Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
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/var/www/ rights altered
Discussion in 'General' started by ppeelen, Jan 12, 2008.
1. ppeelen
ppeelen New Member
Hi,
Don't ask me why, but I've manished to manually change the chown rights on /var/www/..
The /var/www/ is still under root:root, but so are even the underlying directories. I am searching for a way to solve this problem, and to restore it to the rights it was before (web1_admin:web1 ect.)
Does anyone know how to do this?
Best regards,
Paul Peelen
2. tensor
tensor New Member
If there are a lot of sites on your ISPConfig installation I suggest writing the script which would query the ispconfig MySQL database and change the permissions accordingly. If the are only a few sites, doing it by hand may be quicker.
3. till
till Super Moderator Staff Member ISPConfig Developer
You can try the following procedure:
1) Run the following SQL statement in the ispconfig database:
UPDATE isp_isp_web SET status = 'u' WHERE status = '';
Then change a setting of one of your websites in ISPConfig, e.g. quota, and click on save. ISPConfig will now update all your sites and will most likely be able to restore the correct permissions.
4. ppeelen
ppeelen New Member
Allright, great. That really fixed the problem.
Share This Page | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John M. Culkin
The result was Keep. Fram 09:15, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
John M. Culkin
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Suggesting to delete because the article does not assert notability about the subject through reliable, third party party publications. n.b. The external links at the bottom of the page are either links to irrelevant books on Amazon or to the subject's own affiliated sites (unifon.org) which presents a certain conflict of interest as well. Bur nt sau ce 23:04, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
* Keep notable from the description of the career. Better sourcing would certainly help. DGG (talk) 04:04, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
* Delete I don't see where he meets WP:BIO. Cheers, :) Dloh cierekim 04:27, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
* Ha! Change to keep Someone has added references and rewritten. Meets WP:BIO. Cheers, :) Dloh cierekim 11:28, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Weak Keep or Delayed Delete . Give this one time. If Mr. Culkin did as much as this article attests, surely some independent sources could be found. Have the author/contributors been contacted? Keeper | 76 14:26, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
* Time healed all wounds here. Article is well written, concise, well sourced, and easily verifiable for accuracy. Subject passes notability IMO. Nice work. Keeper | 76 14:25, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
Keninyork 19:22, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
* Keep Delete agree with Dlohcierekim, I dont see how he passes WP:BIO and WP:RS. cleanup works for me. ALKIVAR ™ ☢ 20:10, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. I agree, the article now has plenty of reliable sources to assert its own notability now. Xihr 23:03, 2 October 2007 (UTC) Weak delete. WP:BIO could be marginal, but with no reliable, third-party sources, currenly it fails to assert his notability as is required.Xihr 23:18, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
* Writer comment and query. 1) I am changing references to the original articles instead of making it easy to learn more about John Culkin. 2). Culkin's brother destroyed his estate; it takes some digging to uncover data; that doesn't make the man's legacy less vital, just harder to corroborate; most of this information came only from his obit in The New York Times, corrodorated by the article "The man who invented..." cited here, and the articles he wrote. 3) Maybe someone else should write this article. I feel that since a pornographic actor can be notable enough for a place in Wikipedia, per your "notable" guideline, then John M. Culkin certainly deserves a place. 4) Frank Maguire hired Culkin at Federal Express, later became his partner in Hearth Communications. Talk to him. You are correct to admit that John M. Culkin is notable enough to feature here, though you may not have been aware of his influence. I'll try to make this bio work for Wiki. Keep watching edits and commenting, but please be patient, this is spare time activity for me.
* You might want to review our guideline for independent, verifiable sources. Talking to people and sources connected with the subject or family of the subject may not meet this. News paper articles go a long way. Cheers, :) Dloh cierekim 00:11, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - insufficient independent evidence of notability (not to say of the whole text itself). Mukadderat 23:40, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletions. —User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 00:13, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Keep This guy was a serious researcher and had novel ideas. He recognized and supported the notion that TV was The Glass Teat. He was 10 times more educational than porno stars.--Mightyms 00:48, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Weak keep per DGG. As it currently stands, notability not established, although NYT obit suggests otherwise. --Crusio 04:15, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment Unfortunately, being a serious researcher and a great idea man do not equate to notability. The hard part on pre-web topics is proving verifiability. On a personal preference note, I would just as soon all the porn star articles were not here. I agree, I'd much rather see an article about this subject than the porn stars. My hope on a personal level is that this article is kept. My personal preferences and values sometimes conflict with Wikipedia guidelines. Cheers, :) Dloh cierekim 11:23, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* You might want to share those thoughts over at Wikipedia talk:Notability (people) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mightyms (talk • contribs) 15:38, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. PBS calls him a "media education pioneer", and not only Variety, but the New York Times gives him an obituary. That's sufficiently notable for our purposes. However, I'm puzzled why people are bringing up porn stars. We also have articles about mass murderers and Pokemon characters, which I thought would be easier targets to take completely unrelated cheap shots at. :-( --AnonEMouse (squeak) 19:17, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. Contrary to claim of Burntsauce above, the article does "assert notability"; Burntsauce does not seem to understand what that means. The only issue here is whether the assertions of notability can be backed up with verifiable sources. If they are not, that is not a good reason for immediate deletion. It is a good reason to add a or template to the article. That is what Burntsauce should have done, in my opinion. The article could then have been proposed for deletion if the necessary references were not added in a timely fashion. -- Dominus 20:39, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Mr. Dominus, I don't see why it's necessary for you to question Burntsauce's "understanding" of policy/guidelines. Really off topic. Also, the nomination for deletion came well before the reliable sources. The sources have been added since Burntsauce's posts and before yours, and two votes were changed from weak keep or delete, to keep (including my own) because of the addition of the sources. If you have a problem with Burntsauce's knowledge of WP policy, take it to his discussion page please. This has otherwise been a notably civil discussion. Keeper | 76 21:06, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. Seems to be a significant figure in the development of media studies, and the Variety obit and interview provide the necessary in-depth reliable sources. —David Eppstein 02:47, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Quick Answer: Is it bad to wake up late during pregnancy?
Is it OK to sleep a lot during pregnancy?
No one likes feeling tired. But getting a good amount of sleep is especially important when you‘re pregnant because it can affect your labor and delivery. Women who got an average of less than 6 hours of sleep each night were in labor longer than women who slept more, says the National Sleep Foundation.
Can you sleep 12 hours while pregnant?
It’s not possible to sleep too much in early pregnancy. If you find yourself sleeping more than 12 hours a day, probably nothing’s wrong. But try to get up and get some exercise and good nutrition to feed your energy.
Does Sleeping late affect baby?
Poor Sleep Affects Developing Fetus
Blood flow to the fetus is at its peak during sleep, and oxygen levels that drop during sleep as a result of sleep apnea will have a major impact.
Can’t wake up in the morning pregnant?
Sleep problems are common during pregnancy. Sleep studies tell us that hormonal changes, plus the discomforts of later pregnancy, can break up a pregnant woman’s sleep cycle. The first trimester can bring insomnia and night waking. Most women feel the need to take naps to battle daytime sleepiness and fatigue.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you travel long distance with baby in car?
Can Labor start while sleeping?
This fabulous hormone interacts with oxytocin to promote contractions, and melatonin is the hormone that is responsible for encouraging us to go to sleep! So clearly it reaches it’s peak during the dark hours, making us more likely to go start contracting in the evening.
How can I wake up from bed while pregnant?
Here’s how to get out of bed comfortably when you’re heavily pregnant.
1. 1 / 4. Roll on to your side. Roll on to your side with your knees together and slightly bent. …
2. 2 / 4. Push yourself up. Push yourself up with your arms and, keeping your legs together, swing them slowly off the side of the bed.
3. 3 / 4. Sit up. …
4. 4 / 4. Stand up.
How many hours a pregnant woman should walk?
For most pregnant women, at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise is recommended on most, if not all, days of the week. Walking is a great exercise for beginners.
How much water should a pregnant woman drink?
During pregnancy you should drink 8 to 12 cups (64 to 96 ounces) of water every day. Water has many benefits. It aids digestion and helps form the amniotic fluid around the fetus. Water also helps nutrients circulate in the body and helps waste leave the body.
Why do I wake up in the middle of the night pregnant?
Most women wake up 3 to 5 times a night, usually because of such discomforts as back pain, needing to urinate, leg cramps, heartburn, and fetal movement. Strange dreams are also common in the last few weeks of pregnancy. The need to take daily naps returns as the due date approaches.
IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Why does my baby get sick when teething?
How many hours of sleep does a pregnant woman need in third trimester?
While you may not want to oversleep, it can be worth it to spend at least 8 hours in bed, as there are some potential benefits to getting sufficient sleep during the late stages of your pregnancy.
Is it normal for a pregnant woman to have sleepless nights?
Most women experience sleep problems during pregnancy. Pregnant women tend to get more sleep during their first trimesters (hello, early bedtime) but experience a big drop in the quality of their sleep. It turns out that pregnancy can make you feel exhausted all day long. It can also cause insomnia at night. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Sarah Knowles Bolton
Stowe
Her meeting Harriet Beecher Stowe might be relevant in the article if it was of major importance for her future writings, but the way it looks now it seems better to remove it. // Hajb 02:42, 9 February 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Three Walmart superstores open in Canada
News?
This needs quite a bit of NPOV work. As is it reads like an ad or a press release. Rob T Firefly 16:43, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
* Press release? I searched on Google and found no press release from Walmart. F e llow Wiki News (W) 19:23, 10 November 2006 (UTC) | WIKI |
A third of Bangladesh under water as flood devastation widens
(CNN)In rural areas across northern Bangladesh families are preparing to mark Eid al-Adha, one of the holiest dates on the Muslim calendar. The holiday, which translates literally as the "sacrifice feast," is intended to be a time of great celebration. In small villages and towns, such as Beraberi some 134 kilometers northwest of Dhaka, residents spent much of the last year hand-rearing goats and cows in anticipation of the annual festivities. Then the rains began to fall. As the world's media trains its sights on the tragic events in Texas and Louisiana, another water-driven catastrophe is unfolding in villages like Beraberi throughout Bangladesh and parts of Nepal and India. There, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) estimates that at least 1,200 have died and more than 41 million people have been affected by monsoon rains and severe flooding as of June this year. The rains are now moving northwest towards Pakistan, where more devastation is expected. At its peak on August 11, the equivalent to almost a week's worth of average rainfall during the summer monsoon season was dumped across parts of Bangladesh in the space of a few hours, according to the country's Meteorological Department, forcing villagers in low-lying northern areas to grab what few possessions they could carry and flee their homes in search of higher ground. And still the rains keep coming. In Bangladesh alone, floods have so far claimed the lives of 142 people, and impacted over 8.5 million. In Beraberi, one of numerous island villages know as "chars" dotted along the Jamuna River, entire homes have been washed away, and crops and food supplies -- including livestock -- all but wiped out. When aid workers carrying relief parcels from the IFRC arrived by helicopter earlier this week, villagers described the rains as the "worst in living memory." "People were fearful they would soon begin to starve," says Corinne Ambler, who was among the IFRC team who visited the village. "They are used to seasonal flooding but nothing to this degree, this is a different level -- for miles around all you can see is water, the flooding has transformed the countryside." Mother of two, Adere Begum, 34, was at home in the village with her daughters when the flooding began. "The water was up to our knees inside. There were snakes in the water and my children were very scared," said Begum, who lost much of her livestock, including ducks, chickens and cows in the floods. The IFRC has described the flooding in Bangladesh as the most serious in 40 years. The organization estimates that 700,000 homes have been partially or totally destroyed and up to a third of its terrain -- much of it farmland -- left submerged, raising fears of a coming food shortage, as the country grapples to deal with a shortfall in staple produce. "This is the season of rice cultivation," Reaz Ahmed, Director General, Bangladesh's Department of Disaster Management told CNN. Almost half of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single most important product. According to government estimates, to date a total of 61,877 hectares of cropland, mostly rice, have been "completely damaged," while 531 million hectares have been "partially damaged." Recent figures from the the Asian Development Bank show that 31.5% of Bangladeshis live below the national poverty line. For many of those in the north of the country, where fragile sustenance farming remains the norm, even the slightest drop in crop production can prove devastating. In areas where the flood waters are receding the government is advising that farmers return in the hope that some crops can yet be salvaged. "Farmers still have around 20 days to re-cultivate rice plants. The government is providing them seed, saplings and fertilizers," said Ahmed. But such efforts are complicated by poor infrastructure. In areas north and northwest of the capital Dhaka, where flooding is most acute, a significant number of villages remain entirely cut off, with many major roads and highways inaccessible. Bangladesh is no stranger to flood related disasters. Much of the country is built on low-lying and flood-prone areas, making it particularly vulnerable to seasonal monsoon rains. In 2007 more than half of Bangladesh was seriously affected by deadly monsoon flooding, leading to over 1,000 deaths, the majority of them children. A report by the World Bank group lists Bangladesh, a densely populated country of 165 million, as among the world's "potential impact hotspots" threatened by "extreme river floods" due to global rise in temperatures. As of August 31, more than than 51,000 people have been relocated to emergency flood shelters set up by the government, according to Ahmed, though that number is expected to rise as food shortages begin to bite and families seek additional assistance. The sheer number of displaced people would be a monumental challenge for any government, but in Bangladesh, where as many as 27,000 Rohingya refugees have this week arrived across the border from Myanmar -- joining an estimated 85,000 currently housed in camps -- the situation becomes additionally perilous. With the country essentially left combating two separate humanitarian crises, aid agencies are appealing for international assistance. "Providing clean water and sanitation are our major priorities right now. The floodwaters will soon become a breeding ground for deadly diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, dengue and Japanese encephalitis," said Antony Balmain, IFRC's Communications Manager in Asia Pacific. "As we've seen in flood hit parts of Sri Lanka, there is a very real possibility this could yet get much worse." CNN's Sugam Pokharel contributed to this report | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Vote counting slow in Nepal’s first local elections in 20 years
KATHMANDU (Reuters) - Counting of votes in Nepal’s first local elections in two decades began on Monday but officials said it could take several days for all the results to be known. Officials said 73 percent of nearly five million voters cast their ballots on Sunday in the first round of the elections, a major step in the young republic’s difficult transition to democracy more than a decade after the end of its civil war. The government hopes that the polls, staggered over two phases, will lead to a general election later in the year. “The first phase of local elections was historic because it took place after many years. Voters also participated with enthusiasm,” Govinda Acharya, an aide to Prime Minister Prachanda, said. Nepal’s democratic journey took a hit in 2015 when some regional groups rejected a constitution approved by bigger political parties, saying it concentrated power among the hill elite that has long dominated politics. Surya Prasad Sharma, an Election Commission spokesman, said counting for 214 local bodies out of 281 for which polls were held on Sunday had started. Sharma said ballot boxes were being brought in by helicopter from remote polling centers. “It could take 3-4 days for all results to be declared because of (lengthy) counting procedures,” he said. Another nine million Nepalis are eligible to vote in the second phase of elections set for June 14 that includes the restive southern plains where Madhesi groups are demanding constitutional change to address their grievances. Reporting by Gopal Sharma; Editing by Douglas Busvine | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
You are viewing the version of this documentation from Perl 5.22.1. View the latest version
CONTENTS
NAME
Parse::CPAN::Meta - Parse META.yml and META.json CPAN metadata files
VERSION
version 1.4414
SYNOPSIS
#############################################
# In your file
---
name: My-Distribution
version: 1.23
resources:
homepage: "http://example.com/dist/My-Distribution"
#############################################
# In your program
use Parse::CPAN::Meta;
my $distmeta = Parse::CPAN::Meta->load_file('META.yml');
# Reading properties
my $name = $distmeta->{name};
my $version = $distmeta->{version};
my $homepage = $distmeta->{resources}{homepage};
DESCRIPTION
Parse::CPAN::Meta is a parser for META.json and META.yml files, using JSON::PP and/or CPAN::Meta::YAML.
Parse::CPAN::Meta provides three methods: load_file, load_json_string, and load_yaml_string. These will read and deserialize CPAN metafiles, and are described below in detail.
Parse::CPAN::Meta provides a legacy API of only two functions, based on the YAML functions of the same name. Wherever possible, identical calling semantics are used. These may only be used with YAML sources.
All error reporting is done with exceptions (die'ing).
Note that META files are expected to be in UTF-8 encoding, only. When converted string data, it must first be decoded from UTF-8.
METHODS
load_file
my $metadata_structure = Parse::CPAN::Meta->load_file('META.json');
my $metadata_structure = Parse::CPAN::Meta->load_file('META.yml');
This method will read the named file and deserialize it to a data structure, determining whether it should be JSON or YAML based on the filename. The file will be read using the ":utf8" IO layer.
load_yaml_string
my $metadata_structure = Parse::CPAN::Meta->load_yaml_string($yaml_string);
This method deserializes the given string of YAML and returns the first document in it. (CPAN metadata files should always have only one document.) If the source was UTF-8 encoded, the string must be decoded before calling load_yaml_string.
load_json_string
my $metadata_structure = Parse::CPAN::Meta->load_json_string($json_string);
This method deserializes the given string of JSON and the result. If the source was UTF-8 encoded, the string must be decoded before calling load_json_string.
load_string
my $metadata_structure = Parse::CPAN::Meta->load_string($some_string);
If you don't know whether a string contains YAML or JSON data, this method will use some heuristics and guess. If it can't tell, it assumes YAML.
yaml_backend
my $backend = Parse::CPAN::Meta->yaml_backend;
Returns the module name of the YAML serializer. See "ENVIRONMENT" for details.
json_backend
my $backend = Parse::CPAN::Meta->json_backend;
Returns the module name of the JSON serializer. This will either be JSON::PP or JSON. Even if PERL_JSON_BACKEND is set, this will return JSON as further delegation is handled by the JSON module. See "ENVIRONMENT" for details.
FUNCTIONS
For maintenance clarity, no functions are exported by default. These functions are available for backwards compatibility only and are best avoided in favor of load_file.
Load
my @yaml = Parse::CPAN::Meta::Load( $string );
Parses a string containing a valid YAML stream into a list of Perl data structures.
LoadFile
my @yaml = Parse::CPAN::Meta::LoadFile( 'META.yml' );
Reads the YAML stream from a file instead of a string.
ENVIRONMENT
PERL_JSON_BACKEND
By default, JSON::PP will be used for deserializing JSON data. If the PERL_JSON_BACKEND environment variable exists, is true and is not "JSON::PP", then the JSON module (version 2.5 or greater) will be loaded and used to interpret PERL_JSON_BACKEND. If JSON is not installed or is too old, an exception will be thrown.
PERL_YAML_BACKEND
By default, CPAN::Meta::YAML will be used for deserializing YAML data. If the PERL_YAML_BACKEND environment variable is defined, then it is interpreted as a module to use for deserialization. The given module must be installed, must load correctly and must implement the Load() function or an exception will be thrown.
SUPPORT
Bugs / Feature Requests
Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Parse-CPAN-Meta. You will be notified automatically of any progress on your issue.
Source Code
This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license.
https://github.com/Perl-Toolchain-Gang/Parse-CPAN-Meta
git clone https://github.com/Perl-Toolchain-Gang/Parse-CPAN-Meta.git
AUTHORS
CONTRIBUTORS
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2014 by Adam Kennedy and Contributors.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Career Warfare: Understanding and surviving the 3 types of meetings
In his colorful memoir "Career Warfare," former John Hancock Financial Company CEO David D'Alessandro offers advice to those who work in hierarchical organizations and seek to scale the corporate scaffolding. In a recent article, I discussed one of the book's grounding insights: Your personal brand isn't built from the smashing successes you enjoy on "game day." Rather, it's built brick by brick from the innumerable small interactions you have with colleagues during ordinary working hours. Published in 2003, D'Alessandro's book shows just a bit of age, as workplaces have become more casual and wired in the intervening years. Yet "Career Warfare" contains its share of evergreen insights, and in this article, we'll cover an illuminating take on work meetings. D'Alessandro believes that you can, for the most part, classify all meetings into one of three types: Let's briefly run through these meeting types to understand their benefits and hidden traps. Staff meetings are routine, are sometimes boring and in the author's eyes, often fill the function of informing the team boss of what the staff already knows. Most of us have more to lose from this type of meeting than to gain. Staff meetings, especially regimented ones with a recurring spot on the calendar, are meant to convey pertinent information, and not achieve much else. More importantly, insists D'Alessandro, they give the supervisor a warm sense that his or her team is functioning well, and the members play well together. Thus, the staff meeting isn't the place to further your agenda, and it's never the place to settle scores. It's simply a venue to circulate the essentials for current projects. Attend, contribute, listen and get back to work. The "get something done" meeting typically involves brainstorming, ideation, or problem-solving. Alessandro says that right-brain people, the creatives, tend to dominate these types of meetings. As your career progresses, you'll likely be on both sides of this meeting. As a participant, this is the place to make your mark, while showing you can cooperate with others. As the person in charge, you're empowered to get a tangible result out of numerous heads working together on valuable company time. D'Alessandro writes: Your job is to be like Gertrude Stein, the American writer whose Paris home was a salon for artists like Hemingway and Picasso, and whose "chance remarks," according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, "could make or destroy reputations." You have to be a bit of a despot to keep expectations high, but not so much that you end up destroying the free flow of ideas. It's been fourteen years since "Career Warfare" was published, and we rarely turn to the Encyclopaedia Britannica anymore for quote references, but the advice is as vital today as it was when the book first hit the stands as a business bestseller. Personally, I've found that running "get something done" meetings with consistent results is one of the most intricate management tasks around. The final type of meeting is the combat meeting. This is where you are arguing for money to achieve a goal. D'Alessandro urges us to prepare for these meetings and take them seriously, and to recognize victory quickly when we win: I've been in a zillion meetings where the boss understood what someone was arguing for right away and said, "You know what, you're right. You don't need to tell me anymore. I agree with you. You have $4 million to develop this project." But instead of saying a gracious, "Thank you," some people will go on arguing, either because they haven't finished using all the points they have prepared, or because they decide to bludgeon everybody with their intelligence. People who do this wind up boring their bosses and tempting them to change their minds. D'Alessandro also extols the value to your brand of graciously accepting defeat when you lose an argument for funds. From my own experience in a career in which I've alternately been a low-level staff member, a manager, a CFO, and an entrepreneur, I think D'Alessandro is on to something here. Many of us are disinclined to think of work meetings in martial terms. But very often we find ourselves either arguing for — or gently suggesting that we need — resources to achieve a work objective. Some of these objectives are tiny, and some are massive, as in D'Alessandro's example. If an upcoming meeting will decide whether you get resources for a valued objective: Be prepared to lobby, cajole, and yes, if the stakes are high enough, fight for what you need. If you lose, you've at least treated the meeting with its due importance. And if you win, you can savor your victory before preparing for the upcoming Monday morning staff meeting. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
almost 3 years ago
In cfelton's implementation of fixbv, there are some kinds of round modes implemented in _resize.py, as in the source code:
# round :
ROUND_MODES = ( # towards :
'ceil', # +infinity: always round up
'fix', # 0 : always down
'floor', # -infinity: truncate, always round down
'nearest', # nearest : tie towards largest absolute value
'round', # nearest : ties to +infinity
'convergent', # nearest : tie to closest even (round_even)
'round_even', # nearest : tie to closest even (convergent)
)
The behavior of ceil, fix and floor is quite clear in this case. Whatever fractional part is, it will be rounded to the integer towards +inf, 0, or -inf.
But it seems not quite clear for the last four modes.
OK, let's see the source code in _resize.py first:
def _round(val, fmt, round_mode):
"""Round the initial value if needed"""
# Scale the value to the integer range (the underlying representation)
assert is_round_mode(round_mode)
assert isinstance(fmt, tuple)
wl,iwl,fwl = fmt
_val = val
val = val * 2.0**fwl
#print(" [rsz][rnd]: %f %f, %s" % (val, _val, fmt))
if round_mode == 'ceil':
retval = math.ceil(val)
elif round_mode == 'fix':
if val > 0:
retval = math.floor(val)
else:
retval = math.ceil(val)
elif round_mode == 'floor':
retval = math.floor(val)
elif round_mode == 'nearest':
fval,ival = math.modf(val)
if fval == .5:
retval = int(val+1) if val > 0 else int(val-1)
else:
retval = round(val)
elif round_mode == 'round':
retval = round(val)
elif round_mode == 'round_even' or round_mode == 'convergent':
fval,ival = math.modf(val)
abs_ival = int(abs(ival))
sign = -1 if ival < 0 else 1
if (abs(fval) - 0.5) == 0.0:
if abs_ival%2 == 0:
retval = abs_ival * sign
else:
retval = (abs_ival + 1) * sign
else:
retval = round(val)
else:
raise TypeError("invalid round mode!" % self.round_mode)
return int(retval)
To read the last 4 kinds of resolution, it is necessary to know the behavior of Python's built-in round function.
Here we assume we do not provide ndigits parameter to round function.
Python's document says that round will round the numbers to the nearest integer. However, if the fractional part is 0.5, round will round to the nearest even number. That is to say, round(2.5) will be 2, but round(3.5) will be 4.
So, I guess that the behavior of round modes round, round_even, and convergent are the same.
Finally, nearest will be the same as the above three round modes in negative values, but for positive values, it will be different. If the fractional part is 0.5, it will advance to the larger integer, otherwise round to the nearest.
To verify this, I wrote a small program for it. The rounding code is copied from corresponding function in _resize.py.
import math
import csv
# round :
ROUND_MODES = ( # towards :
'ceil', # +infinity: always round up
'fix', # 0 : always down
'floor', # -infinity: truncate, always round down
'nearest', # nearest : tie towards largest absolute value
'round', # nearest : ties to +infinity
'convergent', # nearest : tie to closest even (round_even)
'round_even', # nearest : tie to closest even (convergent)
)
def _round(val, round_mode):
if round_mode == 'ceil':
retval = math.ceil(val)
elif round_mode == 'fix':
if val > 0:
retval = math.floor(val)
else:
retval = math.ceil(val)
elif round_mode == 'floor':
retval = math.floor(val)
elif round_mode == 'nearest':
fval,ival = math.modf(val)
if fval == .5:
retval = int(val+1) if val > 0 else int(val-1)
else:
retval = round(val)
elif round_mode == 'round':
retval = round(val)
elif round_mode == 'round_even' or round_mode == 'convergent':
fval,ival = math.modf(val)
abs_ival = int(abs(ival))
sign = -1 if ival < 0 else 1
if (abs(fval) - 0.5) == 0.0:
if abs_ival%2 == 0:
retval = abs_ival * sign
else:
retval = (abs_ival + 1) * sign
else:
retval = round(val)
else:
raise TypeError("invalid round mode!" % self.round_mode)
return int(retval)
values = [-3.5, -3.14, -3., -2.718, -2.5, -2., -1.618, -1.5, -1., -.618, -.5,
0., .5, .618, 1., 1.5, 1.618, 2., 2.5, 2.718, 3., 3.14, 3.5]
with open('round_test.csv', 'w', newline='') as csvfile:
wr = csv.writer(csvfile)
wr.writerow([''] + values)
for round_mode in ROUND_MODES:
rounded_values = [_round(val, round_mode) for val in values]
wr.writerow([round_mode] + rounded_values)
It tests different values for different round modes.
Here is the result:
EDIT: The code of "nearest" rounding did not handle the case of negative values, so the condition case should be:
if fval == .5 or fval == -.5:
And its behavior when the fractional part is 0.5 (either positive or negative) should be rounding away from 0.
← GSoC #5: Sum Problem of Fixed-Point Type GSoC #7: Overflow Modes →
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to Install Lewsnetter on OpenSUSE
In this tutorial, we will walk you through the steps to install Lewsnetter on OpenSUSE Latest. Lewsnetter is an open-source newsletter tool that allows you to create and send newsletters to your subscribers.
Prerequisites
Before we get started with the installation, make sure you have the following prerequisites:
Step 1: Update Your System
It is always recommended to update your system before installing any new packages. Open the terminal and run the following command to update your system:
sudo zypper update
Step 2: Install Git
Lewsnetter is hosted on GitHub, so we need to install Git to download the source code. Run the following command to install Git:
sudo zypper install git
Step 3: Install Apache
Lewsnetter is a web-based application that requires a web server to run. Install Apache by running the following command:
sudo zypper install apache2
Step 4: Install PHP and Required Extensions
Lewsnetter is written in PHP and requires several PHP extensions to run. Use the following command to install PHP and its required extensions:
sudo zypper install php7 php7-mysqlnd php7-mbstring php7-json php7-gd php7-zip
Step 5: Configure Your Web Server
We need to configure Apache to host Lewsnetter. Open the Apache configuration file using any text editor of your choice:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/httpd.conf
Add the following lines at the end of the file:
DocumentRoot /var/www/lewsnetter
<Directory "/var/www/lewsnetter">
AllowOverride All
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
Save the file and exit.
Step 6: Download Lewsnetter
Use Git to download the Lewsnetter source code:
cd /var/www
sudo git clone https://github.com/bborn/lewsnetter.git
Step 7: Configure Lewsnetter
Copy the example configuration file and change the necessary options:
cd /var/www/lewsnetter
sudo cp config/global.example.php config/global.php
sudo nano config/global.php
Set the following options according to your needs:
$config['db']['host'] = 'localhost';
$config['db']['user'] = 'lewsnetter';
$config['db']['password'] = 'password';
$config['db']['database'] = 'lewsnetter';
$config['lewsnetter']['path'] = '/var/www/lewsnetter';
Save the file and exit.
Step 8: Create Database and User
Create a new MySQL database and user for Lewsnetter:
mysql -u root -p
CREATE DATABASE lewsnetter;
CREATE USER 'lewsnetter'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON lewsnetter.* TO 'lewsnetter'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;
Make sure to replace 'password' with a strong password of your choice.
Step 9: Install Lewsnetter
Use the following command to install Lewsnetter:
cd /var/www/lewsnetter
sudo php bin/console.php app:install
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation.
Step 10: Test Lewsnetter
Now you can access Lewsnetter by visiting your server's IP address or domain name in a web browser. The default login credentials are:
username: admin
password: password
Once logged in, you can start creating and sending newsletters to your subscribers.
Congratulations! You have successfully installed Lewsnetter on OpenSUSE.
If you want to self-host in an easy, hands free way, need an external IP address, or simply want your data in your own hands, give IPv6.rs a try!
Alternatively, for the best virtual desktop, try Shells! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Rosa Andújar
Rosa Andújar, FHEA, is a Dominican-American classicist and senior lecturer at King's College London. She is an expert in ancient Greek tragedy, especially the tragic chorus, and Hellenic classicisms in Latin America.
Education
Andújar received BAs from Wellesley and King's College, Cambridge. She completed her MA (2008) and her PhD (2011) at Princeton University. Her doctoral thesis was entitled The Chorus in Dialogue: Reading Lyric Exchanges in Greek Tragedy. It was supervised by Andrew L. Ford, Froma Zeitlin, and Bernd Seidensticker.
Career
Andújar was the first A. G. Leventis Research Fellow in Ancient Greek Literature in the Department of Greek and Latin at University College London (2012-2016). She was appointed at King's College London in 2016 as Deputy Director of Liberal Arts and Lecturer in Liberal Arts. In 2019 she was Visiting Professor in Brazil at the Federal University of Paraná. She was the keynote speaker for the 42nd annual meeting of the Australasian Society for Classical Studies in 2021. She was awarded a prestigious British Academy Mid-Career Fellowship for the academic year 2023-2024.
She is the co-editor of the Classics and the Postcolonial book series for Routledge. She is Associate Editor for Greek Literature for the American Journal of Philology. She is also on the editorial board of two Brazilian Classics journals, Nuntius Antiquus and PhaoS - Revista de Estudos Clássicos. In 2019 she was elected to the Council of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies for a three-year term. She was a founding member of the Women's Classical Committee (UK) and served on the group's first Steering Committee from 2015-2017.
She edited The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad; Oedipus El Rey; Mojada, which brought together for the first time the three 'Greek' plays of Luis Alfaro, a Chicano playwright and performance artist. These plays are based on Sophocles' Electra and Oedipus, and Euripides' Medea. Alfaro's Electricidad, Oedipus El Rey, and Mojada platform the concerns of the Chicanx and wider Latinx communities in Los Angeles and New York through ancient drama. The edition won the 2020 London Hellenic Prize (formerly known as the Criticos Prize). The prize awards £10,000. Previous winners include Alice Oswald for Nobody (2019), Kamila Shamsie for Home Fire (2017), and Anne Carson for Antigonick (2012).
Books
* (ed.) The Greek Trilogy of Luis Alfaro: Electricidad; Oedipus El Rey; Mojada (London: Methuen Drama, 2020)
* (Rosa Andújar, Konstantinos P. Nikoloutsos, eds) Greeks and Romans on the Latin American Stage (London: Bloomsbury, 2020)
* (ed.) Paths of Song: The Lyric Dimension of Greek Tragedy (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018)
Articles and book chapters
* 'Philological Reception and the Repeating Odyssey in the Caribbean: Francisco Chofre’s La Odilea', American Journal of Philology 143.2 (Summer 2022), pp. 305-334
* 'Phoenician Women: "Deviant" Thebans Out of Time', Queer Euripides: Re-Readings in Greek Tragedy, edited by Sarah Olsen and Mario Telò (Bloomsbury, 2022) pp. 176-185
* 'Choral Mirroring in Euripides' Phaethon', Greek Drama V: Studies in the Theatre of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE, edited by C. W. Marshall and H. Marshall (Bloomsbury, 2020) pp. 101-114
* 'Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s Hellenism and the American Utopia', Bulletin of Latin American Research 37.S1 (November 2018), pp. 168-180
* 'Uncles ex Machina: Familial Epiphany in Euripides’ Electra', Ramus 45.2 (December 2016), pp. 165-191
* 'Revolutionizing Greek Tragedy in Cuba: Virgilio Piñera’s Electra Garrigó', The Oxford Handbook of Greek Drama in the Americas, edited by K. Bosher, F. Macintosh, J. McConnell, and P. Rankine (Oxford, 2015) pp. 361-379 | WIKI |
Wearing of the veil traditions throughout history
Top Image: A woman wearing a veil, a tradition which has taken many different fomes throughout time and place.
There is perhaps no piece of clothing in history that has caused more controversy than the veil. Currently, protests to raise awareness of the tragic death of Mahsa Amini, a lady who died after being arrested by Iran’s morality police for allegedly breaking hijab laws. Meanwhile, in India, female Muslim students are suing the Indian government in order to secure being able to wear the veil to class. So while in some ways a veil can be seen as a symbol of oppression, others see it as a symbol of freedom of choice.
While the veil today is most commonly associated with Islam, this has not always been the case. The wearing of veils pre-dates Islam by quite some time. Early evidence of the wearing of the face veil can be found in ancient Europe. Furthermore, the veil is not unique to just one religion, it was once commonplace in several belief systems.
The Origins of the Veil in Ancient Assyria
The earliest source we have that refers to the wearing of the veil is a Middle Assyrian law code that dates back to somewhere between 1400-1100 BC. These laws went into strict detail as to who was allowed to wear the veil and who could not.
The laws depended on a woman’s social class, rank, and occupation. Slaves and prostitutes, for example, were banned from wearing any kind of veil and faced stiff punishments if they did. Any prostitute found to be wearing a veil faced fifty blows from a rod and would then have hot pitch poured over her head.
Any man who failed to report a woman without a veil faced fifty blows from the rod and would be enslaved for one month. Female slaves had it even worse. Any enslaved woman found wearing a veil was dragged to the palace entrance, and would then have her ears cut off.
In Assyria, the wearing of the veil was not just a sign of social class, but was used to differentiate between women who were deemed respectable and those who were seen as ‘available’. To wear a veil when you did not meet the requirements was to spit in the face of the social hierarchy.
The Veil in Ancient Greece
References to the wearing of the veil can be found throughout Greek history. The earliest recorded reference to the veil is in Mycenaean Greek and dates back to around 1300 BC. The Greek approach was similar to that of the Assyrians, but without the strict laws.
Between 550 BC and 323 BC, it was customary for respectable women in Greece to dress conservatively. They were expected to seclude themselves and wear clothing that protected them from the lecherous gaze of strange men. Part of this conservative dress was the veil.
If we look at Classical Greek and Hellenistic Greek statues , it is not unusual for them to depict Greek women as being veiled. This physical evidence, combined with some literary evidence, has led some modern historians to conclude that the wearing of the veil was relatively common in ancient Greece.
Much like in the case of the Assyrians, it is likely that the wearing of the veil was associated with ideas of respectability and social class. As such, we can conclude that it was only higher-class women who wore the veil.
Veils in the Roman Empire
Women were also expected to wear a veil in ancient Rome. The veil was seen as a symbol of a husband’s authority over his wife. A wife who refused to wear the veil was seen as not fully committed to her marriage.
For example, in 166 BC, a consul, a very high-level magistrate, named Sulpicius Gallus went as far as divorcing his wife because she had left the family home without her veil. He stated that her actions meant that she had allowed all the world to see what only he was meant to see.
Generally speaking, there were no expectations when it came to unmarried girls and the wearing of the veil. Presumably, wearing a veil would make it more difficult to find a husband. The only exceptions to this were matrons, who wore the veil to show off their modesty and chastity (their pudicitia). There was also a superstitious element to wearing a veil. Some believed the wearing of a veil could protect women from the ‘ evil eye ’, a superstition of bad luck sent involuntarily by others.
The veil was also a big part of Roman weddings . Traditionally, the bride wore a veil that was deep yellow in color. The color was meant to be reminiscent of a candle flame and was called a flammeum.
The flammeum was meant to evoke memories of the Flamincia Dialis . This was the female high priest of Jupiter, who was not allowed to divorce her husband, the high priest of Jupiter. It was believed the wearing of the veil was a good omen, since it reflected the permanence that divine marriage.
As the European empires expanded ever outwards, they took the veil with them. As populations became increasingly intermixed, the cultural practices of the Greek, Persian, Roman, and Mesopotamian Empires, and Semitic peoples of the Middle East, all converged.
The wearing of the veil was an important part of early Christendom, as it found support in both the Bible and the Church Fathers (influential early Christian theologians). It is likely their beliefs in regard to the veil were shaped by the above-mentioned Greek and Roman traditions. As Christianity spread, it took veil-wearing with it.
Veils in the Medieval Period
Today, many Europeans tend to see the wearing of the veil as something distinctly ‘other’, as a symbol of a foreign religion and the East. Yet this hasn’t always been the case. The wearing of the veil in medieval Europe was not only widespread, but expected. For much of the medieval era, no respectable European woman would have dreamed of leaving home without her veil.
Much of medieval Europe was fundamentally Christian. Christian scripture made repeated references to women wearing the veil. For example, the letter of Paul of Tarsus stated that women should cover their hair while praying. The Church Fathers also taught that women’s hair was sexually potent. As such, only their husbands should be allowed to see it.
This link between the wearing of the veil and praying gave the veil a moral tinge. As is often the case in religion, people took this command and ran with it. Soon, the wearing of the veil was linked to a woman’s morality. A woman who did not wear a veil was seen as immoral and lacking modesty.
Most medieval women wore a simple veil made of cloth. As time progressed, it was more common for European women to veil their hair rather than their faces. Ironically, even though the veil was associated with modesty, wearing a veil became a way to show off one’s wealth and superior status.
Veils became not just a statement of a woman’s morality but a fashion statement. Between the 10th and 14th centuries AD, the wimple (a head-chin-neck covering) was popular, as were kerchiefs and headscarves. These morphed into the more extravagant headdresses we often associate with “fairytale princesses’ ‘- a tall conical headdress with a face veil attached.
The veil even made its way into medieval scientific literature. The Wellcome Apocalypse is a 15th-century collection of works that originated in Germany. It consists of a number of texts written in German and Latin which cover science, morals, and theological arguments. It also includes some medical diagrams.
These diagrams are quite graphic in nature. The “Disease Woman,” for example, shows a diagram of a pregnant woman, arms and legs splayed. The woman is nude and has been cut open, leaving quite literally everything exposed. The strange part? The woman in the diagram is depicted as wearing a headdress that covers her hair neck and ears. Despite being dissected, the woman’s visual honor is left intact.
As Europe left the medieval period behind and headed into the Renaissance, these views began to change. What had once been seen as a symbol of piety became associated with religious zealotry. For example, during the French Revolution , many nuns were the victims of both physical and verbal assaults. Their veils were no longer associated with modesty but were a symbol of a hated regime that had close ties to the church.
The Rise of the Veil in Islam
It is evident that early Muslims copied the wearing of the veil from their Christian neighbors. Historically speaking, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity all come from the same monotheistic tree. As such, Islam’s origins in the 7th century AD are tied to the other two older religions.
All three religions’ religious texts make references to the idea that both men and women must dress modestly. In particular, women should dress modestly to avoid unwanted attention from men. The Islamic idea that hair has sexual potency also comes from Christianity.
Where the three religions differ, however, is in mentions of the veil. Of the three religious texts, only the Christian Bible makes explicit mention of veil wearing. The Quran makes no explicit mention of women wearing a veil, only of dressing modestly. It would appear that early Muslims, who had similar values as Christians when it came to women’s modesty, learned the behavior from Christians.
The spread of the veil within Islam is traceable to the early Muslim conquests. Literature from Christian Byzantium makes it clear that women within the empire were expected to wear the veil. During the early Muslim conquests of 622- 720 AD, Byzantium saw large territory losses. It seems the Muslim invaders, whose religion had similar teachings on modesty as Christianity, saw the Byzantine women’s wearing of the veil and decided it was an appropriate expression of Qur’anic ideals.
Gradually, the wearing of the veil began to spread to upper-class Arab women. It then filtered down to the lower classes, it was soon widespread in major cities across the Middle East. It was, however, not enforced.
Under Ottoman rule, the wearing of the veil spread further. Once again, the veil became a symbol of social standing, rather than a religious requirement. Poorer women in rural areas tended not to wear the face veil as it interfered with manual work. As such, wearing the veil became a status symbol, since it indicated the wearer’s husband was rich enough to keep his wife out of the fields. Wearing the veil became a symbol of social rank and a wealthy lifestyle.
The wearing of the veil continued to grow in predominantly Muslim countries as it declined in others. The upper-class Arab Muslim and Christian women of 19th century Egypt wore a garment that combined a burqa (a cloth that covers the lower nose and mouth) with a head cover.
The veil’s current controversial status largely stems from events that happened during the 20th century. A rise in religious conservatism in certain parts of the world saw the once optional garment become mandatory. Today, contrary to popular opinion, only two countries legally enforce the wearing of a veil: Iran and Afghanistan. Far more countries ban it (sixteen) than enforce it.
Today, the face veil is closely associated with Islam. Yet as the historical record shows the wearing of veils predates the founding of Islam by at least a thousand years. It was the ancient European empires and civilizations that initially popularized the wearing of veils.
Furthermore, wearing the veil was widespread in both medieval Europe and the Middle East. Rather than being something uniquely Muslim, the veil is actually European in origin. Rather than a symbol of the ‘other’, it is the result of cultural intermingling. This a sign that even hundreds of years ago people of different beliefs could (at times) coexist and learn from each other’s cultures.
In a world where the veil has become increasingly controversial, and where all too often prejudice runs rampant, it is more important than ever to remember the veil’s shared heritage and European origins.
For full references please use source link below. | FINEWEB-EDU |
How to get Hostnames from IP Addresses on Linux
How to get Hostnames from IP Addresses on Linux
·
4 min read
Have you ever come across an IP address and wanted to know what server or device it belonged to? IP addresses are useful for computers to identify each other on a network, but human-readable hostnames make it easier for us to know what we're looking at.
Thankfully Linux provides some simple commands to look up hostnames from IPs.
Why Get the Hostname?
Getting hostnames from IP addresses enables you to:
• Identify devices - Rather than memorizing IPs, hostnames let you know the specific server, computer, or other gear an IP refers to.
• Troubleshoot connectivity - If you can ping or lookup a hostname but not connect, it points to a specific name resolution issue.
• Enhance logging and monitoring - Hostnames in logs and monitors make issues easier to triage compared to IPs alone.
• Bolster security audits - Mapping IPs and hostnames helps verify what assets are on your network.
So while IP addresses do the heavy lifting on networks, taking the time to lookup corresponding hostnames gives you better visibility and context.
Common Linux Commands for IP-to-Host lookups
Linux provides a few simple utilities to get hostnames from IPs:
• ping - The venerable ping command does double duty, verifying basic connectivity using ICMP while also resolving IPs.
• host - The most direct lookup tool, host queries DNS for any records associated with an IP.
• dig - A flexible DNS lookup tool that can retrieve and display records like host does.
• nslookup - An interactive DNS query tool also capable of hostname lookups.
The steps for each are very straightforward, usually just passing the IP address as an argument to the command. And most Linux distros have all these installed or easily available. Let's walk through some examples.
Ping an IP to Get the Hostname
Ping is the easiest place to start since it's almost always installed and available. The basic syntax is:
ping <ip_address>
For example to ping a server at 192.168.1.100, you'd run:
ping 192.168.1.100
This verifies connectivity using ICMP echos. When working you'll see output detailing the replies.
At the end, it also resolves and prints the hostname - exactly what we wanted!
Use Host to Query DNS Directly
The host command queries DNS servers more directly:
host <ip_address>
Simply pass the IP to it to lookup any hostname records on public or private DNS servers configured for your network:
host 192.168.1.100
It will print out hostname records and aliases associated with that IP.
You can also specify a specific DNS server rather than the default, which is helpful in some cases:
host 192.168.1.100 dns-server-ip-goes-here
Lookup IPs with Dig
Dig is another DNS lookup utility common on Linux. It retrieves DNS records and gives you more detailed control than the host.
Use dig to query A records for an IP to extract hostnames:
dig -x <ip_address> @<dns_server_ip>
For example:
dig -x 192.168.1.100 @8.8.8.8
This does a reverse DNS lookup of the PTR records to find the hostname.
Use Nslookup Interactively
Nslookup gives you an interactive prompt to lookup DNS record interactively.
To retrieve a hostname from an IP in nslookup:
1. Enter nslookup at a command prompt to launch it
2. At the > prompt, type the lookup command:
set type=ptr``192.168.1.100
3. The hostname (if any) will print out
4. Type exit when done to quit the nslookup session
Nslookup has some advanced capabilities like configuring custom DNS servers as well.
Potential Issues and Challenges
While these commands generally make it easy to derive hostnames from IPs, there are some potential pitfalls too:
• No DNS records - If no PTR or hostname records exist, you won't get a name. Maintain your internal DNS zones properly.
• Unconfigured DNS servers - External tools like dig rely on having access to DNS servers that know your namespace. Know which servers have the records you need.
• Stale DNS data - Outdated records and cached entries could lead you astray. Flush caches if needed.
• Multiple hostnames - A single IP can have multiple PTR records and aliases. Use your preferred one when that happens.
• Security measures - Some networks block ICMP pings or filter DNS traffic which could limit these techniques. Plan workarounds if needed.
Lookup IPs from Anywhere with Simplicity
As you can see, Linux offers easy ways to discover hostnames from IP addresses via built-in commands. Save yourself the confusion and take advantage of these to map your IPs to their corresponding hostnames. This will make your Linux-fueled network visibility and administration much friendlier!
No matter if you're on-premises or in the cloud, following this common Linux wisdom will help you track assets, investigate issues, and tame network complexity. So wield these fundamentals skillfully - and may your hostnames be clear and IPs traceable.
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| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Francis Frangipane (2nd nomination)
The result was delete. The "keep" opinions are just too weakly argued to overcome the unrebutted concerns of the "delete" side that there is not enough reliable, substantial third-party coverage as required by WP:GNG and WP:BLP. The "keep" arguments amount to "he has a significant ministry" (which should be sourceable), "he has a lot of Amazon reviews" (which are not reliable sources), "other articles about academics are just as poorly sourced" (WP:WAX), "he has many books and Google hits" (also not reliable sources), and "systemic bias" (against influential white American men? really?). There is only one "keep" that actually argues that there are "multiple independent sources which discuss our subject", but does not say what these sources are. Sandstein 09:25, 12 November 2017 (UTC)
Francis Frangipane
AfDs for this article:
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
I nominated this article for deletion last year and it was kept in a low-turnout discussion with some specious keep arguments. The problems with this article are manifold. It is a BLP with precisely zero reliable sources. There are supposedly good sources for this subject (per the arguments in the previous AfD) but they have not manifested themselves in the ensuing year.
My original goal was to return to this highly promotional article, scrape off all of the promotional fluff and start over with good sources. But there are no good sources, and it is all fluff. A fluff-ectomy would leave no article behind.
In short, there is no indication in the article that the subject meets the GNG, and the fact that it has been entirely unsourced for over 8 years is both a major BLP problem and a strong hint that it will never be adequately sourced. A Train talk 00:32, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
* Delete. The article lacks multiple reliable sources that are independent of the subject—doesn't meet WP:GNG. Notability is based on sources, and we lack sources to show that Frangipane was/is notable. Additionally, the article is heavy on WP:PROMO and WP:FLOWERY language. I agree with the nominator, it's all fluff and "a fluff-ectomy would leave no article behind."- GS ⋙ ☎ 03:33, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Authors-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 07:45, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Christianity-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 07:45, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of United States of America-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 07:45, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
* Delete. The only section with any citation is the bibliography section. Without it, it would have qualified for WP:BLPPROD. Alexius08 (talk) 22:37, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
* Keep -- If the claims of the article are right, he has a significant national and international ministry. Though it is not an independent source, there is a bio on his website here, which seems similar to that in the article, but different enough not to be copy-vio. I not that the previous keep was following comments from two regular AFD contributors, who evidently knew of him. The only real objection is that a BLP should be sourced, and his only lists some external websites for "see also", not references. Peterkingiron (talk) 16:52, 22 October 2017 (UTC)
* If he has a "significant ministry" then where are the articles and profiles in reliable sources about him? The bio on his website is not an independent, reliable source. Neither are the "see also" links, which are all the subject's businesses. A Train talk 19:22, 22 October 2017 (UTC)
* leaning Keep this AfD puts me in mind of one from a couple of weeks ago on an author, Andrew Heywood, the author of a number of textbooks on political theory. There, as here, Nom's pretty persuasive argument was " The only source is credited to his own website." Articles for deletion/Andrew Heywood. This thing is, Heywood's textbooks sold an astonishing number of copies, and according to the DesMoines Register, there are 2 million copies of Frangiane's many books in print. It's not a WP:RS but Amazon.com shows literally hundreds of reviews for Frangipane's books, by verified purchasers. As with Heywood, I am having trouble finding sources about Frangipane (I did find a couple, and added them to the page). He has been a columnist at Charisma (magazine) for years, but those are articles by him, not about him. This AfD is not simple.E.M.Gregory (talk) 19:46, 22 October 2017 (UTC)
* Delete - Lack of secondary sources, doesn't pass GNG. Cjhard (talk) 21:49, 22 October 2017 (UTC)
* Comment I can't make heads or tails of this topic after doing an in-depth search on Google. Our article is full of WP:OR and is being turned into copy pasta. So the best sources I found were copy pasta. All of the uncited material should be removed, even if all that is left is a list of publications. I'm not worried about notability, the notability is obvious, with author after author quoting this man. My number one concern right now is WP:V#Notability, which requires one or two secondary sources, and I'm not sure that we have that. I need to review the policy. I found an in-depth study from South Africa, http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/vee/v30n2/12.pdf. This thing about Jezebel seems to be a hot topic on a chat board I saw. Unscintillating (talk) 00:00, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* I will remove the completely unsourced bio section now.E.M.Gregory (talk) 09:44, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* who participated in last year's AfD.E.M.Gregory (talk) 09:44, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* User:A Train, I do see where you're coming from; I saw it at last year's AfD. Two days ago, this was just an ADVERT. The source brought by User:Unscintillating is persuasive. I have now removed the long, unsourced bio, added some reliably sourced material, and I continue to think that Frangipane is notable.E.M.Gregory (talk) 10:08, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* The article is definitely getting better., and if it ends up being kept, I promise to help you improve it further. That said, I am not massively swayed by the sources here. Just to be extra pendantic, let's have a reminder of what the project considers a good source: Articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This stricture is even more important for BLPs, like this one. So let's examine our sources.
* A book review in the Des Moines Register. I take this one on faith because it's behind a ProQuest subscription link. This is a reliable source for the book more than its BLP author, anyway.
* An exceedingly trivial mention of the subject in this Christian Post blog. Even if this was an in-depth profile of the subject, is the Christian post a source with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy? Dunno about that one.
* Two citations from the Institute on Religion and Democracy, a Christian thinktank. Again, does this have a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy?
* A mention in a book by one Michael Wilkinson, a redlink author.
* I'm totally open to the idea that this fellow is a major figure in contemporary Christianity. But where's the big profile in National Review, American Spectator, or Christianity Today to that effect? A Train talk 11:18, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* (edit conflict) I was just writing this when you rang: Sourcing Article needs sourcing and expansion, and sources are available in books. Although ~ the first 5 pages of a book search turn up books written by Frangipane, after that you start to get SIGCOV discussions of his ideas, and a few details about his career. Not all is favorable, one described his writing on "the Jezabel spirit" as "anachronistic." Some of the books that discuss his work are probably self-published, but some are by "real" publishers. The same is true of books written by Frangipane; he has had books published by Baker Publishing Group, but has also (mostly?) self-published. However, a number of his books have been translated into other languages. Article needs an editor, or several of them.E.M.Gregory (talk) 11:27, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* The Christian Post is well regarded, and probably about as good on facts as the average American daily. I am hoping that one of the editors I pinged above will be more able than I to set Frangipane in his proper context. There is, for example, his book The Jezebel Spirit, which is about the Jezebel spirit. I added material cited to a single book to the text. Talking like this about women certainly places him at one edge of modern Protestantism. But my point here is that if you run a book search on frangipane +"jezebel spirit", you get quite a few hits . The first hit is to the book I cited in the text; the 2nd hit is self=published, but the third hit is on Music in the Old Bones: Jezebel Through the Agesis out from Southern Illinois University Press, it is by Janet Howe Gaines, a literature professor at the University of New Mexico, and it offers a scholarly encounter with Frangipane's work.E.M.Gregory (talk) 11:41, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
* Okay, that all is sounding more promising to me. If some more academic references materialize then I'm happy to withdraw the nomination and get to work improving the article. A Train talk 12:18, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus. Relisting comment: Last comment was 5 days ago looking for more academic sources to materialize - have any been located?
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ♠PMC♠ (talk) 16:31, 28 October 2017 (UTC)
* Keep -- but not for the reasons one might expect. I expect evangelists to engage in self-promotion as much as any musician or comedian. There is a dose of COI here too, I suspect. My concern is the standard used for academics, whose ONLY claim to fame is their bibliography. No mainstream press articles about Frangipane? There aren't many about most academics, either. Rhadow (talk) 20:20, 28 October 2017 (UTC)
* This strikes me as half of an argument. Preachers are different from profs, and therefore we shouldn't use the same criteria when evaluating them. Okay, for the sake of discussion, I'm with you so far. But where is there criteria that we should use when evaluating them? You seem to be arguing that, because they aren't typically covered in mainstream sources, preachers should be exempt from the WP:GNG. A Train talk 07:44, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
* Forgive me for jumping in here, especially since my own comment is deserving of criticism as half an argument, but there is a difference between preachers and evangelists, going back to the Greek words. Unscintillating (talk) 23:06, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
* As a classicist, I am embarrassed. You are correct, : I used broad synonyms carelessly. I think my point remains, however. A Train talk 23:22, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
* I have to disagree. Many if not all churches have preachers, but evangelists are few and far between. Unscintillating (talk) 23:58, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
* Then surely a character of such distinction has been written about in spades. But we're in the same place we were when I nominated this article two weeks ago, and little removed from when I nominated it over a year ago: a BLP with no reliable sources. A Train talk 00:14, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* Your edit comment is "great. where are the sources then?" By changing the topic of your own question, you are making the keep !vote stronger, since the point about PROF is exactly the point that GNG (and your fallacy, "surely a character of...distinction has been written about" with sufficient sources to show GNG) is not the core definition of WP:N. And yet, I was thinking something quite similar, which is, "what is the evidence that the topic is an evangelist"? I would love to see that evidence. It doesn't have to be GNG sources. And evidence is more important in WP:N than sources. As for WP:V#Notability, it says, "If no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article on it." Is this satisfied? Unscintillating (talk) 01:03, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* I'm afraid that I'm not following you at all. How exactly have I "changed the topic of my own question"? That sounds like a pretty nifty trick I've got there, apparently.
* There is a lot of handwaving in this debate but it really just comes down to one thing: are there enough reliable sources to support a BLP? BLP concerns are paramount everywhere on Wikipedia. Are there reliable sources that will support a BLP in this article or indeed anywhere? The answer continues to be no. All I have been doing since the beginning of this discussion (and not unreasonably, I like to think) is ask for sources. There is a lot of argumentation but the sources are not forthcoming. A Train talk 01:28, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* I'm not wanting to defend my position as having said reasonable things, but your responses are having an effect of pushing me to explain to you that my comments are based in reason. Your first question was, "But where is there criteria that we should use when evaluating ?" Interesting question, but the next thing I know, your argument has shifted to GNG sources. WP:N doesn't need sources. The fact that the article needs reliable sourcing is a different question than Wikipedia notability. Unscintillating (talk) 02:38, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* I'm genuinely sorry if I'm alienating you, User:Unscintillating that is not my intent. I guess we just have wildly divergent understandings of WP:N. As you yourself point out above, WP:N demands that if no reliable third-party sources can be found on a topic, then it should not have a separate article. I do not understand how this logically squares with your assertion that WP:N doesn't need sources, or with the notion that I have somehow moved the goalposts.
* The thought experiment about WP:NEVANGELIST was a (mildly) entertaining path to finding what sourcing guideline we should have for this subject, but it is ultimately always down to sources. A Train talk 07:59, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* "Wildly"? Your softening words are joined with ever increasing escalations. WP:V is core content policy. Policy pages state that they are widely (not wildly) accepted standards that all editors should normally follow. As long as you look at a quote from a core content policy, WP:V, and think that I'm citing a minor guideline, WP:N, your escalations will continue to be your personal problem. It does verify that you haven't a clue what I've been emphasizing as the most important issue starting with my first comment. But the problem here is also your understanding of W:N, which does not require sources, and PROF is a helpful example of how this is applied. Unscintillating (talk) 09:13, 3 November 2017 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Comment -- OK, I think I can express myself more clearly now. Politicians and athletes get press automatically. We have our choice of mainstream articles. We can afford to be critical and choosy. College professors get tributes when they retire. Preachers, I'm not sure when. So we take what we can get; we should use good judgement. In the case of Frangipane, we might ask ourselves, "Is he someone we want to remember in fifty years time?" Or, put another way, would the New York Times publish his obit without being paid? It's easy to write a policy, hard to teach judgment. Tell me what you really want to do and I'll change my vote. Rhadow (talk) 01:38, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* Comment WP:N asks the question, "is the topic worthy of notice". Especially in my search through pages 5-10 of Google scholar, I saw reference after reference quote from the topic. This to me shows that the topic is worthy of notice. Readers will have a reason to ask, "Who is Francis Frangipane". What can I/we write reliably about the topic is a different question. Should we accept in Wikipedia's voice that he has ministered to thousands of pastors? Maybe we should just say that we couldn't find the type of material that we needed to write an article, making the point that those in the ministry could add a "Media" page to their primary website showing where independent sources have written about them. Maybe we just haven't looked at reliable things we could say with the material we have. My sense right now is that we don't have an article. Unscintillating (talk) 02:12, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* Delete -- I'm not able to find any substantive review of the subject's works. That's how notability for authors is judged. If 3rd party sources take notice of the author's work, then it's appropriate to have an encyclopedia entry. I don't see it this case. As discussed above, apart from DM review, the coverage is shallow and incidental. WP:TOOSOON perhaps. K.e.coffman (talk) 03:59, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* Keep - I'm not readily finding sources counting to GNG, but with a book list that long and 117,000 Google hits for the full name search, I'm trusting that there's three or four of 'em out there in that humongous haystack. Clearly a major Pentecostal popular writer. Carrite (talk) 06:39, 3 November 2017 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Sandstein 09:57, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
* Keep There are some valid concerns raised here about systemic bias in Wikipedia, and I believe it's for the best that the article remains.Egaoblai (talk) 12:38, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
* Keep The subject of our discussion albeit as earlier mentioned does not have much reliable sources in the article, a google search verifies his notability. There are multiple independent sources which discuss our subject of discussion and on that note i say via WP:SIGCOV and WP:BASIC, this article merits a stand-alone.Celestina007 (talk) 22:53, 04 November 2017 (UTC)
* WP:HEY, did another (small) expand source, I think it's now in acceptable shape and meets ATrain's request above for more academic sources.E.M.Gregory (talk) 00:20, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
* Just to be clear. Article still needs expansion. What I did accomplish is to identify one idea that Frangipane is notable for writing/preaching about, the "Jezebel spirit," and source that to reliable scholarly sources (written by academics who do NOT share Frangipane's POV.E.M.Gregory (talk) 00:32, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
* Delete the article is written in a promotional tone, and I see no good claim of meeting either WP:CLERGY, or WP:GNG. River of Life Ministries appears to be a single congregation, not a wider movement. I can't easily evaluate the claim that he would meet WP:NACADEMIC; I don't see clear evidence for it. As far as WP:NAUTHOR, he has a lot of works but I'm not sure any of them are considered important in any way, and trade press coverage of the books won't make him notable. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 02:13, 10 November 2017 (UTC)
* I just removed some of the hype. However, the fix for Hype is editing or discussion; it's not directly relevant to notability.E.M.Gregory (talk) 23:21, 11 November 2017 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Mean piston speed
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The comparison of mean piston speed (black line) with real piston speed (color lines). Diagram shows one stroke from BDC to TDC. Revolution = 1.000 min-1, stroke = 88 mm. The connecting rod ratio l/r varies: 3 - red, 4 - green, 5,5 - blue
The mean piston speed is the average speed of the piston in a reciprocating engine. It is a function of stroke and RPM. There is a factor of 2 in the equation to account for one stroke to occur in 1/2 of a crank revolution (or alternatively: two strokes per one crank revolution) and a '60' to convert seconds from minutes in the RPM term.
MPS = 2 * Stroke * RPM / 60
For example, a piston in an automobile engine which has a stroke of 90 mm will have a mean speed at 3000 rpm of 2 * (90 / 1000) * 3000 / 60 = 9 m/s.
It is a good indicator of the class and performance of an engine relative to its competitors. Honda S2000 had the highest piston speed for any production car (25.2 m/s) until the B7 Audi RS4 (2006-2008) which was powered by a 4.2 liter, naturally aspirated V8 with a redline of 8250 RPM, at which point the mean piston speed is (25.7 m/s).
Corrected Piston Speed Frederick Lanchester and Janke and King
Corrected Piston speed is a method to more accurately represent stress on an engine, and is calculated as
mean piston speed divided by the square root of the stroke/bore ratio
http://autos.groups.yahoo.com/group/mc-engine/message/2928 Classic Racing Engines Karl Ludvigsen (Glossay)
Classes[edit]
low speed diesels
~8.5 m/s for marine and electric power generation applications
medium speed diesels
~11 m/s for trains or trucks
high speed diesel
~14 m/s for automobile engines
medium speed petrol
~16 m/s for automobile engines
high speed petrol
~20–25 m/s for sport automobile engines or motorcycles
competition
Some extreme examples are NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and Formula one engines with ~25 m/s and Top Fuel engines ~30 m/s | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Perfect discrete morse functions on connected sums
Download
2017
Varlı, Hanife
Let $K$ be a finite, regular cell complex and $f$ be a real valued function on $K$. Then $f$ is called a textit{discrete Morse function} if for all $p$-cell $sigma in K$, the following conditions hold: begin{align*} displaystyle n_{1}=# {tau > sigma mid f(tau)leq f(sigma)} leq 1, \ n_{2}=# {nu < sigma mid f(nu)geq f(sigma)}leq 1. end{align*} A $p$-cell $sigma$ is called a textit{critical $p$-cell} if $n_{1}=n_{2}=0$. A discrete Morse function $f$ is called a textit{perfect discrete Morse function} if the number of critical $p$-cells of $f$ equals to the $p$-th Betti number of $K$ with reference to the coefficient group. The main purpose of this thesis is to compose and decompose perfect discrete Morse functions on connected sums of closed, connected manifolds. We will first discuss the existence of perfect discrete Morse functions on finite complexes and closed, connected, triangulated $n$-manifolds. Secondly, we will show that if the components of a connected sum $M$ of closed, connected, triangulated $n$-manifolds admit a perfect discrete Morse function, then $M$ admits a perfect discrete Morse function that coincides with the perfect discrete Morse functions on the components. Next, we will find a separating sphere on a connected sum $M$ of closed, connected, triangulated surfaces and $3$-manifolds if $M$ admits a perfect discrete Morse function $f$. Finally, we will prove that $f$ can be decomposed as perfect discrete Morse functions on each component of $M$ after some local modifications of it. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Integral yoga (Satchidananda)
The result was keep. Nomination withdrawn by nominator. (non-admin closure) — UY Scuti Talk 18:25, 29 October 2015 (UTC)
Integral yoga (Satchidananda)
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Rationale: Does not meet wp:notability, content is mostly self created WP:NOTSOAPBOX, clearly promotional material with puffery. also inherent importance cannot be claimed WP:INHERITORG, WP:reference are mostly selfsourced, also note the books & magazince sourced are also self published! Shrikanthv (talk) 12:46, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
* Withdraw by nominator, as new notablitity information found and puffery can be reworked Shrikanthv (talk) 09:00, 26 October 2015 (UTC)
* Comment In defense of this article, Satchidananda-Ashram didn't self-publish the magazines, books, or articles used in creating this text. The New York times, documentaries, interviews, and other first-hand sources are used. This is a Yoga style that reaches global populations, and needs to be differentiated from Arubindo's teaching. Joellepearson (talk) 10:25, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Health and fitness-related deletion discussions. North America1000 20:46, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of India-related deletion discussions. Human 3015 TALK 20:52, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Hinduism-related deletion discussions. Human 3015 TALK 20:52, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- Sam Sailor Talk! 17:02, 22 October 2015 (UTC)
* Comment As far as I can see, it's a huge organisation, which is mentioned in other publications. So, it seems notable. Best regards, Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk! 05:12, 24 October 2015 (UTC)
* Comment What other information do you need in order for this to be removed from the "considered for deletion" queue? Thanks! Joellepearson (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:56, 27 October 2015 (UTC)
| WIKI |
User:Okelly162/sandbox
Old Guns Facebook page
{{subst:submit} Old Guns Face book page is not a business. It is a gathering place to share knowledge, experience and photos of older and antique arms from around the world. With thousand of experts at your service for free consultation, appraisals or just to share time with people who have an interest in the classics www.facebook.com/oldgunsinc | WIKI |
Office 2003 Vs. Office 2007
http://live.pirillo.com/ – What’s the difference between Office 2003 and Office 2007?
The biggest difference – and the only difference most users are going to notice – is the ribbon, which is a replacement for the traditional menu system. The ribbon is supposed to make it easier for people to discover features that are already present in the office suite.
There really isn’t a huge difference for the average user: if you just type away then the difference between the two is negligible. for the power users, they’ll notice some slight tweaks and differences, along with a major speed boost in Outlook 2007.
Should you get Office 2007? Well, if you already have a version of Office that works fine, then don’t spend the money (and it is a lot of money).
If you don’t have Office and you want the suite, then try to find the bheapest price and buy it. Or, you could try Office alternatives, like OpenOffice.org, whish is a free open-source alternative to Office.
OpenOffice.org is a multiplatform and multilingual office suite and an open-source project. Compatible with all other major office suites, the product is free to download, use, and distribute.
Microsoft owns the market for office applications today: but it won’t be like that in the future.
Want to embed Office 2003 or 2007: What’s the difference? video in your blog? Use this code:
What is a DOCX file?
http://live.pirillo.com/ – Someone asked Chris what a DOCX file was. Well, here is the answer.
If you have a DOCX file you need converted (or almost any other file, for that matter), why not try Zamzar?
Zamzar is dedicated to helping you transform your songs, videos, images and documents into different formats. Our mission is: “To provide high quality file conversion for as many file formats as possible” We are intent on bringing order to your filesystem by offering you a one stop solution for all your file conversion needs. Like others we were fed up with having files in all sorts of formats, and no easy way of converting between them – the quest to find a better way led to the birth of Zamzar.
Edit the Office 2007 Ribbon Bar
At WinHEC, I was informed that the Ribbon bar in Office 2007 won’t be easy to customize. I couldn’t believe my ears! If this rumor is true, we’ll need to remember this tutorial. Microsoft may be telling us that we need to learn how to program in order to do something that Office used to be able to do for us automatically (or wait for a developer to help us). As of Office 2007 Beta 2, this seems to be the case. Setting aside the astounding mistake of using the word “many” instead of “all” in this first quoted sentence, we’re staring down the barrel of a application usability paradigm:
Many of the applications in the 2007 Microsoft Office system have a new look. The Ribbon user interface (UI) feature replaces the current system of layered menus, toolbars, and task panes with a simpler system of interfaces optimized for efficiency and discoverability. The new UI has improved context menus, ScreenTips, a Mini toolbar, and keyboard shortcuts that improve user efficiency and productivity. […] You can customize the Ribbon UI through a combination of XML markup and any Microsoft .NET–based language supported in Microsoft Visual Studio. You can also customize the Ribbon UI using Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), Microsoft Visual C++, and Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
They’ve already uploaded a few Office 2007 screencasts, too. I’m sure developers are in hog heaven – but the potential decision of eliminating simple Ribbon customizability leaves we mortal users left to fend for ourselves once again. At least the rest of Microsoft at least allows us to turn on “legacy” menus. Is the Office division really this arrogant? This is borderline unacceptable – but I’m reserving final judgement for Office 2007 RTM. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Coastal Kadazan language
Sample prayers
I'm not sure whether the sample prayers section is needed. --Smallbig (talk) 19:23, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
I think the sample prayers are a great sample to use as a display for the beautiful language. Only muslims would dislike a christian prayer used as a sample..so petty. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:48, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
* I think what Smallbig is trying to say is it might not be necessary to put the sample prayer in this article because it is rather irrelevant (in terms of encyclopedia standard).
* It has got nothing to do with religion. I'm a Christian by the way, in any case you were to make any blatant accusations.--Danazach (talk) 10:14, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
* i think we better change it to example section. just like Dusun languages. this article are not complete.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 11:18, 26 September 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 17.djvu/826
806 African ball, being tolerably firm in consistency, while the African flake, which you see here, and the African tongue, represent the lowest and most viscous qualities of commercial rubber.
The commercial value of the various qualities of rubber may be estimated, to a certain extent, by noting the loss which the samples undergo during the operation of washing, and also by noticing how far the various samples are softened by a long-continued gentle heat. Here are some samples which have been heated for some hours in this water-oven; you will notice that the African tongue has become almost as soft as treacle, while the Para rubber still retains its form and much of its consistency.
Caoutchouc is nearly colorless, and when in thin leaves tolerably transparent. It, like very many other substances, contains nothing but carbon and hydrogen, but its properties differ very widely from those of other hydrocarbons almost identical in composition. It has been found to contain, in one hundred parts, 12·5 of hydrogen and 87·5 of carbon. Caoutchouc, as might be supposed, burns very readily and leaves no residue; if I set fire to a few ounces, you see how it blazes up. It is soft, and very imperfectly elastic, in the true sense of the term—that is to say, it does not return to its old dimensions after having been considerably stretched. Here is a strip of pure (i. e., unvulcanized) caoutchouc a foot long; you see that I have stretched it to a length of three feet, and, after holding it stretched for a few seconds, I relax it. It now measures, as you see, several inches over the foot. The elasticity of caoutchouc may be enormously increased by vulcanization.
As regards the stretching of India-rubber, there is a point at which it requires a greatly increased force to stretch it, and at this point it seems to become fibrous in texture, as you may perceive by examining this extended sample by the aid of a magnifying-lens. India-rubber has valuable electrical properties, as you are no doubt aware, it being an admirable insulator, and having a great tendency to become electrical by friction.
Freshly cut surfaces of India-rubber cohere very strongly when brought into contact, and this is well illustrated by the old way of making a tube of unvulcanized caoutchouc. You see that I wrap a sheet of caoutchouc round a mandrel, so that the edges project parallel to each other. These parallel edges being cut off by means of scissors, the freshly cut edges adhere, and a perfect tube is the result. Toy balloons are made in a somewhat analogous manner, and are cold vulcanized afterward.
Either French chalk or soapy water is of constant use in the rubber factories, to prevent the adhesion of new surfaces of caoutchouc to each other, or to other substances.
Cold has a remarkable effect on caoutchouc, rendering it rigid and inelastic, and this circumstance considerably detracts from the value | WIKI |
User:Perry It!
Hi. This the scientific chat room for The Hi! if you need a dirty job done,(ASSASANATION) put it on my talk page | WIKI |
The Demonstration of 20 June 1792 was a final attempt by the sans-culottes of Paris to reconcile King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) with the French Revolution (1789-99). Prompted by the king's veto of popular decrees, the people invaded the Tuileries Palace and accosted Louis XVI, who greeted them graciously but stood firm in his decisions.
Louis XVI earned his people's wrath by his refusal to adhere to the Legislative Assembly's rulings, as well as a general suspicion that he was apathetic to the defense of France. French military defeats in the early weeks of the War of the First Coalition (1792-97) against Austria made the public anxious, something that inflammatory journalists and politicians took advantage of by whipping the public up and arming them with pikes.
The Demonstration of 20 June was the last peaceful attempt by the Parisian lower classes to turn Louis XVI into a more attentive ruler who listened to the desires of his people. His failure to adhere to them would be fatal. The demonstration significantly removed any aura of majesty that remained of the French monarchy and thereby made possible the Storming of the Tuileries Palace less than two months later, the bloody event that finally ended the monarchy.
A Faltering Crusade
The origins of the Demonstration of 20 June can be found in France's declaration of war on Austria, which occurred exactly two months earlier. Standing before the Legislative Assembly, Louis XVI himself had read out the declaration, to the delirious applause of the gathered deputies. Aside from a few outliers like Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), it seemed as if everyone wanted war.
The rising Girondin faction wanted it to ensure their own dominance and to spread the principles of the French Revolution to all the peoples of Europe; a 'universal crusade', in the words of their leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot. On the opposite side of the political spectrum, the Feuillants, the constitutional monarchist faction, wanted war to regain influence for themselves through battlefield victory, which would allow them to wrest power from the radical Girondins and Jacobins. Even Louis XVI wanted war, believing that a victorious Austrian army could rescue him from his virtual imprisonment by the revolutionaries, and restore to him his erstwhile authority.
Yet, the king appeared to harbor second thoughts, as he spent the days following the declaration enveloped in one of his periodic bouts of gloom. His wife, Marie Antoinette (1755-1793) was more proactive. In coded letters to her contacts in Austria, she revealed French military secrets and troop movements. She told the Austrians that the French armies were undersupplied, divided in loyalties, and had been commanded by the Girondin ministry to go on the offensive. They would be easy pickings for the professional armies of her nephew, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1792-1806) and Emperor of Austria (1804-1835).
And indeed, in the first weeks of war, it certainly seemed that way. The French forces were split into three separate armies with a combined total of 150,000 men. They were commanded by three generals who had made their reputations fighting the wars of the Ancien Régime: the north was commanded by the comte de Rochambeau, victor of Yorktown; the army of the center by Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, dubbed the 'hero of two worlds'; the army of the south by Nicolas Luckner. They presided over disorganized, undisciplined blobs of men, corrupted by the influence of the anti-aristocratic Jacobins. Moreover, the generals lacked experienced officers, as around half of France's officers had fled the country to join up with its counter-revolutionary enemies.
Consequently, in the first weeks of war, the resolve of France's citizen armies crumbled under the slightest pressure. Almost immediately, several French regiments, including the now infamous Royal German regiment, deserted and went over to the Austrians. A skirmish on 29 April resulted in the total rout of a French force under Irish-born general Théobald Dillon. The French retreated to Lille, where they famously butchered Dillon, having blamed their defeat on him being a spy. They bayoneted him to death in the middle of town before mutilating and burning his body.
Naturally, Dillon's murder made the other French generals anxious, with some, notably Rochambeau, quickly resigning their commands. Others, such as Lafayette, were not about to give up so easily. Once the darling hero of the French people, Lafayette had recently found himself disgraced after the Champ de Mars Massacre the previous summer, when National Guardsmen under his command opened fire on republican demonstrators. Lafayette blamed the Jacobins and other extremist groups for the massacre, as well as for corrupting the Revolution and infiltrating the military. He attributed General Dillon's murder to the natural consequence of Jacobin rhetoric and was concerned something similar may happen in Paris.
Early in May, with the war only a few weeks old, Lafayette wrote to Austrian ambassador Count Mercy d'Argenteau, proposing a ceasefire so he could turn his army around and march on Paris to eradicate the Jacobin threat. The Austrians were evasive in their reply, but the French commanders came together and decided to suspend hostilities on 18 May; Austria was perfectly fine with this, as it gave their ally Prussia more time to mobilize and join the war.
In the meantime, Lafayette's enemies were not as oblivious as he may have hoped, and many felt threatened by this ceasefire. Lafayette and other aristocratic officers were denounced by Robespierre, leader of the Jacobins. "I do not trust the generals," he sneered. "Most of them are nostalgic for the old order" (Schama, 601). With tensions so high, each faction saw the others as France's true enemies, even as Austrian armies were closing in. For a brief moment in time, it must have appeared that war had indeed been a mistake. Marie Antoinette, for one, could not have been happier.
Rise of the Sans-Culottes
In Paris, meanwhile, a new political force was on the rise, a force that had been ever-present but had rarely influenced events since the Storming of the Bastille in 1789. Sans-culottes (literally, without silk breeches) is the name often ascribed to the poor, working-class participants in the Revolution. The word sans-culotte itself, which came into vogue around this time, was meant as an antithesis to the now derogatory term 'aristocrat'; the implication was that it was virtuous to not own such an aristocratic item of clothing as culottes. (Somewhat ironically, Robespierre, who would later take on the role of the sans-culottes' effective spokesman, was himself fond of wearing culottes).
Parisian sans-culottes were restless in the spring of 1792. The previous harvest had been decent, but food was still scarce, in part due to the recent slave uprisings in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (the start of the Haitian Revolution). The quickly depreciating value of the assignat currency only made matters worse. Moreover, reports from the frontier were certainly troubling, especially for a people who had feared foreign invasion for so long.
As apprehension grew, in came the inflammatory journalists who were drawn to such uneasiness as moths to a flame. They had been quiet for the last few months, driven away in the aftermath of the Champ de Mars Massacre, but the absence of their Feuillant enemies from Paris gave them renewed confidence. Jean-Paul Marat, whose propensity for hiding in sewers had given him a nasty skin condition, made attacks against the royal court, which he not-so-incorrectly accused of sabotaging the war effort. More novel attacks were made against the rich, specifically the bourgeoisie, who Marat claimed had abandoned the people. Jacques-René Hébert joined in the lambasting of the king, who he referred to as "Louis le Faux" and called for the distribution of arms to the people so they could defend themselves. "To your pikes, good sans-culottes," wrote Hébert, "sharpen them up to exterminate aristocrats" (Schama, 604).
These journalists, as well as goading from the radical Cordeliers Club, riled up the Parisian commoners. To distinguish themselves as true patriots, they began to wear the red Phrygian caps that had become associated with liberty. They demanded pikes, which had become a symbol of protest; one of the 48 sections of Paris even renamed itself Les Piques. Paris' mayor, Jérôme Pétion, approved their distribution, fearful of an attack against his Girondin allies. By early summer 1792, the sans-culottes were primed for a demonstration of some sort and only needed an excuse. It would soon be inadvertently given to them by the hapless monarch Louis XVI.
The Hated Veto
The story of how Louis XVI incurred the wrath of Paris was one as old as the Revolution itself: he refused to consent to popular decrees. On 27 May, the Legislative Assembly passed a decree for the deportation of refractory priests, who were Catholic clergymen who had stayed loyal to the pope and refused to swear oaths of loyalty to the state, as required by the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Although these priests had long been viewed with suspicion by the patriotic revolutionaries, it is possible that Brissot and his allies deliberately passed this decree to provoke the king, as it was an open secret that he sympathized with the refractory priests.
Two days later, the Assembly decided to dissolve the king's Constitutional Guard, a 6,000-man bodyguard created the previous September. Stationed at the Tuileries, the Guard had been proposed by Antoine Barnave as a method to protect the crown against popular insurrection; its disbandment is, therefore, quite telling. A third decree was passed on 8 June which called for the establishment of a camp for 20,000 semi-military provincial volunteers known as fédérés. Brissot and his Girondins claimed that such a force was necessary to protect Paris in case the Austrians broke through; his political opponents, the Feuillants, claimed that this was a Jacobin plot to kidnap the king and hold him for ransom.
On 11 June, Louis XVI consented to the disbanding of his Constitutional Guard but vetoed the other two decrees. This alarmed the Girondins, who controlled the royal ministry since before the war. Jean-Marie Roland, the king's Minister of the Interior, sent him a letter of protest that had probably been written by his wife, the politically active Girondist Madame Roland (1754-1793). Whichever Roland wrote the letter, it chastised the king for using the veto, claiming that:
This is not the time to retreat or to temporize. The revolution has been made in people’s minds; it will be accomplished and cemented at the cost of bloodshed unless wisdom forestalls evils which it is still possible to avoid…I know that the austere language of truth is rarely welcomed near the throne but I also know that it is because it is so rarely heard that revolutions become necessary. (Schama, 605)
Perhaps it was this insolently worded letter that made Louis XVI dismiss the entire Girondin ministry two days later. Combined with the two vetoes, this insult to the popular Girondins was too much for the people to take. A demonstration was soon planned for 20 June, the anniversary of both the Tennis Court Oath and the king's ill-fated flight to Varennes. Although it is unknown exactly who planned it, it soon became clear that preparations were being made in the Jacobin Club, and by the 16th, practically everyone in Paris knew that something was coming.
On 20 June, the demonstration was mobilized in each of Paris' sections by various leaders of the sans-culottes: there was the publicist Fournier 'the American', the brewer Santerre, and Theroigne de Mericourt, a leader of the women's republican movement. Although these leaders were by no means the poorest of society, they were significantly not bourgeoisie, marking a turning point in the Revolution.
At 1:30 in the afternoon, 10,000 people were gathered outside Le Manège, the meeting place of the Assembly. They demanded to be let in so they could present a petition. Seeing as the demonstrators were armed with pikes, the deputies were understandably reluctant to admit them but still agreed to let a small delegation of sans-culottes inside. The crowd refused, demanding that all of them be let in to hold a parade throughout the building. The deputies relented. The parade went on for hours, and many of the participants became drunk.
As the festivities continued, the crowd grew larger, surrounding Le Manège and the perimeter of the Tuileries Palace beside it. The gates to the palace grounds were neither guarded nor locked; it was only a matter of time before the sans-culottes poured inside. Fearing bloodshed, the king's guards made no attempt to stop the crowd from entering the palace itself, a decision that baffled a young Napoleon Bonaparte, who apparently witnessed the event. "What madness," he reportedly remarked to a friend. "How could they allow that rabble to enter? Why do they not sweep away four or five hundred of them with cannon? The rest would take themselves off very quickly" (Roberts, 39).
The demonstrators found the king in the Salon de l'Oeil de Boeuf, accompanied only by some attendants and just a handful of guards. For the next two hours, they accosted him, showering him with threats and insults, waving pistols and knives in his face. One protestor even carried a cow's heart skewered atop a pike, meant to represent "the heart of an aristocrat," while another carried a blood-stained doll labelled "Marie Antoinette at the lantern" (the usual way for Parisian sans-culottes to dispose of their enemies was to hang them from lampposts). They harangued him, shouting "tremble, tyrant!" and lambasted his power of the veto (Fraser, 368). One demonstrator even addressed him as "monsieur" rather than "Your Majesty," a breach in protocol that seemed to surprise the king more than any of the threats.
Yet the king showed tremendous composure before this threatening crowd. Refusing to be intimidated, he happily drank a toast to the people and the nation, swearing to uphold the constitution. He was presented with a red liberty cap, which he dutifully wore. Royalists would later refer to this as Louis XVI's greatest moment of humiliation, his 'crown of thorns'; yet the case could be made that this was Louis XVI's finest moment as king. All his reign, he had been indecisive and graceless, seemingly aloof from the needs and desires of his people; now, he talked with them man to man, if only for a few hours. In the past, he had caved to all pressures; now he stood his ground. It was this rare show of resolve by the king that likely averted bloodshed that day. To show that he was not frightened by the crowd, he put the hand of one of his grenadiers over his heart, saying, "See? It does not palpitate" (Schama, 607).
At 6 pm, Mayor Pétion finally made his way to the palace, apologizing to the king and claiming he had just heard what was transpiring. To this obvious lie, Louis replied: "that is astonishing, since this has been continuing for some hours" (Schama, 609). The people planted a liberty tree on the palace grounds and were cleared out by 8 pm, and Louis was able to reunite with Marie Antoinette and his children.
When he heard what happened to the king, Lafayette was livid. It was clear that he had to do something, lest the monarchists lose control of the Revolution forever. He rushed back to Paris and appeared before the Assembly on 28 June, where he was met with applause. He blamed the Jacobins for the attack and demanded their immediate dissolution. This proposal was denied but so was a follow-up motion reproving his conduct.
Not to be defeated, Lafayette went to his old command, the Parisian National Guard. For a time, it looked as though Robespierre's fears would be realized, that Lafayette would finally take control of the government in a coup d'état. But it was not to be. Lafayette did not have the support or influence that Napoleon would later enjoy in his successful Coup of 18 Brumaire. Indeed, Lafayette failed to win the support of the National Guard and even of the royal family, who he was there to save. Marie Antoinette in particular loathed the general and doubted his intentions. "I see well that Monsieur de Lafayette wants to save us," she said, "but who will save us from Monsieur de Lafayette?" (Davidson, 93)
Spurned and humiliated, Lafayette returned to his military post in Alsace. His desperate attempt to gain control in Paris would be his final performance in the French Revolution. He tried again to convince his army to march on the capital, but his men refused. Perhaps remembering the fate of General Dillon, he fled France after the fall of the monarchy on 10 August. Shortly thereafter, he was arrested in the Austrian Netherlands and kept as a prisoner for most of the remainder of the Revolution.
As for the royal family, the Demonstration of 20 June truly marked the beginning of the end. The demonstration failed to achieve its immediate goals, as Louis XVI did not retract his vetoes or reinstate the Girondin ministers. But it did show the power of the sans-culottes and the frailty of the monarchy. Although this time the people of Paris came in peace, next time they would not. The Storming of the Tuileries Palace, which occurred on 10 August, would culminate in a bloody battle between angry Parisians and the king's Swiss Guard. It would also see the destruction of the monarchy and set France on the road to the birth of its first republic. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:J. Philippe Rushton/Archive 4
Penthouse Forum
My edit which corrected "Penthouse Magazine" to "Penthouse Forum" was changed by Phediou back to its original. If you go to the citation http://web.archive.org/web/20041213121817/http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/People/Rushton/rushton-black-reply.html you will see that it is the Penthouse Forum, not the Penthouse Magazine; these are different things. I'm going to change it to "Penthouse Forum" again. It would be best to check that page's cite for this information, "Weizmann, F, Wiener, N. I., Wiesenthal, D. L., & Ziegler, M. (1991). Eggs, eggplants, and eggheads: A rejoinder to Rushton. Canadian Psychology, 32, 43-50.", to get more detailed information. I don't have access to this journal, well, I can go to to library and check JSTOR... --<IP_ADDRESS> 02:37, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
An outside view
1. I have replaced "controversial" and the reference to Current Anthropology since they seem appropriately and reliably sourced. And the fact that you guys are squabbling about this suggests that it is controversial (though I guess that is original research!!!)
2. The spelling of Birkberk college is as written here
3. The sentences about the eugenics movement are supported by a dead link and a very general website that would require searching to find verification of the claim made about Rushton. I have therefore deleted the sentences for now. If attribution can be made then this may be an appropriate addition, but reliable sources are needed first. --Slp1 15:05, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
Deleting material and re-arranging this bio.
Someone has come in and added negative comment about the authors views right near the top intruding into the background material. This should be deleted and moved to the bottom under criticisms or commentaries. Also some of the bio material seems repeated in the head and in bio so rationalization seemed appropriate.Rushton2012 20:39, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
Deletions of criticisms (and deletion of one of few pro-Rushton comments)
User:Mstabba has removed these criticisms. Please explain why.Ultramarine 20:42, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
"Rushton has not only contributed to American Renaissance publications and graced their conferences with his presence but also offered praise and support for the 'scholarly' work on racial differences of Henry Garrett, who spent the last two decades of his life opposing the extension of the Constitution to blacks on the basis that the 'normal' black resembled a European after frontal lobotomy. Informed of Garrett's claim that blacks were not entitled to equality because their 'ancestors were ... savages in an African jungle,' Rushton dismissed the observation as quoted 'selectively from Garrett's writing,' finding nothing opprobrious in such sentiments because the leader of the scientific opposition to civil rights had made other statements about black inferiority that were, according to Rushton, 'quite objective in tone and backed by standard social science evidence.' Quite apart from the questionable logic in defending a blatant call to deprive citizens of their rights by citing Garrett's less offensive writing—as if it were evidence of Ted Bundy's innocence that there were some women he had met and not killed—there was no sense on Rushton's part that all of Garrett's claims, whether or not 'objective,' were utterly irrelevant to constitutional guarantees, which are not predicated on scientific demonstrations of intellectual equality.'"
* Pioneer Fund critic William H. Tucker writes:
* Tax records from 2000 show that his Charles Darwin Institute received $473,835 — 73% of that year's grants.
* Zack Cernovsky, in the Journal of Black Studies, have made several criticisms, such as "some of Rushton's references to scientific literature with respects to racial differences in sexual characteristics turned out to be references to a nonscientific semipornographic book and to an article in the Penthouse Forum"
WP:AUTO
FYI, user:Rushton2012 apparently claims to be the subject of this article. I have advised him of WP:AUTO and WP:COI on his talk page. -Will Beback · † · 00:24, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
lack of neutrality
That's comical that you've written to HIM about WP:COI ... the recent edits to this page (regardless of "sources") are ANYTHING but neutral ... they clearly come from people with an agenda to present Rushton in a negative way. The people who have been so involved in maintaining the negative tone of this article clearly have a great big "conflict of interest" and, perhaps, should not be contributing. Mstabba 14:39, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* Since when would thinking that his work is disputable science be a conflict of interest rather than just an opinion? To be WP:COI, you'd need to demonstrate that these editors have affiliations whereby they have something to gain by criticizing Dr. Rushton.--Ramdrake 19:49, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* In any case, it is bizarre that 1/3 of the article depicts Rushton's work and 2/3 are devoted to his criticism. I would like to remark, dear gentlemen, that you are fighting a lost battle and you will be for laugh to future generations, just like defenders of flat-earth. Centrum99 (talk) 14:15, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
You're an "anonymous" editor ... how can one possibly show any affiliations you might have (that, btw, applies to all Wikipedia editors). But when you choose to SLANT the article so that it has a negative tone (rather than just describe all sides on the story)you clearly are not being "neutral." The way the article stood before the great big list of negative edits was made ... was already not neutral ... but certainly with less overall negative attitude than now.
Mstabba 20:51, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
How come Wikipedia rules on NPOV clearly state that "all articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing views fairly, proportionately and WITHOUT bias" ... and yet the way the article is written now shows a very strong (as in very disproportionate) bias against Rushton's work. This (i.e., the negative general tone of the article) is very unfortunate ... and, regardless of anyone rationalizations, wrong. Mstabba 20:59, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
Ramdrake asked: "Since when would thinking that his work is disputable science be a conflict of interest rather than just an opinion? To be WP:COI, you'd need to demonstrate that these editors have affiliations whereby they have something to gain by criticizing Dr. Rushton" -- ANSWER: it ceases to be "just an opinion" and becomes a "conflict of interest" when someone continually and consistently makes changes to an article in Wikipedia in a way as to "twist" the overall TONE of the article so that it becomes anything but neutral. And that's what seems to be happening here ... positive comments have been removed several times, negative ones rapidly increasing in number, negative comments worded "as if" they are more reputable than the positive comments (which are periodically being reworded in a way as to cast doubt on their validity). Any other questions?
Mstabba 00:01, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* From NPOV: None of the views should be given undue weight or asserted as being the truth, and all significant published points of view are to be presented, not just the most popular one. It should also not be asserted that the most popular view or some sort of intermediate view among the different views is the correct one. Readers are left to form their own opinions. As the name suggests, the neutral point of view is a point of view, not the absence or elimination of viewpoints.Ultramarine 00:07, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
No kidding. I've read the NPOV policy enough times to know what it says. It does say what ultramarine quoted above. However, it ALSO says that the points of view included be PROPORTIONATE to how well-held they are in the real world. The Rushton article has a 100% negative tone to it (another thing that is a no no according to Wikipedia) ... and of the very few good things written in it, people who claim to be neutral have actually removed some of these good things and added to the disproportionately large list of negative comments. Yes, include the different points of view but do so in a way that is PROPORTIONATE & reflective of their existence in the real world. This article does NOT do that ... it is an out and out put down of Rushton's work. I'm not recommending eliminating points of view ... but I would like to see a some honesty in the presentation of negative vs positive comments. Mstabba 00:19, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* The general introduction and biography, the first thing people will read, contains mostly positive things. If there is widespread support for his works in the real world, then this should be easy to find and add to the article.Ultramarine 00:58, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
That isn't the point. The point is that the article is NOT neutral in its overall tone ... and that violates wikipedia policy ... plain and simple. You can again, rationalize the negative tone any way you want ... that doesn't make it right. The article should represent balance and honesty in its representation of the facts. The increasingly long list of negatives in the article is unfair, beyond a shadow of a doubt it is disproportionate to its representation in the world, and in a number of cases ridiculous, trivial and definitely NOT "significant" points of view (once again a no no in wikipedia).
Mstabba 01:05, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Again, if the views are "disproportionate to their representation in the world", then add the opposing ones from "the world". Until you cite them, there is no way of knowing if they actually exist.Ultramarine 01:13, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
You seem to be saying the same thing over and over. Why? The article is NOT neutral ... is SHOULD be neutral. It could become neutral if editors would refrain from growing the negative list ... and if same people would refrain from editing out positive comments and would refrain from wording anti-Rushton comments in a "matter of fact" (as if it's the gospel truth) way rather than what it actually is ... someone's personal opinion (i.e., an opinion of someone belonging to a special interest group and/or someone who simply opposes the hereditarian point of view). Mstabba 01:18, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* The supporting statements are also have opinions. The statements and actions by Rushton that are criticzed are however not opinions.Ultramarine 02:15, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Again, for User Mstabba: Neutrality is not giving equal representation to positive and negative views. Neutrality is giving each side of the argument a weight proportional to its representation in the real world. If you think there are sourced, significant viewpoints missing in this article, please feel free to add them, along with proper sources. If you feel that some viewpoints voiced in this article aren't significant enough to be included and should be dropped, please bring this in discussion. Whatever you do, please do not remove sourced material without first discussing it here and getting the agreement of the other editors involved.--Ramdrake 13:47, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
Support quotes from Knudson P.
* Two of the "Support" quotes are taken from Knudson P. (1991), A Mirror to Nature: Reflections on Science, Scientists, and Society. The text is available through Amazon. Neither quotation, in my opinion, fully captures the viewpoints of the quoted speakers. Either we should add more material to give a fuller context or summarize their viewpoints without quoting them. -Will Beback · † · 03:41, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* I would support either option.Ultramarine 07:18, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
Ramdrake said ...
"Adding and removing POV-section tags is a bit childish. Let's agree that the overall neutrality of the article is still in dispute for now" -- I agree with you totally, which raises the question "why are YOU engaging in that behaviour?"
As for the neutrality of this article ... that will remain in question until it becomes neutral :))))) Mstabba 13:49, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* To answer your question, I didn't start removing POV tags based on whether or not I liked a certain secton. However, I saw several editors engaging in reciprocal reverts of POV-section tags. It seemed the best way to cut short to this revert war was to remove all section tags and put an overall NPOV tag back on top of the article.
* And again, please re-read WP:NPOV to reacquaint yourself with the Wikipedia meaning of NPOV. You are consistently demonstrating that your understanding of NPOV is not the same as Wikipedia's definition and/or have failed to present citations to substantiate your claims of a POV slant. NPOV does not mean positive and negative views need to have equal representation.--Ramdrake 14:24, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
You clearly haven't read anything I've written. I never claimed positive and negative comments have to be equal ... they do, according the Wikipedia neutrality policy have to be proportionate to their representation in the real world (which they are not at the moment). May I recommend you read the policy once again? And the policy on Biographies of living people!
Mstabba 15:13, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Again, provide citations from the "real world" to support your claims.Ultramarine 15:31, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Ultramarine is correct. You can argue all you want that the representation is disproportionate, but that doesn't prove anything. Adding properly sourced, notable opinions in support of Rushton and/or his work will help a lot more. As it stands, there are currently nine opinions critical of Rushton and/or his work, and three in favor, for a 75%/25% spread. IMHO, that's a fair representation of the "real world". You're welcome to prove otherwise.--Ramdrake 16:01, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
Ultramarine ... I do not need to provide citations from the "real world" to defend wanting this article to have an overall neutral tone (such tone, btw, is required by Wikipedia). The overall tone of Wikipedia articles must be neutral ... even after presenting the "facts." Biographies of living people cannot be slanted (in an overall way) the way you wish. Mstabba 15:58, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* But you *DO* need to provide citations from the "real world" to prove that the sampling in this article is biased rather than representative of the real world. Without those, it's just your opinion, and has no right to cite in Wikipedia.--Ramdrake 16:01, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Ok, let's stop beating around the bush: please provide the proportionality which you feel would indicate the article is "neutral" according to your definition. Then, we can talk.--Ramdrake 16:04, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
Look there's simply no point communicating with you. The "overall tone" of the article is NOT neutral (and it is "should" be). Mstabba 18:13, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* From what you've said so far, I gather that:
* You don't expect the praise and criticism to be split 50/50
* You feel that a 75/25 criticism/praise split is "not neutral"
* You won't state or discuss what you feel should be a fair and representative criticism/praise split (one that is commensurate with the situation in the "real world")
* Given all these, even with the best will of the other editors, how can we reach consensus on a representation all feel is fair? You seem to me like you're painting yourself into a corner.--Ramdrake 12:54, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
The article needed to have a less hostile tone to it overall. You've now achieved that by changing a main heading to "Opinions of Rushton and his Work" ... very good (i.e., the tone is now more neutral & leaves the reader to decide for him/herself) Mstabba 16:15, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
* Glad we could come to an agreement, if that's all it took. For the sake of sparing yourself and others some grief, may I suggest next time you object to something in Wikipedia, to maybe give more effort to better define why you object? Just a suggestion, with all due respect. Cheers!--Ramdrake 18:11, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
Penthouse forum?
Actually, Weizmann et al., (1991) accused that that Rushton and Bogaert (1987) cite Noble (1982) who cited a journal on penis length which turned out to be the Penthouse Forum which is not a pornographic magazine. Rushton never cited Penthouse forum.MoritzB 15:22, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* I restored the material you deleted.
* There have been criticisms of Rushton's work in the scholarly literature, most of which Rushton has replied to, often in the same journals. For example, Zack Cernovsky, in the Journal of Black Studies, has made several criticisms, such as "some of Rushton's references to scientific literature with respects to racial differences in sexual characteristics turned out to be references to a nonscientific semipornographic book and to an article in the Penthouse Forum."
* It doesn't mention Weizmann at all. Can we say that Cernovsky did not make the above criticism? It was 12 years ago. Has Rushton ever responded to it? If so we can include the response. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 15:40, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, Cernovsky did make that criticism which was erroneous and mentioned Weizmann. Cernovsky writes: "In a similar vein, some of Rushton's references to scientific literature with respects to racial differences in sexual characteristics turned out to be references to a nonscientific semipornographic book and to an article in the Penthouse Forum (see a review in Weizmann, Wiener, Wiesenthal, & Ziegler, 1991)."
* Actually, Rushton cited Noble (1982), not the Penthouse magazine according to Weizmann. Because Weizmann is the source of Cernovsky's claim we can conclude that Cernovsky was wrong.
* See:
http://<IP_ADDRESS>/search?q=cache:LdRO8CMZDVEJ:faculty.buffalostate.edu/hennesda/example%2520review%2520paper.doc+%22who+cited+a+journal+on+penis+length+which+turned+out+to+be+the%22&hl=fi&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=eng
* Rushton's reply:
"Another error that critics make is to focus on highly salient minor points and so obscure the larger picture. Thus, concerning reproductive behavior, Weizmann, Wiener, Wiesenthal, and Ziegler, (1990, p. 8; 1991) ridiculed references to the ethnographic record (e.g., French Army Surgeon, 1898/1972)... and thereby sidestepped my global review of sexual behavior and AIDS." MoritzB 16:11, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* So how shall we summarize this? "Rushton has replied that he did not cite Penthouse Forum but rather had cited a paper which cited it." Is that correct and fair? ·:· Will Beback ·:· 16:18, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* To my knowledge Rushton never replied to Cernovsky. It would be more appropriate to say that there is no reference to the Penthouse article in Rushton's paper. Cernovsky's source (Weizmann et. al.) says that Rushton cited Noble's paper which had a reference to the Penthouse forum. However, this criticism is far-fetched and a very minor point so I doubt that it should be included to the article at all.MoritzB 16:28, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* The criticism is hardly "far-fetched" and has been repeated often. It's better to address these kinds of issues rather than ignore them. Can you propose any language to describe the situation? ·:· Will Beback ·:· 16:33, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Here's an LTE on the topic:
* A case in point is the 1987 article he co-authored with Anthony F. Bogaert entitled, "Race differences in sexual behavior: testing an evolutionary hypothesis", which appeared in the Journal of Research in Personality (volume 21:529-551). This is the work upon which much of his now infamous address to the AAAS was based...In a similar veln, but more contemporary context, Rushton & Bogaert rely heavily on information about penis anatomy among "Blacks" and "Whites" from a 1982 article whrch appeared in "Forum: International Journal of Human Relations". Much to our amusement, we discovered that this "journal" is published by Penthouse Magazine and was described In Magazines for Llbrarles (4th edrtion, 1982:454) as "a pocket-slzed Penthouse without the nudes"! -L.K.W. Chan and D.A. Herrlng Newsletter of the Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology
* So apparently Cernovsky is not the only one to make this criticism. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 17:08, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Proposal: "There have been criticisms of Rushton's work in the scholarly literature, most of which Rushton has replied to, often in the same journals. For example, according to Weizmann et. al. Rushton's data about racial differences in sexual characteristics lacked quality".
* MoritzB 17:22, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* That's too vague. We can't just say he's been criticized without mentioning what the criticisms were. "Lacked quality" isn't sufficient. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 17:31, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* The criticism itself is vague because it targets a minor aspect of Rushton's r-k selection theory about racial differences which doesn't rely on the data criticised. The reader is not even introduced to the theory so he has no idea what the criticism is all about.
* I propose: For example, according to Weizmann et. al. Rushton's data about racial differences in sexual characteristics was very old or unreliable."
* MoritzB 18:04, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* That's totally off-topic. The criticism we're discussing here is the use of the Penthouse Forum as a source. You claim that he never used it, while three researchers in the field say he did. Does anyone have access to "Race differences in sexual behavior: testing an evolutionary hypothesis", and if so can we confirm that "Forum: International Journal of Human Relations" is not cited in it? If not then we need to go with the previously cited criticisms. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 18:22, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* See:
http://<IP_ADDRESS>/search?q=cache:LdRO8CMZDVEJ:faculty.buffalostate.edu/hennesda/example%2520review%2520paper.doc+%22who+cited+a+journal+on+penis+length+which+turned+out+to+be+the%22&hl=fi&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=eng
* MoritzB 18:24, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* So at best we have Rushton citing a paper which cites the Penthouse Forum (per Hennessy's interpretation of Weizmann). On the other hand we have L.K.W. Chan and D.A. Herring who say they personally found the Forum citation in "Race differences in sexual behavior: testing an evolutionary hypothesis". A better summary would be:
* There have been criticisms of Rushton's work in the scholarly literature, most of which Rushton has replied to, often in the same journals. For example, Zack Cernovsky, in the Journal of Black Studies, has made several criticisms, such as "some of Rushton's references to scientific literature with respects to racial differences in sexual characteristics turned out to be references to a nonscientific semipornographic book and to an article in the Penthouse Forum." L.K.W. Chan and D.A. Herring have also criticized Rushton's use of the Penthouse Forum as a source. Defenders of Rushton say that he did not cite the magainze directly, but instead cited a paper that in turn cited it.
* Is that correct? ·:· Will Beback ·:· 18:42, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* No. Hennessy is one of the critics of "scientific racism" and is definitely not a "defender of Rushton". If he has any biases they are against Rushton. Thus, I strongly suspect that Hennessy is right.
* IMHO, it would be ridiculous to include two different factual accounts of Rushton's paper to the article. I think I will e-mail Rushton and ask him to scan the paper.
* MoritzB 18:54, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* It's not clear that both references are to the same paper. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 19:18, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Weizmann et al., (1991) and Rushton and Bogaert (1987) are the papers in question.MoritzB 19:23, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, but we don't know what paper or book Weizmann is referring to. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 19:56, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
Reverting credible journalism
Charles Lane journalist covers the Supreme Court of the United States for the Washington Post and has for at least six years. Had his writing on this topic not been credible, he would not hold his job. moritzb has provided no factual evidence that Rushton was not reprimanded for ethical lapses, or that the University reversed itself. Hence, mortizb accusation of POV pushing is more aptly directed at himself.Skywriter 19:21, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* The problem is that you intentionally deleted factual information of Rushton's accomplishments and gave undue weight to Lane's accusations. MoritzB 19:34, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
Identify precisely what you allege was deleted.Skywriter 19:40, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* " Rushton has published more than 250 articles and six books, including two on altruism, one on scientific excellence, and co-authored an introductory psychology textbook. Over ten of his papers have appeared in Intelligence a journal for which Rushton sits on the editorial board along with seven other signatories of an opinion piece "Mainstream Science on Intelligence". Co-signer Douglas K. Detterman is founder and editor of the journal that republished the opinion piece."MoritzB 19:47, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
Look again, moritzb. The above is a false statement. You are mistaken. That material has not changed and is in tact in the current and previous versions.Skywriter 19:50, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
Also, these are not Lane's accusations. He is a reporter. These facts appeared in Canadian newspapers and in the student newspaper at his university. That he was reprimanded twice in one year is fact.Skywriter 19:41, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Whatever they are they don't portray Rushton fairly like the 2005 article "Rushton Revisited" in Ottawa Post, for example. MoritzB 19:47, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Some press clippings:
* Professor Philippe Rushton has been reprimanded by university officials for not getting authorization to take his controversial research from the University of Western Ontario to a mall in downtown Toronto....Last week, Prof. Rushton was barred for two years from using a pool of first-year students for his research after conducting a survey without the approval of a university ethics committee. The students were asked to fill out a questionnaire asking about sexual performance. "University reprimands Rushton" The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ont.: May 3, 1989. pg. A.16
* Professor Philippe Rushton has been barred from conducting research on students after a university committee found he'd done an unauthorized study which included asking volunteers to describe their genitalia....In a detailed questionnaire, student research subjects were asked to reveal several aspects of their sexual performance, including penis size, how far they could ejaculate and information about sexual partners, Cummins said... There are also questions about whether Rushton had approval of the university's main ethics committee for a survey he conducted at the Eaton Centre in Toronto last December. He paid 50 Orientals, 50 whites and 50 blacks $5 each to answer a questionnaire on their sexual habits. "Rushton barred for conducting unapproved study", Leslie Papp, Toronto Star. Toronto Star. Toronto, Ont.: Apr 29, 1989. pg. A.4
* These confirm the Lane account and can be added as additional references. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 19:52, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* The addition of that information would imbalance the article. The events which happened in 1989 are no longer notable or relevant and are not even mentioned in recent newspaper articles about Rushton. See: "Rushton Revisited" in Ottawa Post. MoritzB 20:14, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Reprimands of university professors are not common and are worth reporting. The fact that the incidents occured in 1989 doesn't make them less relevant - this article covers the subject's entire life, not just the last ten years. The fact that the reprimands directly concern his research makes them relevant to the subject's scholarship (unlike, say, sleeping with a student). If you think "Rushton Revisited" is a stellar article we can include it as "further reading". ·:· Will Beback ·:· 20:25, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* I've just read "Rushton Revisited". It isn't a general profile of Rushton, but rather a review of the current (as of 2005) viewpoints on his work on race and intelligence. It may be usable as a source for those newer views. But the article's omission of some biographical details doesn't mean we shouldn't include the reprimand in this biography. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 20:36, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* Skywriter added four paragraphs about 1989. One paragraph would be entirely sufficient.MoritzB 20:49, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* I've consolidated it down to three paragraphs. Surely you don't propose that the subject's activities and publications prior to 1990 are no longer material. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 20:53, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
* I find it rather interesting that the Google search for "Rushton Revisited" has among its top ten hits American Renaissance and Stormfront. Pascal.Tesson 21:03, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
Criticism by Southern Poverty Law Center violates wikipedia policy
This article violates so many wikipedia policies that I don't even know where to begin. It is against wikipedia policy to make libelous claims about living people or to smear them by implying they are racists or members of hate groups using poorly sourced material. You especially can not use self-published sources to do this. Wikipedia policy is clear: Never use self-published books, zines, websites, webforums, blogs or tweets as sources for material about a living person, unless written or published by the subject of the biographical material The references to Rushton by the SPLC are a self-published website & thus clearly violate this rule. The SPLC must be removed from the article immediately. Needpics (talk) 15:56, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
* In the past, the SPLC has not been considered a self-published source because they apparently have an editorial system to review materials before they're published. "Self-published" usually refers to material published directly by the author without any editorial system, such as a blog or a vanity press book. Will Beback talk 21:41, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
* Also, Wikipedia does not want to repeat any libellous material. Libel is a matter for law courts and if the SPLC or other source has printed such material the first recourse would be to ask them to withdraw their material and then to sue them for libel if they don't. I'm not aware of anything like that here. If Rushton or his defenders have issues rebuttals to any of the assertions in the article then we should include those. But otherwise it's not clear that there's anything libellous in this article. Will Beback talk 21:43, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
* The SPLC is clearly self-published because they are the ones who are publishing their own views. Their views are not being published in an independent source or distributed by an independent source. Beyond that, the fact that our only source for the SPLC's criticism is the SPLC itself means that their views are not particularly notable. Further, many of their views might be considered extreme minority views and to give them space in this article violates wikipedia's undue weight policy. Keep in mind that this source must be held to a higher standard because what they are saying is so inflamatory. Wikipedia's policy is clearly stated at the top of this page: This article must adhere to the policy on biographies of living persons. Controversial material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libellous. Implying someone is a racist or a member of hate groups is potentially libelous, thus we can not use unpublished sources, minority view sources, or sources that are not notable claims if we are going to include such material. Needpics (talk) 22:31, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
* The New York Times publishes its own views too, but that doesn't mean that an individual reporter's article is self-published. Please see WP:V and WP:RS for the standards on sources. What material do you believe is "potentially libellous"? Will Beback talk 22:37, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
* Actually the New York Times is published by the New York Times Company & individuals such as Thomas Friedman, Maureen Dowd & Frank Rich are published in the New York Times. There is no author listed for the claims published by the SPLC other than the SPLC itself & there is no publisher for the claims made by the SPLC other than the SPLC. That's what self-published is. But even if it were not self-published, the SPLC's views on Rushton are not notable as evidenced by the fact that no reliable source has reported on their views. Our only source for their views is the SPLC itself. If no one else is reporting on their views on Rushton, then that means it is not a significant view point & deserves no representation in wikipedia. And I consider it potentially libelous when they describe Rushton as venemous. In addition to being self-published, not notable, & potentially libelous, it's also an extreme minority view point. Only the SPLC has used the term to "venomous" to describe Rushton. Wikipedia articles must be written with NPOV. Editors should not be searching the web for whatever dirt they can find about a living person & sticking it in their wikipedia articles. Needpics (talk) 00:39, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
"In most ways, Michelle Ilse Weyher fit the cliché of an Upper East Sider. The blonde housewife was married to a big-deal lawyer. She had a pet Chihuahua named Mr. Peeper, whom she carried around in a Sherpabag. She occasionally wrote letters to the editor of The New York Times with advice to fellow dog owners. But Weyher stood outinone very bigway. Her charity work was notfor the Junior League or the Met, but for New York's oldest hate group: the Pioneer Fund, a foundation that has supported all manner of racist pseudoscience since 1937.
Virtually all the people who create white nationalist ideology are funded by them," says Heidi Beirich, a writer at the Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks hate groups around the country. The list of Pioneer Fund grantees includes a who's who of "race science" figures: Richard Lynn, an Irish professor who once said that certain groups of people need to be "phased out"; Michael Levin, an NYU professor who was lauded by white supremacists for his 1997 book Why Race Matters; Arthur Jensen, a Berkeley professor who spentmuch of his career writing about the black-white IQ gap.
Michelle Ilse Weyher was the Germany-born third wife of the Pioneer Fund's former president, Harry Weyher. The organization had grown up and grown old in New York City, sup ported by rich city boys like Weyher. It was originally founded by Nazi sympathizer Wickliffe Draper, a philanthropist who advocated segregation and sending blacks to Africa.
After 44 years as the fund's president, Harry Weyher died in 2002. The torch was passed to J. Philippe Rushton, a Canadian psychology professor and hero to white nationalists. Heis notorious for a 1985 book claiming that penis size is inversely proportional to intelligence, i.e., that black men with large penises are inherently stupider than white men with small penises. (Rushton refutes the idea that the fund is a hate group.) To keep the memory of her husband alive, Rushton invited Michelle Ilse Weyher to sit on the board. Like her board colleagues-professors around the U.S., Canada, and Europe-Michelle Ilse Weyher was also a published author-only her claim to fame was not exactly academic. Last year, Weyher self-published an 86-page book titled Barking for Biscuits under the pen name "Mr.Peeper." This tale of "a charming Chihuahua snob from NYC's East Side" was dedicated to her husband, who was also a dog lover.
When she wasn't writing fiction or cavorting with her four-legged friend, Weyher played a role in the Pioneer Fund's selection process. She helped to decide which applicants received the few grants the fund gave out each year. Some went to legitimate scientists studying genetics or intelligence, while others went directly into the pockets of big-league white supremacists."
- Warp and Woof Maria Luisa Tucker. The Village Voice. New York: May 30-Jun 5, 2007. Vol. 52, Iss. 22; pg. 12, 1 pgs
"An organization headed by a prominent University of Nevada, Las Vegas professor has invited four researchers with ties to hate groups to speak at a May conference in Turkey.
Hans-Hermann Hoppe, the renowned Austrian economist who made headlines in 2005 over remarks he made in the classroom about gays, has invited the researchers to express viewpoints that some civil rights organizations call "academic racism."
They're scheduled to speak at the second annual conference of the Property and Freedom Society, an organization that Hoppe founded in May 2006 to promote "Austro-Libertarianism," according to the organization's Web site.
The conference is scheduled at the Karia Princess Hotel in Bodrum, Turkey, between May 24 and 28. [..]
"This looks like a very serious academic racist event," said Heidi Beirich, deputy director of the Southern Poverty Law Center's Intelligence Project, a quarterly publication that monitors hate groups.
The Southern Poverty Law Center, based in Montgomery, Ala., provides tolerance education programs and fights legal battles with hate groups. It has publicly denounced several of the individuals scheduled to speak at Hoppe's conference.
One of the invited speakers is Richard Lynn, a professor at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland who is considered at the forefront of the eugenics movement.
Lynn is listed on the board of directors for the New York-based Pioneer Fund, an organization that the Southern Poverty Law Center calls a "hate group." [..]
..."The Mankind Quarterly," a journal that receives funding from the Pioneer Fund, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center. [..]
"It sounds like a pretty high-level gathering of high-level academic racists," Beirich said of the event.
She said Lynn, Vanhanen and Jared Taylor, editor of American Renaissance, and Jean Phillippe Rushton, president of the Pioneer Fund, "are the movers and shakers ... in this world" of academic racism. [..]
"There are very, very few organizations that will accept money from the Pioneer Fund because of their racist history," Beirich said."
- Researchers tied to hate groups get invitations Lawrence Mower. Las Vegas Review - Journal. Las Vegas, Nev.: Mar 11, 2007. pg. 1.B
"On first glance, Jared Taylor, 55, looks perfectly credible. People who write about him tend to mention his clothing and how nice it is, how remarkable that he is not wearing boots, jeans and a dirty undershirt. The Halifax Chronicle-Herald, for example, called him "impeccably dressed," and the Southern Poverty Law Centre has called him the "cultivated, cosmopolitan face of white supremacy." [..]
With the help of annual grants from the Pioneer Fund (a private American trust set up in 1937 to promote white racial purity, which is now less overtly racist, and headed since 2002 by J. Philippe Rushton, the notorious race researcher in the University of Western Ontario's psychology department, whom former Ontario premier David Peterson once said he would fire if he could for his views on racial IQ differences), Mr. Taylor conducts a continent- wide public relations campaign in which he is neither academic nor journalist, but a racial pundit who trades on the good names of Yale and Sciences Po, the Institute for Political Studies in Paris, to promote white pride and argue against racial integration. As such, he has spoken his mind everywhere from Fox News to the Queen Latifah Show."
- How not to handle a genteel racist; [National Edition] Joseph Brean. National Post. Don Mills, Ont.: Jan 27, 2007. pg. A.1
"Controversial Canadian professor Philippe Rushton, best known for shocking the world in 1989 with a paper arguing some races were smarter than others, is back with another study saying blacks are not as genetically gifted as whites or East Asians. Sixteen years ago, his theory was incendiary. This time around, it was greeted with a shrug. What's changed? [..]
Then, three years ago, he became president of the Pioneer Fund, a foundation incorporated in 1937 with the goal of "race betterment, with special reference to the United States." Among other things, it funds scientific studies that examine the differences between human beings based on gender, race and class.
The Pioneer Fund has a checkered history. One of its first funding grants in 1937 paid for the U.S. distribution of a Nazi Party film on eugenics. The fund's primary benefactor, Wickliffe Draper, was interested in the idea of repatriating U.S. blacks to Africa and later offered significant financial support for legal battles to oppose the racial desegregation of schools in the U.S.
That activity has led critics to charge that the Pioneer Fund hides an ugly political agenda behind its veil of science. The Southern Poverty Law Center, a non-profit advocacy organization, bluntly calls it a hate group."
- Rushton Revisited; [Final Edition] Andrew Duffy. The Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ont.: Oct 1, 2005. pg. A.1.Fro
"A civil-rights organization famous for tracking hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan is now watching several university professors who have suggested that weak parts of the population should be eliminated through a modern version of eugenics.
Although anyone browsing the Internet can find dozens of sites espousing these beliefs, it is especially dangerous when those thoughts come from respected professionals, said Heidi Beirich, a researcher at the Southern Poverty Law Center who tracks the academic movement.
"One thing these academics can do is they provide justification to people for their racist beliefs," she said. "If you have a Ph.D. after your name, you have a lot more clout than Joe Schmo who's talking about how evil the Jews are." [..]
As more research money became available in the last 10 years, the rekindled eugenics movement accelerated and attracted the attention of the Southern Poverty Law Center, Beirich said.
"It's definitely re-emerging. At the early part of the (20th) century, eugenics was a very big topic of research ... in the last 10 years it's become resurgent because you have the funding," Beirich said.
She said that most of the research money is coming from the Pioneer Fund, a nonprofit organization that pays for the study of heredity and race. The fund supported the eugenics movement when it began in the 1930s and now spends millions each year on research that looks at genetic differences between the races.
The movement is also growing because researchers interested in eugenics are getting better organized, Beirich said.
Much of their work is published in American Renaissance and Mankind Quarterly, journals that are written in scientific language but don't follow such scientific conventions as peer review - the process that gives other researchers a chance to verify research results.
These researchers also move in the same circles, attend the same conferences, review each other's books and exchange correspondence.
"They know each other very well," Beirich said. "They have gotten their act together. They shouldn't be taken lightly because I think we're going to be hearing more from them in the future."
J. Philippe Rushton, a professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario, is one of the researchers at the top of the watch list at the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Rushton has researched the differences between the races for years. He has compared IQ scores, brain size and fertility rates of blacks and whites. His studies have led him to conclude that blacks as a whole will never measure up to whites, he said.
"Give them the best opportunities. But I think we have to learn to live with the differences. On average, there are going to be fewer geniuses, fewer people in the top professions," Rushton said. [..]
"The ironic thing is, most of these people are not geneticists," Beirich said. "Rushton literally spends a lot of his time measuring penis size and head size.""
- STIRRING UP ACADEMIA ; RESEARCHERS HOP ON SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS TO PROMOTE THEIR CAUSES Series: Against Their Will North Carolina's Sterilization Program; Danielle Deaver JOURNAL REPORTER. Winston - Salem Journal. Winston-Salem, N.C.: Dec 12, 2002. pg. 1
"J. Philippe Rushton, a psychology professor at the University of Western Ontario, will speak March 11 as part of DarwinFest, a lecture series examining the work of Charles Darwin in recognition of his 200th birthday. WVU spokesman Dan Kim said Rushton's talk will explore altruism and human relationships.
Race won't be part of Rushton's discussion at WVU, but his research on race has led the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), a civil rights activist group to pin the racist label on him. His controversial claims appear in his book "Race, Evolution and Behavior.""
- WVU speaker called racist: Rushton claims that intelligence a race factor. Cassie Shaner. The Dominion Post Washington: Feb 15, 2009.
There are several examples of mainstream newspapers quoting the SPLC on Rushton, the Pioneer Fund, or related persons. It would be incorrect to say that the SPLC's view of Rushton is not significant. Other than perhaps the Pioneer Fund, and his university, I doubt any other institution has devoted as much attention to Rushton as the SPLC. Will Beback talk 01:27, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
* You have not provided links to any of your sources. Further you have not demonstrated that the SPLC's comment about Rushton being venemous is notable. That is the criticism that is in the article and the only source the article gives is the SPLC itself Needpics (talk) 15:10, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
* It is difficult to take your concerns about the article seriously if you can't be bothered to look up citations. Will Beback has done a lot of research on this matter and I find the sources that he has provided convincing. The SPLC has been quoted frequently by the mainstream media and in a manner similar to the way it has been quoted here. Walter Siegmund (talk) 19:02, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
* His sources may be convincing but they are not relevant to the way the SPLC is being referenced in the article. The aricle cites the SPLC calling Rushton "venemous" for a comment he made about black people in Toronto. This is a very inflamatory criticism of Rushton but there's no evidence that it is notable & wikipedia policy demands that all controversial material(especially of an inflamatory & negative nature) in articles about living people be well sourced & notable. In order to show that it is notable, one would have to produce reliable credible published sources (independent of the SPLC itself) that mention the offense the SPLC took to Rushton's comment about Toronto. Otherwise wikipedia is not reporting on a controversy, it is creating a controversy. Needpics (talk) 22:06, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
* There is no requirement that comments, pro or con, about a subject have to be notable in order to be included. We have a requirement that they have to appear in a reliable secondary source, but not they have to be noted in a second secondary source. Will Beback talk 22:14, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
* Well there is a requirement that we don't give undue weight to minority view points. The view point that Rushton's comments about Toronto were venemous is a minority view point. We also have a requirement that controversial material, especially of an inflamatory & negative nature not be poorly sourced. The SPLC meets wikipedia's definition of a poor source because it's A)self-published and B)extremist (far left politically) both of which violate wikipedia's rules for sources. Needpics (talk) 02:20, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
* Based on my reading of available sources that discuss the subject, I'd say that the majority view is expressed by the SPLC. It certainly does not represent a fringe view on this matter. That said, we don't need to quote that exact word, "venomous". I've entirely re-written it.
* Rushton wrote an opinion piece for the Ottawa Citizen which blamed the destruction of "Toronto the Good" on its black inhabitants. The Southern Poverty Law Center called the piece "yet another attack" by Rushton and it criticized those who published his work and that of other "race scientists".
* That's neutral and does a better job of summarizing the SPLC article. Will Beback talk 02:40, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
* The SPLC are the only ones who had a publicly expressed problem with Rushton's comment about Toronto so that by definition makes it a minority view. In addition, the SPLC are self-published political extremists which makes them a poor source as per wikipedia's definitions. To include poorly sourced material of a negative inflamatory nature violates wikipedia's policy when it comes to articles about living persons & no amount of rewording can change that. Needpics (talk) 04:57, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
* "There's ample precedent in the RSN archives for citing political advocacy groups such as the SPLC, NRA, MEMRI, etc, provided the citations use proper attribution." Walter Siegmund (talk) 06:01, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
Criticism and praise
An editor added this assertion: Do we have a source that says so directly, or are we deciding that on our own? If the latter, then that might be considered original research and should be left out. If the former, then we should attribute that view. Will Beback talk 16:24, 21 October 2009 (UTC)
* His work in this area is highly controversial, recieving as much criticism as praise.
Removed criticism from intro. There are three whole sections for criticism in the article already. I appreciate the emotion that this mans claims can bring, however, intros are for basic info and not for immediate condemnation by hostile opposition. I am not atempting to condone his work or refute the criticism, it is simply massively POV to have such hostile criticism in the introduction for a living person of repute who has as many supporters as opponents.Gaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 02:58, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
After trawling the records, the aforementioned part that was previously in the intro, can be seen to have been first added on the 19 March 2009 by anonymous editor <IP_ADDRESS> - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/<IP_ADDRESS> - This editor then reverted an admins wise decision to remove his POV addition. Several other anonymous edits kept it there, despite rv's from admins. This should not be re-added to the intro.Gaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 04:57, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
* However, the intro is there to recap the material of the article. If there is a large section of the article on criticism, it is normal that it will be reflected in the intro. Also, the material in the intro is sourced so there are no BLP violations that I see there.--Ramdrake (talk) 04:58, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
Please do not delete ongoing discussions, as you did with your last talk edit. It is not normal to have an article take a massively POV position on a living persons work in the intro. Criticism is included in 3 whole sections and should of course be included. However, as can be seen, even just from this article, Rushton has just as much supporters as detractors. In light of this, including damning criticism of him and his work in the intro is as POV as including fawing praise. Please also see the above paragraph for infoGaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 05:10, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
* I don't know that Rushton has as many supporters as detractors. Ramdrake is correct that the intro should summarize the body of the article. Since the controversy is significant it should be mentioned in the intro in some way. Could you, Gaius, suggest some text which would reflect that content and that you'd find acceptable? Will Beback talk 05:36, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
If Rushton's work is regarded as incorrect, racist, or poorly researched by a large number of notable scientists, then it is imperative to mention that in the introduction. GSMR (talk) 20:34, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
Rushtons work is regarded as sound by a large number of notable scientists, and derided mostly by non-scientists. Shall we put that in the intro?Gaius Octavius Princeps (talk) 11:25, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
* I don't think that's right - David Suzuki, and my anthro textbook disagree. However, if this can be supported, then sure, go ahead. GSMR (talk) 16:40, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
* To G.O.P. - If we have sources which make the same conclusikon as you then we can include that. But it would be original research for us to draw our own conclusions about the careers of critics. Will Beback talk 17:38, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
Rushtons work is regarded as sound by a large number of notable scientists, and derided mostly by non-scientists. GOP, can you provide a source for that? So far, I have seen many editors ask you for references for your changes, but you just keep edit-warring and reverting. With all due respect, please provide sources or please leave this bio alone.--Ramdrake (talk)
Why was reference removed twice?
Users with computer IDs of <IP_ADDRESS> and <IP_ADDRESS> have both removed the reference that the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has identified VDARE as a hate group. http://www.splcenter.org/intel/map/hate.jsp?S=VA&m=.3
Do you care to explain why?
Thanks. Skywriter (talk) 16:12, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
* I can't speak for the other editor(s), but I removed it again because this article is about Rushton, not VDARE. Will Beback talk 22:41, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
* Probably because the SPLC are a well-known far left wing activist group, and as such their opinions are no more authoritative than the opinions of Stormfront. They routinely "identify" groups as hate groups, by their own definition. They are entitled to do that of course, but their activist position by defintion makes them biased and thus unreliable.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:24, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
Intelligence Citations Bibliography for Articles Related to IQ Testing
You may find it helpful while reading or editing articles to look at a bibliography of Intelligence Citations, posted for the use of all Wikipedians who have occasion to edit articles on human intelligence and related issues. I happen to have circulating access to a huge academic research library at a university with an active research program in these issues (and to another library that is one of the ten largest public library systems in the United States) and have been researching these issues since 1989. You are welcome to use these citations for your own research. You can help other Wikipedians by suggesting new sources through comments on that page. It will be extremely helpful for articles on human intelligence to edit them according to the Wikipedia standards for reliable sources for medicine-related articles, as it is important to get these issues as well verified as possible. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 20:13, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
* Now is a good time to review this article in light of the best sources; you are welcome to suggest new sources to ensure that this article and other articles on Wikipedia are well sourced. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 16:18, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
* Here are some new sources, they do be much more good if incorporated into the article main text than in a further readings sections:
·Maunus· ƛ · 20:14, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Heres another one which is in favour of his academic freedom and against political correctness, it also detailedly explains how his academic peers at his own institution rejected his work.
And this one: Andrew S. Winston. The Context of Correctness: A Comment on Rushton. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, Vol 5, No. 2, 1996, 231-250 Copyright Human Sciences Press, 1996. ·Maunus· ƛ · 20:31, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Barry R. Gross "The case of Philippe Rushton" Academic Questions Volume 3, Number 4, 35-46, DOI: 10.1007/BF02682900
* HEre's an MA thesis {pdf}·Maunus· ƛ · 20:36, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Here's a book with a long chapter on Rushton's academic case arguing in favour of his academic freedom. (it does leave out the nasty details of the 1988 Ethics board incidents) Hunt, M, 1999. The new know-nothings: The political foes of the scientific
study of human nature. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.·Maunus· ƛ · 20:44, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks, Maunus. There are plenty of edits ahead. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 23:14, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
Can someone verify the Knudtson book?
I'm checking references here, and I'm wondering if anyone has the Knudson book, which appears in few libraries, at hand. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 23:28, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* I'm sitting in one of America's biggest research libraries and its not in their catalogue...·Maunus· ƛ · 23:42, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Try Knudtson with 't'. An Amazon.com search confirms "Despite the occasional media stereotype of Rushton" appearing on p 176 of their particular vol. RashersTierney (talk) 00:41, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks for noticing the spelling error that I copied-and-pasted from the article references (which I have now fixed in that regard). I'm having trouble confirming the nature (that is, the reliability per Wikipedia policy) of this source. I'm particularly interested in verifying the E. O. Wilson quotation. (P.S. What is the first published source for the Eysenck quotation later in the same paragraph? That shouldn't be cited to a partisan website, but rather to one of Eysenck's published writings, which I may have at hand in my office.) Thanks for the help. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 04:26, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* Follow-up to self: once I ran the Amazon searches, I found that one "quotation" was just flat wrong (it wasn't in proper scholarly quotation form showing what words were omitted) and both were misleading. I have deleted those (and the accompanying section heading) in the interest of WP:V and WP:NPOV. I'm not saying that nothing from that book belongs in the article--the book appears to be a good source about Rushton. But the overall context and tone of the book should be better represented in statements cited to that book. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 04:34, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* its not in the catalogue not with the ISBN either, I also can't get it with interlibrary loan it seems.·Maunus· ƛ · 01:40, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
I have a copy of this book and I can confirm both quotes are in it. Here are pages 175 and 176 showing the whole first quote: And here's page 190, with the E.O. Wilson quote. This quote in the article is slightly off (the book actually says "a species of sparrow or sparrow hawk"), though it doesn't change its meaning - I'll change that one in the article to make it accurate, but I don't think there's anything wrong with including these quotes. They were in the source, they weren't being misrepresented in a way that changes their meaning, and there's nothing that violates NPOV about including support for Rushton in sources where it exists, especially next to the quantity of criticism in this article.
Being unable to verify a source is not a good reason to remove something from an article. In fact it's one of the examples of article ownership behavior listed at WP:OWN: "I don't own the book, so I can't confirm your source." You should assume good faith about whoever added the quote to the article rather than assuming they misrepresented the source. -Ferahgo the Assassin (talk) 16:17, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* The quotes aren't inaccurate, but they're cherry-picked, and the Wilson is synth if it implies something about Rushton's work with r/K selection theory. EO Wilson's remark was made to Knudsen verbally-and wasn't given in the context of Rushton's work with r/K selection theory, nor did Wilson commit to any opinion about the Rushton's research. Wilson was conceding that studying genetic variation by geography isn't generally considered controversial except when studying human populations, and the author's context were suggestions that Rushton may have support by other (anonymous) scientists but they're not coming forward. The "Oh, no!" quote by Rushton about "racial superiority" elsewhere in this article is also cherry-picked, from the same book. Rushton is quoted elsewhere on page 163 saying the opposite, "One theoretical possibility is that evolution is progressive and that some populations are more advanced than others". Professor marginalia (talk) 22:49, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* Quotes canonly meaningfully be said to be cherry picked if there are other quotes that could have been chosen that give a different picture - we haven't seen any quotes by Wilson or Knudtson to the opposite effect. In this case cherry picking doesn't really apply because if we include quotes we will have to include both quotes that support and criticize Rushton - tey would of course still have to be picked out from the large array of possible quotes.·Maunus· ƛ · 23:03, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* Knudtson's chapter on Rushton is somewhat critical overall, but not in a way that goes against what's stated in these quotes. Knudtson doesn't think Rushton lacks credentials as a scientist, or isn't taken seriously as a scientist - his criticism is mostly over whether it's a good idea for scientists to research such socially-sensitive topics.
* Also the whole chapter is about Rushton's r/K selection theory so the Wilson quote is presented in the same context there that it is in the article, so I don't see a synth issue here. -Ferahgo the Assassin (talk) 23:28, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* We dont need Knudtson to put Rushton's credentials in doubt there are plenty of other quotes to that effect to choose from. I think perhaps a good idea is to remove the quotes altogether - it is the kind of thing that is immensely difficult to handle in controversial articles because it makes the articles turn ut being quote farms of counterarguments when trying to balance the article.·Maunus· ƛ · 23:37, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
* I have discovered now that lots of block quotes in an article is a pretty reliable sign of POV-pushing in the article. I have to agree with Professor marginalia here that the quotations as they appear in the article misrepresent their source. I would be delighted to see more of what Wilson has said about the whole hypothesis that Rushton defends. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 00:24, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* As to cherry-picking: the chapter in Knudtson gives much more space to critical views than "supportive" views, and Wilson's perhaps more accurately described as "neutral" than "supportive". The criticism is not narrowly focused on whether or not the area should be studied at all--the criticisms are about his methods, data, and findings. There is nothing in Wilson's quote to suggest he was making any claims about Rushton's data, conclusions, or methods related to r/K selection theory--it was a blander statement about geographic variation being a valid area of study in biology and that such studies for human populations are often controversial. This is no small distinction - Rushton's work in with r/K selection theory is the focus in only two or three pages of the 30ish page chapter, and Wilson is not quoted giving any opinion about it. Instead, the couple of pages describe only the strongly critical opinions about how Rushton applied it. The way the book is used in #19 is more bothersome imo than #13 because of the many eyebrow-raising quotes in the book about other things Rushton has said that would seem to confirm what critics charge him with. What it boils down to is that somebody decided that the article needed more "balance" so they flipped through the pages of this book to find found a handful of seemingly "supportive" quotes. That's not an especially adept way to achieve NPOV-more of a "make do". The real NPOV concern suggested in Knudtson (#13) might be whether or not Rushton's work in "altruism" should be given more weight here. I have no opinion-I don't know enough-but if Rushton is more notable for his work in altruism than race differences, it probably warrants more coverage here. Professor marginalia (talk) 02:28, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Ok, so the quotes have been cherry picked so that they don't represent the whole of the book. That is a valid concern. But again it can be circumvented by simply not including quotes, but summarising the criticisms and supportive arguments in anaarrative prose style.·Maunus· ƛ · 03:26, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks to Professor marginalia for further discussion of the context of the Knudtson book. On that basis, I have begun bold edits of the section. Consider this reply to the talk page my notice to all editors that I will boldly edit any aspect of article text on the basis of sources, as I find the sources. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 16:19, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Boldness is encouraged. Moving forward is the pressing issue.·Maunus· ƛ · 16:37, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Maunus, I think you should read the chapter if you're able to. I have the book right in front of me, and it's simply false to state that Rushton's r/K selection theory is the focus of "only two or three pages of the 30ish page chapter." The entire chapter is titled "Rushton on Race" and there's very little of it that does not discuss this theory. I don't know how to prove this without scanning every page, which I don't think is reasonable.
* I'm concerned that the content of this article is now being dictated by a consensus of editors who either haven't read the book, or who have read it but are willing to misrepresent its contents here, since they know most other people haven't read it. I don't think this is an appropriate way to determine the content of an article. -Ferahgo the Assassin (talk) 16:38, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* If you can scan it and send me a copy I'd be glad to read it. As I said I don't have access to the book through my university library.·Maunus· ƛ · 16:54, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Alright. I'm going to email it to you since I'm not sure if posting the whole thing publicly would be a copyright issue. -Ferahgo the Assassin (talk) 18:15, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* yes, please email me.·Maunus· ƛ · 18:16, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* OK, I have now had a chance to read the chapter and I must say that I agree with Weiji and Professor that the quotes chosen misrepresented their contexts. Knudtson's statement that Rushton is respected for his work in altrusim and published in wellrespected journals is given as a contrast to his work on race which is published largely in non-peer reviewed, journals such as Personality and individual differences and mankind quarterly - kndutson very clearly shows that Rushtons work on race is not well respected and not endorsed (the only one's presented as uncritically supporting him are his friends ) even by other sociobiologists such as E.O. Wilson. The Wilson quote is even more problematic because it leaves out the second half of the quote in which Wilson very clearly states that his reasoning would be completely logical if speaking about non-human animals, implying that this does not necessarrily mean that it is logical for humans, and that he is in basic disagreement about the ethical aspect of drawing up racial hierarchies. I think the chapter by Kndutson is excellent and I actually think it should form the basis for most of the biographical discussion on Rushton - I think Knudtson is extremely fair and sensitive in his treatment of the topic.·Maunus· ƛ · 19:18, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* I think everything Knudtson writes about Rushton is more nuanced than blanket support or criticism. He says that some of Rushton's research about race has been published in controversial journals like Mankind Quarterly, but he also mentions that some of it has been published in reputable academic journals too. I do agree that this info from the chapter shouldn't be presented just as support for Rushton, but it shouldn't be presented just as criticism either.
* I think it's the same with the Wilson quote - it's not pure support or criticism. He mentions the need for "special safeguards" in race research, but also says that "the basic reasoning by Rushton is solid evolutionary reasoning" in the context of Rushton's r/K theory. Knudtson himself refers to Wilson as an example of "scientific sympathy-for the most part publicly silent-for Rushton's evolutionary thinking on race." I read this to mean that Wilson thinks there's nothing inherently unscientific about Rushton's race theories, but that it's also inevitable that the public will be more sensitive to theories like this when they involve human groups rather than nonhuman animal groups, and because of that he thinks special safeguards are necessary.
* Being as Wilson is one of the founders of r/K theory, I think his opinion about Rushton is worth including here as long as we can do that in a way that accurately presents the nuances of it. Is it okay if I suggest a way to include Wilson's opinion in the article that accurately summarizes it in the Knudtson book? -Ferahgo the Assassin (talk) 20:19, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Wilson says its solid evolutionary reasoning in the context of non-human animals. Wilson's statement is I think deliberately ambiguous - it could mean that deep in his heart of hearts he feels blacks are really inferior and that Rushton is right but is being victimized because of his political incorrectness - but it could also mean that he thinks Rushton is committing a basic scientific mistake by applying a theory designed for describing animal social behaviour to humans, a mistake that might have grave political and ethical consequences.
I agree that Knudtson is very nuanced as well, but he also makes it very clear that he doesn't find the theory scientifically convincing or ethical and that he sees it as being rejected by a majority of scholars in the field. ·Maunus· ƛ · 20:45, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* @Ferahgo-Frankly, I came to the opposite conclusion--that Wilson's "cautiously worded" comment to this one author is being misapplied to convey some authority to Rushton's work with r/K selection theory--and to do so is original research. The statement "I think Phil is an honest and capable researcher" is pretty tepid "support", if that was Wilson's intention. All that Wilson defended was Rushton's "basic reasoning"; he was talking about the notion of geographic variation. If Wilson stands behind Rushton's work we'll need to source it somewhere that actually says this. "Honest and capable" is the bare minimum demanded of all scientists--but it's not the same as giving a stamp of approval to their research. Professor marginalia (talk) 20:52, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Again, I think the best solution is probably just to summarize everything the book says about Wilson's opinion, including all of the same ambiguity present in the source. Unless there's an objection I'll make a proposal sometime soon about how the article should handle this. -Ferahgo the Assassin (talk) 22:21, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* I agree Ferahgo. We should include everything the book says about Wilson's opinion, including the fact that the book states that Wilson is one of Rushton's reluctant supporters. I propose the following be added to the article:
Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson (one of the two co-founders of the r/K selection theory Rushton's cites)is one of Rushton's reluctant supporters and stated the following:
''' "I think Phil is an honest and capable researcher. The basic reasoning by Rushton is solid evolutionary reasoning; that is, it is logically sound. If he had seen some apparent geographic variation for a non-human species-a species of sparrow or sparrow hawk, for example-no one would have batted an eye". '''
'''Wilson added that even though society should be able to "handle" most areas of sociobiological debate, "when it comes to [human] racial differences, especially in the inflamed situation in this country, special safeguards and conventions need to be developed." '''
* All three sources are page 190 of Knudtson's book. Btw there's nothing in the slightest bit ambiguous about what Wilson said. I'm not going to be denial about Wilson being a supporter and say he's being ambiguous, because what he's saying is very clear. He's saying the controversy over Rushton's work is emotional and political, not sicentific, and that's why the same theory applied to any other animal but humans would have been accepted. No different from the fact that a lot of people can accept the theory of evolution when it comes to other animals, but can't accept the idea that humans evolved. But like Ferahgo says, we should just put the totality of Wilson's comments in and let the reader interpret it. Mixaphone (talk) 21:43, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
I've just looked up p175-176 of Knudtson, which is cited for "through most of his career as a psychologist, he has been seen as a highly competent researcher" in the lead. While he does make this statement, it is in the midst of impugning the scholarly integrity of one of the journals he most frequently publishes in, and impugning Rushton's own integrity in failing to mention his racialist work in his Guggenheim application (and a number of other topics). It therefore appears to be cherry-picking Knudtson. 10 April 2011 (UTC)
Opinions on Rushton and his work section needs reorganization.
I'm still learning what is standard practice for biographical articles on Wikipedia. (It would probably be a good idea for us who are editing this article to look at featured articles about living persons, especially if we can find those about persons who write on some of the same subjects Rushton writes about.) I have no doubt that some kind of section something the current "Opinions on Rushton and his work" section is fairly standard for a biography article. (The title may not be quite the usual title, but we can check and see what is usual.) Surely the current organization of the section, however, is not encyclopedic and not reader-friendly. Rather than long direct quotations from other books, we should be giving a narrative account, perhaps in chronological order, of the various reactions evoked by Rushton's life and career, taking care to fairly represent the weight of opinion in the broader community of scholars. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 01:32, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* I agree competely.·Maunus· ƛ · 01:42, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* I think it is best to integrate the critiques with the descriptions of his two main theories: genetic similarity theory and r/k selection theory.·Maunus· ƛ · 17:19, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
Lynn and Rushton?
Have any of you read anything commenting on Rushton's work by Michael Lynn? The article at 10.1016/0092-6566(89)90029-9 (Journal of Research in Personality Volume 23, Issue 1, March 1989, Pages 1-6 ) and the follow-up at 10.1016/0092-6566(89)90031-7 (Journal of Research in Personality Volume 23, Issue 1, March 1989, Pages 21-34) look quite interesting. I only just found those articles while searching for the writings of a different author. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk) 02:50, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
Criticism of Altruism work
It should probably be noted that his genetic similarity theory of altruism has also been criticized and is not generally accepted either. see for example the critiques following this article .·Maunus· ƛ · 16:57, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* Also this volume: J. R. Royce & L. P. Mos (Eds.), Annals of theoretical psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 73-81). New York: Plenum Press.·Maunus· ƛ · 17:01, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
* and this: L. Mealy, Comment on the genetic similarity theory. Behavioral Genetics 15 (1985), pp. 571–574. ·Maunus· ƛ · 17:03, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
Vague criticism
I removed some criticism which seems to be the standard copy paste disparagement levelled at an unpopular theory: "based on statistically flawed evidence", "failing to understand and misapplying theory". I think some detail is needed about precisely what is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:27, 9 April 2011 (UTC)
The section "Application of r/K selection theory to race"
Now it contains only criticisms. We could add supporting research. But the better would be to just have a short description and note that there is criticism and support and refer to the main article.Miradre (talk) 04:42, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* As such I propose summarizing this to "Rushton's theory has been both criticised and supported as discussed in the article about the book."Miradre (talk) 06:09, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* I don't support that proposal.·Maunus· ƛ · 13:00, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Why not? Otherwise I will add supporting sources instead.Miradre (talk) 13:20, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* It would appear to be WP:GEVAL, for one thing. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 16:30, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Obviously only mentioning criticisms is not neutral.Miradre (talk) 16:46, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Actually, that's not obvious -- and in any case that is a false dichotomy. The article must give WP:WEIGHT "in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint", not give them equal weight, a priori (as simply stating "Rushton's theory has been both criticised and supported" would). If it were to turn out that one viewpoint were a "tiny minority" view then "only mentioning criticisms" would be WP:NPOV. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 17:01, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Counting by the number of researchers and articles cited in the article about the book it is the critics who are the minority view. Not the proponents.Miradre (talk) 17:06, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Such a within-article count-up is however not what WP:WEIGHT is asking for. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 17:37, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* The same argument can be applied to the criticisms.Miradre (talk) 17:41, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* No. It is not an argument for or against either viewpoint -- it is a statement that WP:WEIGHT does not ask for "counting by the number of researchers and articles cited in the article" in determining how much weight viewpoints should be given, nor does such a counting give an accurate approximation of what that policy is asking for. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 17:53, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* The point being that there is no evidence for that the criticisms are more important than the support.Miradre (talk) 17:58, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
I would also point out that the section does not make any mention of the fact that evolutionary biology is moving away from r/K selection as a useful heuristic (a point made in r/K selection theory). HrafnTalkStalk(P) 17:54, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* A 1992 article is hardly evidence for current status.Miradre (talk) 18:00, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Can you point to any literature suggesting a reversal of this long term trend? HrafnTalkStalk(P) 18:11, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* The many studies supporting Rushton's rK theory in the last few years is one example.Miradre (talk) 18:18, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* It is unlikely that they'd be sufficiently numerous to reverse the trend Stearns reported (which had citations decreasing from 42/year in 1977-82). HrafnTalkStalk(P) 18:26, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* The article looks fine to me as it is. It contains Rushton's viewpoint and criticisms. Rushton's view is actually fringe considering the fact that r/K selection theory has been almost completely abandoned by Life History Evolutionists. I don't know of any actual experts in that field who support Rushton. E.O. Wilson, one of the founders of r/K selection theory, gave Rushton an endorsement for his book however that isn't even worth mentioning considering the fact that it's an endorsement and not a proper critique. All of the other supporters for the theory appear to be hereditarian researchers who are not experts on evolution and appear to be endorsing it as a compliment to their own work. Graves on the other hand is an expert on Life History Evolution and has provided a detailed critique. The addition of his criticism meets WP:WEIGHT. I recently replaced Kittles and Long (2003) with Sternberg et al. (2005) although the last sentence may need revising in order to more accurately describe the content in that reference. EgalitarianJay (talk) 18:19, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* There are lots of researchers and articles supporting the theory as stated in article about the book. NPOV requires the views of both sides also here when describing the theory.Miradre (talk) 18:23, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
According to at least 3 reliable sources written by prominent evolutionary scientists the theory was dropped in the early nineties. If you want to contest that get a source that contradicts that statement directly - not through synthesis from minor studies that still apply the model. I have checked two recent textbooks in evolutionary ecology neither mention the model.·Maunus· ƛ · 18:22, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Some books from the early nineties are hardly evidence for current statues. It is like citing papers from the 90s in order to refute current physics papers.Miradre (talk) 18:25, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* It is "evidence" unless and until you can provide contrary evidence that mainstream evolutionary biology (not just a few researchers in evolutionary psychology and related fields) has since rehabilitated it. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 18:31, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Not just a few researchers. Close to 40 has written many peer-reviewed papers supporting the theory. Pointing to critical 1992 books does not invalidate current research.Miradre (talk) 18:36, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* According to Joseph L. Graves the theory has been falsified by empirical experiments and virtually abandoned by life history evolutionists. He supported this claim by citing the lack of references to the theory in the BIOSIS database in 2001. Unless evidence can be provided that the theory is now currently in wide use and that other experts have given critiques of Rushton supporting his research I see no reason to alter that section. EgalitarianJay (talk) 18:38, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Here are some examples: Miradre (talk) 18:46, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Miradre: (i) given the idiosyncratic way you calculate such statistics, your "close to 40" is worthless from an evidentiary viewpoint. (ii) Unless the "current research" has been able to overturn the prior findings in evolutionary biology (and as far as I can see, they don't even address them), they remain invalidated. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 18:50, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Here are some recent books mentioning the theory: Ecology from ecosystem to biosphere, C. Lévêque, 2003. Textbook of Environmental Microbiology, Mohapatra, 2008. Biology of fishes, Q. Bone, Richard H. Moore, 2008. Ecology Basics, Salem Press, 2003. Ant ecology, Lori Lach, Catherine L. Parr, Kirsti L. Abbott, 2010. Insect ecology: an ecosystem approach, Timothy Duane Schowalter, 2006. So the claim that is does not appear in biology books is simply false.Miradre (talk) 18:58, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* what do they say about the theory? Mentioning it is not enough - otherwise Graves and stearns mentions would count to its credit.·Maunus· ƛ · 19:05, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Various statements. Mostly they just describe the theory. Certainly does not describe it as falsified or incorrect.Miradre (talk) 19:10, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* That isn't evidence either way - using that observation to contradict Stearns and Graves would be synth. Just like trying to use a handful of studies that happen to agree with Rushton to suggest that he has scientific credibility is synth.·Maunus· ƛ · 19:24, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* It is better evidence for the current situation than your 1992 books. Graves is obviously incorrect regarding the current situation as per these textbooks.Miradre (talk) 19:36, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* How? A mere description of the theory does not validate its usage or confirm that the theory has currency among modern Life History Evolutionists. Also at this point we are looking for detailed support for Rushton's application of r/K by evolutionary biologists. Where is it? EgalitarianJay (talk) 19:40, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* If it was "falsified" or not used then this would obviously be mentioned in the textbooks. Would be inappropriate to learn out incorrect theories. Why would evolutionary biologists who usually deal with non humans comment on Rushton's application to humans? There are a lot of comments on the theory, both supporting and negative, by other branches. Which should be mentioned as per NPOV.Miradre (talk) 19:50, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* No such thing as "obviously incorrect" about a reliable source - and you also can't contradict a positive statement with negative evidence. Graves btw also repeats the claim in two later articles about Rushton. It is less than a week ago that you chastised me for not backing my rejections of "expert testimonies" up with sources (then I did) - now you are rejecting two expert biologists based on your own original research. ·Maunus· ƛ · 19:56, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* I am not rejecting. I am noting there are opposing views. As per NPOV opposing views should be included.Miradre (talk) 20:21, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* I'm fine with adding supporting views but where are they? If you can find some evolutionary biologists who provide a supportive critique of Rushton's application of r/k selection to human races then I would not object to that. EgalitarianJay (talk) 20:27, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* As noted lots of textbooks do not reject rk theory in general. There are lots of for example psychology researchers supporting the Rushton's theory. There is no reason for that only evolutionary biologists, who seldom do research human psychology, should be allowed to comment on Rushton's theory.Miradre (talk) 20:46, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* You are switching topic: You have not provided any actual contradiction of Graves and Stearns conclusions. Circumstantial SYNTH evidence is not valid. Regarding your new topic RK selection is not a psychologic but an evolutionary biology theory and psychologists can talk about rushton's application but have no expertise regarding the theory itself.·Maunus· ƛ · 20:49, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Your original complaint, Miradre, was that the article only contained criticisms and that we should provide support to bring balance or simply note that there are criticisms and support. If we're going to mention supporting views I think it would be appropriate to cite authorities. If there are no authorities supporting Rushton then the logical thing to do is simply present Rushton's perspective and the authoritative criticisms that address his work. That is what has been done. A handful of Rushton's colleagues who are associated with the Pioneer Fund have given Rushton positive endorsements and attempted to compliment their own theories with his but none of them are authorities on evolutionary biology. Graves is an authority. Kenneth Kay Kidd, one of the co-authors of Sternberg et al. (2005) is an authority. EgalitarianJay (talk) 21:06, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* That is an incorrect description. I have cited close to 40 reserachers and around 25 peer-reviewed papers supporting the theory. Most are not associated with the Pioneer Fund.Miradre (talk) 21:09, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Can you provide one or two by scholars who are qualified to give an expert opinion on Life History Evolution? If so they should be added to the article. Simple endorsements of Rushton's views don't lend any credibility to his position. EgalitarianJay (talk) 21:24, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* It is not simply endorsements. The papers are actual empirical evaluations of the predictions of the theory.Miradre (talk) 21:26, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Not true - the Crovovic paper for example doesn't even use the terms in the evolutionary sense Rushton does but about culturally determined reproductive strategies. I haven't had a time to look at the other papers, but then again I doubt you have either.·Maunus· ƛ · 23:01, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* If that's the case I see no reason not to add them. Can you present the studies you want to add here? EgalitarianJay (talk) 21:31, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
Race,_Evolution,_and_Behavior. Now, I am not asking that they all be here. My preferred alternative is simply saying that there are support and criticisms which are discussed in the main article.Miradre (talk) 21:36, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
<--- Wow, thanks for pointing out another article that is in need of a total overhaul thanks to your editing. How you think that the fact that you snuck in Rushton's racist research as a reliable source into that article supports your contention here is beyond me.Volunteer Marek (talk) 21:57, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Do you have any actual argument in reply to what I stated?Miradre (talk) 22:01, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Um, not sure what kind of an "argument" you're looking for here. That a racist author's own racist works shouldn't be used to support the racist views found in those racist works? I think that just goes by "common sense".Volunteer Marek (talk) 23:12, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* Several of the points in that article are based on Rushton's research itself and I notice that quite a few are marked as dubious. I'm in favor of leaving the criticism portion as is (though the last sentence probably needs revision) and simply adding some comments about work that supports Rushton with appropriate references. Graves criticisms are not discussed in great detail. His argument is simply mentioned and referenced. That's keeping it simple and if the supporting views of Rushton can be kept that simple it would benefit the article. EgalitarianJay (talk) 22:04, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* If you count the researchers there are close to 40 so it is not just Rushton. But I will add some supporting views if simply referring to the article is not acceptable.Miradre (talk) 22:10, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
* No Miradre we DO NOT simply "count" the number of names attached to supportive articles, most of whom are likely to be grad students working under the direction of others, and all of whom are unlikely to have a sufficient background in evolutionary biology to express an expert opinion on the validity of r/K theory. This has been pointed out to you before, but you continue to WP:IDIDNOTHEARTHAT this point. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 03:58, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* There are around 10 different lead researchers. Do you really insist that the section should only have criticisms when there are numerous peer-reviewed articles and many researchers supporting the theory? I will be taking this to WP:BLPN if this continues.Miradre (talk) 05:29, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* (i) I "really insist" that you cease and desist talking about your "close to 40 so" as though it means anything. (ii) I "really insist" that we take a look at the prominence (and relevance of expertise) of your "10 different lead researchers", per WP:WEIGHT, before including them in the article. (iii) I "really insist" that the section give due WP:WEIGHT to the expert opinions of evolutionary biologists on the validity of r/K selection, and that the opinions as to its validity of those outside that field should be given far less weight, even if more recent (I'd be far more likely to take the opinion of a plumber, even if given last week, as to the state of my plumbing, than that of an electrician, even if given today). You are welcome to take it to WP:BLPN, but I would point out that issues as to scientific acceptance of theories are more relevant to WP:FTN, where this article has already been posted. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 05:48, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* There has been no evidence presented for that the critics are more important than the proponents. You comparison to plumber is flawed. A better comparison would be between a plumber and municipal water supply employee. Obviously the plumber is better person to ask. Regarding for example if there are psychological empirical evidence in favor of the theory for humans, ask psychologists, not biologists who usually study animals and plants and not humans.Miradre (talk) 06:48, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Yes there is. Joseph L. Graves is a prominent evolutionary biologist, the proponents are not (at least AFAIK). In fact as you have not presented any evidence that they have any expertise in that field -- making my "electrician" analogy perfectly on-point. From what I have read, one of the criticisms of evolutionary psychology (and its purported "psychological empirical evidence") is that it inadequately deals with the issue of heritability. This is an issue where biology (and specifically genetics) has primacy, not psychology. There is also the question of whether any of the studies you are promoting actually verify the validity of r/K theory, or simply assume. it. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 07:07, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Not sure what you have read but these supporting studies certainly also look at heritability. Furthermore, the origin of differences are irrelevant for if there are differences. The studies show that there are group differences that vary as they would according to Rushton's theory. Maybe Rushton's evolutionary explanation for these differences are wrong. This does not change that these empirical findings are still there.Miradre (talk) 07:17, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* You may be unintentionally misusing primary sources here. Do you have any secondary sources? aprock (talk) 07:21, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* I have for example the Encyclopedia of Race and Crime. Maybe those critical of Rushton's theory are misusing primary sources? Miradre (talk) 07:36, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* What does the encyclopedia say? aprock (talk) 07:44, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* It is quite neutral and states that the empirical evidence is mixed.Miradre (talk) 07:55, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* I'm sorry, I should have been more clear. Could you provide the relevant quotes and page numbers please? aprock (talk) 08:02, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Page 713-716. There is a lot to quote but regarding mixed evidence: "Empirical evidence for this theory is mixed." Miradre (talk) 08:12, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* It would help if you could post some of the relevant text. aprock (talk) 14:19, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* And do the authors have expertise relevant to evaluating the validity of r/K theory (my impression is that they're criminologists, not evolutionary biologists)? HrafnTalkStalk(P) 07:47, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* There is no prohibition against criminologists or psychologists using evolutionary theories.Miradre (talk) 07:55, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* "There is no prohibition against criminologists or psychologists using" phrenology either. But where a hypothesis has been discredited in its primary field, continued usage in secondary fields does not substantiate its legitimacy. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 08:03, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Psychology or criminology are not discredited. rK-theory is not discredited in biology. I again point to the many biology textbooks mentioning the theory neutrally.Miradre (talk) 08:14, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Your first assertion is a non sequitor. Your second is unsubstantiated. None of the texts you point to appear to be in the field of evolutionary biology, so may not have caught up with current thinking from that field. Their existence does not refute expert opinion from that field that it has in fact been discredited. HrafnTalkStalk(P) 08:52, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Here are the textbooks again. Here are some recent books mentioning the theory: Ecology from ecosystem to biosphere, C. Lévêque, 2003. Textbook of Environmental Microbiology, Mohapatra, 2008. Biology of fishes, Q. Bone, Richard H. Moore, 2008. Ecology Basics, Salem Press, 2003. Ant ecology, Lori Lach, Catherine L. Parr, Kirsti L. Abbott, 2010. Insect ecology: an ecosystem approach, Timothy Duane Schowalter, 2006. So the claim that is does not appear in biology books is simply false. Many of them are certainly dealing with evolution. They are certainly much more recent than the 1992 books.Miradre (talk) 11:51, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* None of them contradict the statements of the 1992 studies and only work as SYNTH. And the claim has been repeated in studies from 2001 and 2002. You will need an explicit contradiction for your claims to be any thing other than OR. We have three evolutionary biologists saying that R/K theory is discredited and is not current in biology. You need more than examples of exceptions to that rule to counter those very strong claims.·Maunus· ƛ · 11:55, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
11:55, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* They certainly show the the concept is not dead after these dates. They do not declare the concept to incorrect or falsified. Your studies does not define some kind of definitive truth which you seem to be thinking.Miradre (talk) 12:02, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
SYNTH. Get some quotes to supprt your cause. Like these ones:·Maunus· ƛ · 12:10, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* "The theory of r- and K-selection was one of the first predictive models for life-history evolution. It helped to galvanize the empirical field of comparative life-history and dominated thinking on the subject from the late 1960s through the 1970s. Large quantities of field data were collected that claimed to test predictions of the theory. By the early 1980s, sentiment about the theory had changed so completely that a proposal to test it or the use of it to interpret empirical results would likely be viewed as archaic and naïve. The theory was displaced by demographic models that concentrated on mortality patterns as the cause of life-history evolution. Although demographic models are known for their density-independent approach and focus on extrinsic mortality, these models can incorporate many ecological features captured by r- and K-selection, such as density-dependent population regulation, resource availability, and environmental fluctuations. We highlight the incorporation of these factors in recent theory, then show how they are manifest in our research on life-history evolution in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Explanations of the repeatable suites of life-history differences across populations of guppies originate from demographic models of predator-driven age-specific mortality. Recently, careful examination of guppy demography and habitat has revealed that density-dependent regulation and resource availability may have influenced the evolution of guppy life histories. In the field, these factors covary with predation risk; however, they can be uncoupled experimentally, providing insight into how they may have synergistically driven guppy life-history evolution. Although life-history theory has shifted away from a focus on r- and K-selection, the themes of density-dependent regulation, resource availability, and environmental fluctuations are integral to current demographic theory and are potentially important in any natural system." (r- AND K-SELECTION REVISITED: THE ROLE OF POPULATION REGULATION IN LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION David Reznick, Michael J. Bryant, and Farrah Bashey 2002)·Maunus· ƛ · 12:10, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Comparative Primate Ecology by P . C Lee (2001) p. 78 "R/K theory was widely used in early studies of life history .... The model has now been replaced... because a large number of studies have shown that the r/K model does not explain" ·Maunus· ƛ · 12:10, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Directionality theory: an empirical study of an entropic principle in life‐history evolution. Martin Ziehe Lloyd Demetrius. Proc. R. Soc. B 7 June 2005 vol. 272 no. 1568 1185-1194 "In the 1970s, the model of r–K selection emerged as an influential response to this challenge (Pianka 1970, after MacArthur & Wilson 1967). Although this model provided some qualitative insight into the relationship between ecological constraints and life-history characteristics, its weakness as a predictive model is now recognized (Stearns 1992; Reznick et al. 2002). These shortcomings derive largely from the fact that the r–K selection model (in its analytic expression as distinct from its more qualitative claims) is essentially concerned with populations in which fertility and mortality variables are independent of age. Accordingly, the model is unable to explain in quantitative terms the correlation between ecological conditions, such as density-dependent constraints, and age-dependent life-history characteristics, such as age of sexual maturity, reproductive span and longevity. "·Maunus· ƛ · 12:25, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* The K-factor, covitality, and personality. from washington.eduAJ Figueredo, G Vásquez, BH Brumbach… Human Nature, 2007. Springer"When the empirical evidence failed to completely support the original r/K theory, however, other theorists suggested that the model was incomplete and that variation in predation needed to included in the model (Reznick, Bryant, and Bashey 2002). Once this parameter was incorporated, demographic theory became the predominant view for understanding mechanisms underlying life history strategies (Stearns 1992). This theory focuses on age-structured populations, specifically attending todifferential mortality rates across age groups (Charlesworth 1980). Current life history theories tend to incorporate features from both r/K and demographic theories. A universal feature of all these models [r/K and demographic models] is that environmental effects operate through age- or stage-specific effects. Thus, density-dependent regulation or stochastic effects interact with demographic selection, so that the predicted optimal life history is a function of both demographic selection and the way these additional environmental effects are manifested" (Reznick, Bryant, and Bashey 2002:1515)."·Maunus· ƛ · 12:29, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* The discounted reproductive number for epidemiology. TC Reluga, J Medlock… - Mathematical Biosciences and …, 2009 "The r{K selection theory was originally envisioned as a continuum between r selected species in resource-rich environments that evolve to maximize productivity and K selected species in resource-scarce environments that evolve to maximize efficiency. The nomenclature derives from the simple logistic-growth model [mathematical formula] where r represents the per-capita growth rate and K denotes the carrying capacity. In application, however, r{K selection has most often been treated as a polar dichotomy because there is no natural continuum between the carrying capacity K, measured in the same units as the population's size, and the growth rate r, measured in units of inverse time. Although it is a convenient caricature, r{K selection theory has been largely abandoned."·Maunus· ƛ · 12:35, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Your own sources does not state that theory has been falsified. Only that it was incomplete. "Although demographic models are known for their density-independent approach and focus on extrinsic mortality, these models can incorporate many ecological features captured by r- and K-selection, such as density-dependent population regulation, resource availability, and environmental fluctuations." r/K theory lives on in a modified version.Miradre (talk) 12:32, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Nice try. This is not how people write about a theory that is still considered viable. Notice how they all write about it in the past tense? R/K theory lives on in a modified version much like polygenism does. That is how sciences progresses it builds on the errors of the past. r/K theory was one of them. ·Maunus· ƛ · 12:35, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* I suggest that you reread Figueredo et al you quoted above: "Current LHT tends to incorporate features from both r-K and demographic theories. Integrating age-specific mortality parameters provided better predictions and mechanistic explanations for the relationship between the environment and life history strategy (Wilbur, Tinkle, and Collins, 1974). As a model of ecological causation, Pianka's (1970) version of r-K theory has thus been extensively elaborated and revised since the 1980s (Reznick, Bryant, and Bashey, 2002; Stearns,1992). Nevertheless, as an organizing principle for empirical description, the general patterning of life history traits has gained continued support (e.g., Rushton, 2004)."Miradre (talk) 12:38, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
* Or from the conclusions of your first paper: "This new life-history paradigm has matured into one that uses age-structured models as a framework to incorporate many of the themes important to the r–K paradigm."Miradre (talk) 12:56, 14 April 2011 (UTC) | WIKI |
Timorex Gold
Timorex Gold is a natural botanical broad spectrum fungicide with prophylactic and curative activity, based on a plant extract of Melaleuca alternifolia. Timorex Gold is effective against a wide range of plant-pathogenic fungi, including Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycota, on numerous crops, including vegetables, herbs, grapevines, fruit trees, and banana. Timorex Gold has demonstrated high efficacy against Black Sigatoka (Black leaf streak disease in banana). Plants damaged by Black Sigatoka have a significant reduction in the photosynthesizing area of the leaf, and fruit yield losses can reach 50% through premature maturation.
Black Sigatoka is caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis (Morelet), and is considered the most damaging and costly disease of commercial banana and plantain. It originated in the Pacific region, was reported in Fiji in 1963, and since then has reached other banana producing countries. Control of this disease may require as many as 70 treatments per year using synthetic fungicides.
Timorex Gold's special formulation contains multiple components, mostly terpenes and their alcohols, which have been proven antiseptic, fungicide and bactericide properties. The unique and powerful potential of this plant extract is highly effective for control in agricultural crops while significantly reducing the chemical risk to operators and the environment.
History
In 2003, scientists at Biomor, s member of the Stockton Group Research and Development Innovation Center, commenced research on the use of Melaleuca alternifolia in agriculture for the management and control of bacterial and fungal diseases. Studies dealing with non-plant pathogens confirmed that the fungicidal and anti-microbial activity of M. alternifolia resulted from its ability to disrupt the permeability barrier in membrane structures. In yeast cells and isolated mitochondria, α-pinene and β-pinene, plant extract of "M. alternifolia" destroy cellular integrity, inhibit respiration and ion transport processes and increase membrane permeability.
Registration
The active substance of Timorex Gold was approved by the European Union to be included in the positive list of the EU, in Annex 1 of Directive 91/414/EEC for the registration of pesticides.
Toxicology
The active ingredient of Timorex Gold is a natural product that is classified as a low-risk substance for which Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) are not required in Europe. Stockton is in the process of obtaining similar exemptions in other areas of the world such as North America and Asia.
Organic accreditation
Timorex Gold is recognized to be a product that is used in both conventional and organic agriculture. Timorex Gold meets the requirements of European Union, NOP and JAS and is certified by the following entities:
* Israeli Bio-Organic, Agriculture Association (I.B.O.A.A.)
* International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM))
* BCS Öko-Garantie
* State of Israel Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
* Control Union (CU) Certifications | WIKI |
Health MagazineTotalHealth Journal has created this featured phase to be able to convey recognition to products, providers, individuals, and organizations who deserve, in our opinion, particular recognition for enhancing high quality of life. This biochemical process can best be handled by being positive you drink enough water and take antioxidant vitamins, comparable to nutritional vitamins A and C. In response to researchers on stress, essentially the most optimum combination for vitamin C is to pair it with the bioflavonoid, quercetin.
In the event you still have your gallbladder however are experiencing frequent gallbladder attacks OR in case you have had your gallbladder taken out however still expertise ache (what is known as “put up-cholecystectomy syndrome,”) it is best to undoubtedly know in regards to the work of allergist Dr. James C. Breneman.
In case your gallbladder hasn’t been doing its job resulting from a scarcity of the proper Smart Fat or an excessive amount of hydrogenated fat or even if your gallbladder is gone, your physique loses its skill to adequately regulate proper bile circulation.
D) In “The Drug-Induced Nutrient Depletion Handbook,” Ross Pelton lists a number of studies following lessons of commonly prescribed drugs that cause depletion of coenzyme Q10: statin ldl cholesterol-decreasing medication, oral contraceptives, hormone substitute therapy (HRT), medication for diabetes, tricyclic antidepressants, major tranquilizers, beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics and vasodilators.thirteen Many more medicine most likely deplete CoQ10, however just haven’t been examined yet for their impact on CoQ10 biosynthesis.
Whether one is discussing breads, cheeses, fermented tofu, wines, yoghurt, sauerkraut, kimchi or quite a few other objects, very often it seems that traditional cooking and preserving strategies involving fungi and micro organism offer many advantages which are lost with trendy alternate options. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
a11yTips
28. Accessibility Interview Questions - Part 4
24 March 2021
You can read part 1, 2, and 3 here:
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
For links visited style as this will help non-visual users to understand which link is already visited and for visual users 'focus'.
For form controls style for required or not required, error and success are important. (Do take care that color should not be the only indicator of showing error and success). This is important because it will help the folks(non-visual) to know the required fields for visual users you need to add the aria tags for the same.
22: Why use semantic tags for a webpage?
Semantic tags are very important for the webpages. Semantic tags are helpful for the screen readers as screen readers will identify the right tag and speak aloud to the users. Otherwise, screen readers won't be able to identify the non-semantic tags and as a result, folks won't be able to visit sites via screen readers.
23: If a form or form field were to return an error message, where might you want those error messages to be located?
Ideally, all the error messages should be grouped in one place and at the top of the form.
24: Why is color alone insufficient to draw attention to actionable elements, or to convey state?
A lot of around the world have color blindness problems. In addition to color blindness, there are many color-related problems folks have. In such a case, any information based only on color will be missed out or not be accessible for these folks.
Eg: if you are showing error stages only by red color and not using the text to inform the users then this is the wrong approach and non-accessible.
25: Give 1 example of moving from AA to AAA
1 examples if one need to upgrade from AA to AAA:
As per WCAG AA is the minimum level to achieve accessibility and AAA when building federal web apps. In AAA, the guidelines are stricter. Eg:
1) Color Contrast In AA, a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text. In AAA, a contrast ratio of at least 7:1 for normal text and 4.5:1 for large text.
Most of the developers have confused about when to use which. As a result, this impacts accessibility.
LinkButtonSubmit Button
When we want the user to navigate from one page to another.To take some action. Eg: opening a dialog, closing a pop-upTo submit the form or to do server-side submission of data
27: Explain the Accessibility testing?
Accessibility should be a mix of manual and automated testing with the team effort. Automated testing can be plugins, tools, npm, or test-cases. Whereas, manual testing involves testing by AT.
Accessibility testing should be done at:
1) UX designing While designing UX designers need to test for the accessible color, font-size, modules, focus style etc.
2) After Development After doing the development, developers should do the manual and automation testing to see the accessibility issues.
3) After every bug fix Step #2 should be repeated after every bug fix.
Yes, zooming is related to accessibility. There are many disabilities related to vision. Where people have the problem in seeing. One of them is where they are not 100% blind. Hence, they zoom in to read the content. As per WCAG, we should support 400% zooming.
In addition to the above for aging people hard to read is one of the common problems. Hence, it is important to support them by providing zooming support.
29: What are the top 5 things you to check-in UX (designs shared by the designers) for accessibility?
1) Color Contrast
2) Font-size
3) Responsive and different devices
4) Focus style
5) Accessible modules such as tab, carousels, pop-up, etc.
30: What would be the impact of CSS positions on accessibility?
CSS Positions such as absolute, relative, are not accessibility friendly. Anything section moved from its actual position on the screen by using position will not be picked by keyboard.
Go to Next Article | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Setting and synchronizing audit-related permissions
As a Master Auditor, you can set the permissions that control what all other administrators and auditors can do. In most cases, you set these permissions by making selections in Audit Manager. Your selections are saved in the management database for each installation, then published in Active Directory whenever you synchronize the management database with the service connection point for the installation.
The permissions you can set consist of a specific action that can be taken, a scope to which the action applies, and the specific Active Directory user or group to which you are granting the permission.
For example, a permission might specify an action, such as ability to modify a name or detach a database with a scope such as a specific installation or audit store database. For each action and scope, you select the Active Directory user or group to be granted that permission. After users or groups are granted a permission, they are called a trustee for that action and scope.
To view the existing permissions, right-click an installation or an audit store and select Properties, then click the Security tab. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:L. W. - Fascism, Its History and Significance (1924).pdf/12
10 Secretary, D’Aragona, is a member of the Executive Committee of the P.S.I. This unity is not, unfortunately, sufficiently developed to ensure immediate common action on matters of urgent importance to the workers. At the time of the occupation of the factories in 1920, much valuable time and energy were wasted in discussing whether the movement was political or industrial in character, and which of the two organisations should accordingly control it.
The policy of the P.S.I. tended continuously leftward throughout the ten years before the Great War. In 1911 the Tripoli war gave the Party an unexpected advantage. This war was remarkable even in the records of European imperialism for the brutality of its motives and methods. In the early stages, the Socialists offered only a slight resistance to the war, but the opposition grew in intensity and influence, its wide popularity becoming manifest. The membership and prestige of the Party rose rapidly and the pro-war sections were expelled.
The experience of 1911 was of the utmost value to the Italian Socialists in 1914. When the campaign was started to secure the intervention of Italy on the side of the Entente, the P.S.I. adopted a clear anti-war attitude. The usual abuse was showered on the Socialists, who were criticised as friends of German autocracy when they were really the friends of the European workers. After the interventionists had triumphed and the workers of yet another nation had been led to the slaughter, the Italian Socialists were amongst the most active to secure peace negotiations. They made every effort to revive the International, and it was their influence that brought about the Conference of Socialists at Zimmerwald in September, 1915.
Anti-war propaganda was certainly more readily received in Italy than in any other belligerent country, and the position of the Party in 1918, as a result of its anti-war policy, was more favourable than ever. The membership stood at 70,000, while the Party's influence was very wide. The years 1919 and 1920 furnished great opportunities to a revolutionary party, and the P.S.I. had many things in its favour. There had grown up in the Party a clear body of opinion in favour of a final break with reformism and the pursuit of a revolutionary policy. The programme had to be brought up to date.
At the Bologna Congress in October, 1919, this step was taken. The Party had already in March of that year affiliated to the Third International by Executive resolution, and at Bologna a Communist resolution supported by Serrati and his friends was carried. The Party declared a belief in the need for illegal and violent methods of revolution, the establishment of soviets, and the dictatorship of | WIKI |
This Is Christmas (Anthony Callea album)
This Is Christmas is the fourth studio and first Christmas album by Australian recording artist Anthony Callea. It was released on 8 November 2013 by ABC Music. The album mostly consists of Christmas classics such as "Silent Night" and "O Holy Night", but also includes cover versions of recent Christmas pop songs by such as "Don't Save It All for Christmas Day" by Céline Dion and "Note to God" by JoJo.
Review
Ben Ryan of Renowned for Sound gave the album 4 of out 5, saying; "If you pick this album up, expect vocal gymnastics, and expect lead-footed vibrato. Callea is obviously an accomplished vocalist, but for the greater part of the record there is just one level he sings at – there is the occasional dynamic variation, but for the most part the tunes are sung with incessant vigour." He added, "The choir is a particularly appealing feature of this record; there is great poignancy inherent in any well-organised raft of young voices, and employing them in a moving piece like 'Ave Maria' almost guarantees some goose bumps".
Charts
The album debuted at number 60 on the ARIA Chart but peaked at #47. | WIKI |
Heidi MCCORMICK, Plaintiff, v. KMART DISTRIBUTION CENTER,, et al., Defendants.
No. 4:00CV1353.
United States District Court, N.D. Ohio.
May 29, 2001.
Samuel F. Bluedorn, Bluedorn, Ohlin & Graham Co., LPA, Warren, OH, Gregory V. Merson, Michelle Pierce Stronezer, Baker & Hostetler, Cleveland, OH, for Kmart Distribution Center.
Raymond J. Tisone, Tisone & Assoc., Warren, OH, for Heidi McCormick.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
ECONOMUS, District Judge.
This matter is before the Court upon the Motion for Summary Judgment on behalf of Defendants, Kmart Corporation (“Kmart”) and Sheldon Spiva (“Spiva”) (Dkt.# 36). In her Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that she was a victim of both hostile work environment and quid pro quo sexual harassment at the hands of Spiva , in violation of O.R.C. § 4112 et seq. (Counts I and II, respectively). In addition, Plaintiff asserts a violation of Ohio public policy (Count III) and a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress (Count IV). Subject matter jurisdiction is premised upon 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (1996).
FACTS
The following facts are not in dispute unless otherwise noted. Plaintiff has been employed by Kmart in the distribution center in Warren, Ohio since March, 1994. Plaintiff has always been a general warehouse associate, although she has worked in different departments and on different shifts. During the relevant time period, Plaintiff held the specialty position of back order associate and worked the second shift in the repack department.
In March 1994, Plaintiff received a copy of the Kmart Distribution Center Associate Handbook which contains Kmart’s policy prohibiting sexual harassment. The policy is also posted near the time clocks at the distribution center. The policy provides a procedure for reporting complaints of sexual harassment: Complaints of sexual harassment or requests for additional information regarding Kmart’s policy are to be directed to the Human Resources Manager, Distribution Center General Manager, or Regional Director, Human Resources.
Spiva, who received training regarding Kmart’s sexual harassment policy, began working in the repack department in approximately September or October of 1999. Although Defendants dispute whether Spiva was Plaintiffs “supervisor”, the parties agree that when employees were finished with their primary duties, Spiva was responsible for assigning to them secondary duties or clean-up assignments in order to complete their shifts. Spiva was one of two employees in charge of monitoring repack assignments.
During the Fall of 1999 and early part of 2000, Craig Griffiths (“Griffiths”) was the department manager for repack, and supervised both Spiva and Plaintiff. On February 14, 2000, Plaintiff told Griffiths that Spiva had asked her “what she would do for him” if he assigned her to a preferred secondary job duty. This was her first complaint to Griffith or any other member of the management team. Following this incident, however, she then recounted daily incidents of what she considered to be sexual harassment by Spiva, dating as far back as December 9, 1999,
Griffiths promptly reported Plaintiffs complaint to Kmart. Griffiths completed and submitted a complaint form after midnight on the morning of February 15, 2000, and Plaintiff completed written complaints on February 16 and 17, 2000.
On February 17, 2000, Corky Dietsch (“Dietsch”), the Human Resources Director at the Distribution Center, told Plaintiff that she had won her bid for third shift in the repack department effective February 20, 2000. However, Plaintiff took an immediate leave of absence, effective February 15, 2000, and did not return to active employment until October 3, 2000.
Kmart launched an investigation regarding Plaintiffs allegations immediately upon receiving Griffiths’ signed complaint form. Dietsch conducted the investigation pursuant to Kmart’s investigatory procedures. Plaintiff, Spiva, Griffiths, and Jennifer Barker (nka Vollhardt) (“Barker”) were interviewed and executed written statements during the investigation process. Ultimately, Kmart could only substantiate one incident.
However, based upon the investigation, Kmart concluded that Spiva was overly friendly with associates and issued a written reprimand to Spiva on February 22, 2000. Kmart also transferred Spiva to a second shift assignment outside of the repack department so that he would not have any further contact with Plaintiff. Kmart instructed Spiva that if the series of allegations of sexual harassment had been substantiated, he would have been terminated.
Kmart informed Plaintiff that its investigation was completed, that it could only substantiate the February 14, 2000 comment, and that the conduct would never happen again. Kmart also informed Plaintiff that Spiva had been reassigned to second shift and she would have no further contact with him. Plaintiff admits that after the investigation, she was never approached by Spiva again. (Deposition of Heidi McCormick (“Pl.Dep.”) at p. 339.)
LAW
Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c) governs summary judgment and provides, in pertinent part:
The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue as to any material fact, and for these purposes, the evidence submitted must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists. See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970).
“The burden on the moving party may be discharged if the moving party demonstrates that the non-moving party has failed to establish an essential element of his or her case for which he or she bears the ultimate burden of proof at trial.” Morales v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc., 71 F.3d 531, 535 (6th Cir.1995). If the moving party meets this burden, then the non-moving party must present additional evidence beyond the pleadings. See Id. The non-moving party must present more than a scintilla of evidence in support of his or her position. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Summary judgment must be granted unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the non-moving party for a judge or jury to return a verdict for that party. See Id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
HOSTILE WORK ENVIRONMENT SEXUAL HARASSMENT
R.C. 4112.02(A) makes it an unlawful discriminatory practice “[f]or any employer, because of the *** sex *** of any person, *** to discriminate against that person with respect to hire, tenure, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to employment.” Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § 4112 (Banks-Baldwin 1999).
The Supreme Court of Ohio has determined that “federal case law interpreting Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 2000e et seq., Title 42, U.S.Code, is generally applicable to cases involving alleged violations of R.C. Chapter 4112.” Hampel v. Food Ingredients Specialties, 89 Ohio St.3d 169, 729 N.E.2d 726, 731 (2000) (Citing Plumbers & Steamfitters Joint Apprenticeship Commt. v. Ohio Civ. Rights Comm., 66 Ohio St.2d 192, 421 N.E.2d 128, 131 (1981)).
In Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64-66, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986), the United States Supreme Court rejected the view that Title VII is unconcerned with purely psychological aspects of the workplace environment and, therefore, prohibits sexual harassment only when it is directly linked to the grant or denial of an economic benefit. Recognizing that “[t]he phrase ‘terms, conditions, or privileges of employment’ evinces a congressional intent to strike at the entire spectrum of disparate treatment of men and women in employment,” Id. at 64, 106 S.Ct. 2399, the high court explained that a man or woman should not have to “run a gauntlet of sexual abuse in return for the privilege of being allowed to work and make a living.” Id. at 67, 106 S.Ct. 2399.
Accordingly, the court held that a plaintiff may establish a violation of Title VII by proving that the discrimination based on sex created a hostile or abusive work environment. Id. at 66, 106 S.Ct. 2399 (1986); Black v. Zaring Homes, Inc., 104 F.3d 822, 825 (6th Cir.) cert. denied, 522 U.S. 865, 118 S.Ct. 172, 139 L.Ed.2d 114 (1997). Discrimination in this form occurs “[w]hen the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
In Harris, the court further explained:
Conduct that is not severe or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment — an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive — is beyond Title VII’s purview. Likewise, if the victim does not subjectively perceive the environment to be abusive, the conduct has not actually altered the conditions of the victim’s employment, and there is no Title VII violation.
Hams 510 U.S. at 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367,
However, the conduct need not be psychologically injurious to be actionable. “A discriminatorily abusive work environment, even one that does not seriously affect employees’ psychological well-being, can and often will detract from employees’ job performance, discourage employees from remaining on the job, or keep them from advancing in their careers. Moreover, even without regard to these tangible effects, the very fact that discriminatory conduct was so severe or pervasive that it created a work environment abusive to employees because of their race, gender, religion, or national origin offends Title VII’s broad rule of workplace equality.” Id. 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367.
Accordingly, the Supreme Court of Ohio held that a plaintiff may establish a violation of R.C. 4112.02(A)’s prohibition of discrimination “because of *** sex” by proving either of two types of sexual harassment: (1) “quid pro quo ” harassment, i.e., harassment that is directly linked to the grant or denial of a tangible economic benefit, or (2) “hostile environment” harassment, i.e., harassment that, while not affecting economic benefits, has the purpose or effect of creating a hostile or abusive working environment. Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 732 (Ohio 2000).
In order to establish a claim of hostile-environment sexual harassment, the plaintiff must show (1) that the harassment was unwelcome, (2) that the harassment was based on sex, (3) that the harassing conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to affect the “terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to employment,” and (4) that either (a) the harassment was committed by a supervisor, or (b) the employer, through its agents or supervisory personnel, knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action. Id. at 732-33.
Harassment “because of *** sex” is the sine qua non for any sexual harassment case. “But harassing conduct need not be motivated by sexual desire to support an inference of discrimination on the basis of sex.” Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 734 (Quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998)). The term “sexual,” as used to modify harassment, “can refer both to sex as the immutable gender characteristic and to sex as describing a range of behaviors associated with libidinal gratification.” Id. (Citing 3 Larson, Employment Discrimination (2 Ed.2000) 46-84, Section 46.03[4].) Simply put, “[h]arassment alleged to be because of sex need not be explicitly sexual in nature.” Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 734 (Quoting Carter v. Chrysler Corp., 173 F.3d 693, 701 (8th Cir.1999)).
The Supreme Court of Ohio has adopted the reasoning of the D.C. Circuit, stating:
We have never held that sexual harassment or other unequal treatment of an employee or group of employees that occurs because of the sex of the employee must, to be illegal under Title VII, take the form of sexual advances or of other incidents with clearly sexual overtones. And we decline to do so now. Rather, we hold that any harassment or other unequal treatment of an employee or group of employees that would not occur but for the sex of the employee or employees may, if sufficiently patterned or pervasive, comprise an illegal condition of employment under Title VII.
Id. (Citing McKinney v. Dole, 765 F.2d 1129, 1138-1139 (C.A.D.C.1985)).
Both an objective and a subjective test must be met: the conduct must be severe or pervasive enough to create an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive and the victim must subjectively regard that environment as abusive. Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993).
The subjective component of establishing a hostile work environment does not require a plaintiff to report incidents establishing a hostile work environment. See Williams v. General Motors Corp., 187 F.3d 553, 566 (6th Cir.1999). Nor does the law require a plaintiff to seek medical or mental health attention in order to establish a hostile work environment claim. “So long as the environment would reasonably be perceived, and is perceived, as hostile or abusive, [citations omitted], there is no need for it also to be psychologically injurious.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367.
“Instead of requiring a plaintiff to establish that his work was actually affected by the harassment, ‘the adjudicator’s inquiry should center, dominantly, on whether the discriminatory conduct has unreasonably interfered with the plaintiffs work performance.’ ” Williams, 187 F.3d at 567 (Quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 25, 114 S.Ct. 367 (Ginsburg, J. concurring)).
In order to show this interference, “the plaintiff need not prove that his or her tangible productivity has declined as a result of the harassment. The employee need only show that the harassment made it more difficult to do the job.” Williams, 187 F.3d at 567 (Citing Davis v. Monsanto Chem. Co., 858 F.2d 345, 349 (6th Cir.1988)).
Furthermore, the very term ‘environment’ indicates that allegedly discriminatory incidents should not be examined in isolation. Id. at 735 (Citing Penry v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of Topeka, 155 F.3d 1257, 1262 (10th Cir.1998)). The court must consider the totality of the circumstances when determining whether, objectively, the alleged harassment is sufficiently severe or pervasive to constitute a hostile work environment. Williams, 187 F.3d at 562. “[T]he issue is not whether each incident of harassment standing alone is sufficient to sustain the cause of action in a hostile environment case, but whether — taken together — the reported incidents make out such a case.” Id. The work environment as a whole must be considered rather than a focus on individual acts of alleged hostility. Id. at 563. Isolated incidents, however, unless extremely serious, will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms or conditions of employment. See Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 201 F.3d 784, 790 (6th Cir.2000).
Appropriate factors for the court to consider when determining whether conduct is severe or pervasive enough to constitute a hostile work environment “include the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 735 (Quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367). The totality-of-the-circumstances standard precludes the kind of analysis that carves the work environment into distinct harassing incidents to be judged each on its own merits. Instead, it is essential that the work environment be viewed as a whole, “keeping in mind that each successive episode has its predecessors, that the impact of the separate incidents may accumulate, and that the work environment created thereby may exceed the sum of the individual episodes.” Id. at 735-36.
Along these same lines, it is generally understood that the “severe or pervasive” requirement does not present two mutually exclusive evidentiary choices, but reflects a unitary concept where deficiencies in the strength of one factor may be made up by the strength in the other. Id. at 736. Furthermore, since harassing conduct alleged to be based on sex need not be explicitly sexual in nature, it follows that “[a] plaintiff may also be able to testify to episodes of non-sexual abusive treatment, as well as to sexual conduct, in order to establish the necessary pervasiveness.” Id. (Citing 3 Larson, supra, at 46-74, Section 46.05[4][b]).
Ultimately, to determine whether the harassing conduct was “severe or pervasive” enough to affect the conditions of the plaintiffs employment, the Court must view the work environment as a whole and consider the totality of all the facts and surrounding circumstances, including the cumulative effect of all episodes of sexual or other abusive treatment. Id.
The Plaintiff states in her deposition that the following incidents occurred between December 9, 1999 and February 14, 2000:
Pg. 222 A: I was at the module and I was talking about my husband’s birthday present. [Spiva] had asked me what I got him, and I said, “A cake and a card.” And he had said to me, “Well, when it’s my birthday, you can get naked and get in bed with me,” or something like that. And I said, “What did you say?” And he repeated it back.
Pg. 228 A: When I would be standing at my back order desk, a couple times he came up to feel if I had a bra strap on and—
Pg. 230 A: I’m not sure of a day. I have no way to determine. It would be — every day it was — if it wasn’t feeling for a bra strap, it was touching your shoulders, touching your back.
Pg. 233-34 Q: Okay. You said a couple of times for the bra strap incident. And that was — describe how he would touch you.
A: He would take his hand to the back of my back and say, “Do you have a bra on today?” And I would say, “Get out of here.” Or “Shut up.” You know, those are my answers to him. Because he was my supervisor and he had told me once that he was the company. And he had not only told me that once, he told me several times he was the company. I was afraid to make formal complaints because I was very much for the union. I was what — they had put me in to help out to organize the union. I had my personal life I was afraid to say anything. And I don’t know specific days.
Pg. 238 A: [Spiva] would tell me, “Who are they going to believe?”
Pg. 247 A: He would touch me on several occasions, but it’s when nobody was around ... He would touch my neck, my back, my shoulder ... He would take his hands and he would put them either behind my neck — if you would squeeze to grab somebody’s neck on the back — he would touch my shoulders. He would take both hands, rub my shoulders. Or else he would take his hand and just rub one shoulder.
Pg. 248-49 Q: I’m asking you in connection with the touching; was he saying anything?
A: He would say — he would ask me all the time “Are you going to get to know me?” Or the one night ... He had told me that we needed to go out and have a drink for me to get to now him better. I don’t go out to the bars or anything like that.” And he would talk about, you know, getting to know me, getting for me to know the real him He had made the comment to me one day, he said — it’s just so many different things that were going on. He said, “Once you went black, you never went back.”
It got to the point where it was just absolutely obnoxious. And he had made the comment to me one time where he was a bookie and he had people’s legs broken. I don’t know, I knew he did gambling, but it’s just everybody would — by little things, and it would be to the point where I think he wanted me to be afraid or—
Pg. 253 A: He would say that he was large and — just all the time. And I don’t even know what they say about black men.
Pg. 254 A: On February 14. I realized that I couldn’t take any more. I had tried — on February 14 another job assignment came up. I asked Sheldon, I said, “Can I do that?” And he said, “No.” He said, “You have to get to know me better.” This time Jennifer Barker was standing there.
Pg. 259 A: He was stating about, you know, getting to know me and it would be — he could use it not just one time. Probably within the time that this happened, on an estimate, I have had to — I had to hear him over probably 30 times saying that he had to get to know me better That’s just a rough — if it wasn’t more than that.
Pg. 260 A: He would come up to me and say that “Us black people” or “We black people can do this for you white people.” And it was always that kind of stuff....
Pg. 261 A: He would say we have large penises.
On February 14, 2000, Plaintiff contends that Spiva saw her reporting his alleged sexually harassing conduct to Craig:
Pg. 283-87 A: I looked out, Sheldon was standing there, and I looked at Craig, and I said, “I gotta go do something.” I was still in tears. He told me, he said, “Go ahead and go cut.” So, I walked upstairs to cut. When I walked outside, Sheldon wasn’t at the office door, he was standing there ... I just started cutting ... That’s when [Spiva] made the comment to me upstairs. I was on the Low 9, and I heard someone behind me and he let me know my house color ... I heard him behind me, and he told me ... I didn’t know who it was. I heard something behind me. I looked back and I didn’t see anything until he was right behind me. It was [Spiva] and he asked me my house color. “It’s blue, right?” And I said, “No, it’s white.”
The Court’s first inquiry is whether the alleged harassment was “based on sex.” The Supreme Court of Ohio in Hampel affirmed the Court of Appeals’ decision reversing the trial court’s finding that the harassment in that case was based on sex, and, therefore, is instructive.
Hampel was working as a cook for FIS-Nestle. His job involved cooking thousands of pounds of meat at a time, using electronically controlled steam injected kettles to produce a blended product. Work was particularly stressful that night, and Hampel became frustrated over not having enough bins for the finished food product, which was an ongoing problem. He went to Hord, his supervisor, to complain about the situation, and the following dialogue took place in the presence of Hampel’s coworkers:
Hampel: “I’m fed up with the way things are running around here, all this product, and no bins to put it in. One of these days I’m going to blow.”
Hord: “Hey, Laz, you can blow me.” Hampel: “What did you say?”
I don’t want to think my supervisor is a faggot.”
Danny and Ed don’t do anything for me.”
Hampel: “Man, you’re sick.”
Coworker: “That is really sick, Jerry.” Hampel: “Man, you’re really sick. I’m out of here.”
Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 729-29.
At the end of his shift, Hampel went to Hord’s office and told Hord that his remarks were degrading, humiliating, and offensive. Hord responded that “if you don’t like it, quit.” Id. at 729.
The Supreme Court of Ohio stated, “While the harasser’s words and conduct themselves may sometimes suffice to raise the inference of homosexuality or sexual desire circumstantially, the record in this case points unequivocally to the fact that the expressive function of Hord’s language was to mimic rather than reveal any actual sexual desire for Hampel.” Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 738.
The Supreme Court of Ohio concluded, “[W]e agree with the court of appeals that ‘[t]he evidence in this case points solely to the conclusion that Hord’s outburst against [Hampel] was personal and not gender-based.’ The same is true of all of Hord’s conduct. Hord undoubtedly inflicted serious abuse upon Hampel, not because of his sex, but because he was Ham-pel.”
Unlike the comments in Hampel, Spiva’s comments to Plaintiff in the case sub judi-ce evince “sexual desire” as opposed to “personal animus.” Consequently, Plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable juror that Spiva’s comments were gender based.
The Court must next consider whether the Plaintiff considered her work environment to be hostile. In addition to the deposition testimony already cited, wherein Plaintiff testified that she reacted to Spiva’s alleged comments by telling him to “Get out of here” or “Shut up”, Plaintiff also testified that she was uncomfortable at work ; that she took several days off solely in order to avoid Spiva; that she took her frustration with the situation out at home; and that her anxiety over the situation manifested itself in physical illness. Consequently, Plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable juror that her work environment was subjectively hostile.
With respect to the objective component of the Plaintiffs claim, Defendants seek to dismiss Spiva’s comments as “[ojccasional vulgar banter, tinged with sexual innuendo” which are “merely unpleasant”, rather than “the type of ‘hostile or deeply repugnant’ conduct that would offend a reasonable person.” Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment at p. 12. As a matter of fact, the Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized that, “the use of certain vulgar expressions ‘has no connection with the sexual acts to which they make reference *** [and] they are simply expressions of [personal] animosity or juvenile provocation,’ rather than discrimination based on sex.” Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 735 (internal citations omitted.)
While Spiva’s inappropriate comments about his body may have been dismissed as “vulgar”, those comments, considered in conjunction with his alleged propositions, veiled threat, and physical contact with Plaintiff create “a connection with the sexual acts to which they make reference.” Consequently, it is the opinion of this Court that Plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence to convince a reasonable juror that her work environment was objectively hostile.
Having concluded that genuine issues of material fact exist with respect to Plaintiffs hostile work environment sexual harassment claim, the Court must determine whether Spiva was Plaintiffs supervisor.
In the seminal case of Genaro v. Central Transport Inc., 84 Ohio St.3d 293, 703 N.E.2d 782 (1999), the Supreme Court of Ohio held that “the clear and unambiguous language of R.C. 4112.01(A)(1) and (A)(2), as well as the salutary antidis-crimination purposes of R.C. Chapter 4112, and [the Supreme Court of Ohio]’s pronouncements in cases involving workplace discrimination, [are] all evidence that individual supervisors and managers are accountable for their own discriminatory conduct occurring in the workplace environment.” Id. at 787.
In order to reach that conclusion, the Supreme Court of Ohio scrutinized the term “employer”, as that term is defined by O.R.C. § 4112.01, and compared and contrasted the state discrimination statute’s definition of the term with the corresponding Title VII definition. The Supreme Court of Ohio relied upon the rationale that “the differing numerosity requirements and uses of agency terminology indicate that Title VU’s definition of ‘employer’ is far less reaching that the encompassing language of R.C. § 4112.01(A)(2).” Id. at 787.
Unfortunately, while the Genaro Court established joint and severable liability for supervisor/managers under § 4112, the Supreme Court of Ohio did not define what constitutes a “supervisor” for § 4112, purposes. As a matter of fact, the parties in the case sub judice have not produced a single case wherein the term “supervisor” is defined by the Ohio courts. Consequently, as a starting point, this court looks to Title VII case law in order to determine what constitutes a “supervisor” in federal employment discrimination cases.
Although the Supreme Court has never specifically defined the term “supervisor,” a definition can be gleaned from the Court’s vicarious liability rule for “supervisors” in Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998). In Ellerth, the United States Supreme Court created vicarious liability for sexual harassment suffered at the hands of a supervisor when the harassment culminates in a tangible employment action. The Ellerth Court defined a “tangible employment action” as “a significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits.” Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 761, 118 S.Ct. 2257.
The Supreme Court reasoned that “when a supervisor makes a tangible employment decision, there is an assurance the injury could not have been inflicted absent the agency relationship.” Id. at 761-62, 118 S.Ct. 2257 (Emphasis added). In other words, only a supervisor, or other person acting with the authority of the company, can cause “direct economic harm.” Id. “A co-worker can break a coworker’s arm as easily as a supervisor, and anyone who has regular contact with an employee can inflict psychological injuries by his or her offensive conduct. But one co-worker (absent some elaborate scheme) cannot dock another’s pay, nor can one coworker demote another.” Id at 762, 118 S.Ct. 2257. Therefore, the Supreme Court concluded, “The supervisor has been empowered by the company as a distinct class of agent to make economic decisions affecting other employees under his or her control.” Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 762, 118 S.Ct. 2257 (emphasis added).
Consequently, in order to establish that an employee was a “supervisor” under the federal statute, a plaintiff would have to show not only that the employee was vested with the power to make economic decisions affecting the other employees, but that he or she misused that power with a discriminatory motive. Under Title VII, a supervisor who has not misused the power to affect the economic benefits of other employees does not automatically expose his employer to vicarious liability, he or she is treated in the same manner as a co-worker in the respondeat superior analysis, that is, the affirmative defense is available to the employer.
In the case sub judice, Spiva did not have the power to cause direct economic harm to Plaintiff. Consequently, it is the opinion of this Court that Spiva would not be a classified as a “supervisor/manager” as that term is defined under the federal statute.
However, this case arises under the laws of Ohio. Therefore, the same rationale utilized by the Supreme Court of Ohio in Genaro, supra., for establishing individual liability under § 4112, that is, a broad construction of the term “employer”, would support a more expansive interpretation of that term under § 4112 in order to determine what constitutes a “supervisor.”
In Ohio, the state discrimination statute defines “employer” as “any person employing four or more persons within the state”, and “any person acting directly, or indirectly in the interest of the employer.” Therefore, evidence of supervisory power which has no economic effect on the plaintiff may be considered under the state discrimination statute.
For instance, Plaintiff argues that:
Defendants assert that Spiva did not have the authority to hire, fire, discipline, transfer, or promote employees. (Certificate of Uncontested Facts No. 26). However, it is clear from the record that Spiva did have the authority to assign employees to jobs as the close of their shift. Further, he was evaluated for traits that are typically supervisory traits. Finally, Spiva was written up on June 2, 1998 in a “Supervisor Performance Assessment” with the following: “There will be no tolerance for any supervisor that may look the other way.”
Pl.Opp.Br. at p. 15. Plaintiff also emphasizes that Spiva was included in management training with respect to Kmart’s sexual harassment policy. Id. at pp. 16 and 17.
The fact that Kmart considered Spiva a supervisor is not in and of itself sufficient to establish that he is a “supervisor/manager” for § 4112 purposes. However, his responsibility for disciplining employees and assigning secondary work assignments indicate that he exercised limited supervisory authority over Plaintiff.
With respect to respondeat superior liability under Title VII, the focus is on the employer. The Ellerth Court looked to the authority given to the employee-supervisor by the employer in order to determine the parameters of the employer’s liability. Where the employer has given the employee-supervisor the power to affect the economic benefits of the employee-plaintiff, and the employee-supervisor has invoked that authority, no affirmative defense is available to the company.
With respect to individual liability under § 4112, this Court must take the opposite approach. In order to determine whether Spiva is individually liable under the state discrimination statute, this Court must look to the employer’s authority misused by the employee-supervisor in order to harass Plaintiff. Therefore, the relevant question becomes, “Did the employee-supervisor misuse the power of the employer in any way to influence or harass the plaintiff?” In the case sub judice, the answer to that question is “yes.”
Consequently, Spiva’s limited supervisory authority considered in conjunction with the fact that he allegedly misused that authority in order to encourage Plaintiff to “get to know him better” and also to discourage her from reporting his alleged misconduct are sufficient to establish that Spiva is a “supervisor” under the broad definition of “employer” under § 4112. Accordingly, it is the opinion of this Court that although Spiva cannot be considered “an agent” of an “employer” under Title VII, he is “a person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer” under § 4112.
Having concluded that Spiva is a “supervisor” as that term is defined by § 4112, the Court must next determine whether Plaintiff can attach respondeat superior liability to Kmart. In 1998, Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998), and Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 683 (1998) invalidated a portion of prior case law in the Sixth Circuit, causing the analytical framework for a hostile-work-environment claim based on a supervisor’s actions to be recast. Williams v. General Motors Corporation, 187 F.3d 553, 559 (6th Cir.1999).
Previously, to establish such a claim, a plaintiff had to show not only that (1) she was a member of a protected class; (2) she was subject to unwelcomed sexual harassment; (3) the harassment was based on her sex; and (4) the harassment created a hostile work environment; but also that (5) the supervisor’s harassing actions were foreseeable or fell within his or her scope of employment, and the employer failed to respond adequately and effectively. See Kauffman v. Allied Signal, Inc., 970 F.2d 178, 183-184 (6th Cir.1992).
The Supreme Court summarized the new standard applicable in the case sub judice in Faragher:
In order to accommodate the principle of vicarious liability for harm caused by misuse of supervisory authority, as well as Title VII’s equally basic policies of encouraging forethought by employers and saving action by objecting employees, we adopt the following holding in this case and in Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, ante, 524 U.S. at-, 118 S.Ct. at -, also decided today. An employer is subject to vicarious liability to a victimized employee for an actionable hostile environment created by a supervisor with immediate (or successively higher) authority over the employee. When no tangible employment action is taken, a defending employer may raise an affirmative defense to liability or damages, subject to proof by a preponderance of the evidence, see Fed. Rule.Civ.Proc. 8(c). The defense comprises two necessary elements: (a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise. While proof that an employer had promulgated an antihar-assment policy with complaint procedure is not necessary in every instance as a matter of law, the need for a stated policy suitable to the employment circumstances may appropriately be addressed in any case when litigating the first element of the defense. And while proof that an employee failed to fulfill the corresponding obligation of reasonable care to avoid harm is not limited to showing an unreasonable failure to use any complaint procedure provided by the employer, a demonstration of such failure will normally suffice to satisfy the employer’s burden under the second element of the defense. No affirmative defense is available, however, when the supervisor’s harassment culminates in a tangible employment action, such as discharge, demotion, or undesirable reassignment. See Burlington Industries, 524 U.S. at 762, 118 S.Ct. at 2269.
Faragher, 524 U.S. at 808, 118 S.Ct. 2275 (Emphasis added).
Furthermore, Faragher and Ellerth signaled a shift from the use of the terms “hostile work environment” and “quid pro quo ” in the employment liability context. Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 765-66, 118 S.Ct. 2257 (“the labels quid pro quo and hostile work environment are not controlling for purposes of establishing employer liability”). Although these constructs are still relevant to the “threshold question whether a plaintiff can prove discrimination in violation of Title VII,” Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 753, 118 S.Ct. 2257, once a plaintiff has established actionable discrimination, the inquiry turns on whether a supervisor’s harassment culminated in a “tangible employment action,” such as “discharge, demotion, or undesirable reassignment.” Faragher, 524 U.S. at 808, 118 S.Ct. 2275 If a plaintiff can prove a tangible employment action, liability is automatic; if however, there was no tangible employment action, employers have an affirmative defense to liability. See Faragher, 524 U.S. at 808, 118 S.Ct. 2275, Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 765, 118 S.Ct. 2257.
Plaintiff contends that while the standard articulated by the Supreme Court in Faragher and Ellerth, supra., is the proper standard for a hostile work environment sexual harassment claim brought under Title VII, the Supreme Court of Ohio has created a different standard to be applied to the same claim brought under the state discrimination statute. Plaintiff relies upon Hampel v. Food Ingredients Specialties, 89 Ohio St.3d 169, 729 N.E.2d 726 (2000), for the proposition that, under the state discrimination statute in Ohio, employers are vicariously liable for hostile work environment sexual harassment created by a supervisor, regardless of whether the harassment culminated in a tangible employment action.
The Supreme Court of Ohio further stated that in order to establish a claim of hostile-environment sexual harassment, the plaintiff must show (1) that the harassment was unwelcome, (2) that the harassment was based on sex, (3) that the harassing conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to affect the “terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to employment,” and (4) that either (a) the harassment was committed by a supervisor, or (b) the employer, through its agents or supervisory personnel, knew or should have known of the harassment and failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action. Id. at 732-33 (Emphasis added).
However, note 2, which is appended to the elements of hostile work environment sexual harassment in Hampel, indicates that the Supreme Court of Ohio intended to adopt the Faragher-Ellerth standard, rather than create a different standard for state hostile work environment sexual harassment claims.
The trial and appellate courts both relied upon the elements of hostile work environment sexual harassment set forth in Delaney v. Skyline Lodge Inc., 95 Ohio App.3d 264, 642 N.E.2d 395, 399-400 (1994), and it was the lower courts’ reliance on the Delaney standard that prompted note 2.
Note 2 attempts to reconcile the new standard for hostile work environment sexual harassment articulated by the Hampel court with the standard relied upon by the lower courts. Note 2 reads:
Most courts also require the plaintiff to show that he or she belongs to a protected class, but we find this requirement unnecessary; there are only two sexes and both of them are entitled to protection under R.C. 4112.02(A). See, generally, 3 Larson, Employment Discrimination (2 Ed.2000) 46-121, Section 46.08[l][b]. As to the first requirement, that the alleged harassment was unwelcome, see Vinson, supra, 477 U.S. at 68, 106 S.Ct. at 2406, 91 L.Ed.2d at 60 (“The gravamen of any sexual harassment claim is that the alleged sexual advances were 'unwelcome’ ”). As to the second and third requirements, they are statutorily mandated. Both the parties and the court of appeals are in general agreement as to these requirements as set forth in Delaney v. Skyline Lodge, Inc. (1994), 95 Ohio App.3d 264, 270, 642 N.E.2d 395, 399-400. However, the last requirement listed in Delaney is “the existence of respondeat superior liability.” Id. at 270, 642 N.E.2d at 400. Although this description is not necessarily erroneous, the United States Supreme Court has since established vicarious employer liability for unlawful harassment by supervisors, and the federal courts uniformly apply a “known or should have known” test in determining an employer’s liability for harassment by nonsupervisory coworkers or nonem-ployees. See Faragher v. Boca Raton (1998), 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662; Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth (1998), 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633; Shepherd, infra, 168 F.3d at 1004; 3 Larson, supra, at 46-88 to 46-106, Sections 46.07[1] through [4].
Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 733.
In note 2, the Hampel court clearly articulates the rationale underlying its de-cisión to eliminate the Title VII “protected class” element from the § 4112 standard. (“[W]e find this requirement unnecessary; there are only two sexes and both of them are entitled to protection under R.C. § 4112. .02(A).”)
The same is not true of the Hampel court’s alleged decision to eliminate the affirmative defense when the claim is based upon harassment by a supervisor. Although Plaintiff contends that the Ham-pel Court cities Faragher and Ellerth to distinguish the requirements of a Title VII from a R.C. § 4112 claim, it is the opinion of this Court that the Hampel court cites these cases with the intention of adopting the Faragher/Ellerth standard.
In an effort to update the state hostile work environment sexual harassment standard set forth in Delaney, supra., the Supreme Court summarized the Faragher/Ellerth standard as follows: “[T]he last requirement listed in Delaney is ‘the existence of respondeat superior liability.’ Although this description is not necessarily erroneous, the United States Supreme Court has since established vicarious employer liability for unlawful harassment by supervisors, and the federal courts uniformly apply a ‘known or should have known’ test in determining an employer’s liability for harassment by nonsupervisory coworkers or nonemployees.” Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 733, n. 2 (internal citations omitted). This statement of federal law is simply incorrect.
In fact, Faragher and Ellerth created vicarious liability only when a supervisor’s harassment culminates in a tangible employment action. Although the Hampel court goes on to correctly state the federal rule for non-supervisory employees, that is, that “the federal courts uniformly apply a ‘known or should have known’ test in determining an employer’s liability for harassment by nonsupervisory coworkers or nonemployees”, the Hampel court misunderstands that the same rule applies to harassment by a supervisor when no tangible employment action occurs.
It is the opinion of this Court that when the Supreme Court of Ohio intends to eliminate a Title VII element from the R.C. § 4112 standard, the Court expressly rejects the element and clearly articulates the rationale underlying its decision. However, no such express rejection or intent is evident with respect to the availability of the affirmative defense where sexual harassment by a supervisor does not result in a tangible employment action. Consequently, this Court is convinced that the Supreme Court of Ohio intended to adopt the Faragher/Ellerth standard, but failed to do so simply because it misstated the federal standard. Consequently, it is the opinion of this Court that the affirmative defense is available to Kmart in the case sub judice.
However, because Plaintiff takes the position that Kmart is vicariously liable under section 4(a) of the Hampel test, Plaintiff has not produced any evidence to establish that Kmart, “through its agents or supervisory personnel, knew or should have known of the harassment” prior to February 14, 2000. See Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 732-33. Based upon the deposition testimony, it is the opinion of this Court that there is no evidentiary support for such a claim, and, therefore, Plaintiff cannot, as a matter of law, demonstrate that Kmart should have known about the alleged harassment prior to February 14, 2000. Accordingly, the Court will limit its analysis to Kmart’s actions following Plaintiffs February 14, 2000 revelation to Griffiths.
Ellerth sets forth the following standard with respect to the affirmative defense:
An employer is subject to vicarious liability to a victimized employee for an actionable hostile environment created by a supervisor with immediate (or successively higher) authority over the employee. When no tangible employment action is taken, a defending employer may raise an affirmative defense to liability or damages, subject to proof by a preponderance of the evidence, see Fed. Rule Civ.Proc. 8(c). The defense comprises two necessary elements: (a) that the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior, and (b) that the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventive or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise. While proof that an employer had promulgated an antiharassment policy with complaint procedure is not necessary in every instance as a matter of law, the need for a stated policy suitable to the employment circumstances may appropriately be addressed in any case when litigating the first element of the defense. And while proof that an employee failed to fulfill the corresponding obligation of reasonable care to avoid harm is not limited to showing any unreasonable failure to use any complaint procedure provided by the employer, a demonstration of such failure will normally suffice to satisfy the employer’s burden under the second element of the defense.
Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 765, 118 S.Ct. 2257.
It is undisputed that Plaintiff received a copy of the Kmart Distribution Center Associate Handbook, which contains Kmart’s policy prohibiting sexual harassment. Furthermore, Plaintiff admits that she did not report Spiva’s harassing conduct to management until February 14, 2001. Consequently, it is the opinion of this Court that, prior to February 14, 2000, Plaintiff unreasonably failed to use Kmart’s complaint procedure.
Plaintiff argues in her opposition brief that Spiva’s statements that, “He is the company”, intimidated her and discouraged her from reporting the alleged harassment sooner. Following the February 14, 2000 exchange, Plaintiff states in her deposition:
I walked away after he said that incident to me. I did not do my job that he told me to go do, slot accumes. I went to Craig. I went straight to the office and I said to Craig, I said, “Craig,” I said, “it’s been incidents happening where I don’t get job assignments.” And Craig goes, “Well, if it’s the end of the night.” I said, “Craig, it’s not that.” And Craig said, ‘What is it?” And I said, “Craig, I can’t explain it to you.” And Craig said, ‘Why?” I guess it was I didn’t feel — I wanted him to ask me why for so long and when he actually looked at me and he said, “What do you feel it is” I couldn’t answer him. I wanted someone to say, “What is wrong?” I went to take my hand on the door to turn the knob and I was going to just go do slot accumes, and I broke down. I started crying and he asked me what was wrong. And I had told him the incidents that had happened over the last few months. And he asked me why I didn’t come to him. And I said, “Craig,” I said, “I didn’t even go to my own husband. I haven’t told anybody.” And I knew he felt bad because I think Craig — Craig’s a very — we always call him, quote, tight shipped. He goes really much by the book. And I feel that he was sincere in him not realizing something was actually going on. He told me — I don’t know how long I was in the office with him, a good 30 minutes probably, if not more. And I was telling him about the incidents.
Pl.Dep. at p. 270-72 (Emphasis added).
This deposition testimony contradicts Plaintiffs alleged concerns about Spiva being “the company.” Plaintiff testified not only that Craig Griffiths was considered to be “tight shipped” and “by the book”, but that he was genuinely unaware of the harassment prior to February 14, 2001. Her confidence in Griffiths belies any concerns she might have that “Spiva is the company” or that her allegations might not be given the appropriate weight.
Moreover, Kmart immediately launched an investigation, and based upon the substantiation of only one of the many alleged comments, Kmart refused to move Spiva to third shift (Plaintiffs new shift). Ultimately, the fact that Kmart promised that Plaintiff would have no further contact with Spiva, and that, in fact, Plaintiff has had no further contact with Spiva demonstrates that Kmart “exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexually harassing behavior.” Consequently, while genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether Spiva’s comments were “severe and pervasive”, Plaintiffs hostile work environment sexual harassment claim against Kmart must be dismissed as a matter of law.
QUID PRO QUO SEXUAL HARASSMENT
To prevail under a sexual harassment claim without showing that the harassment was severe or pervasive, the employee must prove the following:
1) that the employee was a member of a protected class;
2) that the employee was subjected to unwelcomed sexual harassment in the form of sexual advances or requests for sexual favors;
3) that the harassment complained of was on the basis of sex;
4) that the employee’s submission to the unwelcomed advances was an express or implied condition for receiving job benefits or that the employee’s refusal to submit to the supervisor’s sexual demands resulted in a tangible job detriment; and
5) the existence of respondeat superior liability.
Bowman, 220 F.3d at 461 (6th Cir.2000) (Citing Kauffman v. Allied Signal, Inc., Autolite Div., 970 F.2d 178, 186 (6th Cir.1992)).
Viewing the evidence submitted in the fight most favorable to Plaintiff, it is clear that genuine issues of material fact exist with respect to the first three elements of Plaintiffs quid pro quo sexual harassment claim.
However, to establish the fourth element, Plaintiff must rely on the fact that, in order to receive her preferred secondary job assignments, she was told by Spiva repeatedly that she would have to “get to know him better.” Although these propositions resound in classic quid pro quo sexual harassment language, it is the opinion of this Court that the denial of secondary job assignments simply does not establish a tangible job detriment.
For instance, following Hord’s outburst in Hampel, Hampel was subjected to disparate treatment at the hands of Hord:
Nevertheless, between April 1995 and January 1996, Hord continued to harass Hampel. He constantly watched Ham-pel, criticized him for minute or minor details, reported him for cleaning errors, and denied him shortcuts in his work that Hord allowed to other employees and previously to Hampel. On slow nights, when other employees would request to leave work early, Hord would grant the request without inspecting their work. However, whenever Ham-pel made such a request, Hord would “tur[n] everything inside out, looking for anything he could find, and he usually always did. And on many occasions he would make me clean and clean and reclean again.” On one occasion, Hord took a white cotton glove to inspect Hampel’s cleaning and went around showing the grease on the glove. On another occasion, Hord ran up to Ham-pel, stood six inches from Hampel’s face, and shouted, “you get out of my department right now. I don’t ever want to see you again.”
Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 729.
In spite of the foregoing incidents, the Hampel Court stated that, “The court of appeals correctly observed that, since no tangible employment action was taken in this case, appellant’s claim is based on the creation of a hostile working environment.” Id. at 734. Evidently, the Supreme Court of Ohio found that the foregoing incidents of harassment did not establish a “tangible job detriment.”
The same is true in the case sub judice. Although Plaintiff states that she was denied preferred secondary job assignments, the nature of such assignment is not sufficient to establish a “tangible job detriment.” The United States Supreme Court has defined a “tangible employment action” as a “significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits.” Ellerth, 524 U.S. at 761, 118 S.Ct. 2257.
Therefore, as Plaintiffs refusal to submit to Spiva’s sexual demands did not result in a tangible job detriment, Plaintiff cannot establish the fourth element of her quid pro quo sexual harassment claim, and, therefore, Count II must be dismissed as a matter of law.
PUBLIC POLICY
In order to state a claim of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy under Ohio common law, a plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating that the employer’s act of discharging him contravened a “clear public policy.” Painter v. Graley, 70 Ohio St.3d 377, 639 N.E.2d 51, Syllabus ¶ 2 (Ohio 1994) CAffirming and following Greeley v. Miami Valley Maintenance Contractors, Inc., 49 Ohio St.3d 228, 551 N.E.2d 981 (1990)). “Clear public policy sufficient to justify an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine is not limited to public policy expressed by the General Assembly in the form of statutory enactments, but may also be discerned as a matter of law based on other sources, such as the Constitutions of Ohio and the United States, administrative rules and regulations, and the common law.” Id. Syllabus ¶ 2 (OverrulingTulloh v. Goodyear Atomic Corp., 62 Ohio St.3d 541, 584 N.E.2d 729 (Ohio 1992)).
A plaintiff must prove the following four elements in order to prevail on a claim of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy:
(1) a clear public policy existed and was manifested in constitutional, statutory or common law;
(2) dismissal of the plaintiff under the circumstances at issue would jeopardize the public policy;
(3) the plaintiffs dismissal was motivated by conduct related to the public policy; and
(4) the employer lacked an overriding legitimate business justification for the dismissal.
Courtney v. Landair Transport, 227 F.3d 559, 565 (Citing Collins v. Rizkana, 73 Ohio St.3d 65, 652 N.E.2d 653, 657-58 (1995)).
In Ohio, a cause of action may be brought for the tort of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy based on sexual harassment/discrimination in the workplace. Collins, supra. In Collins, the Supreme Court of Ohio stated that the clarity and jeopardy elements of the tort of wrongful discharge (elements one and two) are questions of law to be determined by the court. Collins, 652 N.E.2d at 658. Conversely, the causation and overriding justification elements (elements 3 and 4) are questions of fact for the trier-of-fact. Id.
Insofar as Plaintiff was not terminated by Kmart, it is clear that she cannot establish a violation of public policy under Ohio common law. Therefore, Count III must be dismissed as a matter of law.
INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
To establish the intentional infliction of emotional distress in Ohio, a defendant’s “conduct [must be] so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Yeager v. Local Union 20, 6 Ohio St.3d 369, 453 N.E.2d 666, 671 (1983) (Quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 46 (1965)).
Under Ohio law, in order to establish a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must meet the following standard:
In order to support a claim for the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress, four elements must be proved: (a) that the actor either intended to cause emotional distress or knew or should have known that the actions taken would result in severe emotional distress to the plaintiff; (b) that the actor’s conduct was extreme and outrageous, that it went beyond all possible bounds of decency and that it can be considered as utterly intolerable in a civilized community; (c) that the actor’s actions were the proximate cause of the plaintiffs psychic injury; and (d) that the mental anguish suffered by plaintiff is serious and of a nature that no reasonable person could be expected to endure it.
Bellios v. Victor Balaba Belting Co., 12A F.Supp. 514, 520 (S.D.Ohio) (Citing Pyle v. Pyle, 11 Ohio App.3d 31, 463 N.E.2d 98 (1983), Yeager v. Local Union 20, 6 Ohio St.3d 369, 453 N.E.2d 666 (1983)).
It is the opinion of this Court that genuine issues of material fact exist with respect to whether Spiva’s conduct was “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Yeager, supra.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED in part with respect to Plaintiffs quid pro quo sexual harassment claims (Count Two) and Ohio public policy claims (Count III), as well as her hostile work environment claim (Count One) and intentional infliction of emotional distress claim (Count Four) against Kmart, and DENIED in part with respect to Plaintiffs hostile work environment claim and intentional infliction of emotional distress claim against Spiva.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Defendants dispute whether Spiva was Plaintiff's "supervisor” as that term is defined by case law interpreting the discrimination statutes.
. Plaintiff receives periodic updates when the Handbook is amended.
. Spiva was employed by Kmart Corporation at its distribution center in Warren, Ohio from June 14, 1994 until the end of January 2001 when his position was eliminated due to restructuring.
. The parties also agree that Spiva never disciplined Plaintiff.
. Back order associates were rarely reassigned to clean-up chores because they rarely completed the back orders with sufficient time remaining in the shift.
. Plaintiff took two weeks of emergency vacation leave effective February 15, 2000. In February 2000, Plaintiff initiated a short-term disability leave which lasted until June 21, 2000. From June 21, 2000 until October 3, 2000, Plaintiff remained on unpaid leave.
. Plaintiff was interviewed regarding her allegations at least twice.
. Spiva's comment on February 14, 2000 was witnessed by Barker.
. Spiva requested to move to third shift but was refused due to the allegations lodged by Plaintiff.
. These definitions reflect a shift by the Supreme Court of the United States from the use of the terms “hostile work environment” and "quid pro quo " in the employment liability context. Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 765, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998) ("the labels quid pro quo and hostile work environment are not controlling for purposes of establishing employer liability”). Although these constructs are still relevant to the "threshold question whether a plaintiff can prove discrimination in violation of Title VII,” Id. at 2265, once a plaintiff has established actionable discrimination, the inquiry turns on whether a supervisor's harassment culminated in a "tangible employment action,” such as "discharge, demotion, or undesirable reassignment.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 808, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998).
. "[D]ay in and day out I just felt uncomfortable in my department. I did not want to be at work. It made me angry that I had to go to work and have to — I just wanted to go to work and do my job ... I would go home every night feeling terrible ... [E]veryday I went into work I dreaded to clock in because I feared what the day would hold.” Pl.dep. at p. 231-32.
. “I did not want — I couldn’t wait to get my new bank of hours just so I didn't have to be there. I believe I called off six days from January 1 to February 14, 2000. I used six personal days.” Pl.Dep. at p. 255.
. "The stress, [my husband and I] didn't have — it was all due to this. We had a lot of stress between us because I was so edgy ... I felt bad for [my husband]. I would take it out on him. I would yell at him all the time and he didn’t do anything. Luckily he’s a good man and he was able to stand with me and take the moods ... I would take it out on Tim so I didn’t take it out on the kids.” Pl.dep. at p. 385-86.
. "I was dealing with everything from December. I was very depressed, I had a lot of anxiety ... I wasn't able to sleep ... I had constant chronic diarrhea.” P.Dep. at p. 348.
. “Employer” includes the state, any political subdivision of the state, any person employing four or more persons within the state, and any person acting directly, or indirectly in the interest of the employer. Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § 4112.01(A)(2) (Banks-Baldwin 1999) (Emphasis added).
. "Employer” is defined as "a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees *** and any agent of such a person.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b) (1998) (Emphasis added).
. The Sixth Circuit has interpreted the term "agent” in Title VII as "an individual who 'serves in a supervisory position and exercises significant control over the plaintiff's hiring, firing or conditions of employment.” Wathen v. General Electric Co., 115 F.3d 400, 405 (6th Cir.1997) (Citing Pierce v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co., 40 F.3d 796, 803 (6th Cir., 1994)).
. Hampel filed suit in Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas against his employer and his supervisor, asserting a violation of O.R.C. § 4112, et seq., based upon an alleged hostile work environment sexual harassment created by his supervisor. Hampel also alleged retaliation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Ultimately, a jury awarded Hampel $368,750 in compensatory damages and $1,280,000 in punitive damages on Ham-pel’s harassment and intentional tort claims.
The Court of Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court on Hampel’s harassment claims finding that there was no evidence to support the conclusion that the supervisor’s conduct was "based on sex”, and remanded the cause for a new trial based on the intentional tort claim. Although the Court of Appeals considered the evidence sufficient to support an award of compensatory and punitive damages on Hampel’s intentional tort claim, it remanded the cause for a new trial on the issue that it was unable to ascertain for the record whether, and to what extent, the jury would have awarded damages solely for the intentional tort claim. Hampel, 729 N.E.2d at 732.
The Supreme Court of Ohio affirmed the Court of Appeals’ decision with respect to the hostile work environment sexual harassment claim.
. Plaintiff testified that she complained about Spiva refusing her preferred secondary job assignments in the past, however she never told Craig about the perceived sexual harassment:
A: I never came out and told them specifically what had happened. It was a little hint of somebody — I wanted to have somebody reach out and say, "What’s actually going on?”
Q: What kind of hints were you giving them?
A: I would let them know every night with Sheldon, you know, he denied me of doing a job again.
Pl.Dep. atp. 109
A: I would go to [Craig] on several occasions when I felt I wasn't — when I was — if I would ask [Spiva] to do a job, I was told, "You have to get to know me better. We have to get to know each other better.” And I went to Craig and said to Craig, "I'm not getting a job again,” I couldn’t tell him what was going on. I did not discuss this with Craig until February 14. It was — I was trying to reach out and say something, but I didn't know how to actually say it.
Pl.Dep. atp. 214.
Q: When you would go into Craig's office prior to [February 14], you said you wouldn’t tell him that it was related to sexual harassment, you didn’t want to put him in that position?
A: A didn’t want — I want to brought out. Like I said, I though that it would either go away or that I would be able to overcome or — that I could handle it.
Pl.Dep. at p. 278-79.
. In Bowman, the plaintiff claimed that the Supreme Court in Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998), held that no tangible employment action is required to be proved in cases where the harassment is not severe or pervasive (what, according to die Sixth Circuit, used to be referred to as quid pro quo sexual harassment) Bowman, 220 F.3d at 461. In concluding that the plaintiffs claim was meritless, the Sixth Circuit stated:
In Ellerth, the Court explained how the two terms are relevant when there is a threshold question whether a plaintiff can prove discrimination in violation of Title VII: When a plaintiff proves that a tangible employment action resulted from a refusal to submit to a supervisor’s sexual demands, he or she establishes that the employment decision itself constitutes a change in the terms and conditions of employment that is actionable under Title VII. For any sexual harassment preceding the employment decision to be actionable, however, the conduct must be severe or pervasive. Id. at 753-54, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633.
Bowman, 220 F.3d at 461 n. 4.
. Courts use the terms "tangible employment detriment” and "materially adverse employment action" interchangeably. Bowman, 220 F.3d at 461 n. 5 (Citing Bryson v. Chicago State Univ., 96 F.3d 912, 916 (7th Cir.1996)).
. Plaintiff concedes that she cannot establish an essential element of her quid pro quo hostile work environment claim Pl.’s Opp.Br. at p. 12. ("That is, the harassment by Spiva, while not affecting economic benefits, has the 'purpose of creating a hostile or abusive working environment.’ ”).
| CASELAW |
Early and Late Binding (Visual Basic)
Updated: July 20, 2015
For the latest documentation on Visual Studio 2017 RC, see Visual Studio 2017 RC Documentation.
The Visual Basic compiler performs a process called binding when an object is assigned to an object variable. An object is early bound when it is assigned to a variable declared to be of a specific object type. Early bound objects allow the compiler to allocate memory and perform other optimizations before an application executes. For example, the following code fragment declares a variable to be of type FileStream:
' Create a variable to hold a new object.
Dim FS As System.IO.FileStream
' Assign a new object to the variable.
FS = New System.IO.FileStream("C:\tmp.txt",
System.IO.FileMode.Open)
Because FileStream is a specific object type, the instance assigned to FS is early bound.
By contrast, an object is late bound when it is assigned to a variable declared to be of type Object. Objects of this type can hold references to any object, but lack many of the advantages of early-bound objects. For example, the following code fragment declares an object variable to hold an object returned by the CreateObject function:
' To use this example, you must have Microsoft Excel installed on your computer.
' Compile with Option Strict Off to allow late binding.
Sub TestLateBinding()
Dim xlApp As Object
Dim xlBook As Object
Dim xlSheet As Object
xlApp = CreateObject("Excel.Application")
' Late bind an instance of an Excel workbook.
xlBook = xlApp.Workbooks.Add
' Late bind an instance of an Excel worksheet.
xlSheet = xlBook.Worksheets(1)
xlSheet.Activate()
' Show the application.
xlSheet.Application.Visible = True
' Place some text in the second row of the sheet.
xlSheet.Cells(2, 2) = "This is column B row 2"
End Sub
You should use early-bound objects whenever possible, because they allow the compiler to make important optimizations that yield more efficient applications. Early-bound objects are significantly faster than late-bound objects and make your code easier to read and maintain by stating exactly what kind of objects are being used. Another advantage to early binding is that it enables useful features such as automatic code completion and Dynamic Help because the Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE) can determine exactly what type of object you are working with as you edit the code. Early binding reduces the number and severity of run-time errors because it allows the compiler to report errors when a program is compiled.
System_CAPS_ICON_note.jpg Note
Late binding can only be used to access type members that are declared as Public. Accessing members declared as Friend or Protected Friend results in a run-time error.
CreateObject
Object Lifetime: How Objects Are Created and Destroyed
Object Data Type
Show: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. CLIMAX METAL PRODUCTS, Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. JM OFFICE PRODUCTS, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. HARRIS MACHINERY CO., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. MID-CO. TV SYSTEMS, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. CLAYHILL, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. G & C SALES AND SERVICE, Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. MARATHON ELECTRIC, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. AST BEARINGS DIVISION OF VERNITRON CORPORATION, Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. MINNESOTA SUPPLY COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. LORS MACHINERY, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. CLARKLIFT OF MINNESOTA, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. CENTURY ELECTRIC CO., INC., a Delaware Corporation, Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. PITNEY BOWES, Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. APPLIED POWER PRODUCTS, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant. ROBIN INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY, INC., Plaintiff, v. BANKRUPTCY ESTATE OF DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGIES CORP., Kathryn Page as Trustee of the Bankruptcy Estate of Dynamic Technologies Corp., and Dynamic Technologies Corp., Defendant.
Bankruptcy No. 4-89-1604.
Adv. Nos. 4-89-161, 4-89-203, 4-89-204, 4-89-242, 4-89-320 to 4-89-330, 4-89-339 to 4-89-342, 4-89-365, 4-89-383, 4-89-387, 4-89-389 and 4-89-392.
United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Minnesota.
Oct. 20, 1989.
Kathryn Page, Wagner, Johnston & Falconer, Minneapolis, Minn., for defendant.
Jeffrey C. Robbins, Mahoney, Walling & Kelly, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff Chemical-Ways Corp.
John R. Kaufhold, Peterson, Engberg & Peterson, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiffs Hales Mach. Tool, Inc. and David T. Olson Sales Co., Inc.
Claude M. Loewenthal, Claude M. Loew-enthal & Associates, Ltd., Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff American Photocopy Equipment Co. of Mpls., Inc.
William G. Cottrell, John A. Halpern & Associate, Minneapolis, Minn., for Technical Marketing Co., Inc., Intermatic Inc., Zellerback Paper Co., Al Mac Plastics, Inc., Electric Motor Repair, Inc., Climax Metal Products, JM Office Products, Inc., Harris Machinery Co., Mid-Co. TV Systems, Inc., Clayhill Inc., G & C Sales and Service, Marathon Elec., Inc., AST Bearings Div. of Vernitron Corp., Minnesota Supply Co., and Lors Machinery, Inc.
Ralph V. Mitchell, Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff Clarklift of Minnesota, Inc.
Jerome D. Ciresi, St. Paul, Minn., for plaintiff Century Elec. Co., Inc.
Alan I. Silver, Doherty, Rumble & Butler, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff Pitney Bowes.
Michael J. Minenko, Johnson & Madigan, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff Applied Power Products, Inc.
Jay A.H. Joyner, Rosenthal, Rondoni, MacMillan & Joyner, Minneapolis, Minn., for plaintiff Robin Industrial Supply, Inc.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND ORDER FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
NANCY C. DREHER, Bankruptcy Judge.
The above-entitled matters came on for hearing on motions for summary judgment filed by the defendant, Kathryn Page, trustee of the Estate of Dynamic Technologies. This Court has jurisdiction to hear and finally determine this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334, and Local Rule 103. This is a core proceeding.
FACTS
The issue in these adversary proceedings is whether the twenty-four plaintiffs, all of whom are unsecured creditors, should be allowed to improve their position over debt- or’s nearly 250 other unsecured creditors similarly situated.
Debtor was engaged in the business of manufacturing paint mixing equipment. Its primary shareholder, President, and Chief Executive Officer was Donald Carlson. In 1988, debtor had at least one major contract with the federal government. Pursuant to that contract, debtor supplied the government with specially manufactured paint mixing equipment. The contract was in the total amount of $613,021. Debtor successfully completed that contract and was paid for its work pursuant to at least three requests for payment it made in July, August, and September of 1988. During this period, debtor employed at least three people. The rest of its labor force was contract labor furnished to it by Opportunity Workshop, a group which hires, trains and makes handicapped workers available as contract laborers.
In the fall of 1988, debtor began negotiations for another large contract with the federal government. On September 19, 1988, the General Services Administration (“GSA”) issued its solicitation for a negotiated bid from debtor for the manufacture of spray paint mixers. The solicitation was for acceptance within 60 days. On October 19, 1988, debtor submitted its offer in response thereto. On February 14, 1989, GSA accepted the offer as it had been amended on December 1, 1988 and January 14,1989. The acceptance indicated that the contract was effective April 1, 1989 and was for the period of April 1, 1989 through March 31, 1992. While the documentation submitted is not sufficiently detailed to establish this with precision, it appears that the contract was for an indefinite number of paint mixers. It was definitely a four year contract. At or about the same time, debtor was also negotiating for another federal contract with the Defense Logistics Agency.
Beginning sometime in late 1988, debtor placed a large number of orders for goods with a large number of vendors. Some of these items were standard items, but many of them were specialty items suitable for use in the manufacture of paint mixers. It also purchased office equipment and computers. Included in the purchases were large volumes of expensive plastic sheeting, drill presses, pallets, forklifts, security fencing, approximately 12,000 small motors, and a considerable variety of materials handling equipment.
When prospective vendors, all of whom sold on an unsecured basis, would ask for credit references, debtor provided them with a letter from its bank, the National City Bank at Ridgedale, in which a bank officer stated that debtor had been a customer since June, 1988, had a savings and a checking account with the Bank, and that the current balance in the checking account was $250,000. The debtor also supplied prospective vendors with a short list of credit references. There is no evidence to suggest that the letter from National City Bank was in any way inaccurate or untrue at the time it was issued. Nor have the plaintiffs been able to present any evidence to suggest that the list of references was inaccurate.
The plaintiffs and many other vendors shipped approximately $5,000,000 in products to the debtor during the first several months. of 1989. There is evidence that some vendors asked for, and were promised, but never received, UCC-1 forms. None of the plaintiffs obtained a UCC-1 form to preserve its purchase money interest in the goods. None of them, with one possible exception, made demand for return of its goods within 10 days of delivery to the debtor.
Plaintiffs have submitted two affidavits in which the affiants state that they are suppliers of some of the types of products being purchased. The affiants state that, in their judgment, the quantities of product ordered by debtor were excessive for any reasonable manufacturing operation. For example, a motor supplier has stated that “it is inconceivable for any paint shaking manufacturer to order 18,000 electric motors” and that, “based on the market for paint shakers, this number of electric motors would represent á 5-10 year supply,” while “the shelf life for an electric motor and bearings is normally only 2 years.” This affiant further swears that having viewed some of the product when it was auctioned by the trustee, “it appeared they (Dynamic Technologies) had done the same thing to other creditors as they did to electric motor manufacturers. That is to say, it appeared they obtained the same massive quantity of merchandise by ordering the same types of merchandise from numerous different vendors.” Another supplier averred that debtor ordered from several different manufacturers pallet racking, which purchase the supplier, in his experience, believed to be unusual, since interchangeable materials handling equipment would have functioned more efficiently. Neither of the affiants, however, suggests that he was aware that the debtor recently had obtained a four year contract for the supply of paint mixers to GSA. In light of this, the value of their conclusory statements and opinions is doubtful.
In 1988, debtor had a manufacturing facility and office location in Plymouth, Minnesota. During this same year, however, it also began to explore the possibility of relocating the manufacturing portion of the business to a non-urban area. The purpose of the move was to reduce costs of production. Debtor selected a location in Watertown, South Dakota, and secured a 22,000 square foot facility there by early spring of 1989. The lease for that space was executed by the National Bank in Brookings and Watertown Mixer Leasing Corporation (“Watertown”) on December 28, 1988. Watertown, a corporation chartered in South Dakota, had apparently been formed by Donald Carlson, the primary shareholder of Dynamic Technologies. The lease was for an initial term of 10 months, with Watertown having options to renew until 1990. Watertown had the right to obtain possession for purposes of clean-up beginning December 28, 1988, and to occupy the premises as tenant beginning February 1, 1989.
Approximately 25% of the products received by the debtor from the various vendors was shipped to the Plymouth location. According to an unrebutted affidavit submitted by the debtor, the goods were drop shipped to Plymouth whenever there was less than a truckload delivery, because it was cheaper to receive the goods in Plymouth and then truck them to Watertown later. Approximately 75% of the products ordered were shipped directly to the newly-opened Watertown location.
On April 6, 1989, debtor’s Minneapolis counsel mailed a letter to the company’s creditors. The letter advised the creditors that, as of April 6, 1989, the company had ceased doing business at both its Minnesota and South Dakota locations and had filed a notice of intent to dissolve with the Secretary of State of Minnesota. He further advised that the corporation was in the process of dissolving under Minn.Stat. § 302A.721. Under such a dissolution process he advised “the Corporation and all of its assets will be liquidated and proceeds distributed to creditors.” The letter enclosed a claim form for return, and promised a pro-rata payment within 90 days.
This letter set off panic among a number of the vendors who had recently shipped product. Some of them went to debtor’s facilities and began to physically take back their goods. The fact that debtor had ceased operations came to the attention of the Plymouth, Minnesota Police Department, which conducted an investigation regarding a possible “theft by trick” charge. The Plymouth Police Department eventually turned the results of its investigation over to the FBI. The FBI may or may not be conducting an investigation. No criminal charges have ever come of these investigations.
When several of the creditors learned that other creditors were rummaging through debtor’s facilities and taking back their products, an involuntary petition was filed on April 10, 1989. On April 12, 1989, at the emergency request of the petitioning creditors, I ordered the appointment of an interim trustee, who has now been named as the defendant in these proceedings. Debtor has not answered the petition and, accordingly, an Order for Relief has issued. Debtor has never filed schedules. Rather, Donald Carlson has asserted his Fifth Amendment rights. Debtor’s former counsel did file a partial listing of creditors. This listing shows that debtor had at least 265 creditors who have claims for goods sold and delivered over a period of time commencing in late 1988 and ending in April 1989. These creditors’ claims total approximately $5.2 million.
DISCUSSION
A. Plaintiffs’ Claims
Plaintiffs in these proceedings are all vendors who shipped product to the debtor before April 10, 1989. None of them obtained or filed UCC-1 forms which would have perfected a purchase money security interest in its products. With the possible exception of plaintiff Chemical-Ways Corporation, no plaintiff made written demand for return of the goods within 10 days of the date those goods were delivered to the debtor. Many of the plaintiffs did receive written assurances of solvency from the debtor in the form of the banker’s letter and the credit references, which assurances were usually provided prior to the time the product was shipped.
The plaintiffs herein all seek return of the goods that they sold to the debtor. While articulated somewhat differently from case to case, these plaintiffs seek return of their property on four separate grounds:
1. Theft by trick: Plaintiffs assert that the debtor obtained the delivered goods through a massive scheme of fraud. They assert that the debtor never had any intention of paying for the product. Rather, they claim, the debtor engaged in a massive buying program with the intention of moving all the product to South Dakota and selling it fast enough to divert the liquidation proceeds to the principals of the debtor. Because of this fraud, they assert, title to the delivered goods did not pass to the debtor. Plaintiffs assert that they are, therefore, entitled to judgment determining that they are the owners of the goods they sold and delivered to the debtor.
2. Reclamation: Further, plaintiffs assert that they are entitled to the return of the goods pursuant to Minn.Stat. § 336.2-702(2), which provides:
Where the seller discovers that the buyer has received goods on credit while insolvent the seller may reclaim the goods upon demand within 10 days after the receipt, but if misrepresentation of solvency has been made to the particular seller in writing within three months before delivery, the 10 day limitation does not apply.
Except as provided in this subsection the seller may not base a right to reclaim goods on the buyer’s fraudulent or innocent misrepresentation of solvency or of intent to pay.
Plaintiffs all claim that the debtor misrepresented that it was solvent within three months before the delivery of the goods sold, and consequently, their demand for reclamation need not have been made with 10 days of the date of delivery.
3. Rescission: Certain of the plaintiffs also assert a right to rescission pursuant to Minn.Stat. § 336.2-721, which provides:
Remedies for material representation or fraud include all remedies available under this article for nonfraudulent breach. Neither rescission of a claim nor rescission of the contract for sale nor rejection nor return of the goods shall bar or be deemed inconsistent with a claim for damages or other remedy.
Plaintiffs claim that they are entitled to rescind their contracts with the debtor based upon the debtor’s fraud, which, for purposes of this motion, is assumed to be gross.
4. Constructive Trust: Finally, certain of the plaintiffs assert that the equities require the imposition of a constructive trust on the goods sold. This claim is based on an argument that goods obtained from plaintiffs through fraud should, in fairness, be returned to the plaintiffs.
B. The Trustee’s Response
The trustee responds that summary judgment is appropriate in these cases because none of the plaintiffs made written demand for reclamation within 10 days of the date the debtor received their products. The trustee asserts that the plaintiffs may not reclaim their product because they failed to comply with 11 U.S.C. § 546(c). She further asserts that plaintiffs are not entitled to rest on the state law remedy provided by Minn.Stat. § 336.2-702 because that remedy has been limited by 11 U.S.C. § 546(c). She asserts that however differently couched (i.e., “theft by trick”, reclamation, rescission, or constructive trust), the remedy plaintiffs seek is available under 11 U.S.C. § 546(c) only if the plaintiffs can establish that they made written demand for return of the goods within 10 days of the date those goods were delivered.
C. Summary Judgment Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), as incorporated by Bankruptcy Rule 7056, provides that summary judgment:
[Sjhall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
To prevail in a motion for summary judgment the trustee must meet that standard. Summary judgment is proper if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). On a summary judgment motion, the inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Egger v. Phillips, 710 F.2d 292, 296 (7th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 918, 104 S.Ct. 284, 78 L.Ed.2d 262 (1983). But the existence of a material factual dispute is sufficient only if the disputed fact is determinative of the outcome under the applicable law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Once a motion for summary judgment has been made and supported as described above, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e) provides that a party opposing the motion may not rely on the mere allegations and denials contained in its pleadings, but must set forth specific facts to show that a genuine issue exists for trial. The evidence presented in support of or in opposition to such a motion must be competent evidence admissible in any subsequent trial. Miller v. Solem, 728 F.2d 1020, 1026 (8th Cir.1984). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the Court should not consider evidence, such as inadmissible hearsay statements or vague conclusory allegations, which would not be admissible in evidence at trial. Id. There is no genuine issue of fact for trial if the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. at 1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The Court should not “weigh the evidence,” yet “if the evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50, 106 S.Ct. at 2510-11; Valley Liquors, Inc. v. Renfield Importers, Ltd., 822 F.2d 656 (7th Cir.1987).
D. Plaintiffs’ Rights Outside a Bankruptcy Case
Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, as adopted in Minnesota, applies to “transactions in goods.” Minn.Stat. § 336.2-102. The transactions involved here were transactions in “goods.” The plaintiffs sold their goods to the debtor in the ordinary courses of business of both the vendors and the vendee. Accordingly, had bankruptcy not intervened, plaintiffs would have been entitled to take advantage of the provisions of Minn.Stat. § 336.2-702. Pursuant to that statute, plaintiffs would have been entitled to recover their goods from the debtor upon a showing that the debtor received goods on credit while insolvent and 1) that they had made demand for the return of the goods within 10 days of the debtor’s having received them, or 2) if no such demand had been made, upon a showing that the debtor had misrepresented its solvency to the sellers in writing within three months before delivery of the goods. Minn.Stat. § 336.2-702(2).
Plaintiffs have attempted to assert causes of action based on the common-law principles of fraud and misrepresentation:
Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this chapter, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to
contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.
Minn.Stat. § 336.1-103. Plaintiffs’ common-law causes of action for fraud and misrepresentation, however, have been displaced by other provisions of the UCC:
Except as provided for in this subsection the seller may not base a right to reclaim goods on the buyer’s fraudulent or innocent misrepresentation of solvency or of intent to pay.
Minn.Stat. § 336.2-702(2). Therefore, under state law, plaintiffs' sole remedy is provided for by Minn.Stat. § 336.2-702, and the conditions imposed by that statute must be present in order for the plaintiffs’ causes to succeed.
E. The Bankruptcy Code’s Exclusive Remedy of Reclamation
The filing of a petition in bankruptcy creates an estate as of the date of the filing, which is comprised, with certain exceptions, of all of the debtor’s legal or equitable interest in property as of the commencement of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 541. As of that date, and even for a period preceding it, the Code severely restricts those situations in which creditors who are equally situated may improve their position over others in making claims against assets of the estate. For example, the trustee of the estate is given the right to set aside prepetition fraudulent conveyances, prepetition preferential transfers, and, by use of “strong arm” powers, may extinguish the rights of persons who claim a right to the debtor’s property through secret or unrecorded liens. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 544, 545, 547, and 548. The trustee also has the power to require the turnover of property belonging to the estate and may avoid virtually all postpetition transfers of property of the estate. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 542, 549, 550.
One of the few exceptions to the restrictions placed on creditors is the continuation of a vendor’s right to reclaim goods under relevant nonbankruptcy law:
Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, the rights and powers of a trustee under sections 544(a), 545, 547, and 549 of this title are subject to any statutory or common-law right of a seller of goods that has sold goods to the debt- or, in the ordinary course of such seller’s business, to reclaim such goods if the debtor has received such goods while insolvent, but—
(1)such a seller may not reclaim any such goods unless such seller demands in writing reclamation of such goods before ten days after receipt of such goods by the debtor....
11 U.S.C. § 546(e). While there is some authority to the contrary, the overwhelming consensus of authorities hold that the seller’s right to reclamation provided by section 2-702 of the Uniform Commercial Code is recognized in bankruptcy proceedings only to the extent provided in Section 546(c) of the Bankruptcy Code. See, e.g., 4 Collier on Bankruptcy para. 546.01, at 546 —6 (L. King, 15th ed. 1987); Flav-O-Rich, Inc. v. Rawson Food Service, Inc. (In re Rawson Food Service, Inc.), 846 F.2d 1343, 1347 (11th Cir.1988); McCain Foods, Inc. v. Flagstaff Foodservice Co. (In re Flagstaff Foodservice Corp.), 14 B.R. 462, 466 (Bktey.S.D.N.Y.1981); Ambico, Inc. v. AIC Photo, Inc. (In re AIC Photo, Inc.), 57 B.R. 56, 59 (Bktcy.E.D.N.Y.1985); Party Packing Corp. v. Rosenberg (In re Landy Beef Co.), 30 B.R. 19, 20 (Bktcy.D.Mass.1983); Dukseung, Inc. v. Wholesale Distributing Corp. (In re Wholesale Distributors Corp.), 58 B.R. 497, 500 (Bktcy.S.D.N.Y.1986); Toshiba, America, Inc. v. Video King, Inc., 100 B.R. 1008, 1013 (Bktcy.N.D.Ill.1989); Ecolotec, Inc. v. Deephouse Equipment Co. (In re Deephouse Equipment Co.), 22 B.R. 255, 257-58 (Bktcy.D. Conn.1982); Don E. Pratt Oil Operations v. Charter International Oil Co. (In re Charter Co.), 52 B.R. 263, 265 (Bktcy.M.D.Fla.1985).
Section 546(c) does not create any right to reclamation for vendors of goods to insolvent buyers; it merely recognizes such a right exists to a limited extent in a bankruptcy case, provided that such right exists either under common law or under statute other than the Bankruptcy Code:
The net effect of Section 546(c) is to resolve the decisional pre-Bankruptcy Code law by not permitting the trustee or debtor in possession in a case under Bankruptcy Code to invalidate the seller’s reclamation right. The trustee or debtor in possession may not assert rights as a judicial lien creditor (§ 544(a)), claim the seller’s right is a statutory lien invalid under Section 545, attempt to classify the seller’s right as a preference voidable under Section 547, or assert it is an impermissible postpetition transaction (§ 549). The four requirements that must be shown by the seller are:
(1) the sale to the buyer was in the ordinary course of business of the seller;
(2) the buyer received the goods while insolvent;
(3) The seller demanded reclamation of the goods within ten days after the buyer received the goods; and
(4) The demand was in writing.
For purpose of the Bankruptcy Code, the existence of a written misrepresentation of insolvency has no relevance and will not substitute for the ten-day written demand. Also, the greater flexibility of the U.C.C. with respect to the type of demand will not apply; for Bankruptcy Code purposes, only a written demand will suffice. Outside of bankruptcy where only state law is applicable, Section 2-702 will have its full use as written. But in bankruptcy, Section 2-702 is the statutory right referred to in Section 546(c) and, therefore, subject to the conditions set forth in Section 546(c), and the Section 2-702 right is valid as against a trustee or debtor in possession.
R. Duesenberg and L. King, 3A Bender’s Uniform Commercial Code Service § 13.03(4), at 13-65-66 (1982). See also Video King, 100 B.R. at 1013. Section 546(c) requires that the vendor attempting to reclaim must have an independent right to reclamation as provided for by state law, and “then narrows those nonbankruptcy reclamation rights by imposing additional procedural and substantive requirements before such rights will be recognized in a bankruptcy case.” Id. This conclusion is consistent with the legislative history of section 546(c):
The purpose of [section 546(c) ] is to recognize, in part, the validity of section 2-702 of the Uniform Commercial Code which has generated much litigation, confusion and divergent decisions in different circuits.
H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 372 (1977), reprinted in 5 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 5787, 5973, 6328 (emphasis added). See also In re Original Auto Parts Distributor, Inc., 9 B.R. 469, 471 (Bktcy.S.D.N.Y.1981).
Section 546(c) is thus a narrow exception to the general rule that all transactions with the debtor are “frozen” as of the date of the filing of the petition. Because it stands as a glaring exception to the general rule of even and equitable distribution to similarly situated creditors, section 546(c) provides only limited protection.
Section 546(c) is the exclusive remedy available to vendors who are attempting to reclaim their goods. Crown Quilt Corp. v. HRT Industries, Inc. (In re HRT Industries, Inc.), 29 B.R. 861, 864 (Bktcy.S.D.N.Y.1983); Rawson Food Service, Inc., 846 F.2d at 1346; Hitachi Denshi, America Ltd. v. Rozel Industries, Inc. (In re Rozel Industries, Inc.), 74 B.R. 643, 646 (Bktcy.N.D.Ill.1987); Allstate Fabricators Corp. v. Flaggstaff Foodservice Corp. (In re Flaggstaff Foodservice Corp.), 56 B.R. 899, 909 (Bktcy.S.D.N.Y.1986). With the exception of plaintiff Chemical-Ways, plaintiffs admittedly did not make written demand for return of the goods within 10 days of the date of filing of the involuntary petition:
The burden is on the party alleging a right to reclaim goods sold to a debtor prepetition to establish each element giving rise to that right by a fair preponderance of the evidence. [Citation omitted.] In the context of these proceedings this means that [plaintiff] will have to prove:
1. That it sold goods on credit to the debtor in the ordinary course of business of each.
2. That it delivered those goods to the debtor at a time when the debtor was insolvent as that term is defined by the Bankruptcy Code.
3. That within ten days after the goods were delivered to the debtor, the seller made a written demand for the return of the goods.
4. That the debtor has possession of the goods at the time of the reclamation demand or the goods were not in the hands of a buyer in the ordinary course or a good faith purchase at the time of the demand.
Video King, 100 B.R. at 1013-14 (emphasis added). Thus, as a matter of law, a crucial element of plaintiffs’ proof is missing, and the trustee is entitled to judgment in her favor.
Plaintiffs, however, contend that section 546(c) should not provide their exclusive remedy. Certain among them advance a variety of causes of action as alternatives to their actions under section 546(c). Yet each of these theories advanced by the plaintiffs are subsumed within section 546(c):
In debtor-creditor law, there has always existed a basic problem concerning a seller’s right to reclaim goods delivered to an unpaying buyer. The problem becomes further complicated when the buyer becomes insolvent and seeks protection under the United States Bankruptcy Code. When the buyer/debtor is transformed into a debtor-in-possession, the seller is particularly vulnerable, because the law seeks to also protect any innocent third-party creditors who may have relied on the apparent inventory of the debtor.
Sellers and creditors have devised various legal theories to protect their interests in such goods, including factor liens, conditional sales and entrustments, but the underlying problem of deceiving other creditors of the debtor survives these theories. The Uniform Commercial Code ... attempts to give all parties in such situations, methods to protect themselves in the event of legal complications. For unknown reasons, sellers and creditors are still inventing new legal theories, which in part seek to circumvent the requirements of the UCC.
CIBA-Geigy Corp. v. Flo-Lizer, Inc. (In re Flo-Lizer, Inc.), 100 B.R. 341 (Bktcy.S.D.Ohio 1989).
E. Theft by Trick
The first of plaintiffs’ alternative causes of action alleges that debtor did not acquire title to the purchased goods because debtor acquired possession of the goods by trick or artifice. According to the plaintiffs, the property was stolen, and therefore, title never passed from them to the debtor and subsequently to the estate.
Title to the property passed according to law at the date the goods were delivered to the debtor:
Unless otherwise explicitly agreed title passes to the buyer at the time and place at which the seller completes his performance with reference to the physical delivery of the goods, despite any reservation of security interest and even though a document of title is to be delivered at a different time or place.
Minn.Stat. § 336.2-401. “Thus ... the only way to reserve an interest in goods which have been transferred is to have a properly perfected security interest.” Ateco Equipment, Inc. v. Columbia Gas, Inc. (In re Ateco Equipment, Inc.), 18 B.R. 917, 921 (Bktcy.W.D.Pa.1982). Plaintiffs never took action to ensure that they received the UCC-1 forms necessary to perfect security interests in the transferred goods.
It is true, as a general rule, that stolen property does not become property of the estate. Heyman v. Kemp (In re Teltronics, Ltd.), 649 F.2d 1236, 1239 (7th Cir.1981); Bergquist v. Wiese & Cox, Ltd. (In re AEFS, Inc.), 51 B.R. 340, 344 (Bktcy.D.Minn.1985). It is also true that, as a general rule, in transactions between consumers and a debtor, consumers have been allowed to obtain the return of their property based on an argument that they were defrauded into delivering the property to the debtor and, therefore, the property never became property of the estate. See Heyman, 649 F.2d at 1241. As between merchants engaged in transactions in goods, however, this “theft by trick” argument is merely a reclamation argument couched in different words. Since Section 546(c) provides the exclusive remedy for reclamation, the debtor’s alleged intent not to pay, its alleged fraudulent misrepresentations, and its taking delivery of the goods with the alleged intention to surreptitiously transport them to another state for immediate conversion to cash, are all irrelevant. Plaintiffs have cited no case which holds that a merchant commits a theft if she takes delivery of goods from a vendor, in the ordinary courses of the vendor’s and vendee’s businesses, without intent or ability to pay the vendor.
A case that stands for the contrary proposition is Deephouse Equipment Co. In Deephouse, the seller did not make written demand for return of the property within 10 days of delivery. The seller argued that its goods never became property of the estate because the debtor had fraudulently misrepresented its ability to pay and, specifically, whether it had been paid on a prior contract. The Deephouse court rejected this argument:
Ecolotec’s brief completely ignores § 546(c) and simply asserts that property obtained by fraud of a debtor is not the property of the estate and that courts order such property returned to its rightful owner rather than disbursed to creditors. In support of this position, Ecolo-tec cites Heyman v. Kemp (In re Telronics, Ltd.), 649 F.2d 1236, (7th Cir.1981); Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Esgro, Inc. (In re Esgro, Inc.) 645 F.2d 794 (9th Cir.1981); Wisconsin v. Reese (In re Kennedy & Cohen, Inc.), 612 F.2d 963 (5th Cir.1980); Giannone v. Cohen (In re Paragon Securities Co.), 589 F.2d 1240 (3rd Cir 1978); Nicklaus v. Bank of Russelville, 336 F.2d 144 (8th Cir.1964). While standing for this general proposition, these cases do not deal with transactions between the defrauding buyer and seller of goods in the ordinary course of business, and all antedate the enactment of § 546(c).
Deephouse Equipment Co., 22 B.R. at 257. The Deephouse court went on to conclude that U.S.C. § 2-702 is the sole remedy for a reclaiming seller, thereby eliminating any common-law remedy the seller might have had. Since Ecolotec did not provide written notice of its reclamation claim within 10 days of delivery of the goods, reclamation was not allowed. See also R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Eli Witt Co. (In re Eli Witt Co.) 12 B.R. 757, 761-62 (Bktcy.M.D.Fla.1981) (goods did become property of the estate even though the seller contended that they were obtained by fraud).
Accordingly, the assertion that the property was obtained through “theft by trick,” no matter how deceitful the trick, does not provide relief in addition to that provided for by section 546(c). For several reasons, this is an equitable result. First, if the plaintiffs succeed here they will do so merely because they had the wherewithal to advance a lawsuit, while debtor’s other creditors will be denied the goods for purposes of making equitable distribution to all creditors. That is precisely what the filing of a petition in bankruptcy is designed to avoid. Second, all the plaintiffs had options that would have protected their interests. They could have perfected purchase money security interests in the goods by the filing of UCC-1 statements (and by refusing to ship unless they had one), or they could have given timely notice of demand for reclamation:
[The seller’s] loss resulted from his own failure to comply with state law which would have enabled him to perfect his purchase money security interest. The loss could have been avoided through his own efforts. This is not the kind of loss equity protects against.
Stowers v. Mahon (In re Samuels & Co.), 526 F.2d 1238, 1248 (5th Cir.1976) (en banc). Third, if wrongs were done, there are remedies to right them for the benefit of all the creditors of the debtor. If what the plaintiffs urge is true, that the debtor’s principals were engaged in a scam to order but never pay for huge quantities of products and to immediately convert those products into cash for their own benefit, then the avoidance powers of the trustee will be invoked. Actions can be brought by the trustee to recover or recoup the fruits of ill gotten gains, not in favor of a few selected creditors, but on behalf of all the debtor’s unsecured creditors.
F. Rescission
Certain of the plaintiffs also assert that they should be entitled to rescind their contracts with the debtor and thereby obtain return of their goods:
Remedies for material representation of fraud include all remedies available under this article for nonfraudulent breach. Neither rescission of a claim or rescission of the contract for sale nor rejection or return of the goods shall bar or be deemed inconsistent with a claim for damages or other remedy.
Minn.Stat. § 336.2-721. The only way the plaintiffs could have obtained return of the goods, thus avoiding being treated like the debtor’s other unsecured creditors, would have been to comply with section 546(c):
No matter how the complaints of these unpaid vendors are clothed, the principal alternative relief sought of the return of merchandise or money damages based on invoice price or an administrative claim is essentially the stuff of reclamation.... Typically, fraud pleading is the last gasp of the unpaid vendor who has missed the ten-day notice requirement of Section 546(e) or of its nonbankruptcy state law analogue, Section 2-702 of the Uniform Commercial Code ... Courts have consistently viewed these fraud allegations for what they really are: masquerading reclamation claims.
HRT Industries, 29 B.R. at 862. No matter how the plaintiffs have attempted to clothe their causes of action, they still amount to actions based on 11 U.S.C. § 546(c). Plaintiffs, with the possible exception of Chemical-Ways, have not met the requirements of section 546(c), and therefore must accept their fate as unsecured creditors.
G. Constructive Trust
Finally, certain of the plaintiffs assert that the property should be impressed with a constructive trust. Even if imposition of a constructive trust were consistent with section 546(c) of the Bankruptcy Code (which it is not), this would not be an appropriate case in which to impose a constructive trust. The imposition of a constructive trust is an equitable remedy, which the Court has discretion to grant or deny. Thompson v. Nesheim, 280 Minn. 407, 414, 159 N.W.2d 910 (1968).
Plaintiffs rely primarily on a case that is factually distinguishable from the situation that gave rise to the instant adversary proceedings. See Nicklaus v. Bank of Russelville, 336 F.2d 144 (8th Cir.1964), aff'g In re Bronson Woodworth, Inc., 229 F.Supp. 262 (E.D.Ark.1963). In Nicklaus, a state court had decided prepetition to impose a constructive trust in favor of a bank upon bonds that debtor had absconded with after purchasing them for the benefit of the bank. See In re Bronson Woodworth, Inc., 229 F.Supp. at 263; Nicklaus, 336 F.2d at 145. The Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court’s denial of the trustee’s request for an order reversing the prepetition state court order delivering the bonds to the bank. Nicklaus, 336 F.2d at 145.
In contrast, the debtor in the instant case did not obtain plaintiffs’ property by fraud, but by purchasing the goods on credit. Debtor merely has failed to pay for the goods it had ordered in the ordinary course of its business, which is commonly the state of affairs between a commercial debt- or and its supply vendors at the time a bankruptcy petition is filed. Plaintiffs have cited no case which holds that not paying one’s supply vendors constitutes fraud by the debtor. Moreover, equity would not be done by imposing a constructive trust in this instance, since doing so would result in the plaintiffs being favored over debtor’s other unsecured creditors similarly situated.
ACCORDINGLY, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. The motion of the trustee for summary judgment against plaintiff Chemical-Ways Corp. in ADV 4-89-161 is denied.
2. The motion of the trustee for summary judgment against the plaintiffs in all other actions above-entitled is hereby granted. Defendant Kathryn Page, as trustee of Dynamic Technologies Corp., shall have judgment dismissing the plaintiffs’ Complaints with prejudice on the merits.
3. If the trustee still seeks an Order regarding statements made by plaintiffs’ counsel accusing her of having been involved in the perpetration of theft, she shall notice a hearing and file appropriate papers on that issue.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
. To some extent recitation of the facts is made difficult because the former CEO and primary shareholder of the involuntary debtor, Donald Carlson, has asserted his Fifth Amendment rights in this case. But there is adequate documentary evidence to support the following statement of undisputed facts.
. While plaintiffs assert that Dynamic Technologies was a sham, they provide absolutely no competent evidence to support that position. The Court’s recitation of these facts is based on unrebutted documentary evidence that debtor was, in fact, in business.
. Much has been made by the plaintiffs of the fact that at times Dynamic Technologies did not seem to have employees at its facilities. It has also been argued that the space occupied by Dynamic Technologies in Watertown, South Dakota was not large enough to use as a manufacturing plant. Manufacturers with cyclical business commonly use subcontract labor. It's cheap and flexible, and it cuts down on their need for facilities space.
. Debtor probably only ordered 12,000 motors.
. Plaintiffs have supplied the Court with a deposition of the Plymouth Police Officer who conducted the investigation. Appended to that deposition is the officer's investigation report. The deposition and the investigation report are filled with inadmissible hearsay, some of it second and third hand. None of the statements taken from persons, other than the deposition of the officer, are under oath. In reaching my decision I have ignored the officer’s deposition and the exhibits thereto'.
The report, however, actually makes the trustee’s case with respect to whether Dynamic Technologies was ever in business. Many of the witnesses the officer interviewed were former employees of debtor. Their statements are con-
sistent with the information supplied by the trustee to the effect that Dynamic Technologies had been in business- since 1987 and had received and completed government contracts for paint shakers on occasions prior to 1989.
What the Plymouth Police Department appears to have uncovered is that Donald Carlson may have been infringing a patent on a paint shaker owned by Red Devil, Inc. Patent infringement, however, is not a crime, and perhaps that is why there have been no criminal charges. Whether Dynamic Technologies was or was not infringing the patent of Red Devil is irrelevant to these proceedings. Indeed, the fact that the Plymouth Police Department spent an extraordinary amount of time looking into possible patent infringement is somewhat startling.
. It is difficult to reconcile such an intention with the fact that in debtor’s counsel wrote a letter to all creditors on April 6, 1989, informing them of debtor’s intention to liquidate and disclosing the location of the debtor’s facilities in Plymouth, Minnesota and in Watertown, South Dakota.
. The hearsay statements contained in the investigating officer's deposition and investigation report did not fall within an exception to the hearsay rule.
. 11 U.S.C. § 546(d) provides special reclamation rights to vendors who have sold fish or grain.
. See, e.g., Farmers Rice Milling Co. v. Hawkins (In re Bearhouse, Inc.), 84 B.R. 552 (Bktcy.W.D.Ark.1988). Farmers Rice held that where a seller had made oral demand for return of his goods within 10 days of delivery, he would not be held to the written demand required by sec-tion 546(c). The Farmers Rice court recognized that it was in the minority when it concluded that section 546(c) is merely a limitation on the trustee’s avoiding powers, and not a substantive declaration of a separate right of reclamation. Id. at 560. See also United Beef Packers v. Lee (In re A.G.S. Food Systems, Inc.), 14 B.R. 27, 28-29 (Bktcy.D.S.C.1980).
. Plaintiffs urge that section 546(c) is unconstitutional. They provide no support for that position, and I therefore dismiss it.
. This is an unlikely scenario based on the papers on file in this case thus far.
| CASELAW |
This insufficient selectivity could be rationalized by examining published X-ray data of LTA4H bound to SC57461A (3U9W.pdb) and DG-051 (3FH7.pdb) with this of 1-4-oxo-4-[(2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]butanoyl- L-proline (OBP-Pro), a well balanced PGP analogue (4MS6.pdb). mice. Appropriately, we’ve developed novel compounds that inhibit LTB4 generation whilst leaving PGP degradation unperturbed potently. These novel materials could represent an excellent and safer class of LTA4H inhibitors for translation in to the clinic. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) can be an enzyme that classically features as an epoxide hydrolase to create leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from leukotriene A4 (LTA4)1,2. This activity operates in a intracellular compartment and it is a function of leukocytes predominantly. LTB4 can be an incredibly pro-inflammatory lipid mediator that may exert its activity by binding to receptors BLT1 or BLT23. LTB4 can get the recruitment and activation of a range of cells including neutrophils and it is hence implicated in security against invading micro-organisms but also in the pathology of a range of illnesses4,5,6,7,8. Lately, we identified a second anti-inflammatory activity for LTA4H whereby it features as an aminopeptidases to degrade the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP)9. PGP is certainly a neutrophil chemoattractant produced from extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen via the sequential enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases and prolylendopeptidase10. PGP features being a neutrophil chemoattractant by mimicking crucial sequences within glutamic acidity, leucine, arginine+ (ELR+) chemokines and binding to CXCR1/211. Since neutrophils are themselves a prominent way to obtain the enzymes that generate PGP, it really is thought that pathway can get a self-sustaining vicious group of irritation if still left unchecked12. We’ve confirmed that PGP is certainly easily degraded during shows of severe pulmonary irritation by extracellular LTA4H to facilitate the quality of neutrophilic irritation, and failing of the functional program culminated in augmented and extended irritation with exacerbated pathology and disease9,13. Significant levels of PGP are located in sufferers with chronic neutrophilic lung illnesses such as for example chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and bronchiolitis obliterans symptoms (BOS), peaking with exacerbation of disease and correlating with lung function10,11,14,15,16,17. Appropriately, it appears that the LTA4H-PGP degradation pathway is certainly perturbed in these chronic illnesses Talaporfin sodium to allow PGP to build up and Mouse Monoclonal to Synaptophysin drive irritation9,15,18. Jointly, these research the important need for the supplementary PGP-degrading activity of LTA4H highlight. LTA4H therefore symbolizes a highly uncommon enzyme with dichotomous and straight opposing pro- and anti-inflammatory actions that dictate the amplitude and persistence of neutrophilic irritation19. The enzyme itself is certainly folded into 3 domains, which express as N-terminal, c-terminal and catalytic domains20. The user interface Talaporfin sodium of the domains forms an L-shaped cavity where in fact the active site from the enzyme is situated. The opening component of the cavity, close to the proteins surface, is certainly wider and extremely hydrophilic before narrowing at Talaporfin sodium the website from the catalytic zinc right into a mostly hydrophobic tunnel that penetrates deeper in to the proteins. The wider hydrophilic area of the cavity may be the site of peptide binding, whereas LTA4 occupies the complete cavity using its epoxide coordinating using the zinc and its own lengthy hydrophobic tail increasing into the apolar tunnel. It really is clear therefore the fact that opposing actions of LTA4H reside within specific yet overlapping energetic sites, with particular amino acidity residues necessary for each21,22. There’s been significant curiosity from pharmaceutical businesses to focus on LTA4H therapeutically to ease LTB4-mediated pathologies, but regardless of the Talaporfin sodium era of several exceptional inhibitors, these medications have didn’t demonstrate clinical efficiency or have already been withdrawn from studies due to deleterious aspect results23,24. It really is feasible that having less success of the compounds could be because of their failure to tell apart between your opposing jobs of LTA4H and therefore inadvertently prevent PGP degradation. Searle/Pharmacia created the powerful, orally energetic inhibitor SC567461A that inserted clinical studies for inflammatory colon disease, but was withdrawn due to undesirable final results25,26,27. DeCODE pharmaceuticals eventually used a fragment structured drug discovery plan to recognize inhibitors of. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Book of Etiquette, Volume 2, by Lilian Eichler.djvu/187
Rh ments, is merely obeying the same vain and selfish instinct that prompted that Queen of long ago to forbid the wearing of beads.
As for personality, the man or woman who cannot express it in correct, conservative and conventional clothes, certainly cannot express it in grotesque and eccentric ones.
Beautiful dress alone is not enough. We may be attracted to a manikin, but after five minutes or so it bores us. With beauty of dress there must also be a grace and ease of manner without which no man or woman is quite charming, for uncomfortable garments rob us of all poise and grace.
Think of holding a quiet, serious, calm conversation while one's foot aches painfully because of a tight shoe! Think of sitting gravely and patiently through a long concert while one's too-tight collar grows ever more and more irritating, while one's narrow jacket becomes constantly more uncomfortable!
To be uncomfortable is to be conscious of what one is wearing; and we know that well-dressed men and women are never conscious of clothes. They know instinctively that they are well-dressed, and with the knowledge comes a dignity that adds charm to the beauty of their costumes. Thus they are able to enter whole-heartedly into conversation, feeling neither constrained nor uncomfortable but enjoying that serene satisfaction that comes when one is fully aware that one is well-dressed.
The early Romans had two distinct costumes which were worn alike by rich and poor—one simple, flowing | WIKI |
Methera
Methera is an English string quartet which plays traditional music and compositions by the members of the group. They have collaborated with other folk musicians including Karen Tweed, Nancy Kerr and James Fagan.
They recorded for the BBC Radio 3 feature England in Ribbons, and played on the soundtrack of the film Morris: A Life with Bells On. The quartet's eponymous debut album was released in 2008, and they released a live album entitled Methera In Concert in 2010.
Group members
* John Dipper plays fiddle. He plays with other bands, most notably English Acoustic Collective with Chris Wood and Robert Harbron.
* Emma Reid plays fiddle. She has worked with a range of musicians including Sofia Karlsson, May Monday (Karen Tweed and Timo Alakotila), Ditt Ditt Darium, and the Under One Sky project with John McCusker.
* Miranda Rutter plays viola. She has previously played with Jabadaw and Fika.
* Lucy Deakin plays cello. She has also appeared on recordings by alternative post-rock band iLiKETRAiNS.
Recordings
* 2008 – Methera YAN001
* 2010 – Methera in Concert, featuring the trio Kerr Fagan Harbron TAN002 | WIKI |
Page:The Strand Magazine (Volume 2).djvu/302
were meagre. His studio was the one bare, undecorated room in the house; it was absolutely destitute of all the luxuries that painters of these days affect. There were a couple of easy-chairs, and a table near the fire-place—a great open fire-place on which he burnt huge logs of wood; for the rest, there were the actual necessities to his work, but that was all. He spent most of his time in the studio; he worked there, and sat there, day in, day out, save when he went for his two hours' drive, or took his way to the gorgeous salle à manger to eat his solitary meals. It was in the studio that his pictures were sold to eager buyers, who thought it an honour to stand in his presence. The other rooms of the house were always empty, waiting, it seemed, to form a setting to a life that refused to be lived, or belonging to a story that never was told, and that day by day slipt back farther and farther into the past.
There were many anecdotes told of Carbouche, all of them turning on a certain savagery that seemed to be in him; as when he had painted the portrait of Alphonse Bubois, the millionaire, and had brought out the sinister expression on his face with a malignity that was almost startling. Or when his famous picture of the forest of St. Germain en Laye had suggested to everyone that its beauty was over rated—its terrace walk a long, straight road, its famous view merely an effect of distance and winding river that was, after all, well known in other views; even the dim city in the distance, with the thousands of human histories gathered together in the far-off mists, seemed to have some false quality in its poetry. "And, oh, that forest," said an English girl, who stood before the picture in its place of honour in the salon, "I felt once as I walked down the terrace, and looked into the trim depths, that it was artificial. Now I know that it is. I believe that every tree was reared in a square box painted green, and let into the ground beneath, like a theatre growth. Perhaps even the squirrels are shams, and their bushy tails were bought at the furrier's and sewn on to make believe."
"Ah, Carbouche is a great painter," said her companion, as they passed on; "but he always brings out the cynical side of the world, and the worst aspect of nature."
Carbouche had returned to Paris. The logs were piled on the studio fire, for the room was chilly after its long spell of emptiness. In the painter's life there was little warmth, little of anything but work and silence, and his surroundings seemed to express the condition of his soul. He strode up and down, looking at his easel, and the little, old-fashioned bureau for colours beside it. On a shelf to its left there were some brushes and a palette. Against the wall were one or two sketches, but they were slight and unfinished, for there was never any work of Carbouche's unsold, if money could buy it. The only other canvas in the room rested on the floor, with its face to the wall, half-hidden by an old worn portfolio. No one save Carbouche knew what was painted on it, and he had avoided looking at it for years, with a carefulness that was half scorn, half superstition. Before the blazing fire were the two easy-chairs, and on the little table between them an open box of cigarettes. Carbouche sat down, and, lighting a cigarette, smoked vigorously until the end was thrown among the blazing logs.
There was a faint rumbling in the distance. It came nearer, it entered the gateway, and he knew by the grinding sound peculiar to the turning of a carriage on gravel that a visitor had arrived. He waited half resentfully, impatient at the prospect of being disturbed.
The servant entered with a card, "Milor," and he hesitated. Carbouche took the card, and said slowly, as if he, too, found the name difficult.
"The Earl of Harlekston. Ah, one mo- | WIKI |
Publications
Atmospheric, climatic and ecological controls on extreme wildfire years in the northwestern United States
Citation
Gedalof, Z.M., Peterson, D.L., Mantua, N.J. 2005. Atmospheric, climatic and ecological controls on extreme wildfire years in the northwestern United States. Ecological Applications 15(1):154-174.
Abstract
Wildland fire is an important disturbance agent in forests of the American Northwest. Historical fire suppression efforts have contributed to an accumulation of fuels in many Northwestern forests and may result in more frequent and/or more severe wildfire events.
Here we investigate the extent to which atmospheric and climatic variability may contribute to variability in annual area burned on 20 National Forests in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was used to identify coherent patterns in area burned by wildfire in the Pacific Northwest. Anomaly fields of 500-hPa height were regressed onto the resulting principal-component time series to identify the patterns in atmospheric circulation that are associated with variability in area burned by wildfire. Additionally, cross-correlation functions were calculated for the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) over the year preceding the wildfire season. Parallel analyses based on superposed epoch analysis focused only on the extreme fire years (both large and small) to discriminate the controls on extreme years from the linear responses identified in the regression analyses.
Four distinct patterns in area burned were identified, each associated with distinct climatic processes. Extreme wildfire years are forced at least in part by antecedent drought and summertime blocking in the 500-hPa height field. However the response to these forcings is modulated by the ecology of the dominant forest. In more mesic forest types antecedent drought is a necessary precondition for forests to burn, but it is not a good predictor of area burned due to the rarity of subsequent ignition. At especially dry locations, summertime blocking events can lead to increases in area burned even in the absence of antecedent drought. At particularly xeric locations summertime cyclones can also lead to increased area burned, probably due to dry lightning storms that bring ignition and strong winds but little precipitation. These results suggest that fuels treatments alone may not be effective at reducing area burned under extreme climatic conditions and furthermore that anthropogenic climate change may have important implications for forest management. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Adding a Solver
As with any contribution to PyBaMM, please follow the workflow in CONTRIBUTING.md. In particular, start by creating an issue to discuss what you want to do - this is a good way to avoid wasted coding hours!
The role of solvers
All models in PyBaMM are implemented as expression trees. After the model has been created, parameters have been set, and the model has been discretised, the model is now a linear algebra object with the following attributes:
model.concatenated_rhs
A pybamm.Symbol node that can be evaluated at a state (t, y) and returns the value of all the differential equations at that state, concatenated into a single vector
model.concatenated_algebraic
A pybamm.Symbol node that can be evaluated at a state (t, y) and returns the value of all the algebraic equations at that state, concatenated into a single vector
model.concatenated_initial_conditions
A numpy array of initial conditions for all the differential and algebraic equations, concatenated into a single vector
model.events
A dictionary of pybamm.Symbol nodes representing events at which the solver should terminate. Specifically, the solver should terminate when any of the events in model.events.values() evaluate to zero
The role of solvers is to solve a model at a given set of time points, returning a vector of times t and a matrix of states y.
Base solver classes vs specific solver classes
There is one general base solver class, pybamm.BaseSolver, which sets up some useful solver properties such as tolerances and implement a method self.solve() that solves a model at a given set of time points.
The solve method unpacks the model, simplifies it by removing extraneous operations, (optionally) creates or calls the mass matrix and/or jacobian, and passes the appropriate attributes to another method, called integrate, which does the time-stepping. The role of specific solver classes is simply to implement this integrate method for an arbitrary set of derivative function, initial conditions etc.
The base solver class also computes a consistent set of initial conditions for the algebraic equations, using model.concatenated_initial_conditions as an initial guess.
Implementing a new solver
To add a new solver (e.g. My Fast DAE Solver), first create a new file (my_fast_dae_solver.py) in pybamm/solvers/, with a single class that inherits from pybamm.BaseSolver. For example:
def MyFastDaeSolver(pybamm.BaseSolver):
Also add the class to pybamm/__init__.py:
from .solvers.my_fast_dae_solver import MyFastDaeSolver
You can then start implementing the solver by adding the integrate function to the class.
For an example of an existing solver implementation, see the Scikits DAE solver API docs and notebook.
Unit tests for the new class
For the new solver to be added to PyBaMM, you must add unit tests to demonstrate that it behaves as expected (see, for example, the Scikits solver tests). The best way to get started would be to create a file test_my_fast_solver.py in tests/unit/test_solvers/ that performs at least the following checks:
• The integrate method works on a simple ODE/DAE model with/without jacobian, mass matrix and/or events as appropriate
• The solve method works on a simple model (in theory, if the integrate method works then the solve method should always work)
If the solver is expected to converge in a certain way as the time step is changed, you could also add a convergence test in tests/convergence/solvers/.
Test on the models
In theory, any existing model can now be solved using MyFastDaeSolver instead of their default solvers, with no extra work from here. To test this, add something like the following test to one of the model test files (e.g. DFN):
def test_my_fast_solver(self):
model = pybamm.lithium_ion.DFN()
solver = pybamm.MyFastDaeSolver()
modeltest = tests.StandardModelTest(model, solver=solver)
modeltest.test_all()
This will check that the model can run with the new solver (but not that it gives a sensible answer!).
Once you have performed the above checks, you are almost ready to merge your code into the core PyBaMM - see CONTRIBUTING.md workflow for how to do this. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
controller-runtime: github.com/kubernetes-sigs/controller-runtime/pkg Index | Files | Directories
package pkg
import "github.com/kubernetes-sigs/controller-runtime/pkg"
Package pkg provides libraries for building Controllers. Controllers implement Kubernetes APIs and are foundational to building Operators, Workload APIs, Configuration APIs, Autoscalers, and more.
Client
Client provides a Read + Write client for reading and writing Kubernetes objects.
Cache
Cache provides a Read client for reading objects from a local cache. A cache may register handlers to respond to events that update the cache.
Manager
Manager is required for creating a Controller and provides the Controller shared dependencies such as clients, caches, schemes, etc. Controllers should be Started through the Manager by calling Manager.Start.
Controller
Controller implements a Kubernetes API by responding to events (object Create, Update, Delete) and ensuring that the state specified in the Spec of the object matches the state of the system. This is called a reconcile. If they do not match, the Controller will create / update / delete objects as needed to make them match.
Controllers are implemented as worker queues that process reconcile.Requests (requests to reconcile the state for a specific object).
Unlike http handlers, Controllers DO NOT handle events directly, but enqueue Requests to eventually reconcile the object. This means the handling of multiple events may be batched together and the full state of the system must be read for each reconcile.
* Controllers require a Reconciler to be provided to perform the work pulled from the work queue.
* Controllers require Watches to be configured to enqueue reconcile.Requests in response to events.
Webhook
Admission Webhooks are a mechanism for extending kubernetes APIs. Webhooks can be configured with target event type (object Create, Update, Delete), the API server will send AdmissionRequests to them when certain events happen. The webhooks may mutate and (or) validate the object embedded in the AdmissionReview requests and send back the response to the API server.
There are 2 types of admission webhook: mutating and validating admission webhook. Mutating webhook is used to mutate a core API object or a CRD instance before the API server admits it. Validating webhook is used to validate if an object meets certain requirements.
* Admission Webhooks require Handler(s) to be provided to process the received AdmissionReview requests.
Reconciler
Reconciler is a function provided to a Controller that may be called at anytime with the Name and Namespace of an object. When called, the Reconciler will ensure that the state of the system matches what is specified in the object at the time the Reconciler is called.
Example: Reconciler invoked for a ReplicaSet object. The ReplicaSet specifies 5 replicas but only 3 Pods exist in the system. The Reconciler creates 2 more Pods and sets their OwnerReference to point at the ReplicaSet with controller=true.
* Reconciler contains all of the business logic of a Controller.
* Reconciler typically works on a single object type. - e.g. it will only reconcile ReplicaSets. For separate types use separate Controllers. If you wish to trigger reconciles from other objects, you can provide a mapping (e.g. owner references) that maps the object that triggers the reconcile to the object being reconciled.
* Reconciler is provided the Name / Namespace of the object to reconcile.
* Reconciler does not care about the event contents or event type responsible for triggering the reconcile. - e.g. it doesn't matter whether a ReplicaSet was created or updated, Reconciler will always compare the number of Pods in the system against what is specified in the object at the time it is called.
Source
resource.Source is an argument to Controller.Watch that provides a stream of events. Events typically come from watching Kubernetes APIs (e.g. Pod Create, Update, Delete).
Example: source.Kind uses the Kubernetes API Watch endpoint for a GroupVersionKind to provide Create, Update, Delete events.
* Source provides a stream of events (e.g. object Create, Update, Delete) for Kubernetes objects typically through the Watch API.
* Users SHOULD only use the provided Source implementations instead of implementing their own for nearly all cases.
EventHandler
handler.EventHandler is an argument to Controller.Watch that enqueues reconcile.Requests in response to events.
Example: a Pod Create event from a Source is provided to the eventhandler.EnqueueHandler, which enqueues a reconcile.Request containing the name / Namespace of the Pod.
* EventHandlers handle events by enqueueing reconcile.Requests for one or more objects.
* EventHandlers MAY map an event for an object to a reconcile.Request for an object of the same type.
* EventHandlers MAY map an event for an object to a reconcile.Request for an object of a different type - e.g. map a Pod event to a reconcile.Request for the owning ReplicaSet.
* EventHandlers MAY map an event for an object to multiple reconcile.Requests for objects of the same or a different type - e.g. map a Node event to objects that respond to cluster resize events.
* Users SHOULD only use the provided EventHandler implementations instead of implementing their own for almost all cases.
Predicate
predicate.Predicate is an optional argument to Controller.Watch that filters events. This allows common filters to be reused and composed.
* Predicate takes an event and returns a bool (true to enqueue)
* Predicates are optional arguments
* Users SHOULD use the provided Predicate implementations, but MAY implement additional Predicates e.g. generation changed, label selectors changed etc.
PodController Diagram
Source provides event:
* &source.KindSource{&v1.Pod{}} -> (Pod foo/bar Create Event)
EventHandler enqueues Request:
* &handler.EnqueueRequestForObject{} -> (reconcile.Request{types.NamespaceName{Name: "foo", Namespace: "bar"}})
Reconciler is called with the Request:
* Reconciler(reconcile.Request{types.NamespaceName{Name: "foo", Namespace: "bar"}})
Usage
The following example shows creating a new Controller program which Reconciles ReplicaSet objects in response to Pod or ReplicaSet events. The Reconciler function simply adds a label to the ReplicaSet.
See the examples/builtins/main.go for a usage example.
Controller Example
1. Watch ReplicaSet and Pods Sources
1.1 ReplicaSet -> handler.EnqueueRequestForObject - enqueue a Request with the ReplicaSet Namespace and Name.
1.2 Pod (created by ReplicaSet) -> handler.EnqueueRequestForOwnerHandler - enqueue a Request with the Owning ReplicaSet Namespace and Name.
2. Reconcile ReplicaSet in response to an event
2.1 ReplicaSet object created -> Read ReplicaSet, try to read Pods -> if is missing create Pods.
2.2 Reconciler triggered by creation of Pods -> Read ReplicaSet and Pods, do nothing.
2.3 Reconciler triggered by deletion of Pods from some other actor -> Read ReplicaSet and Pods, create replacement Pods.
Watching and EventHandling
Controllers may Watch multiple Kinds of objects (e.g. Pods, ReplicaSets and Deployments), but they reconcile only a single Type. When one Type of object must be updated in response to changes in another Type of object, an EnqueueRequestsFromMapFunc may be used to map events from one type to another. e.g. Respond to a cluster resize event (add / delete Node) by re-reconciling all instances of some API.
A Deployment Controller might use an EnqueueRequestForObject and EnqueueRequestForOwner to:
* Watch for Deployment Events - enqueue the Namespace and Name of the Deployment.
* Watch for ReplicaSet Events - enqueue the Namespace and Name of the Deployment that created the ReplicaSet (e.g the Owner)
Note: reconcile.Requests are deduplicated when they are enqueued. Many Pod Events for the same ReplicaSet may trigger only 1 reconcile invocation as each Event results in the Handler trying to enqueue the same reconcile.Request for the ReplicaSet.
Controller Writing Tips
Reconciler Runtime Complexity:
* It is better to write Controllers to perform an O(1) reconcile N times (e.g. on N different objects) instead of performing an O(N) reconcile 1 time (e.g. on a single object which manages N other objects).
* Example: If you need to update all Services in response to a Node being added - reconcile Services but Watch Nodes (transformed to Service object name / Namespaces) instead of Reconciling Nodes and updating Services
Event Multiplexing:
* reconcile.Requests for the same Name / Namespace are batched and deduplicated when they are enqueued. This allows Controllers to gracefully handle a high volume of events for a single object. Multiplexing multiple event Sources to a single object Type will batch requests across events for different object types.
* Example: Pod events for a ReplicaSet are transformed to a ReplicaSet Name / Namespace, so the ReplicaSet will be Reconciled only 1 time for multiple events from multiple Pods.
Index
Package Files
doc.go
Directories
PathSynopsis
builderPackage builder provides wraps other controller-runtime libraries and exposes simple patterns for building common Controllers.
cachePackage cache provides object caches that act as caching client.Reader instances and help drive Kubernetes-object-based event handlers.
cache/informertest
cache/internal
clientPackage client contains functionality for interacting with Kubernetes API servers.
client/apiutilPackage apiutil contains utilities for working with raw Kubernetes API machinery, such as creating RESTMappers and raw REST clients, and extracting the GVK of an object.
client/configPackage config contains libraries for initializing REST configs for talking to the Kubernetes API
client/fakePackage fake provides a fake client for testing.
configPackage config contains functionality for interacting with ComponentConfig files
config/v1alpha1Package v1alpha1 provides the ControllerManagerConfiguration used for configuring ctrl.Manager +kubebuilder:object:generate=true
controllerPackage controller provides types and functions for building Controllers.
controller/controllertestPackage controllertest contains fake informers for testing controllers When in doubt, it's almost always better to test against a real API server using envtest.Environment.
controller/controllerutilPackage controllerutil contains utility functions for working with and implementing Controllers.
conversionPackage conversion provides interface definitions that an API Type needs to implement for it to be supported by the generic conversion webhook handler defined under pkg/webhook/conversion.
envtestPackage envtest provides libraries for integration testing by starting a local control plane
envtest/printerPackage printer contains setup for a friendlier Ginkgo printer that's easier to parse by test automation.
eventPackage event contains the definitions for the Event types produced by source.Sources and transformed into reconcile.Requests by handler.EventHandler.
handlerPackage handler defines EventHandlers that enqueue reconcile.Requests in response to Create, Update, Deletion Events observed from Watching Kubernetes APIs.
healthzPackage healthz contains helpers from supporting liveness and readiness endpoints.
internal/controller
internal/controller/metrics
internal/log
internal/objectutil
internal/recorder
internal/testing/integrationPackage integration implements an integration testing framework for kubernetes.
internal/testing/integration/addr
internal/testing/integration/internal
internal/testing/integration/internal/integration_testsPackage integrationtests holds the integration tests to run against the framework.
leaderelectionPackage leaderelection contains a constructor for a leader election resource lock.
leaderelection/fakePackage fake mocks a resource lock for testing purposes.
logPackage log contains utilities for fetching a new logger when one is not already available.
log/zapPackage zap contains helpers for setting up a new logr.Logger instance using the Zap logging framework.
managerPackage manager is required to create Controllers and provides shared dependencies such as clients, caches, schemes, etc.
manager/signalsPackage signals contains libraries for handling signals to gracefully shutdown the manager in combination with Kubernetes pod graceful termination policy.
metricsPackage metrics contains controller related metrics utilities
predicatePackage predicate defines Predicates used by Controllers to filter Events before they are provided to EventHandlers.
ratelimiterPackage ratelimiter defines rate limiters used by Controllers to limit how frequently requests may be queued.
reconcilePackage reconcile defines the Reconciler interface to implement Kubernetes APIs.
recorderPackage recorder defines interfaces for working with Kubernetes event recorders.
runtimePackage runtime contains not-quite-internal mechanisms for controller-runtime, plus some deprecated exports of functionality moved elsewhere.
runtime/injectPackage inject defines interfaces and functions for propagating dependencies from a ControllerManager to the components registered with it.
schemePackage scheme contains utilities for gradually building Schemes, which contain information associating Go types with Kubernetes groups, versions, and kinds.
sourcePackage source provides event streams to hook up to Controllers with Controller.Watch.
source/internal
webhookPackage webhook provides methods to build and bootstrap a webhook server.
webhook/admissionPackage admission provides implementation for admission webhook and methods to implement admission webhook handlers.
webhook/conversionPackage conversion provides implementation for CRD conversion webhook that implements handler for version conversion requests for types that are convertible.
webhook/internal/certwatcher
webhook/internal/metrics
Updated 2020-11-25. Refresh now. Tools for package owners. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Andrei Frascarelli
Andrei Frascarelli (born 21 February 1973), sometimes known simply as Andrei, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a defender.
He moved clubs regularly during his 19 year career, which included spells at 14 clubs in four countries. He made 31 appearances in Spain's La Liga for Atlético Madrid.
Andrei Frascarelli was a youth international for Brazil, and represented his country at the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship in Portugal, where they finished as runners-up.
Club career
Andrei was born in Pederneiras in the state of São Paulo, and started his professional career in 1989 with nearby XV de Jaú, which was competing in the lower reaches of the Brazilian league system. He was quickly identified as a promising talent, and prior to the 1991 season he was signed by São Paulo-based Série A giants Palmeiras.
He failed to make much impact at the club, making five appearances in two years. He moved rapidly through a series of Série A clubs, with short stints at Goiás and Flamengo preceding a more successful stint Fluminense. He played 28 games and scored four times to help the Rio de Janeiro club to a respectable 15th position in the league in 1994. At the end of the season, however, he moved on again, this time moving abroad to join Argentine Primera División club Rosario Central. He failed to make an impact in Rosario, and returned to Brazil the following year to join Athletico Paranaense.
He spent two seasons with the Curitiba club, making just ten appearances. He moved to Europe in 1997, joining one of La Liga's most well-respected clubs, Atlético Madrid. Andrei Frascarelli enjoyed one of the best seasons of his career, playing 31 times and scoring four goals as Los Rojiblancos secured 7th place in the league and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup. However, he left the Vicente Calderón at the end of the season, joining Atleti's La Liga rivals Real Betis. He stayed at Betis for two seasons, but failed to make a single league appearance. He also enjoyed a brief return to his homeland during the European off-season in 1999, making 17 appearances for Santos.
Andrei Frascarelli returned to Brazil permanently in 2000, joining Marília, where he spent the next four years. He moved back to Germany in 2004, when he was signed by LR Ahlen of the 2. Bundesliga. After just one year, he returned once more to Brazil, finishing his career with short spells at Rio Claro, in his home state, and Ceilândia. He retired in 2008.
International career
Andrei Frascarelli represented Brazil at two major youth tournaments early in his career. He was part of the squad at the 1989 FIFA U-16 World Championship, held in Scotland. He played in all three of Brazil's group games at Aberdeen's Pittodrie Stadium. they suffered a 1–0 loss to the United States in their first match, but recovered by beating Australia 3–1 and East Germany 2–1 to progress as runners-up. They drew their quarter-final 0–0 against Bahrain at Fir Park in Motherwell, and Andrei Frascarelli was the only Brazilian player able to convert his penalty as they were eliminated 4–1.
He was selected again for the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship in Portugal, playing in all six games as Brazil reached the final. Andrei Frascarelli scored Brazil's first goal of the tournament as they beat the Ivory Coast 2–1 at the Estádio das Antas in Porto. They went on to draw 2–2 with Mexico and beat Sweden 2–0 at the same stadium to progress as group winners. In the knockout stages they saw off Korea 5–1 in Porto and the Soviet Union 3–0 at the Estádio D. Afonso Henriques in Guimarães to set up a final clash with the hosts. The match, held at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, ended 0–0, so the tournament would be decided on penalties. Andrei Frascarelli was on target again, but Brazil ultimately lost 4–2 and had to be content with the silver medal.
Despite this successful youth career, Andrei Frascarelli never received a call-up to the senior national team. | WIKI |
Vicente Rodríguez
Vicente Rodríguez Guillén (born 16 July 1981), known simply as Vicente, nicknamed El puñal de Benicalap (The dagger of Benicalap), is a Spanish former professional footballer.
A left winger with outstanding technique, pace and scoring ability, his professional career, blighted by constant injuries, was mainly associated with Valencia with whom he appeared in 340 competitive matches over 11 seasons, winning five major titles including two La Liga championships.
Vicente represented Spain in the first half of the 2000s, and played at Euro 2004.
Levante
A Valencia CF supporter since childhood, Valencia-born Vicente started his professional career in the community with Segunda División side Levante UD, making his professional debut on 23 November 1997 against CD Leganés aged only 16.
He immediately attracted attention of leading teams like Arsenal, Valencia CF and Real Madrid but, eventually, Valencia (and its sporting director Javier Subirats) convinced the youngster to sign for the club.
Valencia
Vicente joined Valencia in the summer of 2000. Initially, his favoured position of left winger was occupied by Argentine Kily González but, despite serious contention for a first-team place, he still managed to net five goals in 33 La Liga matches, adding 13 appearances in that season's UEFA Champions League although he was left on the bench for the final against FC Bayern Munich.
The arrival of Rafael Benítez as coach in 2001–02 would mark Vicente's opportunity to prove himself, and he did not disappoint as his progress led to the club's first league title in over 30 years. While appearing in fewer games (31) he was already first-choice, and produced similar numbers the following campaign, netting his only goal in a 3–0 home win over Recreativo de Huelva.
2003–04 was Vicente's finest season as his energetic efforts propelled the Che to their second league title under Benítez, adding two goals in seven matches in the team's victorious run in the UEFA Cup, including one in the final where he also assisted Mista in the second (the pair combined for 30 league goals, 12 from Vicente, a career-best, with Francisco Rufete pitching in from the right flank).
After a productive year, Vicente was linked with a host of important teams, but turned down any eventual move and agreed to a further four-year extension, stating: "I'm happy to remain at Valencia because I was born here and it's my home." In the 2004–05 season, however, under the management of Claudio Ranieri, his forays down the wing appeared stagnated as the coach opted to favour fellow Italian Emiliano Moretti to provide support for him rather than to let him have a free role along the left; furthermore, ankle injuries hindered his campaign. As he returned, the manager had already been sacked, Valencia ranked seventh and he only made 12 league appearances. In the following year more of the same, as the side finished 11 points behind eventual champions FC Barcelona and he was again bothered by an ankle condition.
Vicente was again often injured in 2006–07, most notably in the first leg of a Champions League quarter-final clash with Chelsea which ended his campaign. The English won that tie 3–2 on aggregate while the player only took part in 16 league matches, with his team ending fourth.
Vicente made an impressive comeback, opening the 3–0 victory against IF Elfsborg in the Champions League third qualifying round at the Mestalla Stadium. However, another injury occurred shortly after, this time during training, and he would end up spending another large spell in the sidelines.
Disappointed, the player publicly blamed the medical staff for his continuing injuries:
"My morale is very low. I've lost all confidence in the medical staff, that's it. I've been defending them for the last two years, but I don't see any of this situation improving, when I'm still not recovered from one injury I get worse, or suffer from another one. They give me an injection and then I can't move myself for a week because of the pain".
"On top of this, then they tell me maybe my injury doesn't exist, and it is psychological. It's very hard, I can't stand it any longer. I've lost all confidence in the doctor, but I don't want to be bad to anyone, but the person who loses the most is me, because I can neither play football nor help my teammates. I only ask to play twenty minutes in one go.
"That is the worst part about it all, to know that when I have the opportunity to play with good health, things turn out well for me, and I play well, I can help the team," he concluded.
Valencia responded that they would open disciplinary proceedings against Vicente after these statements, citing: 'The club will take the necessary action against the player depending on whether his conduct is considered a 'serious' or 'very serious' offence under internal regulations'. The "injury saga" came to an end when the player was fined €1,200 following controversial remarks made regarding the club's medical staff.
In 2008–09, although playing fewer minutes, Vicente was able to contribute more regularly, while competing for first-choice status with young Juan Mata. He came from the bench in the season opener, a 3–0 home defeat of RCD Mallorca, and, majorly used as a substitute (usually for Mata) during the season, still contributed six league goals.
Vicente's fitness problems persisted in the following campaign, as he only made his first appearance on 6 January 2010, replacing Mata for the final 15 minutes of the 1–2 home loss against Deportivo de La Coruña in the first leg of the Copa del Rey's round-of-16. Aged 29, he was released after a link that lasted 11 years.
Brighton & Hove Albion
On 2 September 2011, Vicente signed a one-year deal with Football League Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion. He made his official debut on the 21st, in a 1–2 home loss against Liverpool for the season's Football League Cup, winning a penalty which resulted in the Ashley Barnes goal.
Vicente scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 away defeat to Ipswich Town on 1 October 2011. However, he was afflicted by injury soon after, and was out for over three months; he returned on 4 February 2012 to provide the assist for Will Buckley in the 1–0 victory over Leicester City. The following weekend, also from the bench, he set up two goals in a 2–1 win against Leeds United at Elland Road.
On 10 March 2012, Brighton beat Portsmouth 2–0 at home, with Vicente scoring a brace – including one from a low free kick – lifting his team into the play-off places and stretching their unbeaten run to 12 games. In May 2013, after only 13 appearances during the season, he was released alongside Gary Dicker and Marcos Painter; following his departure he described his former boss, Gus Poyet, as "the worst person I've come across in football", "selfish" and "egocentric".
On 17 April 2014, Vicente announced his retirement from football. He returned to work with Valencia as a member of the technical staff from 2016 to 2018, before coming back once again to take on ambassadorial duties with the club in January 2023.
International career
Vicente made his debut for Spain in a friendly against France on 28 March 2001, replacing Pedro Munitis in the 72nd minute of a 2–1 win at the Mestalla. He was overlooked for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, co-hosted by South Korea and Japan.
Vicente appeared in his first major tournament at the UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal, playing three complete group-stage matches. Constant injuries would mean he would also fail to make the final cut for the 2006 World Cup, Euro 2008 and the 2010 World Cup.
International
* Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Vicente goal.
Honours
Valencia
* La Liga: 2001–02, 2003–04
* Copa del Rey: 2007–08
* UEFA Cup: 2003–04
* UEFA Super Cup: 2004
Individual
* Don Balón Award: 2003–04 | WIKI |
user219882 user219882 - 3 months ago 50
Java Question
How to configure log4j.properties for SpringJUnit4ClassRunner?
Suddenly this keeps happening during a JUnit test. Everything was working, I wrote some new tests and this error occured. If I revert it, it won't go away. Why is that?
log4j:WARN No appenders could be found for logger (org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner).
log4j:WARN Please initialize the log4j system properly.
log4j:WARN See http://logging.apache.org/log4j/1.2/faq.html#noconfig for more info.
Answer
The new tests you wrote (directly or indirectly) use classes that log using Log4j.
Log4J needs to be configured for this logging to work properly.
Put a log4j.properties (or log4j.xml) file in the root of your test classpath.
It should have some basic configuration such as
# Set root logger level to DEBUG and its only appender to A1.
log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG, A1
# A1 is set to be a ConsoleAppender.
log4j.appender.A1=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
# A1 uses PatternLayout.
log4j.appender.A1.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.A1.layout.ConversionPattern=%-4r [%t] %-5p %c %x - %m%n
# An alternative logging format:
# log4j.appender.stdout.layout.ConversionPattern=%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss} %-5p %c{1} - %m%n
An appender outputs to the console by default, but you can also explicitly set the target like this:
log4j.appender.A1.Target=System.out
This will redirect all output in a nice format to the console. More info can be found here in the Log4J manual,
Log4J Logging will then be properly configured and this warning will disappear. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
USS Change (AM-159)
USS Change (AM-159) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She was built to clear minefields in offshore waters, and served the Navy in the Pacific Ocean.
She was launched 15 December 1942 by Willamette Iron and Steel Works, Portland, Oregon; commissioned 28 February 1944 and reported to the U.S. Pacific Fleet.
World War II Pacific Ocean operations
Change arrived at Kwajalein 2 June 1944 for convoy escort duty between Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein, Majuro, and Eniwetok. Providing essential services in guarding the enormous volume of men and cargo moved in rear areas to provide support for the frontline campaigns, Change based at Eniwetok from 15 September. Her operations took her to Guadalcanal, Manus, Ulithi, Guam, Iwo Jima, and Saipan before 5 August 1945, when she cleared for Seattle, Washington.
Post-War decommissioning
After overhaul, Change sailed to Pearl Harbor in November 1945, then cleared for the east coast. She was placed out of commission in reserve at New Orleans, Louisiana on 3 July 1946, and was reclassified MSF-159 on 7 February 1955. Date of removal from the Navy List is not shown in Navy records. She was scrapped in 1960. | WIKI |
User:Skye McDavid
Skye McDavid (she/her)
Scientific illustrator moving in to paleontology research. Please see my commons page for resources I have uploaded, including diagrams and photos. Oh and also my page on French Wikipedia.
I mostly just add images to articles about paleontology and fix typos when I find them.
Pages I've created
Pages I've contributed a lot to
* Telecrex
* Sinuijumantispa
* Blutwurstia
* Dearc
* lots of redirect pages (that I won't bother listing)
* Telecrex | WIKI |
2N2222A - New Jersey Semiconductor
na.
20 STERN AVE.
SPRINGFIELD, NEW JERSEY 07081
U.SA
TELEPHONE: (973) 376-2922
(212)227-6005
FAX: (973) 376-8960
NPN switching transistors
2N2222; 2N2222A
PINNING
FEATURES
• High current (max. 800 mA)
PIN
• Low voltage (max, 40 V).
APPLICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
1
emitter
2
base
3
collector, connected to case
• Linear amplification and switching.
DESCRIPTION
NPN switching transistor in a TO-18 metal package.
PNP complement: 2N2907A.
Fig.1 Simplified outline (TO-18) and symbol.
QUICK REFERENCE DATA
SYMBOL
VCBO
VCEO
PARAMETER
collector-base voltage
CONDITIONS
MIN.
2N2222
-
60
V
2N2222A
-
75
V
collector-emitter voltage
open base
2N2222
-
30
V
2N2222A
-
40
V
-
800
mA
mW
Ic
collector current (DC)
P(ot
total power dissipation
Tamb < 25 °C
-
500
DC current gain
l c = 1 0 m A ; V C E = 10V
lc = 20 mA; VCE = 20 V; f = 1 00 MHz
75
-
hFE
fr
toff
UNIT
MAX.
open emitter
transition frequency
2N2222
250
-
2N2222A
300
-
MHz
MHz
-
250
ns
turn-off time
Icon = 150 mA; Ison = 15 mA; lSoff = -15 mA
N.I Semi-Conductors reserves the right to change lest conditions, parameter limits and package dimensions without notice.
Information furnished by N.I Semi-Conductors is believed to be both accurate find reliable at the time of going to press However N.I
Semi-Conductors assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions discovered in its use. N.I Semi-Conductors encourages
customers to verify that datasheets are current before placing orders.
2N2222; 2N2222A
NPN switching transistors
CHARACTERISTICS
TJ = 25 °C unless otherwise specified.
SYMBOL
ICBO
PARAMETER
IE = 0; VCB = 50 V
lE = 0;VcB = 50V;Tamb = 150°C
emitter cut-off current
DC current gain
IE = 0; VCB = 60 V
le = 0;V C B = 60V;T gmb = 150°C
lc = 0; VEB = 3 V
lc = 0.1 mA;V C E=10V
l c = 1 mA;V CE = 10V
lc = 10mA; VCE = 10V
l c = 1 50mA; VCE = 1 V; note 1
lc = 150 mA; VCE = 10V; note 1
hpe
DC current gain
HFE
DC current gain
35
50
75
50
100
10
10
nA
HA
nA
- .
300
30
40
-
lc = 150 mA; IB = 15 mA; note 1
.
400
lc = 500 mA; IB = 50 mA; note 1
-
1.6
lc = 1 50 mA; IB = 1 5 mA; note 1
.
300
lc = 500 mA; IB = 50 mA; note 1
-
1
mV
V
mV
V
base-emitter saturation voltage
2N2222
lc = 150 mA; IB = 15 mA; note 1
1.3
V
V
lc = 500 mA; IB = 50 mA; note 1
-
2.6
lc = 150 mA; IB = 15 mA; note 1
0.6
-
1.2
2
V
V
8
pF
.
25
pF
250
300
-
MHz
MHz
4
dB
base-emitter saturation voltage
2N2222A
lc = 500 mA; IB = 50 mA; note 1
Cc
collector capacitance
lE = ie = 0;V CB = 1 0 V ; f = 1 MHz
Ce
emitter capacitance
lc = ic = 0; VEB = 500 mV; f = 1 MHz
2N2222A
transition frequency
lc = 20 mA; Vce = 20 V; f = 100 MHz
2N2222
2N2222A
F
10
collector-emitter saturation voltage
2N2222A
fr
10
collector-emitter saturation voltage
2N2222
VBEsat
-
nA
HA
35
2N2222A
VfiEsat
10
lc = 500 mA; VCE = 10 V; note 1
2N2222
VcEsat
_
lc = 10 mA; VCE = 10 V; Tamb = -55 °C
2N2222A
VcEsat
UNIT
collector cut-off current
2N2222A
IEBO
hFE
MAX.
collector cut-off current
2N2222
ICBO
MIN.
CONDITIONS
noise figure
2N2222A
lc = 200 jiA; VCE = 5 V; Rs = 2 kii;
f = 1 kHz; B = 200 Hz
—
NPN switching transistors
2N2222; 2N2222A
LIMITING VALUES
In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134).
SYMBOL
collector-base voltage
VCBO
2N2222A
collector-emitter voltage
UNIT
-
60
75
V
V
-
30
V
-
40
V
-65
5
6
800
800
200
500
1.2
+150
200
+150
V
V
mA
mA
mA
mW
open base
2N2222
2N2222A
emitter-base voltage
VEBO
MAX.
open emitter
2N2222
VCEO
MIN.
CONDITIONS
PARAMETER
open collector
2N2222
2N2222A
collector current (DC)
Ic
ICM
IBM
peak base current
Ptot
total power dissipation
Tstg
storage temperature
T]
junction temperature
lamb
operating ambient temperature
peak collector current
Tamb < 25 °C
Tcase < 25 °C
-65
W
°C
°C
°C
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
Rth j-a
thermal resistance from junction to ambient
Rth j-c
thermal resistance from junction to case
in free air
VALUE
350
K/W
146
K/W
- seating plane
DIMENSIONS <mllllm«t« dlm»n«lon» ar« d«riv«d from >ti« orifllnri Inch dlm«n»len»)
UNIT
mm
A
5.31
4.74
B
2.54
ta
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REFERENCES
OUTLINE
VERSION
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97-04-18 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Event-Driven Architecture definition:
Event-driven architecture (EDA) is a software design pattern in which decoupled applications can asynchronously publish and subscribe to events via an event broker (modern messaging-oriented-middleware).
Event-driven architecture is a way of building enterprise IT systems that lets information flow between applications, microservices and connected devices in a real-time manner as events occur throughout your business, instead of periodically polling for updates.
What is an “event” in event-driven architecture?
All of the things that happen within and to your enterprise are “events” – customer requests, inventory updates, sensor readings, the works. The value of knowing about a given event, and being able to react to it, degrades over time. The more quickly you can get information about events where they need to be, the more effectively your business can react to opportunities to delight a customer, shift production, and re-allocate resources.
That’s why event-driven architecture, which pushes information as events happen, is a better architectural approach than waiting for systems to periodically poll for updates, as is the case with the API-led approach most companies take today.
Event-driven architecture ensures that when an event occurs, information about that event is sent to all of the systems and people that need it. It’s a simple concept, but these events have quite the journey. They need to efficiently move through a multitude of applications written in many different languages, using different APIs, leveraging different protocols, and arriving at many endpoints such as applications, analytics engines, and user interfaces.
If they don’t get there? Connected “things” can’t connect, the applications and systems you rely on fail, and people across your company can’t react to situations that need their attention.
By introducing a middleman known as an event broker, event-driven architecture enables what’s called loose coupling of applications, meaning applications and devices don’t need to know where they are sending information, or where information they’re consuming comes from. Loose coupling doesn’t come without some difficulties, but can dramatically improve the agility and scalability of your system. In event-driven architecture, an event is sent without the expectation of anything in the way of a reply, except optionally an acknowledgment from the event broker. Why is this a good idea? Well, it means there is no dependency between the sender and receiver; they are decoupled.
There’s a good chance your enterprise is leaning into this event-driven future (perhaps more because it’s being pushed into it). The degree and rate of disruption we’re facing as technology leaders makes event-driven architecture a necessity, and all signs point to it becoming the primary way businesses build their IT systems over the next 3-to-5 years.
Let’s dive into a few commonly-asked questions about event-driven architecture.
What does an event-driven architecture look like?
This is an example of event-driven architecture from a retail perspective. No systems (inventory, finance, customer support) are polling to ask if there are any new events, events are simply filtered and routed in real-time to the services and applications that have registered their interest.
Where does an event broker fit in?
An event broker is middleware (which can be software, an appliance, or SaaS) that routes events between systems using the publish-subscribe messaging pattern. All applications connect to the event broker, which is responsible for accepting events from senders and delivering them to all systems subscribed to receive them.
It takes good system design and governance to ensure that events end up where they are needed, and effective communication between those sending events and those who need to respond. This is where tooling – such as an event portal – can help capture, communicate, document and govern the event-driven architecture.
Where does an event portal fit in?
Event portals let people design, create, discover, catalog, share, visualize, secure, and manage events and event-driven applications. Event portals serve three primary audiences:
1. Architects use an event portal to define, discuss and review the events, data definitions, and application relationships.
2. Developers use an event portal to discover, understand and reuse events across applications, lines of business and between external organizations.
3. Data scientists use an event portal to understand event-driven data and discover new insights by combining events.
How do you make sure events are routed to the right applications?
Events are tagged with metadata that describes the event, called a “topic.” A topic is a hierarchical text string that describes what’s in the event. Publishers just need to know what topic to send an event to, and the event broker takes care of delivery to systems that need it. Application register their interest in events with a given topic by subscribing to that topic. They can use wildcards to subscribe to a group of topics that have similar topic strings. By using the correct topic taxonomy and subscriptions, you can fulfill two rules of event-driven architecture:
1. A subscriber should subscribe only to the events it needs.
The subscription should do the filtering, not the business logic.
2. A publisher should only send an event once, to one topic, and
the event broker distributes it to any number of recipients.
Note: Always use topic hierarchy best practices to ensure these rules are obeyed.
What’s a real-world example of this?
Let’s take the example of an update to a bill of materials (BoM) for a product being manufactured. A widget has had some quality problems because the rubber O-ring is too soft, so a more expensive and harder O-ring must be used. The master data management (MDM) system emits an event:
widgetCo/manufacturing/masterData/v1/change/widget/O-ring
This has a payload that reflects the details of the change, for instance the old and new O-ring details such as part numbers. The enterprise resource planning (ERP) system needs to know about any BoM changes, so it will subscribe to these events:
widgetCo/manufacturing/masterData/v1/change/>
Notice the wildcard />. This ensures that the BoM will receive all events under this string, not just the change to the widget or O-ring.
What other event-driven architecture concepts do I need to know about?
There are some key architectural concepts that need to be adhered to for event-driven architecture to work.
Event Mesh
An event mesh is a configurable and dynamic infrastructure layer for distributing events among decoupled applications, cloud services and devices. It enables event communications to be governed, flexible, reliable and fast. An event mesh is created and enabled through a network of interconnected event brokers. In other words, an event mesh dynamically routes events to any application no matter where these applications are deployed in the world, in any cloud, on-premises or IoT environment. Technically speaking, an event mesh is a network of interconnected event brokers that share consumer topic subscription information, and route messages amongst themselves so they can be passed along to subscribers.
Applications may be hosted in different environments (on-premises, in the cloud) and in different geographies. In the case of the widget example above, the ERP could be in the cloud, while the MDM system is located on-premises in the USA. To avoid sending all events everywhere, we have to decide which event should be sent where – event routing. Fortunately, there’s an easy way of doing this – we just look at the topic. All we need is for brokers at the various locations to share information about what topic is being consumed where, and the brokers can decide on how and where events should be routed. That’s the role of the event mesh.
Deferred Execution
If you’re used to REST-based APIs, the concept of deferred execution can be tricky to comprehend. The essence of event-driven architecture is that when you publish an event you don’t wait for a response. The event broker “holds” (persists) the event until all interested consumers accept/receive it, which may be some time later. Acting on the original event may then cause other events to be emitted, which are similarly persisted.
So event-driven architecture leads to cascades of events, which are temporally and functionally independent of each other, but caused in a sequence. All we know is that event A will at some point cause something to happen. The execution of the logic consuming event A isn’t necessarily instant – its execution is deferred.
Imagine the widget example where the O-ring has been changed. The quality management team wants to know about component churn as it’s a good proxy for product quality, so they want to be notified of all changes to BoMs and all quality reports from suppliers; but, there’s a large number of BoM updates for every product, and you wouldn’t want to slow down O-ring updates while quality churns through those.
So you tackle this by sending all the BoM updates from MDM to the quality system and ERP – not caring in which order they are accepted or how long they take to be accepted.
Eventual Consistency
Following on from this idea of deferred execution – where you expect something to happen later, but don’t wait for it – is the idea of eventual consistency. Since you don’t know when an event will be consumed and you’re not waiting for confirmation, you can’t say with certainty that a given database has fully caught up with everything that needs to happen to it, and don’t know when that will be the case. If you have multiple stateful entities, (in the widget case: the quality database, MDM and ERP) you can’t say they will have exactly the same state – you can’t assume they are consistent. However, for a given object (our BoM for our widget) we know that it will become consistent eventually.
Choreography
Deferred execution and eventual consistency lead us to the concept of choreography. To coordinate a sequence of actions being taken by different services, you could choose to introduce a master service dedicated to keeping track of all the other services, taking action if there’s an error. This approach, called orchestration, offers a single point of reference when tracing a problem, but also a single point of failure and a bottleneck.
With event-driven architecture, services are relied upon to understand what to do with an incoming event, frequently generating new events. This leads to a “dance” of individual services doing their own things, but when combined, producing an implicitly coordinated response – hence the term choreography. The blog post Microservices Choreography vs Orchestration: The Benefits of Choreography talks about the concept in detail.
what is an event driven architecture
If you’re wondering about error conditions, well, errors are also events – so services that would be affected by such an error would be set up to consume them and react accordingly.
CQRS – Command Query Responsibility Segregation
A common way of scaling microservices is to separate the service responsible for doing something (command) and the service responsible for answering queries. Typically you have to answer many more queries than for an update or insert, so separating responsibilities this way makes scaling the query service easier.
Using event-driven architecture makes this easy since the topic should contain the verb – so you simply create more instances of the query service and have it listen to the topics with the query verb.
Event-driven architecture summary
There we have it, some main principles of event-driven architecture:
1. Use event brokers to make sure the right things get the right events (creating an event mesh)
2. Use topics to make sure you only send once and only receive what you need (event filtering);
3. Use event broker persistence to allow consumers to process events when they’re ready (deferred execution);
4. Remember this means not everything is up to date (eventual consistency);
5. Use topics again to separate out different parts of a service (command query responsibility segregation).
Why do all this?
Responsiveness. Since everything happens as soon as possible and nobody is waiting on anyone else, event-driven architecture provides the fastest possible response time.
Scalability. Since you don’t have to consider what’s happening downstream, you can add service instances to scale. Topic routing and filtering can divide up services quickly and easily – as in command query responsibility segregation.
Agility. If you want to add another service, you can just have it subscribe to an event and have it generate new events of its own. The existing services don’t know or care that this has happened, so there’s no impact on them.
Agility again. By using an event mesh you can deploy services wherever you want: cloud, on premises, in a different country, etc. Since the event mesh learns where subscribers are, you can move services around without the other services knowing.
These advantages are especially relevant in use cases where a single change can have huge consequences, rippling all the way down chain. Being able to react to real-time information and being able to add new services and analytics quickly and easily, considerably enhances business processes and customer experience. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Drmdshahid
Profession: General Surgeon.
Hobbies: Programming (R and Python), Science & technology enthusiast.
Attributes: Altruist, Agnostic-Atheistic, Adventurous, Analytical. | WIKI |
Northern Dynasty Minerals Receives a Key Approval
For gold-minded investors, Northern Dynasty Minerals (NYSEMKT: NAK) has long been a story. Although the company retains 100% ownership of the Pebble deposit, which is in southwest Alaska and has been dubbed by the company as "one of the greatest stores of mineral wealth ever discovered," it has its share of skeptics. The project has long been mired in controversy, caught up in litigation brought by those concerned that the potential mine could wreak environmental havoc.
A path forward for the Pebble Project seems to have emerged, however. Northern Dynasty Minerals has received its long-awaited Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, presenting the company with a way to develop the project in an environmentally responsible manner. Does this mean that gold investors should rush to pick up shares of this miner? Let's dig in deeper to find out.
Image source: Getty Images.
The deets on the deposit
The Pebble deposit has measured and indicated gold and copper resources of 71 million ounces and 57 billion pounds, respectively, in addition to inferred resources of 36 million ounces of gold and 25 million pounds of copper. According to the company, it's the world's largest undeveloped copper and gold resource. While these figures -- and the potential for ample mineral production -- may glitter brightly in investors' eyes, it's critical to recognize that management's mineral estimates haven't been independently verified.
The grandeur of these figures may be difficult to appreciate without some context, so let's consider the reserve base of Newmont Goldcorp (NYSE: NEM). Earlier this year, Newmont, the largest publicly traded gold miner based on market cap, reported that its entire portfolio of assets included measured and indicated gold resources of 76.7 million ounces and inferred resources of 31.3 million ounces. But the Pebble deposit's value isn't limited to gold and copper; it also includes measured and indicated resources of 3.4 billion pounds of molybdenum and 345 million ounces of silver.
According to Northern Dynasty Minerals, the Pebble Project, as it's imagined right now, will have a mine life of 20 years and will achieve annual average production of 613,000 tons of copper-gold concentrate, consisting of 318 million pounds of copper, 362,000 ounces of gold, and 1.8 million ounces of silver.
What's in the Final EIS
Taking more than two and one half years to complete, the Final EIS, at over 2,000 pages long, details the Pebble Project as a proposed open-pit mine with ore processing facilities. Moreover, the Final EIS describes infrastructure for the project: an 82-mile road plus a 164-mile natural gas pipeline from existing infrastructure to the Pebble mine site, where a 270-megawatt natural gas power plant will sustain operations.
Addressing the impact on local fisheries and overall ecology, the Final EIS says: "Overall, impacts to fish and wildlife would not be expected to impact harvest levels. Resources would continue to be available because no population level decrease in resources would be anticipated." And in terms of the potential benefits for locals, the report found that, "The increase in job opportunities, year-round or seasonal employment, steady income, and lower cost of living described above would have beneficial impacts on the EIS analysis area, especially for communities in the LPB [Lake and Penninsula Borough], during construction and operations of the project."
While the Final EIS had the potential to further complicate the project's development, the company is quite happy with the report. According to CEO Ron Thiessen, "There is more work to be done, but the publication of the Final EIS today is a clear validation that Pebble can be developed in an environmentally sound and socially responsible way, creating benefits and opportunities for the people of Bristol Bay and all Alaskans."
The lustrous insight for investors
While the Final EIS is good news for Northern Dynasty Minerals, investors shouldn't expect to see gold production anytime soon because the company is still in the middle of the permitting process. According to management, it will be another two to three years before it obtains the necessary permits from the State of Alaska.
Even if the permitting process goes smoothly, it's possible that the project will find itself at the center of more litigation. And it's not only potential lawsuits that represent risk for the company. The construction of mining projects is incredibly capital-intensive and often subject to delays and unforeseen costs -- especially relevant in light of the fact that the company has not secured partners to help it finance the development of the multi-billion dollar project. Additionally, investors must appreciate the inherent risk in that Northern Dynasty, which counts the Pebble deposit as its principal asset, has no track record of successfully developing projects from the planning phase through mineral production. Only gold investors with considerable tolerance for risk, therefore, should consider an investment at this point. In the meantime, there are plenty of other golden opportunities for those seeking exposure to the metal.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Server unresponsive after reconfiguration from IP address to hostname
#1
We have a test environment that operates on top of Windows Azure infrastructure, including a Virtual Machine (Windows Server 2008 R2) operating Couchbase 2.0.1. It maintains a few memcached buckets and Couchbase disk buckets.
During initial setup it was based on the IP address allocated to the virtual machine (e.g. 10.0.0.4). Now we are trying to reconfigure the setup to be based on the computer hostname (e.g. CBL2).
After following instructions to stop/unregister the service and make manual file changes before re-registering and starting
http://docs.couchbase.com/couchbase-manual-2.0/#couchbase-getting-started-hostnames-pre2.0
The startup seemed to run fine and the http localhost:8091 page was accessible albeit showing blank configuration (lost the old cluster config). Upon trying to start a new cluster it would be stuck spinning the loading icon before giving up with “Attention - save request failed because of timeout” “Got no response from save request”
I further note that attempting to load the admin page via http CBL2:8091 would show the loading icon perpetually unlike localhost which at least showed the setup intro page.
There is no error visible from Windows event logs; where else can we draw clues what has gone wrong?
#2
Apparently, the “CBL2” is considered a short name as described in similar Stackoverflow question
http :// stackoverflow.com/questions/24127976/configure-couchbase-2-2-to-use-short-hostname
(this http link restriction rule is really unhelpful)
As such the service_register.bat script has to be adjusted to use the -sname parameter instead of -name which seems to want an FQDN I suppose.
However, trying to access the web UI via CBL2:8091 still stalls.
#3
Ok on further check from our .NET apps using the v1.3.5 Couchbase client (which was fine previously), they appear unable to write into the default (unprotected) memcache bucket for some reason.
Sigh.
There doesn’t seem to be any problems accessing http ://10.0.0.4:8091/pools though.
UPDATE
Added additional logging of the CasResult on failure from the .NET client.
It seems to report status code -1 “Unable to locate node”
So what is wrong with the current config?
#4
Looks like when a Couchbase server is re-configured to be name-based instead of IP address-based, even the client’s configuration must be adjusted to match else it would fail to connect to the node. Wow.
<couchbase>
<defaultBucket>
<servers bucket="default" bucketPassword="pw" xdt:Transform="Replace" xdt:Locator="Match(bucket)">
<add uri="http://CBL2:8091/pools"/>
</servers>
</defaultBucket>
<diskBucket>
<servers bucket="Diskbucket" bucketPassword="pw" xdt:Transform="Replace" xdt:Locator="Match(bucket)">
<add uri="http://CBL2:8091/pools"/>
</servers>
</diskBucket>
</couchbase>
.NET hostname matching required from config? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ford reshuffles U.S. plants to beef up SUV, truck production
DETROIT (Reuters) - Ford Motor Co (F.N) said on Wednesday it will reshuffle workers at several of its plants to meet rising demand for pickup trucks and large SUVs, a process that will require finding new positions for 150 workers displaced by the changes but not result in job cuts. The changes also will not require adding new jobs. The No. 2 U.S. automaker said it will shift 500 workers from one Kentucky plant making crossover vehicles to another that makes its best-selling F-Series pickup trucks, plus the Ford Expedition and the Lincoln Navigator, both large SUVs. In addition, Ford has a new midsize pickup, the Ranger, coming to the market next year. The Dearborn, Michigan-based automaker also said it would move 500 jobs to a Michigan plant making transmissions for popular pickup trucks from one nearby that will reduce production to one shift making Mustangs and the Lincoln Continental. Ford said an additional 150 workers from the Flat Rock, Michigan, assembly plant would receive job offers at other plants. A company spokeswoman said Ford was “highly confident” that jobs would be found for all those workers and there would be no job losses as a result of this reshuffling. The United Auto Workers union, which represents hourly workers at Ford, said in a statement, “after working with Ford, we are confident that all impacted employees will have the opportunity to work at nearby facilities.” The news comes two days after Ford’s crosstown rival General Motors Co (GM.N) said it would cut 15,000 jobs and mothball five North American factories, including four in the United States, in response to slumping consumer demand for traditional passenger cars. That announcement has drawn the ire of Republican President Donald Trump, who has threatened to eliminate subsidies for GM. One of the four U.S. plants expected to close is a car factory in northeast Ohio, a state critical to victory in the 2020 presidential campaign. According to a Reuters analysis of industry production and capacity data, GM’s plans will only partially close the gap between capacity and demand for the automaker’s sedans. Sales of the Ford Expedition were up 4 percent through the first 10 months of 2018, while sales of the high-margin Lincoln Navigator spiked nearly 81 percent during that period. Earlier this year, Ford said it would drop production of increasingly unpopular, traditional sedan models in North America. Reporting By Nick Carey; Editing by Bill Berkrot | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Fort Hunter, Albany County, New York
Fort Hunter is a hamlet in the town of Guilderland, Albany County, New York, United States. Fort Hunter lies along New York Route 146 near the Albany-Schenectady county line. Exit 25 of the Governor Thomas E. Dewey Thruway and exit 9B of Interstate 890 is at the northern limits of the hamlet.
History
The area of Fort Hunter was a part of the Pine Bush pine barrens, which once stretched west across Albany County from Albany to Schenectady. The hamlet was first settled as an outpost in the early 19th century, the oldest sections being in the northern reaches near the Albany-Schenectady county line. Newer growth has developed to the south, along New York Route 146 toward McCormacks Corners on U.S. Route 20 (Western Turnpike).
Geography
As a hamlet, the borders of Fort Hunter are indeterminate. Generally, Fort Hunter is the area from Schenectady County south to US Route 20, and east to the Thruway (Interstate 90). The area is flat and sandy. Undeveloped areas are still pine-studded, reflecting the area's past as part of the pristine Pine Bush pine barrens. | WIKI |
Talk:Robert Hass (poet)
Untitled
what does "Hass has translated for the final of these poets" mean? Kingturtle 01:24, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
* I'm not exactly sure. So, I was not comfortable with making a correction. Here is my theory:
* Since Milosz is the last poet mentioned and he has been translated by Hass, my guess is that "final" is being used as "latter" or "last-named"
* "Hass has translated the poetry of Milosz and the two men are actually neighbors." or something similar might make the meaning clearer.
* uncutsaniflush 01:38, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
* Since we're poking at this sentence, someone ought to point out that according to their respective articles, Hass lives in California and Milosz in Poland... --Paul A 01:47, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
* Milosz was a professor at U of California Berkeley for many years. His article states that Milosz is a professor emeritus. Perhaps he maintains a home in Poland and one in California?uncutsaniflush 02:05, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
* The five most important poets of the last 50 years were Spanish poets Pablo Neruda and Cesar Vallejo, and Polish poets Zbigniew Herbert, Nobel-winner Wislawa Szymborska, and Nobel-winner Czeslaw Milosz. Hass has translated Milosz' works; in fact, the two are actually neighbours.
* I found a citation that Hass and Milosz were neighbors at least in 1997. I'm going to try to come up with a good sentence.uncutsaniflush 03:58, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
If Milosz is the only one of the five Haas has translated, why mention the others? Furtermore, according to whom are they the five most important? Kingturtle 03:07, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)
The wikipedia article looks suspiciously similar to this. On an unrelated note, perhaps I should take a course from him next fall? Goodralph 01:59, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC) | WIKI |
George N. H. Peters
George N. H. Peters (November 30, 1825 – October 7, 1909) was an American Lutheran minister and author of The Theocratic Kingdom. His premillennial views were in conflict with the majority of Lutherans who held amillennial beliefs.
Biography
George Nathaniel Henry Peters was born on November 30, 1825, in New Berlin, Pennsylvania, to Isaac Cyrus Peters and Magdalene Miller. He moved with his family to Springfield, Ohio, at the age of ten. He enrolled in Wittenberg College in 1846. Difficulty with his eyes from a gunpowder burn required him to take a break from school during his junior year, but he returned and graduated in 1850.
In Mansfield, Ohio, around 1853, he met and married his wife, Caroline Hersheiser. They had two sons, Edgar Edwards Peters (born 1854) and Charles Cyrus Peters. He served as treasurer of the Wittenberg Synod from 1853 to 1858. He was a member of the board of directors of Wittenberg College from 1855 to 1859. Wittenberg College awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in 1907.
Peters died on October 7, 1909, at the age of 83.
Published work
In 1884, Peters' major work, The Theocratic Kingdom—a three-volume defense of non-dispensational premillennial theology—was published for the first time, by Funk and Wagnalls; it was reprinted in 1952 and 1972. In the preface of the 1952 edition, Wilbur M. Smith calls it "the most exhaustive, thoroughly annotated and logically arranged study of Biblical prophecy that appeared in our country during the nineteenth century." | WIKI |
Negative Ions Do What?
Negative Ions And The Brain
The atmosphere we breathe is full of positive and negative ions. Air conditioning, lack of ventilation, and long dry spells remove negative ions, which usually serve to latch onto airborne dirt particles and wrestle them to the floor, rendering the air purer. Roughly one-third of the population seems to be particularly sensitive to negative-ion depletion. The proportion of negative ions is highest around moving water (storms, oceans, rivers, waterfalls). Therefore it’s no wonder that we feel more energized at the beach. The best ratios of negative to positive ions are associated with waterfalls and the time before, during, and after storms. The worst are found in windowless rooms and closed, moving vehicles.
High concentrations of negative ions are essential for high energy and a positive mood . It has been shown that levels of negative ions are inversely related to levels of serotonin in the brain. Negative ions suppress serotonin levels in much the same way that natural sunlight suppresses melatonin. Hence the invigorating effect of fresh air and sunshine and the correspondingly depressed feelings associated with being closed in and dark. If you deplete the air of negative ions, you experience an increase in serotonin and its attendant drowsiness and relaxation. This is not what you want when mental agility is demanded.
Negative ions clean the air of:
· Dust
· Pollen (grass, weed and tree pollen)
· Dust mites
· Animal dander
· Smoke
· Odor
· Mold spores
Negative Ions help relieve symptoms of:
· Hay fever
· Asthma
· Seasonal affective disorder
· Depression
· Chronic fatigue
The power of the negative ions in our salt cave are beneficial in shielding the body from allergies, migraines, respiratory illnesses, skin conditions and other conditions that affect us on a daily routine. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
how long do gas mask filters last in storage
how long do gas mask filters last in storage
8 Things You Should Know Before Buying a Gas Mask ...
The price of surplus gas masks is enticing, I'll admit, but the risk is not worth the savings. A good current gas mask that's up to spec is going to cost at least $125, and more for many models. And that doesn't include a stock of $40-$50 replacement filters. Surplus gas masks do …
Survivalist Forum - CBRN FAQ Series: How long do ...
QUESTION:I just bought a respirator/gas mask. Are the filters any good? How long will the filter last if I need to use it? Storage Life Provided they are properly sealed, the filters are good until the expiration printed on the packaging. This may be 1 year, 5 years, 10 years or even longer.
How long does a gas mask filter last - Masks
Jan 25, 2019· The how long does a gas mask filter last is designed to perform the same functions. Application how long does a gas mask filter last. To use the how long does a gas mask filter last you need to use the instruction or contact the professionals. The instruction is attached to the mask …
Gas mask - Wikipedia
The gas mask only protects the user from digesting, inhaling and contact through the eyes (many agents affect through eye contact). Most combined gas mask filters will last around 8 hours in a nuclear biological chemical (NBC) situation. Chemical specific filters can last up to 20 hours in an NBC situation.
Gas masks and filters - happypreppers.com
8 things to know about gas masks. It's a stereotype of the Doomsday Prepper: a gas mask. Yet a gas mask might just save your life. Learn eight things to know before buying a gas mask (e.g., chemical suit, extra NATO filters, and a hydration straw)!
How long do gas mask filters last : prepping
Hello, this is my first time posting on this subreddit so please be patient with me. I am planning on buying the Mira Safety CM-6M gas mask and 2 of their CBRN Filters. My question is how long they will last during a nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological attack incase I need to venture out into the world.
Gas filters shelf life, breakthrough & saturation time ...
A gas mask filter features a carbon-made micro porous structure with a very large absorption surface in a small cartridge. Thanks to this technology, filters include less carbon (from 220 to 230 mL), which also reduces weight and breathing effort. Tables with theoretical shelf lives are available but shall not be …
CBRN Gas Mask Filter NBC-77 SOF - 20-Year Shelf Life
Store the filters unopened in a clean place at even temperature, most appropriate at -5 to +30°C and relative humidity below 80%. Sealed filters tolerate also conditions of -30 to +50°C and RH below 95%. The storage period (month and year) for filters is marked on the filter label. Do not try to regenerate the filters.
How long do gas mask filters last - Masks
Dec 12, 2018· To use the how long do gas mask filters last you need to use the instruction or contact the professionals. The instruction is attached to the mask upon receipt. But if for some reason the instructions were not there, you can find the instruction on the Internet. (Be careful, no one is responsible for materials posted on the Internet).
Do gas mask filters "expire"? How can you store an unused ...
Sep 04, 2010· Do gas mask filters "expire"? How long can you store an unused gas mask filter (unopened) and once fitted to a mask (with little or no use after the fact) how long do they last? Show More. Show Less. Ask Your Own Health Question. Share this conversation. Answered in 3 …
COVID-19 Decontamination and Reuse of Filtering Facepiece ...
Aug 04, 2020· NIOSH-certified N95 FFRs are designed to filter 95% of particles when appropriately fitted to the wearer's face. This means that an N95 that is not properly fitted to the face will likely give the wearer less protection. N95 FFRs are designed to be single-use devices but may be used multiple times under crisis capacity strategies.
How Long Do 3M Respirator Filters Last?
Particulate filters-Particulate filters are designed to protect the wearer against dust, smoke, aerosols, bacteria, mold, mists and fumes. There are different types of filters (dust mask filters) depending on the amount of dust particles in the air. Gas and vapor cartridge filters-These filters protect only against gases and vapors. For ...
Gas Mask Filter Cartridge Canister from Approved Gas Masks
AGM supplies hundreds of Police Departments and Fortune 500 companies with gas masks, gas mask filters, and all types of survival gear from NBC protective suits to Potassium Iodide and medical kits.Before you purchase a cheap, used mask take a look at our new masks from MSA, SGE and more. Many popular civilian gas masks are modeled after military units, like the MSA Advantage 1000.
PRO2000 FILTERS - isurplus.com.au
Full face mask with a gas filter has a workplace protection factor of 400, which ... through times required for the filter type. HOW LONG FILTER WORKS? 4 Special filters Filter type Test gas Minimum allowed break-through time AX Hg-P3 [EN ... Storage time Years 90 190 195 305 255 195 320 268 230 265 265 370 265 270 370 310 307 10 268 340
Gas Mask Guide - What You Need To Know
Dec 25, 2019· How Long Does A Gas Mask Filter Last? Generally, once you start using a gas mask, you can use it for roughly 24 hours before you need to replace the filter canister. However, if the air is particularly saturated with chemicals or particles, this time can be reduced drastically.
M17 | Gas Mask and Respirator Wiki | Fandom
The M17 series of protective masks were a series of field protective respirators designed for the United States military in the early 1960s and used through the middle 1990s when it was officially phased out with the introduction of the new M40 series protective mask. After WWII, and with the cold war between the US and the USSR looming, it was clear to war planners that any future war would ...
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Aug 08, 2020· How long do gas mask filters last? The filters usually last 24 hours. In some concentrations and with different agents, the life of the filter may be shortened. How to draw a gas mask? The basic shape of the gas mask is an oval. There are two round lenses where your eyes would be and a round circle in the placement of your mouth.
Why and when to replace your 3M Filters!
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12 Best Survival Gas Masks (and Filters) On The Market In 2020
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Joint Service General Purpose Mask (JSGPM) M-50/M-51 - USAASC
DESCRIPTION The Joint Service General Purpose Mask (JSGPM) M50 and M51 is a lightweight, protective mask system consisting of mask, carrier and accessories that incorporates state-of-the-art technology to protect U.S. forces from anticipated threats. It is an above-the-neck, chemical-biological (CB) respirator tha ...
How long do gas mask filters last? | Yahoo Answers
May 07, 2011· Gas filters depending on their model can last for 16 hours+ to as little as a few minutes depending on the concetration of the NBC material. (The type of agent your exposed to could compromise your filter depending on the stuff in variations of time example viral agent vs Nerve Gas) Honestly the type of gas mask as well as its filtration design makes all the diference.
How Long Does A Gas Mask Filter Last | Survive After End
Mar 17, 2020· While there are longer shelf lives on some gas mask filters, in the normal gas mask filter, such as the 40mm filter, you usually won't find one that claims to have a shelf life lasting longer than a 5-year span inside of its original packaging and stored in a cool, dry area.
Can a gas mask protect you from the coronavirus? - Quora
Mar 18, 2020· If you mean completely eliminating the virus itself, I can tell you for sure that it doesn't. For now, at least, no masks have been made specifically for the new coronavirus. However, I can also definitely tell you that gas masks can't, and N95 ma...
Coronavirus Warning: Dangers Of Using Your Old Army Gas ...
The M-1 Gas Mask – YUGOSLAV. DANGER: hexavelant chromium. Photo: EBAY. The M-1 (or M-59) was a standard issue gas mask for troops in Yugoslavia, as well as for SFRY successor states (Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia).It is a copy of the U.S. M-9 gas mask. It was also used by the Iraqi army in the Gulf War, where it was designated M-59. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Praise Matemavi
Praise Matemavi (born June 24, 1981) in Zimbabwe. Dr. Praise Matemavi, the first Zimbabwean abdominal transplant surgeon completed her multivisceral transplant surgery fellowship at University of Nebraska Medical Center. She graduated from Michigan State College of Osteopathic Medicine and did her general surgery residency at New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital.From teenage pregnancy Matemavi graduated to become transplant surgeon. She has written a book Passion and Purpose: Black Female Surgeons that gives role models to young girls.She has also authored Lesson for my Daughter: Adapted from life experience.
*
Quotes
* "My message to teen mom’s: you made a mistake, so what! No one is perfect, everyone makes mistakes. Pick yourself up and be a boss babe. Building a beautiful life and empire for you and your kids. Take the obstacles in your life and use them as building blocks for an amazing life. Have a vision for your life and set specific goals with deadlines to achieve those goals. Trust in God and believe in yourself. Have confidence, be brave. You are amazing and you are worthy. You can do anything if you set your mind to it. You have to be willing to work day and night to achieve your dreams."
*
* "I always believed in myself. I always believed I could do anything I wanted to do. There was never a doubt in my mind that I could do anything."
*
* "To the young teenage mother, you are not damaged goods. God loves you as you are. Have a plan for your life and work hard to achieve your goals not only for you but for your child. Build a support system around you. We need each other to succeed. I always say it took a village to make Zimbabwe’s first abdominal transplant and hepato biliary trained surgeon."
*
* "I didn’t know how I was going to ever fulfill my dream."
*
Quotes about her
* She fought her way to the top in a male-dominated field despite hearing discouraging comments like, “Girls don’t belong in an operating room,” from some attending physicians.
*
* Her training is in transplantation of the liver, pancreas, small bowel and kidneys as well as hepatopancreatobiliary surgery.
* .
* | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 62 Part 3.djvu/1311
3932 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OTHER THAN TREATIES [62 STAT. 4. The present agreement will in no way effect the arrangement existing between our two governments whereby all non-immigrant passport visa fees are waived on a reciprocal basis. Please accept, Mr. Charge d'Affaires, the renewed assurance of my high consideration and esteem. CHAS. T. O. KING Charles T. O. King, Acting Seoretary of State. RUPEBT A. LLoYD, Jr., Esqr., American Charge d'Affaires, a. i., American Legation, Monrovia.
� | WIKI |
Induction of m6A methylation in adipocyte exosomal LncRNAs mediates myeloma drug resistance
Zhiming Wang, Jin He, Duc hiep Bach, Yung hsing Huang, Zongwei Li, Huan Liu, Pei Lin, Jing Yang
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
52 Scopus citations
Abstract
Background: Therapeutic resistance occurs in most patients with multiple myeloma (MM). One of the key mechanisms for MM drug resistance comes from the interaction between MM cells and adipocytes that inhibits drug-induced apoptosis in MM cells; MM cells reprogram adipocytes to morph into different characterizations, including exosomes, which are important for tumor-stroma cellular communication. However, the mechanism by which exosomes mediate the cellular machinery of the vicious cycle between MM cells and adipocytes remains unclear. Methods: Adipocytes were either isolated from bone marrow aspirates of healthy donors or MM patients or derived from mesenchymal stem cells. Co-culturing normal adipocytes with MM cells was used to generate MM-associated adipocytes. Exosomes were collected from the culture medium of adipocytes. Annexin V-binding and TUNEL assays were performed to assess MM cell apoptosis. Methyltransferase activity assay and dot blotting were used to access the m6A methylation activity of methyltransferase like 7A (METTL7A). RIP, MeRIP-seq, and RNA–protein pull down for assessing the interaction between long non-cording RNAs (LncRNAs) and RNA binding proteins were performed. Adipocyte-specific enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) knockout mice and MM-xenografted mice were used for evaluating MM therapeutic response in vivo. Results: Exosomes collected from MM patient adipocytes protect MM cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Two LncRNAs in particular, LOC606724 and SNHG1, are significantly upregulated in MM cells after exposure to adipocyte exosomes. The raised LncRNA levels in MM cells are positively correlated to worse outcomes in patients, indicating their clinical relevancy in MM. The functional roles of adipocyte exosomal LOC606724 or SNHG1 in inhibition of MM cell apoptosis are determined by knockdown in adipocytes or overexpression in MM cells. We discovered the interactions between LncRNAs and RNA binding proteins and identified methyltransferase like 7A (METTL7A) as an RNA methyltransferase. MM cells promote LncRNA package into adipocyte exosomes through METTL7A-mediated LncRNA m6A methylation. Exposure of adipocytes to MM cells enhances METTL7A activity in m6A methylation through EZH2-mediated protein methylation. Conclusion: This study elucidates an unexplored mechanism of how adipocyte-rich microenvironment exacerbates MM therapeutic resistance and indicates a potential strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy by blocking this vicious exosome-mediated cycle.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number4
Pages (from-to)4
JournalJournal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research
Volume41
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 3 2022
Keywords
• Adipocytes
• Exosomes
• LncRNA mA Methylation
• Myeloma
• Therapeutics
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Oncology
• Cancer Research
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“Describe In Detail A Specific Advanced Hypnotherapeutic Approach, Giving A Clear Rationale For Its Application And Therapeutic Objective.”
2470 words - 10 pages
“Describe in detail a specific advanced hypnotherapeutic approach, giving a clear rationale for its application and therapeutic objective.”
Hypnotherapy provides a number of different ways for treating patients suffering from anxiety. This essay seeks to look at some of these methods, aiming to uncover what these methods are, how they specifically target anxiety, what anxiety actually means on a biological and psychological level, and why hypnotherapy can be a good solution for some of the causes of anxiety(Gibb 2007). It is hoped that in the process of answering the question, a better understanding will be reached of the effects of anxiety and hypnotherapy, both in terms of its ...view middle of the document...
Hormones are another factor that can lead to anxiety. Women tend to be far more vulnerable to this than men as they experience far greater hormonal variation in their bodies than men, for example after giving birth or entering the menopause. In these cases, women’s’ bodies are left without enough progesterone, the hormone needed to control stress, and accordingly, they are more vulnerable to suffer anxiety. However, if levels do not get back to original levels, say after a pregnancy, this can lead to post-partum depression and longer-term anxiety disorder.
On top of this, a person can also feel anxious as a reaction to fear. According to Irving Janis and Terwilliger (1962), the factor trends that can cause anxiety as a result of fear can be classified into three different levels. The first is a low charge anxiety response, which is considered a protective response. The second and more serious charge, the so-called moderate charge, is one in which sympathetic functions become much more marked, and reactions include panic attacks. Usually, people in this group are greatly influenced by the information that is given to them. Information seems to have a positive influence on these people: potential dangers, how dangers are overcome, and protective factors help the patients grasp reality and overcome worry. The third charge, also known as the vaso-vagal syncope, is caused by any example of pathophysiology, ranging from blood loss to extreme stress. Regardless of the trigger, the mechanism of syncope is similar in the various vasovagal syncope syndromes. In it, the nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem is activated directly or indirectly by the triggering stimulus, resulting in simultaneous enhancement of parasympathetic nervous system (vagal) tone and withdrawal of sympathetic nervous system tone. This can result in various reactions: a drop in heart rate, a drop in blood pressure, or even a loss of consciousness (Rossi 1988) (Rossi & Cheek 1988).
When we come to look at psychological causes of anxiety, we must return to the amygdala. It works in association with memory pathways to determine the relevance of the stimulus and the gives an emotional reaction. Thus, anxiety can be a product of previous experiences which the amygdala allows the brain to “relive”. This is important when we come to hypnosis as the hypsnosis itself strives to “turn off” the amygdala in an attempt at controlling these emotions caused by unpleasant memories. However, on top of this, anxiety can also be caused by the breaking of rhythms that regulate our lives. These can be broken down into three main ones: the infradian rhythm which refers to rhythms that last longer than a day, the menstrual cycle for example; circadian rhythms which refer to those that take place once every 24 hours such as sleep; and finally, the ultradian rhythm that refers to rhythms that last less then 24 hours, the various cycles involved in sleep for example. While breaking these rhythms...
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In the primitive economy of our ancestors, farming was the major and most important food source. Indians with hoe agriculture built up no great surplus, and it was the men’s responsibility to supplement the vegetable foods with a fairly constant supply of meat. In times of crisis when crops were inadequate or when stored foods were destroyed by accident or warfare, the survival of the community depended entirely on the success of the hunter. The game of the countryside could not support the people adequately, or for long, but it was their only salvation in times of famine.
Such times of near-starvation must have been frequent; every Indian hunter thought in terms of them, and of his game as essential to the survival of his group. “We must hunt to feed our children” was the Indian’s explanation for his tremendous effort in the chase. Eastern Woodlands
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Source: “The American Indian As Hunter”, 1990
by: John Witthoft of the Pennsylavania Historical and Museum Commission | FINEWEB-EDU |
The Darfsteller
"The Darfsteller" is a 1955 science fiction novelette by American writer Walter M. Miller, Jr., which won the first Hugo Award for Best Novelette. It was originally published in Astounding Science Fiction of January 1955.
It is the 21st century story of an old stage actor who has become a theater janitor in order to remain near "show biz". The theater has been overtaken by robot actors, made to look like humans, which act out plays under the direction of each venue's central computer. This "Maestro" runs the show, accommodating the kinds of factors which real actors would contend with: audience reactions, failing mechanical actors (when they are broken or one of the tapes that they get their programming from is worn), and other inconstant factors.
The old actor dreams up a scheme to get himself back on stage, despite the prejudice against real acting. He destroys one of the robot's tapes, and since he knows the part from his previous career, he is the only way the show can go on.
The old actor's problem is that he has always been a darfsteller (likely a portmanteau of "Darsteller", German for "actor/actress", with "darf", inflected form of "dürfen", "to be at liberty to do something" ) which the narrator explains was a "self-directed actor... the undirectable portrayer whose acting welled from unconscious sources with no external strings", generally hated by directors even when they performed excellently. The meaning of the story comes from the point that he cannot just walk onto the stage and deliver lines; as a "Darfsteller", he must live them, and transform himself into his role, and once that process begins, it is difficult to stop it. | WIKI |
Patent records https://feeds.library.caltech.edu/people/Chung-Soon-Jo/patent.rss A Caltech Library Repository Feed http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification python-feedgen en Mon, 15 Apr 2024 23:26:54 +0000 Controlled transitory or sustained gliding flight with dihedral angle and trailing flaps https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170123-074947443 Authors: {'items': [{'id': 'Paranjape-A-A', 'name': {'family': 'Paranjape', 'given': 'Aditya A.'}, 'orcid': '0000-0002-3164-3215'}, {'id': 'Chung-Soon-Jo', 'name': {'family': 'Chung', 'given': 'Soon-Jo'}, 'orcid': '0000-0002-6657-3907'}]} Year: 2016 A micro aerial vehicle capable of controlled transitory or sustained gliding flight. The vehicle includes a fuselage. A pair of articulated wings are forward of a center of gravity of the vehicle, the wings being articulated and having trailing edge flaps, and having actuators for controlling the dihedral angles of the wings and the flaps for effective yaw control across the flight envelope. The dihedral angles can be varied symmetrically on both wings to control the aircraft speed independently of the angle of attack and flight-path angle, while an asymmetric dihedral setting can be used to control yaw and the actuators control the dihedral settings of each wing independently. The aircraft lacks a vertical tail or other vertical stabilizer. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/zww4e-4pz34 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2013-06-12/Op-ed
* I'm an admin of 10 years standing on en-wiki, yet I was turned down flat by Commons despite the obvious shortage of admins and constant backlogs there. Perhaps making admins of individual wikipedias automatically commons admins might address several problems in one go, although its closed shop mentality suggests that ain't going to happen voluntarily Jimfbleak - talk to me? 09:15, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* The problem with that though is that individual Wikipedias have much different adminship standards. On some Wikipedias RFA is a joke with 8-10 users supporting (or even no users, if you count temporary admins), yet on others it's the hardest thing out there... --Rschen7754 09:36, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* That would require consensus from the Commons community, and that is unlikely to happen. You may be familiar with English Wikipedia policy, but that doesn't make one familiar with Commons policy. A suggestion such as yours would be potentially destructive to Commons. Russavia (talk) 11:28, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Not only does Commons have a shortage of admins, but they are obsessed with maintaining that shortage by forcing less-than-active admins to justify their existence every few months. --Golbez (talk) 13:43, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* How terrible. Per published policy, "An inactive admin is one who has made fewer than 5 admin actions on Commons in the past 6 months." To contrast this extremely low threshold, every day about 10000 new images are uploaded to Commons, of which about 20 percent are copyvios, which need to be recognized and deleted. Care to tell me which benefit the project has from admin rights for a user who does less than five admin-actions in six months. :en has a similar policy. --Túrelio (talk) 14:15, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* More benefit than not having an admin at all. --Golbez (talk) 14:44, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I agree. See INACTIVITY. Wikipedia requires complete inactivity for over a year before being desysopped. This desysopping is not considered permanent. Admin rights can be returned with a simple request. The Commons policy of beating up on admins for periods of inactivity is counterproductive. --Timeshifter (talk) 01:50, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* A few thoughts about the proposal for a technical Commons (I am a Commons admin, but have no love of the project). J Milburn (talk) 09:48, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Different Wikimedia projects have different standards of scrutiny. If an image found on Google is uploaded to enwp or Commons with a public domain tag and no justification, it will probably be deleted fairly quickly (enwp faster than Commons, but there are enough crossover editors that it can be dealt with if it's causing a problem here). The same standards may not exist on minor project #356, and so the copyvios sitting around on their site could easily be repeatedly imported to enwp.
* The proposal would seemingly cut out the oversight which, in principle, should exist before images are moved from a local project to Commons.
* There are literally different policies as to what counts as "free" on different projects. On Commons, material must be PD in the US and the "source country" (a sometimes highly ambiguous term) to be considered PD- on enwp, material needs to only be PD in the US. Freedom of panorama, too, is inconsistent across projects. Enwp literally doesn't have a policy on the matter, just several editors making contradictory templates.
* This is an excellent article - I agree that proper curation is the missing element at Commons. While the number of self-portaits of penises which get uploaded is extraordinary, the site also hosts lots of photos taken by creeps of women on beaches (not to mention many photos of strippers - most of whom can be assumed to be unkeen of having their identity splashed on the internet forever). Lots of inoffensive, but useless, content is also being uploaded. Attempts at policy development are shambolic, and tend to get derailed by idiots (some of whom are admins). And I say this as someone who's contributed hundreds of images to Commons and am pretty keen on its underlying concept. The whole thing is a disaster waiting to happen, and I'm surprised that the WMF hasn't cracked down on it. Could this be merged into WikiData? Nick-D (talk) 10:16, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I will paraphrase comments I made to Erik Moeller at Commons:User_talk:Russavia/Archive_11:
* "Commons is an amazing project, with amazing people doing a lot of amazing things. Editors on other projects oft don't hear about the fantastic work that our editors do; they often only hear negative things...this project is not perfect, but it is far from "being broken"; that being the popular war chant we hear of on an almost weekly basis, often coming from those who spend absolutely no time on this project....Simply put, it is easy to sit back and do absolutely nothing on this project, and criticise our editors and admins, whilst totally ignoring the massive project we are participating in and the amount of work that editors on this project partake in to keep it running."
* This op-ed is no different. Written by an editor with only a few dozen edits to Commons in over 5 years makes such things a bit hard to stomach. Other than that, there is nothing more to say on this op-ed as it is simply yet another "OMG Commons is of broken" negatively spun post. If The Signpost would like me to write an op-ed on how broken English Wikipedia is, by focussing on one issue, get in touch. Russavia (talk) 11:21, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* From your comments below, it's clear you did not read much of the editorial before replying. I do specifically address why the title is "Wikipedia's commons", it's not an error. But to address your comment, yes, part of the point of the editorial is that it is too easy for the encyclopedias to sit back and let commons rot, while a tiny group of admins and contributors at commons are faced with an insurmountable amount of incoming images. My point is not to denigrate those editors at commons who, for the most part, are doing the best they can under the circumstances, it's to highlight a structural problem with the system and offer an alternative. Gigs (talk) 15:00, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* It's not an error for the English Wikipedia to forget that it's part of larger community, that there's more then just it around? It's not Wikipedia's Commons, any more then you are Wikisource's Wikipedia. Seriously why are you wasting all this space on stuff other then articles about authors and books? That's a complete failure of curation, and Wikipedians refuse to acknowledge that their responsibility is provide articles for Wikisource.--Prosfilaes (talk) 21:55, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Both Commons and Wikisource were created primarily as support projects for Wikipedia. I'm not sure how an idea got started that they are somehow peers. Gigs (talk) 08:37, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* Somehow peers. Because a collection of transcribed text (like Project Gutenberg) isn't a worthwhile project, as shown by Project Gutenberg's short lifespan, and because volunteers can and should be satisfied working on something solely as a support project for Wikipedia. And because en.wikisource.org and en.wikipedia.org make it entirely clear who the boss is and who the servant is.
* Trying to demand that other people's projects subserviate themselves to your projects is rarely a fruitful program; if you do succeed in that goal, in a volunteer project, all that is likely to do is to get that other project to fail as volunteers choose less limited projects.--Prosfilaes (talk) 00:53, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Isn't that the crux of the matter? That very few have chosen to work on a subordinate project, and the few who have, have tried to run it as if it were not. I think you hit the nail on the head. Gigs (talk) 04:24, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* Very few? See below. --Timeshifter (talk) 07:58, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* I hit the nail on the head by pointing out that exiling people to another project and denying them Wikipedia credit, but demanding that they not take any credit for what they're doing, is going to be completely unproductive? That seems to be the opposite of what you're saying. It's our project; we will form the project we want to. You aggrandize your project to be the lord of all; have you ever thought "I'd like to work in a project that's subordinate to Wikipedia"?--Prosfilaes (talk) 02:42, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
* The first rule of picture libraries is that you can never know what people will find useful. I sometimes follow up a link in an internal discussion like this & so see the penis self-portrait part of Commons, but I also do lots of google image searches that quickly bring me back to Commons, like Flickr, with relevant images, and no silly stuff. Nearly all the time you have to go looking for that to find it. We now have 12 million (or is it more by now) images, and no proposal that involves sorting them between the useful and the not-useful (even on the basis of current WP usage) will work. But there is clearly something wrong with the admin culture at Commons, which may well be putting off more people doing more work there. Johnbod (talk) 11:25, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* We have almost 17.5 million files. What exactly is wrong with the admin culture on Commons? Also, quickly, I will also comment on the "choice" title of this op-ed...Wikipedia's commons? Ummm.... Russavia (talk) 11:35, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* To be frank: I think you're a good example of the problem with some of the admins on Commons. From what I've seen you apply the same 'battleground' tactics there that have trashed your reputation here (as demonstrated by your response to this article), despite your responsibility to set an example. Nick-D (talk) 12:14, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* To be frank, you are talking rubbish. Show me those supposed battleground tactics you talk of. Russavia (talk) 12:42, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I use Commons often (most days, I suppose). This article seems to me somewhat muddled. If there is contentious content on Commons, I would suggest dealing with that as a discrete, separable issue. I mostly upload "PD old" material, and it's fine for that. I also find Geograph images there that are useful to me, which is an indication that the scale of Commons is not too large (Geograph runs to millions). I don't see that the case has been made that Commons is superfluous: the "old days" system of uploads directly to enWP doesn't seem to have been that great. I'm not well up on which old battles this op-ed is refighting, but it has that flavour. I have no idea whether the "admin corps" there needs reform, and I'm aware that there are backlogs. I would suggest distinguishing first problems of success from problems of failure, so we could have a more rational discussion. Charles Matthews (talk) 12:46, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
I think this op-ed misses a point. The trend at the moment is towards better integration between sister projects. There are plans for Wikisource texts to be partially transcludable to sister projects like Wikipedia et al. These excerpts are likely to function just like Wikimedia Commons media, while being held on an external project that also maintains its own policies and community. Wikidata is obviously another project that already does this, as a separate project etc, with data entries transcluded to its sisters. There might be some petty problems on Commons, I neither know nor care if so, but that's a Commons issue, not Wikipedia's problem. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:30, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Commons is a sister project, with its own policies and community. These don't match Wikipedia's because it isn't Wikipedia. Just because 'pedia uses some of Commons' stuff, it doesn't give 'pedia any authority. Commons does not exist merely for Wikpedia. It doesn't even exist just for Wikimedia; external users are encouraged to use it too.
* Commons is a sister project, with its own policies and community. In which case there is a far bigger problem as most of the image usages are not properly licensed. Take the image on this page there is no attribution to the author at the point of reuse, the author's title for the image is missing at the point of reuse, and there is no link to the license URI for the image anywhere. John lilburne (talk) 10:27, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* There are undoubtedly a fair number of images on Commons and Wikipedia that need to be weeded out as copyright violations, but I can't really see how File:Her Excellency Ms. Margarita Cedeño de Fernández, Vice-President of the Dominican Republic<PHONE_NUMBER>).jpg would be considered in any way illustrative of that problem. The source URI is properly attributed, the source license is correctly identified as CC-BY-SA 2.0, and the most suitable author link is provided. Can you please elaborate? — C M B J 11:10, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Section 4a of the license You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License with every copy or phonorecord of the Work You distribute there is URI to the license at all. There is a URI to the deed but that is NOT the license. As it currently stands the CC license is void. Section 4c of the license You must keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and give the Original Author credit reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing by conveying the name (or pseudonym if applicable) of the Original Author if supplied; the title of the Work if supplied; the attribution is missing on the page where the image is used. In a book or video it might be reasonably to have photo credits in a special section at the back of the book, if an image was being used as a poster it would not be reasonable to have QRcode which lead to some web page with the attribution. Likewise with a webpage the convention is to place the attribution on the page where the image is used, normally like this, but sometimes at the bottom of the article. Suffice to say the WP hiding the attribution behind a link does not do it correctly. John lilburne (talk) 11:54, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Note this appears to be a reiteration of the perennially-rejected "require in-page credit in every article where an image is used" proposal. Many disagree with the assertion that hyperlinking to the image description page is not reasonable to the medium of an online encyclopedia. Anomie⚔ 13:08, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* I don't see how it isn't reasonable to add attribution to a web page: its not as if the thing is paper. It just show the utter disrespect that wikipedians have for image producers. However, regardless of the attribution issues, the licenses are invalidated anyway as WP is not linking to the license but to the deed. John lilburne (talk) 18:02, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Assuming this to be a genuine problem, it is clearly (from the examples given) a problem with Wikipedia not the Commons. Wikipedia is broken! --Simon Speed (talk) 09:27, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
* Well commons does the self same dumb thing when it reuses images. According to the license the attribution should occur each time a work is displayed, and as far as the Creative Commons is concerned "For images, a CC marker — a graphic or line of text stating the license — should be displayed on or near the image." John lilburne (talk) 20:32, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
* That link seems to be to advice for authors on how to mark their work as CC licensed. It doen't seem to be part of the license or one of its requirements. I have a nasty feeling we're starting on a discussion that's already been gone over very thoroughly. I can't believe that Wikimedia's standard usages actually break the free licenses legal requirements. --Simon Speed (talk) 21:48, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
* Well you'd be wrong in thinking that. As the quoted text makes no sense when applied to the creator of the image. Creative Commons uses mark to refer to how others should 'mark' the content that they use, they have a different set of instructions for creator. Or here is a HOWTO by CC Australia, you'll notice that no where do they say for web content that it is acceptable to stick the attribution behind some link. In all cases they say something like "next to the photograph, or close by", which is almost like "should be displayed on or near the image" which is where we came in. As for the WMF, they have no interest in how wikipedia editors or the community uses the content on article pages. John lilburne (talk) 22:25, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
* Right or wrong, its an issue for the WMF not the Commons. Commons contributors and especially admins do their damnedest to enforce legal requirements as WMF lawyers explain them. The Commons should not be used as an easy back door to push policy change on other Wikmedia projects or Wikimedia as a whole.
* I make changes every day in Commons, mostly categorizing, geotagging or otherwise curating pictures of local buildings and the like. I have also uploaded a few thousand of my own pix of same, about half of which are used in mostly en Wikipedia. All the problems addressed in this complain exist, but to me they all seem minor. Uselessly redundant photos of naughty body parts? Sure; thousands of them. Do similarly useless arguments for and against same go on all the time? Yes, and easily ignored. Too small a corps of sometimes overworked, sometimes lazy and sometimes arbitrary admins? Yes again, but I haven't seen them making much trouble. Commons is not a very big picture collection compared to Photobucket, Flikr or even Facebook, and certainly it is less well organized than en. To a great degree this is because software and methods designed for an encyclopedia are not a good fit for the job of a photo library, but those same features make a good fit for the primary function as an in-house photo service, so this problem also does not need to be fixed. (When I reveal myself to civilians as a Wikipedian, I usually end up explaining that I work "Wikipedia's picture bureau". Close enough.) So, in all, I don't think pulling the media functions out of Commons and distributing them among the various pedias would make a payoff, much less a profit that would compensate for the hassle of making this kind of change. Merge with Wikidata? or Source? Hmm.... Jim.henderson (talk) 13:35, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I am a Commons admin for only a few years, and therefore hope you don't mind if I comment here (please excuse my bad English): I like the proposal of a technical Commons because it would mean that all the conflicts of interests between different cultures and different projects wouldn't take place at Commons anymore; the bigger Wikipediae would likely to be on the forehand — it is important to prioritize — and most of the trash uploaded by the mobile app and by the en.wp upload wizard would have to be examined and deleted by English Wikipedia administrators. And it would also mean that there won't be a huge community any more that gets the MediaWiki test versions first deployed. The first really big one would be the English Wikipedia. And I could spend my time writing articles in the German Wikipedia again. A dreamlike idea. -- Rillke (talk) 14:11, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I disagree with this proposal, above all because I agree with the current scope of "educational media content (images, sound and video clips)", where educational means "providing knowledge; instructional or informative". Lots of things can be described as educational, because they are. If some questionable images are believed to be non-educational, then let's discuss them. But that doesn't need a massive project reorientation.
* Commons has lots of useful images, and these aren't too hard to find, because categorization is working acceptable (could be much better, I agree, but that requires better software). It's far from a tragedy. --NaBUru38 (talk) 14:40, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I would venture to bet that you can't come up with an example piece of media where someone could not argue it was educational in nature. Gigs (talk) 15:00, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I upload images for articles I write (and occasionally for other articles which have image issues). I don't upload for vague "educational purposes" because the only educational purpose I have is writing for Wikipedia, and I do not agree that images are inherently educational. Whatever the intent was back when the mission of commons was changed, it has become apparent that it has become a perversion of the original intent to be a common repository for the various encyclopedia editions, and the defense of the way that this change has worked out in practice has turned into a deliberately perverse amorality about holding these images. Mangoe (talk) 15:27, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I don't have any interest in "low-quality images of nudity and sexual acts," but I don't see how their presence makes Commons any less useful (except possibly making it a bit hard to search for high-quality images of nudity and sexual acts). I have added a lot of images to Commons that are probably not useful to Wikipedia, but which definitely could serve important purposes in the future. For example, Wikipedia has no use of my photo-documenting a political demonstration or taking detail pictures of a historically important building, but these photos are of great likelihood of being useful to some other educational project in the future. In many cases, they are the sort of photos I've spent way too much time trying to track down from other eras. - Jmabel | Talk 15:37, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Gigs, you seem to be proposing a change, and you know exactly how to make a proposal. So why are you whinging in signpost instead? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:49, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I was invited to turn what was a sort of half-finished essay into this op-ed. To make a concrete proposal on a technical replacement for the interwiki media repository would require a lot more fleshing out of details. Gigs (talk) 16:43, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* The idea of elevating en.wiki admins to be automatically Commons admins is intriguing, where they could en proceed to sweep out the trash. The problem is that it is shifting the heavy lifting onto the backs of these admins when the sweeping action should instead be done by the WMF itself. They had to step in to rid the project of Beta M, their hand is sorely needed one more time to fix from without what can no longer be fixed from within. Tarc (talk) 15:53, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Quite frankly this sounds to me to be complaining that the rest of the world isn't exactly like en wikipedia. This seems to be an opinion that gets expressed on en wikipedia about all the sister projects from time to time. At the end of the day, the different Wikimedia projects have different goals and different cultral norms, they are not here just to serve the interests of en wikipedia. I consider this diversity to be a good thing Bawolff (talk) 16:00, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I think commons is unique in that it is inherently part of Wikipedia whether either project likes it or not. When you search for media here, you are searching commons. When you click on an image here, you seamlessly go to commons. I'm not opposed to a free image repository project with different goals and policies, but to do that, we need to separate the tightly integrated interwiki media function from the free image gallery project. Gigs (talk) 16:43, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Commons isn't unique because the same is true of Wikidata. If Wikidata doesn't yet have its own culture, and goals, that's probably because it takes time to develop one. As mentioned above, Wikisource and probably other projects are likely to be further integrated into Wikipedia sooner or later (and vice versa). Wikipedia is essentially just a WikiProject in the grand scheme of Wikimedia. It may be the MILHIST of the Wikimedia family but size and age doesn't give it authority over the rest. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 18:14, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* If Wikidata ever becomes more than a place to dump interlanguage links, we'll much larger problems. One of the goals of Wikidata is to take over infobox data. I wonder if they have any idea how contentious infobox content can be. Can you imagine what a disaster that would be? We have enough trouble figuring out someone's birthday by applying our own policies here, how could you possibly apply all the policies of every wikiproject regarding the veracity of something like infobox data? Wikisource is more benign, because it doesn't take a big chunk of our content and ship it off to an administrative no-man's land, untouchable by well developed policies of mature wikis the way that Commons and Wikidata intend to do. Gigs (talk) 20:55, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* No. With this argument commons is inherently part of all other projects using mw:Manual:$wgInstantCommons. Wikipedia isn't unique with that feature, and certainly not the English one. -- Krenair (talk • contribs) 19:35, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
I'd like to see the alternative idea fleshed out more... Bennylin (talk)
* People are always complaining about exhibitionism, but frankly Commons runs on exhibitionism - people think "I took this photo, I think it's good, I'd like the world to see it so I'll put it on wikipedia", and eventually it makes its way to Commons. In the sexual sense, yes, we probably could do with less penises, and I have taken to nominating low quality nudity images which get uploaded. For my troubles, the same people who complained about there being too much penis complain that, by having a bot create a gallery of new nude uploads for me to check through, that I'm now creating "my own private porn stash". I digress. I won't deny Commons has problems, but not one of them will be solved by what seems to be the standard way of complaining - soapboxing on en.wp. If you want to propose changes to Commons, go to Commons. If you think we have some bad quality images of a subject, go to Commons and nominate them for deletion. We'd all be better off if people followed the simple idea of using the system which is set up to handle it. -mattbuck (Talk) 16:56, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* This is bending the sense of the word to the breaking point. "Exhibitionism" is not a synonym for "showing off", much less for "having pride in one's work and seeking the approbation of others". Mangoe (talk) 17:06, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* According to exhibitionism: "1. The practice or character trait of deliberately drawing attention to oneself.". Not a precise synonym for showing off, but not that far off. Bawolff (talk) 19:17, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Nonsense. Commons runs on bot milking of graphics tagged as "free images" on other venues. It is a compendium of dubious files, the big majority of which have no valid illustrative function in the encyclopedia. With the penis pictures, etc. defended to the death by The Usual Suspects sputtering the inane mantra, "Commonz Iz Not Cenzored."Carrite (talk) 17:21, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* If you want to propose changes to Commons, go to Commons. The same tired old mantra from one of Commons' premier bad actors, whose interests require the quashing of discussion anywhere outside the zone of control where it can be shouted down by the other members of the gang. The Commons admin mindset is reliant on the doublethink that it is not beholden to the wider community, so the very existence of discussions like these is threatening. Unfortunately for mattbuck and the rest of the porn collectors (who wouldn't know what curation is even if it hit them in the face), awareness of the contamination of Commons in the outside world is only going to grow and grow. — Scott • talk 12:58, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* The very existence of self-interested discussions by the biggest, most self-centered person on the block is threatening. As a Wikisource admin, I would appreciate the English Wikipedia not assuming that it has the right to dictate to a fellow project, not ignoring the fact that many of the projects that use Commons aren't encyclopedias, not ignoring the fact that the world is not only English.--Prosfilaes (talk) 21:50, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* This essay is an exactly perfect reflection of my own views, I 100% endorse every word. The clique-rule at commons isn't going to be changed by a "stealth jihad" of sensible people beginning to participate there, it's doing to be changed by administrative fiat. As has been documented in this essay, Commons was created by the Wikimedia Foundation as a means of sharing encyclopedic graphic content between the language Wikipedias. What has been created can as easily be uncreated. Commons should be terminated and the images turned over to the language wikipedias themselves. Rationality in curation will follow and the handful of bad actors at Commons will walk... Carrite (talk) 17:11, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* As one of the people gradually beginning to contribute more at Commons, I couldn't disagree with these sentiments more; they're flabbergasting. I can't even hardly believe that we're having a discussion about whether the project's overzealous deletion is sufficiently zealous, and I'm practically at a loss for words over the fact that we're debating whether the world's preeminent free media repository should be dissolved. — C M B J 21:26, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* preeminant? According to this page there are 12 million image files on Commons, a large portion of which come from flickr. As of 2010 flickr had 135 million CC licensed images of which 28 million were either BY or BY-SA. It is by far the greater source of images even when considering the limited application of 'free'. As most re-usages are neither derivative nor commercial most people looking for images will go to flickr. Not only is there more choice the search facilities are far better. John lilburne (talk) 09:57, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Flickr's search is better—I'll give you that—but for every one of its images that could possibly be reused, there are quite a few that are either duplicates or that have no other foreseeable applications. — C M B J 11:57, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* and what do you think is happens on Commons? John lilburne (talk) 12:21, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Wikimedia Funds Dissemination Policy: give more pennies and get more penises. Pldx1 (talk) 17:21, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I like the fact that Commons has made images readily available to all the different-language Wikipedias; I have seen how that can be beneficial. I have two significant concerns about content quality control at Commons, neither of which seems to have been mentioned here, and both of which could be remedied by giving the Wikipedias greater control over content there:
* Sockpuppets of a user who was long ago banned at EN for abuse that included persistent and aggressive addition of copyvio content (including passing off copyrighted images as "own work") found a warm welcome at Commons, where their contributions have generally been accepted as "free", except when a particular specific image can be proven to be a copyvio or when the subject matter in a photo clearly indicates that it's newer than the date claimed. Many of the socks are finally banned at commons and much of their content has been deleted there (leaving "only" a few hundred images), but I think that closer coordination between Commons and EN could have prevented an embarrassing situation (and saved me a lot of work and frustration in playing whack-a-mole with the same targets, both here and at Commons).
* User-created maps and diagrams that purport to present factual information, but have been demonstrated here to be original research or even pure hokum, are allowed to remain on Commons (where they continue to be available for insertion into articles in all wikipedias) because Commons is only concerned about whether the image is free. (Pure cr*p is OK at Commons, as long as it's original.) Oversight is needed on the quality of information content provided by "educational images" at Commons, and the encyclopedia projects could provide that. --Orlady (talk) 18:11, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Yes, I have found this to be especially disturbing as well, that user-created fake maps are presented alongside legitimate maps and the Commons community insists that they be tagged with Inaccurate-map-disputed rather than deleting them. I'm not talking about disputed borders, but maps that show objectively false information. If you can't tell which maps on Commons are real and which are fake, the collection becomes worthless. Kaldari (talk) 20:46, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* I actually came into this op-ed thinking that the opposite conclusion would be reached: that the "useful for an educational purpose" rule has been shamelessly exploited to exclude and censor valuable content, and frequently to the detriment of Commons, Wikipedia, and other projects. This is the sad reality of what actually transpires at Commons:Deletion requests on a regular basis. — C M B J 20:50, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* It is not surprising. When a rule is that vague and meaningless, it basically boils down to whether the participants involved like it or not. Arbitrary outcomes on both sides of the fence are inevitable. Gigs (talk) 20:58, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* That's usually true in principle, but in my experience at Commons, the degree of censorship (and attempted censorship) has been disproportionately greater, by orders of magnitude, than conservation—especially in the wake of nonsensical paranoia and pointiness that followed the Fox News ordeal. I do not see excessive inclusion as being a statistically significant problem by any way of comparison. — C M B J 21:12, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* Out of interest, what is the WMF's view on the dubious images hosted on Commons? Sooner or later one of the women who some jerk has posted photos of without her permission (or have been posted on Flickr without her permission under a CC license then harvested by a Commons bot) is going to lodge a lawsuit and/or tip off a reporter. There's going to be hell to pay when that happens, and if that image has survived a deletion discussion or been uploaded by an administrator, as is quite likely under the current policies and mindset, the WMF could potentially be held directly liable. Nick-D (talk) 23:20, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
* While I can't speak for them, I'd presume (or at least hope) that their response would reaffirm the community's prerogative to distribute material which doesn't reasonably infringe the rights of others. In the case of identifiable persons, we already have Commons:Photographs of identifiable people in place to protect the privacy of anyone who is in a private place. — C M B J 04:21, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* As an addendum to that, and as a side note, if for some reason the media—or anyone else, for that matter—thinks that they can pressure us into kowtowing over a manufactured controversy, then I would expect the WMF, as stewards of our contributions, to represent the community's will in the strongest sense possible. — C M B J 04:29, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* I'd rate the odds of the WMF deciding to argue that creeps have a "right" to post photos of topless women on the beach and strippers at their place of work as about nil, especially when official complaints are registered. And rightly so. Nick-D (talk) 07:00, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Again, existing policy affords protection to those who have a reasonable expectation of privacy. The fact that our sensibilities may be contravened by a few aggravating examples of permissible content does not justify the institution of arbitrary censorship, which is, broadly speaking, the conclusion that the community has reached time and time and time again. However, both the community and the Foundation do respect any individual's request to have media depicting them removed immediately and without question, so the vast majority of scenarios involving complaint or legal action would self-resolve at first notice. — C M B J 09:54, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Warning bad actors at work. Saying that we'll fix the issue when we get a compliant is not good enough, it is like saying t5hat there is a 'DMCA license' where you can use any image up and until the copyright owner complains, then yopu simply move on top some other image. The issue where people need to complain should not arise. Nothing in the CC license gives anyone publication rights over images of identifiable people. John lilburne (talk) 10:50, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* That's not a fair analogy because we don't deliberately infringe anyone's rights under current policy. If, however, someone tells us that they're uncomfortable with their depiction for any reason, we nonetheless react (and always should react, even in the case of 100% kosher BLP portraits) as a matter of compassion. — C M B J 11:30, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Tis so a fair analogy. Complaints are often ignored on Commons and are subjected to a week or more of trolling of the unfortunate subject of the photo, by for example the likes of mattbuck and a child porn distributor dis with some kids tit, and where a threat of banning if he doesn't STFU. 3 months later it got deleted after another bout of trolling. John lilburne (talk) 12:15, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* A belief that complainants can be quickly satisfied and all bad PR will disappear is totally untenable. What of the rights of people who have their privacy violated but never see the image, or choose to not complain? Moreover, if an upset person goes to the media first, and/or doesn't regard the removal of the image alone as satisfactory (eg, they might want damages to compensate them for however long its been available and any use in Wikipedia articles) then Commons is in a lot of trouble. Nick-D (talk) 23:20, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* There is some degree of inherent risk associated with content in all areas of potential infringement, and again, existing Commons policy does not permit willfully violating reasonable expectations of privacy. I am not going to further debate that point here but I have created two proposals to help ensure that no one is ever again subjected to friction, as was Joshb, in trying to get distressing pictures of themselves removed. This problem is not limited to nude beaches and people can very easily have their identities irreparably damaged by the dissemination of media that is not even remotely controversial in public opinion or under privacy laws. — C M B J 01:01, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* This essay seems to be very misleading, since there is support on the part of quite a number of active individuals on Commons for commons:Template:Nopenis, and the following are quotes from official Commons policies: "Commons has a large quantity of images relating to human genitalia. New images of low resolution or poor quality, which provide little descriptive information, of a subject we already have images of, may be nominated for deletion, citing appropriate rationale(s)";
* "The subject's consent is usually needed for publishing a photograph of an identifiable individual taken in a private place, and Commons expects this even if local laws do not require it. ... Images must not unfairly ridicule or demean the subject. ... The provenance of an image may taint its use irredeemably." ... -- AnonMoos (talk) 02:09, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* An opinion piece devoid of balance; spoken by a truly blinkered Wikipedian, unaware of, or blind to, all sister sites, their contributions to and use of Commons, and much of the work that is taking place at Commons; please refer to Commons:Project scope. The referred to maintenance aspect would the same, wherever it is hosted. Your diversified holdings approach doesn't lead to a better set of holdings, it leads to spread, disorganised mess. To the remainder, it really just isn't worth wasting one's breath to address it, I don't find it a valuable opinion. No it is not perfect at Commons, and let me say, neither is this place. Commons is not the encyclopaedia, stop thinking of its sole purpose to serve Wikipedia, accordingly its holdings will be different. — billinghurst sDrewth 04:16, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* That is precisely the problem. Gigs (talk) 08:33, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* I only recently, by doing some tedious digging through page history, discovered the 2008 change to Commons' project scope as referred to by Gigs in this piece. The discussion for it, which is not directly linked from any project page, is here. As can be seen, it barely involved any participants at all. Perhaps if more people had been involved, the incredible blunder of changing the scope to "educational" (a meaningless label) material could have been avoided. It's not too late to undo the error, but more people need to be involved to do so. — Scott • talk 13:10, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* Sorry for making you duplicate the tedious effort I went through tracking down the discussion that lead to that change. I should have linked to it, since I was being generous saying that 5 or 6 people were involved. It was more of a unilateral change where 5 or 6 people made minor comments that weren't in opposition. This isn't unusual for policy changes really, but it is somewhat unusual for one that fundamentally changes the scope of a Wikiproject and has ripple effects on every other project.
* I'm not sure if Commons' scope needs to be changed back though necessarily. If something like my proposal could be done, we could let Commons have whatever policy they would like to develop, since it would no longer have further reaching effects, as well as mitigating those who would abuse Commons to further an abusive goal toward a higher profile project (see reply to Jarekt below). Gigs (talk) 08:33, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* I have participated in more than one deletion discussion this year where being "out of scope" was the suggested reason for the deletion. Most of these were promotional images that would not realistically be used in a Wikipedia article. In most if not all cases that I remember, either the image was deleted or the image was used in a Wikipedia article before the deletion discussion ended. See Scope and its sub-sections for more details. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail) 17:26, 15 June 2013 (UTC)
* I am an admin on Commons and I do agree with a lot of criticism: Commons do not have many policies, there is not enough admins willing to spend time everyday trying to figure out legal status of images from every part of the world. Since many images, like photographs of sculptures have to have multiple licenses for each author, like sculptor and the photographer, and we need licenses for country of origin and the US, many images ends up needing several separate licenses. We definitely need more admins familiar with copyright issues to help with the volume of incoming images and changing standards requiring reevaluation of old images. We do have many out of scope images, but verifying usability of images is so subjective that images are deleted only in very clear cut cases. I also think we should be deleting maps and diagrams with clearly wrong data. "Out of scope" deletion reason is often used for those. I also agree that closer integration of policies would be useful, for example different username policies create situation where active users on Commons are not allowed to edit on EN Wikipedia, because they picked wrong username (User:BrooklynMuseum comes to mind). What I do not agree with are conclusions. Admins from other projects which are clueless about Commons policies are much harder to stop when they have full administrative powers. Once I was dealing with an other project admin who also become Commons admin who was insisting that all changes to commons categories related to his sister project have to be approved on his project by requesting the change in the local language, and was using admin rights to make category pages editable by admins only. Also if you think, Commons have problems due to not enough people helping out there, please come and help. --Jarekt (talk) 05:29, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* Thank you for your thoughtful engagement with this. It seems to me that you may agree with my conclusion more than you think. I am not proposing to give local wiki admins power on commons, but rather to make interwiki media sharing a technical feature without separate administration. The free media repository project (which could remain named Commons, or be renamed), could then operate independently, without the barrage of images incoming from people with questionable motives who usually want to corrupt Wikipedia, and are only abusing Commons as a means to that end. It would free Commons from serving the needs of the other projects such as the request you dealt with, while at the same time, freeing the other projects from being subject to decisions made at Commons. Gigs (talk) 08:24, 16 June 2013 (UTC)
* Regarding the possible deletion of invalid maps and diagrams for being "out of scope", perhaps a Commons administrator can advise on the best procedure for renominating File:Map on Dialects Of Punjabi Language.jpg (failed deletion request at |Commons:Deletion requests/File:Map on Dialects Of Punjabi Language.jpg) for deletion. The creator, who is in the EN-wiki category Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of LanguageXpert, has contributed other maps to Commons, as have several other users in that sockpuppet group.
* I invite all those who believe that scope and COM:IDENT are sufficient to deal with the Commons community's flagrant disregard for privacy to read the GenderGap list's May discussion "Topless image retention -don't give up" Danger High voltage! 10:40, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Nevertheless, the said (flagrant) community overwhelmingly supported the rfa of SarahStierch on Commons. --Túrelio (talk) 12:24, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Those links don't work I'm afraid. Is http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/gendergap/2013-May/thread.html the right/useful link? Nick-D (talk) 11:55, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* I fixed the 2 links. I hope User:Danger does not mind. :) --Timeshifter (talk) 11:59, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Since my earlier comment got no response: I'd really appreciate a clarification of whether the objection here is specifically to Commons containing more nudity/sexual content than the author of this piece wishes, or whether the objection is that many images on Commons, while arguably educational, are not useful to Wikipedia as such. For example I took a group of photos some time back of what I considered the rather interesting interior of a bar that was about to be demolished. Certainly there will never be an encyclopedia article on that bar, but quite likely someone in the future writing a book or making a documentary film about Seattle would find one or more of these useful. Is the author of this piece objecting to Commons including images like this, or is the objection specifically about nudity/sexual imagery? - Jmabel | Talk 15:49, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* There comes a point when any subject matter is exhausted. I take 1000s of dragonfly and damselfly photos each year, a few 100 I consider worth keeping, perhaps I'll upload to the web a handful of images. However, I could add 50 or 60 images of the same species each year, but to what point? What if there were a 1000 of your bar images, would another 100 make the collection more complete? The thing with your bar images is that they are located in time and we have all the information that we need about them. With my Ischnura elegans images there is a whole load of data missing such as the age the specimen or its dimensions. The same is true with the penis images and when they are kept because it is "photographed from a specific angle" or because the colour of the pubic hairs then we've truly jumped the shark. John lilburne (talk) 18:07, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* or articles on video bars, bar culture, Bar design in the 2000s, furniture for bars, 2000s hairstyles, Men wearing pink or a host of other subjects one should not try to guess. My point above. It is often the things that no-one thinks worth keeping that become hard to find. If a particular species of insect is covered from all angles, at all life stages, in all environments, by images of the same rough level of quality, then maybe there is no point adding more, though I suppose that there might be (for example) information on different races etc lost if your metadata includes locations. In someways it's simpler with the natural world. Johnbod (talk) 18:22, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Indeed it is often the family holiday snaps that are more important to historians than those of the art and fashion photographer. But that does presuppose that the metadata is intact. Often times it is missing, there is a large box of images in the local village hall from the 50s, 60s and 70s which no one knows who is featured in them. Indeed I have stuff from the 80s where I can't recall who the people were, and in some case not even the year they were taken. On commons there is a scraping of content and removal of metadata such that one large German institution has stopped donating any more images. What I am pretty sure of though is that photos of male and female genitalia aren't about to disappear, and a closeup shot does not impart any supplementary information. John lilburne (talk) 20:21, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
Sorry, but this signpost rant is pretty stupid. I have contributed tens of thousands of photos to the Commons and think it is even insulting. Written by someone who doesn't like some penis pictures and obviously cannot see beyond that. The Commons are, e. g., the best and most up-to-date free image database of pre-modern art, of historical views, of heraldry, and especially of the built cultural heritage of many countries, and in many cases the best such database including all commercial competition (that is true for Germany, I think). Granted, Commons administrators are largely a bunch of idiots, and Commons policy is idiotic (e. g. the foundation's view that the stupid US URAA laws are to be enforced – we sorely need more projects like a EU Commons for that reason). But the Commons are by no means whatsoever a failed project (such as Wikispecies or Wikinews are IMHO). What the Commons need is half a dozen of paid full-time editors/administrators. That would do the trick very nicely, I think. --AndreasPraefcke (talk) 10:34, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* I'm fairly neutral toward penis pictures. I think the excessive penis pictures are more a symptom than a problem by themselves. Gigs (talk) 16:21, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* Commons has it problems, but the author seems to forget that poor curation, large administrative backlogs, and poor policy development could apply just as much to enwiki. I'm a contributor to (and admin on) both projects and I love both but I'm not naive enough to believe that either is perfect. Commons is dominated by a small number of admins who do most of the work and thousands of people who work quietly in the background without attracting attention. That's about the same on enwiki, except that we have a greater number of admins here and there are a lot of admins who chip in occasionally, which gives the impression that everything is tickety-boo. The central thesis of the piece is correct—Commons suffers from a lack of participation and this sometimes has adverse effects on the running of the project—but it seems to have been written to justify the conclusion that we need to abandon it altogether rather than the conclusion being drawn from the argument. But the idea that Commons conflicts with its sister projects because it has a broader scope than just images for Wikipedia is nonsensical—if a Commons image is being used in a Wikipedia article, it's inherently in-scope and, barring licensing/copyright problems, won't be deleted. HJ Mitchell | Penny for your thoughts? 18:10, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* I subscribe these last two comments. As a sysop in ptwiki with more or less a couple thousand of images uploaded to Commons being used everywhere on wikimedia projects, I can't fathom this negative feeling expressed here. I do know a dozen Commons' sysops and those guys seems to be a bunch of very stand up guys (and girls) IMHO. My homewiki is much, much more troublesome than Commons and that's, again IMHO, a sure sign of the ever present "enwiki bias" of this whole shenanigan... José Luiz talk 02:55, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* What a bunch of crap. Commons already has a function as "Wikigallery", or whatever the writer would care to rename it, and that's already valuable in its own right as probably the web's premier gallery of freely licensed imagery. That, of itself, is just as valid and valuable a goal as being an encyclopedia.
* Commons should not ever become merely "the media vault for *.wp". If the writer wishes to find a non-wp project to pick on, they'd do far better to look at Wikiversity, the home-from-Usenet for unchecked k00kscience. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:47, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* I'm bit shocked that somebody would propose to relocalize the file management on the individual projects. Not only would that be a technical nightmare but it would also not solve the problem because then people would just upload their low quality penis pics on the 300+ local wikis thus making quality control even more difficult.
* It is also funny that you would bring up the example of White noise. The article is illustrated with three images. Despite that do you really consider it not worthwhile to have some files in the repository illustrating white noise?
* Lastly your piece is pretty offensive towards the thousands of contributors at commons that invest time and effort into curation. The lingua franca on commons is English and with SUL it's just a mouse click away. Implicitly you are arguing that this mouse click is one to many for most contributors on en wiki to be bothered to go to commons and engage thus I really can't take you seriously. --Cwbm (commons) (talk) 06:36, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
Commons stats and reach
I have tens of thousands of edits on Wikipedia, Commons, Wikia, Shoutwiki, etc.. On none of those wikis do I have less than ten thousand edits. So I am talking from lots of experience on the Commons and elsewhere.
The Commons is a sister project nowadays, no matter what its original founders had in mind. Commons has a huge number of active editors (registered users who have performed an action in the last 30 days). Compare the number to English Wikipedia:
* commons:Special:Statistics - over 30,000 active registered users on the Commons in the last month. 272 administrators.
* en:Special:Statistics - over 124,000 active registered users on English Wikipedia in the last month. 1,446 administrators.
There is no way the Commons could or should be devolved back to the individual Wikipedias. It is not technically possible, and even if partially possible technically, it makes no sense. Images are chosen and then removed constantly from pages on the Wikipedias. There is no way an image can be owned, even temporarily, by individual Wikipedias. It goes far beyond the many Wikipedias anyway.
The reach of the Commons is vast. The Commons is far better categorized than Flickr. Google image searches frequently put Commons images near the top of search results. Websites the world over copy and use Commons images. The Commons is used by non-Wikimedia wikis all over the world. Wikis can even use Commons images directly without having to copy the images over to their wikis.
Commons admins have less systemic bias overall than English Wikipedia admins. Commons admins are exemplary overall in how they deal with people from all over the world speaking many languages. No other image repository has this vast reach and multicultural understanding and access. The Commons can always use more admins. But it should not be automatically given to admins from other Wikipedias. Categorization is what the Commons is mainly about. Many Wikipedia admins and editors deal poorly with categorization in my experience. It takes practice on the Commons. It is not intuitive to many people. --Timeshifter (talk) 01:30, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
Jimmy Wales portrait on Commons
I'm taking no position on this, but it does seem to be related to the discussions above: Commons is currently debating whether to delete a portrait of Jimmy Wales that was created by Pricasso, who paints with his penis, and a related video on how it was made. The cumulative !votes at this point seem (to me) to be leaning slightly towards deleting them. Ed [talk] [majestic titan] 00:41, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* For further information on the artist see User:Russavia/Pricasso. Note that the userspace draft has been protected by an admin in the version he repeatedly reverted it to, and would otherwise probably be an article already, since even opponents seem to acknowledge his notability. Wnt (talk) 17:45, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Wnt, the userspace draft is not protected. I will be working completing the article in the next 48 hours, and will get it into mainspace asap. Ed, note that discussions on Commons are not votes like here on English Wikipedia, so counting of votes is actually quite pointless when it comes to Commons discussions such as this one; discussions on Commons are based upon Commons policy and guidelines only. Russavia (talk) 18:34, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* Note: this user draft is now in main space at Pricasso. Dcoetzee 06:11, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
Opposition to Commons is being spearheaded by outside pressure groups seeking censorship
Those who have followed the discussion on Jimbo's talk page should recognize that an endless series of anti-Commons diatribes have originated from a few dozen members of a site Wikipediocracy run by an editor who sought to do paid editing on Wikipedia and was banned for it. If you allow your support for Wikimedia's free art gallery to be eroded by the steadfast politicking of a small group, do you think they will simply give up and go away after that? They have other causes besides that one.
We do need to find a way to get independent servers and organizations to systematically back up Commons' collection. Wikipedia is one of the world's most popular websites, worth billions of dollars as a commercial entity. Control over the traffic is worth that; and to control the traffic someone must control the content. Spreading the content dilutes that value, and with it, Wikipedia's "resource curse". If we fail to do so - if we allow censors to start taking over Commons, here is what will happen: the moment they start to smell victory, they will start fighting "second revolutions". They don't like our content, they don't value our content, nor longstanding contributors; the fact that someone writes an article weighs nothing compared to the fact it includes something someone doesn't like. Being oriented toward one thing - purges - there is only one thing the would-be new order can do to one another, given the chance. There will be no honor among thieves, just a game of Survivor, until one group has sufficient control to begin instituting harsher measures. At that point it will be too late to back up the collection because they will presumably set strict limits on downloads to prevent people from doing so, and play games with concealing the authorship/edit history to try to turn the CC-license into a commercial asset they can resell under copyright. The degradation in the site's reputation will continue until it begins to resemble one of "America's worst charities" and no longer has anything to lose by including malware ads in its servers. (The last steps in that are speculative - there are some contender organizations like the Unification Church which are more sophisticated in infiltrating resources and holding them; but in any case it is not good)
The question is not whether we can stop this progression - we can't; Wikipedia is mortal. The question is whether we can slow it down and improve our personal skills with coding, while relying on improvements in computing storage and power to make things easier, and develop a decentralized Internet "virtual" server of free articles by free editors that link to one another according to individual evaluations of each others' worth, and get readers to move over to the new network before the old one is utterly compromised. Wnt (talk) 17:33, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
* I and many others have complained, over and over, about how you and others misrepresent the objections to the way commons is being run. If it's the encyclopedia that anyone can edit, it's even more so the encyclopedia that anyone can criticize. After that, I find the remainder of your response to be a paranoid rant, and particularly ironic seeing how, given your references to Survivor, you essentially want to claim that Kohs and company have been voted off the island and can be considered silenced. Mangoe (talk) 10:48, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* Wnt's arguments about anything Commons/Wikipediocracy-related jumped the shark quite a long time ago. Tarc (talk) 12:35, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* Wikipediocracy is a small group. Though it evidences the underlying counterproductivity of trying to ban people on an encyclopedia anyone can edit, we should not forget their origins. The problem is, there are many outside interests with an interest to put pressure on Wikipedia to advertise what they want and omit what they find inconvenient. If we don't stand up clearly for our right to cover everything impartially against even a small and unsubtle group like this, where does that place us with the others? Wnt (talk) 16:33, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* This is vacuous. I, rather obviously, am not banned, nor are the other people who have complained here. Yor "guilt by association" attack on our complaints is as faulty as your restatements of our objections. This really isn't about the right to cover anything at all, impartially or otherwise: it's about the transformation of Commons from a unified repository into an indiscriminate web host. Wikipedia could (and does) cover pretty much anything; Commons is overrun by junk, and I'm given to understand that just keeping up with the blatant copyright violations is a problem. If it were up to me, the Commons version of REICHSTAG would be "No uploading pictures of yourself climbing the Reichstag building dressed as Spiderman and then stripping naked to make a point." Mangoe (talk) 21:04, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* Ordinarily I would agree that guilt by association is a lousy tactic. The problem is that Wikipedia tries to uphold an impossible policy, WP:CANVASS, while this group of people are free to ignore it entirely offsite. We have a policy situation that has given these people unreasonable impact here. Wnt (talk) 00:45, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
"Spearheaded" eh, Wnt? :) To be honest, if you think that Wikipedia is on an inevitable decline, you sound more like the most cynical Wikipediocracy members. I'm not that. I'm trying to make things better. If that sometimes means that I need to point out the same absurdity that Wikipediocracy is pointing at, then I'll do that. Gigs (talk) 16:27, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
Proposal
I've brought up a slightly more concrete proposal at Village_pump. Gigs (talk) 16:23, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
* I've retracted that discussion for now in order to better explain what is meant and to flesh out some technical details. Gigs (talk) 14:48, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* Gigs, I appreciate this sincere critique of the state of Commons. I learned some history, and realized that I have assumed that Wikimedia Commons was intended as a free media repository for general use, not just for the Wikipedias. Your assessment of the closed-shop culture among the admins is strengthened by comments offered by two editors (Wnt and Russavia) who seem to regard themselves as vanguardists bearing WP:The Truth.
* However you article would have been stronger had you refrained from describing your opponents as "delusional." Overuse of the verb "spew" also gives a strong impression that you judge some content and some positions by the people who hold them — in other words, as has been said already, that you are refighting old battles. Personally, I take issue with your insistence that Wikipedias are the firstborn creations to which all other Wikimedia projects must defer. That seems to conflict with the missions of those projects and the general philosophy of Wikimedia.
* As a frequent user and small-time contributor to Commons, I have been more impressed by the rigorous efforts to abide by copyright laws and other use restrictions, and sometimes ingenious work to determine the origin of a media file. I've noticed the way Commons has attracted donations of vast numbers of media files, such as the more than 5,300 Swiss images donated by photographer Roland Zumbühl, only a fraction of which will ever appear in a Wikipedia article in any language. Hundreds of the files are still imperfectly documented, lacking the neat templates developed by admins since the photos were donated, and most are still only captioned in German. But I can’t help thinking it is worthwhile to improve this collection and keep it together, as part of Commons. I'm one of the editors who chips away at those files at an admittedly glacial pace.
* "PIcswiss" is just one example of many. I know Commons admins did not organize the Wiki Loves Monuments photo contest, but it does serve as the repository of all the entries, from the sublime to the unlovely. Some of my own contributions were unbecoming mobile-phone snaps of a rather hideous abandoned brick edifice. Nevertheless, the images have some merit as historical documents, perhaps useful in the future in ways we cannot now anticipate. To purge Commons on the basis of present-day encyclopedic merit would be to purge one of the Web's more valuable archives.
* As to the obscene and self-indulgent material you describe, in six years of frequent use I have encountered almost none of it. As already noted by others, users don't usually find that stuff unless they go looking for it. I am bored by provocateurs, and you and I probably agree on the alleged artistic value of work by anyone who would think it witty to call himself "Pricasso." But in the long run such people are harmless, except where they attract enough hostile attention to occupy time and energy that could be more contructively used. The problem, then, is how best to reform the vanguardist culture of Commons' austere gatekeepers, and how to ensure the site has enough resources.
* Your proposal to turn Commons into "a feature of Mediawiki" subservient to the needs of Wikipedias seems to take too uncharitable a view of what Commons is achieving, despite its current admin culture; not to mention the site's inestimable archival value. You admit that the proposal is not thoroughly fleshed out, and it seems that not enough thought has been given to undesired consequences of the change. I would also be interested to know what should become, in your view, of the thousands of Picswiss files.
* Perhaps the essay you pay homage to in your title has given you an overly pessimistic view of the project's future. Do we really need to destroy the Commons in order to save it? — ℜob C. alias ÀLAROB 17:50, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* With respect to obscene material, there may be orders of magnitude more photos of buildings and birds, but even a single nude teenager or a non-consensual sexual photo is anything but harmless. Danger High voltage! 20:03, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* Alarob, It is entirely possible to stumble upon it if you do many media searches. If I had it to do over again, I would rephrase it to make clear that I'm not proposing to eliminate the free media project, in a lot of ways what I'm proposing is to make it an actual peer, by removing the interwiki sharing function from it. This would free it from the requirements to serve the other projects, and allow it to assert real autonomy. Gigs (talk) 21:02, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* That still doesn't make any sense. Where do you upload a revision to a figure if Commons doesn't have a sharing function? Every one of the individual-language projects? How do you find a new figure to use for an article? Check all those projects again? Wnt (talk) 21:07, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* It would help if you read at least a little of what I've proposed. There would be an inter-wiki sharing function. Commons would just be another project that would be a part of it, without any special standing in it. Gigs (talk) 21:23, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* (ec) Trying to parlay such cases into a general prohibition of nudity, or to destroy Commons as we know it, is not valid. Commons admins do the work day after day of actually hunting for such cases - only to be derided on third-party sites for keeping "galleries of sexual material", i.e. the pages they scan for such problems. People uploading illegal material with bad intentions can hide it in a hundred ways - wrapping it in a few minutes of bird-watching video, coding it with steganography, etc. - so you can't prevent that by banning things that are "sort of like the material we don't want". It would be even more counterproductive to abolish Commons, to replace one central repository with hundreds of projects many of which have very few admins watching what is happening. What Commons has right now works - it works so well that the people going after it have to make up elaborate theories of how something is bad because of the uploader's intention, or whether he talked to the artist! Whereas the alternatives would not work. P.S. I might have misunderstood something above, but I should note I'm not a Commons insider - I actually don't do much over there, and certainly have no aspirations of adminning there, mostly because categorizing images is something I generally find so dull that if I didn't have a bot nagging me every time I wouldn't do it even with my own. Wnt (talk) 21:04, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
* Gigs, I wish you would respond to my specific question about what would become of a file collection like Picswiss under your proposal. Please be specific in your answer.
* Danger, are you implying that there is some reform we could carry out that would prevent "even a single nude teenager or a non-consensual sexual photo" from ever appearing even temporarily in a Wikimedia project? — ℜob C. alias ÀLAROB 11:53, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
* File:Eakins, Thomas (1844-1916) - 1883 - Eakin's art studens bathing 1.jpg (photo); File:Swimming_hole.jpg (painting): and would someone be suggesting deleting things like this because some of Eakins' students might have been underage? - Jmabel | Talk 16:58, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
* Of course not, but the status quo is that no attempt is made to ensure that models in sexual and nude images are over the age of majority. And as to consent, well, there's active resistance to the idea that consent of the photographed to have an image of them available for commercial use is relevant as long as the file had, at some point, been apparently released under a compatible license. Would you suggest that we give up on checking for copyright compatibility, since there will always be non-free content on Wikimedia projects? Jmabel, everyone in that photograph is dead and is rather beyond harm. Danger High voltage! 01:36, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
* no attempt is made — well, that's not totally correct. Even with images of totally clothed, identifiable living persons we try to apply Country specific consent requirements. However, I agree there is indeed enough room/need for improvement. --Túrelio (talk) 07:36, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
* OK, something more contemporary. Today I photographed the Fremont Solstice Parade, which always has a large number of mostly naked, mostly body-painted cyclists. Consent for photographs is clear, because in the U.S. simply being in a parade constitutes implicit consent to be photographed and to have those photographs used for almost any purpose (about the only exception is to advertise a product). In theory, the people who are naked in the parade are all 18 or older, by policy of the Fremont Arts Council but it's not like I can prove anything: the parade is not tightly controlled, and essentially anyone can join in by showing up and following the parade route, as long as they are appropriately costumed or, in this case, appropriately uncostumed. I have good reason to assume that virtually all of the naked cyclists I've photographed are of age, but I would also guess that out of 200 people, at least one person who was a year or two younger than they are supposed to be snuck in. It would be absolutely impractical to track down parade participants one by one to establish if some one person might be merely 17 rather than 18. Would you want to reject all such pictures on the basis that some one person might be underage? And, if not, how would you want to handle this? (By the way, tens of thousands of people, among them many thousands of children, watch this parade. By local standards, the whole thing is considered good clean fun, but I imagine that in many other American cities it would be considered rather shocking.) - Jmabel | Talk 08:09, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
* That is your problem/risk should you wish to publish the images. It is not something that you should be expecting other people to share in. Particularly as you do not have to upload every image you can restrict yourself to just those images of people that are clearly +18. John lilburne (talk) 11:37, 23 June 2013 (UTC)
* I'm perfectly willing to be responsible for myself. But unless I misunderstand, the proposal here could demand overt documentation that each individual in such a photograph is over 18, which would make it impossible for any such images to be on Commons. Is that the intent, or am I misunderstanding? - Jmabel | Talk 02:04, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
* Intent? Jimbo's "clean-up" squad deleted images in use on sexuality and art related articles on this and other Wikipedias, censoring them via the back door. When this fact was raised on his Commons talk page he stated that it was no accident and that this was very much his intent. --Simon Speed (talk) 10:32, 26 June 2013 (UTC)
Confused
So mostly, the issue is that Commons accepts too many files. How can that be a problem ? I guess because: Compared to other websites, I think Commons actually does a tolerably good job on these difficult issues, but clearly there is still much room for improvement.
* it makes interesting content hard to find
* some of the content infringes privacy or other rights.
Then, there is a solution proposed: devolve maintenance back to individual projects. I have really no idea how it would make things better and more usable:
* not all wikiprojects are better maintained than Commons
* individual projects can set their own policy
* most project are monolingual and that would kill the substantial internationalization efforts understaken for file descriptions.
* it would break categorization system. Commons categorization system is clearly insufficient, but nonetheless useful, certainly better than fragment it into 100s of different local systems.
This proposal is bundled with another: that only files used in Wikipedia should be searchable by default. That could be implemented as easily on Commons, but that seems to me like a very bad idea as file quality is only loosely correlated with current use.
And of course there is the more specific penis issue. We actually have three possibilities:
* 1) Ban them all. I do not think many people would support that, and unless all wikiprojects support that, it cannot be enforced through the proposal.
* 2) Accept them all. That is not what Commons does.
* 3) Accept only those that for some reason are considered valuable. That is what is currently done. And really unless you look them, you are not flooded by penises on Commons. So unless, you are really anti-penis, I do not see any major problem in this respect.
Finally, there is the "fair use" issue that has been alluded to above. I would personnally support looking for a way to pool fair-use files. But doing it on individual wikis and then filtering transclusion by licence seems an unnecessarily complicated solution to me. --Superzoulou (talk) 10:43, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
Bad title in many ways
The author shows both his ignorance of Commons in both the historical and Wikimedia sense, firstly in describing Common's as belonging to Wikipedia. Commons is a Wikimedia project not a Wikipedia one, as a sister project Commons serves as an archive of educational material, an educational remit that is equal but different from wikipedia's, these sometimes intersect, but Commons serves a purpose in and of itself, one of our scope guidlines is "Commons is not an encyclopedia", just as wikinews, wiktionary, wikibooks, wikisource etc sometimes hosts material which intersects that of wikipedia but in a manner consistent with their own scope, and which are not subservient to it.
Part of my antipathy to this article is based on my antipathy to the concept of the "tragedy of the commons" which was an invention of those with a vested interest in the enclosure of common land, the theft of a resourse that belonged to everyone for their own purposes and profit. Some of that avarice I see here in the attitudes of the respondents to this oped which can be summed up as, "how can I reform Commons in such a way that I recieve the respect and privileges I think are my due." The issue of penis picks and exhibitionism is really a non issue such files are a very small part of Commons just as the salacious and contentious articles on Wikipedia are not the entirity of Wikipedia.--KTo288 (talk) 00:14, 26 June 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Pictures of life in Mexico Vol 2.djvu/80
58 the city together with several villages in the suburbs amounts to about 6,000.
Caneles is a mining town in the direction of the Pacific. Its mountains abound in silver ore, but it is of so poor a quality that the shafts have never been extensively worked. An English mercury-mining company, however, have carried on their operations there. The streets of the town are poor and narrow, but the neighbourhood is beautifully verdant with all manner of fruit trees; and the climate is most delightful.
Tamazula is a small town on the same river as Caneles. Culiacan and Cosala are towns of some little importance in the same vicinity. Guadaloupe de Calvo, also, is a city containing about 10,000 people. It was partially built by the English, who established and formerly conducted extensive silver-mines in its neighbourhood. The sash-windows made by the English, may still be seen in the walls of certain habitations in this town.
Cuernavoca is built in the valley of that name, in the tierra caliente; notable for the beauty of the tropical scenery around it, and for the wretchedness of the Indian habitations composing its suburbs. Several stages nearer | WIKI |
Ethel Booty
Ethel Mary Booty ( Lawson; c. 1873 – 13 April 1964), was an English photographer of buildings, whose work forms a collection held by Historic England.
Life
Ethel Mary Booty was born in Clapham, London. She was a photographer who contributed to the National Buildings Record between 1940 and the 1960s. Her photographs held in the Historic England Archive focus mainly on church architecture (especially Norman fonts), as well as castles, ruined priories and villages in the south of England. She also contributed photographs to the Conway Library archive, Courtauld Institute of Art, in London, which is currently undergoing a digitisation project. Her Conway photographs include general views of Bolton (Greater Manchester), views of Bishopsteignton, Devon, and miscellaneous ecclesiastical subjects.
She spent some time in India, and in Madras on 13 January 1897 married a magistrate, Percy Abbey Booty (1873 – 14 August 1939), who worked for the Indian Civil Service. They had a daughter, Doris Marjorie Booty (24 January 1898 – 15 January 1974). By 1911 they had returned to England, and lived in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex. The three of them are buried under one headstone in the churchyard of St Margaret and St Andrew Church, Littleham, East Devon.
Subjects of her photographs
The following are examples of some of the subjects that she photographed, held in the Historic England archive.
Buildings
* Bamburgh Castle, Bamburgh, Northumberland (1940s-early 1950s)
* Church of St John the Baptist, Burford, Oxfordshire (1940s-early 1960s)
* Huddington Court, Huddington, Wychavon, Worcestershire (1940s)
* Dunster Castle Mill, Mill Lane, Dunster, Dunster Park, West Somerset (1940s)
* Lanercost Priory, Burtholme, Lanercost, Carlisle, Cumbria (1940s-early 1960s)
* Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire (1940s-early 1960s)
* Cleeve Abbey, Chapter House, Old Cleeve, West Somerset (1940s)
* Malt House, Upper Street, Hollingbourne, Maidstone, Kent (1940s)
* South Park Farm, Smarts Hill, Penshurst, Sevenoaks, Kent (1940s)
* Odda's Chapel, Deerhurst, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire (1940s)
* Castle Acre Priory, Priory Road, Castle Acre, King's Lynn and West Norfolk (1940s)
* The Star Inn, High Street, Alfriston, Wealden, East Sussex (1940s)
* Fountains Abbey, Harrogate, North Yorkshire (1940s)
* Rievaulx Abbey, Ryedale, North Yorkshire (1940s)
Objects
* Font in the Church of St Mary Magdalene, Eardisley, Herefordshire (1940s)
* Font in the nave of the Church of St James, Swimbridge, Devon (1940s-early 1960s)
* Font in St Mary's Church, Luppitt, East Devon (1940s)
* Font in St Peter's Church, Southrop, Cotswolds, Gloucestershire (1940s)
* Font in All Saints' Church, East Meon, East Hampshire (1940s)
* Font in St Michael's Church, Castle Frome, Herefordshire (1940s)
* Font in St Mary's Church, Brancaster, Burnham Deepdale, King's Lynn And West Norfolk (1940s)
* Font in St Mary's Church, Stalham, North Norfolk (1940s)
* Font in Holy Trinity Church, Church Street, Lenton, Nottingham (1940s)
* Font in Church of the Holy Rood, Shilton, West Oxfordshire (1940s)
* Font in St Andrew's Church, Market Place, Castle Combe, Wiltshire (1940s)
* King John's Bridge, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire (1940s)
* Butter Cross, High Street, Winchester, Hampshire (1940s)
Places
* Church Steps, Vicarage Road, Minehead, Somerset (1940s)
* Selworthy, West Somerset (1940s)
* Dunster, West Somerset (1940s-early 1950s) | WIKI |
Understanding Ectopic Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Support
| | Reviewed by: Rose Smith
Updated: February 21, 2024 | Published:
An Ectopic Pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube.
This type of pregnancy cannot continue normally and poses potential health risks to the mother. It is a medical emergency. If you suspect you may have an ectopic pregnancy, seek medical advice immediately.
This article aims to provide essential information and highlight available support systems.
What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?
In a normal pregnancy, a fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus, where it implants and grows.
In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants somewhere outside the uterus. The fallopian tubes are the most common location (tubal pregnancy).
However, an ectopic pregnancy can rarely occur in the ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity. Unfortunately, an ectopic pregnancy is non-viable, meaning the embryo cannot develop into a healthy baby.
Causes and Risk Factors of Ectopic Pregnancy
• Causes:
• Fallopian Tube Damage: Scarring or blockage in the fallopian tubes, often due to infection (like pelvic inflammatory disease), past surgery, or endometriosis, can hinder the egg’s passage to the uterus.
• Hormonal Factors: Imbalances in pregnancy hormones might affect how the egg moves.
• Birth Control: In rare instances, pregnancy can occur despite using an intrauterine device (IUD) or progestin-only birth control pills.
• Unknown Factors: Sometimes, the cause of an ectopic pregnancy cannot be determined.
• Risk Factors:
• Previous Ectopic Pregnancy: Having had one ectopic pregnancy increases the risk of another.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Untreated STIs, particularly chlamydia and gonorrhea, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), increasing the risk.
• Smoking: Smoking damages the fallopian tubes, raising the chance of an ectopic pregnancy.
• Age: The risk increases after the age of 35.
• Fertility Treatments: Certain fertility procedures like in vitro fertilization (IVF) might slightly increase the risk.
• Endometriosis: This condition, where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus, can contribute to ectopic pregnancies.
Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy might not cause any noticeable symptoms initially. However, as it progresses, signs may appear, including:
• Early Signs
• Mild Cramping or Pain: Usually on one side of the lower abdomen or pelvis.
• Vaginal Bleeding or Spotting: May be lighter or different than a usual period.
• Pregnancy Test Irregularities: A missed period or unusual test results.
• Emergency Symptoms
• Rupture: A ruptured ectopic pregnancy causes severe, sudden pain in the abdomen or pelvis, often with shoulder pain. This can lead to heavy internal bleeding.
• Dizziness, Weakness, and Fainting: These indicate significant blood loss.
Get immediate medical attention if you experience any of the above emergency symptoms.
Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
If you are pregnant or think you might be, and have any concerning symptoms, consult your doctor immediately. They will use the following methods to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy:
• Pregnancy Test: A positive result suggests pregnancy.
• Transvaginal Ultrasound: Provides images of the reproductive organs, potentially locating the ectopic pregnancy.
• HCG Monitoring: Measuring levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) helps evaluate the pregnancy’s progress.
• Laparoscopy: In complex cases, a small incision is made to insert a thin camera for direct visualization.
Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment
The only way to manage an ectopic pregnancy is to end it, as it cannot continue safely. Treatment options include:
• Medication (Methotrexate): Suitable for early-stage, small ectopic pregnancies. It stops the growth of the cells.
• Surgery:
• Laparoscopy: The most common procedure; small incisions to remove the pregnancy. In some cases, the fallopian tube may be repaired (salpingostomy).
• Laparotomy: Used for emergencies or severe bleeding. Requires a larger incision to remove the ectopic pregnancy and potentially the affected fallopian tube (salpingectomy).
Recovery & Emotional Impact
• Emotional Impact: An ectopic pregnancy is a loss that can have a profound emotional impact. Feelings of grief, sadness, shock, anger, and anxiety about the future are common. It’s important to acknowledge these emotions and seek support.
• Support Resources:
• Organizations: The Ectopic Pregnancy Trust (https://ectopic.org.uk/), or similar organizations in your region, offer information, resources, and online forums for connection.
• Therapy: Counseling can help process the experience, address emotional pain, and manage concerns about future pregnancies.
Future Pregnancies After Ectopic Pregnancy
Most women who have had an ectopic pregnancy go on to have successful pregnancies in the future. However, the chances depend on several factors:
• Treatment: If a fallopian tube is removed, fertility is affected. However, pregnancy is still possible with the remaining tube.
• Cause of the Ectopic Pregnancy: If the underlying cause is treated (e.g., an STI), the risk of recurrence may decrease.
• Overall Health: Consulting your doctor about overall health and any pre-existing conditions is essential.
Preconception counseling is highly recommended if you’ve had an ectopic pregnancy and wish to try for a future pregnancy.
Prevention (where applicable)
While not all ectopic pregnancies are preventable, taking these steps can minimize your risk:
• Manage Risk Factors:
• Treat STIs Promptly: Get regular STI screenings and ensure proper treatment of any infections.
• Manage Endometriosis: If you have endometriosis, discuss treatment options with your doctor.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking cessation significantly improves reproductive health.
• Regular Checkups: Gynecological exams can help identify and address potential issues early.
When to See a Doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect an ectopic pregnancy, especially if you experience severe abdominal pain, shoulder pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or fainting.
If you’ve had an ectopic pregnancy, consult your doctor before trying to conceive again.
Conclusion
An ectopic pregnancy is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment. While it can be a difficult experience, both physically and emotionally, remember that you are not alone. With appropriate care and guidance, many women have healthy pregnancies after an ectopic pregnancy. Support and information are readily available to help you through this journey.
Message of Hope: Losing a pregnancy, even an unviable one, can be emotionally devastating. Allow yourself time to grieve and process your feelings. Know that hope exists for the future, and support is there for you.
FAQs about Ectopic Pregnancy
1. What are 3 signs of an ectopic pregnancy?
Abdominal or Pelvic Pain: Often described as a sharp, stabbing pain, or a dull ache, mainly on one side.
Vaginal Bleeding or Spotting: May be lighter or different from your usual period.
Shoulder Pain: This unusual symptom occurs if a ruptured ectopic pregnancy causes internal bleeding that irritates the nerves leading to your shoulder.
Seek emergency care if you experience severe pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or fainting.
2. What is the main cause of ectopic pregnancy?
The most common cause of ectopic pregnancy is damage or blockage in the fallopian tubes. This can happen due to:
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Often caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Past Surgery: Scarring in the fallopian tubes can occur following abdominal or pelvic surgeries.
Endometriosis: A condition where uterine-like tissue grows outside the uterus.
3. Can a baby be saved in an ectopic pregnancy?
Unfortunately, no. An ectopic pregnancy cannot continue normally because the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus where it cannot get the necessary space and nourishment to develop. To protect the mother’s health, the pregnancy must be ended.
4. How is an ectopic pregnancy removed?
There are two main treatment options:
Medication (Methotrexate): If the ectopic pregnancy is detected early and is small, this medication can stop the cell growth, allowing your body to absorb the pregnancy tissue.
Surgery: The most common method is laparoscopy, which involves small incisions to remove the ectopic pregnancy. In emergencies, a larger incision (laparotomy) may be needed.
5. Q: How can I detect an ectopic pregnancy?
If you are pregnant or think you might be, see your doctor right away if you experience any concerning symptoms. Diagnosis involves:
Pregnancy Test: A positive result indicates pregnancy.
Transvaginal Ultrasound: Images help locate a potential ectopic pregnancy.
Blood Tests: Monitoring hCG hormone levels aids in diagnosis.
6. When are the first signs of ectopic pregnancy?
Early signs can be subtle and mimic those of a normal pregnancy. Be aware of:
Mild pain or cramping in the abdomen or pelvis
Light vaginal bleeding or spotting
Missed period or unusual pregnancy test results
7. How long can an ectopic pregnancy last?
Most ectopic pregnancies are discovered within the first few weeks of pregnancy. A ruptured ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency, as the longer it continues, the higher the risk of complications due to internal bleeding.
8. Is an ectopic pregnancy a miscarriage?
While both involve pregnancy loss, there’s a distinction. A miscarriage specifically refers to the loss of a pregnancy within the uterus before 20 weeks. An ectopic pregnancy is where the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus.
9. Who is at risk for ectopic pregnancy?
Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy:
Previous ectopic pregnancy
History of pelvic infections (STIs)
Smoking
Age over 35
Fertility treatments
Endometriosis
Structural issues in the fallopian tubes
10. Can bad sperm cause ectopic pregnancy?
No, sperm quality does not directly cause ectopic pregnancy. The issues stem from how the fertilized egg travels and where it implants.
11. Can I get pregnant after an ectopic pregnancy?
Yes, many women have healthy pregnancies after experiencing an ectopic pregnancy. Your ability to conceive in the future depends on several factors, including the treatment used and the health of your remaining fallopian tube(s). Discuss your individual situation with your doctor.
Remember: Seeking prompt medical attention is crucial if you suspect an ectopic pregnancy. With proper treatment and support, many women go on to have successful pregnancies.
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About Amy Smith
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Her acclaimed blog, AmyandRose, demonstrates profound expertise shaped by her journey from pregnancy to nurturing a teenager and a toddler. Recognized by several parenting awards, Amy's work has been featured in top-tier health and lifestyle magazines, underscoring her authority in these fields.
Her contributions, grounded in evidence-based research and personal experience, provide invaluable, credible insights for parents navigating the complexities of modern child-rearing and personal well-being.
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AmyandRose Featured In | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Talibcom/sandbox
<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE
Dr. Talib Al-Ameri is a distinguished academic and researcher renowned for his expertise in the fields of electronics and nanoscale engineering. He embarked on his academic journey by earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in 1999, followed by a Master of Science degree in Electronics Engineering in 2004. Dr. Al-Ameri's thirst for knowledge led him to pursue his doctoral studies, culminating in a Ph.D. in Electronics and Nanoscale Engineering from the prestigious James Watt School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, UK, in 2018.
In 2014, Dr. Al-Ameri became an integral part of the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at the University of Glasgow, where he has been making significant contributions to the field ever since. His primary research interests revolve around the modeling of ultra-scaled nanotransistors, the development of oxide reliability models, statistical simulation of nanodevices, and the exploration of the impact of variability and reliability on design.
At the core of his current research endeavors lies the investigation of the scaling of nanosheets and nanowire transistors, particularly MOSFETs. Dr. Al-Ameri's work is focused on understanding quantum confinement effects, performance metrics, and statistical variability to evaluate their suitability and potential for advanced circuit functionality, particularly in the realm of 5nm CMOS technology and beyond.
Collaborating with esteemed institutions such as the James Watt Nanofabrication Centre, Synopsys, Fraunhofer IISB, Gold Standard Simulations GSS, TU Wien, and CEA-Leti, Dr. Al-Ameri ensures that his research remains at the forefront of technological innovation. His contributions extend beyond the laboratory, as he actively participates as a member of the IEEE Electron Device Society Technology Computer-Aided Design Committee, influencing the direction of electronic design methodologies.
Furthermore, Dr. Al-Ameri serves as an academic editor for Plos One, a testament to his standing in the academic community. His expertise is sought after by numerous top-tier journals, including IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Journal of Computational Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, and many others, where he provides critical reviews and insights that shape the discourse in his field.
Dr. Talib Al-Ameri's dedication to advancing the frontiers of electronics and nanoscale engineering, coupled with his collaborative spirit and commitment to academic excellence, solidify his position as a leading figure in the field and a catalyst for innovation in the years to come. | WIKI |
CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme
The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme (the CRC, formerly the Carbon Reduction Commitment) was a mandatory carbon emissions reduction scheme in the United Kingdom which applied to large energy-intensive organisations in the public and private sectors. It was estimated that the scheme would reduce carbon emissions by 1.2 million tonnes of carbon per year by 2020. In an effort to avoid dangerous climate change, the British Government first committed to cutting UK carbon emissions by 60% by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels), and in October 2008 increased this commitment to 80%. The scheme has also been credited with driving up demand for energy-efficient goods and services.
The CRC was announced in the 2007 Energy White Paper, published on 23 May 2007. A consultation in 2006 showed strong support for it to be mandatory, rather than voluntary. The Commitment was introduced under enabling powers in Part 3 of the Climate Change Act 2008. A consultation into the scheme's implementation was launched in June 2007. The Scheme was introduced under the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Order 2010.
The Conservative Government withdrew the scheme in 2019.
Performance league table
The first performance league table was published on 8 November 2011. It was based on the scheme's early action metric, which is a measure of good energy management prior to the establishment of an energy baseline. In the future the table will use a growth and an absolute metrics from this baseline. The table is expected to be particularly useful to ethical and green investors. Many notable brands are listed in the League table including the big four supermarkets, Asda (37), Morrisons (56), Tesco (93), and Sainsbury's (164). In all 22 organisations shared first position, news stories focused on the fact that Manchester United Football Club was one of those at the top of the table. It has been announced that after July 2013, these league and performance tables will no longer be published, and will instead be replaced by a publication of participants' energy use and emissions.
Coverage
The CRC scheme will apply to organisations that have a half-hourly metered electricity consumption greater than 6,000 MWh per year. Organisations qualifying for CRC would have all their energy use covered by the scheme, including emissions from direct energy use as well as electricity purchased. Such organisations - including hotel chains, supermarkets, banks, central government and large Local Authorities - mostly fall below the threshold for the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, but account for around 10% of the UK carbon emissions. Emissions covered by the EU Energy Trading Scheme and by a Climate Change Agreement would be exempt from the CRC, as would organisations with more than 25% of their emissions covered by Climate Change Agreements.
Half-hourly meters (HHM) record electricity consumption for every half-hour of every day, and generally provide this data to the supplier automatically via a telephone connection. Some organisations with high annual energy consumption do not use HHM, as their supplies are mainly on unrestricted or Economy 7 (day/night or 'evening and weekend') tariffs. However, they may nevertheless have to provide 'footprint reports'.
Operating mechanisms
Although mandatory, the CRC will involve self-certification of emissions, backed up by spot audits, as opposed to third-party verification. Emission allowances are to be auctioned rather than grandfathered (as was the case in the initial stages of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme). The original proposal envisaged a revenue recycling mechanism, however this was removed to support the public finances after the comprehensive spending review. The Government announced in the budget the allowance price of £12/tCO2 for the first sale. They have also suggested there should be two fixed price sales in the first year of the scheme.
Simplification
On 30 June 2011 the Government announced its initial proposals on simplifying the scheme. This came from the dialogue process the Department of Energy and Climate Change had been running from January, which was in response to the concerns of those organisations participating in the scheme that it was overly complex and this made compliance difficult and costly. The draft legislative proposals will be published in early 2012 for formal public consultation which will amend the existing CRC scheme. Among these proposals will be, continuing the fixed price sale (rather than auctions of allowances in a capped system) into the second phase, as recommended by the Committee on Climate Change, provide business with greater flexibility by allowing organisations to participate as natural business units, reducing the number of the fuels which are subject to the scheme from 30 to 4, removing the complex 90% rule and CCA exemption rules, whilst achieving broadly the same outcomes) and reducing overlap with other government schemes such as EU Emission Trading Scheme and Climate Change Agreements.
Criticism
It has been suggested that the effectiveness of the CRC is limited by its overlap with the EU ETS. Critics argue that as companies reduce their electricity consumption, power stations produce less electricity and so require fewer EU Allowances; other entities covered by the ETS are then able to use these allowances for their own emissions. It has been suggested that allowances should be removed from the ETS in accordance with electricity reductions made under the CRC. | WIKI |
When Network I/O Control is enabled, the distributed switch allocates bandwidth for the traffic that is related to the main vSphere features.
• Fault tolerance traffic
• iSCSI traffic
• vSphere vMotion traffic
• Management traffic
• VMware vSphere Replication traffic
• NFS traffic
• vSAN traffic
• Backup traffic
• Virtual machine traffic
Network I/O Control Heuristics
The following heuristics can help with design decisions for Network I/O Control.
Shares and Limits
When you use bandwidth allocation, consider using shares instead of limits. Limits impose hard limits on the amount of bandwidth used by a traffic flow even when network bandwidth is available.
Limits on Network Resource Pools
Consider imposing limits on a given network resource pool. For example, if you put a limit on vSphere vMotion traffic, you can benefit in situations where multiple vSphere vMotion data transfers, initiated on different ESXi hosts at the same time, result in oversubscription at the physical network level. By limiting the available bandwidth for vSphere vMotion at the ESXi host level, you can prevent performance degradation for other traffic.
Teaming Policy
When you use Network I/O Control, use Route based on physical NIC load teaming as a distributed switch teaming policy to maximize the networking capacity utilization. With load-based teaming, traffic might move among uplinks, and reordering of packets at the receiver can result occasionally.
Traffic Shaping
Use distributed port groups to apply configuration policies to different traffic types. Traffic shaping can help in situations where multiple vSphere vMotion migrations initiated on different ESXi hosts converge on the same destination ESXi host. The actual limit and reservation also depend on the traffic shaping policy for the distributed port group where the adapter is connected to.
How Network I/O Control Works
Network I/O Control enforces the share value specified for the different traffic types when a network contention occurs. Network I/O Control applies the share values set to each traffic type. As a result, less important traffic, as defined by the share percentage, is throttled, granting access to more network resources to more important traffic types.
Network I/O Control also supports reservation of bandwidth for system traffic based on the capacity of the physical adapters on an ESXi host, and enables fine-grained resource control at the virtual machine network adapter level. Resource control is similar to the model for CPU and memory reservations in vSphere DRS.
Network I/O Control Design Decisions
Based on the heuristics, this design has the following decisions.
Table 1. Design Decisions on Network I/O Control
Decision ID
Design Decision
Design Justification
Design Implication
ROBO-VI-NET-004
Enable Network I/O Control on the distributed switch.
Increases resiliency and performance of the network.
If configured incorrectly, Network I/O Control might impact network performance for critical traffic types.
ROBO-VI-NET-005
Set the share value for vSphere vMotion traffic to Low.
During times of network contention, vSphere vMotion traffic is not as important as virtual machine or storage traffic.
During times of network contention, vMotion takes longer than usual to complete.
ROBO-VI-NET-006
Set the share value for vSphere Replication traffic to Low.
vSphere Replication is not used in this design therefore it can be set to the lowest priority.
None.
ROBO-VI-NET-007
Set the share value for vSAN traffic to High.
During times of network contention, vSAN traffic needs a guaranteed bandwidth to support virtual machine performance.
None.
ROBO-VI-NET-008
Set the share value for management traffic to Normal.
By keeping the default setting of Normal, management traffic is prioritized higher than vSphere vMotion and vSphere Replication but lower than vSAN traffic. Management traffic is important because it ensures that the hosts can still be managed during times of network contention.
None.
ROBO-VI-NET-009
Set the share value for NFS traffic to Low.
Because NFS is used for secondary storage, such as backups and vRealize Log Insight archives it is not as important as vSAN traffic, by prioritizing it lower vSAN is not impacted.
During times of network contention, backups and log archiving are slower than usual.
ROBO-VI-NET-010
Set the share value for backup traffic to Low.
During times of network contention, the primary functions of the SDDC must continue to have access to network resources with priority over backup traffic.
During times of network contention, backups are slower than usual.
ROBO-VI-NET-011
Set the share value for virtual machines to High.
Virtual machines are the most important asset in the SDDC. Leaving the default setting of High ensures that they always have access to the network resources they need.
None.
ROBO-VI-NET-012
Set the share value for vSphere Fault Tolerance to Low.
This design does not use vSphere Fault Tolerance. Fault tolerance traffic can be set the lowest priority.
None.
ROBO-VI-NET-013
Set the share value for iSCSI traffic to Low.
This design does not use iSCSI. iSCSI traffic can be set the lowest priority.
None. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Monday, March 4, 2013
Notes from Feb 25th Language Meeting: Function Type Annotations, Optional Parameters and Exported Types
The invaluable Bob Nystrom fills us in on the language design discussions taking place amongst Dart engineers. Here are his notes from the February 25 language meeting:
Here's my notes from last week's meeting. I'll have this week's meeting notes out later this week:
function type annotations
Kasper noticed (or maybe someone noticed and brought it to his attention) that there is a place in Dart where seemingly innocuous type annotations do have a runtime effect. Given implicit closurization and is-checks with function types, you can:
1. Store a reference to a method in a variable.
2. Do an is check on that variable against some function type.
For that is check to perform correctly, it means we have to keep track of the methods type annotations at runtime.
The team discussed a bit about whether or not they want to make any changes around this, but didn't come to any conclusions.
optional parameters
We're entering a mode where changing the language gets increasingly hard. We should be careful.
Dan Grove said then if we're going to pull stuff out, we should do it soon. One thing people worry about is parameter syntax with optional parameters and forwarding.
Lars has some ideas for forwarding and will write up a proposal so we have something to discuss.
exported types
I asked if a library B exports Foo from library A and some library C imports both, are those Foos the same type?
I wasn't clear in my question, but after later verifying it myself, it seems Dart does do what I want here:
// main.dart
import 'foo.dart' as foo;
import 'bar.dart' as bar;
methodTakesFoo(foo.Baz baz) => print("ok");
methodTakesBar(bar.Baz baz) => print("ok");
main() {
var fromFoo = new foo.Baz();
var fromBar = new bar.Baz();
print('foo.Baz is foo.Baz = ${fromFoo is foo.Baz}');
print('foo.Baz is bar.Baz = ${fromFoo is bar.Baz}');
print('bar.Baz is foo.Baz = ${fromBar is foo.Baz}');
print('bar.Baz is bar.Baz = ${fromBar is bar.Baz}');
methodTakesFoo(fromFoo);
methodTakesFoo(fromBar);
methodTakesBar(fromFoo);
methodTakesBar(fromBar);
}
// foo.dart
library foo;
class Baz {}
// bar.dart
library bar;
export 'foo.dart';
On both the VM (in checked mode) and dart2js, this prints four "true"s and four "ok"s.
And as always, view the changelog for the full list of changes, and to get started with the Editor, see our tutorial. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:MarkAHershberger/Weekly reports/2011-12-12
* Bugzilla vandalism-fighting
* Got Ops to deploy a patch that allows designated people to delete comments. Because, as User:^demon pointed out, I made it depend on the “deletecomments” group in Bugzilla. Deleteing this user group deletes the ability. TODO: Make sure the code is in svn. Get bz right restricted correctly
* Fundraising Triage
* I held a very lightly attended fundraising triage. There was enough interest in a CentralNotice issue, though, that they may see some work done on there.
* Re-connected with Mike DuPont re HipHop
* He is really swamped right now, so I might have to find some other help or look at his work so far. I'm too thrilled with the HipHop virtual machines that Facebook has released, but that is just me. Ops may have another view on the virtual machines, though.
* Commons familiarity
* Today, I saw a great set of Lawrence Lessig and Jack Abramoff pictures that were uploaded to Flickr but had a CC-by-SA license. After pinging Chris Bell on IRC to see if he wanted to upload them to [Wikimedia Commons], I asked how to upload the files irc and User:Saibo, created a TUSC account and went ahead and used flickr2commons to upload his pics. (I also talked to Chris Bell on IRC and made sure that the attribution to Madeleine Ball was ok.)
* This was a great chance for me to get more familiar with Commons and the tools that are used there. | WIKI |
What Equipment Do You Need For P90X Plyometrics?
What equipment is needed for px90?
(You’ll need some additional equipment — a pull-up bar, dumbbells, resistance bands, and an exercise mat) The P90X workout system is sold by Beach Body through its web site and via television infomercials.
What size weights do you need for P90X?
For Lean Muscles According to the “P90X Fitness Guide” you should pick a weight where your max out at 12 to 15 reps If you can’t get to 12 reps then you are using a weight that is too heavy.
What resistance bands do I need for P90X?
Resistance tubes with handles and door anchor – perfect for P90X. These tube bands come with handles so they are great for upper body and arm exercises. Some of the exercises you can do with a resistance tube include: Bicep curls (stand on the band with your feet, then pull up on the handles and curl your biceps).
Can you do P90X without weights?
Free weights or resistance bands offer alternative ways to work the same muscles you might by using a pull-up bar — including the upper back, rear deltoids, biceps and core…
What are the 12 P90X workouts?
P90X Classic Workout Schedule Day 1: Chest & Back + Ab Ripper X. Day 2: Plyometrics. Day 3: Shoulders & Arms + Ab Ripper X. Day 4: Yoga X. Day 5: Legs & Back + Ab Ripper X. Day 6: Kenpo X. Day 7: Rest or X Stretch.
Should I do Insanity or P90X?
Insanity is mostly cardio training whereas P90X is more balanced with strength training. If you’re looking to lose weight and be overall leaner, Insanity is your best bet What is this? It’s Max Interval Training principle and hard cardio routines are going to help you get shredded and burn more calories.
Do you need a bench for P90X?
P90X is somewhere between the two. You don’t need to buy a workout bench , but they do recommend you have access to: Heart Rate Monitor: Before starting P90X, it’s worth investing in a good quality heart rate monitor.
Is P90X worth doing?
Yes, P90X is still very effective in 2022 The program includes lifting heavy weights, cardio, and HIIT (high intensity interval training) to help you see results quickly.
Can I do P90X with just resistance bands?
If you’re using resistance bands instead of dumbbells you can still do every exercise, but you will need to modify some of the moves slightly There is one demonstrator using resistance bands in each of the P90X videos who will show you these modifications.
Is P90X or P90X3 better?
P90X vs p90x3 rESULTS The results from both programs are impressive and about the same While P90X workouts are about twice as long, Tony uses every single second of P90X3’s shorter workouts and added in additional training methods to help you maximum results in half the time. You may also like our P90X review!.
What is Athlean XERO?
ATHLEAN XERO is an intense all out bodyweight assault, requiring absolutely no equipment You literally need your own body and that’s it, making it possible to perform these workouts any where at any time.
Is Rushfit a good workout?
RUSHFIT is a fast, efficient, effective workout program designed to give you maximum results in the quickest time possible. Full-body MMA-style conditioning circuits are the new standard in advanced training and sport conditioning.
Is P90X hard Reddit?
P90x is not easy, P90x is hard and there will be days (especially in the beginning) when you are incredibly sore and want to quit. DO NOT QUIT, modify the workout if needed. P90x actors are more than likely in better shape than you and have already completed the program at least once.
What do I need for P90X Reddit?
Beginning in January I want to cancel my gym membership and give p90x a try… Bare minimum: TV. The videos. Form of resistance (bands / dumbbells weights / soup cans) Pull up bar / band door holder. Pen / Pencil. Paper / Workout sheets. Chair.
What is p90 workout?
P-90 is a workout programme designed to getting fit regardless of your age or fitness level Trainer Tony Horton has now created shorter workouts that are simple, doable, and less extreme than his others, but still just as effective P-90 opens the door for you to see dramatic, visible results in just 90 days.
Where can I get P90X for free?
You can access the P90X stream free for a limited time, thanks to Beachbody On Demand Beachbody On Demand is an online streaming service specifically built for fitness videos and programs. It’s offered directly by Beachbody, the company behind the popular line of at-home fitness programs.
What P90X 2?
Like P90X, P90X2 is a 90-day video training program led by Tony Horton that’s broken into three distinct phases. However, the phases in P90X2 are much more diverse and specifically targeted than those in the original.
What size dumbbells should a man use?
Men | Beginners We would recommend a 5lb (2.5kg) or 10lb (4 or 5kg) as the lightest weight (depends on your strength level, some people are naturally stronger) and then from there pairs of 15lb (8kg), 20lb (10kg), 30lb (14kg), and 40lb (18kg) or 50lb (24kg) dumbbells as your top weight.
Is P90X available online?
Which is why I was delighted by Reddit user SkaPlunk’s recent discovery: the entire original P90X program is available online at archive.org , and it’s free. For those unfamiliar, P90X (short for Power 90 Extreme) took the home workout world by sweat-soaked storm back in the day.
What is the Insanity workout?
The Insanity workout is an advanced exercise program It involves bodyweight exercises and high-intensity interval training. Insanity workouts are performed 20 to 60 minutes at a time, 6 days a week for 60 days. Insanity workouts are produced by Beachbody and guided by fitness trainer Shaun T. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Marivetto
= Matteo Rivetto = Musician and Electronic music producer born in Venice (Italy). His style seamlessly connects the acoustic sounds of Flamenco guitar, organic and woody percussions with the compelling forward drive of electronic rhythms. Guitar tunes merge into synthetic synth sounds, deep bass vibrations meet emotional and primary melodies, heated physicality meets elevated stimulation for the mind. | WIKI |
Nokia’s Slump Quickens as Consumers Shun Outmoded Handsets
Nokia Oyj (NOK1V) replaced Chief Executive
Officer Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo last year after the stock sank 55
percent during his four-year tenure. Successor Stephen Elop has
presided over a 37 percent loss in just eight months. The Finnish company yesterday scrapped its full-year sales
and margin forecasts for handsets and services and said sales at
the unit would “substantially” fall short of its projected
range this quarter. The stock slumped 18 percent to a 13-year
low, exceeding the 14 percent slide on Feb. 11, when Elop
announced a deal to adopt Microsoft Corp. (MSFT) ’s operating system. Elop, 47, told investors yesterday he has “increased
confidence” that Nokia can ship its first phone based on
Windows Phone 7 in the final quarter. Before that happens, the
CEO still has to cope with consumers fleeing its Symbian
handsets, based on the operating system Nokia decided to abandon
after failing to keep up with Apple Inc. (AAPL) ’s iPhone and Google
Inc. (GOOG) ’s Android, the fastest-growing smartphone platform. “No question he inherited a situation considerably worse
than he’d anticipated,” said Ben Wood, a London-based analyst
at CCS Insight, in a telephone interview. “Common courtesy
would dictate that they’d give him a year, but I think the
critical point will be when the new strategy is implemented in
2012. That’s when he absolutely needs to deliver.” Wiped Out Nokia lost as much as 5.1 percent and traded at 4.62 euros,
or 2.7 percent lower, at 10:11 a.m. in Helsinki, valuing the
Espoo, Finland-based company at 17.4 billion euros ($25
billion). Analysts at Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Sanford C
Bernstein & Co. and Nordea Bank AB cut their ratings on the
stock. The decline yesterday took Nokia to the lowest level since
February 1998 and erased the stock’s gains since the boom for
shares of technology and Internet companies in 1999 and 2000. Foxconn International Holdings Ltd. (2038) , the contract
manufacturer of handsets that counts Nokia as its biggest
customer, fell as much as 6.4 percent in Hong Kong trading
today. Nokia has lost about three-quarters of its value since
Apple’s 2007 introduction of the iPhone, which raised consumer
expectations for handsets that can handle corporate e-mail and
play movies. Apple has a market value of $320 billion, while HTC
Corp. (2498) , the largest maker of handsets using Android and Microsoft
operating systems, is valued at $35.6 billion. HTC, Samsung Nokia’s smartphone market share has fallen by half, to 25.5
percent in the first quarter from 50.8 percent in the second
quarter of 2007, according to Gartner Inc. Its first-quarter
handset revenue rose 6.4 percent to 7.09 billion euros,
surpassed for the first time by iPhone sales of $12.3 billion. In Frankfurt near the Zeil main shopping street, an outlet
of The Phone House had 31 handsets on display, including 16
Nokia models, although many were offered as part of cheaper
prepaid packages. “The design is totally OK, but then I downloaded apps and
the latest software, and realized that it’s good for calling but
that’s about it,” said Mansur Sharifi, a 35-year-old marketing
executive in Frankfurt, who plans to ditch his Nokia E71 for an
iPhone. “Nokia hasn’t gotten it right anymore in the last few
years. HTC is very good at that, Samsung as well.” U.K. consumers are also less likely to pick up a Nokia
phone, a survey by Enders Analysis in April showed. About 16
percent of individuals polled said they would purchase a Nokia
device in 2011, compared with 27 percent last year. China , India Even in emerging markets such as China, where lower-priced
handsets are in demand from rural populations, Nokia faces
intensifying rivalry from local suppliers that is eating into
average selling prices, the company said yesterday. Starting
this quarter, Nokia will ship the 45-euro dual-SIM C2-00, about
half a year later than the model’s planned introduction. “We knew about the lack of dual-SIM phones in India what’s new is that China has been problematic on account of
Android,” said Michael Schroeder , an analyst at FIM Bank in
Helsinki, who has a “‘reduce” rating on Nokia. “It’s looking
worrying on the feature phone side, where Nokia has
traditionally been strong. That adds to the risk that the
company becomes marginalized across the range.” Second-quarter sales for devices and services will be
“substantially” less than its projected range of 6.1 billion
euros to 6.6 billion euros, Nokia said yesterday. The unit’s
operating margin will fall short of a forecast range of 6
percent to 9 percent and will be about breakeven, it said. ‘Icy Water’ “They’ve jumped into the icy water,” said Alexander Peterc , a London-based analyst with Exane BNP Paribas. “They
could have worked on Windows in the background and provided
moral support to Symbian while it was the only platform they had
to offer. What if the Windows phone doesn’t sell?” Nokia said yesterday it started shipping the X7 and E6
smartphones that run the updated Symbian Anna operating system.
Nokia is transferring its Symbian software development to
Accenture Plc (ACN) as part of a program to eliminate 7,000 positions
that was announced in April. “We must accelerate the pace of our transition,” Elop
told investors on a conference call yesterday. “Strategy
transitions are difficult.” Once Finland’s largest company by market value, Nokia
yesterday slid to fourth place on the Nasdaq OMX Helsinki index
behind Fortum Oyj, the country’s biggest utility. At $25 billion, the stock has reached its break-up value,
Bank of America Corp. Merrill Lynch analysts led by Andrew Griffin wrote in a note today. Nokia’s uncertain outlook could
turn potential bidders away, Exane BNP Paribas’s Peterc and FIM
Bank’s Schroeder say. As recently as May 16, Nokia rebutted
speculation that it may sell the mobile-phone unit to Microsoft. “A company with such uncertain and negative prospects
isn’t a particularly alluring takeover target,” Schroeder said.
“Still, everything has its price.” To contact the reporters on this story:
Jonathan Browning in London
jbrowning9@bloomberg.net ;
Cornelius Rahn in Frankfurt at
crahn2@bloomberg.net ;
Diana ben-Aaron in Helsinki at
dbenaaron1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Kenneth Wong in Berlin at
kwong11@bloomberg.netvroot @bloomberg.net. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
BRIEF-Griffin Premium Plans Name Change And EUR 400 Mln Private Offer
Feb 28 (Reuters) - GRIFFIN PREMIUM RE NV:
* SAID ON TUESDAY THAT MANAGEMENT BOARD WILL PROPOSE TO THE EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING CHANGE OF COMPANY‘S NAME TO GLOBALWORTH POLAND REAL ESTATE NV
* MANAGEMENT BOARD ALSO WANTS TO INTRODUCE NEW DIVIDEND POLICY ASSUMING DIVIDEND PAYMENT EQUAL TO AT LEAST 90% OF COMPANY‘S FUNDS FROM OPERATIONS EVERY SIX MONTHS
* COMPANY ALSO PLANS PRIVATE OFFER IN AMOUNT OF 400 MILLION EUROS ADDRESSED MAINLY TO MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS OF COMPANY AND GLOBALWORTH REAL ESTATE INVESTMENTS LTD
* PROPOSALS OF RESOLUTIONS FOLLOW TENDER OFFER OF GLOBALWORTH ASSET MANAGEMENT S.R.L FOR 67.90 PERCENT STAKE OF GRIFFIN PREMIUM RE
Source text for Eikon:
Further company coverage: (Gdynia Newsroom) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Adolf Albrecht Friedländer
Adolf Albrecht Friedländer (8 August 1870 – 19 January 1949) was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist.
He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, and completed further training in psychiatry. Beginning in 1897, he was assistant doctor to Otto Binswanger at the psychiatric-neurological clinic in Jena, and from 1900 in Frankfurt to Professor Emil Sioli. He was naturalized in Prussia and received his license to practice medicine in Bonn in 1903.
Friedländer wrote his doctoral thesis from 1902 to 1904 during the construction of a private psychiatric clinic, which was opened on March 1, 1904, named Privatklinik Hohe Mark im Taunus and located in Oberursel. He was appointed Hofrat in 1904 and received the Prussian professor title in 1910.
During the World War I, he served as a medical officer, was head of the Oberursel reserve hospital, and made a name for himself in the fight against epidemics in Warsaw. He later acted as consultant neurologist to two army corps on the Western Front. After the war, Friedländer sold his private clinic to the city of Frankfurt am Main in 1918 and settled in Frankfurt as a neurologist. In 1937, Friedländer emigrated to Bad Aussee in Austria because of his Jewish origins and founded a private practice, which he had to give up in 1938, also because of his Jewish descent.
Friedländer died on January 19, 1949, at his last place of residence, Bad Aussee. | WIKI |
Page:Notes and Queries - Series 9 - Volume 6.djvu/579
NOTES AND QUERIES: of intercommunication von LITERARY MEN, GENERAL READERS, ETC. " When found, make a note of."—CAPTAIN COTTLB. No. 156. [alSS.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1900. { MESSRS. SOTHERAN'S CATALOGUES. THE FOLLOWING MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION:— SOTHERAN'S PRICE CURRENT OF LITERATURE. (MONTHLY LIST OF NEWLY PURCHASED SECOND-HAND BOOKS.) No. 603, for DECEMBER. CATALOGUE OF NEWLY BOUND BOOKS FOR THE LIBRARY AND PRESENTATION. CATALOGUE OF SPORTING BOOKS, COPIES OF FIRST EDITIONS, AUTOGRAPHS, &c. PICCADILLY SERIES, No. 14. CATALOGUE OF THEIR OWN PUBLICATIONS. HENEY SOTHERAN & CO., Booksellers, Publishers, and Bookbinders; General Agents for Bookbuyers at Home and Abroad. LIBRARIES AND BOOKS BOUGHT, ENGRAVINGS, MANUSCRIPTS, AND AUTOGRAPH LETTERS; ALSO VALUED FOR PROBATE, OR ARRANGED AND CATALOGUED. They are at all times prepared to INSPECT, VALUE, and PURCHASE LIBBABIES or smaller Collection! of Books, Engravings, and Autographs, either in Town or Country, for their full Cash value, with removal without trouble or expense to the Seller. 140, STRAND, W.C. (near Waterloo Bridge); 37, PICCADILLY, W. (opposite St. James's Church). Telegraphic Address : BOOKMIN, LONDON. Codes : UNICODE and ABC. Founded in Tower Street, City, 1816. | WIKI |
Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics
Center for Nephrology and Metabolic Disorders
Immunodeficiency 21
Immunodeficiency 21 is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations of the GATA2 gene.
Systematic
Primary immunodeficiency
Hereditary susceptibility to infections
Immunodeficiency 21
GATA2
Immunodeficiency 31A
Immunodeficiency 31B
Immunodeficiency 31C
Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
References:
1.
Biron CA et. al. (1989) Severe herpesvirus infections in an adolescent without natural killer cells.
[^]
2.
Vinh DC et. al. (2010) Autosomal dominant and sporadic monocytopenia with susceptibility to mycobacteria, fungi, papillomaviruses, and myelodysplasia.
[^]
3.
Bigley V et. al. (2011) The human syndrome of dendritic cell, monocyte, B and NK lymphoid deficiency.
[^]
4.
Hsu AP et. al. (2011) Mutations in GATA2 are associated with the autosomal dominant and sporadic monocytopenia and mycobacterial infection (MonoMAC) syndrome.
[^]
5.
Dickinson RE et. al. (2011) Exome sequencing identifies GATA-2 mutation as the cause of dendritic cell, monocyte, B and NK lymphoid deficiency.
[^]
6.
Johnson KD et. al. (2012) Cis-element mutated in GATA2-dependent immunodeficiency governs hematopoiesis and vascular integrity.
[^]
7.
Mace EM et. al. (2013) Mutations in GATA2 cause human NK cell deficiency with specific loss of the CD56(bright) subset.
[^]
8.
Cuellar-Rodriguez J et. al. (2011) Successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for GATA2 deficiency.
[^]
9.
Spinner MA et. al. (2014) GATA2 deficiency: a protean disorder of hematopoiesis, lymphatics, and immunity.
[^]
Update: Sept. 26, 2018
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Argyle Case (1917 film)
The Argyle Case is a 1917 American silent mystery film produced by and starring Robert Warwick and directed by Ralph Ince. It was distributed by Lewis J. Selznick through his Selznick Pictures Corporation.
The play was refilmed in 1929 as an early talkie The Argyle Case with Thomas Meighan and Lila Lee.
A copy survives in the archives of the British Film Institute.
Cast
* Robert Warwick as Asche Kayton
* Charles Hines as Joe Manning
* Frank McGlynn as John Argyle
* Arthur Albertson as Bruce Argyle
* Gazelle Marche as Nan Thornton
* Elaine Hammerstein as Mary Mazuret
* John Fleming as Inspector Dougherty
* H. Cooper Cliffe as Frederick Kreisler
* Mary Alden as Nellie Marsh
* Robert Vivian as Finley
* Frank Evans as Mr. Hurley | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Everyone Dance (3rd nomination)
The result was redirect to Mihalis (album). A request to semi-protect the page can take place at the WP:RFPP. (non-admin closure) ASTIG️🙃 (ICE-T • ICE CUBE) 12:15, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
Everyone Dance
AfDs for this article:
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Previously soft deleted and recreated not long afterwards, with the same issues raised by the former nominator, namely that there is no indication of notability nor significant coverage. The references in Greek, when translated, are short, brief news articles with barely a mention and not to any significant extent. Bungle (talk • contribs) 20:58, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Albums and songs, Music, and Cyprus. Bungle (talk • contribs) 20:58, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
* 'Delete. Fails WP:NSONG and WP:SIGCOV. WP:SALT to prevent further recreation.4meter4 (talk) 23:23, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
* Redirect to Mihalis (album). Fails WP:NALBUM per nom. SBKSPP (talk) 01:10, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
* Redirect to Mihalis (album) and add page protection to prevent recreation. QuietHere (talk) 13:32, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Liz Read! Talk! 21:36, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
* Delete It is already redirected in Mihalis (album). This article should be deleted already. P l o r e k y ( Got any problem? ) 11:18, 12 October 2022 (UTC+8)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Redirect to Mihalis (album). There does not appear to be enough coverage to support this having a separate article, but I believe a redirect would be more beneficial to readers than outright deletion. Aoba47 (talk) 01:06, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Full Stack Development
It looks like there might be a typo in your message (“web developing front end”). If you meant “web developing frontend,” I can certainly help with that! In other words full stack development.
Frontend development involves creating the visual and interactive parts of a website or web application that users interact with directly. Here are some key aspects and technologies commonly used in frontend development:
1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): It provides the structure and content of a web page. HTML is used to define headings, paragraphs, links, images, and other elements.
2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is used for styling and layout. It allows you to control the look and feel of your web pages, including colors, fonts, spacing, and positioning.
3. JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language that enables interactivity on the client side. It’s often used to create dynamic content, handle user input, and make asynchronous requests to servers.
4. Responsive Design: Ensuring that your web application looks and functions well on various devices and screen sizes is crucial. Responsive design techniques use CSS media queries to adapt the layout based on the user’s device.
Frontend Frameworks and Libraries:
5. React.js: Developed by Facebook, React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. It’s particularly useful for building single-page applications.
6. Vue.js: A progressive JavaScript framework for building user interfaces. It’s easy to integrate into other projects and can be incrementally adopted.
7. Angular: Developed by Google, Angular is a comprehensive framework for building web applications. It provides a full development workflow and includes features like two-way data binding.
8. Version Control Systems: Tools like Git are essential for tracking changes in your codebase, collaborating with other developers, and rolling back changes if necessary.
Build Tools and Task Runners: Tools like Webpack, Gulp, or Grunt can automate tasks such as bundling and minifying code, optimizing images, and more.
Remember, the front-end landscape evolves, and staying updated with the latest technologies and best practices is essential. If you have specific questions or need guidance on a particular aspect of front-end development, feel free to ask!
Full Stack Development
Backend development involves working on the server side of web applications. It includes handling data storage, business logic, user authentication, and more. Here are key aspects and technologies commonly used in backend web development:
1. Server-Side Programming Languages:
Node.js: JavaScript runtime for server-side development. It allows developers to use JavaScript for both frontend and backend development.
Python: Popular for its readability and versatility. Frameworks like Django and Flask simplify backend development in Python.
Ruby: Known for its simplicity and readability, often used with the Ruby on Rails framework.
Java: A versatile, object-oriented language commonly used for building enterprise-level applications. Frameworks like Spring are widely used.
PHP: Especially suitable for web development, PHP is often used with frameworks like Laravel.
2. Web Frameworks:
Express.js (Node.js): A minimalist web application framework for Node.js, commonly used for building APIs.
Django (Python): A high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.
Ruby on Rails (Ruby): An opinionated web framework that emphasizes convention over configuration.
Spring Boot (Java): A framework for building Java-based enterprise applications.
Laravel (PHP): A PHP framework that aims to make web development tasks, such as routing, caching, and authentication, easier.
3. Databases:
Relational Databases: Such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite.
NoSQL Databases: Such as MongoDB, CouchDB, and Cassandra.
4.APIs (Application Programming Interfaces):
Building and consuming APIs is a crucial part of backend development. RESTful APIs and GraphQL are common approaches.
5. Authentication and Authorization:
Implementing user authentication and authorization mechanisms is essential for securing your application. OAuth and JWT (JSON Web Tokens) are commonly used.
6. Version Control Systems:
Tools like Git help manage and track changes in the codebase.
7. Web Servers:
Servers like Apache, Nginx, or integrated server solutions provided by frameworks.
Containerization and Orchestration:
Tools like Docker for containerization and Kubernetes for orchestration are increasingly important for deploying and managing applications.
8. Testing:
Writing unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-end tests to ensure the reliability of the backend code.
9. Security Practices:
Implementing security best practices to protect against common vulnerabilities like SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
Remember that effective communication and coordination between frontend and backend developers are crucial for building a seamless web application. If you have specific questions or need guidance on a particular aspect of backend development, feel free to ask!
When it comes to backend development and databases, there are various aspects and technologies to consider. Here’s a breakdown of key concepts related to databases in the backend:
1. Types of Databases:
Relational Databases: Structured databases using tables to store data. Examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and Microsoft SQL Server.
NoSQL Databases: Non-relational databases that provide flexible schemas. Types include document-oriented (MongoDB), key-value stores (Redis), wide-column stores (Cassandra), and graph databases (Neo4j).
2. ORM (Object-Relational Mapping):
– ORMs like Sequelize (for Node.js), Hibernate (for Java), and SQLAlchemy (for Python) provide a way to interact with databases using programming language objects, making database operations more intuitive and less reliant on raw SQL.
3. Database Modeling:
– Designing the structure of your database using entities, relationships, and attributes. Tools like Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) can help visualize the database schema.
4. Query Language:
– SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to interact with relational databases. NoSQL databases often have their query languages, such as MongoDB’s query language.
5. Data Migration:
– Managing changes to the database schema over time, ensuring data integrity during updates. Tools like Flyway and Liquibase help automate database migrations.
6. Indexing and Optimization:
– Creating indexes to improve query performance. Understanding and optimizing database queries is crucial for efficient data retrieval.
7. Transactions:
– Ensuring the consistency and reliability of database operations. Transactions help maintain data integrity, allowing a series of operations to be treated as a single, atomic unit.
8. Connection Pooling:
– Managing a pool of database connections to improve performance and resource utilization.
9. Caching:
– Using caching mechanisms to store frequently accessed data in memory, reducing the need to query the database repeatedly.
10. Security:
– Implementing security measures to protect the database, including proper authentication, authorization, and encryption of sensitive data.
11. Backup and Recovery:
– Regularly backing up the database to prevent data loss and having a recovery plan in case of failures.
12. Scalability:
– Designing the database architecture to scale horizontally or vertically based on the application’s needs.
13. Database as a Service (DBaaS):
– Leveraging cloud-based database solutions, such as Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, or Azure Database, for easier management and scalability.
Understanding these aspects is crucial for backend developers working with databases. The choice of a specific database and related technologies depends on the project requirements, scalability needs, and the development stack being used.
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Page:Woman of the Century.djvu/336
Rh Gounod's "Faust," where she scored one of the most brilliant triumphs on record. Mrs. Gower is not only a great singer, but a great actor as well. She sang in Her Majesty's Theater, in London,
England, for three years. She returned to the United States with the reputation of one of the great queens of the lyric stage. She has a repertory of forty grand operas at her command. She became the wife, in London, of Mr. Gower, a man of wealth. Her husband disappeared in a tragic manner. He made a balloon ascension from Fans, and balloon and men were never heard from afterward. Mrs. Norton's latest triumphs have been won in Covent Garden, London.
GOZA, Miss Anne, humorist, born in Hatchett Creek, Ala., 4th July, 1872. Her home has always been in her native town, excepting the time spent in school. Although one of the very youngest of the rising writers of the South, Miss Goza has already acquired a wide reputation as a writer of humorous and dialect stories. She has chosen the dialect of the people of the Alabama mountains, and she has made skillful use of that peculiarly interesting jargon. She is a regular contributor to the Burlington "Hawkeye." the Atlanta "Sunny South," the Cleveland "Plain Dealer," the New Orleans "Times Democrat," and many other prominent journals. Her success has been marked and remarkable. She is a prolific writer, and in the quaint people around her she has abundant material for her future work. She is distinctly original, and her sketches record much that will be of interest to the future students of American folk-lore. She has published one volume, "The Fall of Queen Prudence."
GRANBERY, Miss Virginia, artist, born in Norfolk, Va. When she was a child, her parents moved to New York, where they have resided ever since. She early showed a fondness for drawing, but, as there was no drawing taught in the schools, she did not have the benefit of instruction. She learned to copy engravings and made several drawings from casts, without a teacher. After she was grown, she went to the Cooper Institute for a short time, spending a part of each day under the instruction of A. F. Bellows in his studio, where she worked in colors. She studied in the Academy of Design school in the antique, portrait and life classes, and received honorable mention for a drawing. She began to paint fruits and flowers from nature, many of which have been chromoed by Prang, of Boston. From 1871 to 1882 she was teacher of the art department of the Packer Institute, Brooklyn. N. Y. On entering the Packer Institute she received the same salary as her predecessor, but at the end of the first year her method had doubled the number of pupils, and she had offers from other large schools that wished to secure her services. The board of trustees decided to increase her salary fifty per cent and also gave her a further substantial recognition of their appreciation of her services in a check for a handsome amount, accompanied by a very complimentary letter. The department increased so that an assistant was necessary. After eleven years of work she broke down under the constant demand on her strength, and was obliged to send in her resignation. She and her sisters were among the very few women artists whose work was accepted with that of the men to be exhibited in the Centennial of 1876, in Philadelphia. Recently she has devoted herself principally to portraits. She is very successful in painting small pictures of children. She has shown pictures in all the principal exhibitions thoughout the United States.
GRANGER, Miss Lottie E., educator and school officer, born near Granville. Ohio, 28th January, 1858. Her father, Sylvester Granger, was of New England descent, and her mother, Elizabeth Walrath, of German origin. Village and country | WIKI |
Trending
In what shapes are all sides congruent?
In what shapes are all sides congruent?
The square is also the name of the regular quadrilateral — one in which all sides are congruent and all angles are congruent.
What are examples of congruent polygons?
The most common of example of polygon congruence is with triangles. There are several ways in which we can say two triangles are congruent. If the two triangles have the property that all of their sides are congruent, the triangles themselves are congruent. We call this Side-Side-Side (SSS) congruence).
Are all sides congruent in a pentagon?
So, the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is 540 degrees. All sides are the same length (congruent) and all interior angles are the same size (congruent).
Can a concave polygon have all sides congruent?
By the definition of a concave polygon, it contains at least one of the interior angles more than 180 degrees. Also, the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is (n – 2) x 180, where n is the number of sides. So, it is not possible to have a polygon with all sides equal and an angle greater than 180 degrees.
What are congruent sides?
In geometry, if two segments are congruent, then they have the same length or measure. In other words, congruent sides of a triangle have the same length.
Are all rhombus sides congruent?
All sides of a rhombus are congruent, so opposite sides are congruent, which is one of the properties of a parallelogram. , all 4 sides are congruent (definition of a rhombus). The same can be done for the other two sides, and know we know that opposite sides are parallel.
Does a polygon have congruent sides?
A polygon can have a certain number of sides, but the sides do not necessarily have to be the same length. A regular polygon has congruent angles and congruent sides. Any polygon can be a regular polygon.
What are the congruent polygon?
Two polygons are congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent. Note: Two sides are congruent if they have the same length and angles are congruent if they have the same measure. They also have to have the same number of sides. We can think of congruent polygons as coming from the same stamp.
Is Nonagon a polygon?
In geometry, a nonagon (/ˈnɒnəɡɒn/) or enneagon (/ˈɛniəɡɒn/) is a nine-sided polygon or 9-gon. The name nonagon is a prefix hybrid formation, from Latin (nonus, “ninth” + gonon), used equivalently, attested already in the 16th century in French nonogone and in English from the 17th century.
How many sides does a Nonagon have?
9
Nonagon/Number of edges
In geometry, a nonagon (/ˈnɒnəɡɒn/) or enneagon (/ˈɛniəɡɒn/) is a nine-sided polygon or 9-gon. The name nonagon is a prefix hybrid formation, from Latin (nonus, “ninth” + gonon), used equivalently, attested already in the 16th century in French nonogone and in English from the 17th century.
Is Pentagon a convex polygon?
A planar polygon is convex if it contains all the line segments connecting any pair of its points. Thus, for example, a regular pentagon is convex (left figure), while an indented pentagon is not (right figure). A planar polygon that is not convex is said to be a concave polygon.
What is congruent polygons?
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Page:The First Part of the True and Honorable Historie of the Life of Sir John Old-castle (1600).pdf/24
speake with?
Sum.With my lord Cobham, I would speake, if thou be one of his men.
Harp.Yes I am one of his men, but thou canst not speake with my lord.
Sum.May I send to him them?
Harp.Ile tel thee that, when I know thy errand.
Sum.I will not tel my errand to thee.
Harp.Then keepe it to thy selfe, and walke like a knaue as thou camest.
Sum.I tell thee my lord keepes no knaues, sirra.
Harp.Then thou seruest him not, I beleeue, what lord is thy master?
Sum.My lord of Rochester.
Harp.In good time, and what wouldst thou haue with my lord Cobham?
Sum.I come by vertue of a processe, to ascite him to ap∣peare before my lord, in the court at Rochester.
Harp aside.Wel, God grant me patience, I could eate this conger. My lord is not at home, therefore it were good Sum∣ner you caried your processe backe.
Sum.Why, if he will not be spoken withall, then will I leaue it here, and see you that he take knowledge of it.
Harp.Swounds you slaue, do you set vp your bills here, go to, take it downe againe, doest thou know what thou dost, dost thee know on whom thou seruest processe?
Sum.Yes marry doe I, Sir Iohn Old-castle Lord Cobham.
Harp.I am glad thou knowest him yet, and sirra dost not thou know, that the lord Cobham is a braue lord, that keepes good beefe and beere in his house, and euery day feedes a hundred poore people at's gate, and keepes a hundred tall fel∣lowes?
Sum.Whats that to my processe?
Harp.Mary this sir, is this processe parchment?
Sum.Yes mary. Harp. | WIKI |
Integumentary System Flashcards Preview
F16: Anatomy Test 3 > Integumentary System > Flashcards
Flashcards in Integumentary System Deck (48):
1
Besides skin, what are the other components of the integumentary system?
1. Hair follicles/hair
2. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
3. Sebacious (oil) glands
4. Nails
2
What are the major functions of the integumentary system?
1. Protective
2. Immunologic
3. Homeostasis
4. Sensory
5. Endocrine
6. Exocrine
3
The epidermis is the ______ layer of the skin while the dermis is the _______ layer.
superficial; deep
4
The epidermis is made up of _______ while the dermis is made of ________ .
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; connective tissue
5
The epidermis is derived from _____ while the dermis is derived from ______.
Ectoderm; mesoderm
6
T/F: The epidermis is highly vascularized.
False. The dermis is highly vascularized while the epidermis is avascular.
7
What is the layer just deep to the skin and what is it made of?
Hypodermis (under the dermis); adipose tissue
8
Where is thick skin typically found?
On palms of hands and soles of feet. These areas are subject to the most abrasion.
9
Which layer is thickened in thick skin?
The epidermal layer
10
T/F: Hair follicles are present in thick skin?
False. Palms and feet dumbass.
11
Name the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial.
1. Stratum Basale; BAD
2. Stratum Spinosum; SPRINTERS
3. Stratum Granulosum; GET
4. Stratum Lucidum*; LEG
5. Stratum Corneum; CRAMPS
12
What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
13
What important intermediate filaments are produced by the most abundant cell type of the epidermis?
Keratins - major structural protein of epidermis
14
Keratinocytes produce _____ ______ which participate in the formation of the _____ ______.
lamellar bodies; water barrier
15
Which layer of the epidermis has mitotically active stem cells?
Stratum Basale
16
What gives the stratum spinosum its name?
The keratinocytes exhibit numerous cytoplasmic processes or "spines"
17
At which epidermal layer does the production of lamellar bodies begin?
Stratum spinosum
18
In the stratum granulosum layer, keratinocytes contain _______ ______.
keratohyalin granules
19
T/F: Lamellar bodies are released within the stratum granulosum.
True
20
Which epidermal layer is only found in thick skin?
Stratum Lucidum
21
The _______ _________ is a thin translucent layer of eosinophilic cells.
Stratum Lucidum
22
In the _____ ______ cells are filled almost entirely with keratin.
Stratum Corneum
23
How keratinocytes visually transition as they move superficially?
They flatten as they move superficially.
24
What cells produce melanin and where are they found?
Melanocytes; stratum basal with long processes extending into stratum spinosum
25
Where are melanocytes found in the epidermis?
Cell body in the stratum basale. Long processes extend into the stratum spinosum.
26
What role does melanin play in keratinocytes?
Melanin accumulates over nuclei to protect DNA from UV radiation.
27
______ cells are antigen-presenting cells typically found within the stratum spinosum.
Langerhans'
28
What are Langerhans' cells derived from?
Bone marrow
29
______ cells are associated with sensory nerve endings and are located in the ______ ______.
Merkel's; stratum basale
30
What part of a Merkel's cell associates with the terminal of afferent nerve fibers?
Merkel's Corpuscle
31
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma: most common, stratum basale
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 2nd most common, all levels of epidermis
3. Malignant Melanoma: most serious form, originates from melanocytes
32
The ________ layer of the dermis consists of loose connective tissue.
Papillary
33
The reticular layer of the dermis consists of __________ tissue.
Dense irregular connective
34
T/F: The reticular layer is considerably thinner than the papillary layer.
False. The reticular layer is thicker than the papillary layer.
35
Pacinian corpuscles detect _______ & ________.
pressure & vibration
36
Meissner's corpuscles detect ________.
light touch
37
Where are Meissner's corpuscles found?
Within dermal papillae of hairless skin
38
_____ corpuscles involve myelinated nerves, while _______ corpuscles involve unmyelinated nerves.
Pacinian; Meissner's
39
Stimulation of what muscle results in goosebumps?
Arrector Pili Muscle
40
Eccrine sweat glands lead to the _______ _______ while apocrine sweat glands secrete into _____ _____.
Epidermal surface; hair follicles
41
Which sweat glands become functional at puberty and are responsible for body odor?
Apocrine glands
42
T/F: In regards to the secretory portion of the gland, apocrine sweat glands have a much wider lumen than eccrine glands.
True
43
What are the functions of eccrine sweat glands?
regulation of body temperature and waste removal
44
What are the functions of apocrine sweat glands?
Stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement.
45
T/F: Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands are merocrine glands that excrete through exocytosis.
True
46
Where are sebaceous glands found?
Everywhere except thick skin
47
What type of secretion is utilized by sebaceous glands?
Holocrine excretion
48
What is the lipid-containing substance produced and secreted by sebaceous glands?
Sebum | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
D.I.V.O.R.C.E. (Big Love)
"D.I.V.O.R.C.E." is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the American drama television series Big Love. It is the 49th overall episode of the series and was written by series creators Mark V. Olsen and Will Scheffer, and directed by Howard Deutch. It originally aired on HBO on February 20, 2011.
The series is set in Salt Lake City and follows Bill Henrickson, a fundamentalist Mormon. He practices polygamy, having Barbara, Nicki and Margie as his wives. The series charts the family's life in and out of the public sphere in their suburb, as well as their associations with a fundamentalist compound in the area. In the episode, Barbara gets into a conflict with her mother and sister over the priesthood, while Bill seeks to maintain control within the compounds.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 1.04 million household viewers and gained a 0.5/1 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the conflicts and second half of the episode.
Plot
As she prepares her divorce with Bill (Bill Paxton), Barbara (Jeanne Tripplehorn) goes to the University of Utah to talk with ex-Mormon feminist Renee Clayton (Judith Ivey), hoping to help her case of priesthood. Margie (Ginnifer Goodwin) assembles a pro-polygamy children's rally, and asks Michael Sainte (Grant Show) to sponsor the rally.
After discovering that Don (Joel McKinnon Miller) is still alive, Alby (Matt Ross) demands that Verlan (Kevin Rankin) return the money. When Verlan cannot complete the debt, he instead kisses Alby to settle his debt. Bill is later called by Bud Mayberry (Robert Patrick), who reveals that Alby will no longer cooperate with the State and plans to "abolish" Bill from his "purist" compound. Nicki (Chloë Sevigny) is worried over Cara Lynn (Cassi Thomson) spending more time with Greg (Christian Campbell), unaware that they have started a secret relationship. Despite Bill's insistence, Lois (Grace Zabriskie) decides to move back with Frank (Bruce Dern), but the latter is angry that his wives left him after Barbara told them he gave herpes to Lois. Lois makes Frank promise to kill her
Concerned over her meeting with Renee, Nancy (Ellen Burstyn) and Cindy (Judith Hoag) talk with Barbara, and Nancy even suggests Barbara is having an affair with Renee. They subsequently have dinner with her, and Renee makes another suggestion at lesbianism. Bill and Don meet with Alby, and Bill threatens to pull funding from Juniper Creek if he leaves the Safety Net, but Alby is still not scared. Later, Bill and Barbara talk to Nicki, revealing that while Nicki will now be his legal wife, Barbara will still be in charge of the family's finances, leading to a severe argument between Nicki and Barbara. Bill and Barbara also have another argument over her priesthood, and Barbara decides that she cannot attend his church as she no longer believes in its foundation. Ben (Douglas Smith) goes to a strip club bar, discovering that Rhonda (Daveigh Chase) works as a pole dancer.
Development
The episode was written by series creators Mark V. Olsen and Will Scheffer, and directed by Howard Deutch. This was Olsen's 20th writing credit, Scheffer's 20th writing credit, and Deutch's first directing credit.
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "D.I.V.O.R.C.E." was seen by an estimated 1.04 million household viewers with a 0.5/1 in the 18–49 demographics. This means that 0.5 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 1 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast watched it. This was a slight increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was seen by an estimated 0.99 million household viewers with a 0.4/1 in the 18–49 demographics.
Critical reviews
"D.I.V.O.R.C.E." received mostly positive reviews from critics. Emily St. James of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" grade and wrote, "“D.I.V.O.R.C.E.,” like every episode of Big Love this season, veers wildly from what seems like it's going to develop into the best episode of the season to incredibly awful, sometimes within the same scene. But by the end of it, I was filled with an intense desire to see next week's episode and if nothing else, that has to count for something."
Megan Angelo of The Wall Street Journal wrote, "Clearly Mr. Ivey is one of the few employees of the school system who doesn't know Nicki's wrath. But we bet he'll find out soon."
Aileen Gallagher of Vulture wrote, "Big Love caught its breath this week, easing us back into the discord with some hot divorce sex between Barb and Bill. The plot inched forward in a few places, but mostly we were treated to a tedious survey of nearly every relationship on the show to frame the arc for the final four episodes." Allyssa Lee of Los Angeles Times wrote, "As we continue through the second half of the season and the rift within the family became more and more pronounced, it’s as if a bleak chill has descended upon the households and settled into their very being."
TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "There's only so many more episodes left of Big Love and I found it very surprising that the writers would take this unique show and bring in an overplayed plot line on TV these days. I'm referring to the overused and quite morally wrong student/teacher relationship that is blooming between Carolynn and her math teacher." Mark Blankenship of HuffPost wrote, "Do you guys remember that old SNL commercial for Bad Idea Jeans? Many characters in tonight's segment, "D.I.V.O.R.C.E." could front their new ad campaign. And for once on this show, most of the dunderheads are teenagers, not grown-ass men." | WIKI |
Page:Historical and Biographical Annals of Columbia and Montour Counties, Pennsylvania, Containing a Concise History of the Two Counties and a Genealogical and Biographical Record of Representative Families.djvu/88
58 COLUMBIA AND MONTOUR COUNTIES religious and material, will always remain interwoven in the fibre of the history of Pennsylvania, and brighten its pages for all time.
Were it not for the custom of the Quakers to care for the education of the children, but few of the settlers of other sects could have gained a knowledge of the necessary rudiments of the English language. And still more creditable to the admirable system of the Quakers was the fact that any could attend these schools without attempts being made to influence their religious belief.
SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, OR QUAKERS
In the absence of regular ministers the Society of Friends was best equipped for establishing public worship, and the presence of a considerable number of this sect at Catawissa led to the founding of a meeting there in 1787. For twenty years it continued to be the rallying point for the denomination in this region. A monthly meeting was established here in 1796, but in 1808 this was removed to Muncy on account of extensive emigration of the sect from Catawissa.
In 1795 a meeting was established in Greenwood township, and a year later another was established in Locust. In 1814, a monthly meeting was established at the latter place and is still continued. A monthly meeting was also established at Berwick in 1800, which continued with gradually diminishing strength until about 1865, when it ceased to exist.
The society was more firmly established in Greenwood township, where many members of the sect have resided continuously since the first settlement. In 1834 the different meetings of the sect were associated in a half-yearly meeting here and in 1856 the Muncy meeting was transferred here also. Although the name is retained and occasional meetings held in Locust and Catawissa, the chief activity of this denomination is confined to Greenwood, where there are two well supported meetings.
PRESBYTERIAN
The Scotch-Irish were an important clement in the pioneer life of this State and gave early prominence lo the Presbyterian denomination, to which they generally belonged. James McClure, who came to the region of Bloomshurg in 1772, was probably the first representative of this sect in Columbia county, but it was some years later before any organized effort was made to propagate its tenets here.
In 1789 this region is mentioned under the name of Fishingereek, in connection with Mahoning, Chillisquaque and neighboring localities, as in the Presbytery of Carlisle. This Presbytery had been formed three years before, but this region probably remained unoccupied until 1792, when Rev. Mr. Wilson, a licentiate of the Synod of New York, and a Mr. Henry were appointed to cultivate the field. Two years later Rev. John Bryson was sent to this region and became pastor at Warrior's Run and Chillisquaque, where he continued to serve for nearly half a century. In the following year Kev. John Porter was commissioned to start from Fishing creek and missionize up the river to Wyoming and Tioga Point. The names of Rev. Benjamin Judd, Ira Condit and William Spear, the latter a licentiate, appear also as appointed to missionize at this period along the east branch of the Susquehanna. Revs. Andrews and Gray also did more or less missionary tabor in this field.
The first church of this denomination, known then as "Briarcrcek” and at present as "Hidlay" Church, was organized about 1796 in Centre township, the house of worship being built in that year. In 1817 a second church was organized in Bloomsburg with three members, who immediately set about erecting a commodious building. A third organization was effected at Berwick in 1827; another in Orange township in 1842; in Greenwood the following year; in Scott in 1853; in Sugarloaf in 1858; and in Centralia in 1867. The Sugarloaf church was later removed to Benton.
The first pastor to reside permanently in this section was Rev. Asa Dunham, whose home was near Buckhom. He was a soldier of the Revolution, having served directly under Washington. In 1799 he was appointed to serve in the counties of Luzerne and Northumberland, the latter then including Columbia county, and for many years served the churches at Briar Creek and Fishing Creek, traveling through the entire region and preaching wherever a class could be assembled.
After 1817 Rev. John B. Patterson and Rev. Samuel Henderson were engaged in the work in these counties, the former at Bloomsburg and the latter at Briar Creek. From 1824 to 1830 the pastors who labored in (his field were Revs. John Niblock, James Lewers, Crosby, Matthew B. Patterson, Robert Bryson, Robert Dunlap and Ezra S. Ely.
In 1832 Rev. John P. Hudson, a Virginian, was appointed stated supply for the churches at Bloomsburg, Briar Creek and New Columbia. He always rode a blooded horse, famous | WIKI |
Should Outlets Be Optionals or Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals
Last week, I wrote about weak and strong outlets. But there's another question about outlets that comes up frequently. Should outlets be declared as optionals or implicitly unwrapped optionals? This tutorial zooms in on the pros and cons of each of these options.
What Does Apple Recommend
Last week, we first explored what Apple recommends by creating a project in Xcode and that's a good place to start. Launch Xcode and create a new project. Choose the Single View Application template and name the project Outlets.
Should Outlets Be Optionals or Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals
Open Main.storyboard, bring up the Object Library on the right, and add a label to the View Controller Scene.
Add a Label to the View Controller Scene
Press Option and click ViewController.swift in the Project Navigator to open the Assistant Editor. Create an outlet by pressing Control and dragging from the UILabel instance in the View Controller Scene to ViewController.swift in the Assistant Editor on the right.
Create an Outlet for the Label
Name the outlet label and click Create to have Xcode create the outlet.
Create an Outlet for the Label
If you've read last week's tutorial, then it shouldn't surprise you that the outlet is declared strong, not weak. What's of special interest to us is the type of the outlet, UILabel!. The outlet is declared as an implicitly unwrapped optional, not an optional. Remember that the @IBOutlet Interface Builder attribute indicates the property is an outlet.
@IBOutlet var label: UILabel!
What Is the Difference Between Optionals and Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals
Before we continue our discussion about outlets, it's important to understand what the difference is between optionals and implicitly unwrapped optionals. The difference is obvious thanks to Swift's expressive syntax. Under the hood, an implicitly unwrapped optional is an optional. But the exclamation mark in the property declaration unmistakably indicates that we're taking a risk. Whenever you encounter an exclamation mark, you need to be on guard.
You probably know that an optional has a value or it doesn't. Plain and simple. The reason many developers are not fond of optionals is because you cannot directly access the value of an optional. To safely access the value of an optional, you need to unwrap it. Optional binding is a construct that lets you safely access the optional's value.
var message: String? = "Hello, World"
if let message = message {
print(message)
}
If you're absolutely certain an optional contains a value, you can take a shortcut by force unwrapping the value stored in the optional. To force unwrap an optional, we append an exclamation mark to the name of the variable or constant. Congratulations. You've saved yourself an if statement and two lines of code. But is this worth the risk? That's the question you always need to ask yourself when using the exclamation mark in Swift.
var message: String? = "Hello, World"
print(message!)
The exclamation mark warns us that we're taking a risk. We're about to perform an operation that can backfire. If message doesn't have a value, a fatal error is thrown and the application terminates immediately. That's the risk you're taking.
Convenience Over Safety
Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals Are Convenient
Why would you want to use an implicitly unwrapped optional? The answer is very simple. Clarity and convenience. Most developers use implicitly unwrapped optionals because it's convenient. But it's worth mentioning that implicitly unwrapped optionals can also bring clarity to your code by eliminating the need for optional binding and optional chaining.
The value of the label outlet we declared earlier in the ViewController class can be accessed like any other variable. That's only possible because we declared label as an implicitly unwrapped optional.
Be warned, though, if you forget to connect the label outlet in Interface Builder and you access the label property in the ViewController class, your application crashes due to a fatal error the application cannot recover from. That's the risk you're taking. But there's more.
Optionals Are Safe
If you don't like risks, then declaring an outlet as optional is the safest option. Period. The downside is that you need to work with an optional. To access the value stored in the optional, you need to safely unwrap it. If you want to take a shortcut by force unwrapping the optional, then you might as well have declared the outlet as an implicitly unwrapped optional in the first place.
Why Are Outlets Declared as Optionals
Have you ever wondered why outlets are declared as optionals or implicitly unwrapped optionals? The reason is simple. Before an instance of a class or structure finishes initialization, every stored property needs to have a valid value.
Classes and structures must set all of their stored properties to an appropriate initial value by the time an instance of that class or structure is created. Stored properties cannot be left in an indeterminate state. — The Swift Programming Languae
If you don't know what value a stored property should have during initialization, then you can assign a default value or you can declare the property as an (implicitly unwrapped) optional. And that brings us to the reason why outlets are declared as (implicitly unwrapped) optionals.
The value of an outlet cannot be set during initialization. Let's revisit the project we created earlier. When the view controller is instantiated, its view hasn't been loaded yet. It's only after the view controller is initialized that it loads its view. This also means that any outlets declared in the view controller class don't have a value immediately after the view controller's initialization. That's why an outlet is always declared as an (implicitly unwrapped) optional.
What Are the Risks
With the above in mind, you should now understand what the risks are when you declare an outlet as an implicitly unwrapped optional. If you forget to connect an outlet in Interface Builder, then your application crashes when the outlet is accessed. But that isn't the most important risk. This is easy to fix in development and should never happen in production. If you've properly tested your application, your application won't suffer from this type of problem.
The most important risks have to do with accessing an outlet before its value is set. If you access an outlet before or while the view controller loads its view, you can run into a runtime error.
It's important to remember that you're taking a risk every time you use an implicitly unwrapped optional. Because of the potential risk involved, some developers avoid using implicitly unwrapped optionals for outlets. It's the safest option, but it comes with some overhead.
While I see the benefit of using optionals instead of implicitly unwrapped optionals, I always declare outlets as optionals, the reason being clarity and convenience.
When Not to Use an Implicitly Unwrapped Optional
I hope it's clear that any property, including outlets, that can become nil during the lifetime of the object that owns it, should never be declared as an implicitly unwrapped optional.
Stop Writing Swift That Sucks
Download the Swift Patterns I Swear By | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Radio TukTuk Radio TukTuk - 2 years ago 69
Ruby Question
Not able to create notebook and transfer files in evernote
I am developing a web application and I need to create an EverNote notebook and transfer some files in it.
I am able to authenticate user from EverNote but not able to create notebook. I'm also confused how to transfer files in that notebook.
Here is the authentication code. API URL
For creating a notebook:
noteStore.createNotebook(access_token.token, "my_notebook")
Error:
An error occurred: undefined method `write' for "my_notebook":String
edit
following seth's lead
notebook = Evernote::EDAM::Type::Notebook.new()
notebook.name = "my_notebook3"
x= noteStore.createNotebook(access_token.token, notebook)
note = Evernote::EDAM::Type::Note.new()
note.notebookGuid = x.guid
note.title="my note"
y=noteStore.createNote(access_token.token,note)
working on file transfer in that note.
Answer Source
The second parameter is a Notebook structure, not a string. You need to do something like:
notebook = Evernote::EDAM::Type::Notebook.new()
notebook.name = "my_notebook"
noteStore.createNotebook(access_token.token, notebook)
Evernote notebooks contain only Notes, and Notes can have files attached to them. To attach a file to a new note, you need to create a Resource and include it in the note:
filename = # the file that you want to attach
image = File.open(filename, "rb") { |io| io.read }
hashFunc = Digest::MD5.new
hashHex = hashFunc.hexdigest(image)
data = Evernote::EDAM::Type::Data.new()
data.size = image.size
data.bodyHash = hashHex
data.body = image
resource = Evernote::EDAM::Type::Resource.new()
resource.mime = # the appropriate MIME type
resource.data = data
resource.attributes = Evernote::EDAM::Type::ResourceAttributes.new()
resource.attributes.fileName = filename
note = Evernote::EDAM::Type::Note.new()
note.title = "Title"
note.content = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>' +
'<!DOCTYPE en-note SYSTEM "http://xml.evernote.com/pub/enml2.dtd">' +
'<en-note>' +
'<en-media type="' + resource.mime + '" hash="' + hashHex + '"/>' +
'</en-note>'
note.resources = [ resource ]
createdNote = noteStore.createNote(authToken, note)
The sample code in the Evernote API ZIP file demonstrates this. You can download the ZIP from http://www.evernote.com/about/developer/api/.
Recommended from our users: Dynamic Network Monitoring from WhatsUp Gold from IPSwitch. Free Download | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
2D Materials
By now, almost everyone has heard of 3D, from 3D movies, pictures, and books the concept in not new, but a new class of materials have now hit the market known as 2D materials. Experts are calling this revolutionary and may be the material of the era in the same way that bronze was in the Bronze Age and iron was in the Iron Age. The class of 2D materials has grown substantially in the past few years, and they have a far reaching potential. So what exactly are 2D materials and how can they be applied and used?
What are 2D Materials
2D materials, also known as two-dimensional materials, are a single layer of materials, consisting only of a single layer of atoms. There are several different substances that have been synthesized and used in 2D applications. They include lattice like layers of graphene, carbon, boron, germanium, silicon, phosphorous, and tin. Each of these 2D materials can be stacked and combined to create new and different materials. This concept began in 2004 when two scientists were able to create a mono-layer of graphene. Graphene is a substance stronger than steel, harder than a diamond, and lighter than anything with high flexibility and electrical conductivity. Since this innovation scientists have been researching and incorporating these materials into everyday objects.
Applications of 2D Materials
Graphene, the most common 2D material, was once more expensive than gold, however as technology advances the prices of this highly sought after material continue to fall. Recently the substance has reduced in price substantially, and the 2D applications of graphene are being explored and used in things such as water and air filters. Scientists may soon be using 2D graphene in road paving mixtures to increase strength and durability while keeping it as light as possible. Other applications include 2D graphene sensors that can be sewn directly into garments. When added to polymers graphene can be used to make stronger and lighter airplane wings and tires. Hexagonal boron nitride has been combined with graphene and boron nitride to improve the life of lithium ion batteries. They allow more energy to be packed into smaller volumes, reducing charging times, and expanding battery life. This technology can be applied to things as small as children’s toys and as large as electric vehicles.
Over the past ten years research has been done on the environmental impact these 2D materials have on the environment. This research has yielded nothing to raise concerns over the effects they could have to ones health or the environment, but the research is on going. The discovery of 2D materials has opened the door to many technological advances, and is only the beginning of 2D materials. While this may be your first time hearing about them, it won’t be your last. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Govind Nihalani
Untitled
Hi, I have been working on the list of films by year, and in your listing of Ardh Satya, there was a lot of information that actually belongs to the article (whenever one is created). I didn't want to simply delete your information, so I move it here instead: 1. Please, keep film lists simple, so members can process them easily, and please, always enter a film title in Wikipedia article format (not as external links), even if an article on the film doesn't exist. Like this other users can know that this film still needs an article and can help bring it to the list of film articles that still need to be started. Thank you. Hoverfish 13:23, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
pictures
if anyone has time to make the necessary "derivative works" ;-) i now uploaded the pictures i took when govind and i met last year in utrecht. they can be found at commons:User:Oscar. grtz, o s c a r 23:28, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 18:02, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Govind Nihalani. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091212120044/http://www.govindnihalani.com:80/Govind to http://www.govindnihalani.com/Govind
Cheers.—cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 01:26, 17 February 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Govind Nihalani. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060614073551/http://www.hindustantimes.com/govindnihalani/profile.shtml to http://www.hindustantimes.com/govindnihalani/profile.shtml
* Added tag to https://imsports.rediff.com/style/apr/03sriram.htm
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050301091624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/govindnihalani/interview.shtml to http://www.hindustantimes.com/govindnihalani/interview.shtml
* Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fmha%2Ffiles%2FLST-PDAWD-2013.pdf to http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 18:27, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Govind Nihalani. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060110020959/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2004/6/9/217/index.html to http://www.indiafm.com/features/2004/6/9/217/index.html
* Added archive https://archive.is/20140821235404/http://www.filminstitutebangalore.com/index.htm to http://www.filminstitutebangalore.com/index.htm
* Corrected formatting/usage for http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 14:58, 18 September 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Five Sisters window
The only memorial in the UK dedicated to all the women of the British Empire who …
Surely the primary defining character of this window is WHAT it is, (largest 12th c. etc …) rather than who it was rededicated to in the 1920s. I'm going to re-order the opening para to reflect this. Pincrete (talk) 06:59, 17 August 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Black Forest Metal
Black Forest Metal is the seventh full-length album by American industrial metal band Hanzel und Gretyl. It was released via Metropolis Records on November 11, 2014. The album was successfully funded via a PledgeMusic crowdfunding campaign on June 26, 2014. The album marks the transition point to the band's "Grimm Shiza" era, focusing more on black metal and satanic themes.
Track listing
(Note: Songs are out of order on the back sleeve of CD case, but inside the booklet they are in the proper order. Listed here is the proper order.)
Personnel
* Kaizer von Loopy – vocals, guitar, programming
* Vas Kallas – lead vocals, bass
Reception
Intravenous Magazine praised the production and guitar on the album, but noted the lack of electronics compared to previous albums. PlanetMosh gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, stating that it is "43 minutes of dark, intense and extreme surprises." | WIKI |
cloudsoft.io
Metering
This guide will help walk you through the necessary steps to install and run the metering microservice. More information can be found here.
Prerequisites
As a customer of AMP you should have access to the cloudsoft-amp-all tarball. If you do not have access to this, please contact Cloudsoft. Ensure that this tarball has been expanded and is in an accessible place.
Ensure that you have an up to date BR cli installed. If you do not, the quickest way to get one is to go to your running AMP server, select the menu icon in the top right and select the CLI download page. From that page, please select the flavour that will work with your operating system.
Installation
In the expanded cloudsoft-amp-all directory, navigate to:
extras/metering-microservice-{version}
In this folder you will find a file named metering-microservice-jar-{verison}.jar. This jar is the stand-alone metering microservice application. Please host this file in a location that is accessible to the cloud in which you are going to deploy the microservice. For example, it could be hosted in an S3 bucket or your enterprise’s artifact repository.
Once that has been done we need to add the metering bundle to your running AMP. This bundle contains the entities required to deploy the microservice from AMP. Please use the BR cli to login to your AMP server:
br login http://localhost:8081
Then add the metering microservice bundle to your AMP:
br catalog add metering-microservice-bundle-{verison}.jar
Running
To create an instance of the metering microservice, navigate to the home page of your AMP server. In the quick launch section, find and select the metering microservice icon. You will be presented with a dialog box. Please enter the location in which you want to run the microservice. Also, please enter the URI of the metering-microservice-jar (this will have been made accessible in the Installation section). After selecting deploy, your AMP will setup the metering microservice in your target location. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wellness
Here's How To Tell If Your Acne Is A Sign Of A Bigger Health Issue
Read your breakouts.
by Carolyn Steber and Kathleen Ferraro
Updated:
Originally Published:
Here's how to tell if your acne is a sign of a bigger health issue.
Ashley Batz/Bustle
Since your skin can tell you so much about your health, it's always a good idea to pay attention to what the location of your acne means, as well as what type of acne it is, in order to get a better idea of what's going on inside your body. If it seems like new or worsening acne is cropping up — despite taking care of your health and your hygiene — it may be a signal that something greater is going on with your body.
While most breakouts are simply due to clogged pores, it's possible that they could be a sign of something else — and possibly not even acne at all. "It is important to consider your skin's natural tendencies as new acne develops," board-certified dermatologist Dr. Shari Hicks-Graham tells Bustle. "If acne is common for you, that's one thing, but if your acne suddenly becomes worse, consider any other changes in your health or medications and get help from your medical professional or see a dermatologist." Pay special attention to whether you've got acne on the neck, around the mouth, or in other unusual spots you don't typically experience breakouts.
Essentially, depending on where your pimple is, acne could be a sign of a hormonal imbalance, a side effect of medications you're taking, or even a symptom of a yeast infection, among other systemic issues. Here are nine places acne can crop up and what it may mean, according to experts.
1Lower Face/Chin/Neck
If you notice lower face, chin, and neck acne around your period or after a bout of intense emotional stress, experts say there's a good chance your hormones are imbalanced. This type of acne "may be more cystic in nature with deep, painful, red nodules that don't develop a surface whitehead," Hicks-Graham tells Bustle.
Cystic acne can be tricky: Hicks-Graham says it can take a long time to heal since it's so deep in your skin, and often leaves behind red or brown scars. And by the time scarring starts to fade, you may already have another cycle of hormonal acne on your hands, she adds.
It's important to keep your hands off these breakouts: Hicks-Graham warns against picking or squeezing cystic acne to reduce the odds of scarring (even though it's so tempting). Research shows that oral contraceptives can also help moderate your hormones and prevent this type of acne.
You may also notice more acne around your mouth lately because of all the mask wearing. While you definitely shouldn't stop donning your protective gear, make sure you regularly clean it (and your face, for that matter) to get rid of gunky buildup.
2Forehead
If you're no stranger to forehead breakouts, stress may be to blame, according to Dr. Craig Austin, a New York City-based dermatologist and creator of the skin care brand Cane + Austin. The body can react to unhealthy levels of stress by breaking out in blemishes anywhere on the body, but most commonly on the forehead, he says.
The culprit? Fluctuating hormones and resulting oily skin. "The connection between stress and acne is the rise in cortisol levels which leads to overactive sebum," he tells Bustle. Austin says that extra oil on your skin can mix with bacteria and dead skin cells to clog up your pores and allow acne to flourish.
But don't let your breakouts cause you more stress — speaking with your dermatologist can help you find solutions on how to manage it.
3Around The Mouth
If you specifically notice acne around your mouth and lips, that could be a sign of other hormonal issues, says Dr. Michele J. Farber of Schweiger Dermatology Group in NYC. While acne around your mouth alone isn't a telltale sign of an underlying medical problem, it could be a sign of hormonal disorders like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) if you're also having other symptoms, she tells Bustle.
Other symptoms of PCOS include thinning hair on your scalp, irregular periods, depression, and fertility issues. If you notice any of these signs in addition to breakouts around your mouth, it may be worth checking in with your doctor to see if something more serious is contributing to your blemishes.
But if you're otherwise symptom-free, acne around your mouth could be due to bacteria buildup from oily skin or touching your face too much.
4Face/Back/Buttocks
If you notice new acne popping up on your face, chest, back, or buttocks, it could be a side effect of your prescription medication, according to board-certified dermatologist Dr. Yoram Harth, chief medical officer at MDacne. Medication for bipolar disorder, colds and coughs, rashes, and hormone imbalances can all be potential culprits, he says.
You can manage most breakouts that are caused by your medication with standard acne therapy, he tells Bustle. But in more extreme cases, you may consider discontinuing or changing the offending medication.
5Chest
You may remember irritating chest pimples from when you were a teenager. But if you're past those hormonal years and still have chest breakouts, a different skin condition may be to blame, according to Dr. Sejal Shah, a dermatologic surgeon based in New York City.
"Acne most commonly affects the face, back, and chest, so chest acne is not necessarily different than face acne," she tells Bustle. "However, there is another condition called folliculitis, which is basically inflammation of the hair follicles that can occur on the chest and looks very similar to acne."
Irritation from shaving or keeping your skin in unbreathable clothing for too long (hello, sweaty gym clothes) are often to blame for folliculitis. The same condition can also make it look like you have acne on your neck or armpits. Whatever the cause, your dermatologist can help determine what it is and offer the proper treatment based on your symptoms.
6Bikini Line
Folliculitis doesn't just impact your upper body — it can cause irritation and pimple-like bumps around your vaginal area too, according to Shah. "Folliculitis ... can be caused by a variety of factors such as tight clothing, friction, sweat, hair removal, excess oil, harsh or irritating skin care products, and infectious organisms," she tells Bustle.
Ingrown hairs are another common culprit of bikini-line bumps, Shah adds. If it is indeed an ingrown, she says you'll notice a hair in the bump. You can treat it by gently exfoliating the area and reducing inflammation.
These bumps could also be an allergic reaction, Shah notes. Be wary of irritating products or cleaning habits, and if your concerns persist, consult your dermatologist about how to keep your skin safe, healthy, and clean.
7Upper Face
If you're diligently caring for your skin but still notice acne on your upper face and forehead, it could indicate more than your run-of-the-mill pimples. "Acne in the upper face is caused by candida toxins," says Dr. Ben Johnson, founder of the holistic beauty brand Osmosis Beauty. "Candida is a yeast that overgrows in different regions of the gut. Where it is growing in the gut will determine where on the face it appears. Forehead, as one example, is the large intestine."
Of course, face and forehead acne doesn't always mean issues with candida toxins. Not cleaning your face enough or wearing unbreathable clothing that creates a hot and steamy environment for candida to flourish can also both contribute to this kind of acne. But, if these breakouts are persistent, consulting your doctor can help uncover whether gut issues are to blame.
8Jawline/Hairline
Painful pimples along your jaw or hairline? This type of acne often crops up when you touch your face too much, don't shower often enough, or are experiencing oily skin from hormone swings or stress. But sometimes hairline and jaw bumps can be a sign of a different issue called ovarian inflammation, according to Johnson. "This causes a reduction in normal estrogen production, and therefore an imbalance of testosterone," he tells Bustle. "The result is often seen as increased facial hair, oily skin, acne breakouts along the jawline, chest, or back."
No need to worry though — your OB/GYN can help you find the best solution for this issue.
9Eyes
Pimple-like bumps around your mouth, nose, and/or eyes might not actually be pimples at all, says Dr. Heidi Waldorf, a dermatologist at Waldorf Dermatology Aesthetics. "It could be something called periorificial dermatitis, which is related to rosacea," she says. "It can be treated like rosacea but we also rule out causes like excessive steroid use on the face or a sensitivity to toothpaste."
While acne in these places doesn't guarantee you have another health issue going on, it's always a good idea to monitor your body for changes and to speak with a doctor if something feels off.
Studies referenced:
Chen, Y. (2014). Brain-Skin Connection: Stress, Inflammation and Skin Aging. Inflammation and Allergy Drug Targets, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082169/
Chiu, A. (2003). The Response of Skin Disease to Stress. JAMA, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/479409
Chuan, S. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome and acne. Skin Therapy Letter, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21076799/
Eebde, T. (2009). Hormonal Treatment of Acne in Women. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923944/
Geller, L. (2014). Perimenstrual Flare of Adult Acne. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142818/
Junior, R. (2013). Drug-induced acne and rose pearl: similarities. Brazilian Annals of Dermatology, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900370/
Koo. E. (2014). Meta-analysis comparing efficacy of antibiotics versus oral contraceptives in acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(14)01291-2/abstract
Omran, A. (2018). Pathogenic Yeasts Recovered From Acne Vulgaris: Molecular Characterization and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern. Indian Journal of Dermatology, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6124225/
Peters, P. (2013). Perioral dermatitis from high fluoride dentifrice: a case report and review of literature. Australian Dental Journal, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23981221/
Sekhon, A. (2020). The Association Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Dermatological Manifestations. Cureus, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7053678/
Yosipovitch, G. (2007). Study of psychological stress, sebum production and acne vulgaris in adolescents. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17340019/
Experts:
Dr. Craig Austin, MD, a New York City-based dermatologist and creator of the skincare brand Cane + Austin
Dr. Michele J. Farber, MD, FAAD, a dermatologist at Schweiger Dermatology Group in New York City
Dr. Yoram Harth, MD, chief medical officer at MDacne
Dr. Shari Hicks-Graham, MD, FAAD, a dermatologist at Downtown Dermatology in Columbus, Ohio
Dr. Ben Johnson, MD, founder of the holistic beauty brand Osmosis Beauty
Dr. Sejal Shah, MD, a dermatologic surgeon based in New York City
Dr. Heidi Waldorf, MD, a dermatologist at Waldorf Dermatology Aesthetics in New York
This article was originally published on | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The invasion of the Crimea Vol. 4.djvu/223
THE COUNSELS OF THE ALLIi:?^. 103 inaxiin rests upon the assumption that the chap. .VII. victor will be prompt to Lay hold of the prize which the fortune of battle has offered him ; and we shall be forfeiting what we won at some cost on the heights of the Alma if we not only allow the place three weeks of lespite, but suffer it, all this time, to be in free communication with the roads by which troops and supplies can be brought to its succour. ' But if time is thus so well fitted to enable the enemy to recover from his weakness in point of numbers, and from the stress of a great defeat, much more is it favourable to liim in enabling him to strengthen his works of defence. You say that we too can work ; but in labour of this kind how can we compete with the enemy ? We have at our disposal the few weary and too often sickly men whom we can tell off for fatigue duty from the already diminished strength of our regiments. The enemy has thousands of strong, healthy sailors, he has liands of dock-labourers, all well supplied with food, clothing, and shelter. In point of tools, engines, timber, and other materials, and even in point of great guns, we must not compare our resources with those of an enemy who has close under his hand all that can be furnished by an arsenal, by a dockyard, by a town, by a whole fleet renouncing the sea. The time we shall take to put twenty |)ieces in liattery will enable the enemy to confront us with forty ; and with works better fitted for covering both VOL. IV. N | WIKI |
win32, child windows, opengl
I have 4 child windows in an aplication, what I want is to do is use opengl with each window, I usually use one single window with a rendering context and a device context that make opengl draw to tha window, I use a double buffer so first I draw the scene and then I send it to the window with
SwapBuffers(handleDeviceContext);
I learned this from nehe.
Now is it posible to do this with some kind of handle to a device context of a child window or child windows can’t have device contexts?. Or are you allowed to only have one device context in your window? I was thinking that maybe I could create diferent hDC like hDC1, hDC2… hDC4 and then draw what I want to display in child window one in the back buffer and use
SwapBuffers(hDC1), then draw the what has to be displayed in the second child window and use SwapBuffers(hDC2) for the next one… and so on.
Is this possible?..
Or its better if I just create one whindow and create 4 views with opengl instead of using separate child windows…?
You can do it either way. If you decide to use multiple rendering contexts, you just have to be certain to make the rendering context you want to draw in current before drawing. Then when you swap buffers you must swap the proper device context. There are also other details to be aware of when using multiple rendering contexts, e.g. sharing display lists. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Stevenson and Quiller-Couch - St Ives .djvu/435
In the Place de la Concorde, where a singular little scene brought me to a halt.
About a score of young men—aristocrats by their dress and carriage—were gathered about the centre of the square. Each wore a white scarf and the Bourbon cockade in his hat; and their leader, a weedy youth with hay-coloured hair, had drawn a paper from his pocket, and was declaiming its contents at the top of a voice by several sizes too big for him:—
et cetera. Later on, I possessed myself of a copy of the Prince of Schwarzenberg's proclamation, and identified the wooden rhetoric at once.
"Parisians! you have the example of Bordeaux before you". . . Ay, by the Lord, they had—right under their eyes! The hay-coloured youth wound up his reading with a "Vive le roi!" and his band of walking-gentlemen took up the shout. The crowd looked on impassive; one or two edged away; and a grey-haired, soldierly horseman (whom I recognised for the Duc de Choiseul-Praslin) passing in full tenue of Colonel of the National Guard, reined up, and addressed the young men in a few words of grave rebuke. Two or three answered by snapping their fingers, and repeating their "Vive le roi" with a kind of embarrassed defiance. But their performance, before so chilling an audience, was falling sadly flat when a dozen or more of young royalist bloods came riding up to reanimate it—among them M. Louis de Chateaubriand, M. Talleyrand's brother, Archambaut de Périgord, the scoundrelly Marquis de Maubreuil—yes, and my cousin, the Vicomte de Saint Ives. | WIKI |
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