitzer had not considered side effects, it was completely lacking in reason.
Having adopted the district court’s view that Empire’s internal appellate process was arbitrary and capricious at least as applied to Zervos, we review the district court’s choice to remand rather than grant injunctive relief for abuse of discretion. See Kinek v. Paramount Comm., Inc., 22 F.3d 503, 508 (2d Cir.1994); see also Halpin v. W.W. Grainger, Inc., 962 F.2d 685, 697 (7th Cir.1992) (reviewing district court’s choice of remedy for an ERISA violation for abuse of discretion). We find that remand in this case was an abuse of discretion.
First, a remand of an ERISA action seeking benefits is inappropriate “where the difficulty is not that the administrative record was incomplete but that a denial of benefits based on the record was unreasonable.” Zuckerbrod, 78 F.3d at 51 n. 4. On October 24, 2000, when Dr. Wolinsky denied Zervos’ appeal, the evidence in the record did not support a denial. The materials that the TAC considered established that (1) HDCT and conventional chemotherapy produced essentially the same survival benefit; (2) HDCT had greater but shorter side effects than repeated cycles of conventional chemotherapy; and (3) HDCT can be an appropriate therapy only if it is administered in a high-quality clinical trial. Although Zervos did not establish that the trial in which he would participate was of high quality when he made his initial application, the Spitzer letter unequivocally stated that the trial was of high quality and that the treatment would be effective and appropriate for Zervos. Moreover, Dr. Wolinsky’s assumption that Dr. Spitzer failed to consider side effects when he said HDCT was as effective as conventional chemotherapy was completely lacking in reason because Dr. Spitzer specifically referred to the lesser duration of side effects with HDCT. Because the record was complete and it supported coverage for Zervos’ treatment, we find that the substance of the plan administrator’s appellate decision also was arbitrary and capricious.
In addition, the remand order was arbitrary and capricious because it did not adequately address the time constraints Zervos faced. Any delay necessitated by a remand could effectively deny justice in this case, as we observed over half a year earlier even before the plaintiff had established a violation of ERISA. Because there was sufficient evidence to conclude that the denial of benefits was unreasonable and the record establishes that each day mattered, the district court’s remand, which served primarily to give the defendants an opportunity to retool a defective system, was an abuse of discretion. Here the administrative record did not contain substantial evidence supporting a denial of benefits and in fact could only be read to support granting coverage. Therefore, remand was an inappropriate remedy, and the district court should have reversed the determination to deny benefits and directed Empire to provide the requested coverage.
CONCLUSION
Because (1) Empire’s argument that the district court’s conclusion that its appellate process was arbitrary and capricious lacks merit; (2) Empire’s decision to deny benefits was also substantively erroneous; and (3) seen in the light of the exigency of Zervos’ situation, the flaws in the appellate process, and the lack of support in the record for Empire’s decision, the remand order was an abuse of discretion, the order of the district court is reversed. By our order of October 30, 2001, we have directed the district court to order Empire to provide the requested coverage.
JACOBS, Circuit Judge,
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. In my view, the district court recognized and applied the settled principles that govern this controversy, and was proceeding with admirable dispatch and thoroughness to decide the case. The majority has preempted the district court’s exercise of discretion, impeached without record support the good faith of the plan administrator, excluded from consideration virtually all the record facts that bear upon the question of medical coverage, and decided the case in a way that illustrates why judicial deference is properly owed to doctors and plan administrators in matters of medical insurance.
I write at some length in order to demonstrate that although the result in this case is wrong, the governing principles are left intact. Indeed, this case shows what happens when the patterns of deference mandated by precedent are suspended, even for supposedly unique facts and circumstances, and medical decisions are made by judges who (I say with respect) have no more medical expertise than I do. The result is that the majority deems arbitrary and capricious a refusal to pay for a treatment the supposed efficacy of which rests on a study acknowledged to be a scientific fraud.
A
Nickolas Zervos, who suffers from metastatic (Stage IV) breast cancer, seeks coverage for a medical treatment that involves a single cycle of high-dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous blood stem cell transplant (“HDCT”). The largest and most well-respected Phase III randomized clinical study comparing HDCT with conventional-dose chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic (Stage IV) breast cancer determined that (1) HDCT provides no survival benefit over conventional chemotherapy, (2) HDCT actually produces a survival disadvantage for patients (such as Mr. Zervos) who are over age 42, and (3) HDCT is significantly more toxic than conventional chemotherapy. See Edward A. Stadtmauer et al., Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy Compared with High-Dose Chemotherapy Plus Autolo-gous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Breast Cancer, 342 New Eng. J. Med. 1069 (2000) (reporting the results of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored study) (the “Stadtmauer study”). Multiple other Phase III (i.e., randomized) studies have confirmed these finding.
As the majority opinion concedes (mar jority op. at 640, 641, n. 5), the only Phase III study to find a survival benefit for HDCT — the “Bezwoda” study — has been exposed as a fraud.
In March 2000 the American Society of Clinical Oncology warned: “Given the lack of persuasive data demonstrating superior effectiveness of this very toxic therapy, ... [HDCT] for breast cancer should only be performed in the context of a high quality clinical trial.” See Highr-Dose Chemotherapy with Bone Marrow Transplant for Breast Cancer Patients, at http://www.asco.org/people/nr/html/genpr/ m — 0300bmtposition.htm (March 2000) (emphasis added). ECRI, a non-profit health services research institution that studies healthcare technology and healthcare risk, has similarly cautioned that use of HDCT should be confined to National Cancer Institute-sponsored randomized (Phase III) controlled clinical trials. Medicare no longer provides coverage of HDCT for the treatment of breast cancer. According to testimony at trial, the treatment is no longer offered at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital and Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham & Women’s Hospital in Boston — four of the world’s most prestigious cancer institutes.
The Columbia Journalism Review recently cited favorable news coverage about HDCT as a horrible example of how lazy reporters can be gulled by pseudo-science and quackery:
Throughout the 1990s, some 30,000 women underwent [HDCT].... There was no proof that the $50,000-to-$100,000 procedure arrested the disease. In fact, two years ago, results from four clinical trials gave the definitive answer: it did not work.
Trudy Lieberman, Covering Medical Technology, Columbia Journalism Review (September/October 2001), at http://www.cjr.Org/year/01/5/lieberman.asp.
B
The legal principles governing this case are settled and can be stated briefly.
Where, as here, an insurance plan gives its administrator broad discretion to construe the terms of the plan and to determine whether a claimant is entitled to payment of benefits, a court may reverse the administrator’s decision only if it is arbitrary and capricious. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989); Zuckerbrod v. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co., 78 F.3d 46, 49 (1996). A decision is arbitrary and capricious if it is “without reason, unsupported by substantial evidence or erroneous as a matter of law.” Pagan v. NYNEX Pension Plan, 52 F.3d 438, 442 (2d Cir.1995) (internal quotations marks omitted). Substantial evidence is defined as “such evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support the conclusion reached by the [administrator and] ... requires more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance.” Miller v. United Welfare Fund, 72 F.3d 1066, 1072 (2d Cir.1995) (internal quotations marks omitted). A court is not “not free to substitute [its] own judgment for that of the [plan administrator] as if [it] were considering the issue of eligibility anew.” Pagan, 52 F.3d at 442. While we review de novo the district court’s assessment of the plan administrator’s decision, in so doing we must review the administrator’s decision itself under the arbitrary and capricious standard. See Miller, 72 F.3d at 1070-71. And if the defect is insufficiency, the appropriate remedy is a remand:
[I]f upon review a district court concludes that the [administrator’s] decision was arbitrary and capricious, it must remand to the [administrator] with instructions to consider additional evidence unless no new evidence could produce a reasonable conclusion permitting denial of the claim....
Id. at 1071.
The district court’s findings of fact may not be set aside unless they are clearly erroneous. See Zuckerbrod, 78 F.3d at 49. We review a district court’s fashioning of relief — including the decision to remand— under an abuse of discretion standard. See Kinek v. Paramount Communications, Inc., 22 F.3d 503, 508 (2d Cir.1994). “A district court ‘abuses’ or ‘exceeds’ the discretion accorded to it when (1) its decision rests on an error of law (such as application of the wrong legal principle) or a clearly erroneous factual finding, or (2) its decision — though not necessarily the product of a legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding — cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Zervos v. Verizon New York, Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir.2001) (“Zervos II”).
C
Under the terms of the plan covering Zervos, Empire excludes coverage of procedures that are “Experimental/Investiga-tional,” which is defined as “services or supplies which are not of proven benefit for the diagnosis or treatment of the Covered Person’s condition, or are not generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate for that condition, as determined by. the Claims Administrator.” In this case, Empire considers the relevant medical community to be “the general community of academic oncologists.” The term “proven benefit,” which is not further defined in the policy, is construed by Empire to mean that what must be proven is a positive net health effect — i.e., “the efficacy [of the treatment] balanced by the toxicity and whether that net positive health effect compares favorably with other standard treatments.”
For much of the 1990s, Empire provided coverage for HDCT as a treatment for breast cancer. At a meeting of Empire’s Technology Assessment Committee (“TAC”) in March 2000, however, Empire determined that HDCT as a treatment for breast cancer should be re-categorized as Experimental/Investigational under the terms of the policy. Empire principally based this decision on the various studies (listed above) that found [i] no survival benefit for HDCT over conventional chemotherapy and [ii] significantly greater toxicity.
Empire’s decision to reclassify HDCT as Experimental/Investigational for the treatment of breast cancer is unchallenged in this case: the majority concedes that “[t]he studies before the TAC reasonably could be read to establish that HDCT did not provide a survival benefit over long term conventional chemotherapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer ... [and] also demonstrated that ... it had more side effects and more serious side effects.” Majority Op. at 18-19.
Six months after this change in policy, Zervos applied for coverage of HDCT for the treatment of his metastatic breast cancer. Consistent with the policy it had adopted, Empire’s responded to Zervos by denying coverage: “Autologous Peripheral Stem Cell Harvest/Transplant is Experimental and Investigational in Breast Cancer Stage IV.”
At the request of Zervos’s treating physician, Empire submitted its decision to an external review. Empire refers external reviews to an unaffiliated organization, the Medical Care Ombudsmen Program (“MCOP”), which selects reviewers on a rotating basis according to the reviewer’s specialty, clinical experience, and availability. Empire plays no role in selecting the reviewer.
Empire submits to MCOP a series of questions the purpose of which is to elicit the reviewer’s expert opinion about the current state of the medical literature and about whether the treatment is generally recognized as effective or appropriate for a given patient. The reviewer is not expected to be an expert on the contract or on how the language of the contract applies. Empire then examines the answers provided by the reviewer within the context of the policy language and makes a coverage decision. Before the review process begins, the treating physician is asked to submit any literature or information he or she would like considered on the appeal.
MCOP assigned Zervos’s case to Dr. Thomas R. Spitzer, director of the bone marrow transplant program at Massachusetts General Hospital and deputy chief of its hematology-oncology unit. Asked, “Does the scientific evidence support a result of improvement in health outcome?” Dr. Spitzer answered, “No”; and after outlining the various studies mentioned above, he explained: “[T]he conclusions of [the Stadtmauer study] have been widely accepted by the Oncology community, and many have advocated abandonment of this therapy as ‘standard of care’ for metastatic breast cancer.” Asked, “Is this a well designed study for which the patient is a good candidate?” Dr. Spitzer answered, “Unable to respond”; and then added that, while the “proposed research protocol is a well designed phase II study evaluating [HDCT] for ... metastatic breast cancer[,][t]he protocol title refers to [HDCT] support in women. ... Thus, it is not clear whether Mr. Zervos is eligible for the study that was enclosed for my review.” (emphasis in original) Asked, “Is the recommended treatment plan the best treatment plan available for this patient at this time?” Dr. Spitzer answered, “No”; he then explained: “there are no convincing data to show that [HDCT] is a superior approach to conventional chemotherapy alone for male patients with metastatic breast cancer.”
The only answer given by Dr. Spitzer that is arguably supportive of HDCT is in response to the question “Is the technology as beneficial as any of the established alternatives?” Dr. Spitzer explained that “[HDCT] appears to be as effective as prolonged combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. A possible benefit of [HDCT] is the avoidance of a protracted course of continuous combination chemotherapy.” (The majority wholly relies on this one question and answer, ignoring all of Dr. Spitzer’s other responses.)
Empire considered Dr. Spitzer’s answers in light of its view that a “proven benefit” is a “positive net health effect” and that the relevant medical community for this case is “the general community of academic oncologists.” Empire again determined that Zervos’s claim should be denied as Experimental/Investigational, and so advised Zervos by letter dated October 24, 2000, which quoted Dr. Spitzer’s finding that “[t]here are no convincing data to show that [HDCT] is superior to conventional chemotherapy alone for males with metastatic breast cancer.”
Zervos commenced this litigation on January 29, 2001, seeking a preliminary injunction ordering Empire to cover the cost of HDCT. After the suit was filed, Verizon (Zervos’s employer and the payor on the policy) asked Empire to submit Zervos’ case for a second review. Where (as here) ERISA applies, Empire always complies when an employer makes such a request.
This time, MCOP designated Dr. Raymond Weiss, a clinical professor of medicine and breast cancer specialist at the Lombardi Cancer Center of Georgetown University. After outlining the various studies alluded to above, Dr. Weiss stated that “[m]ost oncologist are of the opinion at this time that transplant therapy ... is of unproven efficacy” and that those who remain convinced of its efficacy are “in a distinct minority among oncologists.” Moreover, Dr. Weiss observed, the clinical study in which Zervos wishes to participate is identified “as a study for women, not men. (emphasis in original) Entering a single male who is ineligible for such a study would be considered inappropriate science by most research-oriented clinicians.” Dr. Weiss’s conclusion was categorical:
There is absolutely no justification for treating such a patient under this protocol as part of a scientific study, and even more so, there is no scientific justification for treating him with such therapy at all, within or outside any clinical trial. I could perhaps be convinced of the scientific validity of such treatment if he were to be entered on a trial for which he is eligible, one using an innovative therapy, and one focused on stage IV disease. However, this is not the case on all three points.
Finally, asked whether the clinical study is “a well designed study for which this patient is a good candidate,” Dr. Weiss answered, “No,” and added:
[Zervos] is not eligible for a study in which women are to be treated in the manner proposed, and there is no evidence that [HDCT] provides a net benefit for women with metastatic breast cancer either. The protocol provided with the records of this patient is a phase II “catch-all” protocol ... for women with any stage of breast cancer .... There is nothing innovative about this protocol, and I do not consider it a “well designed study.”
Once again, Empire sent notice to Zer-vos informing him that his claim was denied, quoting many passages from Dr. Weiss’s report.
On October 22, 2001, the district court found that “Empire’s decision to deny coverage for HDCT for breast cancer was based on substantial evidence and is not arbitrary and capricious.” Zervos v. Verizon New York, Inc., No. 01-CIV-685, 2001 WL 1262941, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.22, 2001) (“Zervos III”). But the court concluded that Empire’s appeals process was arbitrary and capricious, principally because “none of the questions posed to the reviewers are direct questions that elicit a clear and unequivocal response regarding whether the treatment is of proven benefit or generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate for the condition.” Id. at *13. Nevertheless, the district court held that,
based on the administrative record, this Court cannot find that the treatment is not experimental/investigational as defined in the contract or that there is some other medical or clinical reason that the patient should receive this treatment. This is still a medical determination to be made by a full and fair review by medical experts based on the current state of the medical literature and plaintiff’s current medical condition and suitability for the proposed treatment.
Id. at *15.
The district court therefore remanded for the supplementation of the record that it deemed crucial. Such a remand is the proper step to take under the principles enunciated by this Court in Miller: “[I]f upon review a district court concludes that the [administrator’s] decision was arbitrary and capricious, it must remand to the [administrator] with instructions to consider additional evidence unless no new evidence could produce a reasonable conclusion permitting denial of the claim....” 72 F.3d at 1071. The remand order directed Empire to conduct an immediate and accelerated MCOP review within 48 hours of Zervos’s submission of current relevant information, the review to include “direct questions that elicit a clear and unequivocal response regarding whether the treatment is of proven benefit or generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate ... [as well as] whether there is any other medical or clinical reason that the patient should receive the treatment despite its experimental/investigational nature.” Zervos III, at *15. The district court signaled that “[t]he totality of the evidence presented does not convince this Court that a different determination is necessarily likely or appropriate. However, plaintiff is entitled to a full and fair review.” Id.
The third MCOP review (as ordered by the district court) was completed on October 25, 2001 — three days after the district court issued its order and four days before this Court heard oral argument on this expedited appeal. This time, MCOP designated Dr. Joyce O’Shaughnessy, a board certified medical oncologist whose primary areas of expertise include high dose chemotherapy for breast and ovarian cancer. Asked, “Is the proposed treatment of ‘proven benefit’ for the treatment of the patient’s condition?” Dr. O’Shaughnessy answered, “No,” adding:
I believe that the available data permit us to conclude that there [is] no proven clinical benefit associated with [HDCT] compared with standard therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer. The morbidity and mortality of [HDCT] are greater than that associated with standard therapy. [HDCT] does not represent accepted standard care for patients with metastatic breast cancer and is not medically necessary.
Asked whether “the proposed treatment [is] ‘generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate’ for the patient’s condition,” Dr. O’Shaughnes-sy answered, “No,” adding: “most medical oncologists feel that [HDCT] is ineffective therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer in general, and for patients like Mr. Zervos, in particular, who have largely chemotherapy-resistant and heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer.” She warned: “I believe that [HDCT] could even be harmful for Mr. Zervos because he is unlikely to benefit, i.e., to achieve a durable remission of his disease, and [HDCT] is substantially more toxic than treatment with conventional chemotherapy agents for metastatic breast cancer.” Finally, in response to the question “If your answer to either of the first two questions is ‘no’, is there any other medical or clinical reason that the patient should receive the treatment, despite its ‘experimental/in-vestigational’ nature?” Dr. O’Shaughnes-sy answered: “I believe Mr. Zervos should not receive the proposed [HDCT] because it is highly unlikely to benefit him, and, due to its associated toxicity, may even be harmful.... I do not think there is a medical or clinical reason for him to receive this therapy.”
D
The district court therefore did what we have mandated: “[I]f upon review a district court concludes that the [administrator’s] decision was arbitrary and capricious, it must remand to the [administrator] with instructions to consider additional evidence unless no new evidence could produce a reasonable conclusion permitting denial of the claim.... ” Miller, 72 F.3d at 1071. It is certainly hard going for the majority to decide in this case that “no new evidence could produce a reasonable conclusion permitting denial of the claim”: as it happens, the third review, ordered by the district court and rendered before this Court’s hearing of this appeal, was new evidence (albeit confirmatory of the earlier medical evidence) and did support “a reasonable conclusion permitting denial of the claim.”
The majority opinion deals with this embarrassment by ruling that the only relevant coverage issue was settled by a single answer given by Dr. Spitzer to a single question, and that therefore the record— thus complete — required no supplementation. Majority Op., at 648 (citing Zuckerbrod v. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co., 78 F.3d 46, 51 n. 4 (2d Cir.1996) (finding a remand to the administrator inappropriate “where the difficulty is not that the administrative record was incomplete but that a denial of benefits based on the record was unreasonable”)).
After thus shrinking the administrative record in this case to a few lines, the majority declares that it can “only be read to support granting coverage.” Majority Op. at 648.
This ruling is premised on several errors. First, the majority reads the policy to furnish any medical procedure that is “effective” regardless of the toxicity of the treatment. Second, the majority truncates the record to omit everything other than Dr. Spitzer’s single isolated response. Third, the majority rules that the remand order was an abuse of discretion because the district court failed to act with the dispatch required by the medical exigency. Id.
1. The Policy Wording
To repeat, the district court ruled that Empire’s appellate process was arbitrary and capricious principally because the questions posed to the reviewers did not track the wording of the Experimental/In-vestigational exclusion, and therefore (according to the district court) the answers elicited by these questions did not settle the issue of whether HDCT fell under the terms of the exclusion. Accordingly, the district court concluded that the record was incomplete and remanded for its completion.
The majority opinion agrees that the appeals process was arbitrary and capricious (a point I do not consider), but for a different reason. If the majority agreed that the record was incomplete, the majority would be hard pressed to ignore Dr. O’Shaughnessy’s categorical opinion rendered on remand. Instead, the majority finds that the record was in fact complete because the only record evidence that matters is Dr. Spitzer’s answer to a single question: “[HDCT] appears to be as effective as prolonged combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer.” The majority holds that Empire’s appellate process was arbitrary and capricious because it denied coverage notwithstanding that response:
[Empire] required that a treatment be superior to another existing treatment in order to avoid exclusion under the policy’s experimental/investigational language while the language itself requires only that the treatment be effective— not more effective than alternatives— and considered to be appropriate by the relevant medical community. Thus, contrary to basic ERISA principles, [Empire] in effect added additional language to the policy.
Majority Op. at 647 (citing Gallo v. Madera, 136 F.3d 326, 330 (2d Cir.1998) (“Even when trustees of a pension plan are entitled to deference in interpreting the terms of the plan, deference cannot be so broad as to permit them to graft additional requirements onto unambiguous plan definitions.”)).
The majority misreads the policy language and fails to give deference to Empire’s reasonable interpretation of it. The actual wording of the policy requires a treatment to be of “proven benefit” for the claimant’s condition and to be “generally recognized by the medical community as effective or appropriate” for that condition. The term “proven benefit” is not self-reading, and lends itself to interpretation. And Empire as the plan administrator is entitled to deference in interpreting the terms of the plan. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989); Miller, 72 F.3d at 1070.
Empire interprets “proven benefit” as a (proven) positive net health effect — i.e., “the efficacy [of the treatment] balanced by the toxicity and whether that net positive health effect compares favorably with other standard treatments.” (emphasis added) The district court concluded that this is a natural reading of the term:
Medically, a treatment cannot be said to be of proven benefit where its toxicity or side effects outweigh the benefits gained from the treatment. Moreover, a treatment cannot be said to be of proven benefit where it merely matches the benefits gained from other treatments, but exposes patients to greater harm and potential death.
Zenos III, 2001 WL 1262941, at *8. Dr. Weiss concurred at his deposition: “if the outcome, the overall survival is the same, yet the treatment is more toxic, you don’t want to use the more toxic therapy because there is no gain for the cost.” Zer-vos’s own expert witness also agrees: “if the costs in terms of higher morbidity and mortality rates are much greater, but the benefits are only shown to be slightly greater ..., then it’s totally appropriate not to give that treatment over standard therapy.” [Zervos Ex. F at 417-18] HDCT is a treatment so invasive and verges so closely on killing the patient that the netting out of risks is no minor miscalculation. In medicine, as in virtually everything else, a calculation of benefit entails the netting out of the pluses and minuses. Otherwise, the concept of benefit becomes absurd: if medical benefit were a matter of pure efficacy, regardless of detriment, amputation would be deemed a beneficial therapy for athlete’s foot.
Empire therefore is not “grafting] additional requirements onto unambiguous plan definitions.” Gallo, 136 F.3d at 330. This case is distinguishable from Gallo, on which the majority relies. In Gallo, the insurance company attempted to add a “break-in-service” clause to the eligibility section of a pension plan; the insurance company did not claim to be interpreting a provision of that section, but instead wanted to “import” the clause from another unrelated section. Gallo, 136 F.3d at 328.
2. Truncation of the Record
The majority’s key ruling is that the administrative record in this case can “only be read to support granting coverage.” Majority Op. at 648. In defense of this ruling, the majority has excluded from “the record” all of what Dr. Weiss and Dr. O’Shaughnessy had to say, has ignored (or misinterpreted) most of what Dr. Spitzer had to say, and has seemingly forgotten that Empire’s decision to end funding for HDCT was supported by extensive medical learning and is unchallenged.
The majority excludes the second and third MCOP reviews from the administrative record on the ground that Empire procured these additional reviews to “bolster” its legal position rather than to provide a fuller review of Zervos’s claim. Majority Op. at 647. There simply is no factual support for the idea that, if either review had recommended HDCT for Zervos’s condition, Empire would have disregarded this recommendation and denied the claim. It is undisputed that the second MCOP review (by Dr. Weiss) was conducted because Verizon asked for it, and Empire testified that it always complies with such requests from the claimant’s employer; and the third MCOP review (by Dr. O’Shaughnessy) was conducted pursuant to the order of the district court. These second opinions were thus conducted at the behest of the employer (who would pay the bill) and the district court (which could order the bill paid).
These reviews were therefore part of an ongoing review of Zervos’s claim that would ultimately determine whether or not his claim would be paid. See Zuckerbrod, 78 F.3d at 50 n. 2 (upholding a district court’s inclusion in the administrative record of a doctor’s review received after the insurance company denied the claim, because “it was ... not clear error for the district court to treat the insurer’s ultimate decision as having been rendered after [the doctor’s] review”). In any event, I do not see how Empire can be taxed with improperly bolstering its case with additional opinions by eminent, neutral doctors selected by an unaffiliated intermediary.
Finally, the majority’s key finding (that the record only supports coverage) ignores the body of evidence accumulated when Empire changed its policy in March 2000 and decided as a matter of policy to deny coverage of HDCT — a decision that the majority concedes was perfectly reasonable. Majority Op. at 647-48. And it ignores as well the opinion of all the medical experts in this case — including Zervos’s own physician as well as his expert witness — that HDCT is significantly more toxic than conventional chemotherapy, i.e., that it has significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates. Given this uncontested view, it is not enough for HDCT to be as effective as conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer; in order to compete (“compare favorably”) with conventional chemotherapy in terms of benefit, HDCT must be more effective. This is why Dr. Spitzer was able to say, without self-contradiction, [i] that HDCT is as effective as conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and [ii] that HDCT is not the best treatment available to Zervos. And that is how Dr. Spitzer characterized his views in the deposition he gave in this case: “the reason that the treatment is not well adopted by the oncology community anymore is that there isn’t an advantage, and given potential disadvantage of the treatment in terms of morbidity, ... it probably does not have a substantial place in the treatment of [metastatic breast cancer].” [Empire Ex. M at 20-21]
This case is a far cry from Zuckerbrod, upon which the majority relies. 78 F.3d at 51 n. 4 (finding a remand to the administrator inappropriate “where the difficulty is not that the administrative record was incomplete, but that a denial of benefits based on the record was unreasonable”). In Zuckerbrod, we granted an injunction mandating coverage when two reports upon which the insurance company claimed to rely stated that it was absolutely essential that claimant receive the full-time private duty nursing care that the insurer refused to fund. Zuckerbrod, 78 F.3d at 49-50. No one, including Dr. Spitzer, has suggested here that it is absolutely essential that Zervos receive HDCT.
The majority also attempts to reinforce its conclusion by citing Dr. Spitzer’s characterization of the proposed research protocol involved in this case as a “well designed Phase II study” and by alluding to a prior case in which Empire provided coverage for HDCT after the MCOP reviewer characterized the proposed research protocol involved in that case as a “well-designed randomized phase III trial.” However, Dr. Spitzer indicated that the proposed protocol involved in this case is for women, not men; and Dr. Weiss explained why that matters. It is therefore not clear that Zervos is even eligible to participate in the proposed protocol at issue here. As to the prior claim, there are material differences between Zervos’s case and that case. In the prior case, the patient had Stage II breast cancer and was seeking participation in a randomized Phase III clinical trial; here Zervos has a more severe form of breast cancer (Stage IV) and is seeking participation in a lower quality clinical trial (Phase II). As the district court found:
[The] evidence indicates that coverage for the treatment was provided for the female patient and denied for Mr. Zer-vos because of the quality of the clinical study. This Court cannot conclude that Empire acted arbitrarily and capriciously in providing coverage for one patient and denying coverage for another where there are seminal differences in the state of the patients’ disease and the quality of the studies for which they sought coverage.
Zervos III, 2001 WL 1262941, at 12.
3. Time Constraints
The majority opinion finds an abuse of discretion on the ground that the district court ordered a remand in disregard of the exigency presented by Zervos’s condition and the risk that his condition might change in a way that would render him ineligible for HDCT. I think that the district court acted with energy and speed, ordering an immediate expedited review within 48 hours of Zervos’s submission of current relevant information. That expedited review was completed four days before we heard oral argument on this appeal. There is every reason to think that the district court would have ruled on this third review as rapidly as we ruled on this appeal.
Fortunately, the majority opinion expressly casts its ruling in terms of the “exigent and unique circumstances of this case,” majority op. at 646, a limitation that invites fact-based distinctions in any subsequent case, however similar. In short, the majority opinion has not altered the law of this Circuit in any fashion.
. We entered an order to that effect on October 30, 2001, with an opinion to follow.
. Because Zervos’ cancer had spread to the sternum, doctors identified it as Stage IV or metastatic. Stage IV cancer has a less favorable prognosis than other more localized stages.
. The Phase II trials "consistently reported high overall rates of response (combined complete and partial responses), ranging from 73 to 100 percent. Despite a median survival of only 10 to 24 months, 7 to 18 percent of patients in these studies remained free of progressive disease for up to 5 years after the treatment.” Id. at 1069.
. Tests evaluating medical treatment are categorized as Phase I, Phase II, or Phase III studies. Phase I studies evaluate the potential toxicity of a recommended treatment. Phase II studies are non-randomized studies that evaluate the proposed treatment against the results historically obtained for proven treatments. Although helpful in establishing the efficacy of a treatment, Phase II trials may be affected by the nature of the patients who participate in them. Randomized Phase III studies present the best evidence of whether a treatment is effective.
. Dr. Spitzer noted that the Bezwoda study included only a small number of patients and the conventional chemotherapy regimes were not equal, and that Bezwoda had been proven guilty of scientific misconduct. He also stated that the Stadtmauer study had been criticized "for the high number of patients who were lost to follow-up and the 'nonstandard' (extended duration) nature of the chemotherapy control group," but that the oncology community nevertheless had widely accepted the results "and many have advocated abandonment of [HDCT] as 'standard of care' for metastatic breast cancer.”
. Zervos also sued United Healthcare Co., Inc., but the parties later stipulated to dismiss the complaint against United Healthcare.
. In connection with the appeal, Empire submitted the opinion of a third MCOP doctor, which it obtained after the district court's remand order. This doctor strongly recommended that Zervos not receive HDCT.
. This issue is unresolved in this circuit. Crocco v. Xerox Corp., 137 F.3d 105, 108 (2d Cir.1998).
. For an explanation of the categorization of clinical studies, see majority op., at 640 n. 4.
. We have previously described HDCT as follows:
The treatment is a procedure by which stem cells are harvested from the bone marrow of the patient’s body and purified of cancer cells. The patient is placed under general anesthesia while the bone marrow is extracted by needle. The bone marrow is then frozen and stored while the patient receives high, and potentially toxic, doses of chemotherapy. In some cases, the chemotherapy is administered in doses which exceed one thousand times the standard dosage for conventional chemotherapy treatment. This high dose chemotherapy kills not only the cancer, but also the patient’s remaining bone marrow which produces white blood cells to protect the body from infection. The bone marrow, which is the most sensitive of all the body tissue, is also the most damaged by chemotherapy. After the chemotherapy is completed, the patient’s stored bone marrow is reinfused intravenously so that it may re-engraft. The bone marrow then multiplies rapidly to replace the marrow destroyed during the high-dose chemotherapy. Given that the bone marrow is the patient’s own tissue, there is little danger of rejection. There are, however, significant dangers associated with administering high-dose chemotherapy without some additional treatment to regenerate the bone marrow. Because the toll on a patient’s white blood cells is significant, the secondary treatment is essential to the patient's chances for survival. Thus, the bone marrow must be quickly reintroduced after high-dose chemotherapy treatment to "rescue” the patient from otherwise almost certain death.
Zervos v. Verizon New York, Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 166 n. 1 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Sharona Hoffman, A Proposal for Federal Legislation to Address Health Insurance Coverage for Experimental and Investigational Treatments, 78 Or. L.Rev. 203, 211-12 (1999)).
| CASELAW |
Talk:Jin Yuelin
Untitled
"Tao, Nature and Man" is one of Jin's main works, especially among his works published in English. It draws upon some of the main concepts in all of his philosophy. Those are the concepts which I outlined in the article, however I think the article could also benefit from a deeper analysis of "Tao, Nature and Man". I only outlined the basic concepts of Jin's metaphysics, but it is most definitely more complicated than I expressed here. There are entire other levels of thought that I didn't get into 1) because I didn't have time, and 2) because I didn't quite understand all of it. Perhaps someone with a stronger background in Western philosophical thought might be able to understand Jin better than I. Additionally, I think the article would benefit from an exploration of some of Jin's other works. He has a few essays in English in which he speaks about his views on Chinese Philosophy and Politics (some of which I mention in the article). Although these works do not play directly into Jin's metaphysical concepts, they help to explain where Jin was coming from when he wrote his philosophy, and thus help to shed light on the nuances of Jin's work.
Abfinard (talk) 17:53, 14 May 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Toddler's limbs fell off from sepsis, organ failure that can be deadly
Abigail Wardle was holding her baby Oliver in a hospital bed soon after he came out of a coma when Earlier at the hospital, Wardle and her husband learned that Oliver might not survive because he went into sepsis, or organ failure, due to an undiagnosed and untreated throat infection.Sepsis occurs when the immune system shuts down and doesn't fight infections like it's supposed to do. It can lead to gangrene, or tissue death, as in Oliver's case. Hand washing, vaccines, and proper wound care are some of the best ways to prevent sepsis. Visit INSIDER's homepage for more.Abigail Wardle was holding her 11-month-old son Oliver in a hospital bed soon after he came out of a coma when something shocking happened Oliver was originally sent to the emergency room when Wardle noticed he wouldn't eat and was whimpering in pain, according to UK-based publication Mirror. At the hospital, Wardle and her husband learned that Oliver might not survive because he went into sepsis, or organ failure, due to an undiagnosed and untreated throat infection."It was only when a nurse came over to speak to us and burst into tears that I realized how serious is was," Wardle told Mirror. "She told us: 'We don't know which way it's going to go but it doesn't look good.'"Somehow, Oliver came out of his coma and survived, but not before his limbs detached from his body due to the sepsis, which had led to gangrene, or tissue death.Now, Wardle is sharing Oliver's story in hopes that other parents can notice signs of sepsis in their toddlers before it's too late.Toddlers are more likely to get sepsis than adultsSepsis happens when a person's body has an extreme reaction to an infection, according to the Mayo Clinic. Normally, when a person gets an infection, like a throat infection in Oliver's case, the body releases chemicals to fight that infection. Sometimes medications like antibiotics or antivirals can help fight it too, according to the Sepsis Alliance. In some cases, however, the body's immune system shuts down after the chemicals are released and no longer fights the bacteria, fungus, or other infecting agent. That's when sepsis can begin. Signs of the condition include trouble breathing, urinating hardly at all or not at all, low blood pressure, and mental changes, according to the Mayo Clinic.Read more: Breast milk could carry harmful chemicals like flame retardants and BPA, but breastfeeding is still the healthiest food source for babiesAlthough anyone with an infection could potentially go into sepsis, people with compromised or weaker immune systems are more likely to develop the condition. For instance, pregnant women; the elderly; people with cancer, diabetes, or lung disease; and children who are younger than 1 year old are at higher risk.In severe cases like Oliver's, sepsis can kill body tissueSepsis can range from mild to severe, according to the Mayo Clinic, and those will mild sepsis can make a full recovery with the help of antibiotics, IV fluids, and blood pressure medications. If sepsis becomes severe, however, it can lead to septic shock, where the body's cells don't function properly. In cases like these, people have a 40% chance of dying from the condition.Septic shock severely lessens a person's blood flow, which in turn can cause entire organs, including the brain, to shut down. It can also cause gangrene, where the body's tissues die. This was the case for Oliver, whose limbs turned purple and green as less and less blood flowed to them. Though his mom urged doctors to surgically amputate the limbs, they waited and the limbs effectively "died," causing them to self-amputate. Afterward, doctors cleaned the infected area and stitched it back up so the wound could heal. Oliver, who didn't sustain any brain damage, is also in the process of getting fitted for prosthetic limbs, Wardle said."Sepsis is a notoriously difficult condition to spot, and to do so relies upon health professionals being alert to the possibility of sepsis in any patient who is deteriorating without a clear cause," Dr. Ron Daniels, CEO of the UK Sepsis Trust told Mirror. "Outcomes like Oliver's can be prevented through better awareness of sepsis and by empowering our public to just ask: 'could it be sepsis?'"Read more:Trader Joe's cashiers danced and sang to stop a toddler's tantrum, and the heartwarming video is going viralTeachers reveal the 7 things they wish they could tell parents — but can'tThe woman who 'invented' gender reveal parties doesn't think gender should be assigned at birth
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 40 Part 2.djvu/118
SIXTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Sess. H. Ch. 127. 1918. 1463 The name of Doctor William Warren, late of Company I, Fifteenth §§f,‘}",?,,i}g,E?,,°,,?€,‘l;,,. Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry and pay him a pension at the rwrate of $40 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. The name of Reuben T. Berry, late of Company M, Seventh Regi- R"“"°“ T· B°"Y‘ ment Missouri State Militia Cavalry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $36 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. The name of Augpstus C. Godfre, late of Company B, Thirty- ,,,,";,f‘g“s‘“S C· G°d` fourth Regiment O `o Volunteer Infantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $3(IlIper month in lieu of that he is now receiving. The name of enlriy Stone, late of Company I, Tenth Regiment H‘*“”’S‘°"°· Illinois Volunteer I antig, and pay him a pension at the rate of • $40 per month in lieu of t at he is now receivmlg. The name of Calla R. Landsittel, former wi ow of Geor e Long, §§u“j‘{·Lmds,,w,_ late of Company A, Thirty-sixth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Fnfantry, and widow of Jacob Landsittel, late of Complany F, Thirty-ninth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and pay er a pension at the rate of $25 per month. P 1 in d The name of Presley Jackson, late of Company F, Fifty-third 1>;1$1§imYk;•°?ii? ` Regiment Kentucky Vohmteer Infantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $0 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. Ge T C table The name o George T. Constable, late of Company A, Sixth °rg° ‘ °°S ` Regiment West Virginia Volunteer Infantry and pay him a pension at the rate of $30 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. la The name of Lyman D. Cole, late of Com any F, Eleventh Regi- I""'”“ D‘°° ment Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, andp pay him a pension at the rate of $40 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. The name of George Snow, late of Com any E, Two hundred and °°°'“°S°°w` third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer gnfantrg, and pay him a pension at the rate of $32 per month in lieu of that eis now receiving. The name of John H. Shaver, late of Com any K, One hundred I°h“ H‘s°"°" and snrtieth Regiment New York Volunteer lpnfantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $30 per month in lieu of that he is now receivmg. The name of Samuel Michael, late of Com any F, One hundred S°m°°lw°h°°1' and forty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Vcilunteer Infantry, and pay him_a_pension at the rate of $40 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. mm S Wm The name of John S. Wray late of Com any F, One hundred and ` twenty-fifth Regiment, and Company A, gixtieth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $36 per month in heu of that he is now receiving. mm A Emma The name of James A. Bateman, late of Company H, Eighth ° Regiment Illinois Volimteer Infantry and pay him a pension at the rate of $40 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. Im ,1 Hmm The name of Joseph Holmes, late of Com any F, One hundred P ` and thirty-fifth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Inflantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $36 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. The name of Conrad Goodell, late of Company B, Sixty-fifth Regi- °°“"“d °°°d°u‘ ment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $36 per month in lieu of that he is now receiving. I Mccmmm The name of James McCammon, late of Company K, One hundred °°’°° and forty-eighth Reviment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and pay him a pension at the rate of $30 er month in lieu of that heis now receiving. mmm D M, The name of William McLaughlin, late of Company B, Thirty- magnus. ` third Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and pay him a. pension at the rate of $36 ei- month in lieu of that he is now receiving. mms ,__ B,_,,,,_ The name of James Brown, late of Company L, Fifth Regiment Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia, and pay him a pension at the rate of $30 pei- mouth in lieu of that he is now receiving. wm, F_ W,,d,,_ The name of Wa e F. Wieder, late of Company H, Third Pennsylvania Reserve lzifantiy, and Company B, One hundred and | WIKI |
E-cigarettes more effective than nicotine replacement to help smokers quit, study finds - The Washington Post
Desktop notifications are on | Turn off Get breaking news alerts from The Washington Post Turn on desktop notifications? E-cigarettes are almost twice as effective at helping smokers quit as nicotine replacement therapies such as lozenges and patches, according to a new study that immediately stoked the debate over whether e-cigarettes are an important smoking-cessation tool or a health menace. The study, published online Wednesday by the New England Journal of Medicine, is the first randomized trial to test the effectiveness of modern e-cigarettes vs. nicotine-replacement products, said Peter Hajek, a psychologist at Queen Mary University of London, who led the trial. The researchers found that 18 percent of the e-cigarette users were smoke-free after a year, compared with 9.9 percent of those in the nicotine-replacement group. The participants also received behavioral support to stop smoking. For years, physicians have been reluctant to recommend e-cigarettes for smoking cessation because of a lack of clinical trial data, Hajek said. This is now likely to change, he added in a statement. But two editorials in the same publication threw some cold water on the trial's results. One editorial, by Boston University researchers, said e-cigarettes should be used only when Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments do not work. Those approved therapies, as well as drugs such as bupropion, have higher effectiveness rates than the new study suggested, and much more is known about their side effects, said Belinda Borrelli, a Boston University researcher who co-wrote the editorial. She noted e-cigarettes pose some serious risks, including potential harm to the lungs caused by flavorings as well as the possibility that some people will end up using both regular cigarettes and the electronic versions. The other editorial called on the FDA to immediately ban all flavored e-cigarettes, saying such flavors are responsible for a huge increase in teen vaping. We fear that the creation of a generation of nicotine-addicted teenagers will lead to a resurgence in the use of combustible tobacco in the decades to come, said lead author Jeffrey Drazen, editor in chief of NEJM. Such a ban would go far beyond FDA's plans to sharply restrict sales of flavored e-cigarette products, other than mint and menthol. David Abrams, professor of social and behavioral sciences at New York University who is a strong supporter of e-cigarettes, said the editorial calling for a ban misses the boat. He noted the new British study provides very strong evidence e-cigarettes can help you quit, as good or better than nicotine-replacement therapy over the long term. Anybody who smokes should be switching to e-cigarettes now. Read more: Altria, maker of Marlboro cigarettes, invests $12.8 billion in Juul FDA signals crackdown on flavored cigars to reduce youth tobacco use FDA investigating whether dozens of e-cigarette products are being illegally marketed Sign up for email updates from the Confronting the Caliphate series. You have signed up for the Confronting the Caliphate series. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Vasari - Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, volume 4.djvu/258
250 Bandinelli found, on making his measurements, that neither the height nor the thickness of the block would permit the figures of the model which he had made to be executed. He therefore repaired to Rome, taking with him the measurements, and making it obvious to the Pope, that he was compelled by necessity to abandon his first design and substitute another. Having prepared several designs, therefore, one among them was found to please his Holiness more than all the rest, and that exhibited Hercules, who, having thrown Cacus to the ground, is holding him by the hair, and pressing him to the earth, thus keeping him at his feet in the manner of a captive; this, therefore, it was determined to commence and carry at once into execution.
Baccio, having then returned to Florence, found that Pietro Rosselli had brought the block of marble to the court of the works at Santa Maria del Fiore; and this he had done by means of large beams of walnut, which he had placed lengthwise beneath the mass, and changing them as the marble advanced, he brought those which had first been placed behind to the front, the block itself resting on cylindrical rollers adjusted carefully to the beams, and, being moved by three windlasses; by all which Pietro gradually brought the stone in safety to its destination. The marble thus made ready, Baccio prepared a model in clay, of equal size, and exactly according to that last mentioned, the one which he had previously made in Rome namely; he pursued his work with much diligence, and completed the same in a few months; but despite all his efforts, there were few artists to whom this appeared to present the animation and movement which the action required, and which Bandinelli had imparted to his first model. Commencing then to work in the marble, the artist brought forth the rough forms up to the middle of the figure, of which the lower limbs were made apparent, Baccio proposing ultimately to bring the figures to an exact similitude with those of the large clay model.
About the same time Bandinelli undertook to paint a picture of considerable size for the church of Cestello, and for this he prepared a very beautiful cartoon. The subject chosen was the Dead Christ surrounded by the Maries, with Nicodemus and other figures; but this picture was never painted, for certain reasons which shall be enumerated | WIKI |
Datsun 2000
Datsun 2000 may refer to one of the following Datsun cars:
* Datsun Sports - sold in some export markets as the Datsun 2000
* Nissan Cedric - sold in some export markets as the Datsun 2000 | WIKI |
Everything about minerals. Basic and Important Facts About Minerals 2018-12-23
Everything about minerals Rating: 6,9/10 1437 reviews
Minerals
everything about minerals
It should be pointed out that a single chemical name, such as iron oxide or aluminum oxide, is not limited to a single mineral; for example, anatase and brookite are both titanium oxide, but they represent different combinations. Copper, chromium and selenium have been linked to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The variety and abundance of the silicate minerals is a result of the nature of the silicon , and even more specifically, the versatility and stability of silicon when it with oxygen. High blood pressure is a fairly common disorder during pregnancy, affecting 1-5% of pregnant mothers. Various cations occurring within solid solutions neutralize the negative charges on the silicate backbone. Examples include the practice of giving young infants iron supplements, and of the food industry's practice of supplementing infant formulas with iron.
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Basic and Important Facts About Minerals
everything about minerals
The atoms of the two most common elements on , silicon and oxygen, readily arrange themselves into tetrahedra four-sided pyramids having a silicon atom at the center and an oxygen atom at each point. They play important roles in various bodily functions and are necessary to sustain life and maintain optimal health, and thus are essential nutrients. Figure 5c: An example of muscovite. This deficiency has arisen in patients with genetic mutations in cofactor synthesis but not as a primary molybdenum deficiency. The colours of pseudochromatic minerals are the result of of light waves.
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Everything about Rocks Flashcards
everything about minerals
Scientists have identified over 3,000 minerals. Sulfides have a characteristic smell, especially as samples are fractured, reacting, or powdered. This simply means that our bodies require more of the bulk minerals and literally, trace amounts of the trace minerals. Our body actually needs the elements found within the minerals. Cyclosilicates An example of elbaite, a species of tourmaline, with distinctive colour banding. The second most abundant element is silicon, which accounts for another 27 percent by mass.
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Minerals Facts
everything about minerals
In phyllosilicates, a sheet structure is formed which requires three shared oxygens; in the case of double-chain silicates, some tetrahedra must share two corners instead of three as otherwise a sheet structure would result. An atom may lose or gain electrons, however, in which case it becomes an ion, an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge. As for why the statue and many old copper roofs are green rather than copper-colored, the reason is that copper does eventually corrode when exposed to air for long periods of time. Provides antioxidant protection Iodine 0. The abnormal loss of sodium and other electrolytes, however, could occur under conditions of extreme sweat loss, chronic diarrhea and vomiting, or renal disease, all of which produce an inability to retain sodium.
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OneGeology
everything about minerals
Mineral resources Everything that humankind consumes, uses, or produces has its origin in minerals. This class also contains a large number of minerals, making it the most extensive group aside from silicates and phosphates. Identifying Minerals Mineralogists identify unknown minerals by judging them in terms of various physical properties, including hardness, color and streak, luster, cleavage and fracture, density and , and other factors, such as crystal form. Every rock has a story to tell… Not only can they tell you about how the local environment has changed over time but many rocks and minerals are also valuable resources. An unusually high intake of fluoride causes permanently discolored or mottled teeth, a condition identified in children drinking water with 2 to 3 parts of fluoride per million. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 6th edition. These traits include hardness, color, streak, luster, cleavage or fracture, and.
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OneGeology
everything about minerals
Streak testing is constrained by the hardness of the mineral, as those harder than 7 powder the streak plate instead. It is characterized by its high chemical and physical resistivity. This is measured by the Mohs scale. Fluoride stabilizes bone mineral and hardens tooth enamel, thus increasing resistance to tooth decay. Along with other lifestyle factors, intake of calcium and vitamin D plays an important role in the maintenance of bone health and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Other ores, however, contain very little metal. The main aquifers are deep underground in limestone or sandstone.
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Mineral
everything about minerals
Minerals Definition The minerals inorganic nutrients that are relevant to human nutrition include water, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, and molybdenum. For 50 years, Carborundum was the second-hardest substance known, diamonds being the hardest. Abegg hypothesized that atoms combine with one another because they exchange electrons in such a way that both end up with eight valence electrons. If we add in aluminum 7. Hypertension during pregnancy can result in increased release of protein in the urine. Thus, many minerals can exist in solid solution. Single-chain silicates include a common group called the pyroxenes, which are generally dark-colored see Figures 3a and 3b.
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Everything Rocks and Minerals : Steve Tomecek : 9781426307683
everything about minerals
Mothers with osteoporosis have daughters thirty years of age who possess bone density that is significantly less than agematched controls. There is some evidence that chromium, boron, and other inorganic elements play some part in human nutrition, but their role has not been proven. Silicates are by far the most common minerals in Earth's and , making up 95% of the crust and 97% of the mantle by most estimates. Since oxygen and silicon together make up almost three-quarters of the mass of Earth's crust, the most abundant minerals are silicate minerals —compounds of silicon and oxygen. Lustre indicates how light reflects from the mineral's surface, with regards to its quality and intensity. In addition to these more common parameters for identifying minerals, it may be possible to identify certain ones according to other specifics. Better known by the colloquial term fool's gold, pyrite has proved valuable primarily to con artists who passed it off as the genuine article.
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Everything About Getting Enough Electrolytes While Fasting
everything about minerals
Estimates of sodium intake suggest that over 85 percent of the sodium consumed in Western diets is sodium added during processing. In treating emergency cases of hyponatremia, hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia by intravenous injections, there exists a very real risk that giving too much sodium, potassium, or calcium, can result in hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, or hypercalcemia, respectively. The term crystal is popularly associated with glass and with quartz, but only one of these is a crystalline solid. It develops a thin layer of black copper oxide, and as the years pass, the reaction with in the air leads to the formation of copper carbonate, which imparts a greenish color. Therefore, if enough physical traits are recognized, any mineral can be identified. Can be shiny or glossy. Minerals are classified by key chemical constituents; the two dominant systems are the Dana classification and the Strunz classification.
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List of Minerals: Everything You Need To Know
everything about minerals
To hold a piece of glass is to know a small, specific piece of history; this silica must have cooled rapidly. Parental concerns Following a proper balanced diet is the best prevention of both mineral deficiency and mineral overdose. When solid solutions exist, names are often given to the end-members. Thus, trace minerals contribute to physical growth and mental development. These minerals a sub-set tabulated in Lowenstam 1981 are considered minerals proper according to the Skinner 2005 definition. It is important for parents to teach children the benefits of proper nutrition and the importance of maintaining a healthful diet.
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BRIEF-T2 Biosystems Says Entered Into Amendment No. 1 To Equity Distribution Deal With Canaccord Genuity
March 10 (Reuters) - T2 Biosystems Inc: * T2 BIOSYSTEMS INC - ON MAR 9, CO ENTERED INTO AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO EQUITY DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT WITH CANACCORD GENUITY LLC * T2 BIOSYSTEMS - PURSUANT TO EQUITY DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT, CO MAY SELL SHARES OF CO’S COMMON STOCK, , HAVING AN AGGREGATE GROSS SALES AMOUNT OF UP TO $65 MILLION THROUGH CANACCORD Source: (bit.ly/2Q3cOGL) Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Browse Source
org-agenda: Skip invisible line at bulk marking
* lisp/org-agenda.el (org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp): When point is on an
invisible part move point ahead one line (and don't mark that line.)
Marco Wahl 3 years ago
parent
commit
b113d4e1e6
1 changed files with 6 additions and 3 deletions
1. 6 3
lisp/org-agenda.el
+ 6 - 3
lisp/org-agenda.el
@@ -9761,9 +9761,12 @@ This is a command that has to be installed in `calendar-mode-map'."
(goto-char (next-single-property-change (point) 'org-hd-marker))
(while (and (re-search-forward regexp nil t)
(setq txt-at-point (get-text-property (point) 'txt)))
- (when (string-match regexp txt-at-point)
- (setq entries-marked (1+ entries-marked))
- (call-interactively 'org-agenda-bulk-mark))))
+ (if (get-char-property (point) 'invisible)
+ (beginning-of-line 2)
+ (when (string-match regexp txt-at-point)
+ (setq entries-marked (1+ entries-marked))
+ (call-interactively 'org-agenda-bulk-mark)))))
+
(if (not entries-marked)
(message "No entry matching this regexp.")))) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:ThePathToHeaven.djvu/229
umphed over their enemies, done justice, and obtained the promises.
I, adore thy infinite greatness, O divine Majesty, whe fillest both heaven and earth, and art adored by all the blessed spirits, angels, and saints, who, without ceasing, praise and cry out before thee, "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabaoth." Is it possible thou shouldst condescend to visit the mo# unworthy of all thy servants, and desire to dwell with him? If the heavens, nay, the heaven of heavens, cannot contain thee, how much less this habitation, which I have prepared for thy reception Thou knowest, O Blessed Jesus, how to conceal the dazzling splendour of thy; glory, and condescend to oar weak capacity, that so thou mayest communicate thyself to us the more freely. This thou didst not only at the time of thy adorable incarnation, when thou madest thyself like to the more forcibly to attract our love to thee; but also when thou didst institute this mystery, wherein thou gavest thyself to us for, the food and nourishment of our souls, the more closely to unite us to thyself, and, make us aspire to that celestial banquet thou hast prepared for the blessed in heaven. ' O God grant me the grace so eagerly to long after this eternal banquet, that the desire of hereafter enjoying it may make me despise all the goods and pleasures of this life, and labour, incessantly to prepare myself, till I am happily admitted amongst its guests. I now desire to wean my heart, entirely from all irregular and corrupt affections, that I may place my whole love and confidence in thee alone. For this end I am firmly resolved to watch over all my actions, to flee from sin and avoid whatever may be displeasing to thee, I will labour to work out my salvation by observing thy precepts, and as I have resolved, so I hone to be faithful to thee; but this resolution I acknowledge myself unable to perform without the help of thy grace, which I most humbly implore. o Jesus, save me; conduct me through the ways of thy commandments, in which I now begin to walk, | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:Daft Lucario
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was: keep. RL0919 (talk) 18:52, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
Draft:Daft Lucario
Would be U5 in userspace Kamafa Delgato (Lojbanist)Styrofoam is not made from kittens. 03:41, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
* Keep - The statement that it would be U5 in user space is unsubstantiated. On its face, this is a valid draft. It has already been established that the duo exists. It may or may not be notable. It reads like a draft article in draft space. Robert McClenon (talk) 04:12, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
* Keep as it looks like valid draft and it has been created under wikipedia article for creation policy. Azkord (talk) 05:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)
* Keep per those above. — Godsy (TALK CONT ) 06:56, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
* Close the nom is facing a topic ban at AN for disruption like this MfD Legacypac (talk) 04:18, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Drugs
Questions and Answers: Risk of next-morning impairment after use of insomnia drugs; FDA requires lower recommended doses for certain drugs containing zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar, and Zolpimist)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is notifying the public of new information about zolpidem, a widely prescribed insomnia drug. FDA recommends that the bedtime dose be lowered because new data show that blood levels in some patients may be high enough the morning after use to impair activities that require alertness, including driving. Today’s announcement focuses on zolpidem products approved for bedtime use, which are marketed as generics and under the brand names Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar, and Zolpimist.
FDA is also reminding the public that all drugs taken for insomnia can impair driving and activities that require alertness the morning after use. Drowsiness is already listed as a common side effect in the drug labels of all insomnia drugs, along with warnings that patients may still feel drowsy the day after taking these products. Patients who take insomnia drugs can experience impairment of mental alertness the morning after use, even if they feel fully awake.
FDA urges health care professionals to caution all patients (men and women) who use these zolpidem products about the risks of next-morning impairment for activities that require complete mental alertness, including driving. For zolpidem products, data show the risk for next-morning impairment is highest for patients taking the extended-release forms of these drugs (Ambien CR and generics). Women appear to be more susceptible to this risk because they eliminate zolpidem from their bodies more slowly than men.
Because use of lower doses of zolpidem will result in lower blood levels in the morning, FDA is requiring the manufacturers of Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar, and Zolpimist to lower the recommended dose. FDA has informed the manufacturers that the recommended dose of zolpidem for women should be lowered from 10 mg to 5 mg for immediate-release products (Ambien, Edluar, and Zolpimist) and from 12.5 mg to 6.25 mg for extended-release products (Ambien CR). FDA also informed the manufacturers that, for men, the labeling should recommend that health care professionals consider prescribing the lower doses―5 mg for immediate-release products and 6.25 mg for extended-release products (see Zolpidem Dosing Recommendations for Adults).
The following questions and answers provide an overview of this safety issue.
Q1. What is zolpidem?
Q2. Why is FDA requiring the manufacturers of certain zolpidem-containing products to revise the labeling to lower the recommended dose of zolpidem for women and to recommend consideration of the lower dose in men?
Q3. What should patients currently taking the 10 mg or 12.5 mg dose of zolpidem-containing insomnia medicines do now?
Q4. Will a lower dose of zolpidem be effective in treating insomnia?
Q5. Is FDA requiring the manufacturer of Intermezzo (zolpidem tartrate) sublingual tablets to also change the dosing recommendations?
Q6. Do any other factors, such as a patient’s age, weight, or ethnicity, have an effect on zolpidem levels?
Q7. Why is FDA informing the public about this safety risk now, after zolpidem has been on the market for nearly 20 years?
Q8. Is next-morning impairment the same as complex sleep-related behaviors?
Q9. Is FDA requiring the manufacturers of other insomnia medicines to revise their dosing recommendations?
Q10. Do other insomnia medicines have the same gender effect as zolpidem?
Q11. Do over-the-counter (OTC) insomnia medicines that are available without a prescription have a risk of next-morning impairment?
Q12. What can patients do to decrease their risk of next-morning impairment with insomnia medicines?
Q13. How many reports of zolpidem and impaired driving has FDA received? Were these reports used as evidence to support the proposed new dosing recommendations for certain zolpidem-containing products?
Q1. What is zolpidem?
A. Zolpidem is a sedative-hypnotic (sleep) medicine that is used in adults for the treatment of insomnia. Zolpidem is available as an oral tablet (Ambien and generics), an extended-release tablet (Ambien CR and generics), a sublingual (under-the-tongue) tablet (Edluar), and an oral spray (Zolpimist).
Zolpidem is also available under the brand name Intermezzo, a lower dose sublingual tablet that is approved for use as needed for the treatment of insomnia when a middle-of-the-night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep.
Q2. Why is FDA requiring the manufacturers of certain zolpidem-containing products to revise the labeling to lower the recommended dose of zolpidem for women and to recommend consideration of the lower dose in men?
A. FDA is requiring the manufacturers of certain zolpidem-containing products to revise the labeling to lower the recommended dose of zolpidem-containing medicines for women and to recommend that health care professionals consider prescribing the lower dose for men because next-morning blood levels of zolpidem may be high enough to impair activities that require alertness, including driving. Patients with high levels of zolpidem can be impaired even if they feel fully awake. Zolpidem is eliminated from the body more slowly in women, so the drug can stay in their systems longer than it does in men.
Q3. What should patients currently taking the 10 mg or 12.5 mg dose of zolpidem-containing insomnia medicines do now?
A. If you are currently taking the 10 mg or 12.5 mg dose of zolpidem-containing insomnia medicine, continue taking your prescribed dose as directed until you have contacted your health care professional to ask for instructions on how to safely continue to take your medicine. Each patient and situation is unique, and the appropriate dose should be discussed with your health care professional.
Q4. Will a lower dose of zolpidem be effective in treating insomnia?
A. FDA has informed the manufacturers that the recommended dose of zolpidem for women should be lowered from 10 mg to 5 mg for immediate-release products (Ambien, Edluar, and Zolpimist) and from 12.5 mg to 6.25 mg for extended-release products (Ambien CR). For men, FDA has informed the manufacturers that the labeling should recommend that health care professionals consider prescribing these lower doses. These lower doses of zolpidem (5 mg for immediate-release products and 6.25 mg for extended-release products) will be effective in most women and many men.
Q5. Is FDA requiring the manufacturer of Intermezzo (zolpidem tartrate) sublingual tablets to also change the dosing recommendations?
A. No. When Intermezzo was FDA-approved in November 2011, the label already recommended a lower dosage in women compared to men. The recommended and maximum dose of Intermezzo is 1.75 mg for women and 3.5 mg for men, taken only once per night as needed if a middle-of-the-night awakening is followed by difficulty returning to sleep.
Q6. Do any other factors, such as a patient’s age, weight or ethnicity, have an effect on zolpidem levels?
A. Based on data from pharmacokinetic trials, no relationship was evident between the zolpidem blood level and patients’ body weight or ethnicity. In elderly patients, zolpidem blood levels can be higher, and the lower doses are already recommended. In contrast to younger patients, zolpidem blood levels in elderly patients are not affected by gender.
Q7. Why is FDA informing the public about this safety risk now, after zolpidem has been on the market for nearly 20 years?
A. Since the approval of zolpidem, FDA has been continually monitoring the drug’s safety profile. As more data became available, FDA continued to assess the benefits and risks of zolpidem treatment. Over the years, FDA has received reports of possible driving impairment and motor vehicle accidents associated with zolpidem; however, in most cases it was difficult to determine if the driving impairment was related to zolpidem or to specific zolpidem blood levels because information about time of dosing and time of the impairment was often not reported. Recently, data from clinical trials and driving simulation studies have become available that allowed FDA to better characterize the risk of driving impairment caused by specific blood levels of zolpidem and to recognize the increased risk of driving-impairing blood levels of zolpidem in women. This led FDA to require the manufacturers of certain zolpidem-containing products to revise the dosing recommendations.
Q8. Is next-morning impairment the same as complex sleep-related behaviors?
A. No, they are different. Next-morning impairment occurs when patients are awake the next morning, but levels of the insomnia medicine in their blood remain high enough to impair activities that require alertness, including driving.
Complex sleep-related behaviors occur when patients get out of bed while not fully awake, and sleep walk or do an activity such as drive a car, prepare and eat food, make phone calls, or have sex.
Both problems are made worse by high levels of zolpidem. The changes that FDA is requiring to the dosing recommendations in the drug labeling are expected to decrease the risk of both next-morning impairment and complex sleep-related behaviors.
Q9. Is FDA requiring the manufacturers of other insomnia medicines to revise their dosing recommendations?
A. No. At this time, FDA is only requiring the manufacturers of certain zolpidem-containing products to revise their dosing recommendations.
FDA is continuing to evaluate ways to lower the risk of next-morning impairment with other insomnia medicines.
Q10. Do other insomnia medicines have the same gender effect as zolpidem?
A. FDA is currently evaluating other insomnia medicines to determine if they affect men and women differently.
Q11. Do over-the-counter (OTC) insomnia medicines that are available without a prescription have a risk of next-morning impairment?
A. Yes. OTC insomnia medicines also have a risk for next-morning impairment. FDA is not recommending that patients who are currently taking prescription insomnia medicines switch to OTC insomnia medicines.
Patients who drive or perform activities that require full alertness the next morning should discuss with their health care professional if the insomnia medicine they are using is right for them.
Q12. What can patients do to decrease their risk of next-morning impairment with insomnia medicines?
A. Patients can decrease their risk of next-morning impairment by taking the lowest dose of their insomnia medicine that treats their symptoms. It is important for patients to take their insomnia medicine exactly as prescribed. Taking a higher dose than prescribed or using more than one insomnia medicine is dangerous if patients drive or perform activities that require full alertness the next morning, even if the drugs are taken at the beginning of the night. In addition, patients should not take insomnia medicine intended for bedtime use if less than a full night’s sleep (7-8 hours) remains. Likewise, patients should not take Intermezzo, a zolpidem product that is approved for use in the middle of the night, if less than 4 hours of sleep remain.
Q13. How many reports of zolpidem and impaired driving has FDA received? Were these reports used as evidence to support the proposed new dosing recommendations for certain zolpidem-containing products?
A. FDA has received about 700 reports of zolpidem and “impaired driving ability and/or road traffic accident.” Following a zolpidem label change in 2007, which added information to the Warnings and Precautions section of the label about complex sleep-related behaviors, including sleep-driving (patients getting out of bed while not fully awake and driving), there was a great deal of media attention. Since such publicity tends to “stimulate” reporting, this led to the considerable number of reports of zolpidem and impaired driving that were submitted to FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database.
However, while AERS reports generally can be helpful in evaluating safety concerns, these AERS reports for zolpidem lacked the information necessary to understand whether high morning blood levels of zolpidem were the cause of the reported impaired driving. Specifically, these reports often did not include the dose or time zolpidem was taken, the time of the accident, whether alcohol or other drugs were also taken, and whether and when blood levels of the drug were measured. It wasn’t until FDA received the new data on next-day blood levels and driving simulation studies that the apparent frequency of next-morning mental impairment was better identified.
Page Last Updated: 12/23/2014
Note: If you need help accessing information in different file formats, see Instructions for Downloading Viewers and Players. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
re: How To Set Up ESLint, TypeScript, Prettier with Create React App VIEW POST
VIEW FULL DISCUSSION
Hey, how did you deal with the instance of ESLint that's built into CRA?
I've tried what you've done here previously, but CRA was detecting a "conflicting" version of ESLint and crashing. In fact, not so long ago, the CRA team mentioned it explicitly, that there's no way to set up a custom ESLint config yet. Has that been fixed or have you found a different approach?
I read things more carefully and realized I misunderstood what exactly CRA was complaining about. It didn't like the fact that I installed a different version of ESLint, but once I swapped it for CRA's version, it was fine.
However, I noticed that you don't install ESLint in this article at all? How are you calling it in your scripts then? Is it installed globally?
You get ESLint for free when you install CRA so there's no need to install it in your package.json. I have experienced the same warning you're describing here when attempting to install my own version of ESLint. I uninstalled ESLint in my package.json and everything seems to be running as expected. I'm not sure regarding the restriction of ESLint configs, I have always been able to successfully set up lint configs though in the past opted for TSLint
It's worth nothing that this configuration was tested with the following versions of react/react-dom and react scripts
"react": "^16.8.6",
"react-dom": "^16.8.6",
"react-scripts": "2.1.8"
It could work to just keep using ESLint installed through CRA, but the VSCode ESLint extension doesn't seem to pick it up, of it's not listed among your dependencies. Plus, I don't think it's a good practice to reference a dependency in your code that you don't install manually... But can work for sure.
I agree, there should be some concern over this if a dependency higher up in the tree you don't have control over happens to change than dependent libraries downline could potentially cause issues. This is also the case when using any libraries that depend on Jest as well which also comes prepackaged with CRA. Given that these libraries are the new standard for TS linting with ESLint with full community support my hope is that there will be reasonable support for the latest versions of ESLint. I will mention up above as well this will be solved with CRA 3.0 that will include these libraries OOTB.
code of conduct - report abuse | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:إقليل
The citation from c. 1200 gives as locus page 560 line 4 a fine, but I can only find the word on a much lower line (around the 19th line). Could you have another look at it? Thanks in advance. ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk) 20:05, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
* Ehm, do you know what a fine means? Or do you count from the footnotes? Very odd. It is exactly there. Fay Freak (talk) 20:11, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
* Ah, oops. I didn't know it as a fixed phrase nor read it as a Latin two-word phrase; I though "a" indicated the first part of line 4 or something. Yes, it makes sense. ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk) 20:40, 4 November 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Race of a Thousand Years
The 2000 Race of a Thousand Years was an endurance race and the final round of the 2000 American Le Mans Series. It was run on the Adelaide Street Circuit in Australia on New Year's Eve, 31 December 2000. The race was run on the full 3.780 km (2.349 mi) Grand Prix circuit used by Formula One for the Australian Grand Prix between 1985–1995, rather than the shorter 3.219 km (2.001 mi) Supercars version of the circuit used since 1999. The Race of a Thousand Years was intended to be run for 1000 kilometres but was stopped short due to time constraints, two hours before midnight, after completing 850 kilometres.
Background
Like the 1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000 km, the Race of a Thousand Years was intended as a precursor to a planned Asia-Pacific Le Mans Series (APLMS) run by Don Panoz and the Professional Sports Car Racing body, just as the Silverstone and Nürburgring events earlier in the season were for the European Le Mans Series (ELMS). After a small number of entrants for the European series in 2001, as well as a lack of entrants for a third Asian-Pacific exhibition event at the Sepang Circuit, the APLMS plans were cancelled.
The race was the final of twelve endurance sports car racing rounds of the 2000 American Le Mans Series and took place at the Adelaide Street Circuit on 31 December 2000. The event was the first in a nine-year contract, but was abandoned after only one. Over 135,000 fans attended the race meeting, with almost 70,000 of them in attendance on race day. Organisers expected around 200,000 people in attendance during the race weekend.
Race Summary
By completing the first 25 laps (and in the lead after having passed teammate Frank Biela on lap 17), Allan McNish became the 2000 American Le Mans Series LMP Drivers' Champion. McNish and teammate Rinaldo Capello completed 225 laps in their Audi Sport North America R8. Australian driver Brad Jones had also qualified the R8 but did not drive in the race. Jones, the team owner and lead driver of Audi's factory backed Super Touring team in Australia, was on stand-by for Scotsman McNish who had injured his back a few days before the race while stepping out of his kilt after a photo shoot and had spent the day before the race flat on his back in bed in a successful effort to be fit to race. The Audi team suffered a setback on the morning of the race when Capello crashed the R8 (painted in crocodile livery in honour of the host country Australia) into the tyre barriers on the outside of turn six. However the team were able to repair the car to allow McNish to start.
The GTS class was won by Olivier Beretta, Karl Wendlinger and Dominique Dupuy who piloted their Team Oreca Dodge Viper GTS-R (known as a Chrysler Viper in Australia) to 3rd outright, while finishing 5th outright were the GT class winners Dirk Müller and Lucas Luhr in their Dick Barbour Racing Porsche 911 GT3-R.
McNish (Audi), Portuguese driver Ni Amorim (Viper) and German Luhr (Porsche) set the fastest laps in their respective classes, with McNish's time of 1:25.2189 being the fastest ever non-Formula One race lap of the Adelaide circuit (compared to the outright lap record of 1:15.381 set by Damon Hill in a Williams FW15C-Renault during the 1993 Australian Grand Prix).
Official results
Class winners in bold.
† – No. 2 Panoz was disqualified for allowing an unassigned driver, Klaus Graf, to drive the car during the race.
Statistics
* Pole Position – Rinaldo Capello – No. 77 Audi Sport North America – 1:23.804
* Fastest Lap – Allan McNish – No. 77 Audi Sport North America – 1:25.219
* Average Speed – 148.048 km/h | WIKI |
How can I run the sqlite3 shell from rexx ?
Help
Deb
2008-01-17
2013-05-14
• Deb
Deb - 2008-01-17
Hi,
I am using regina 3.4 on WinXP.
I have a situation where I need to issue the same set of queries to the sqlite command-line program (Sqlite3) a number of times. I want to write a rexx script to automate this. It sounds simple but I can't get it! I tried something like -
inp.0 = 2
inp.1 = 'sqlite3 test.db'
inp.2 = 'select * from table1;'
address system with input stem inp.1 output stream 'out.txt'
........
........
It doesn't work. Any tips ?
Rgds
• kenneth kahn
kenneth kahn - 2008-01-17
>address system with input stem inp.1 output stream 'out.txt'
Doesn't the target of 'stem' have to be an actual stem variable?
i.e. address system with input stem inp. output stream 'out.txt'
----
• Deb
Deb - 2008-01-17
sorry about the typo. I had used a stem variable "inp." in my code, and not "inp.1". still doesn't work.
• Mark Hessling
Mark Hessling - 2008-01-18
What goes in the Input stem is the commands you would normally type into the sqlite program.
So your program should be:
inp.0 = 1
inp.1 = 'select * from table1;'
address system 'sqlite3 test.db' with input stem inp. output stream 'out.txt'
If you are doing lots of sqlite commands, I'd suggest you use Rexx/SQL; it provides native interface into sqlite3, and saves you running the sqlite3 client each time.
Cheers, Mark
• Deb
Deb - 2008-01-18
Thanks a lot. It's working fine.
One thing is that "address system" does not accept the full pathname of the program - I had to put the sqlite program in the current directory.
(I am using the sqlite client just to check the updates made by another program...so i wanted a macro to avoid tedious typing.)
Rgds
• Deb
Deb - 2008-01-18
Used directory function to get around the issue..Rgds
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Sid Hutcheson Building
The Sid Hutcheson Building is a historic commercial building at 13912 Arkansas Highway 5 (the northeast corner of Main Street) in the center of Norfork, Arkansas. Built c. 1910, it is a vernacular two-story structure, built out of local stone and concrete. The west-facing facade is dominated by a two-story porch extending the full width of the building. The building is divided into three storefronts, which housed a grocery story, a Ford dealership, and a hotel, when it was completed. It is one of six commercial buildings, and is representative of the community's growth after the arrival of the railroad in the early 20th century.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. | WIKI |
Zircon U-Pb dating of igneous rocks in the Radzimowice and Wielisław Złotoryjski auriferous polymetallic deposits, Sudetes, SW Poland
Stanisław Z. Mikulski, Ian S. Williams
Abstract
A rhyolite porphyry in the Radzimowice deposit at Bukowinka Hill has a SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of 314.9 ± 3.1 Ma. This is consistent with previous zircon dating of a monzogranite and a rhyodacite (ca. 315 Ma) in the Żeleźniak sub-volcanic intrusion (ZI), considered to be the igneous rocks, representing the oldest magmatic pulses in the region. First-stage mesothermal auriferous sulphide mineralization in the deposit was connected to hydrothermal processes, associated with the rhyodacite intrusions. This was followed by tectonic activity and younger alkaline magmatism in a post-collisional geotectonic setting. The first-stage Au-bearing sulphide mineralization was cataclased and overprinted by younger epithermal base-metal sulphides with microscopic Au, associated with Bi-Te-Ag minerals. The younger magmatic pulses are represented by porphyritic andesites and lamprophyric dykes, which cut the ZI. Zircon from these dykes yielded ages of 312.8 ± 2.8 Ma for an andesite porphyry and 312.4 ± 4 Ma for a lamprophyre. All these magmatic pulses, evidenced in the Radzimowice deposit, are considered to be the oldest post-orogenic sub-volcanic magmatism cutting the basement of the intramontane basins in the Sudetes, on the NE margin of the Bohemian Massif. A rhyolite porphyry in the famous 'Organy' exposure at Wielisław Złotoryjski (WZ) on the SE margin of the North-Sudetic Basin is younger, 297.5 ± 2.8 Ma. Vein-type auriferous ore mineralization, hosted by Early Palaeozoic graphitic schists in intimate contact with rhyolite porphyry in WZ, is also correlated with this magmatism. The auriferous ore mineralization at Radzimowice and Wielisław Złotoryjski formed at different times, during different magmatic pulses and successive hydrothermal stages, despite several similarities in geologic setting and country- and host-rock compositions. There was a transition from a post-collisional to a within-plate setting over about 20 Ma in Late Carboniferous-Early Permian times, with the older Żeleźniak and Bukowinka sub-volcanic intrusions in the uplifted part of the Kaczawa Metamorphic Complex (ZI) and the younger Wielisław Złotoryjski sub-volcanic intrusion in the metamorphic basement of an intramontane basin.
Full Text:
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Tijs Goldschmidt
Paul-Tijs (Tijs) Goldschmidt (born 30 January 1953 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch writer and evolutionary biologist. Since 1 March 2012, Goldschmidt is writer in residence of the Artis Bibliotheek, which is part of the University of Amsterdam (UvA).
Goldschmidt lived in Tanzania from 1981 to 1986, where he studied cichlids in Lake Victoria as a researcher from Leiden University. He wrote a dissertation on this and published a book called Darwin's Dreampond: Drama on Lake Victoria (original Dutch title: Darwins hofvijver) in which he intertwines scientific and personal experiences. This book has been translated into, amongst other languages, English, French, German, and Japanese.
Since 2009, Tijs Goldschmidt is advisor at the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten in Amsterdam. | WIKI |
trace.h File Reference
Trace program flows. More...
Detailed Description
Trace program flows.
This module allows recording program flow traces. It is meant for debugging in multi-threaded applications or when ISR's are involved.
The trace() function takes an arbitrary (user chosen) uint32 value. Calling the function is safe from anywhere (user code, ISR, ...) and safely logs the function call time and user value in a trace buffer.
At any point, trace_dump() can be used to print the trace buffer.
The buffer has a default size of 512 entries, which can be overridden by defining CONFIG_TRACE_BUFSIZE. It can be cleared using trace_reset(). The trace buffer works like a ring-buffer. If it is full, it will start overwriting from the beginning.
Tracing is made thread safe by disabling interrupts for critical sections.
It does incur some overhead (at least a function call, getting the current time, a pair of enable/disable interrupts and a couple of memory accesses).
Example:
#include "trace.h"
...
trace(<user chosen uint32 value);
Execution tracing module API
Author
Kaspar Schleiser kaspa.nosp@m.r@sc.nosp@m.hleis.nosp@m.er.d.nosp@m.e
Definition in file trace.h.
#include <stdint.h>
+ Include dependency graph for trace.h:
Go to the source code of this file.
void trace (uint32_t val)
Add entry to trace buffer. More...
void trace_dump (void)
Print the current trace buffer. More...
void trace_reset (void)
Empty the trace buffer.
Function Documentation
◆ trace()
void trace ( uint32_t val)
Add entry to trace buffer.
Adds the current time (e.g., xtimer_now_usec()) and val to the trace buffer.
The value parameter is not used by the trace module itself. The caller is supposed to provide a meaningful value. It could be e.g., 0 at the beginning of a task and 1at the end.
Parameters
[in]valuser defined value
◆ trace_dump()
void trace_dump ( void )
Print the current trace buffer.
Will print the number of the trace log entry, the timestamp (first entry) or relative time since last entry, and the value supplied to the trace() call of each entry.
Example output (after adding two traces, 3us apart, with values 0 and 1):
n= 0 t= 1815312 v=0x00000000
n= 1 t=+ 3 v=0x00000001 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:History of India Vol 3.djvu/121
THE DEATH OF BALBAN 91 that if the governors of Hind or Sind, Malwa or Gujarat, Lakhnauti or Sonargaon, shall draw the sword and be- come rebels to the throne of Delhi, then such punish- ment as has fallen upon Tughril and his dependents will fall upon them, their wives and children, and all their adherents." After this deadly warning, he tenderly embraced his son with tears, and bade him farewell, knowing only too well that all counsels were thrown away upon a prince whose whole soul was in his pleasures. Never- theless, Bughra Khan and five of his descendants ruled in Bengal for more than half a century (1282-1339), while in Delhi the house of Balban did not survive his death three years. In suppressing a rebellion in the remote eastern province, the Sultan had really founded his dynasty in the only part where it was free to hold its own. He did not long enjoy the memories of his terrible campaign. The death of his first-born, the popular and promising " martyr prince " Mohammad, in battle against the Mongols near Dipalpur, in 1285, broke his heart. During the day he struggled against his grief, held his court with all his wonted punctilious etiquette and splendour, and transacted the business of state; but at night he wailed and cast dust upon his head. In 1287 Balban died, after forty years of rule, half as minister, half as king. No one understood better than he the conditions of kingship in India, or how to impress himself upon his subjects. He maintained a rich and ceremonious state among a people always | WIKI |
Franken gets last laugh - POLITICO
Franken has yet to draw a Republican opponent. By James Hohmann 05/26/13 07:00 AM EDT Republicans promised to make funnyman Al Franken a one-term senator, but look who's laughing now. The Minnesota Democrat looked to be a top GOP pickoff target next year after his agonizing seven-month recount and legal battle put him in the Senate in 2009 by a mere 312 votes. Story Continued Below Yet, in a turnabout few could've predicted, Franken has yet to draw a Republican opponent. The GOP looks likely to choose between relatively unknown state legislators, inexperienced businessmen or a conservative radio host with a history of controversial statements. ( PHOTOS: Al Franken's career) Franken's success so far fending off a serious challenger speaks to the broader recruitment challenge Republicans face in 2014. To have a shot at overcoming the Democrats' 10-seat Senate advantage, the GOP needs to expand the map by putting seats like Franken's in play. But the party to date has struggled to find top-flight candidates in several states that should, at least on paper, be competitive. The Udall cousins elected in 2008 Mark in Colorado and Tom in New Mexico look safe. And no top-tier GOP candidate has announced yet in Michigan, New Hampshire or Iowa. Democrats are defending seats in seven red states carried by Mitt Romney last year, but Republicans are highly unlikely to run the table in those places. Franken, the former Saturday Night Live star and liberal talk show host, worked overtime to put himself in this position. Studiously following the Hillary Clinton Senate playbook, Franken has kept his head down, largely avoided national press and focused on populist issues like privacy and consumer protection. He has cultivated a reputation as a serious lawmaker and amassed a formidable war chest. Also of help: Minnesota genuinely purple a decade ago has taken on a more bluish hue. And the state Republican Party is reeling, debt-ridden and seeking to find its way after its Ron Paul-affiliated Senate nominee lost to Sen. Amy Klobuchar by 34 points in November. Polling released last week pegs Franken's approval rating just above the 50 percent threshold, key for an incumbent. The Democratic firm Public Policy Polling showed him starting with a double-digit lead over six potential Republican candidates. It's shocking to me that Franken is as safe as he is at this point, said University of Minnesota political scientist Larry Jacobs. Republicans hope national atmospherics, specifically the growing unpopularity of Obamacare and the scandals enveloping Obama, will help put Minnesota in play. They believe 2014 will be a bad year for incumbents in general, and that while Franken is no doubt the favorite at the moment, the race is not lost for the GOP. ( PHOTOS: Senators up for election in 2014) Knowing he would have a tough race, Franken hired a campaign manager early and started fundraising aggressively. He brought in $2 million in the first quarter and has about that much cash on hand. My mantra is to be prepared and ready for anything, said that campaign manager, Matt Burgess, who Franken hired in March. By James Kitfield By Jack Shafer By Gregg Carlstrom By Daniel Baer 2017 POLITICO LLC | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Ferguson et al. v. Dent et al.
(Circuit Court, W. D. Tennessee.
April 21, 1891.)
1. Costs — Attorney's Fees on Depositions.
On taxation of costs in an equity cause in the federal court the fee of $2.50 on each deposition taken and admitted in evidence on the hearing before the court is taxable under section 824, Rev. St., in favor of the party recovering costs; and it is immaterial before what officer such deposition was taken, whether examiner, master, or otherwise.
2. Same — Printed Record.
Where the record is printed in the circuit court, and paid for by a receiver under order of the court from funds in his hands, and such printed record is used on appeal in the supreme court without further expense to the parties, held, under the circumstances of this case, that the expense of printing the record should be taxed in favor of the party recovering costs.
3. Same — Receiver’s Compensation.
Where a receiver is appointed at the instance of the plaintiff, and the ultimate decision of the case upon appeal, reversing the decree below, is adverse to him, the receiver’s commissions, paid out of the funds in his hands, will not be taxed as costs against the plaintiff, his appointment being regular and properly made in the case. That the plaiutiff does not finally succeed in the litigation is not the criterion in determining the propriety, necessity, or legality of a receiver’s appointment.
In Equity.
Motion to retax costs.
T. B. Edgington, for plaintiffs.
Poston & Poston and Turley & Wright, for defendants.
Hammond, J.
In this equity cause a decree was originally rendered for the plaintiffs on their bill and for costs. An appeal was taken, and the case was reversed in the supreme court, (10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 13,) with directions to dismiss the bill and render judgment for costs against the plaintiffs and the surety on their prosecution bonds. The costs claimed for defendants are as follows:
Clerk’s fees, paid by the receiver, - $ 391 40
Marshal’s “ “ “ “ << . 208 26
Examiner’s •• “ “ “ 8 20
Master’s “ “ “ <• “ on printing record, 500 00
Expense “ “ “ •• “ “ “ << 829 62
Receiver’s commission, “ “ - 2,731 60
Docket fee on final hearing, .... 20 00
Docket “ 98 depositions, - 245 00
Costs taxed in the supreme court, .... 135 15
Clerk’s fees since the appeal, - 49 75
Marshal’s 53 54
Costs paid by defendant on Walker’s deposition, 7 00
Costs of transcript in Be Ferguson, bankrupt, 6 00
Making in all claimed by defendants, - $5,185 52
Of which the clerk has so taxed all but receiver’s fee, $2,731 60
Leaving as the 'clerk’s taxation, $2,453 92
To this taxation the plaintiffs make two objections and the defendants one, as follows:
1. A docket fee of $2.50 has been taxed on each deposition “taken and admitted in evidence,” amounting in all to $245 on the 98 depositions on file. Of these depositions, 14 were taken outside this district; 71 before examiners at Memphis, where the court is held; and the remaining 13 in this city, before officers other than an examiner or master. For the plaintiffs, who are adjudged to pay costs, it is contended that these fees are not taxable upon depositions taken within the jurisdiction of the court before one of its examiners, and this objection goes to the above 71 depositions so taken, but does not apply to the other 27. The record in this case shows that as a matter of fact each of the depositions so taken before the master or an examiner were by written interrogatories and written answers, just as depositions are usually taken, and not “in narrative form,” as insisted in the brief of counsel. The argument against the taxation of these fees is that the testimony so taken is simply the examination of the witness, and not his deposition, and that, therefore, such fee is not taxable, since the statute applies only to “depositions.” It is as follows: “For each deposition taken and admitted as evidence in a cause, two dollars and fifty cents.” Rev. St. § 824. Section 862 of the Revised Statutes provides that “the mode of taking proof in causes of equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction shall be according to rules now or hereafter prescribed by the supreme court, except as herein specially provided.” And the sections of the revision immediately following prescribe the mode of taking depositions de bene esse “in any civil cause depending in a circuit or district court,” (Rev. St. §§ 863-865,) and under a dedimuspotestatem, “according to common usage;” and in perpetuam rei memoriam, “according to the usages of chancery,” (Id. §§ 866-870.) The original supreme court equity rule No. 67 prescribes how “commissions to take testimony may be taken out * * * upon interrogatories filed by the party taking out the same. * * * If the parties shall so agree, the testimony may be taken upon oral interrogatories by the parties or their agents without filing any written interrogatories.” This rule was amended at the December term, 1854, by giving the judge of the court authority “to vest in the clerk of said court general power to name commissioners to take testimony.” Later, at the December term of 1861, the rule was further amended by providing that “either party may give notice to the other that he desires the evidence to be adduced in the case to be taken orally, and thereupon all the witnesses to be examined shall be examined before one of the examiners of the court; * * * and such examination shall take place in the presence of the parties or their agents, by their counsel or solicitors, * * * and which shall be conducted as near as may be in the mode now used in common-law courts. The depositions taken upon such oral examination shall be taken down in writing by the examiner in the form of narrative, unless he determines the examination shall be by question and answer in special instances. * * * When the examination of witnesses before the examiner is concluded, the original deposition, authenticated by the signature of the examiner, shall be transmitted by him to the clerk of the court. * * * Testimony may be taken on commission in the usual way by interrogatories and cross-interrogatoiies.” And, finally, by a still subsequent amendment at. the December term, 1869, of the supreme court, it was provided that, “where the evidence to be adduced in a cause is to be taken orally, * * * the court may, on motion of either party, assign a time within which each party shall take his evidence.” The statutes regulating the taking of the written testimony of witnesses nowhere make any distinction between examinations and depositions; nor does this equity rule 67, as originally promulgated, use either word, but speaks, as does the first amendment to it, of the proof simply as “testimony.” Its principal amendment, made in 1861, provides that “testimony” may be “taken orally,” how the “examination” shall be conducted, .and that the “depositions taken upon such oral examination shall be taken down in writing” in the manner indicated, and that at the close of the “ examination ” the original deposition ” shall be filed as provided; while in the last amendment the proof is only referred to as “evidence” in a cause “taken orally.” This rule nowhere calls the proof taken under its provisions an “examination,” and this word, as used in it, always has reference to the taking of proof, and never to the testimony after it has been given by the witness and reduced to writing. Equity rules 68 and 69 likewise refer solely to the taking of “testimonj1-” in a cause “by deposition” under the statute, while rule 70, governing the taking of statutory depositions de bene ease, provides for the appointment of commissioners “to take the examination” upon notice of the time and place of taking the “testimony,” and such depositions are conceded to be taxable with the attorney’s fee. The general admiralty rules of the supreme court prescribe a reference to commissioners, who are granted all the powers “usually given to or exercised by masters in chancery’in reference to them,” (Sup. Ct. Admiralty Rule 44,) and provides further for the taking of new proof on appeal “by deposition” before a commissioner or other officer “authorized to take depositions” under the statute “upon an oral examination and cross-examination,” unless the court “Upon motion allow a commission to issue to take such deposition upon written interrogatories and cross-interrogatories,” prescribing particularly the mode to be pursued “ when such deposition shall be taken by oral examination.” Admiralty Rules 49, 50, 52. In the rules of our circuit court (Ed. 1864) the written testimony of witnesses in cases at law and in equity is spoken of only as “depositions.” Rules 13,14. Therefore, upon a careful inspection of all these rules, as well as of the statutes, there does not seem to be any such distinction between depositions and examinations as counsel here insists upon.
Nor does the word “deposition,” as used in this fee statute; (Rev. St. § 824, supra,-) appear by the decisions of the courts to be confined in its meaning or application by any such limitations, or by the weight of authority, probably, restricted by any limitations whatever. In Stimpson v. Brooks, 3 Blatchf. 456,—an equity case, decided by Judge Betts in 1856, and the first decision, I think, under this clause of the statute, —the word “deposition” was defined to be “a generic expression, embracing all written evidence verified by oath. * * * A ‘deposition’ is evidence given by a witness under interrogatories, oral or written, and usually written down by an official person.” In that case it was ruled that the docket lee of $2.50 was not taxable upon ex parte affidavits used on a motion for preliminary injunction. And in The Sallie P. Linderman, 22 Fed. Rep. 557, 558, Judge Nixon, in defining “deposition,” as used in this statute, says:
“In its strict and appropriate sense it is limited to the written testimony of a witness given in the course of a judicial proceeding, either at law or in equity.”
The only case cited by counsel against the taxation here is Factory v. Corning, 7 Blatchf. 16, and the precise question before the court there was whether the fee was taxable upon oral testimony taken before the master “on the accounting” before him, and evidently after the final decree settling the rights of the parties to the cause. Judge Nelson in disallowing the taxation says the statute “relates to testimony taken out of court, under authority which will entitle it to be read as evidence in court, and has no relation to oral testimony taken in court or before a master. It applies in cases at common law where depositions are given in evidence upon the trial, and in suits in equity where depositions are read at the hearing.” The decision obviously was made not so much upon any distinction between depositions taken before one officer, rather than another, as upon the idea that the statute confines these, as it does the other docket fee mentioned in it, to depositions used “on a trial before a jury,” or “on a final hearing in equity or admiralty.” And other cases seem to have held the same doctrine, as will be seen hereafter, though the statute as to these deposition docket feos contains no such limitation as to the time when or purpose for which they are “admitted in evidence in a cause,” or “in the cause,” as originally enacted. 10 St. U. S. 161. While in Dedekam v. Vose, 3 Blatchf. 77, it was held that upon the trial of an admiralty appeal in the circuit court these fees were not taxable there upon depositions read from the district court transcript, (in which court they were taxable,) yet, upon depositions taken for the circuit court after the appeal, they were taxable under the Statute. In Jerman v. Stewart, 12 Fed. Rep. 271, where depositions taken in the state court were used by agreement in a case at law here, I held the fee taxable because the statute “does not mean that the deposition shall be formally taken, and the fees allowed only for such as are formally taken, but for those that are taken in any way and admitted in evidence. The use of the deposilion on the trial is what entitles the attorney to the fee.” Archer v. Insurance Co., 31 Fed. Rep. 660; Wooster v. Handy, 23 Fed. Rep. 49, 59, 63. In the admiralty cause of The Sallie P. Linderman, supra, there had been a reference to a commissioner, upon which 21 depositions were taken and returned to the court with the commissioner’s report, and “admitted in evidence by the judge in deciding the cause.” The motion to retax costs was overruled, and the $2.50 on each deposition was allowed to proctor for the prevailing party. In Amer ican, etc., Co. v. Sheldon, 23 Fed. Rep. 217, a cause in equity, Judge Wheeler, while holding that depositions taken in one case and used by agreement in others could be taxed but once, ruled that they were taxable in the case in which they were in fact-taken; and in Cahn v. Qung Wah Lung, Id. 396, the case was dismissed “without a submission or hearing,’’and docket fees on the depositions were disallowed solely on the ground that they were not “admitted in evidence.” To the same effect is Cahn v. Monroe, 29 Fed. Rep. 675, where, in a case at law, the court, after the jury was sworn, directed a verdict for defendant on the opening statement of plaintiff’s attorney, before the introduction of any proof, and accordingly disallowed these fees. And in Gorse v. Parker, 36 Fed. Rep. 840, such was the ruling of the court on the taxation of costs, because the successful party to the suit conducted his own litigation without the aid of counsel, and could not, therefore, be entitled to attorney’s docket fees under the statute.
The question whether these attorney’s fees can be taxed upon depositions unless admitted in.evidence “on a trial” at law or “on a final hearing” in equity and admiralty is not here presented for adjudication, as all these depositions were used in proof at the hearing, and taken for that purpose, there being no reference or collateral proceedings in the cause in which or for which any of this testimony was taken. The following cases, in which such fees were disallowed upon that ground, do not, therefore, apply here: Strauss v. Meyer, 22 Fed. Rep. 467, where the depositions were used in part upon motion for preliminary injunction, and in part taken and used on reference to the master to ascertain damages; Spill v. Celluloid Manuf'g Co., 28 Fed. Rep. 870, where certain depositions were taken to be used upon such reference, and others in a col-, lateral proceeding in the cause for contempt of court; Dalzell v. The Daniel Kaine, 31 Fed. Rep. 747, where the testimony was taken before a commissioner appointed to make distribution of a fund in admiralty; Central Trust Co. v. Wabash, etc., R. Co., 32 Fed. Rep. 684, and Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Texas, etc., R. Co., 38 Fed. Rep. 775, 776, where, in suits for the foreclosure of a railroad mortgage, intervenors for damages caused by the receiver made proof by depositions taken and used before the master upon a reference to him. In Tuck v. Olds, 29 Fed. Rep. 883, such fees were disallowed by Judge SevereNS in an equity case; but the report does not show whether the depositions were taken to be used on the “final hearing” or otherwise in the cause. The court, in the opinion, says:
“It is probable that the statutory provision was intended to provide for compensation in cases where depositions are taken bene esse, and in such other eases, not within the scope of the ordinary method of taking testimony in cases pending in the federal courts, as may arise.”
But this decision was expressly overruled in Ingham v. Pierce, 37 Fed. Rep. 647, by an oral opinion of Judge Jackson, concurred in by Judge Severens, because the practice under a long-established interpretation of the statute throughout this circuit has been to allow such lees; the 23 depositions in that case having been taken before, notaries public under a stipulation “that they should be treated as of the same force and effect as if taken under the sixty-seventh rule, before regularly appointed0 special examiners.” In Jerman v. Stewart, 12 Fed. Rep. 271, 278, cited supra, this court held such fees taxable on depositions used on the trial, though taken elsewhere, because “this fee is not a part of the cost of taking the deposition, but, like the docket fee, is an allowance to the attorney as taxable costs for his professional services in the case.” And, now, again, upon this review of all the cases I have been able to find construing this provision of the statute, I still adhere to my opinion in Jerman v. Stewart, and cannot agree with any dicta, in the other cases cited tending to establish the principle that the mode or manner of taking the deposition, or the officer before whom it is taken, is to be treated as a criterion in determining the allowance of the $2.50 fee to the attorney, when the deposition is in fact admitted in evidence. The statute itself contains no limitation or condition. If it be urged that so broad a construction would allow the fees on depositions taken to be used on references, motions for rehearing, or other proceedings in a cause than the final hearing, it is sufficient to say that that question will be further examined when presented here lor adjudication. The practice in this district, however, I may add, has always been to tax such fees upon all depositions in any way used in the case. The testimony here is all written, not in narrative, but by question and answer, counsel in every instance propounding the interrogatories to the witness through the officer in the usual way. The testimony of each witness is upon its face called a “deposition;” and the orders appointing the examiners empowered one of them “to take depositions and proofs in the cause,” and the other “to take the testimony of the witnesses,” under the sixty-seventh rule in equity. The motion to retax or disallow these fees is therefore denied.
2. At the hearing of this cause before the late Mr. Justice Mathews and Judge Hammond the following decree was made by the court:
“On good cause shown * * * the master in chancery is hereby ordered and directed to have the record in this cause printed, consisting of the pleadings and proof in the cause. He will observe and follow the form and method of printing the records in cases of appeals or writs of error to the supreme court of the United States, so that copies of the printed record can be used in case of appeal in the cause. It is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that W. A. Wheatly pay the costs of said printing out of any funds in his hands as receiver, or hereafter to come into his hands as such. Said master in chancery will cause as many as forty copies of said record to be printed, to be distributed under the direction of the court. * * * It is further ordered that the master prepare and print with the record an index of it.”
Under this order 40 copies of the record wore printed and indexed, making a volume of 836 pages in the exact stylo of type, paper, size, etc., as the records on appeal are printed in the supreme court, and the expense of the printing, paper, and binding, $829.62, with the master’s fee allowed in the case, $500, in all $1,329.62, was paid by the receiver, and has been taxed by the clerk as costs against plaintiffs, to which they object by this motion. After this a decree was rendered in this court for complainants, and defendants took the case by appeal to the "supreme court. Of the 40 printed copies 15 were distributed among counsel and the judges of this court, and 25 copies were reserved, to be sent to the clerk of the supreme court with the appeal, the printed record itself being certified, together with a transcript of the subsequent proceedings in the cause. The master’s fee here only amounted to about two-thirds of what the clerk of the supreme court would have received for his services in having the manuscript record printed at Washington, and the printing was done here at about four-fifths of what it would have cost there. By an order made in the supreme court, (Dent v. Ferguson, 131 U. S. 397, 401, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 791,) these printed copies were used there without further expense. No fees were paid the clerk here for copying this portion of the record in the transcript for the supreme court. The actual saving, therefore, in the proper costs of this appeal by the printing of this record here was about the sum of $1,300; that is, if the record had not been so printed, and the defendants had taken the case to the supreme court by appeal in the usual way, the necessary expense would have been at least $2,600, instead of $1,329/62, the amount paid by the receiver, and which would have been recoverable as costs against the plaintiffs.
The statutes prescribe the fee of the clerk for making such copy of a record, (Rev. St. § 828,) and that, upon appeal, a transcript, etc., “shall be transmitted to the supreme court.” Rev. St. § 698. Rule 8 of that court requires that “the clerk of the court to which any writ of error may be directed shall make return of same by transmitting a true copy of the record and of the assignment of errors, and of ail the proceedings in the case, under his hand and the seal of the court;” and its rule 10provides for the printing of records on appeal, (25 copies in each case) the fees for which are prescribed by rule 24, made under the authority of an act of congress approved March 3, 1883. Rule 24 of the supreme court also contains the provision that “in cases of reversal of any judgment or decree in this court costs shall be allowed to the plaintiff in error or appellant unless otherwise ordered by the court;” and rule 10 further provides that “in case of reversal, affirmance, or dismissal, with costs, the amount of the cost of printing the record and of the clerk’s fee shall be taxed against the party against whom costs are given.” Section 983 of the Revised Statutes governing costs in the federal courts is as follows:
“The bill of fees of the clerk, marshal, and attorney, and the amount paid printers and witnesses, and lawful fees for exemplifications and copies of papers necessarily obtained for use on trials, in cases where by law costs are recoverable in favor of the prevailing party, shall be taxed by a judge or clerk of the court, and be included in and form a portion of a judgment or decree against the losing party. Such taxed bills shall be filed with the papers in the cause.”
The final decree of the supreme court in this case was “that the said defendants, Geo. G. Dent et al., recover against the said Isaac A. Ferguson et al. $135.15 for their costs herein expended, and have execution therefor;” and that the cause be remanded to this court, “with direction to dismiss the bill with costs;” the decree here upon the mandate being that defendants recover from plaintiffs “the costs of the United States supreme court, together with the costs of this court.” The original decree here, from which the appeal was taken, gave judgment against defendants for “all the costs of this cause, including the costs which plaintiffs have already paid or which have been or may be paid through the receiver herein, or which otherwise have accrued in the case;” and this decree further provided that “out of the funds in the hands of the receiver the officers of the court, including the examiner, for taking testimony, and the master, shall be paid their legal fees not already paid by the parties themselves; but this shall not include docket and deposition fees taxed to counsel for plaintiff's until the other officers are first paid, but the same shall afterwards be paid.” These latter were not, however, paid by the receiver, though counsel for plaintiffs, while the case was pending in the supreme court, by petition filed here, asked a decree for their payment, which was not granted; but substantially all the other costs up to the date of the appeal were paid by him. While it may be doubtful if this sum for printing the record would have been taxable as costs in the event that no appeal had been taken, in the absence of any rule of this court authorizing such printing, such as exists in other districts in the circuit, (Jordan v. Woollen Co., 3 Cliff. 239; Dennis v. Eddy, 12 Blatchf. 195; Spaulding v. Tucker, 2 Sawy. 50,) yet, under the circumstances of this case, it is clear it should now be so taxed. The very terms of the order under which the record was printed show that it was the intention of the court that the printed record should be used on the appeal in case one was taken. Counsel for plaintiffs insists that this order was made “by the consent and approval of all parties at the time;” but in its form it was not a consent decree, and there is no agreement whatever in the record pertaining to the matter, and nothing which can properly be considered, except the order itself. Besides, had the order been one made by consent upon its face, with nothing more, that fact simply would not affect the rights of the parties on a question of taxation of costs, probably. It is also urged that because the receiver was directed by the court to pay the expense of printing the record, without any reservation as to who should ultimately bear the burden of the expenditure, it was an adjudication by the court that the amount was to be considered simply as a part of the receiver’s expenses, not subsequently taxable as costs in any event. It will be observed that the order upon the receiver only embraces “the costs of said printing,” which might not include the master’s fee which the receiver was directed by a subsequent order to pay; besides, it was the costs of the printing, not cost or expense which is named in the order, if stress is to be placed upon the word. But if the mere fact that the court ordered this expense to be paid by the receiver was such an adjudication as contended for, then the final decree in the cause, which directed him to pay all the unpaid fees of the court officers, (which, in the aggregate, were substantial! y all the costs accrued in the cause at that time,) was equally an adjudication that all those items were to be thus finally settled; and the result would be that the judgment for costs in this voluminous record would be in effect only for such costs as have accrued here since the appeal was taken, together with the costs of the supreme court. Of course a ruling so emasculating the costs of a case will not be made except upon the plainest reasons apparent in the record, and upon well-established rules of law. “Where a party is entitled to his costs, but it has not been decided who ought ultimately to bear them, payment is often directed to be made out of a fund in court, or by one of the parties to the proceeding, and without prejudice to the question how the same shall ultimately be borne. The absence, however, of these words or words of a like meaning from an order directing payment of costs out of a fund in court does not necessarily imply that the court has decided that the fund out of which the costs are paid is that which must ultimately bear them.” 2 Daniell, Ch. Pr. 1409, 1410, 1433. I do not think any of these orders directing the payment of fees, costs, etc., by the receiver were at all intended to adjudge any question of costs whatever in the case, nor that their legal effect is such an adjudication. Questions of costs ordinarily do not properly arise before the taxation, and are not determined by a court in advance, without allowing parties an opportunity to be heard. The reasons urged by plaintiffs to the correctness of the clerk’s taxation of this item are not, therefore, sufficient, in my judgment, to support their motion to retax or disallow the same, and it is accordingly overruled.
3. At the commencement of this litigation a receiver was appointed at the instance of the plaintiffs. His settlement with the court has been accepted as correct by the parties as to the compensation retained by him and otherwise. From his reports it appears that he has been paid for his services as receiver the sum of $2,731.60,- being 10 per cent, commissions on the gross collections of rent. The defendants claim that this amount should lee taxed as costs against the plaintiffs, but the clerk did not so tax it, and the defendants by their motion ask the allowance of this item in their favor. The bill was originally filed to obtain possession of certain valuable real estate in Memphis, to cancel the muni-ments of title in defendants as clouds upon that of plaintiffs, and establish the title therein to themselves. The receiver, in his settlement, 1ms paid over to defendants the balance of the funds in his hands. In support" of defendants’ motion counsel cite and rely upon two .cases. In one—Lockhart v. Gee, 3 Tenn. Ch. 332—the bill was filed to enforce a vendor’s lien, and a receiver was appointed to collect the rents on the' land up to the date of its sale, on the apprehension by plaintiff and the court that the proceeds of such sale would not be sufficient to satisfy the lien. Under the Tennessee decisions, however, such a vendor has right to satisfaction only out of the land find is never entitled to a receiver to collect rents. Per Cooper, J.:
“Having no right to a receiver, the complainant is, of course, liable to the •defendants for all the consequences of having had one appointed. The costs of the receivership, including the compensation of the receiver, must therefore be paid by the complainant ”
That is, while the plaintiff was entitled to recover in the action, he was not in law, at any stage of the proceeding, entitled to a receiver upon the face of his bill, the appointment being erroneous of itself, without reference to the ultimate rights of the parties to the suit, or their determination by the court; in other words, the court in that case had no jurisdiction to appoint a receiver. The case of French v. Gifford, 30 Iowa, 148, was a suit by certain stockholders of a savings bank against its officers and directors, and the receiver was appointed at the time the bill was filed, motion was promptly made to discharge him, which the court below denied, and from that decree alone this appeal was taken, leaving the ease pending upon all other questions and upon its merits. It was held in the appellate court, both upon principle and under the provisions of the Iowa Code, that the receiver’s appointment was erroneous; that the bill upon its face showed that plain tiffs were not and could not be entitled to a receiver; and the action of the court below was reversed. This case is stated because necessary to a proper understanding of what was really decided in French v. Gifford, 31 Iowa, 428, the only other authority cited for defendants here. From a taxation of the receiver’s costs this second appeal was taken, and it was ruled that of his compensation one-third should be paid out of the funds in his hands, and the other two-thirds taxed as costs against the plaintiffs in the action. In the decision, and in answer to the argument, supported by authority, that receivers were invariably paid out of the fund, Miller, J., speaking for the court, says:
“Upon an examination of the cases it will be found that in every case there was no question made as to the legality or propriety of the appointment of the receiver; that in each case the receiver closed up the business, and settled his accounts in pursuance of his appointment. * * * We think it would be an unjust and inequitable rule if in all cases the receiver should be entitled to his compensation from the fund in his hands, wittiout reference to the legality of his appointment. ”
Subsequently, in a case whose facts strikingly resemble those of the one at bar, like questions again came before that court in Radford v. Folsom, 55 Iowa, 276,7 N. W. Rep. 604, in which French v. Gifford, supra, was urged upon the court. It was an action to quiet title and recover possession of lands, and a receiver was appointed to collect rents, pay taxes, and discharge incumbrances. Plaintiff claimed title under a deed which the court held to be a mortgage, finding a large sum due plaintiff, and granting defendants the right to redeem the land upon paying same, title to vest in plaintiff in case of failure to so pay. The receiver, as here, made settlement with the court, paying balance in his hands over to defendants. The opinion holding the appointment of the receiver proper uses this language:
“The mere fact that the court found, and so decreed, that the plaintiff and defendants sustained the relations of mortgagee and mortgagors, does not demand a different conclusion. * * * The receiver was duly appointed in the exercise of the lawful jurisdiction of the court,” and “discharged the duties presented until the case was finally decided, and the rights of the parties settled, and an order made disposing of the balance of the funds in the reeeiver’s hands. * * * It is believed that the authorities uniformly hold that when no question is made as to the legality and propriety of the appointment of the receiver, and he has closed up the business in pursuance of his appointment, his compensation should be paid from the funds in his hands.”
In Beckwith v. Carroll, 56 Ala. 12, (cited for plaintiffs,) the receiver was appointed to gather and dispose of crops from land leased to partners,. (the original parties plaintiff and defendant in the cause,) and the owner of the land by petition subsequently became a complainant. The fund was insufficient to pay the rent; but the receiver’s compensation was ordered to be paid out of it, and the land-owner appealed. Held no error, Manning, J., in the opinion of the court, saying:
“When it becomes the duty of a court of equity to take property under its own charge through a receiver, the property becomes chargeable with the necessary expense incurred in taking care of and saving it, including the allowance to the receiver for his services. ”
Such is' unquestionably the well-settled law, and a citation of authority in support of it would seem to be needless. No case to the contrary has been cited by counsel, nor any in support of their position, except those heretofore noticed; and it is believed that not one decision can be found holding that the proper expenses of a receiver or his compensation shall be taxed as costs against the losing party where his appointment was proper and legal, and made by a court in the exercise of its undoubted jurisdiction, and where the fund in his hands is sufficient to pay same. Nor does the legality or propriety of his appointment depend at all upon the event of the suit; because it is ultimately determined that plaintiff in an action is not entitled to recover or to the relief he seeks, non constat that the action of the court or the conduct of the parties in the appointment of a receiver has been irregular, improper, erroneous, or unnecessary. But, under the circumstances of this case, the defendants ought not, in any event, to be held entitled to the relief they seek by this motion, and a proper and sound exercise of the discretion inherent in a court of equity over the matter of costs should not aid them. The property in dispute at the institution of this suit was overburdened with back taxes in the sum of nearly $7,000 due the city, county, and state. Suits for the sale of much of it for such taxes were pending in the state courts. Its sanitary condition was extremely bad, and proceedings for the condemnation of portions of it were on that account threatened, and, perhaps, in some instances already commenced; and there was great danger of the property being wholly lost to whomever it should be eventually adjudged to belong, unless taken in charge of and protected and preserved by the court. The services of the receiver have been in the highest degree satisfactory to the court and the parties. He has kept the property intact, put it in as good sanitary condition as was possible, kept it insured and repaired, paid off or discharged all the past due and current taxes, and paid most of the costs of this expensive litigation, besides paying the defendants (including amounts to their counsel) some $6,000 or more; and upon the argument it was stated at the bar that this receiver is now in possession of the property, as the agent of defendants, under the same rate of compensation allowed him as receiver. The motion of defendants is therefore denied, and the taxation of the clerk is in all respects affirmed.
The reasoning upon which the foregoing conclusions have been reached render it unnecessary to consider the question discussed at the hearing, whether the provisions of section 983, Rev. St., quoted heretofore in this opinion, are an inflexible limitation upon the federal equity courts in the matter of cost taxation. Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U. S. 527; Banking Co. v. Pettus, 113 U. S. 116, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 387; Lottery Co. v. Clark, 16 Fed. Rep. 20; Coy v. Perkins, 13 Fed. Rep. 111, and notes; Spaulding v. Tucker, 2 Sawy. 50; Gunther v. Insurance Co., 10 Fed. Rep. 830. Nor, for the same reason, has it been deemed material for the purposes of this case to discuss the well-recognized distinction of costs “as between party and party,” and those as between “party and solicitor.”
JacksoN, J., concurs. | CASELAW |
Amazon is bringing its FreeTime app and a ton of kid-friendly content to Android
Amazon’s FreeTime service provides parents with firm controls over the content their kids consume. The company approves books, videos, websites, and YouTube videos and groups them according to how age-appropriate they are. Parents can then define what age their kids are and how mature of content they should be able to access. Up until now, the controls were only available on Fire Tablets, Kindles, and Fire TV, but today, the company is launching a FreeTime Android app. This is the first time FreeTime is available on non-Amazon devices. Parents can select the books, videos, apps, and games that are added to the FreeTime Android app, while kids can browse age-appropriate YouTube videos and websites, which again, are whitelisted by Amazon’s team. Parents can also set screen time limits, as well as a pause time, which turns FreeTime off at night and keeps it off until a designated wake time. While the Android app is free to download and use, parents can pay for FreeTime Unlimited, which provides additional big-name books and videos. In April, Amazon launched a new parent dashboard. It lets adults review how their kids are using FreeTime, like what content they’re consuming and how long they’re spending in each book or video. This dashboard works with the Android app, too. Obviously by expanding its service outside of Amazon-specific devices, the company can reach a much broader consumer base. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
MV Ganga Vilas
MV Ganga Vilas is the world's longest Motor Vessel (MV) river cruise. it was flagged off by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, on 13 January 2023 via video conferencing, where the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Shri Yogi Adityanath, the Chief Minister of Assam, Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma, and the Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways, Shri Sarbananda Sonowal were also present. It is the first cruise ship made in India.
Travel routes
From Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, the MV Ganga Vilas will travel around 3,200 km in 51 days to Dibrugarh in Assam via Bangladesh, passing through 27 river systems. With a capacity of 36 tourists onboard, the MV Ganga Vilas has three decks and 18 suites. For its maiden voyage, 32 tourists from Switzerland have signed up for the entire journey.
The MV Ganga Vilas cruise itinerary includes World Heritage Sites, National Parks, and River Ghats to key cities such as Patna in Bihar, Sahibganj in Jharkhand, Kolkata in West Bengal, Dhaka in Bangladesh, and Guwahati in Assam. Over fifty destinations will be visited during this 51-day itinerary.
Technical specifications
Ganga Vilas is a motor vessel (MV) type cruise, there are three decks on the vessel, which are 12 meters wide and 62 meters long.
Booking
As the first cruise ship made in India, the MV Ganga Vilas began its journey from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and reached Dibrugarh in Assam by way of Bangladesh. On the Antara Cruises website, the company that operates the Ganga Vilas cruise, tickets for a 51-day trip from Varanasi to Dibrugarh would cost Rs 12.59 lakh per person.
Environmental impact
Environmentalists and conservationists fear damage to the habitat of the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) as a result of the Ganga Vilas Cruise. | WIKI |
State Department announces closure of PLO mission in Washington | TheHill
The State Department on Monday announced it will close the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) offices in Washington, D.C., arguing it had failed to take steps "to advance the start of direct and meaningful negotiations with Israel." State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert added the decision was also prompted by Palestinian plans to bring charges against Israel for war crimes in the International Criminal Court. "The United States continues to believe that direct negotiations between the two parties are the only way forward," the statement adds. "We are not retreating from our efforts to achieve a lasting and comprehensive peace." Nauert's statement criticized the PLO's leadership for what she said was a refusal to engage with the U.S. government on peace efforts. She criticized the PLO for condemning a U.S. peace plan "they have not yet seen." PLO Secretary General Saeb Erekat said in a statement before the official announcement that "the rights of the Palestinian people are not for sale." "[W]e will not succumb to US threats and bullying and that we will continue our legitimate struggle for freedom, justice, and independence, including by all political and legal means possible," Erekat added. The U.S. has announced several significant cutbacks in aid to Palestinians in recent weeks, including a $200 million rollback in economic aid and a freeze on all funding for a United Nations body that assists Palestinian refugees. The State Department is also redirecting $25 million originally planned for Palestinians visiting East Jerusalem hospitals. The department said in a statement to The Hill on Sunday that money will go towards "high-priority projects elsewhere." White House senior adviser Jared KushnerJared Corey KushnerPresident tweets 'few work harder' than Ivanka, Jared PETA billboard in Baltimore calls Kushner a 'rich pest' Top immigration aide experienced 'jolt of electricity to my soul' when Trump announced campaign MORE and Middle East envoy Jason Greenblatt have been tasked with creating a Middle East peace plan, which they have yet to release. "Over the past 19 months we have probed all relevant parties about many ideas and possibilities," Greenblatt said in a statement to The Hill at the beginning of September. "The plan, when released, will reflect ideas that we think are realistic, fair and implementable that will enhance the lives of the Israeli and Palestinian people." Tensions between the Trump administration and Palestinian authorities have been escalating since President TrumpDonald John TrumpFacebook releases audit on conservative bias claims Harry Reid: 'Decriminalizing border crossings is not something that should be at the top of the list' Recessions happen when presidents overlook key problems MORE's announcement that the U.S. would move the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv, a move denounced by Palestinians as a reversal of international law that grants them partial ownership of the conflict-ridden city. --This report was updated at 11:51 a.m. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Just Ignacio
The result of the debate was delete. Mailer Diablo 02:38, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
Just Ignacio
Prodded, tag removed, tag restored in violation of prod guidelines. Moving to AfD. It's an Argentine web-series. NickelShoe 05:34, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
* Delete, non-notable web show. Proto || type 11:39, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
* Delete as nn web material. No Alexa ranking, fewer than 20 Google hits. MCB 02:41, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per MCB. Stifle 00:27, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
US-China trade war causing small biz to reinvent customer retention
The sweeping tariffs imposed on China for its alleged unfair trade practices was intended to set right imbalances that put U.S. companies at a disadvantage. What wasn't intended: the financial hit U.S. small businesses are suffering as a result of unraveling supply chains. According to a recent survey by online business-for-sale marketplace BizBuySell, China tariffs have increased the cost of doing business for more than one third, or 37%, of small businesses across the U.S. As a result, 46% of those admit they are losing customers. It's no surprise, then, that business optimism hit a five-month low in August, confirming a recent survey by CNBC that revealed that small business confidence has dropped to a level not seen since 2017. The common denominator: Small businesses firmly believe the escalating trade tensions will have a negative impact on their bottom line over the next year. And the longer the feud with China continues, the "deeper and wider" the impact will be on them, says Karen Kerrigan, president and CEO of industry trade group SBE Council. This realization has left small businesses scrambling to figure out the best way to avoid being a victim in the escalating trade war. Although promising pockets of hope pop up here and there — with the 13th round of talks in Washington a little more than a week away, Trump suspended yet another round of hikes on Chinese goods, and China responded by lifting levies on U.S. soybeans — the overall impact is still an atmosphere of uncertainty that has left small business owners bracing for the next punch. BizBuySell's survey asked more than 1,700 small business owners how they will deal with the increased costs: 64% said they would raise prices, while 65% of those surveyed said they would consider switching to suppliers outside of China. Online retailer Trend Nation, a 12-year-old Las Vegas-based company that manufactures thousands of products overseas and sells them under a house brand through marketplaces like Amazon, Walmart and eBay, as well as their own website, imports about $8 million in products from Asia, mostly China, and historically had been working with a duty rate of zero to 10%. "Since the trade war has escalated, the duty rate is now between 10% and 40%," says Trend Nation's CEO Brad Howard, claiming his company's tariff bill has gone from $800,000 to $1.6 million. Even though Trend Nation's annual revenues are about $30 million a year, Howard calls the tariffs "a hard pill to swallow." Joe Haddock, Trend Nation's director of product development and global sourcing, says the company is attacking the challenge on multiple levels. Their first step is a "cost-reduction strategy," he says. "We have to tell our factory partners that they're sharing the burden of this with us. We can't swallow this alone; we're not able to do that." The next "obvious" step, he says, is to "get out of China." But Haddock claims it's not that easy, for several reasons. Outside of China, resources are limited, there's not as much infrastructure and experience, and the manufacturing areas that do have infrastructure are quickly being snatched up by big-box retailers. "It puts us as a small- to mid-size retailer in much of a bind because the MOQ (minimum order quantity) they want from us is astronomical," Haddock says. "It's a struggle to find good partners outside of China." Haddock mentioned the temptation of "loopholes" such as transloading — moving product from one country to another — but said Trend Nation was a "stand-up company" and didn't "want to play in that ballpark." Many of the factories that are opening up outside of China are Chinese-owned and -operated, he says. "So China's just basically opening up footprints outside of China. Yes, they're paying their labor force, but still all the proceeds, the revenue and everything is streaming right back into China." Trend Nation is also looking for ways to streamline operations and get leaner, seeking ways to use more value-stream models they can run on a shoestring. "To be completely candid, we were trying to move that way before the whole tariff thing." Howard does not take a political stance on the issue. "In the short term our business is facing a lot of financial headaches and hardships because of the trade war," he said. "But we do understand why the government is aggressively looking at China." Howard says he is trying to understand how the U.S. government in years past put together all of the favorable breaks for China, such as shipping costs. He says the cost for him to ship a backpack across Las Vegas from his office to his home was more than the cost to ship the same item from Guangzhou to Las Vegas. Tony Uphoff, president and CEO of Thomas Publishing, a resource for industrial product and supplier sourcing, calls tariffs' impact a kind of "tale of two cities." With the Thomasnet.com platform tracking 72,000 different categories of product and services, and 6,000 industrial buyers and engineers making transactions every two seconds, Uphoff gets a unique overview. "It is very clear that we're seeing an impact of the tariffs on increased demand for North American suppliers," he says, citing that machinery was up 75% year-over-year, plastic recycling services and lumber were up 70% and steel 35%. "You can draw a direct line from the tariffs to these products." But, he added, "it's sort of the height of irony that while it may increase your demand, buyers, especially small- to medium-size buyers, are scrambling to find suppliers who can fill their orders." "No one is just a seller. If you're a supplier, you're also a buyer." Uphoff said that over the entire market, regardless of location, the tariffs were being used to disrupt and increase prices by as much as 20% to 35%. If all mills in the U.S. ran to maxed-out capacity, it still wouldn't meet the demand, he explained. Buyers have to go outside the U.S. for raw materials, and small- to medium-sized companies don't always have the pricing clout to handle the multitiered nature of global supply chains. So while the tariff war is stimulating a refreshed look at sourcing that will benefit North American companies over time, the negative impact is disrupting vendor relationships that have been forged over decades. Uphoff said the "vast majority" of the thousands of companies he has spent time with over the past 18 months may debate the tactics and execution of the trade war, but to a person, they appreciate the fact that the U.S. government is advocating for U.S. manufacturing. "Frankly, a lot of manufacturers feel it's been a long time since this has happened," he said. One small business owner in Upstate New York intends to stay in business for one major reason: "My biggest job is to keep my employees employed," says Rabbit Goody, owner of Thistle Hill Weavers, a small manufacturing company in Cherry Valley, New York, that produces high-end woven fabric for interior designers and the movie business. The tariff war has affected her "very niche" half-million-dollar-a-year operation in an unusual way. "We work for some of the wealthiest parts of our society," she says, "but we also work for people who are sheep farmers." Her high-end products include one-off luxury fabrics for boutique designers, as well historic reproductions for Hollywood — the French flag and Russell Crowe's uniform in "Master and Commander" and the president's shawl in Spielberg's "Lincoln" are two of the 60 films her machines have draped. She serves her lower-end clients — farmers who have their sheep and alpaca wool spun into yarn at 50 cents a pound and then woven into scarves and blankets on Goody's looms — at a discount. The extra bit of revenue the farmers make selling their products at farmers markets or online helps them hold on. Goody, a self-described "original hippie," says most of the novelty yarns essential to her business come from China and her suppliers have raised their prices about 30% "to cover their asses." Her high-end clients tend to have deep pockets, but if she has to spend more on raw materials for them, there's only so far she pass along cost increases. It leaves her with less "discretionary spending" for the low-end clients. "That's the insidious way the tariffs work in making those who are already more at the low end suffer a little more. They bear the brunt," she says. "Once again, it's another case of the rich getting richer and not being as affected as those who mostly are affected by everything else anyhow," Goody added. "It's just bad economics, no matter how you look at it." But Thomas Publishing's Uphoff takes a broad overview of the turbulence between the two largest economies ever created, which by definition are interdependent. "At the end of the day, it's a global market and no one can defy a global market," he said. "Those two economies will always be trading partners." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Edward Roworth
Edward Roworth (1880 in Lancashire – 1964 Somerset West) was a South African artist.
Background
He studied under Tom Wostyn at Heaton, briefly under Sir Hubert Herkomer at Bushey, and finally under Henry Tonks at the Slade School of Art. He spent some time in Florence studying the art of fresco. He preferred painting the landscapes of the Cape and Natal, often depicting farmhouses. He was adept at producing formal portraits, working happily in oils or pastel. In his heyday Roworth greatly influenced the South African art scene, endorsing a conservative approach.
Edward Roworth arrived in South Africa with British forces during the Anglo-Boer War. With the war over he decided to stay and settled in Cape Town, where he set up a teaching studio. In 1908 he was elected President of the South African Society of Artists, doing so again in 1918–20 and 1933–36. In 1938, he was appointed to the chair of the Michaelis School of Fine Art in Cape Town and held the position until 1953. From 1941 until 1948 he was the director of the South African National Gallery.
In 1909 Roworth was commissioned to produce a painting of the National Convention, a 5m x 6m work depicting the 33 men who were architects of the Union. This work was completed in 1911 whereupon it was displayed in Buckingham Palace, later being installed in the House of Assembly in Cape Town. Roworth's next task was painting, what were possibly the first frescoes in South Africa, in St Phillips Church in Cape Town.
Four paintings by Edward Roworth were burned by demonstrators during the Rhodes Must Fall demonstrations at the University of Cape Town in February 2016 (portraits of Mrs Barnard-Fuller, Doris Spencer Emmet, Anna Maria Tugwell and Jan Smuts). Two other paintings have been removed from UCT in 2016 (portraits of Thomas Benjamin Davie and Theo le Roux); one painting (Portrait of Prof William Ritchie) is missing. | WIKI |
DESIDERIO CORPORATION, a Florida corporation, Ewell L. Miller, individually, and Sir Electric, Inc., a Florida corporation, Appellants, v. The CITY OF BOYNTON BEACH, Florida, and Boynton Beach Alliance, Appellees.
Nos. 4D09-58, 4D09-1384.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.
July 7, 2010.
William H. Pincus of Law Offices of William H. Pincus, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
James A. Cherof and Michael D. Cirullo, Jr. of Goren, Cherof, Doody & Ezrol, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, Gregory T. Stewart of Nabors, Giblin & Nickerson, P.A., Tallahassee, and Edward Dion of Nabors, Gib-lin & Nickerson, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for appellee, The City of Boynton Beach, Florida.
GROSS, C.J.
This appeal concerns a special assessment the City of Boynton Beach imposed on all improved property within city limits to fund its integrated fire rescue department. Desiderio Corporation, Ewell Miller, and Sir Electric, Inc., property owners in Boynton Beach, filed suit to challenge the special assessment. They sought a declaration that the assessment was unlawful and an injunction preventing the City from billing or collecting it. After a three-day, non-jury trial, the judge concluded that the special assessment was valid.
The property owners appeal from that final judgment. They attack the special assessment on the following grounds: (1) the assessment was for services that did not specially benefit the burdened properties; (2) the City’s apportionment methodology was arbitrary; and (3) the City im-permissibly spent the assessment funds on unauthorized services and capital projects. We affirm the final judgment as to each argument.
Facts
The City’s fire department was an integrated fire rescue and emergency medical services program. The firefighters were “cross-trained,” which means they “can provide firefighter duties and emergency medical services duties,” with an “apparatus that can support both functions.” Each firefighter is either an EMT or a paramedic.
In 2000, the City Commission determined that the fire department’s infrastructure should be improved. The Commission decided to fund improvements through a special assessment against real property. To develop the assessment, the City hired Government Services Group, Inc. (“GSG”), a consulting group that specialized in advising local governments on alternative revenue sources, such as special assessments. Camille Tharpe, a GSG senior vice president, had primary responsibility for overseeing the special assessment project. She testified at trial on what GSG did to develop the assessment at issue in this case.
After the City provided Tharpe with a list of objectives, GSG collected data to formulate a methodology for the assessment. From the City, she received much information on the resources and operations of the fire department. GSG staff visited each of the City’s stations, evaluated the premises and equipment of each, and looked at the surrounding neighborhoods to determine the kinds of properties the stations were servicing. From the property appraiser, Tharpe received tax records for properties within the City. GSG also collected fire incident data from the Florida Fire Incident Reporting System (FFIRS), which was maintained by the State Fire Marshal.
In a report delivered in June, 2001, GSG outlined a proposed special assessment and described the methodology used to arrive at it. GSG acknowledged that any special assessment would have to comply with this court’s decision in SMM Properties, Inc. v. City of North Lauderdale, 760 So.2d 998 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000). In that case, this court held that the EMS portion of an integrated fire rescue program did not provide the special benefit to property required for a special assessment. Thus, GSG advised the City to exclude the cost of EMS services from the special assessment.
The City’s fire department had one budget, which did not distinguish between money going toward fire protection services and money going toward emergency medical services. GSG developed a complicated methodology to determine which department costs were for fire protection services and which were for EMS. Tharpe did this to “allocate[] the costs of [each] line item” in the program’s 2000-2001 adopted budget. What made that allocation difficult was the integrated nature of the program, where some line items were used for both fire protection services and EMS. Tharpe looked beyond the line items to the “back up information” describing “the different purchases they were going to be making [with] ... those line items.” Accordingly, Tharpe developed a methodology with 3 factors that could be applied to properly allocate the cost of each line item.
The first factor was direct allocation. Sometimes, a line item was devoted entirely to either fire protection services or EMS. In those cases, allocation was easy. For example, “[b]unker gear” is used only for fire protection services, so the entire cost of that line item was allocated to fire protection services, and not EMS. In contrast, “[t]he medical director ... is a requirement to provide EMS services, so the medical director is 100 percent EMS.”
The second factor was based on administrative functions, or how personnel spent their time. Tharpe developed this factor in response to the line items for which she could not allocate the entire cost to either fire protection services or EMS. This “administrative factor” was based on how personnel were assigned during their shifts. According to the city manager, firefighters worked 24-hour shifts, with 22 firefighters working each shift. Out of those 22, 13 were assigned to fire vehicles and 9 were assigned to EMS vehicles. Consequently, in any 24-hour shift, firefighters spent 59.09% of their time “in non-EMS related activities.” Tharpe applied the administrative factor’s percentage to “mixed” line items to identify the EMS portion of the cost.
The third factor in GSG’s methodology was the “operational factor.” As opposed to the administrative factor, which described how personnel .spent their time, the operational factor was “applied to those line items that are more related to the number of calls that you’re making.” For example, if 80% of the calls dispatch received were for EMS, then 80% of the dispatch costs should be EMS-related. Another application of the operational factor was to vehicle maintenance: Tharpe explained that “if you don’t have good data regarding [ ] maintenance of your vehicles and 80 percent of your calls are EMS calls, [] probably 80 percent of your maintenance costs should be EMS costs.”
Similar to the administrative factor, Tharpe computed a percentage for the operational factor. Based on the data it had compiled, GSG concluded that, in 2000, the fire department responded to 9,673 incidents. GSG then weeded out the calls to cities that had contracted with the City for services, resulting in a total number of 9,251 calls. GSG then filtered out calls it designated EMS incidents.
How Tharpe sorted EMS from non-EMS calls is a point of contention in this appeal. In Florida, fire departments use the FFIRS to classify by codes the worst situation they find upon arrival at a scene. Tharpe obtained an electronic database of the City’s situation found code data. A printout of the Excel database, which contained a line for each incident the department responded to in 2000, was admitted at trial. Tharpe did not receive printouts of individual incident reports.
The City defined EMS, and thus the codes to be excluded from the special assessment funding, as rescue call (insufficient information); inhalator call; emergency medical call; search; and water rescue. The FFIRS Coding Guide defined emergency rescue calls as including “checking for injuries, treatment for shock, and the like.” Tharpe testified that these EMS calls amounted to 5,254, or 56.79%, of those calls. That left 3,997 non-EMS calls, or 43.21%, which was the percentage used for the operational factor.
At trial and on appeal, appellants attack the inclusion of certain non-EMS codes in the special assessment, arguing that those specific codes represent services that do not benefit property. They did not offer much evidence on this point, however. Appellants called Chief William Bingham as a witness during their case-in-chief. They took Bingham through almost every contested code during his testimony, asking whether that code benefitted real property. Bingham thought some codes did or might benefit property, such as removing people from elevators or water ¿vacuation; he indicated that some codes might not or did not benefit real property, such as removing people from vehicles, responding to vehicle accidents, and calls canceled en-route; and he said that he did not have enough information to analyze the benefit to property provided by other codes, such as vehicle fires, lock-outs, animal rescue, and assisting police.
Once Tharpe arrived at the three factors of her methodology, she applied them, or a combination of them, to each line item in the fire department’s budget. She detailed the results in a chart that demonstrated which factor or factors she applied to each line item. • For example, Tharpe applied the administrative factor to regular salaries and wages to isolate an amount directly related to fire services.
In the end, Tharpe arrived at a “fully assessable budget” of $5,240,290, which was the 65% of the department’s budget that she determined was spent on fire protection services.
After pinpointing the assessable portion of the department’s budget, Tharpe established a methodology for apportioning the assessment among the properties to be levied. She relied on the City’s FFIRS data (fixed property codes), explaining that those “property uses correlate very well to the building codes and the property use codes on the tax roll.” Consequently, she was able to “count the number of incidents by the different types of fixed property used [sic] codes.”
Tharpe- grouped the non-EMS calls into 6 property categories, and reduced each category’s share to a percentage of the whole. The single-family residential category used 33.62% of the fire protection services for that year; multi-family residential, 24.65%; commercial, 22.47%; industrial/warehouse, 3.16%; institutional, 8.26%; and nursing home, 7.84%. Tharpe treated nursing homes as a different category because the City had a “significant number of incidents to nursing homes,” even though the City did not have “a whole lot of nursing homes.” Thus, including nursing homes in the institutional category would force those institutional properties to “pay a disproportionate share of their cost.” She felt that “the categories [they] created met [a] fair and reasonable!]” standard.
For non-residential properties, Tharpe reviewed the tax roll information she had received from Palm Beach County, but discovered that the square footage listed in the rolls was not accurate enough. Thus, Tharpe determined not to use exact square footage in the apportionment methodology for non-residential properties. Instead, she used a tier system that found support in the National Fire Protection Association literature on “how much fire flow is needed for putting out structure fires.” Tharpe capped the assessable square footage for. nonresidential properties at 50,000. This cap reflected the firefighting capacity of the department. Finally, each category and subcategory was assigned a specific dollar rate.
Ultimately, Tharpe concluded that the City’s special assessment “meets the special benefit and fair and reasonable apportionment case law criteria.” The city manager testified that “the methodology ... reflected in [his] view a system of assessment that was fair and reasonable.”
The City approved the methodology and moved ahead with the preparation of an enabling ordinance and a preliminary rate resolution. The City held a series of meetings on the special assessment. The City passed the enabling ordinance in July, 2001. In the Fire Rescue Assessment Ordinance, the City determined that “the fire rescue services, facilities, and programs” possessed a logical relationship to the benefit provided to real property by “protecting the value of the improvements,” “protecting the life and safety of intended occupants,” “lowering the cost of fire insurance,” and preventing fires on vacant property from spreading to improved property.
Also, in July, 2001, the City adopted the Initial Assessment Resolution, in which the City “ratified and confirmed” the legislative determinations it had made in the Ordinance. The resolution contained the special assessment methodology, described above. In its Final Assessment Resolution, the City determined that each burdened property specially benefited from the funded services and incorporated the findings from the Ordinance and initial Resolution.
The amount of the special assessment set by the city was $3,369,656. This was 64.3% of the “fully assessable budget” ($5,240,290) determined by GSG. The City levied the special assessment annually until 2008. In fiscal year 2001-2002, the City collected $2,306,269 through the special assessment. In the years the assessment was in effect, the City took in a total of $18,199,650. During those same years, the cost of running the integrated fire/EMS program was approximately $82,000,000. The special assessment funded about 22% of the total costs of the City’s fire rescue system.
When the City collected money from the special assessment, it was deposited in the same bank account as the City’s other revenue funds. Within the bank account, the City segregated the funds from others by assigning each kind of fund a number. The special assessment fund’s number was 305. Other than the fire chiefs and the deputy fire chiefs judgment, there were no controls in place to ensure that the special assessment funds were used for fire protection services but not for EMS.
During the trial, appellants demonstrated that the department made certain expenditures from the assessment fund. The City hired 24 new firefighters and purchased a new fire truck using special assessment money. The City also constructed a new station house, and renovated another, using money from the assessment fund. Additionally, money from the special assessment was used to purchase land for a new station house.
In an amended final judgment, the circuit judge ruled in favor of the City on all counts. The court first found that appellants “failed to meet their burden of proof by failing to demonstrate that any of the [City]’s legislative findings of special benefit, or any portion of the methodology, including the methodology used to segregate EMS from the remaining services provided by the City’s integrated fire rescue department is arbitrary.” The court found that Tharpe’s testimony supported the City’s legislative determinations.
The judge concluded that appellants’ approach to special assessments, focusing on individual calls, “would require the City’s consultants and staff, then the City Commission at the time of enactment, then a court when reviewing the special assessment, to review each of the thousands of calls for services to confirm there was a logical relationship between each individual call and a benefit to real property.” Appellants’ methodology, the judge wrote, “would require unnecessary and improper judicial intrusion into the municipal legislative process of special assessments^] imposing improper judicial micromanaging of special assessment methodologies.”
Next, the judge determined that the City’s method of apportionment was not arbitrary. He held that the City reasonably relied on square footage tiers, rather than exact numbers for each property. He also found that the City’s cap for nonresidential properties was reasonable.
Finally, the judge rejected appellants’ argument that no portion of an integrated fire rescue program, funded in part by a special assessment, could be spent on EMS. He wrote, “The very essence of integrated fire rescue services is that cross-trained personnel and their vehicle[s] and equipment are used to provide both traditional fire services and EMS.”
Background on the Law of Special Assessments
Local governments have no “authority to levy taxes, other than ad valo-rem taxes, except as provided by general law.” Collier County v. State, 733 So.2d 1012, 1014 (Fla.1999). Those governments do, however, “possess authority to impose special assessments and user fees.” Id. Different from a tax, a special assessment
is imposed upon the theory that that portion of the community which is required to bear it receives some special or peculiar benefit in the enhancement of value of the property against which it is imposed as a result of the improvement made with the proceeds of the special assessment.
Klemm v. Davenport, 100 Fla. 627, 129 So. 904, 907 (1930).
Much litigation in Florida has focused on whether an assessment qualifies as a proper special assessment. To be considered a valid special assessment, an assessment must satisfy a two-prong test: first, “the property burdened by the assessment must derive a ‘special benefit’ from the service provided by the assessment” and second, “the assessment for the services must be properly apportioned.” Collier County, 733 So.2d at 1017 (citing Lake County v. Water Oak Mgmt. Corp., 695 So.2d 667, 669 (Fla.1997)). The touchstone .for a special benefit is “whether there is a ‘logical relationship’ between the services provided and the benefit to real property.” Lake County, 695 So.2d at 669.
A court’s review of a special assessment is deferential, since “[n]o system of appraising benefits or assessing costs has yet been devised that is not open to some criticism.” S. Trail Fire Control Dist., Sarasota County v. State, 273 So.2d 380, 383 (Fla.1973) (quoting City of Fort Myers v. State, 95 Fla. 704, 117 So. 97, 104 (1928)). During judicial review, “the standard is the same for both prongs [of the special benefits test]; that is, the legislative determination as to the existence of special benefits and as to the apportionment of the costs of those benefits should be upheld unless the determination is arbitrary.” Sarasota County v. Sarasota Church of Christ, Inc., 667 So.2d 180, 184 (Fla.1995).
Because the “two prongs both constitute questions of fact for a legislative body rather than the judiciary,” id. at 183, the arbitrariness standard essentially asks whether the legislative body’s determinations are supported by competent, substantial evidence. See City of Boca Raton v. State, 595 So.2d 25, 30-31 (Fla.1992). If they are, the legislative determinations are entitled to a presumption of correctness. See City of Winter Springs v. State, 776 So.2d 255, 261-62 (Fla.2001).
To prevail in a challenge to a special assessment, “[t]he property owner has the burden to rebut the presumption of correctness ... and such presumption can be ‘overcome only by strong, direct, clear and positive proof.’ ” Workman Enters., Inc. v. Hernando County, 790 So.2d 598, 600 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001) (quoting City of Gainesville v. Seaboard Coastline R.R. Co., 411 So.2d 1339, 1340 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982)). If the property owner presents evidence rebutting the legislative findings, the findings lose the presumption. See City of Winter Springs, 776 So.2d at 259. When “a presumption of correctness does not attach to the City’s findings,” an appellate court adheres “to a standard of review of the lower court’s decision based on ordinary findings of fact.” City of N. Lauderdale v. SMM Props., Inc., 825 So.2d 343, 349 (Fla.2002).
The Services Funded by the Special Assessment Pass the “Special Benefit” Test
Appellants argue that the City’s special assessment is invalid, because the services the assessment was intended to fund did not provide a special benefit to the burdened property. We disagree. A presumption of correctness attached to the City’s findings of special benefit, and appellants did not produce sufficient countervailing evidence to overcome the presumption. Additionally, we disagree with appellants’ approach to analyzing the special benefit in this case.
Florida courts have long held that fire protection services provide a special benefit to real property burdened by an assessment. See, e.g., Fire Dist. No. 1 of Polk County v. Jenkins, 221 So.2d 740, 741-42 (Fla.1969). On the other hand, general sovereign functions, such as “(1) the Office of the Sheriff; (2) elections; (3) code enforcement; (4) courts and related agencies; (5) animal control; (6) libraries; (7) parks and recreation; (8) public health; (9) medical examiner; (10) public works; and (11) support services,” may not be funded by a special assessment. Collier County, 733 So.2d at 1016.
The analytical difficulty in this case arises because the fire department is integrated — it offers both fire protection services, which may be funded by a special assessment, and EMS services, which may not be funded by a special assessment. Two cases have considered the conundrum of funding an integrated fire/EMS department by a special assessment: SMM Properties, Inc. v. City of North Lauderdale, 760 So.2d 998, 1001-03 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000) (en banc), and the Supreme Court’s affirmance of that case, City of North Lauderdale v. SMM Properties, Inc., 825 So.2d 343 (Fla.2002).
In SMM Properties, this court was confronted with a city’s “integrated fire rescue program,” like the one in this case. An integrated program includes fire suppression, first-response medical aid, and EMS. SMM Props., Inc., 760 So.2d at 999. First-response medical aid “is considered one of the routine duties of a firefighter, and firefighters are required to take 40 hours of training of first response medical aid.” Id. at 1003. We explained that “[e]mergency medical service is a term of art used to define the systematic provision of services for assessment, treatment, and transportation of injured persons in medical emergencies.” Id. at 1000 n. 1 (citing § 401.211, Fla. Stat. (1997)). The city’s firefighters were also paramedics, and they “responded] to all major medical calls.” Id. at 1000. The municipality levied a special assessment to fund the integrated program. The operative ordinance contained a finding that all of the services provided by the integrated department specially benefited the burdened property. Id. Property owners challenged the assessment, and the trial court granted partial summary judgment for the city on the special benefits prong. Id. The opponents appealed. Id.
This court held that, while fire protection services, including first-response medical aid, satisfied the special benefit test, the EMS portion of the budget did not — in that it benefited “people, not property.” Id. at 1003-04. First, this court receded from “any suggestion” in City of Pembroke Pines v. McConaghey, 728 So.2d 347 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999), that Lake County prohibited a court from “separately analyz[ing] each of the services funded within an integrated fire services budget to insure that each component survives the required special benefits test.” SMM Properties, Inc., 760 So.2d at 1003. Then, this court proceeded to examine the EMS component of North Lauderdale’s integrated program.
We determined that the EMS component of the integrated program did not provide a “direct, special benefit to property owners.” Id. Such services, this court reasoned, “most appropriately come within the general police power services which the City provides to all city residents for their general benefit,” using the “general police power” distinction the supreme court found useful in Lake County and Collier County. Id. at 1003-04; see also Lake County, 695 So.2d at 670; Collier County, 733 So.2d at 1017-18. Additionally, we reviewed the city’s legislative determinations on special benefit and found them unsupported by the record, so that they were arbitrary. SMM Props., Inc., 760 So.2d at 1004.
Recognizing the significance of our holding that a municipality could not fund EMS with a special assessment, we certified to the Supreme Court the following questions as being of great public importance:
[Question 1] Do emergency medical services (EMS) provide a special benefit to property?
[Question 2] Can a fire rescue program funded by a special assessment use its equipment and personnel to provide emergency medical services for accidents and illnesses under Lake County v. Water Oak Management Corp., 695 So.2d 667 (Fla.1997)?
Id. at 1004 (emphasis removed).
In City of North Lauderdale, the Supreme Court answered both certified questions in the negative and approved this court’s decision in SMM Properties. The Supreme Court reviewed North Lauder-dale’s legislative determinations on special benefit and agreed with this court that there was no record evidence to support them. City of N. Lauderdale, 825 So.2d at 347-48. The Court highlighted a lack of studies, testimony, or expert opinion demonstrating that EMS specially benefitted real property. Id. at 348. Because “a legislative body ‘[... ] cannot by its fiat make a special benefit to sustain a special assessment where there is no special benefit,’ ” a presumption of correctness did not attach to the city’s legislative determinations. Id. (quoting S. Trail Fire Control Dist. v. State, 273 So.2d 380, 383 (Fla.1973) (quoting 48 Am. Jur. Special or Local Assessments § 29, at 589 (1943))). Consequently, the court adhered “to a standard of review of the lower court’s decision based on ordinary findings of fact.” Id. at 349.
In the end, the Supreme Court held that “there is no logical relationship between emergency medical services ... and a special benefit to real property. Emergency medical services provide a personal benefit to individuals.” Id. at 350. Therefore, the Court determined that “the emergency medical services portion of the special assessment” had “the indicia of’ an unauthorized tax, “because it fail[ed) to provide a special benefit to real property.” Id.
Neither City of North Lauderdale nor SMM Properties forecloses the methodology used by the City in this case — to identify that portion of the integrated fire/EMS department budget devoted to fire protection services and then to fund a percentage of that portion with a special assessment.
Appellants’ approach to this case isolates certain “services” performed by the fire department, which they characterize as “non-EMS, non-fire protection services provided by a modern fire rescue department.” For appellants, each situation found code is a service. They then argue that these isolated services do not provide the special benefit to property that would allow their funding by a special assessment. The existing case law does not require this type of after-the-fact microan-alysis, as we explain in more detail below.
Here, the City made legislative determinations that the funded services specially benefitted the burdened property. In the Fire Rescue Assessment Ordinance, the City determined that “the fire rescue services, facilities, and programs” possessed a logical relationship to the benefit provided to real property by “protecting the value of the improvements,” “protecting the life and safety of intended occupants,” “lowering the cost of fire insurance,” and preventing fires on vacant property from spreading to improved property. The City “ratified and confirmed” these determinations in the Initial Assessment Resolution. In its Final Assessment Resolution, the City determined that each burdened property specially benefited from the services and incorporated the findings from the Ordinance and initial Resolution.
Unlike City of North Lauderdale, there is expert witness testimony in this case to support the City’s determinations. Tharpe’s testimony provided competent, substantial evidence to support these determinations. Although her approach to the special assessment did not use special benefit as its sorting criterion, Tharpe testified that her approach took into consideration this court’s decision in SMM Properties, and that she and GSG understood that the assessment had to specially benefit burdened property. Additionally, Chief Bingham testified that some of the contested codes represented activities that did benefit property.
Accordingly, a presumption of correctness attached to the City’s legislative determinations. Appellants failed to present “strong, direct, clear and positive proof’ that would overcome the presumption. The only evidence offered on this subject were Chief Bingham’s answers that some of the activities the fire department performed might not have benefited property, and equivocal answers regarding other codes. Appellants could have offered their own studies, testimony, or expert opinion demonstrating the activities did not specially benefit property, but they did not. See City of N. Lauderdale, 825 So.2d at 348. Appellants therefore failed to meet their burden.
Further, we find three problems with appellants’ legal attack on the “special benefit” prong of the test required in a special assessment analysis under Lake County: (1) appellants use situation found codes as proxies for “services,” the focus of the case law; (2) appellants misunderstand the scope of “fire protection services;” and (3) appellants fail to appreciate that the City’s approach limited its risk to accusations of over-inclusiveness.
First, appellants treat situation found codes as a proxy for the services the fire department provides, and proceed to attack the City’s methodology by using those codes. However, the codes are descriptive. They represent an effort by the fire department to identify the types of situations to which it responds. While the codes are useful in determining how firefighters spend their time, their utility is less apparent when trying to evaluate the fire department’s services against the test required by the case law.
For example, there is a cost of maintaining a fire department that is not accurately reflected by the department’s responses to calls, as categorized by the codes appellants attack. But appellants’ analysis fails to recognize this. Thus, under appellants’ analysis, false and mistaken calls of various kinds, for which firefighters are not responsible, would fall outside assessable activities since no property was benefitted. However, responding to these types of calls is a necessary cost of running any fire department. If the department at issue was not integrated, providing only fire protection services, appellants would not be able to attack an assessment to fund it on the basis that the assessment incidentally funded false or mistaken calls.
Second, appellants’ narrow focus on each situation found code fails to recognize that the ease law allows many traditional fire department activities to be funded under the large umbrella of “fire protection services.” For example, the Supreme Court wrote that the following fell under that umbrella in Lake County: “fire suppression activities, first-response medical aid Lie., ‘initial medical care’], educational programs and inspections.” 695 So.2d at 668. The county’s fire department was also “involved in civil defense.” Id. at 669. Also, the department responded to “automobile and other accident scenes,” with “[f]ire services” being “provided to all individuals and property involved in such incidents.” Id. at 669. In SMM Properties, Inc., we observed that such services, “at first glance, would not seem to provide a special benefit to property.” 760 So.2d at 1002-03 n. 4. However, we opined that they could nonetheless specially benefit property because “an automobile crash or other accident, such as an explosion or chemical spill, could easily cause collateral destruction and damage to nearby property.” Id.
The case law allows for some flexibility in allowing special assessment funding of “services” that a fire department has traditionally provided in addition to the core fire suppression services. If educational programs and civil defense fall under the fire protection services umbrella, as in Lake County, we see no reason to exclude other traditional fire department services.
Finally, and significantly, the City took an approach that limited its risk of using the special assessment to fund services that did not benefit property. Using the methodology she developed, Tharpe determined that a “fully assessable budget” for fire protection services was 65% of the fire department’s budget, or $5,240,290. The City set the amount of the special assessment at $3,369,656, or 64.3% of the fully assessable budget. Thus, the City decided to fund only some of the portion of the fire department budget its expert identified as assessable. Even assuming that the City failed to properly account for situation codes that did not benefit property, appellants did not demonstrate that “true” fire protection services consumed less than this level of the fire department’s funding. Consequently, appellants failed to carry their burden to show that non-assessable services were necessarily funded by special assessment funds.
For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s holding that appellants failed to establish that the special asséssment funded services that did not specially benefit the property burdened by the assessment.
The Special Assessment’s Burden was Fairly and Reasonably Apportioned
We also reject appellants’ claim that the City’s apportionment methodology is arbitrary because the assessment burden on each property is disproportionate to the benefit received. Because we find the assessment was valid under the special benefits prong, we need not consider appellants’ specific argument that the inclusion of services they contested in that argument distorted the apportionment. In any case, the City’s apportionment methodology was not arbitrary.
Under the second prong of the special assessment analysis, “the assessment must be fairly and reasonably apportioned among the properties that receive the special benefit.” City of Boca Raton v. State, 595 So.2d 25, 29 (Fla.1992). “[T]hough,a court may recognize valid alternative methods of apportionment, so long as the legislative determination by the City is not arbitrary, a court should not substitute its judgment for that of the local legislative body.” City of Winter Springs v. State, 776 So.2d 255, 259 (Fla.2001) (citations omitted).
Courts have approved apportionment methodologies similar to the one used by the City in this case. First, courts in two cases have approved sorting properties into categories, as the City did here. In City of Winter Springs, the Supreme Court approved a “thoughtfully selected” methodology that aimed at assuring “equitable treatment to every land owner in the” assessment district. 776 So.2d at 259-60. The city categorized the properties as single-family homes, multifamily buildings, and commercial properties. Id. at 260. Then, the city created an “equivalent residential unit” based on the average square footage of a single-family home, assigning each such home an ERU value of 1. Id. Finally, the city “extrapolated the ERU value to the multifamily dwelling units and to the commercial properties in the District based on square footage.” Id.
In Workman Enterprises, Inc. v. Hernando County, 790 So.2d 598 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001), the court approved a similar apportionment methodology for an assessment to fund fire and rescue services. There, the county assigned each property into a different category, “each category having a different assessment rate.” Id. at 600. Categories were added or expanded and rates changed each year. Id. The county presented evidence supporting its methodology; the property owner “failed to present any evidence that the assessment was not fairly or reasonably apportioned among the property categories ... or that the burden imposed on its property exceeded the value of the benefit received.” Id. at 601-02. The fifth district affirmed the trial court’s ruling “that the apportionment of the special assessment was not arbitrary.” Id. at 602.
Confronted with a different approach to apportionment, this court approved the use of historical usage in constructing a fair and reasonable apportionment methodology. In SMM Properties, Inc., North Lauderdale apportioned its special assessment among burdened properties “based upon actual historical usage of fire rescue services by various categories of property within the City.” 760 So.2d at 1000. This court summarily held that “the methodology used was neither unreasonable nor arbitrary.” Id. at 1004.
In this case, the City’s apportionment methodology combined the use of property categories, an approach approved in City of Winter Springs and Workman Enterprises, Inc., with historical usage, a methodology approved in SMM Properties, Inc. The City started by assigning each property in the city to a different category: single-family residential; multifamily residential; commercial; industrial/warehouse; institutional; and nursing home. Then, the City computed the historical usage of those categories. For the non-residential property categories, the City further divided properties into ranges by square footage.
The City’s methodology was a considered way of apportioning the assessment to ensure that the burden falling on each property would not exceed the benefit received. This was demonstrated by the creation a separate nursing home category, so as to not disproportionately burden other institutional properties. Appellants failed to present the kind of evidence— “strong, direct, clear and positive proof’— required to establish that the apportionment methodology was arbitrary.
Actual Expenditures
Finally, appellants argue that the special assessment is invalid because the City used money it raised through the assessment to fund EMS services. As authority for their argument, appellants rely primarily on the Supreme Court’s negative response to this court’s second certified question in SMM Properties, Inc. Appellants contend that the Court’s negative response created a bright-line rule prohibiting such expenditures. We disagree.
The Supreme Court’s answer to the second certified question must be considered in the context of the case, which applied its holding in Lake County to the funding of an integrated fire/EMS department. The better interpretation of the answer to the certified question is that a local government must exclude the cost of EMS from a special assessment to fund an integrated fire rescue program. Neither this court’s decision in SMM Properties nor the Supreme Court’s opinion in City of North Lauderdale struck down North Lauderdale’s special assessment on the ground that the fire department’s equipment and personnel were also used for EMS services. The crux of both holdings was that local governments were required to exclude EMS funding from a special assessment for fire protection services.
' In a time when local governments are confronted with the need for fiscal austerity, integrated fire/EMS departments make financial sense because they reduce costs. We do not believe that City of North Lauderdale should be read in a way that would force local governments to physically separate EMS and fire protection functions in order to preserve their ability to fund the latter with special assessments. The case law requires an accounting separation — such as the intra-account segregation the City used here — and nothing more.
To recapitulate, the methodology the City used to determine special benefit was not arbitrary; appellants produced scant evidence to the contrary, thereby failing to carry their burden. Additionally, the City’s methodology fairly and reasonably apportioned the assessment’s burden, so that it, too, was not arbitrary. Finally, we reject appellants’ interpretation of the Supreme Court’s decision in City of North Lauderdale, and the onerous restrictions such an interpretation would place on local governments.
Affirmed.
STEVENSON and CIKLIN, JJ., concur.
. Bingham testified that water evacuation "is generally a term that's used when sprinkler heads activate within a building. And if it’s a multi-family building, has residential sprinklers, then we get the call to remove the water from those buildings, particularly in high-rises when the water is dripping down into lower apartments.”
. The opponents of the special assessment in SMM Properties had "conceded that the fire services portion of the assessment conferred a special benefit upon their properties.” 760 So.2d at 1000.
. "Can a fire rescue program funded by a special assessment use its equipment and personnel to provide emergency medical services for accidents and illnesses under Lake County v. Water Oak Management Corp., 695 So.2d 667 (Fla.1997)?” SMM Props., Inc., 760 So.2d at 1004 (emphasis removed).
| CASELAW |
Stigmella fuscotibiella
Stigmella fuscotibiella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in North America in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Ontario and Nova Scotia.
The wingspan is 4-4.5 mm. There are at least three generations per year and larvae may be collected from June until the end of October.
The larvae feed on Salix species, including S. nigra and S. discolor. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a gradually broadening linear tract, sometimes straight, but often bent back on itself toward the end. Occasionally the latter portion is a more or less a spiral blotch. The cocoon is ocherous or brownish. | WIKI |
Welcome to the Videos
Welcome to the Videos is a video compilation originally released on VHS and VCD in 1998. It features music videos by the American rock group Guns N' Roses. All the videos featured were made between 1987 and 1994. In many ways, it is a video forerunner to their Greatest Hits compilation album of 2004. It was released on DVD in October 2003.
Licensing issues prevented the inclusion of the "You Could Be Mine" video, as it featured clips from Terminator 2: Judgment Day.
The release was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA, shipping over 200,000 copies. | WIKI |
Rethinking Oracle Optimizer Statistics for P6 Part 2
In the previous post (Part 1), I tried to draw some key insights about the relationship between P6 and Oracle Optimizer Statistics. The first is that average cardinality has the greatest impact on query optimization and that the particular queries generated by P6 are more likely to use this average during calculations. The second is that these are statistics that are unlikely to change greatly over the life of the application. Ultimately, our goal is to get the best query optimization possible. Or is it?
Stability
No application administrator wants to get the call at 9am that their application users cannot get there work done because everything is running slow. This is a possibility with a regularly scheduled nightly collection of statistics. It may not just be slow performance, but a complete loss of service because one or more queries are optimized poorly. Ideally, this should not be the case. The database optimizer should make better decisions with more up-to-date data. Better statistics may give incremental performance benefit. However, this benefit must be balanced against the potential cost of system down time.
It is stability that we ultimately desire and not absolute optimal performance. We do want the benefit from more accurate statistics and better query plans, but not at the risk of an unusable system. As a result, I've developed the following methodology around managing database statistics for the P6 database.
1. No Automatic Re-Gathering - The daily, weekly, or other interval of statistic gathering is unlikely to be beneficial. Quite the opposite. It is more likely to cause problems.
2. Smart Re-Gathering - The time to collect statistics is when things have changed significantly. For a new installation of P6, this is happening more often because the data is growing from a few rows to thousands and more. But for a mature system, the data is not changing significantly from week-to-week. There are times to collect statistics:
• New releases of the application
• Changes in the underlying hardware or software versions (ex. new Oracle RDBMS version)
• When additional user groups are added. The new groups may use the software in significantly different ways.
• After significant changes in the data. This may be monthly, quarterly or yearly.
3. Always Test - If you take away one thing from this post, it would be to always have a plan to test after changing statistics. In reality, statistics can be collected as often as you desire provided there are tests in place to verify that performance is the same or better. These might be automated tests or simply a manual script of application functions.
4. Have a Way Out - Never change the statistics without a way to return to the previous set. Think of the statistics as one part of the overall application code that also includes the source code--both application and RDBMS. It would be foolish to change to the new code without a way to get back to the previous version.
In the final post, I will talk about the actual script I created for P6 PMDB and possible future direction for managing query performance.
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Today | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Formula
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In mathematics or science a formula is a rule or statement written in algebraic symbols. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae or formulas - the choice is based on personal preference.
Formulas use letters instead of words. A simple example of a formula is y = x. Here, if x is, for example, 1, then y = x so y = 1. Possibly the most famous formula is e = m × c 2. Albert Einstein created this. In it, e is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light. Thus, energy = mass × (multiplied by) the speed of light 2 (squared). The multiplication sign is usually left out, giving e = mc 2.
The formula e = mc 2 is also an equation. Every equation is a formula, but not every formula is an equation. For instance, the formula x≡y (x "is defined as" y) is not an equation because no "=" sign is used. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Root Canals to Prevent Tooth Infection Oklahoma City
Prevent Tooth Infection with Root Canal Therapy
There is soft tissue, known as dental pulp, in the center of a tooth. It is contained in a chamber in the upper portion of the tooth, with canals running through the roots. In a healthy tooth, the pulp is well protected, shrouded in hard layers of dentin, enamel, and cementum. When there are fractures or deep cavities present in a tooth, the pulp may be exposed. Bacteria are microscopically small, and capable of traveling through a hairline fracture that is too small to see with the naked eye.
Why treatment is needed
Once bacteria enter the tooth, they quickly multiply, creating pressure. This can irritate the nerve, causing undue sensitivity to pressure and temperature. As the infection spreads, the dental pulp, including the nerve, continues deteriorating, exacerbating the pain. Pockets of pus, called abscesses, can form on the gums near the tooth. An abscess can present a serious health risk, because the pocket will continue growing until it is drained or it bursts naturally, possibly releasing a large amount of infection into your body. A toothache accompanied by facial swelling is a sign of a serious abscess.
What root canal therapy accomplishes
When the dental pulp is injured or infected, its protective armor of hard tooth material becomes detrimental. In the early days of dentistry, an infected tooth meant an extracted tooth. Because there was not a good way to access and remove the infection, it would continue causing pain, sensitivity, and abscesses until the tooth was gone. Fortunately, that is no longer the case. Today, an infected tooth can be saved and restored with a root canal treatment.
The procedure is delicate, requiring a skilled hand and careful attention to detail. However, when performed by an experienced dentist such as Dr. Rykard, it is every efficient and predictable. An access opening is created in the upper part of the tooth, and specialized tools are used to clean out the canals. After the infected pulp has been removed, the canal is sterilized, filled, and sealed. A dental crown may be recommended to complete the restoration.
To learn more, or to schedule an appointment at our Oklahoma City office, call (405) 896-6919. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Richard de Billingford
Richard de Billingford (died 1432) was Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, holding the position three times, from 1400–1402, 1406-1413 and in 1432.
From 1398 to 1432 he was also Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he endowed a loan chest in which college members could deposit valuable objects as security for loans taken from the chest which would be sold if the loan was not repaid. The extant chest is kept in the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College. He was buried in St Bene't's Church, which was formerly used as the college chapel.
In 1413 as Chancellor he was sent by Henry V to Rome during the Western Schism as part of a delegation to tell the two Popes that unless one would step down, the King would recognise neither. | WIKI |
Heat Exhaustion & Heat Stroke
Print on Demand
Signs & Symptoms | Causes | Treatment | Prevention | Questions to Ask | Self-Care/First Aid
Image of older man outside wiping sweat off face with towel.
Sweat evaporates from the skin to cool the body. If this personal cooling system does not work right or fails to work, heat exhaustion or a heat stroke can occur.
Heat exhaustion is a warning that the body is getting too hot. With a heat stroke, body organs start to overheat. They will stop working if they get hot enough. If it is not treated, a heat stroke can result in death.
Signs & Symptoms
For a Heat Stroke
These signs and symptoms can occur suddenly with little warning:
• Very high temperature (104ºF or higher).
• Hot, dry, red skin. No sweating.
• Deep breathing and fast pulse. Then shallow breathing and weak pulse.
• Confusion. Hallucinations.
• Convulsions.
• Loss of consciousness.
For Heat Exhaustion
• Normal, low, or only slightly elevated body temperature.
• Cool, clammy, pale skin. Sweating.
• Dry mouth. Thirst.
• Fatigue. Weakness. Feeling dizzy.
• Headache.
• Nausea. Vomiting can occur.
• Muscle cramps.
• Weak or rapid pulse.
Causes
Anything that keeps the body’s natural cooling system from working right can lead to heat exhaustion and heat stroke. This includes:
• Extreme heat and humidity.
• Being in places without fans or air conditioners during hot, humid weather.
• Not being able to get to public air-conditioned places. Waiting for a bus or other type of public transportation in hot, humid weather.
• Overdressing.
• Changes in the skin due to aging.
• Poor circulation. Heart, lung, and/or kidney disease.
• Not being able to sweat due to medicines, such as water pills and some used for mental illnesses.
• Alcohol or drug use.
• Any illness that causes weakness, fever, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Treatment
A heat stroke is a medical emergency.
Heat exhaustion may respond to self-care measures. If not, medical care is needed.
Prevention
• Drink lots of liquids, especially if your urine is dark yellow. Drink water, sport drinks, such as Gatorade, etc.
• Do not stay in or leave anyone in a closed, parked car during hot weather.
• Don’t have drinks with alcohol or caffeine.
• Use caution when you are in the sun. At the first sign of heat exhaustion, get out of the sun. If you can, avoid midday heat. Do not do vigorous activity during the hottest part of the day (11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.).
• Wear light, loose-fitting clothing, such as cotton, so sweat can evaporate. Wear a wide-brimmed hat with vents. Use an umbrella for shade.
• If you feel very hot, try to cool off. Open a window. Use a fan. Go to an air-conditioned place.
• Check with your doctor about sun exposure if you take:
– Water pills.
– Mood-altering medicines.
– Some antibiotics, such as tetracycline.
Questions to Ask
Self-Care / First Aid
First Aid for a Heat Stroke
Call 9-1-1!
Before Emergency Care Arrives
• Move the person to a cool place indoors or under a shady tree. Place the feet higher than the head to avoid shock.
• Remove clothing. Either wrap the person in a cold, wet sheet; sponge the person with towels or sheets that are soaked in cold water; or spray the person with cool water. Fan the person.
• Put ice packs or cold compresses on the neck, under the armpits, and on the groin area.
• Once the person’s temperature gets to 101ºF, place him or her in the Recovery Position. Do not lower the temperature further.
• Don’t give fever reducing medicine.
• Don’t use rubbing alcohol.
First Aid for Heat Exhaustion
• Move to a cool place indoors or in the shade. Lie down.
• Loosen clothing.
• Drink fluids, such as cool or cold water. Add 1/2 teaspoon of salt to 1 quart of water. Sip this. Or, drink sport drinks, such as Gatorade, etc.
• Have salty foods, such as saltine crackers, if you tolerate them.
• Massage and stretch cramped muscles.
This website is not meant to substitute for expert medical advice or treatment. Follow your doctor’s or health care provider’s advice if it differs from what is given in this guide.
The American Institute for Preventive Medicine (AIPM) is not responsible for the availability or content of external sites, nor does AIPM endorse them. Also, it is the responsibility of the user to examine the copyright and licensing restrictions of external pages and to secure all necessary permission.
The content on this website is proprietary. You may not modify, copy, reproduce, republish, upload, post, transmit, or distribute, in any manner, the material on the website without the written permission of AIPM. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 24.pdf/235
206
The Green Bag
upon Congress. The opinion reiterates machines to one Christina B. Skou, and re-enforces the general principles with a so-called "license restriction" to laid down by Chief Justice Taney in the effect that she should use with the Luther v. Borden, 7 Howard, 1, and machine only the stencil paper, ink and Chief Justice Fuller, in Taylor v. Beck- other supplies of the company's own ham, 178 U. S. 548, in the distinction manufacture. The bill was drawn drawn between justiciable controversies against Sidney et al., a New York co and political questions. partnership, to restrain them from aiding The Court, Chief Justice Fuller writ and abetting Miss Skou in violating the ing the opinion, said that the contention restriction by using other ink than the of the plaintiff in error that the tax unpatented article supplied by the Dick levied upon it under a law enacted by Company. means of the popular initiative, without The majority opinion was written by recourse to the legislature, was void, Mr. Justice Lurton (McKenna, Holmes, was an attack on the state itself, that is, and Vandevanter, JJ., concurring). on the framework and political character The Court held it to be within the of the government by which the statute right of the patentee to suppress articles levying the tax was passed. The Court protected by patent or to sell them suggested that this view, if consistently under restrictive conditions. This right maintained, would imply power in the to sell under restrictions is a part of the federal judiciary, unless anarchy were monopoly sought to be established by to ensue, to build by judicial action, the patent laws under the authority of upon the ruins of the previously estab the Constitution, said the Court, and lished government, a new one, a right an infringement of the conditions is which, by its very terms, implies the essentially an infringement of the patent power to control the legislative depart right, and redress may therefore be ment of the government of the United sought under the patent laws, the States. This statement showed the general law to the contrary notwith essential fallacy, said the Court, of the standing, and the public policy of the plaintiff's contention. The case was state being what it may be. A dissenting opinion was written by therefore dismissed for want of juris the Chief Justice, with which Hughes diction. and Lamar, JJ., concurred. Chief Monopolies. Right of Patentee to Justice White declared the effect of the Control Sales Through Restrictive Cove ruling to be "to destroy in a very large nants — Infringement of Patent by Breach measure the judicial authority of the of Such Covenants. U. S. states by unwarrantedly extending the federal judicial power," and to impose The case of Sidney et al. v. A. B. on the federal courts the duty "to test Dick Co., decided by the United States the rights and obligations of the parties Supreme Court March 11, involved the not by the general law of the land, in question of the right of the holder of a accord with the Conformity act, but by patent to control the market for his the provisions of the patent law, even patented goods by means of a restric although the subject considered may not tive licenses issued with each article be within the embrace of that law, sold. thus disregarding the state law, over The Dick Company, patentees of a "rotary mimeograph," sold one of these throwing, it may be, the settled public | WIKI |
Node Library for the Blimp API.
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README.md
blimp-node
This library allows you to interact with the Blimp API using Node. You can find more information about Blimp's Public API documentation at http://dev.getblimp.com/. If you have any problems or requests please contact [support](mailto:support@getblimp.com?subject=Blimp API Python library).
License
Licensed under the MIT License.
Install
npm install blimp
Pre-Usage
Before we begin using the library you need to signup to Blimp and generate a new API Key if you don't have one in your settings as well as an Application ID and Secret in your applications.
Usage
var Blimp = require('blimp');
var blimp = new Blimp({
username: 'username',
apiKey: 'apikey',
appId: 'appid',
secret: 'secret'
});
// get all companies that I'm part of
blimp.get('company', function(results) {
console.log(results);
});
// get one company by id
blimp.get('company', 1, function(results) {
console.log(results);
});
// get all projects for one company
blimp.get('company', {company: 1}, function(results) {
console.log(results);
});
// get count of total projects
blimp.get('project', function(results) {
console.log(JSON.parse(results).meta.total_count);
});
// Loop through all projects and print their name
blimp.get('project', function(results) {
JSON.parse(results).objects.forEach(function(project) {
console.log(project.name);
});
});
// Get all goals for a project
blimp.get('goal', {project: 1}, function(results) {
console.log(results);
});
// Get all tasks for a goal
blimp.get('task', {goal: 1}, function(results) {
console.log(results);
});
// Get all comments for a task
blimp.get('comment', {content_type: 'todo', object_pk: 1}, function(results) {
console.log(results);
});
// Get schema for company endpoint
blimp.schema('company', function(schema) {
console.log(schema);
});
// All available methods per endpoint
// blimp.get(resource, [id], [params], callback)
// blimp.post(resource, data, [params], callback)
// blimp.put(resource, id, [params], data, callback)
// blimp.del(resource, id, callback)
// blimp.schema(resource, callback)
Example response of all companies I'm part of
{
"meta": {
"limit": 20,
"next": null,
"offset": 0,
"previous": null,
"total_count": 1
},
"objects": [
{
"company_users": [
{
"accepted_invitation": true,
"date_created": "2012-11-01T00:00:00",
"date_modified": "2012-11-27T02:22:09.817265",
"id": 38,
"is_active": true,
"role": "admin",
"user": "/api/v2/user/3/"
},
{
"accepted_invitation": true,
"date_created": "2012-11-01T00:00:00",
"date_modified": "2012-11-27T02:22:09.705959",
"id": 37,
"is_active": true,
"role": "admin",
"user": "/api/v2/user/2/"
},
{
"accepted_invitation": true,
"date_created": "2012-11-01T00:00:00",
"date_modified": "2012-11-27T02:22:09.380851",
"id": 39,
"is_active": true,
"role": "owner",
"user": "/api/v2/user/1/"
}
],
"date_created": "2012-11-01T00:00:00",
"date_modified": "2012-12-21T21:57:09.965247",
"id": 1,
"image_url": "",
"name": "Blimp",
"resource_uri": "/api/v2/company/1/",
"slug": "blimp",
"used_projects": 0,
"used_storage": "4929882"
}
]
}
Improvements
What else would you like this library to do? Let me know. Feel free to send pull requests for any improvements you make.
Todo
• Tests | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Matrix-vector Weak Form — Lesson 1
The development of finite-dimensional weak form is continued. The matrix-vector weak form is discussed. Equations are derived for a general element, then the matrix-vector form is generated using the derived equations.
Alternate video link.
Matrix-vector products are used to eliminate some of the expressions to generate the matrix-vector form. Area and Young’s modulus are assumed to be the constant and the final form for the force and function are written.
Alternate video link.
The establishment of the weak form of matrix-vector will be continued in this video as well. The expression is defined for one element first, then is expanded to sum over all the elements.
Alternate video link.
The expression derived in the last video is now evaluated at the nodes, or at the endpoints of the bi-unit domain. The importance of the Kronecker delta property of the basis function is highlighted for the nodal degrees of freedom, and it is also called the interpolatory property of the space functions. Not all the basis functions have this property. Mapping between degrees of freedom using local and global node numbers is shown or it can be said that the map holds between global and local degrees of freedom.
Alternate video link.
In this video, the task of assembly of the global matrix-vector equations will be carried out. The matrix-vector weak form in terms of global matrices of the vector is written. The element stiffness matrix and element force factor are defined. Finite element assembly is carried out.
Alternate video link.
The finite element weak form assembly for all elements is continued. The matrix assembly for all the elements is continued, and this task is completed in this lesson.
Alternate video link.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Following centuries of occupation by native groups, Douglas Point was settled by English planters by 1653 or earlier.
In 1653 a tract of land fronting the Potomac river was patented by a man named John Lawson. The patent stipulated a tract called "Limmine" some "four leagues above Nanjemoy". During this period this particular area was newly settled by English colonists and was in Zachia Manor, the predecessor to Charles County. Meaning threshold in Latin, "Limmine" may reflect the patent's "frontier-like setting" at the edge of early European settlement in this part of Maryland.
The patent remained in Lawson's hands until 1678, when Zacharia Wade (Wade's Bay) noted himself as living at "Limme". Wade had accumulated well over 3,000 acres in the area which he distributed to his son, Robert, and daughter, Theodosia, in 1727.
Zacharia Wade took ownership of "Linns" and an adjacent tract called "Linns Enlargement" around this time, and inherited a sizeable amount of cash and tobacco. The Wade family continued to own Limmine until the 1750s. John Semple, a merchant, purchased the tract, 100 acres, for 3,000 pounds of "crop" tobacco and 20 shillings in1755. The original 1653 tract had been subdivided and included into neighboring parcels but was largely recombined by future Maryland governor John Hoskins Stone. Descended from William Stone, the Loyalist fighter of the 1655 Battle of Severn, he was also the brother of Thomas Stone who signed the Declaration of Independence.
Stone kept the tracts until 1790, when he traded with Capt. Francis Shepard for Middle Green Enlarged, a nearby plantation in the same Durham Parish. Shepard and Stone had served together during the Revolutionary War and likely developed a lasting relationship that led to this land swap. Capt. Shepard's family had lived in the area for at least several decades time, and so he may have been interested in the Linns tract for some time.
Francis Shepard was listed as heading a household of three males over the age of 16 and three females over 16 as well. Seven enslaved African Americans were also listed, more than double the labor pool of his father John Shepard. However, by 1810 Francis Shepard was only listed as owning four slaves, which may reflect a belated inheritance recoup by his brother, Thomas.
The tax assessment of 1798 lists a house, valued at $150, on a 2- acre lot contained within the Shepard parcel. This is consistent with the hall and parlor style of house that was the oldest portion of the Chiles home. However, the house would have then been known as Mount Pleasant, perhaps for its position on the edge of the bluff, overlooking the fields below that stretched out to the banks of the Potomac.
After Francis Shepard's death the family maintained Mount Pleasant, eventually executing and settling his will in 1841. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Bipolar Disorder: A Delayed and Difficult Diagnosis - Voices of Experience | Everyday Health
Bipolar Disorder: A Delayed and Difficult Diagnosis
By Gregory Simon, MD, MPH, Special to Everyday Health
Greg Simon-5x7
For many people who live with bipolar disorder, the path to a diagnosis can be long and confusing. Surveys of people on treatment for bipolar disorder find that many waited 10 years or longer before receiving the diagnosis, often having been diagnosed with depression or other conditions during that time. Those long delays in diagnosis often resulted in unnecessary suffering and life disruption as well as treatments that were ineffective or possibly even harmful.
If our picture of bipolar disorder comes from textbooks – or from the movies – we could imagine that the diagnosis should be obvious. Textbooks describe distinct manic episodes with elevated mood or euphoria lasting for several weeks. That textbook picture, however, is more the exception than the rule. Many people who live with bipolar disorder never experience those classic euphoric manic periods. Instead, they may experience quick shifts in mood, energy, and sleep patterns – sometimes called rapid cycling. Or they may experience feelings of depression or low mood accompanied by excess energy, racing thoughts, impulsivity, or irritability – sometimes called mixed episodes. All patterns of mood symptoms are possible, and those patterns may shift for any individual over time.
3 Reasons It's Hard to Diagnose Bipolar Disorder
1. For most people who live with bipolar disorder, depression is more common than mania. Even for people who experience textbook euphoric manic episodes, time spent with depression symptoms usually outpaces time spent with mania symptoms by four or five to one. And people are more likely to seek help from doctors or therapists during periods of depression than during times of elevated mood. So it is not surprising that a person with bipolar disorder might receive many years of treatment for depression before their bipolar disorder is recognized.
2. Use of alcohol or drugs can further complicate the picture. Many people who live with undiagnosed bipolar disorder sometimes overuse or misuse alcohol or other drugs. This may be a form of self-medication, in the hope that alcohol or drugs will help manage sleep problems, agitation, or rapid mood shifts. But in the long run, alcohol and drug use tend to worsen mood symptoms, and it can be much harder to recognize mood changes or mood symptoms when they are mixed in with the effects of using or withdrawing from alcohol or drugs.
3. Symptoms of a mood disorder can be very difficult to distinguish from certain medical problems as well, and people with mood disorders are more likely to experience a wide range of medical conditions. Accurate diagnosis of depression or bipolar disorder can be delayed if doctors feel they have to “rule out” any medical condition before diagnosing a mood disorder. It’s not an “either/or” situation. It’s often “both/and.”
Tracking Mood Patterns to Uncover Bipolar Disorder
Getting better information about mood patterns can help to clarify things. Keeping a mood diary or mood log can reveal patterns in energy, sleeping, or other mood symptoms and help distinguish those patterns from everyday events or stresses. The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) has a Wellness Tracker that can monitor mood. Family and friends sometimes recognize patterns in mood, sleep, or energy, so including family members in discussions with doctors or therapists can be helpful, especially when depression treatment doesn’t seem to be working.
When doctors or therapists make a diagnosis of depression, they should always ask additional questions about symptoms suggesting bipolar disorder. They should be especially concerned about bipolar disorder when:
• Symptoms of depression change rapidly or are accompanied by irritability, agitation, or increased energy.
• A patient has one or more close relatives with bipolar disorder.
• Multiple antidepressant medications have not worked, or seem to have made things worse.
At this time, no biological tests are useful in recognizing or diagnosing bipolar disorder. It is certainly true that some genetic variations are more common in people with bipolar disorder than in the general population. And brain imaging studies do suggest some specific differences in people with bipolar disorder. But those variations or differences are certainly not accurate enough to make a diagnosis for any individual. For now, old-fashioned listening is still the most accurate test we have.
Finally, we should acknowledge that a diagnosis of bipolar disorder can be frightening – more frightening or dangerous than depression. But there are many effective treatments for bipolar, and people who live with bipolar disorder can recover and thrive. Recognizing bipolar disorder is an important first step on that path to recovery.
Gregory Simon, MD, MPH, is a psychiatrist at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle and an investigator at the Group Health Research Institute. He also leads the Scientific Advisory Board for the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance. Dr. Simon’s research focuses on improving access to and quality of care for people who live with mood disorders.
Important: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not Everyday Health. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Splunk Search
Calculation of percentage based on the results from 3 different searches with a common value
klchandrakanth
Explorer
I have calculated % from 3 different searches and i am getting the result perfectly fine.
source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" NOT Finalizacao=3 AND NOT Finalizacao=4 AND NOT Finalizacao=6 AND NOT Finalizacao=7 AND NOT Finalizacao=11 AND NOT Finalizacao=13 | stats count(Finalizacao) as Ignored |
join date [search source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" Finalizacao=* | stats count(Finalizacao) as TotalFlagCount] | table Ignored TotalFlagCount |
join date [search source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" Finalizacao=3 OR Finalizacao=4 | stats count(Finalizacao) as Together]
| eval ATHlíquido=(Together/(TotalFlagCount-Ignored))*100 | table ATHlíquido
Now I need to calculate the % based on the telephone dialing codes. I am trying to extract dialing code(DDD) and Counts from 3 different searches and need to apply a math formula for each DDD code.
source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" NOT Finalizacao=3 AND NOT Finalizacao=4 AND NOT Finalizacao=6 AND NOT Finalizacao=7 AND NOT Finalizacao=11 AND NOT Finalizacao=13 | dedup _raw | eval Ignored.PhoneDDD = substr(PhNumber, 1, 2) | stats count(Finalizacao) as Ignored by Ignored.PhoneDDD |
join date [search source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" Finalizacao=* | dedup _raw | eval TotalFlagCount.PhoneDDD = substr(PhNumber, 1, 2)| stats count(Finalizacao) as TotalFlagCount by TotalFlagCount.PhoneDDD ] |
join date [search source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" Finalizacao=3 OR Finalizacao=4 | dedup _raw | eval Together.PhoneDDD = substr(PhNumber, 1, 2)| stats count(Finalizacao) as Together by Together.PhoneDDD ] | table Ignored.PhoneDDD Ignored TotalFlagCount.PhoneDDD TotalFlagCount Together.PhoneDDD Together
However its not working.
in other way,
search 1 --> DDD, countA
search 2 --> DDD, countB
search 3 --> DDD, countC
I need to do a formula = (countA-CountB)/CountC for each DDD. Can someone help me where i am doing wrong ?
0 Karma
1 Solution
somesoni2
Revered Legend
Give this a try (with little optimization)
source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" Finalizacao=*
| eval together=if(Finalizacao=3 OR Finalizacao=4,1,0)
| eval ignored=if(NOT (Finalizacao=3 OR Finalizacao=4 OR Finalizacao=6 OR Finalizacao=7 OR Finalizacao=11 OR Finalizacao=13),1,0)
| eval PhoneDDD = substr(PhNumber, 1, 2)
| stats count as TotalFlagCount sum(ignored) as Ignored sum(together) as Together by PhoneDDD
This will give a Total, Ignored and Together value for each PhoneDDD value. You can then apply your formula with available fields.
View solution in original post
somesoni2
Revered Legend
Give this a try (with little optimization)
source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" Finalizacao=*
| eval together=if(Finalizacao=3 OR Finalizacao=4,1,0)
| eval ignored=if(NOT (Finalizacao=3 OR Finalizacao=4 OR Finalizacao=6 OR Finalizacao=7 OR Finalizacao=11 OR Finalizacao=13),1,0)
| eval PhoneDDD = substr(PhNumber, 1, 2)
| stats count as TotalFlagCount sum(ignored) as Ignored sum(together) as Together by PhoneDDD
This will give a Total, Ignored and Together value for each PhoneDDD value. You can then apply your formula with available fields.
klchandrakanth
Explorer
Thank you for the quick response. I have posted on Friday that it was working fine. I dint notice that my internet was disconnected.
0 Karma
tiagofbmm
Influencer
Hi
Could you please provide a sample of your data (even masked)?
It is difficult to understand what went wrong without it.
0 Karma
klchandrakanth
Explorer
Raw data is below.
3/5/18
8:59:59.424 AM
05/03/2018 08:59:59.424||APL|STOP.jsp|152369|151674|93981111213|93981111213||MSG-AP-STATUS-FINANCEIRO|Flag Finalizacao = 2|
3/5/18
8:59:59.420 AM
05/03/2018 08:59:59.420||APL|STOP.jsp|152369|151674|93981111213|93981111213||MSG-AP-STATUS-FINANCEIRO|Flag Finalizacao = 2|
3/5/18
8:59:58.583 AM
05/03/2018 08:59:58.583||APL|STOP.jsp|152369|151110|31991374053|31991374053||MSG-A-RECONTRATACAO-UPSELL|Flag Finalizacao = 1|
3/5/18
8:59:57.698 AM
05/03/2018 08:59:57.698||APL|STOP.jsp|152369|152720|2131012407|2131012407||SAUDACAO_10341|Flag Finalizacao = 2|
3/5/18
8:59:57.694 AM
05/03/2018 08:59:57.694||APL|STOP.jsp|152369|152720|2131012407|2131012407||SAUDACAO_10341|Flag Finalizacao = 2|
Simple query to extract Flag count and dialing code(DDD) is below.
source="log-ura" "Flag Finalizacao" NOT Finalizacao=3 AND NOT Finalizacao=4 AND NOT Finalizacao=6 AND NOT Finalizacao=7 AND NOT Finalizacao=11 AND NOT Finalizacao=13 | dedup _raw | eval aPhoneDDD = substr(PhNumber, 1, 2) | stats count(Finalizacao) as Ignored by aPhoneDDD
Sample result is below.
aPhoneDDD Ignored
11 20
15 2
19 1
21 309
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Page:Biographia Hibernica volume 1.djvu/168
Rh prosecuted his researches, soon introduced him to the acquaintance or correspondence of every person distinguished either for science or literature. These connections were the cause of occasional excursions to London, Oxford,&c. in which he formed a personal acquaintance with those scientific men whom he had before known merely by their writings; and he soon became so celebrated, that in 1651, Dr. Nathaniel Highmore, an eminent physician, dedicated to him his "History of Generation;" a work in which he examines the opinions of different authors, particularly those of Sir Kenelm Digby.
In May 1650 he left Stalbridge; and in 1652 went over to Ireland, to arrange his affairs in that country, which detained him till August 1653. He was soon after compelled to return to Ireland again; a circumstance he would have mach regretted, from the interruption caused by it to his studies, had it not been for his intimacy with his distinguished countryman, Archbishop Usher, with whom he studied the Scriptures in their original languages with so great exactness, as to quote readily any remarkable passage in either the Old or the New Testament. He was also intimately acquainted with the celebrated Sir William Petty, in whose conversation he took particular pleasure.
A short time previous to the commencement of the civil wars, a few of the most distinguished philosophers had formed the plan of a society for prosecuting inquiries into nature, on the principle of experiment; an idea which had been originally suggested by the celebrated Bacon. Of this Mr. Boyle was one of the earliest members; and when all academical studies were suspended in consequence of the tumultuous times, this society,which was then called the Philosophical College, continued still to hold its meetings, though with the greatest secresy, first at London, and afterwards at Oxford. This induced Mr. Boyle, on his return to England in 1654, to fix his abode at Oxford, where the society then held its meetings; as he was here surrounded by a number of his learned friends, such as | WIKI |
Top Reasons For Why You Need To Be Careful With Wheat
Wheat and grain-based foods are a staple in American diets. We love bread, bagels, pasta, cereal, pizza, baked goods, and many things that often have wheat hiding in it. Wheat has become so integral to our diets, that we can barely imagine living without them! However, many people have started switching to gluten-free diets recently to avoid wheat because of wheat’s negative effect on their health and how they feel physically and mentally.
Consuming wheat has become a controversial hot-topic. One thing is for certain: there are reasons for you to be mindful of your wheat consumption.
What's Wrong with Wheat?
Many people claim to be sensitive to gluten, knowing that they don’t have celiac disease, but nonetheless experience symptoms when they consume wheat. People with celiac disease are unable to properly digest gluten, a protein that's found in wheat, barley, and rye. Those with celiac disease definitely need to avoid gluten.
What about the rest of us who don’t have celiac disease but are still sensitive to wheat? For most of us ingesting too much wheat will damage the intestinal lining and prevent poor absorption of essential nutrients. A person may experience symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, fatigue, mood irritability, brain fog, attention and memory issues.
The problem with modern wheat consumption is that wheat has been genetically modified and hence, is not in the natural form people’s gut are designed to easily digest. Wheat is now not very nutritious especially since it has high amount of phytic acid. Phytic acid prevents the absorption of essential minerals like calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium leaving the digestive tract and immune systems compromised and unable to heal when damaged by wheat. Wheat is also heavily sprayed with pesticides causing a high level of toxin exposure to be absorbed when consuming wheat.
Consuming Too Much Grain In Your Diet
The grains of today have been modified to have fewer nutrients, more processed carbohydrates, and higher amounts of phytic acid. We also prepare our grains differently and not aligned with how we are naturally supposed to consume grains. For example, traditional methods of breadmaking include soaking, sprouting, and fermenting the grains. This traditional process makes the nutrients in the grains make nutrients more bioavailable for absorption by the body. Since we have largely abandoned these traditional methods of preparing grains largely in the name of convenience, we have lessened the quantity and quality nutrients available. We are also consuming a high level of phytic acid in grains causing additional challenges with absorbing nutrients available in the grains.
Nowadays most processed and ready-made pre-packaged foods contain wheat or other refined grains are nutrient-poor and rich in phytic acid which prevents the absorption of essential nutrients. The food industry is not incentivized to change the grain quality since they are inexpensive, easy to manufacture, and have a long shelf life.
Our modern diet has encouraged a heavy intake of grains at the price of having significantly less vegetables, beans, seeds, and fruit. Our modern lifestyle has encourage eating on the go and giving less and less attention to food preparation. It is no wonder that are current modern diet is causing so many people’s immune systems to become severely compromised and leading to an epidemic of chronic diseases like allergies, asthma, skin rashes, food intolerances, learning disability,mood disorders, digestive problems, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer.
Where Are You Getting Your Grains From?
The answer to the problem with consuming grains isn’t simple or clear-cut. It isn’t just about gluten, modern processing or cultivation of grains, nutrient absorption, or changing eating habits, but a complex combination of many factors which can be a part of the problem and the solution. How much wheat and grains to consume and in what form will vary by person to person depending on their overall health. It is definitely recommended to not make grains the biggest staple of one’s diet. Whenever possible, use vegetables and beans instead of grains since they contains many more nutrients!
If you are concerned about the impact of your eating habits and lifestyle choices in both the short and long term, contact Dr. Payal Bhandari M.D. Dr. Bhandari is an integrative functional medicine physician who specializes in attending to all aspects of an individual’s life. By understanding the root cause of illness, Dr. Bhandari will guide you through how your symptoms or illness can be reversed by most likely making simple shifts in your lifestyle and addressing other environmental factors. Healthy living for patients is dear to Dr. Bhandari’s heart. She loves to help people take back control of their health through simple tips we can each be empowered by.
Author
Dr. Payal Bhandari Dr. Payal Bhandari M.D. is a leading practitioner of integrative and functional medicine in San Francisco.
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Question about Time Machine/Capsule backups
Discussion in 'Mac Basics and Help' started by Tfosorcim, Mar 26, 2016.
1. Tfosorcim macrumors newbie
Joined:
Aug 16, 2014
Location:
Chicago
#1
For Time Machine's "Daily backup" (not talking about the incremental hourly backups), does it do a fresh full backup of the entire drive (minus any directories you exclude in Time Machine's settings)?
I ask because it seems like it does a nearly 600GB backup over Wifi daily to my Time Capsule, and this takes about 8-10hrs, even on my relatively speedy 802.11AC network.
Is this normal? I thought it would be a little more intelligent than that, perhaps cloning a full backup already on the Airport Time Capsule and appending any modifications (additions/deletions) to it.
If this is normal, how does it do incremental (hourly) backups with that much backload?
Thanks
2. sliceoftoast macrumors 6502
sliceoftoast
Joined:
Mar 3, 2012
Location:
In a Toaster
#2
The first backup with time machine is always the longest. Once it has completed that initial backup it should then do the incremental backups. What do you have on the computer that is causing it to backup 600GB+ of data each time?
Do you run any Hypervisors on the computer eg Virtual box / VMware / Parallels ?
Can you confirm that the backup does complete? Or is it trying to backup the same content over and over?
3. Tfosorcim thread starter macrumors newbie
Joined:
Aug 16, 2014
Location:
Chicago
#3
It does finish, but takes literally half the day to do so. Also, I don't have any virtual machines on this machine.
I was able to determine that Time Machine is attempting to backup the entire contents of an external USB 3.0 disk repeatedly (Western Digital MyBook) which contains my iTunes Library, LightRoom Library, Lynda.com media files and CreativeLive media files. Even if I've added nothing to it.
I can't think of any reason why it's trying to do this, unless Time Machine handles USB disks differently than local internal disks.
Until I can figure this out, I'll add the USB drive to the Time Machine exclusion list and will purchase a 3rd party disk cloner to make daily backups of the USB drive to a spare external drive I have. What a mess.
Thanks
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Talk:Ring Ring, I've Got to Sing
Title Page
It should be capitalized as Ring Ring, I've Got to Sing, but I think there is another comma due after the first ring. --Richhoncho (talk) 15:57, 31 December 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Apple's latest Pro and Pro Max series features a LiDAR scanner, allowing night mode portraits and a faster autofocus in low light. The LiDAR scanner on your Apple device not only helps you take sharper pictures but lets you enjoy helpful augmented reality apps and fun games.
For most consumers, this is their first experience with LiDAR. But the technology has been around for more than 60 years. Hughes Aircraft Company built the first LiDAR prototype in 1961. The United States space program was among the first to use the technology to map the moon during the 1971 Apollo 15 mission.
Today, LiDAR is more down to earth. It’s becoming common in computer vision for object detection especially to inspect power lines, pinpoint crops for fertilization, detect fruits, estimate and monitor tree structures, detect urine patches in pastures, and prune fruit trees.
💡Related article: CloudFactory quickly annotated LiDAR data for LineVision, reducing turnaround time by 66%.
What is LiDAR?
LiDAR, or light detection and ranging, is an active remote sensing technology that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure distance.
Here's what makes LiDAR special:
1. Active technology: Unlike cameras that rely on ambient light, LiDAR creates its own light source, making it work well in any lighting condition, even complete darkness.
2. 3-D object detection: It doesn't just measure distance, it captures the entire shape and size of objects, making it ideal for use cases like self-driving cars or robot navigation. In Vision AI, this feature greatly benefits object detection and image segmentation CV tasks.
3. Speed and accuracy: Compared to radar, LiDAR provides much faster and more precise measurements, allowing for real-time applications.
What is LiDAR used for?
LiDAR allows for visibility through dense environments, such as forest canopies. It can create high-resolution digital elevation models with vertical accuracy of up to 1 centimeter. A LiDAR device has several components: a laser scanner, a GPS, and an Inertial Navigation System (INS). The equipment typically mounts onto a mobile vehicle, such as a drone, UAV, or automobile.
Get to Market FasterNeed high-quality LiDAR data for your AI development? CloudFactory has AI-driven solutions designed for efficient LiDAR data labeling so you can get to market faster. We blend advanced automation with human expertise to streamline the annotation process. Contact us today.
Types of LiDAR
Functionally, LiDAR systems are either airborne or terrestrial. Here’s a brief look at each.
Airborne LiDAR
Airborne LiDAR is placed on a drone or helicopter and is helpful for applications that require a bird’s eye view of a vast area. Here, two types of standard LiDAR. The first, topographic, uses a near-infrared laser to map land areas. The second, bathymetric, uses a green water-penetrating light to map underwater terrain.
Terrestrial LiDAR
Terrestrial LiDAR works on the ground and is either mobile or static. Mobile LiDAR systems mount on moving platforms such as autonomous vehicle AI applications to identify objects in the driving environment.
Unlike mobile, static LiDAR systems are installed on stationary structures such as tripods—this type of LiDAR is prevalent in archeology, surveying, mining, and engineering.
LiDAR data is accurate, fast, and beneficial for any location where the structure and shape of objects must be determined.
This 2-D image of a street scene has been annotated with bounding boxes using UAI Annotator, a data annotation tool.
This 2-D image of a street scene has been annotated with bounding boxes. Source: UnderstandAI, a DSpace company.
The same street scene is shown here in a 3-D LiDAR sensor image that is annotated using UAI Annotator, a data annotation tool.
The same street scene is shown here in a 3-D LiDAR sensor image that is annotated using 3-D annotation. Source: UnderstandAI, a DSpace company.
7 Interesting LiDAR Applications
LiDAR is a valuable technology for several industries, from autonomous vehicles to surveying.
Below are seven interesting applications of LiDAR:
1. Aerial Inspection
Drones/UAV LiDAR data provides valuable aerial insight into industrial assets that are difficult to inspect, including power lines, civil infrastructure, and other industrial assets, to reduce operational maintenance costs.
2. Precision Agriculture
LiDAR can help agriculture technology companies pinpoint areas to optimize water, fertilizer, and herbicides or manage pest control to improve crop yield.
3. Forestry and land management
LiDAR can be used to measure the vertical structures and density of the canopy in forests. This data can then be analyzed for environmental impact, land management, and fire prevention planning.
4. Survey and mapping
LiDAR creates accurate maps and digital elevation models for geographic information systems (GIS) to aid civil and commercial surveying and mapping applications.
5. Renewable energy
LiDAR can identify requirements for harnessing solar and wind energy, such as optimal solar panel positioning. It can calculate direction and wind speed to allow the operators of wind farms to build and place turbines.
6. Robotics
LiDAR is used to equip robots with mapping and navigation capabilities. The technology trains an autonomous system to recognize the distance between the vehicle and other objects in the environment.
7. Autonomous Vehicles
For self-driving vehicle applications, LiDAR provides a longer-range alternative to still image and video cameras, which aren’t as effective in poor atmospheric conditions like rain and fog. Vehicles fitted with LiDAR systems collect data such as road markings, traffic signs, pedestrians, road obstructions, and other vehicles.
LiDAR data labeling for computer vision
💡To be useful for computer vision, and more specifically, supervised machine learning, LiDAR data must be accurately labeled, which is a big job that can be difficult to scale.
The challenge for AI developers is transforming massive, raw data into large amounts of structured data that can be used to train machine learning models. That requires hours and hours of data labeling to prepare for training machines to interpret and understand the visual world.
CloudFactory's LiDAR data labeling gets you to market fast
CloudFactory has AI-driven solutions designed for efficient LiDAR data labeling, blending advanced automation with human expertise to streamline the annotation process for industries like autonomous vehicles, urban development, and geographical mapping.
The unique mix of technology and human insight speeds up product development and reduces costs. It also enhances model performance metrics such as mean Average Precision and Intersection over Union, making it critical for businesses focused on optimizing AI and machine learning initiatives.
Data labeling no longer needs to be a major bottleneck, consuming a significant portion of your AI project time and contributing to a high failure rate due to data quality issues.
CloudFactory addresses these challenges by efficiently sourcing and annotating data, applying effective techniques, and reducing time and errors associated with labeling, leading to accurate datasets and faster convergence on ground truth data.
Need the latest guidance on data labeling? Let us help.
Data Labeling Computer Vision Image Annotation AI & Machine Learning Autonomous Vehicles Geospatial
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Big Data Pitfalls
Avoid Simpson’s paradox:
This paradox refers to a phenomena where the association between a pair of variables (X; Y) reverses sign upon conditioning of a third variable, Z regardless of the value taken by Z. If we partition the data into subpopulations, each representing a specic value of the third variable, the phenomena appears as a sign reversal between the associations measured in the disaggregated subpopulations relative to the aggregated data, which describes the population as a whole.
Right ML algorithms usage: use the right approach for machine learning algorithms, find the appropriate algorithm for your specific problems. Ex. If you need a numeric prediction quickly, use decision trees or logistic regression.
Keep in mind the Prisoner’s Dilemma: like in “cigarette manufacturers endorsed the making of laws banning cigarette advertising, understanding that this would reduce ad costs for parties and increase profits across the industry”, so it is with the business strategy and down to big data processing.
Consider Gödel’s Theorem: any system of computation you can construct (numbers theory etc.) that it is true, it cannot be ultimately proved from the rules within that computational construct. The system in a way transcends itself. Thus the way to the strong AI for example.
Keep in mind the exponentially powerful quantum computers of the future. For example build different, resistant cryptographic algorithms against the qubits future powers.
Job Breakthroughs
Startup vs. Larger Company:
Working for a smaller company is that you get to make more of an impact: Working in a larger corporation might have more benefits or a higher salary but a startup is where you can really make a difference and see the influence your work is having on the business. You’re heavily involved in each stage of production and your opinion is more likely to carry weight than at a larger, more structured operation. Decentralization of big companies would be done through tokenization. The shares will be done through ICOs.
Jobs in IT:
In Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, data security, virtual reality and augmented reality, virtual worlds (and virtual assets) and bank-less, free nodes back-boned, Internet of payment. Jobs to see as or related to: big data engineer, Software 2.0 Engineer (maintain Neural Networks that write code), full-stack developer, security engineer, IoT architect and VR/AR engineer and hybrid engineers, with agile mindsets through the teams, with solid technology stacks knowledge that working together are able to bind different ends of the domain spectrum (similarly like DevOps is to the “from Code to Infrastructure” mindset paradigm), runners of decentralized Internet (sustained by Blockchain and other similar technologies yet to come, in order to back-up the Virtual Assets in the Virtual Worlds in the Decentralized Network).
Thus the skills needed to succeed in the IT jobs of tomorrow revolve around security certifications, programming and applications development, proficiency with cloud, decentralized architectures and mobile technologies, and other specialized skill sets giving also way to the hybrid IT roles that bind the business to IT.
Roles grow vertically based on business domain vs. technology stacks. For example: a Solutions Architect has the business domain knowledge but has also a technical background. He will develop complex technology solutions in a specific business domain. Software Architect knows in a deeper way the technology stacks. He will design the architecture of the technical implementation. Technical Lead is one with deeper knowledge of the, or a part of the technology stack. He designs using established patterns, coaches teams into the adopted technologies and unlocks teams in order to succeed in project delivery.
Data Scientists: it is essential for data scientists to work with languages like R, Python, SAS, Hadoop, Netezza in which they apply their knowledge in statistics, mathematics (algebra), matrices (multivariable) calculus. And to have a knowledge in platforms like MapReduce, GridGain, HPCC, Storm, Hive, Pig, Amazon S3.
The user as valuable “in the network” resource, in parallel digital universes (eg. Metaverse). Their actions should be monetized and generate income. We are producing valuable data even now by only navigating on FB, Google and other social networks which the system themselves uses it to become better (the long therm plan is building the future AI systems together). The “Internaut” will be one of the nicest job of the future. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Compsodes schwarzi
Compsodes schwarzi, or Schwarz's hooded cockroach, is a species of cockroach in the family Corydiidae. It is found in Central America, North America. | WIKI |
Page:The Vespers of Palermo.pdf/96
Yes! it may well be shame!—for I have striven With nature's feebleness, and been o'erpower'd. —Howe'er it be, 'tis not for thee to gaze, Noting it thus. Rise, let me loose thy chains. Arise, and follow me; but let thy step Fall without sound on earth: I have prepared The means for thy escape.
What! thou! the austere, The inflexible Procida! hast thou done this, Deeming me guilty still?
Upbraid me not? It is even so. There have been nobler deeds By Roman fathers done,—but I am weak. Therefore, again I say, arise! and haste, For the night wanes. Thy fugitive course must be To realms beyond the deep; so let us part In silence, and for ever.
Let him fly Who holds no deep asylum in his breast, Wherein to shelter from the scoffs of men! —I can sleep calmly here.
Art thou in love With death and infamy, that so thy choice Is made, lost boy! when freedom courts thy grasp?
Father! to set th' irrevocable seal Upon that shame wherewith ye have branded me, There needs but flight.—What should I bear from this, My native land?—A blighted name, to rise | WIKI |
Ance Parish
Ance Parish (Ances pagasts) is an administrative territorial entity of the Ventspils Municipality, Latvia. The parish has a population of 712 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 397.78 km2.
Villages of Ance Parish
* Ance
* Irbene
* Jorniņi
* Kārļmuiža
* Lonaste
* Ostupciems
* Rinda
* Silciems
* Virpe | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals/Archive/2022/July
China railway station stubs
The category is getting large, I propose the following de-upmerge categories:
* Hebei-railstation-stub (65) - Category:Hebei railway station stubs
* Shandong-railstation-stub (80) - Category:Shandong railway station stubs Old Man Consequences (talk) 18:52, 14 July 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
[GRADLE-2095] Allow signing.required to be set with a callable to make it easier to defer this decision Created: 10/Feb/12 Updated: 04/Jan/13 Resolved: 10/Feb/12
Status: Resolved
Project: Gradle
Affects Version/s: None
Fix Version/s: 1.0-milestone-8
Type: Improvement
Reporter: Luke Daley Assignee: Unassigned
Resolution: Fixed Votes: 0
Description
Enabling this:
signing {
required { gradle.taskGraph.hasTask("uploadArchives") && !version.endsWith("SNAPSHOT") }
}
Generated at Wed Jun 30 12:12:40 CDT 2021 using Jira 8.4.2#804003-sha1:d21414fc212e3af190e92c2d2ac41299b89402cf. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 102 Part 2.djvu/284
102 STAT. 1288
PUBLIC LAW 100-418—AUG. 23, 1988 907.39
d-6-Methoxy-amethyl-2naphthaleneacetic acid and its sodium salt (provided for in item 412.22, part IC, schedule 4)
Free
No change
On or before 12/31/90
SEC. 1756. SUSPENSION OF DUTIES ON JACQUARD CARDS AND JACQUARD HEADS.
Subpart B of part 1 of the Appendix is amended by inserting in numerical sequence the following new item: 912.46
Jacquard cards and jacquard heads for power-driven weaving machines, and parts thereof (provided for in items 670.56 and 670.74, respectively, part4E, schedule 6)
Free
No change
On or before 12/31/90
SEC. 1757. 2^.BIS(4-CYANATOPHENYL).
Subpart B of part 1 of the Appendix is amended by inserting in numerical sequence the following new item: 907.44
2,2-Bi8(4cyanatophenyl) (provided for in item 405.76, part IB, schedule 4)
Free
No change
On or before 12/31/90
SEC. 1758. PHENYLMETHYLAMINOPYRAZOLE.
Subpart B of part 1 of the Appendix is amended by inserting in numerical sequence the following new item: 907.47
Aminomethylphenylpyrazole (Phenylmethylaminopyrazole) (provided for in item 406.36, part IB. schedule 4)
Free
No change
On or before 12/31/90
SEC. 1759. BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE.
Subpart B of part 1 of the Appendix is amended by inserting in numerical sequence the following new item:
� | WIKI |
User:Ctrue002
My name is Chris True and I am originally from Poquoson, Virginia. I was born and raised having attended school there for my entire tenure through school. After graduating high school, I began my career at ODU. Through the years at school, I have had to overcome many hardships. One of those being the diagnosis of cancer in my younger brother. A dan, who is only 3 years old, was diagnosed with testicular cancer was cleared and a year later almost to the day diagnosed with another tumor. He retrieved countless treatments and his now well on the way to recovery and living a full blessed life. He is my true inspiration in everything that I do in my everyday life. As a side note I will be adding pictures as soon as I can get my dads camera.
My philosophy of teaching is simple. Everyone learns. This is simplistic in itself but its very true. Students get written off because they goof off or aren't directed in the right direction in their thought process. Everyone has the capacity to learn and given the right direction and effort by an educator they can achieve any goal that's out there and stands possible for them to achieve. My subject area of interest is history. My area is not the most popular seeing as many don't see the past as pertinent. As the educator it is my job to make sure each and every student comes away with some kind of understanding that the past is very much alive. | WIKI |
BIND(2) UNIX Programmer's Manual BIND(2) NAME bind - bind a name to a socket SYNOPSIS #include #include bind(s, name, namelen) int s; struct sockaddr *name; int namelen; DESCRIPTION _B_i_n_d assigns a name to an unnamed socket. When a socket is created with _s_o_c_k_e_t(2) it exists in a name space (address family) but has no name assigned. _B_i_n_d requests that _n_a_m_e be assigned to the socket. NOTES Binding a name in the UNIX domain creates a socket in the file system that must be deleted by the caller when it is no longer needed (using _u_n_l_i_n_k(2)). The rules used in name binding vary between communication domains. Consult the manual entries in section 4 for detailed information. RETURN VALUE If the bind is successful, a 0 value is returned. A return value of -1 indicates an error, which is further specified in the global _e_r_r_n_o. ERRORS The _b_i_n_d call will fail if: [EBADF] _S is not a valid descriptor. [ENOTSOCK] _S is not a socket. [EADDRNOTAVAIL] The specified address is not available from the local machine. [EADDRINUSE] The specified address is already in use. [EINVAL] The socket is already bound to an address. [EACCES] The requested address is protected, and the current user has inadequate permis- sion to access it. [EFAULT] The _n_a_m_e parameter is not in a valid Printed 11/26/99 May 22, 1986 1 BIND(2) UNIX Programmer's Manual BIND(2) part of the user address space. The following errors are specific to binding names in the UNIX domain. [ENOTDIR] A component of the path prefix is not a directory. [EINVAL] The pathname contains a character with the high-order bit set. [ENAMETOOLONG] A component of a pathname exceeded 255 char- acters, or an entire path name exceeded 1023 characters. [ENOENT] A prefix component of the path name does not exist. [ELOOP] Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname. [EIO] An I/O error occurred while making the direc- tory entry or allocating the inode. [EROFS] The name would reside on a read-only file system. [EISDIR] A null pathname was specified. SEE ALSO connect(2), listen(2), socket(2), getsockname(2) Printed 11/26/99 May 22, 1986 2 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Helevelyn
Hello! New to editing articles on Wikipedia. Interested in all things related to art and music and excited to contribute to some articles! | WIKI |
Joseph Kabila
Joseph Kabila Kabange (, ; born 4 June 1971) is a Congolese politician who served as President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between January 2001 and January 2019. He took office ten days after the assassination of his father, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila in the context of the Second Congo War. He was allowed to remain in power after the 2003 Pretoria Accord ended the war as the president of the country's new transitional government. He was elected as president in 2006 and re-elected in 2011 for a second term. Since stepping down after the 2018 election, Kabila, as a former president, serves as a senator for life.
Kabila's term was due to expire on 20 December 2016, according to the terms of the constitution adopted in 2006. Officials suggested that elections would be held in November 2016, but on 29 September 2016, the nation's electoral authority announced that the election would not be held until early 2018. Talk focused on the need for a census before holding elections. In August 2018, Kabila announced that he would step down and not seek reelection in the December 2018 general election. He was succeeded by Félix Tshisekedi in the country's first peaceful transition of power since independence. Independent observers felt Tshisikedi had lost heavily to another candidate, Martin Fayulu, and that Kabila had fixed the official result for the candidate most likely to be most helpful to him in the latter's post-presidency period. While in power, Joseph Kabila faced continuous wars in eastern Congo and internal rebel forces supported by the neighboring governments of Rwanda and Uganda.
In 2021, it was reported that Kabila embezzled over $138 million during his presidency.
Early life and education
Joseph Kabila Kabange and his twin sister Jaynet Kabila were born on 4 June 1971. According to official accounts, the twins were born at Hewabora, a small village in the Fizi Territory of the South Kivu Province, in eastern DRC. Rumors have abounded that Kabila was actually born in Tanzania, which would make him a citizen of that country. He is the son of long time rebel, former AFDL leader and president of the DRC Laurent-Désiré Kabila and Sifa Mahanya.
Kabila's childhood coincided with the low point of his father's political and military career. He was raised in relative remoteness, with few records of his early days. Kabila attended a primary school organized by his father's rebel forces, before moving to Tanzania where he completed primary and secondary school. Due to his father's status as an enemy of Zairean strongman Mobutu Sese Seko, Kabila posed as a Tanzanian in his school years to avoid detection by Zairean intelligence agents.
Guerrilla and army years
Following high school, Kabila followed a military curriculum in Tanzania, then at Makerere University in Uganda. In October 1996, Laurent-Désiré Kabila launched the campaign in Zaire to oust the Mobutu regime with his newly formed army, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL). Joseph Kabila became the commander of an AFDL unit that included "kadogos" (child soldiers) and likely played a key role in major battles on the road to Kinshasa, but his exact whereabouts during the war have been difficult to establish. Joseph Kabila appears to have been present at the liberation of Kisangani where media reports identified him as commander of the rebel force that took the city after four days of intense fighting.
Following the AFDL's victory, and Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rise to the presidency, Joseph Kabila went on to get further training at the PLA National Defense University, in Beijing, China.
When he returned from China, Kabila was awarded the rank of major-general, and appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 1998. He was later, in 2000, appointed Chief of Staff of the Land Forces, a position he held until the elder President Kabila's assassination in January 2001. As chief of staff, he was one of the main military leaders in charge of government troops during the time of the Second Congo War (1998–2003).
First presidential term
Kabila rose to the presidency on 26 January 2001 after the assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila, becoming the world's first head of government born in the 1970s. Aged 29, he was considered young and inexperienced. He subsequently attempted to end the ongoing civil war by negotiating peace agreements with rebel groups backed by Rwanda and Uganda, the same regional armies who had brought Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel group to power three years before. The 2002 peace agreement signed at the Inter-Congolese Dialogue in Sun City, South Africa, which nominally ended the Second Congo War, maintained Joseph Kabila as President and head of state of the Congo. An interim administration was set up under him, including the leaders of the country's two main rebel groups as vice-presidents (two other vice-presidents were representatives of the civilian opposition and government supporters respectively). On 28 March 2004, an apparent coup attempt or mutiny around the capital Kinshasa, allegedly by members of the former guard of former president Mobutu Sese Seko (who had been ousted by Kabila's father in 1997 and died in the same year), failed. On 11 June 2004, coup plotters led by Major Eric Lenge allegedly attempted to take power and announced on state radio that the transitional government was suspended, but were defeated by loyalist troops.
In December 2005, a partial referendum approved a new constitution, and a presidential election was held on 30 July 2006, having been delayed from an earlier date in June. The new constitution lowered the minimum age of presidential candidates from 35 to 30; Kabila turned 35 shortly before the election. In March 2006, he registered as a candidate. Although Kabila registered as an independent, he is the "initiator" of the People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (PPRD), which chose him as their candidate in the election. Although the new constitution stipulates that a debate be held between the two remaining candidates for the presidency, no debates took place and many declared this unconstitutional.
According to widely disputed provisional results announced on 20 August, Kabila won 45% of the vote; his main opponent, vice-president and former rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba, won 20%. The irregularities surrounding the elections results prompted a run-off vote between Kabila and Bemba which was held on 29 October. On 15 November, the electoral commission announced the official results and Kabila was declared the winner, with 58.05% of the vote. These results were confirmed by the Supreme Court on 27 November 2006, and Kabila was inaugurated on 6 December 2006 as the country's newly elected president. He named Antoine Gizenga, who placed third in the first round of the presidential election (and then backed Kabila in the second round) as prime minister on 30 December.
In 2006, Kabila responded to evidence of widespread sex crimes committed by the Congolese military by describing the acts as "simply unforgivable". He pointed out that 300 soldiers had been convicted of sex crimes, although he added that this was not enough.
Second term
In December 2011, Kabila was re-elected for a second term as president. After the results were announced on 9 December, there was violent unrest in Kinshasa and Mbuji-Mayi, where official tallies showed that a strong majority had voted for the opposition candidate Étienne Tshisekedi. Official observers from the Carter Center reported that returns from almost 2,000 polling stations in areas where support for Tshisekedi was strong had been lost and not included in the official results. They described the election as lacking credibility. On 20 December, Kabila was sworn in for a second term, promising to invest in infrastructure and public services. However, Tshisekedi maintained that the result of the election was illegitimate and said that he intended also to "swear himself in" as president.
In January 2012, Catholic bishops in DR Congo also condemned the elections, complaining of "treachery, lies and terror", and calling on the election commission to correct "serious errors".
On 17 January 2015, Congo's parliament passed an electoral law requiring a census before the next elections. On 19 January protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out. The protests began following the announcement of a proposed law that would allow Kabila to remain in power until a national census could be conducted (elections had been planned for 2016). By Wednesday 21 January clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives, although the government claimed only 15 people had been killed.
The Senate responded to protests by striking the census requirement from its law. Moïse Katumbi announced in October 2015 that he would leave the ruling party due to disagreements over the scheduled election.
Jaynet Kabila, the sister of Kabila, was named in the Panama Papers. Document leaks in 2016 revealed that she is a part-owner of a major Congolese television company, Digital Congo TV, through offshore subsidiaries.
Kabila is vastly unpopular, partly because of the conflicts in the Congo, but also because of the widespread belief that he has enriched himself and his family while ignoring millions of poor Congolese. There have been protests against his attempts to change term limits and extend his rule. Harsh demonstrations erupted on 20 April 2016 in Lubumbashi, one of Congo's biggest cities.
When Moise Katumbi, the former governor of Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo and now an opposition figure, announced that he was running for president in an election that was supposed to be held by the end of 2016, his house was surrounded by security forces wanting to arrest him.
Although Kabila's forces have scored an important victory against one large rebel group, the M23, in 2013, many other armed groups have splintered into dangerous movements. And by 2016 new ones had risen, like militias in the Nyunzu area that have killed hundreds of people.
2016 delayed election and extension of presidency
According to the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Kabila should not be allowed to serve more than two terms. On 19 September 2016, massive protests rocked Kinshasa calling for him to step down as legally mandated. Seventeen people were killed. Elections to determine a successor to Kabila were originally scheduled to be held on 27 November 2016. On 29 September 2016, the nation's electoral authority announced that the election would not be held until early 2018. According to the electoral commission's vice president, the commission "hasn't called elections in 2016 because the number of voters isn't known." However, the opposition alleges that Kabila had intentionally delayed the election to remain in power.
Partially in response to the delayed election, the United States issued sanctions against two members of Kabila's inner circle, John Numbi and Gabriel Amisi Kumba, on 28 September. These actions were seen as a warning to President Kabila to respect his country's constitution.
More demonstrations were planned to mark the passing of the end of the presidential mandate. Opposition groups claim that the outcome of late elections would be civil war.
Maman Sidikou, the Secretary-General's Special Representative for DR Congo and head of MONUSCO, said that a tipping point into uncontrollable violence could come about very quickly if the political situation is not normalised.
Kabila's second term as president of the Democratic Republic of Congo was due to end on 20 December 2016. A statement issued by his spokesperson on 19 December 2016, stated that Joseph Kabila would remain in post until a new president is in place following elections which will not be held until at least April 2018. Kabila subsequently installed a new cabinet led by prime minister Samy Badibanga, resulting in protests in which at least 40 people were killed. Under articles 75 and 76 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo, should the office of the president become vacant, the Chairman of the Senate, presently Léon Kengo would assume the presidency in an acting capacity.
On 23 December, an agreement was proposed between the main opposition group and the Kabila government under which the latter agreed not to alter the constitution and to leave office before the end of 2017. Under the agreement opposition leader Étienne Tshisekedi will oversee that the deal is implemented and the country's Prime Minister will be appointed by the opposition.
In late February 2018 the ministry of international affairs of Botswana told Kabila that it was time to go and said the "worsening humanitarian situation" in DRC is compounded by the fact that "its leader has persistently delayed holding elections, and has lost control over the security of his country".
On December 30, 2018 the presidential election to determine the successor to Kabila was held. Kabila endorsed Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, his former interior minister. On January 10, 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate Félix Tshisekedi as the winner of the vote.
After presidency
Since leaving the presidency, Kabila has made Kingakati farm his main residence. The estate, located 50 km east of Kinshasa, was his second home while he was still in power.
In April 2021, President Felix Tshisekedi succeeded in ousting the last remaining elements of his government who were loyal to former leader Kabila.
In May 2021, Tshisekedi called for a review of mining contracts signed with China by Kabila, especially the Sicomines multibillion 'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal.
In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $138 million.
Personal life
Kabila married Olive Lembe di Sita, on 1 June 2006. The wedding ceremonies took place on 17 June 2006. Kabila and his wife have a daughter, born in 2001, named Sifa, after Kabila's mother.
As Kabila is Protestant and Lembe di Sita is Catholic, the wedding ceremonies were ecumenical; they were officiated by both the Catholic Archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal Frederic Etsou Bamungwabi, and Pierre Marini Bodho – presiding bishop of the Church of Christ in Congo, the umbrella church for most denominations in the Congo, known within the country simply as "The Protestant Church".
In July 2021, Joseph Kabila finished his master's degree, getting the certification from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He completed Master's programme in Political Science and International Relations through distance learning. | WIKI |
Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products
The Römpp Encyclopedia Natural Products is an encyclopedia of natural products written by German chemists who specialize in this area of science. It is published by Thieme Medical Publishers. | WIKI |
Template:Did you know nominations/Taiwan partridge
The result was: promoted by Cwmhiraeth (talk) 07:08, 6 December 2017 (UTC)
Taiwan partridge
* ... that Robert Swinhoe initially thought that the "ugly raw-looking red patch on the throat" of the Taiwan partridge (pictured) was an injury? Source: "the most striking peculiarity was in their all having an ugly raw-looking red patch on the throat. I thought it curious that all the birds should be so injured, if the peculiarity arose from an injury; but, on examining them closely, I found that the bare throat was natural." Ibis
* ALT1:... that Robert Swinhoe initially thought that the red patch on the throat of the Taiwan partridge (pictured) was an injury?
* Reviewed: Mustafa Tuna
5x expanded by Gulumeemee (talk). Self-nominated at 02:41, 19 November 2017 (UTC).
* Symbol question.svg Hi Gulumeemee, review follows: 5x expansion confirmed on 18 November; article of good length; article well written and impeccably referenced to scientific journals; hook fact is interesting and checks out to cited source; QPQ done. One thing I would say is that it should probably be mentioned in the article that the red patch is exhibited only in the breeding season (I presume this is the case, it it mentioned by Swinhoe as probably so), I spent some time wondering why the photo didn't show a red patch. It would be better that the hook ran without the photo because of this (unless there is a photo of it with the red throat?) - Dumelow (talk) 12:22, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
* Thank you for the review. I edited the article to say that the red patch exists only in the breeding season. Gulumeemee (talk) 01:52, 23 November 2017 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg OK, looks good to go, thanks - Dumelow (talk) 07:24, 23 November 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Iran’s Kurds are growing restless, too - Referendumania
THE Kurds of Iran are calling for independence just as lustily as their cousins in Iraq, perhaps even more so. While the mood in the streets of Iraq’s Kurdish cities was generally subdued and nervous after their referendum on independence on September 25th, wilder celebrations erupted across the border in Iranian Kurdistan. In the Kurdish cities of Baneh, Sanandaj and Mahabad demonstrations lasted for two days, even as armoured cars drove through the streets heralding a wave of arrests. Crowds sang the anthem of the Republic of Mahabad, the Kurdish state that briefly held sway in north-western Iran in 1946. Kurdish flags flew from lampposts. Some Iranian Kurds talked dreamily of a state they call Rojhelat, or East Kurdistan, which would slough off the “occupation” by Ajamastan, a pejorative term for Iran. “There’s a new self-confidence among Kurds,” says Luqman Sotodeh, a prominent Iranian Kurd. “The whole world stood against the referendum, but the Kurds held it regardless.” Kurdish officials say that over 90% of voters backed independence. Upgrade your inbox and get our Daily Dispatch and Editor's Picks. The ruling clerics in Tehran, Iran’s capital, expressed outrage, threatening to crush the Kurds’ experiment in self-rule in Iraq. Likening the would-be state to another Israel (which supports Kurdish independence), they promised to reduce it to another Gaza: a besieged, impoverished and pummelled little annexe. “Remove this stain of disgrace from the Muslim world,” said Ali Akbar Velayati, an adviser to his country’s supreme leader. Only a month ago protests broke out in several Iranian Kurdish cities and were quelled by tear gas. Iran fears also that its perennial foes, Israel and Saudi Arabia, may be tempted to use an independent Iraqi Kurdistan as a springboard for making trouble across the border in Iran, much as Iran uses its Lebanese proxy, Hizbullah, to threaten Israel across its northern border. Moreover, Iran has many ethnic groups to contend with. If the Kurds were to get frisky, fret Iran’s rulers, then their own Arabs, Azeri Turks, Baluchis and other minorities, who make up nearly a third of Iran’s mainly Persian state, might follow suit. A separatist Baluchi group killed ten Iranian border guards in April. In May Arab militants attacked a police station in Ahvaz, a turbulent Arab city in the province of Khuzestan, which abuts Iraq’s south-eastern border, killing two policemen. There has also been a steady infusion of Sunni Iranian Kurds into the ranks of Islamic State (IS), which calls for the overthrow of Iran’s Shia regime. An IS attack on Iran’s parliament and Ayatollah Khomeini’s shrine was probably carried out by jihadist Iranian Kurds. The four countries surrounding Iraqi Kurdistan—Iran, Syria, Turkey and the rump of Arab Iraq—all fear that the referendum may provoke a resurgence of Kurdish nationalism. Syria is thought to have over 2m Kurds, Iraq 5m or so, Iran 5m and Turkey 18m. Turkey has placed tanks on the edge of the statelet. Its president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has threatened to shut off Kurdistan’s only pipeline exporting its oil and close its borders. Of this quartet Iran has historically had the most to worry about. For seven centuries its Kurds had their own more or less independent fief, known as Ardalan, nestling in the mountains between the Ottoman and Persian empires. Turkey’s Kurds are pretty distinct from Iraq’s, since the Turkish ones are predominantly Alevi (some call them Shias). But Iranian Kurds are much closer to Iraq’s. They speak the same dialect, Sorani. Most of them follow the same Shafi school of Sunni Islam. Their political movements tend to affiliate with each other across the border. Were Iranian Kurds to start a serious revolt, Iran’s forces would have the upper hand. It took but a few months for them to smother the Mahabad Republic in 1946. And after Iran’s Islamic revolution in 1979 a Kurdish rebellion was promptly put down, leaving around 10,000 people dead. Nevertheless, this referendum has spooked Iran’s leaders all over again. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
George Bradt
George Benet Bradt (born 1958) is the founder and chairman of executive onboarding group PrimeGenesis. He provided consulting assistance to Elizabeth Arden, Merrill Lynch, MTV, and Miller Brewing. He is also a Principal at the CEO Connection.
Background
Bradt received an AB from Harvard, and an MBA from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He served as an executive in sales, marketing, and general management around the world at Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola, and J.D. Power and Associates as chief executive of its Power Information Network spinoff.
Bradt is a principal of the membership organization CEO Connection".
Writings
Bradt is author or co-author of four books about onboarding, "The New Leader's 100-Day Action Plan, "Onboarding", "First-Time Leader" and "The Total Onboarding Program" and two books about parenting, "Back-To-School Chats, Advice From Fathers To Their Sons", and "Back-To-School Chats - Advice From Mothers To Their Daughters", as well as, musical plays (book lyrics and music) including "The Man with the Glass Heart"
He writes a weekly column on Forbes.com, "The New Leader's Playbook" | WIKI |
Billy Nicholson
Billy Nicholson may refer to:
* Billy Nicholson (ice hockey) (1878–1947), Canadian ice hockey player and executive
* Billy Nicholson (politician) (born 1948), American politician and former insurance agent from Mississippi | WIKI |
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