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Peace was more common than war in the Baltic from 1721 to 1814 but there were also long periods of tensions and diplomatic and military preparations for war. Europe during this period was involved in almost constant negotiations about alliances and alignments between the various powers shifted frequently. Historians have tried to analyse this as various systems of power relations. In a long-term perspective, it seems difficult to discern any `systems’. It is rather the repeated changes which set the pattern – the `system’ was fluid, unpredictable and consequently not a great source of security, especially for secondary powers. Every state had to be prepared for anything and that kept the cost of maintaining armies and navies at a high level. The three Baltic powers had no closed system of alliances and conflicts. Instead, they participated in many European alliances and for a century almost every combination involving the two Nordic powers and the five European Great Powers, France, Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, was tried. Behind these changes it is, however, easy to discern a certain continuity. Russia and Denmark were on guard against Swedish attempts to regain a strong power position in the Baltic, and Sweden up to 1789 normally had friendly relations with France. Versailles saw the Nordic country as a useful part of various political combinations and alliances, a valuable source of naval stores and an unlikely enemy. The first years of peace after 1721 were uneasy in the Baltic. Russia wished to assert its new power by putting pressure on both Sweden and Denmark-Norway and the Russians used their growing navy primarily as an instrument of that policy. Up to 1727, England repeatedly sent fleets to the Baltic as a counterweight to Russia. After that the Russian Navy rapidly declined as conservative Russians tried to eliminate many of Peter I’s reforms. In the 1730s, France and Sweden gradually became closer and discussed possible actions against Russia; either a Swedish attack in the Gulf of Finland, or (as in 1734) a Swedish intervention in Danzig in support of French policy during the War of the Polish Succession. After the Russian defeat of Sweden in the war of 1741-43, a period of high tension followed in the Baltic until 1751. From time to time, war seemed imminent between various combinations: Russia and Sweden against Denmark (1743-44); Sweden against Denmark and Russia (1746-47); Prussia and Sweden (supported by France) against Russia and possibly Denmark (1748-49). After some years of lower tension, Russia and Sweden found each other as allies in the great coalition against Prussia in 1757-62, although both states avoided war with Prussia’s ally, Great Britain. The 1760s was calmer in the Baltic but it became increasingly obvious that the three Great Powers which had emerged in eastern and central Europe: Russia, Austria and Prussia were bent on territorial expansion. They had, however, learnt to cooperate rather than to fight each other and the chief victims of this new policy were Poland and the Ottoman Empire. For the Baltic, the repeated divisions of Poland (1772-95) and the Russian-Austrian plans to divide the Balkans had the important naval consequence that Russia increased its sailing battle-fleet from that of a second-rank regional power to that of a European great sea power. The navy was intended both for deployment to the Mediterranean during wars with the Ottomans and as a protection against possible Western interference in Russia’s Polish strategy. Another consequence was that the secondary powers in the Baltic began to feel both under threat and a desire to take part in the great realignment of European powers. One example of this was the agreement of 1769 between Russia, Prussia and Denmark to make a joint military intervention against Sweden if the king strengthened his domestic political power. King Gustav III (reigned 1771-92) of Sweden did in fact strengthen his power by a coup in 1772. This caused an international crisis but the three neighbours failed to act effectively. France supported Gustav, the Danish court was involved in a crisis, Russia was at war with the Ottomans and a large part of the Baltic battle fleet was in the Mediterranean. Technically, the large Prussian Army might have invaded Sweden, supported by a combined Danish-Russian fleet (if France had not sent a fleet to the Baltic), but in fact not even a naval demonstration was attempted. Alliances had shown their weakness and Gustav III had got an appetite for coups which might create faits accomplis. By 1779-80, he had begun to prepare for a conquest of Norway by a surprise naval attack on Copenhagen. When Russia failed to agree to his plans of mutilating the Danish Kingdom, he attacked Russia instead, in the hope that his expanded navy would give him a technological advantage. The long period of war from 1792 to 1815 saw a dramatic realignment of borders and power structures in the Baltic. Denmark-Norway became involved in conflicts with Great Britain, which saw the large Danish-Norwegian Navy as a threat to the European balance of naval power. The navy was captured and the Danish government lost control of the lines of communication within the monarchy. Sweden lost Finland to Russia and attempted to compensate for that with a conquest of Norway. Even more so than earlier, the sea became the `natural’ border between the Nordic countries. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Baltic had been dominated by two states which by geography tended to be maritime, Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Both had very large navies (and armies) in comparison with their small population base. Russia’s determined effort to become a European Great Power and a major sea power had changed Baltic power politics considerably, but up to the 1780s the three Baltic powers could participate in European power politics as sea powers of the same order. In all the wars and alliances which have been briefly mentioned in this section, warfare in the Baltic was oriented around maritime lines of communication that would give the navies a decisive role. Naturally, this was an advantage for the two Nordic powers with their smaller population base but relatively strong navies. The Danish-Norwegian sailing battle fleet was normally the largest of the three, but Russia and Sweden also had large oared flotillas for amphibious warfare. By 1800, the Baltic had become an area of contest or cooperation between Great Britain and Russia. By 1815, they were the two European superpowers whose maritime and continental interests were to determine much of nineteenth-century world politics. The smaller Baltic powers, now far from domination, had to use the sea as a barrier against invasions from the Great Powers in east, west and south. Technical development in the nineteenth century would gradually make it possible to formulate new naval doctrines where purely defensive naval forces could provide credible coast defence systems against Great Powers. But the days when the Nordic powers could use their battle fleets as parts of the European balance of power and as instruments of offensive warfare had gone.	FINEWEB-EDU
List of counts palatine of the Rhine This article lists counts palatine of Lotharingia, counts palatine of the Rhine, and electors of the Palatinate (Kurfürst von der Pfalz), the titles of three counts palatine who ruled some part of the Rhine region in the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire between 915 to 1803. From 1261 (formally 1356), the title holder was a member of the small group of prince-electors who elected the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Since then, the title has also referred to as "Elector Palatinate". Counts palatine of Lotharingia, 915–1085 The Palatinate emerged from the County Palatine of Lotharingia which came into existence in the 10th century. * Wigeric of Lotharingia, count of the Bidgau (c. 915/916–922) * Godfrey, count of the Jülichgau (c. 940) House of Ezzonen During the 11th century, the Palatinate was dominated by the Ezzonian dynasty, which governed several counties on both banks of the Rhine. These territories were centered around Cologne-Bonn, but extended south to the rivers Moselle and Nahe. The southernmost point was near Alzey. * Hermann I of Lotharingia 945–996 * Ezzo of Lotharingia 996–1034 * Otto I of Lotharingia 1034–1045 (Duke of Swabia 1045–1047) * Henry I of Lotharingia 1045–1060/1061 * Hermann II of Lotharingia 1061/1064–1085 (in tutelage to Anno II, archbishop of Cologne until 1064) Counts palatine of the Rhine, 1085–1214 From c. 1085, after the death of the last Ezzonian count palatine, Herman II of Lotharingia, the Palatinate lost its military importance in Lotharingia. The territorial authority of the count palatine was reduced to his counties along the Rhine, henceforth called the County Palatine of the Rhine. * Heinrich II of Laach 1085–95 * Siegfried of Ballenstedt 1095–1113 * Gottfried of Kalw 1113–29 * William of Ballenstedt 1129–39 * Henry IV Jasomirgott 1139–42 * Hermann III of Stahleck 1142–55 Hohenstaufen counts palatine The first hereditary count palatine of the Rhine was Conrad of Hohenstaufen, who was the younger brother of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The territories attached to this hereditary office began with those held by the Hohenstaufens in Franconia and Rhineland. (Other branches of the Hohenstaufen dynasty received territories including lands in Swabia and Franche-Comté). Part of this land derived from their imperial ancestors, the Salian Emperors, and part from Conrad's maternal ancestors, the Saarbrücken. This explains the composition of the inheritance that comprised the Upper and Rhenish Palatinate in the following centuries. * Conrad of Hohenstaufen 1156–95 Welf counts palatine In 1195, the Palatinate passed to the House of Welf through the marriage of Agnes, heir to the Staufen count. * Henry V of Welf 1195–1213 * Henry VI of Welf 1213–14 The Palatinate under the Wittelsbach: the Electoral dignity (1214–1803) On the marriage of the Welf heiress Agnes in the early 13th century, the territory passed to the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, who were also counts palatine of Bavaria. During a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession of both the Rhenish Palatinate and the territories in Bavaria north of the Danube river (the Nordgau) centred around the town of Amberg. As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) became common from the early 16th century, to contrast with the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine. The Golden Bull of 1356, in circumvention of inner-Wittelsbach contracts and thus bypassing Bavaria, recognized the Palatinate as one of the secular electorates. The count was given the hereditary offices of Archsteward (Erztruchseß) of the Empire and Imperial Vicar (Reichsverweser) of Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine and southern Germany. From that time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine (Kurfürst von der Pfalz). The position of prince-elector had existed earlier (for example, when two rival kings of Germany were elected in 1257: Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso X of Castile), though it is difficult to determine exactly the earliest date of the office. By the early 16th century, owing to the practice of dividing territories among different branches of the family, junior lines of the Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in Simmern, Kaiserslautern and Zweibrücken in the Lower Palatinate, and in Neuburg and Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, adopted Lutheranism in the 1530s and Calvinism in the 1550s. Later history Following the great restorations of 1815, the Lower Palatinate (albeit without any prince-elector role) was restored as one of eight Bavarian Districts. After World War II the American Military Government of Germany took the Lower Palatinate from Bavaria and merged it with neighbouring territories to form a new state called Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz) with Mainz as the state capital. The people had felt neglected by the governments in Munich for generations and later approved the merger in a plebiscite. The present head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933), is still traditionally styled as His Royal Highness the Duke of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine of the Rhine.	WIKI
RichFaces 3.3.X SVN Structure Overview RichFaces SVN Repository. 3.3.x Structure Overview Structure RichFaces repository has the following directories on the top level: • cdk - the RichFaces Component Developer Kit • docs - the root folder for building the RichFaces Developer's Guide • extensions - additional extensions to the main package. Includes extension for gwt, Portal, Seam (not required any more), Trinidad • framework - the codebase for RichFaces API and RichFaces Impl libraries • samples - the examples that are used for developing and testing RichFaces components • sandbox - an incubator for future RichFaces components • test-applications - the test suite that the QA team uses to test the components • ui - the main project with source code for RichFaces Components ui directory RichFaces is a Maven driven project. Thus, the project structure is based on the approaches provided by Maven. The RichFaces CDK (Component Development Kit) is used for developing RichFaces components. The CDK generates the ready-to-use JSF library based on the source code located in the richfaces directory. The RichFaces project contains several sub-projects. Each subproject is used to develop a particular set of components independent of one another. Some example sub-projects in the ui directory are: • dataFilterSlider • dataTable • drag-drop • dropdown-menu • gmap • etc. Some sub-projects depend on other project(s). For example, the dropdown-menu sub-project where the rich:dropDownMenu component is developed depends on the menu-components sub-project where rich:menuItem, rich:menuGroup and rich:menuSeparator are developed. During component development, each sub-project is built separately and the resulting jar contains only a developing component (or a set of them). This jar (small library) is not distributed to the public, but used only for testing purposes. The special sub-project 'assembly' is used to build an integration library that is distributed to the public. samples directory samples contains the source code for main richfaces-demo and test projects that are used for testing RichFaces components during the development phase. As it is mentioned above, RichFaces components have been developed separately from each other. This means that the test projects use not the integration library, but the library that contains only the testing component(s). How to Build samples Applications Those application are Maven driven. Thus, it's necessary to have a Maven installed and configured. See "[ How to Configure Maven for RichFaces\|http://labs.jboss.com/wiki/HowToConfigureMavenForRichFaces]" how to accomplish it. After the Maven is installed and configured, you can launch "mvn install" to build the example. If you launch this command right at the sample directory, all available applications are built. The result war file will be located at the target directory of each project. How to work with samples Applications in Eclipse This instruction presumes that you use Eclipse and at least the original WTP 1.5 plugin installed. Red Hat Developers Studio also contains original WTP 1.5, so you can use it as well. Preparation: Those steps should be followed once, before you import a first Maven based project. 1. Maven. You need Maven installed and configured, as it is directed above. 2. Maven Classpath Variable - M2_REPO. Select "Window->Preferences". In the Preferences dialog: "Java->Build Path->Classpath Variables". Click "New....". Type M2_REPO for name, and choice path the Maven repository. Click "OK" and close the Preferences dialog. Note for Maven newbies: Maven repository is not the same that directory where you installed the Maven files. The default path to it is ~/.m2/repository. You can change the path in the <Maven-root>/conf/setting.xml file. Import: 1. At the root of the project perform the following Maven command: mvn eclipse:eclipse -DdownloadSources=true -Dwtpversion=2.0 This magic command creates an eclipse project meta files with WTP support. Also, it instructs to attach the available source code for each libraries used in the project. Really cool! 2. Launch Eclipse and open the Import Project wizard. Use "Existing Projects into Workspace" option. Select the root directory of the project and click Finish. 3. On the Server View, right click on the current Server and add the project to deployment Launch Server (for example, Tomcat) from Server View. Launch a browser and type the URL to the application. If you can see the application up-and-running, you have done the import right. Re-import: If you switch to the new version of RichFaces (for example, from 3.3.2-SNAPSHOT to 3.3.3-SNAPSHOT) you need to re-import the project. Otherwise, it does not see the changes in the library. In particular situation, re-import is a good solution when Eclipse starts to produce unexpected glitches. In order to re-import: 1. Delete the project from the Eclipse workspace (without deleting the content) 2. At the root of the project perform the following Maven command: mvn eclipse:clean 3. Follow the instruction for the "Import" mentioned above.an	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Fred Carter (disambiguation) Fred Carter (born 1945) is an American basketball player and coach. Fred Carter may also refer to: * Fred Carter (artist) (1938–2022), American artist * Fred Carter (athlete) * Fred Carter (convict) (1835–?), convict transported to Western Australia, later became a colony schoolteacher * Fred Carter Jr. (1933–2010), American musician * Fred Carter (rugby league), English rugby league footballer of the 1910s and 1920s * Fred G. Carter (1888–?), American college football player and coach * Frederic Carter (1853–1924), English cricketer * Frederick Carter (1819–1900), Canadian lawyer and politician in Newfoundland	WIKI
Quaestor hocicudo The quaestor hocicudo (Oxymycterus quaestor) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina, where it lives in forest and moist and dry scrub.	WIKI
Page:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Vol 1.djvu/218 Rh Dr. Herschel has delineated the meeting of the arches, arising from a calculation of the proper motions of the 36 stars in Dr. Mas- kelyne’s Catalogue, on a celesﬁal globe ; and ﬁnds that, in the northern hemisphere, no less than ten of those intersections are made by stars of the ﬁrst magnitude, in a very limited part of the heavens, about the constellation of Heﬁcules. Upon all the remaining surface there is not the least appearance of any other than a promiscuous situation of intersections, and only one of these'made by arches of principal stars. A table is then given of the calculated situations of the above- mentioned ten intersections in right ascension and north polar di- stance; and it is observed, that if the intersections made by the proper motions of some large stars of the next order, and the arches in which the stars of the ﬁrst magnitude move, are examined, no less than ﬁfteen unite with the former ten in pointing out the same part of the heavens as a parallactic centre. This. Dr. Herschel thinks, can hardly fail to be considered as a convincing proof of the motion here treated of. The changes in the position of double stars are next considered; and these, Dr. Herschel thinks, it will be more eligible to ascribe to the effect of parallax than to admit so many separate motions in the different stars, especially as the parallactic motions of at least half of the 56 double stars described by him, point out the same apex of a solar motion by their direction to its opposite parallactic centre. Dr. Herschel then remarks, that if the proper motions of the stars were such as they appear to be, they would exhibit an incongruous mixture of great velocity and extreme slowness. Of this incongruity, several instances are enumerated; but it will, he says, be shown, when the direction and velocity of the solar motion are explained, that these incongruities are mere parallactic appearances. With respect to the occultation of a small star by a large one, Dr. Herschel will, he says, prove, when the solar motion is esta- blished, that the vanishing of the small star near 5 Cygni is, as far as We can judge at present, only a parallactic appearance. Dr. Herschel now proceeds to consider the direction of the solar motion: the expedience of admitting such motion being, he thinks, after what has been said, no longer questionable. He begins by proving, that when the proper motions of two stars are given, an apex may be found, to which, if the sun be supposed to move with a certain velocity, the two given motions may be resolved into apparent changes, arising from sidereal parallax; the stars remaining perfectly at rest. The mode of proving this, in which Arcturus and Sirius are used as examples, will not admit of abridgement. But, from the nature of proper motions, it follows, that when a third star does not lead us to the same apex as the other two, its apparent motion cannot be resolved by the effect of parallax alone: and, although we may account for the proper motion of the third star, Capella for instance, by retaining the same apex of the solar motion which explained the apparent motions of the other	WIKI
User:Ralph Spaans/Akkedis (Band) Akkedis is an Afrikaans rock band composed of twin brothers Rudolph (drums, vocals) and Arthur Dennis (guitar, vocals), and Adrian John Graham (bass) from Stellenbosch, Western Cape, near Cape Town, South Africa. Band history The band was formed in 1997 by twin brothers Rudolph and Arthur Dennis (born 31 January 1972).	WIKI
That Name in Lights? It's the Usher's JILL LAFER sees a lot of theater and believes that she knows her way around Broadway as well as the next New Yorker. But on Wednesday she was stumped for a moment while heading to the matinee performance of ''Glengarry Glen Ross,'' the David Mamet work that occasionally sprinkles words of more than four letters between the expletives. Her ticket told her to go to the Royale Theater, on West 45th Street. But there is no such place, not anymore. ''I knew the address, and I knew about where I was going,'' said Ms. Lafer, who lives on the Upper East Side. ''But I couldn't see it. I was completely confused.''	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Page:Poems, Alexander Pushkin, 1888.djvu/121 Rh Her shoulders, nor moist lips, nor snow-white fingers. None is worthy of her heavenly love. Is it not so? Thou art alone.… Thou weepest.… And I at peace? But if	WIKI
-- Ghana's Cocoa-Bean Purchases Increase By 35% in the Five Weeks to Nov. 4 Cocoa purchases in Ghana , the world’s second-biggest producer of the beans, rose 35 percent in the five weeks of the season to Nov. 4, according to a government official with access to the information. Companies licensed by the Ghana Cocoa Board to purchase beans from farmers bought 275,487 metric tons during the period, compared with 204,626 tons a year earlier, the data show. The official declined to be identified because the figures are confidential. Purchases during the week ended Nov. 4 increased to 46,860 tons from 44,709 tons in the fifth week of the 2009-10 season. Ghana borders Ivory Coast, the world’s top producer of the chocolate ingredient. To contact the reporter on this story: Moses Mozart Dzawu in Accra at mdzawu@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story: Antony Sguazzin at asguazzin@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Associated Press v. Walker See 389 U.S. 997, 88 S.Ct. 462. William P. Rogers, Leo P. Larkin, Jr., Stanley Godofsky, Arthur Moynihan, Earl T. Thomas, John T. Guyton and Billy R. Pesnell, for petitioner. W. Scott Wilkinson and Clyde J. Watts, for respondent. On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Second Circuit. PER CURIAM.	WIKI
Genetic differences in human circadian clock genes among worldwide populations. Ciarleglio CM, Ryckman KK, Servick SV, Hida A, Robbins S, Wells N, Hicks J, Larson SA, Wiedermann JP, Carver K, Hamilton N, Kidd KK, Kidd JR, Smith JR, Friedlaender J, McMahon DG, Williams SM, Summar ML, Johnson CH J Biol Rhythms. 2008 23 (4): 330-40 PMID: 18663240 · PMCID: PMC2579796 · DOI:10.1177/0748730408320284 The daily biological clock regulates the timing of sleep and physiological processes that are of fundamental importance to human health, performance, and well-being. Environmental parameters of relevance to biological clocks include (1) daily fluctuations in light intensity and temperature, and (2) seasonal changes in photoperiod (day length) and temperature; these parameters vary dramatically as a function of latitude and locale. In wide-ranging species other than humans, natural selection has genetically optimized adaptiveness along latitudinal clines. Is there evidence for selection of clock gene alleles along latitudinal/photoperiod clines in humans? A number of polymorphisms in the human clock genes Per2, Per3, Clock, and AANAT have been reported as alleles that could be subject to selection. In addition, this investigation discovered several novel polymorphisms in the human Arntl and Arntl2 genes that may have functional impact upon the expression of these clock transcriptional factors. The frequency distribution of these clock gene polymorphisms is reported for diverse populations of African Americans, European Americans, Ghanaians, Han Chinese, and Papua New Guineans (including 5 subpopulations within Papua New Guinea). There are significant differences in the frequency distribution of clock gene alleles among these populations. Population genetic analyses indicate that these differences are likely to arise from genetic drift rather than from natural selection. MeSH Terms (23) African Americans Alleles ARNTL Transcription Factors Asian Continental Ancestry Group Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors Biological Clocks Circadian Rhythm CLOCK Proteins DNA European Continental Ancestry Group Gene Frequency Genes Ghana Humans Light New Guinea Photoperiod Polymorphism, Genetic Population Seasons Temperature Trans-Activators United States Connections (2) This publication is referenced by other Labnodes entities: Links	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 95.djvu/1713 PUBLIC LAW 97-130—DEC. 29, 1981 Public Law 97-130 97th Congress 95 STAT. 1687 An Act To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to eliminate certain provisions relating to consolidations or mergers of telegraph and record carriers and to create a fully competitive marketplace in record carriage, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SHORT TITLE 1. This Act may be referred to as the "Record Carrier Competition Act of 1981". SECTION Dec. 29, 1981 [S. 271] Record Carrier Competition Act of 1981. 47 USC 609 note. COMPETITION AMONG RECORD CARRIERS SEC. 2. Section 222 of the Communications Act of 1934 is amended 47 USC 222. to read as follows: COMPETITION AMONG RECORD CARRIERS "SEC. 222. (a) For purposes of this section: Definitions. "(1) The term 'primary existing international record carrier' means any record carrier which (A) derives a majority of its revenues during any calendar year from the provision of international record communications services between points of entry into or exit from the United States and points outside the United States; (B) is eligible, on the date of the enactment of the Record Carrier Competition Act of 1981, to obtain record traffic from a record carrier in the United States for delivery outside the United States; and (C) is engaged in the direct provision of record communications services between the United States and four or more continents. "(2) The term 'record carrier' means a common carrier engaged in the offering for hire of any record communications service, including service on interstate network facilities between two points located in the same State. Such term does not include any common carrier which derives a majority of its revenues during any calendar year from the provision of services other than record communications service. "(3) The term 'record communications service' means those services traditionally offered by telegraph companies, such as telegraph, telegram, telegram exchange, and similar services involving an interconnected network of teletypewriters. "OJXD The Commission shall, to the maximum extent feasible, promote the development of fully competitive domestic and international markets in the provision of record communications service, so that the public may obtain record communications service and facilities (including terminal equipment) the variety and price of which are governed by competition. In order to meet the purposes of this section, the Commission shall forbear from exercising its author- 89-194 0 - 8 2 108:QL3 �	WIKI
How to Adjust Brakes On A 2000 Gem Electric Car Adjusting the brakes on a 2000 GEM (Global Electric Motorcars) electric car involves several steps. These vehicles typically use hydraulic drum brakes, so the process is similar to adjusting brakes on other vehicles with this type of braking system. Here’s a general guide: Tools and Materials Needed: • Jack and jack stands • Wheel chocks • Lug wrench • Screwdriver or brake adjustment tool • Safety gloves and glasses Steps to Adjust the Brakes: 1. Safety First: • Park the vehicle on a flat, level surface. • Engage the parking brake. • Place wheel chocks around the wheels that will remain on the ground. 1. Lift the Vehicle: • Use a jack to lift the vehicle and secure it with jack stands. • Remove the wheels using a lug wrench. 1. Access the Brake Adjuster: • Locate the brake drum. The adjuster is typically located behind the drum. • On some models, you may need to remove a rubber plug on the back of the drum to access the adjuster. 1. Adjust the Brake Shoes: • Use a brake adjustment tool or a flat-head screwdriver to turn the adjuster wheel inside the drum. • Turn the adjuster wheel to expand the brake shoes until the drum is tight and you can no longer turn the wheel by hand. • Once tight, back off the adjuster slightly (usually a few clicks) until the wheel can turn freely with a slight drag. 1. Reassemble and Test: • Replace the rubber plug (if removed) and put the wheel back on. • Lower the vehicle off the jack stands. • Test the brakes by driving at a low speed and applying the brakes to ensure they are working properly. 1. Repeat for Other Wheels: • Repeat the process for each wheel that needs adjustment. Additional Tips: • Check Brake Fluid: Ensure the brake fluid is at the proper level in the master cylinder. Low brake fluid can affect braking performance. • Inspect Brake Components: While adjusting the brakes, inspect the brake shoes, drums, and other components for wear or damage. Replace any worn or damaged parts as needed. • Consult the Manual: Refer to the GEM owner’s manual or a service manual for specific instructions and torque specifications for your model. Warning: • If you’re not comfortable performing brake adjustments yourself, or if the brakes still don’t feel right after adjustment, seek professional assistance. Properly functioning brakes are crucial for your safety. By following these steps, you should be able to adjust the brakes on your 2000 GEM electric car and ensure they are functioning correctly. How Much Recharge Electric Car The cost to recharge an electric car can vary widely based on several factors, including the cost of electricity in your area, the capacity of your car’s battery, and the efficiency of the charging process. Here’s how you can estimate the cost: 1. Determine Your Car’s Battery Capacity: Electric car batteries are typically measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). For example, a Nissan Leaf might have a 40 kWh battery, while a Tesla Model S might have a 100 kWh battery. 2. Find Your Local Electricity Rate: The cost of electricity is usually measured in cents per kWh. This can vary significantly depending on where you live. Check your electric bill or your utility company’s website for the exact rate. For example, in the U.S., the average cost of electricity is around $0.13 per kWh, but it can range from $0.10 to $0.20 or more. 3. Calculate the Cost to Fully Charge the Battery: • Use the formula: Cost = Battery Capacity (kWh) * Electricity Rate (cents/kWh) • For example, if you have a 40 kWh battery and electricity costs $0.13 per kWh: • Cost = 40 kWh * $0.13/kWh = $5.20 4. Consider Charging Efficiency: Charging an electric vehicle is not 100% efficient. Some energy is lost as heat. The efficiency can vary but is typically around 85-90%. To account for this, you can multiply the cost by a factor (e.g., 1.1 to 1.15). Example Calculation • Battery Capacity: 60 kWh • Electricity Rate: $0.15 per kWh • Charging Efficiency: 90% 1. Base Cost: 60 kWh * $0.15/kWh = $9.00 2. Adjusted for Efficiency: $9.00 * 1.1 (for 90% efficiency) = $9.90 So, it would cost approximately $9.90 to fully charge a 60 kWh battery at an electricity rate of $0.15 per kWh with a 90% efficient charging process. Additional Considerations • Public Charging Stations: Costs can vary; some are free, some charge by time or kWh, and some have a flat fee. • Home Charging Equipment: If you install a Level 2 charger at home, consider the installation cost and any potential increase in your electricity rate during peak times. • Variable Rates: Some utility companies offer variable rates depending on the time of day (time-of-use rates). Charging your car during off-peak hours can save money. By considering these factors, you can get a more accurate estimate of the cost to recharge your electric vehicle. Best Way Clean Oil Soaked Electrical Car Parts Cleaning oil-soaked electrical car parts requires caution to avoid damaging the components or creating a hazardous situation. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to clean them safely: 1. Disconnect Power: Ensure that the car is turned off and the battery is disconnected to prevent any electrical hazards. 2. Safety Gear: Wear appropriate safety gear, including gloves and safety glasses. 3. Remove Excess Oil: Use absorbent materials like paper towels or rags to soak up as much oil as possible from the surface of the parts. 4. Use a Suitable Cleaner: • Electrical Contact Cleaner: Use an electrical contact cleaner that is designed for cleaning electronic components. These cleaners evaporate quickly and do not leave residues. • Isopropyl Alcohol: Use 99% isopropyl alcohol as it evaporates quickly and leaves no residue. Apply it with a clean, soft cloth or use a spray bottle. 5. Cleaning Process: • Apply the cleaner to the oil-soaked parts. If using a spray, ensure even coverage. • Use a soft brush, such as a toothbrush, to gently scrub away the oil. Avoid using abrasive materials that could damage the components. • For hard-to-reach areas, use cotton swabs dipped in the cleaner. 6. Dry the Parts: Allow the parts to air dry completely. Ensure there is no moisture left before reconnecting them to the electrical system. 7. Reassemble and Test: Once the parts are clean and dry, reassemble them and reconnect the battery. Test the components to ensure they are functioning correctly. 8. Dispose of Waste Properly: Dispose of any oil-soaked materials and cleaning waste according to local regulations. Remember, if you’re unsure about cleaning any specific component or if it involves complex electronics, consult a professional to avoid potential damage or safety risks. Kia Carnival Kia Carnival is a MUV which is expected to launch in India in Sep 2024 in the expected price range of Rs. 40.00 – 45.00 Lakh. It is available in 2 variants with 1 transmission option : Automatic. Other key specifications of the Carnival include a ground clearance of 180 mm. and The Carnival is available in 3 colours. Kia Carnival mileage is 13.9 kmpl. Kia Carnival Car Specifications Fuel TypeDiesel Engine2199 cc Power and Torque197 bhp & 440 Nm DriveTrainFWD Acceleration12.32 seconds Kia Carnival Summary PriceThe Kia Carnival prices are expected to range between Rs. 40.00 Lakh – Rs. 45.00 Lakh, depending on the variant selected.When will the Kia Carnival be launched?The new-gen Kia Carnival will be launched in India towards the end of the year.What variants will the Kia Carnival get?Kia India has not revealed the variants of the Carnival MPV yet.What features will be available in the Kia Carnival?Exterior:The updated Carnival will get new design elements such as a revised front fascia, tweaked tiger-nose patterned grille, LED headlamps with extended LED DRLs, redesigned front and rear bumpers, LED taillight with connected light bar, and new alloy wheels.Interior:Inside the cabin, the Carnival will come equipped with a twin display setup with two 12.3-inch screens each for the infotainment and instrument panels, heads-up display, OTA updates, Highway Driving Assist 2 (HDA2) along with the ADAS suite, and eight airbags. Also on offer will be features such as an air purifier, wireless charger, ambient lighting, driver’s Ergo Motion seat, digital IRVM, multi-zone climate control, and a rear entertainment package with a 14.6-inch HD screen.What will be the engine, performance, and specifications of the Kia Carnival?Mechanically, there will be no changes under the hood of the updated Carnival. It will continue to source its power from a 2.2-litre diesel engine that is tuned to produce 197bhp and 440Nm of torque. This motor solely comes paired with an eight-speed torque converter automatic unit.Is the Kia Carnival a safe car?Kia has not tested the new Carnival for any safety ratings yet.What will be the rivals to the Kia Carnival?The Kia Carnival will compete against the Toyota Innova Hycross, Toyota Innova Crysta, Jeep Meridian, Toyota Fortuner, MG Gloster, and the Skoda Kodiaq in the segment. Carnival Variant Details Following details are tentative. Variants Specifications UPCOMING 2199 cc, Diesel, Automatic (TC), 13.9 kmpl, 197 bhp UPCOMING	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Secreta: a little suite for managing configuration secrets After learning AWS and Lambda, in the past few weeks I wrote Secreta, which is a set of three tools to manage configuration secrets in AWS Lambda functions. secreta-generate-aws is a command line utility that creates a pair of keys for asymmetric key encryption, using RSA. It does so by 1. running the forge module directly in an AWS Lambda function 2. saving the private key directly in an AWS Parameter, encrypted and protected by an access tag 3. saving the public key to a local file secreta-encrypt is a command line utility that encrypts to a local .secreta file the secrets referenced in your configuration files (using a public key). secreta-decrypt-aws is a NodeJS module that you can install into your AWS Lambda function to decrypt .secreta files in memory (using the corresponding private key, retrieved from the AWS Parameter) and merge them into the rest of the configuration, as if they had never been encrypted. You can share the public key in your project repository. This will allow any other trusted developer (like yourself) to always have a current public key to keep encrypting configuration secrets. These could be obtained by exchanging GPG email messages, for example. You can share the .secreta files in your project repository. This will allow any other developer to always have current configuration secrets to keep deploying your AWS Lambda function. Documentation here. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Five & Alive Five & Alive is an international fundraising and awareness initiative of Population Services International (PSI), which addresses children under the age of five and their families who are health facing a health crisis. The program addresses health issues in children in over 30 countries worldwide, focusing on educating the public about deadly yet preventable diseases, including malaria, waterborne illness, pneumonia, micronutrients, and malnutrition. , the program has purified over 40 billion litres of water and distributed more than 50 million mosquito nets to underprivileged children and their families all over the world. Five & Alive collaborates with strategic partners to raise awareness of the effects of malaria specifically on children under the age of five. Global Ambassadors for the program include Ashley Judd, Molly Sims, Anna Kournikova, and Mandy Moore. Organizational overview Five & Alive was established by Kate Roberts in 2007, as a subsidiary program of Population Services International, where she serves as Vice President of Corporate Marketing and Communications. The health program is a collaborative initiative of YouthAIDS, an HIV/AIDS education and prevention program of PSI. YouthAIDS and Five & Alive serve to increase awareness of health crises primarily facing the African continent, the Global South and developing world, while providing practical support and programming to save the lives of poor and vulnerable children. Five & Alive is an awareness, marketing and fundraising campaign of PSI that focuses on the global health crisis facing children under the age of five and their families. The program provides the education, resources, products, and care necessary for children and their families to fight off entirely preventable death and disease. Using targeted subsidies and free distribution, PSI offers long-lasting mosquito nets and malaria treatment, pneumonia antibiotics and antimalarial medication, micronutrients, rehydration salts, and water purification tablets, including WhuaAgar and PUR for individuals determined to be among those at the greatest risk for health crisis and death. Every year, malaria infects between 350–500 million lives, leading to over a million deaths, primarily in children located on the African continent. At the same time, pneumonia has globally been the leading cause of death in children under the age of five years. All children, no matter where they are born, deserve a healthy start in life. Nearly 11 million children die before their fifth birthday and the majority of these deaths are preventable. –Ashley Judd, Five & Alive Global Ambassador Diarrheal disease treatment and prevention Five & Alive promotes safe drinking water through household water treatment, a water-quality intervention that employs proven, easy-to-use and inexpensive solutions appropriate for the developing world. Five & Alive improves the lives of individuals around the world by ensuring that household water is clean and safe, regardless of its source. Five & Alive's water-treatment products include a sodium hypochlorite-based safe water solution, chlorine-based tablets and a flocculent/disinfectant powder that enable families to purify water at the household level. The availability of these products, along with effective communications, empowers individuals to understand the burden that contaminated drinking water has on their health and allows them to take solutions into their own hands. Using both commercial marketing channels and community mobilization, Five & Alive generates awareness about the value of disinfecting drinking water, hand washing and other key hygiene behaviors. Five & Alive complements its work in safe water with the promotion of oral rehydration salts (ORS) and zinc supplements to save the lives of children who may die from diarrhea-related dehydration. These child deaths are easily preventable, yet the lack of widespread knowledge and improved practices continue to present many challenges. Five & Alive's diarrheal disease treatment programs educate caregivers on the use of ORS and zinc and expand the availability of these life-saving products through commercial and other non-traditional channels. As identified by the World Health Organization (WHO), the integration of dissolvable zinc tablets enhances the ability of mothers and caregivers to understand and easily treat future episodes of diarrhea, which can save the lives of their children. Pneumonia treatment Pneumonia is the second leading cause of death among children under five. Early diagnosis and treatment with simple antibiotics can prevent a large proportion of these deaths. A severe form of acute respiratory infection, pneumonia can be treated effectively using Five & Alive's pre-packaged therapy kits that contain cotrimoxazole and are easy to administer. Combined with comprehensive communications, this treatment is currently provided through private sector clinics to treat pneumonia in children under five. Malnutrition treatment Five & Alive estimates that over 3.5 million deaths of mothers and children have occurred due to malnutrition, or "undernutrition". They attribute the cause resulting from a variety of factors, including poverty, chronic illness, inadequate access to health services, insufficient macro and micronutrient intake, unsafe water, and lack of access to improved sanitation. For young children, ensuring access to health and nutritional sustenance during the first 1,000 days from conception to age two, can break the cycle of malnutrition. The treatment program offered by the organization is cost-effective, when appropriately tailored and applied during the first two years of life. The programming efforts launched by Five & Alive are proven successful, based on best-practices and evidence-based nutritional interventions, which include ensuring access to iron, folic acid, and multivitamin tablets for women of reproductive age, the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, and large scale food fortification. Access to services are provided to women and children through community health workers, private sector providers as well as public health facilities. Neonatal care The death of children within the first 28 days of life, accounts for 41 percent of child mortality rates worldwide. Close to 50 percent of newborn mortality occurs within the first 48 hours of life. Coupled with minimal progress in reducing newborn mortality, a targeted effort is being made in order to make progress towards greatly reducing the mortality rate of children by the year 2015. In order to accomplish this, Five & Alive is focused on increasing demand and access to quality neonatal interventions. Provided services include ensuring access to immunization and vaccination, and water and sanitation, all of which can be offered inexpensively, yet has consistently shown a high-return on investment. Additional services include improving access to a full range of basic education, primarily for young girls. Five & Alive readily promotes an integrated set of interventions that includes early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, kangaroo mother care, delayed bathing, and early detection of infection, all of which are delivered by community health workers during home visits. The organization is also working to increase access to four percent Chlorhexidine (CHX), which is a simple and inexpensive antiseptic shown to reduce newborn mortality by 23 percent. This product is proven effective, when applied within the first 24 hours of birth. Five & Alive's health services includes clean delivery kits, antenatal-based services, private provider networks, and community-based distribution, all of which increasingly delivers consistent access to four percent CHX at scale. Corporate support Five & Alive works in collaboration with partners ranging from large corporations to celebrity ambassadors to other nonprofit organizations. A major partnership with Condé Nast Traveler Magazine offers financial support through their Five & Alive Fund, in addition to comprehensive print coverage in support of Five & Alive's marketing campaigns, resulting in increased public awareness and funding. As a founding partner of the Condé Nast Traveler Five & Alive Fund, Crystal Cruises has raised over $180,000. Assistance has included the distribution of child survival packages in Uganda; and assistance in training community healthcare workers to provide free diagnoses and treatments to children in Cameroon, resulting in an estimated 40 percent reduction in child mortality. The cruise line additionally provides opportunity for travelers to donate financially and purchase merchandise in their onboard retail shops, with all proceeds going to support Five & Alive. Partnerships with Blackberry Farm and The Inn at Little Washington have led to several fundraising events. Appetite for Life dinners at Blackberry Farm in 2009 and 2010 alone raised over $160,000 towards Five & Alive's initiatives in Haiti, while events at the Inn at Little Washington raised over $650,000. Other corporate partners such as Procter & Gamble, Malaria No More, Care2, and Beam Global Spirits & Wine have been vital in sustaining the program, ensuring the organization's timely response to global crises, free of restrictions on time and resource allocation required by more traditional donors. Board members * Frank E. Loy, Chair – former Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs * Dr. Rehana Ahmed – Physician, reproductive health specialist for the United Nations Millennium Project, Nairobi, Kenya * David E. Bloom – Chair, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health * Barbara Bush – President, Global Health Corps, New York * Sarah G. Epstein – Population Consultant, Washington, DC * Dr. Frans Engering – Diplomat (ret.), The Hague, Netherlands and former Ambassador to the Republic of South Africa * Shima Gyoh – Chairman, Nigerian Medical and Dental Council, Benue State, Nigeria * Gail M. Harmon – Corporate Attorney and Partner, Harmon, Curran, Spielberg & Eisenberg, LLP, Washington, DC * William C. Harrop – former U.S. Ambassador to Guinea, Israel, Kenya, and Zaire; and Inspector General of the U.S. Department of State and the Foreign Service, Washington, DC * Judith Richards Hope – Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University; Attorney, Washington, DC * Ashley Judd – Public Health and Human Rights Activist, Author, Actor, Franklin, Tennessee * Punam Keller – Professor, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire * Dr. Gilbert Omenn – Professor of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan * Dr. Malcolm Potts – Chair, Population and Family Planning in the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health * Bill Sanders – President, 400 Capital Management, Washington DC * Rebecca Van Dyck – Head of Consumer Marketing, Facebook	WIKI
Franklin Deming et al. v. Grand Trunk Railroad Co. In assumpsit against a common carrier, alleging that plaintiffs delivered to defendants a large quantity of wool, to wit, 7837 pounds, which they promised to transport; and the proof was of a smaller quantity : Held it was no variance. Where the declaration states a delivery of the wool to the carrier at its depot to be transported immediately to a place named, and avers that in consideration thereof and of a certain reward the carrier promised, &c : Held that on receiving the wool under an arrangement previously made, a duty arose to transport it accordingly, from which the law will imply a promise to do so, and consequently there wras no variance in the proof of the consideration. An allegation of a promise to deliver the goods to plaintiff at Portland to be transported by another party to Boston, is to be regarded as a promise to deliver them in Portland simply, and for nothing beyond. Several questions as to when interrogatories are leading, considered. Under a general exception to the testimony of a witness it cannot be urged that it gives the contents of a letter, but the exception must be specific. Testimony that the purchaser of the wool was informed, after the wool was shipped, that it would soon arrive, and that he was satisfied, is admissible. Where goods are contracted to be sold at a price fixed, to be delivered at a particular place, and a carrier promises to transport and deliver them in due time, with full notice that the goods are sold if forwarded seasonably, the measure of damages for a breach of his contract by which the consignor loses the sale, is the difference between the contract price and the value of the goods when actually delivered. Where a person testified that he was station agent at the depot of the railroad, and had lull charge of receiving and forwarding freight there( although he testified that he had no authority to make contracts, and no control over the locomotive power of the road, it was held that a jury might legally find that the corporation held him out as their agent to contract for sending freight the next day. Where there was a contract to carry freight at a particular time, proof that its transportation was prevented by an unexpected rush of freight is not admissible. Assumpsit. Writ dated May 26, 1866. The first count alleged that defendants were common carriers by railway from Northumberland, N. H., to Portland, Maine; that on February 22nd, 1866, plaintiffs at the request of defendants delivered to defendants at Northumberland depot, “certain goods and chattels, to wit, a large quantity of wool of the plaintiffs, to wit, seven thousand eight hundred and thirty seven pounds of wool, of great value, to wit, five thousand dollars, to be safely carried and conveyed by the defendants, by and on said railway, from the depot aforesaid at Northumberland aforesaid to Portland aforesaid, immediately and without delay, after said wool was so delivered by said plaintiffs to said defendants at said depot, to wit, by the next freight train of cars which should go over and upon said railway from said depot to said Portland after said delivery of said wool to said defendants as aforesaid ; and then,'to wit, at said Portland, to be safely delivered by said defendants for said plaintiffs, to be thence transported and conveyed for said plaintiffs, by another party to Boston in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It was then averred that “ in consideration thereof and of a certain reward and compensation to be paid by said plaintiffs to said defendants in that behalf,” defendants promised to carry the wool at the time and in the manner above stated, but that by breach of contract the wool was suffered to re-' main for some weeks at Northumberland depot, “ whereby said wool was greatly damaged and depreciated in value, in price and in market, to wit, at the rate of twelve cents per pound; and during the time of said neglect, delay and detention of said wool as aforesaid, the market value and price of the same fell and was greatly lessened and diminished, to wit, at the rate of twelve cents per pound, so that the plaintiffs were compelled to sell and deliver and did sell and deliver the same at a price less, to wit, twelve cents per pound Jess, than they would have obtained for the same if the said defendant had performed its promise and undertaking aforesaid ; and the plaintiffs had, to wit, on said twenty-second day of February, A. D. 1866, bargained and contracted said wool to be sold and delivered to a certain good and responsible party in said Boston, at the rate and price of fifty-six cents per pound, but by reason of said breach and non-performance by said defendant ot its said promise and undertaking as aforesaid, said plaintiffs were unable to sell and deliver said wool to said party to whom they had bargained and contracted the same as aforesaid, according to their said contract, and were prevented from so doing, and were compelled to sell and deliver, and did sell and deliver, to another party at a less rate or price than fifty-six cents per pound, to wit, at the rate or price of forty-eight cents per pound, and were thereby compelled to pay and did pay (here follow expenses which are immaterial), and for other necessary expenses a large sum to wit, one hundred dollars.” The second count was substantially similar to the first, with the exception that the promise was alleged to be, to carry the wool “ within a reasonable time ” after its delivery at Northumberland depot. The declaration is made a part of this case. Plea, the general issue. Plaintiffs’ evidence tended to show that the quantity of wool delivered to defendants was less than seven thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven pounds. After the evidence on both sides was closed, defendants objected that this was a variance, but it was ruled, subject to defendants’ exception, that the variance was immaterial. There was evidence tending to show that in February, 1866, the plaintiffs had a quantity of wool stored at Lancaster, N. H., and at Northumberland, N. H. ; that on February 21, 1866, Baldwin, one of the plaintiffs, went to the defendants’ depot in Northumberland, and that he found a young man in chai-ge of the depot, (Cummings, the station agent, being absent.) Subject to defendants’ exception, Baldwin was allowed to testify that he ascertained from the young man the rate of freight to Boston, and about the running of the train; that he told the young man that plaintiffs had a certain amount of wool, that had been sold, contracted for, and that they were very anxious to have it go forward immediately, either by the White Mountains Railroad, or by the Grand Trunk Railroad, by whichever route was the quickest, and that the young man agreed to save two cars from the up freight train that afternoon, to be ready to load the wool upon the next morning for the down freight train. After this evidence had been admitted, Cummings testified for defendants that the aforesaid young man was one Joseph Staples, who was baggage-master at that depot, and marked and checked baggage, and saw to loading and unloading freight; that he (Cummings) had full charge of receiving and forwarding freight at that station; that when he went away he had other men there to see to things; that these men received freight in his absence, but did not forward it; that if he was to be gone a day or two there would be some one sent in his place ; and that, on February 21st, 1866, he was absent from the station only a few hours. Baldwin further testified that, on his way back from Northumberland to Lancaster, on February 21st, he met Cummings, told him what he had done at the station, that the wool was bargained and must go forward, and that, if it could not go as arranged with the young man, to be sent up immediately the next morning, it must go the other way (i. e., via Littleton) ; that Cummings answered that it was “ all right” and told him to ‘£ send up the wool ”; that he (Baldwin) told Cummings, at this time, when the young man said it would be forwarded and about detaching two cars from the up train. Subject to defendants’ exception, plaintiffs were allowed to read the answer to interrogatory 15 in the deposition of Richard W. Bailey, stating that he was present at the interview between Baldwin and Cummings on February 21st, and testifying that Baldwin told Cummings he wanted the wool to go immediately to Boston ; that the wool was sold if it could go right in; and if there was anything why it could not go right along he would send it to Littleton; but if he could have it put right on to the cars, he would send it up there; that Cummings told Baldwin to send it up and it should go without fail; he told him to be sure and have it come up in the morning. There was evidence tending to show that the wool was delivered to the station agent at Northumberland early the next morning, the sacks being marked “ ffm, Greenough, Jr., Boston.” Baldwin testified that Cummings gave him the rate of freight as 65 cents per hundred, and that he understood this to be the rate to Portland. Defendants’ road terminates at Portland. When plaintiffs’ evidence was closed, defendants objected that there was no evidence of the contract declared on. Subsequently Cummings testified for defendants that, at the interview on February 21st, Baldwin asked him the rates to Boston ; that he told Baldwin the rates to Portland, and that goods not otherwise ordered were shipped by boat from Portland. After the evidence on both sides was closed, defendants objected that there was no evidence that defendants agreed to deliver the wool at Portland for plaintiffs to be conveyed by another party to Boston ; but it was ruled, subject to defendants’ exception, that there was evidence on which the jury might find such an agreement. Plaintiffs introduced the deposition of Selden A. Moore, the teamster who carried the wool from Lancaster to Northumberland on the morning of February 22. Subject to defendants’ exception, plaintiffs were allowed to read interrogatory 13, and answer, viz : Int. What, if anything, was the bargain between said Baldwin and yourself about loading this wool into a car ? Ans. I was to load it into a car together with that in J. A. Smith’s store at the depot, if they furnished one. This was admitted as tending to show diligence on plaintiffs’ part to get wool off by next freight train, and it was expressly ruled that it was not evidence to show that Baldwin had made a contract with defendants to send it by that train. Plaintiffs’ wool at Northumberland was stored in Smith’s store. Interrogatory 14 in Moore’s deposition was : State whether or not you put the wool in the Smith store aforesaid upon or into a car; and if .not, why not? What, if anything, did said Cummings agree to do about at? This was objected to as leading and incompetent, but was allowed, subject .to defendants’ exception; the court ruling, in the exercise of discretion., 'that, if leading, it might nevertheless be put. Interrogatory 16 in same deposition was : Do you know whether this wool was sent off the next day after yon drew it there, or the next day after you carried- said letter to Cummings from said Bailey (February 22d, or February S3 d,) according to agreement, or not? and if not, how long did it remain at said depot to your knowledge ? This was objected to as leading and incompetent, but was allowed, subject to defendant’s exception ; the court ruling, in the exercise of discretion, that, if leading, it might nevertheless be put. The deponent had previously testified that Cummings had sent by him a verbal message to Bailey that he would send the wool the next day, if Bailey would send him the weight and the consignee’s name. In answer to the last interrogatory he testified to the wool’s remaining “ several days.” Defendants subsequently proved that it remained there at least as late as March 16th. Interrogatory 3 in the deposition of William Greenough, Jr., was: What did you do for, them (i. e. plfs.) regarding the last named lot, and at what time did you do it ? Please state all the circumstances regarding it. The following portion of the answer was submitted, subject to defendants’exception': “It was done in February and March. The transaction was as follows : They had previously shipped a sample oi five bales, to represent the lot in question.' February 5th, 1866, we were offered fifty-six cents a pound, cash thirty days, by the Atlantic Delaine Company, Providence, Rhode Island, for the lot of wool represented by the said sample bales delivered in Boston, which offer we reported on February 6, 1866, to Mr. Baldwin, of the firm of F. Deming & Co., of Wells River, Vt. ; also, not hearing from Mr. Baldwin, we wrote again on the 13th of February, to Mr. Baldwin, repeating the offer. Mr. Baldwin wrote on the 22d of February, saying that he had accepted the offer and had shipped the wool. In the mean time we had seen the purchaser of the wool, and had told him that the wool would soon arrive, supposing that the wool started on the date of shipment, and that the delay was only the ordinary delay of winter transportation ; this was satisfactory to the purchaser. On March 14th, 1866, we received a letter from the Atlantic Delaine Company, the purchasers, declining to accept the wool, for reasons stated in said letter, which is hereto annexed and marked “A.” We wrote them again, saying the wool would soon arrive, and urging them to take it, to which they replied by letter, again declining to accept the wool, which letter is also annexed hereto, and marked “ B.” On March 20th, 1866, we telegraphed and wrote the plaintiffs, that their wool had not arrived and requesting them to hunt it up. The wool arrived in Boston on the 25th and 26th days of March, A. D., 1866.” Subject to defendants’ exception plaintiffs were allowed to read letters “ A,” and “ B,” referred to in the above answer and annexed to the deposition: “ A. Atlantic Delaine Co., Providence, R. I. March 14th, 1866. Mess. Greenough & Parker, Gentlemen — I have your favor to hand of the 13th, and in reply would state that Mr. Chapen has ordered me not to purchase any wool at present, the market is so very dull that he does not feel disposed to purchase more at present, and also the party who have taken our rejected fleece are not wishful to buy more. I am sorry not to be able to take this lot from you, but I will call upon you as soon as I am a buyer. Yours truly, Tom Mureitt. “ B.” Atlantic Delaine Co., Providence, R. I., March 19th, ’66. Messrs. Greenough & Parker, Gentlemen — I am sorry that I cannot take that lot of wool of you at present. When I bid you the price for it we were very much in need of that class of wool, and we had also a contract with a party for the rejected wool. That contract held until about a week ago, and at present we are scarcely using any of that class of wool. If I had had any idea that the wool would have been so long on the way I should not have bid you a price at it, as I wanted the wool for present use. It is not our fault’that it has been so long on the way, and it is not right that we should lose money on account of other people’s negligence. It was the duty of the owner to notify the railroad that the wool had not arrived in season, and to have had it hunted up three weeks ago. Yours truly, Tom Mukeitt. Subject to defendants’ exceptions, interrogatory 4 and answer in said Greenough’s deposition were admitted as follows : Did the said purchaser accept the wool so contracted for, if not why was it not accepted ? Ans. They did not, for this reason. In sales made to arrive, if the wool does not arrive, within a reasonable time, the buyer cannot be held, and in this case, the buyer urged that the market had declined materially, and further that, at that time, they had no use for the wool. Subject to defendants’ exception, the following portion of the answer to interrogatory 3 in the deposition of John D. Parker, Jr. was admitted, viz: “Yes sir, I know Mr. Deming and Mr. Wilder also. Greenough & Parker had samples of a lot of about eight thousand pounds of Vermont wool. Early in February of that year we showed the samples of this lot of wool to Thomas Murfitt, the buyer for the Atlantic Delaine Co. of Providence, Rhode Island. This wool and samples belonged to F. Deming & Co., of Wells River, Vermont. Murfitt offered us fifty-six cents a pound, one-third off for unwashed ; cash in thirty days, for the whole lot, providing it came up to sample. We reported this offer to the owners, and they accepted it. The wool was in New Hampshire and not here, and we directed it to be shipped at once for Boston. This wool was sold, I think, on the 5th of February and did not arrive in Boston till into March; on the 20th of March it had not arrived, to the best of my knowledge. On the arrival of the wool a letter was written to Murfitt, or he was informed of the arrival of the wool, and he was asked to come and examine it and see if it was up to sample. He stated in a letter to us, the same annexed to the deposition of Mr. Greenough, and marked “B,” that he could not take the lot of wool, on the ground that they were not using that quality of wool, and he had orders to buy no more of it; and also he stated in conversation with me that at the time of the purchase, they were using that kind of wool, but since they had ceased to use it, and now they did not want it. The wool on its arrival was placed in a storehouse, and the firm of “ Parker & Dupee” had an offer for the wool, I think 4th of April, either 4th or 6th of April, of forty-eight cents a pound, one-third off for unwashed, cash in thirty days, which offer was telegraphed to the plaintiffs. Mr. Wilder called on us on the 9th of April, and finally decided to accept this offer, and the wool was sold at that price, and the account of sales hereto annexed and marked “A.” shows the sale as made. Parker testified that the wool was as good as the sample. Subject to defendants’ exceptions, interrogatory 7 and answer in his deposition were admitted, as follows : Interrogatory — For what reason did the Delaine Co. refuse to accept said wool? Answer — Because of the long interval between the time of purchase and the time of arrival. Subject to defendants’ exception, Baldwin was allowed to testify as to time spent and expenses incurred in going to Boston in the first part of March, 1866, to ascertain where the wool was and hasten its arrival. Defendants offered to show that, owing to the approaching termination of the Reciprocity Treaty, there was at this time a great and unusual rush of freight over their road from Canada to the United States, and that the wool (which it was admitted was detained at Northumberland from February 22d to March 16th), was sent forward as soon as it could be ; and in this connection defendants offered to prove that they then had sufficient motive power, cars, and equipment, for the ordinary business of the road. The court ruled that this evidence was inadmissible, unless defendants proposed to show that the plaintiffs were notified of this rush of freight, or that other circumstances were such that the plaintiffs might reasonably be held to have had knowledge of it, or that the rush of freight commenced after the wool was delivered at Northumberland. As the defendants did not intimate their intention to prove any of the last mentioned facts, the evidence offered was excluded, subject to defendants’ exception. Cummings, the station agent, testified for defendants that his duties in regard to freight were to receive, weigh, fill and get it off as soon as possible ; that he had no authority to make contracts; that he went by the tariff; that he had no authority over the locomotive power of the road; that the superintendent could say when cars should be left, and the superintendent or assistant superintendent could direct conductors to take those cars ; and that he (Cummings) never agreed to send any freight (except live stock) at any particular time. On cross-examination he testified that he had a book of directions from the Railroad Company of some two hundred pages, and that he also received on the average about two circulars from the company every week; and that all his instructions were either in the book or the circulars. The book and circulars were neither called for by plaintiffs, nor produced by defendants. Cummings further testified that he had full charge of receiving and forwarding freight at that station. The jury were instructed, among other things, that a contract is binding on a corporation; 1st, if made by an agent who has been in fact authorized by the corporation to make it; or, 2d, if made by an agent who, though having no authority in fact to make such a contract, has been put by the corporation in such a position of trust, or has in any manner been so held out by the corporation, as that thé other contracting party might reasonably believe, and did believe, in consequence of the way in which the corporation held out the agent, that he had authority from the corporation to make such a contract; that whether Cummings made any contract, and whether, if he made one, it was binding on the defendants, were both questions of fact to be determined by the jury under the above instructions as to the law; and that the jury in determining these questions would consider whether the defendants, at that time, held out their station agent at Northumberland as authorized to contract for sending freight the next day, and whether the defendants clothed the station agent with powers calculated to induce the plaintiffs to believe that he had due authority to make this contract. In this connection the jury were instructed that an implied agency does not extend beyond the obvious purposes, general usage, scope, and course, of the business for which it is apparently created. The jury were also instructed, that if they found for the plaintiffs, and believed Baldwin (who had testified that he told the station agent that the wool was bargained and must go forward), and found that there was a contract with the Atlantic Delaine Company for the sale of the wool, they might give the plaintiffs any damages (over and above the difference in the market value at the time the wool should have arrived, and the time when it did arrive), which plaintiffs had sustained, owing to defendants’ delay, by the loss (if the jury found there was such loss), of the chance to sell to the Atlantic Delaine Company; and that they should give interest on this amount from the time of the Delaine Company’s refusal. (The jury were instructed to give no damages for the loss of the chance to sell the sample bales.) The jury were also instructed that they might give the plaintiffs, as damages, their expenses in looking up the wool, so far as these expenses were occasioned solely by, and were the natural consequence of, defendants’ delay, with interest on these expenses from the time when they were incurred. To the above instructions defendants excepted. The jury returned the following informal verdict in the form suggested to them by the court (to be used if they found for plaintiffs and found damages for the items claimed by plaintiffs) : “ The jury find a verdict for Deming, Baldwin & Wilder, and assess damages for the difference in the market value at five hundred forty-two dollars and eight cents, ($542.08.) They assess further damages beyond the above for loss of chance to sell to Atlantic Delaine Company at one hundred and forty-six dollars and ten cents ($146.10.) They assess further damages for plaintiffs’ expenses to, from and at Boston, occasioned solely by defendants’ breaeh of contract, at thirty-four dollars and seventy-five cents, ($34.75).” The jury also returned with the informal verdict an affirmative answer to the following question put to them by the court: “ Did Cummings make a contract with plaintiffs, binding on the Railroad Company, to forward the wool by the next freight train?” A formal verdict was taken for plaintiffs for $722.93, with leave to file a remittitur for any amount which plaintiffs may hereafter desire. Defendants move to set aside the verdict on account of the foregoing exceptions. Hibbard & Carpenter for plaintiffs. Fletcher & Fan' for defendants. Bellows, J. In this case it is objected that there is a variance between the amount of wool delivered to the defendants, as alleged in the declaration, and the amount proved; the allegation being that a large quantity of wool of the plaintiffs, to wit, 7837 pounds, was so delivered, and the proof being of a smaller quantity. The inquiry is, then, whether the plaintiff was bound to prove the precise amount laid in his declaration ; and this must turn upon the question whether the amount so stated is material and traversable or not. If it is, the consequences of a variance will not be avoided by the fact that the allegation is under a videlicet. On the other hand, if the matter is not material, the party is not concluded by the allegation in this form; 1 Ch. PL 10th Am. ed., 317, 318, and cases; 2 Saund. 291 c. note, where it is said by Sergeant Williams that if a party does not mean to be concluded by a precise sum or day stated, he ought to plead it under a videlicet, for if he do not, he would be bound to prove the exact sum or day laid. In the present case the action is brought to recover damages for not transporting in due time a large lot of wool, to wit, 7837 pounds, of great value, to wit, $5000 ; and it is obvious from the form of the allegation, that the pleader did not intend to bind himself to the precise amount of wool, or its value, as stated under the videlicet. Had the declaration stated the contract to be that defendant would transport that precise amount of wool, proof of a different amount might have been a variance, as being a different contract in fact; but no such thing is stated here. The material allegations are that plaintiff delivered to defendant a large quantity of wool which the defendant agreed to transport, &c. ; and what is said about the weight and value is much as if stated as matter of estimate, and not as a material part of the contract. Besides the variance suggested is not that the contract was to transport another and different quantity of wool, but that the quantity delivered was less than the quantity stated. It is very clear, we think, that the precise quantity delivered was not a material allegation ; and no issue could be taken upon it, any more than upon the allegation as to value. The declaration is in the ordi-. nary form in suits against common carriers; and we find nothing that gives any countenance to the idea that the plaintiff must prove the weight and value of the goods, precisely as alleged, although stated under a videlicet. Such a doctrine would be attended with great inconvenience, amounting in many cases to almost a denial of justice. In Hamer v. Raymond & al., 5 Taunt. 789, it was held, in an action on the case for running foul of posts in the river supporting the plaintiffs wharf, that it was not necessary to prove the posts or wharf to be at the place at which they were, under a videlicet, alleged to be situate. The next question respects the statement of the consideration. The declaration states the delivery of the wool at the Northumberland depot, to be safely carried and conveyed from that depot to Portland, immediately and without delay, to wit, by the next train of cars, and there, to wit, at said Portland, to be delivered by said defendants for the plaintiffs, to be thence transported by another party to Boston ; and it is then averred that in consideration thereof and of a certain reward and compensation to be paid by the plaintiffs to the defendants in that behalf, defendants promised to carry the wool at the time and in the manner above stated. A second count is substantially like the first, except the promise is alleged to be to carry the wool within a reasonable time after its delivery at the depot. The exception is that there was no evidence of the contract declared on ; and the defendants urge that the proof shows the contract, so far as any was made, to have been made before the wool was delivered at the depot, and also that there was no proof of a promise to deliver the wool in Portland tó be transported by another party to Boston. The point of the first objection is that the consideration in the promise is not proved as laid; that the previous delivery of the wool to be carried to Portland was laid as the consideration in part for the promise, while the proof was only of a promise made before the wool was delivered. The declaration states a delivery of the wool to the Eailway Company at its depot, to be carried to Portland without delay, and by the next freight train of cars ; and that in consideration thereof, and of a certain reward to be paid, the defendants promised so to carry it; and the question is whether there was any evidence of such a contract. To prove that, it was necessary to show not only the promise but the consideration as laid. It would seem that there was evidence tending to support the second count, which was on a promise to carry and deliver the goods in a reasonable time, because if no time is specified the law implies an undertaking to do the service in a reasonable time. But the jury may have found for the plaintiffs upon the ground that the promise was to carry the goods by the next freight train without considering the question of reasonable time ; and therefore it is necessaiy to consider whether there was evidence tending to sustain the first count. If there was no evidence tending to prove that the previous delivery of the wool, at defendants’ request, was a part of the consideration for the promise, then the exception would seem to be valid ; but we are inclined to think that there was evidence on which the jury might have found a promise after the wool was delivered. There certainly was evidence tending to prove that the wool was delivered to be carried by the next train of cars, and that defendants agreed so to carry it; and upon receiving it a duty arose on the part of the defendants to carry it accordingly, from which the law would imply a promise to perform the duty. In Streeter v. Horlock, 1 Bing. 34, which was assumpsit against a carrier for not delivering goods according to contract, one count stated a promise made upon a past consideration, viz., that plaintiff had caused to be shipped at defendant’s request certain goods, whereas by the evidence it appeared that defendant had engaged to carry and deliver the goods, before the goods, or at least before the whole of them, had been actually shipped, and it was therefore urged on the part of the defendant that the consideration ought to have been stated in an executory form, viz., that the plaintiff would cause to be shipped, &c. But it was held that the count might be supported in its present form ; Parke J., laying it down that whenever, as in this case, an order is given previously to the delivery of goods to a carrier or other bailee to deal with them in a particular manner, to which-he assents, and afterwards the goods are delivered to him accordingly, a duty arises on his part, upon the receipt of the goods, to deal with them according to the order previously given and assented to ; and the law infers a promise by him to perform such duty. “ In the present case,” he says, “ the promise might have been stated as a promise by the defendant to do his duty in that behalf, which would have been a more concise mode of stating that which is in effect stated.” The doctrine of this case is decisive of the question here, and we are disposed to regard it as sound. It is in fact like many other cases, where, upon the execution of the consideration, a duty remains, as to pay money; and the law implies a promise to perform such duty, and it may be enforced by an action of assumpsit in some general form. The other exception is.that there was no proof of any promise to deliver the wool in Portland to be transported by another party to Boston. On that point we do not understand that there is any allegation of a promise to carry the goods to Boston, but simply to deliver them in Portland for the plaintiff. The statement that they were to be transported from thence to Boston is to be regarded not as stating an obligation by defendants to take them there, but simply as a statement of the object of plaintiffs in having them carried to Portland, viz., to get them to Boston where a sale of them had been made and they were to be delivered. There was evidence tending to prove that such was the fact and that the agent of the defendants had notice of it. We are of the opinion, then, that there was no variance on this ground. The exceptions to 15th interrogatories in the deposition of Richard W. Bailey, and the 13th in the deposition of Selden A. Moore, do not appear to be insisted on and we are not aware that they, are objectionable. Interrogatory 14th in Moore’s deposition is not, .we think, leading. He was asked if he put the wool into the car, and if not, why not, and what, if any thing, Cummings agreed to do about it. From the tenor of the inquiry the purpose appears to have been to ascertain why the wool was not loaded into the cars, and especially what Cummings, the station agent, had agreed to do about it, if anything. The first part of the question as to what the witness himself did or did not do, and the reason -for it, is not objectionable, very clearly, we think ; and the other part would seem tó be equivalent to the inquiry whether Cummings agreed to do any thing about it, and if so what, and that is clearly not leading. In some cases, a form like the one adopted here might be open to the objection of suggesting that some agreement had been made, or other thing done, and in all such cases the question ought to be disallowéd; but we do not perceive that in this case’ the witness was likely to be led by the form of the question ; had any particular agreement been indicated it might have been objectionable. We think the 16th interrogatory in Moore’s deposition is not leading. There is no ground to suppose that the question was designed to lead to an answer that the wool was sent on either of the days named in the question, for the plaintiffs’ case must have gone upon the ground that it was not sent until many days after that, and so it appears from the defendants’ testimony; and yet if the question has any tendency to lead the witness, it must be in a direction unfavorable to the party putting the question. The substance of the inquiry is whether the wool was sent the day after it was drawn to the depot, or the next day, and if not, how long it remained there to the witness’s knowledge, and we think there was nothing in the form of the question to lead the witness to the prejudice of the defendants. The exception to the answer to the third interrogatory in the deposition of William Greenough, Jr., is mainly that he states the contents of letters written by himself and the plaintiffs. It does not, however, appear that the exception taken at the trial was put upon that ground, specifically, but was general, and it is therefore well settled that-it cannot avail the defendants. Had the objection been specific, it might have been removed by the production of the letters, and it is too late after the trial to make it. Carter v. Beals, 44 N. H. 408, and cases cited. So we perceive no objection to the witness’s statement to the purchaser of the wool that it would soon arrive, and that the purchaser was satisfied. The purchaser could not be regarded as á third person merely. It was proper that he should be informed as to the time when the wool might be expected to arrive, and the conversation tends to show a recognition at that time of the contract of sale. The statement by the witness that the information was satisfactory to the purchaser was equivalent to saying that he made no objection or that he expressed himself satisfied. This objection is rather a formal one and ought to have been specifically made. This conversation with the purchaser tends also to show an assent to the sale after notice that the proposition was accepted by the plaintiffs, and that the goods were shipped; and thus might remove any objection that otherwise could have been made oh account of the delay in accepting the proposition, and for that reason was clearly competent. The evidence tends to show an offer for the wool by the Atlantic Delaine Company of fifty-six cents per pound, an acceptance of that offer by the plaintiffs, and a subsequent recognition and assent by the Delaine Company ; and we think the jury could legally have found a binding contract of sale, unless it was made to appear that it was invalid within the statute of frauds for want of a writing. But as that objection was not taken at the trial, nor urged in the argument, we need not consider it here. Besides it doe.s not clearly appear that 'the contract was not in writing. The answer of Mr. Greenough to the fourth interrogatory in his deposition is not objectionable on account of his reference to what he supposed to be the law. If it was correct it could do no harm. If not, the court would correct it; and his statement of the purchasers’ reasons for not taking the wool cannot now be objected to even if derived from the correspondence, because that objection was not taken at the trial. The same may be said in respect to the answer of John D. Parker to the third interrogatory in his deposition. Carter v. Beals, 44 N. H. 408, before cited. Another question has respect to the instructions to the jury upon the subject of special damages arising from the loss of the sale to the Delaine Company. It is urged by the defendants that such damages could not be included, because no binding contract of sale was shown; but for the reasons already suggested we think the jury might have found a valid contract. The defendants also argue that, if there had been a valid contract, damages could not have been given for the loss of it. This raises the question whether the carrier of goods which he undertakes to transport, is liable, under the circumstances of this case, for damages arising from the loss of a sale when caused by his delay in delivering the goods. On this point the evidence tended to prove that the plaintiff, having a lot of wool which he had contracted to sell at fifty-six cents per pound, to be delivered in Boston, called upon the defendants’ agent at Northumberland station, and stated to him that he had a lot of wool that he had sold or bargained, deliverable in Boston ; that he wanted it to go immediately to Boston, and that it was sold if it could go right in ; that he wanted it to go by the White Mountains Railroad, or by the Grand Trunk Railroad, whichever route was the quickest; that he was told by the agent that he would provide two cars for the wool to go by the freight train next day ; that the agent told the plaintiff to send up the wool the next morning and it should go without fail. That plaintiff did send the wool the next morning, but that defendants did not forward it until as late at least as March 16th, the arrangement about it having been made on the twenty-first day of February, 1866. The evidence also tends to show that the purchaser declined to take and pay for the wool, assigning, among other reasons, that it had been so long on the way ; and the plaintiffs thereupon sold it to other parties at a diminished price. No objection is made to the sufficiency of the notice that the wool was contracted to be sold deliverable in Boston, and that plaintiffs desired it to be forwarded immediately on that account; and the jury have found that the station agent made an agreement binding oii the defendants to forward the wool by the next freight train. Upon this testimony we think it was competent for the jury to find that by the breach of the defendants' agreement the plaintiffs lost the sale to the Atlantic Delaine Company, and were obliged to sell the wool for a diminished price. The inquiry, then, is whether for this loss the defendants may be charged. This subject has of late been much discussed on both sides of the Atlantic. The leading English case is Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 341, where Alderson, B., after great consideration, lays it down as a general rule that “ where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally, that is, according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself; or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it.” The action here was against the defendants as common carriers for not delivering seasonably a broken iron shaft sent to the manufacturers as a pattern for another for plaintiffs’ mill, and it was held that the plaintiffs were not entitled to damages for the loss of profits while their mill was stopped in consequence of defendants’ delay; notwithstanding the plaintiffs’ agent told the defendants’ clerk when the shaft was sent to them that the mill was stopped, and the shaft must be sent immediately, and the clerk replied that it would reach its destination the next day. The opinion of the court was that this was not notice of such special circumstances as would lead the defendants to contemplate such loss of profits as a natural consequence of a delay in forwarding the shaft, inasmuch as, for aught that was said to defendants, the plaintiffs might have had another shaft; or there might have been other defects in the machinery that would have stopped the mill. The verdict which included such profits was therefore set aside. The court, however, held that if the special circumstances under which the contract was actually made were communicated by the plaintiffs to the defendants, and thus known to both parties, the damages resulting from the breach of such a contract, which they would reasonably contemplate, would be the amount of injury which would ordinarily follow from a breach of contract under these special circumstances so known and communicated. The general doctrine of this case, which was decided in 1854, has been recognized and followed in both the English and American courts, and is regarded as a leading case. Sedgwick on Dam., 4th ed., 81 to 84, notes and cases, and also p. 406, 409. See, especially, cases collected on p. 81. Copper Company v. Copper Mining Company, 33 Vt. 92. In Griffen v. Colver, 16 New York Rep. 489, 494; the subject was carefully considered and the opinion given by Selden, J., who laid it down that the broad, general rule in such cases is that the party injured is entitled to recover all his damages, including gains prevented as well as losses sustained; and this rule is subject to but two conditions : “ The damages must be such as may fairly be supposed to have entered into the contemplation of the parties when they made the contract, that is, must be such as might naturally be expected to follow its violation; and they must be certain both in their nature and in respect to the cause from which they proceed.” In 2 Kent’s Com. 480, in note, it is laid down that “ damages for breaches of contract are only those which are incidental to, and directly caused by, the breach, and may reasonably be supposed to have entered into the contemplation of-the parties, and not speculative profits or accidental losses, or the loss of a fancied good bargain.” In Blanchard v. Ely, 21 Wend. 342, the court recognizes the doctrine laid down in Evans’ Pothier, London ed., 1806, in these words : “ In general the parties are deemed to have contemplated only damages and interest, which the creditor might suffer from the non-performance of the obligation in respect to the particular thing which is the object of it, and not such as may have been accidentally occasioned thereby in respect to his other affairs and the court quotes the illustrations of Pothier, that, in the case of the failure of title to land demised, the lessor would not be liable for the loss of custom in a business established by the lessee while residing there, although he would be bound to pay the lessee the expense of removal; but that a party may incur liability for extrinsic damages if it appear that they were stipulated for, or tacitly submitted to in the contract, — as if a party stipulate to deliver a horse in'such time that a certain advantage may be gained by reaching a certain place, — when for a default the party shall pay for the loss of such advantage; and, as an instance of a tacit submission, the case of demising premises expressly for use as an inn is put, and there, it is said, that if the tenant is evicted for want of title, the loss of custom may be taken into account. These illustrations furnished by this eminent writer accord substantially with the rule laid down in Hadley v. Baxendale, and the provision of the French code, as stated by Sedgwick in his work on Damages, p. 67, is also in accordance with that rule. The substance of it-is that “ the debtor is only liable for the damages foreseen, or which might have been foreseen, from the breach of the contract.” And Parke, B., in Hadley v. Baxendale, said that was the sensible rule. It now must be considered as settled both in the English and American courts, that for the breach of a contract to transport goods, the consignee may recover damages for the depreciation of the goods in market during the delay; that is, the difference between the market price when and where they should have been delivered, and when they were actually delivered. Sedgwick on Dam., 75, 78, and 356, 360, and cases ; 2 Red. on Rail., 166; Griffen v. Colver, 16 N. Y., 491. And it is obvious that this is in the nature of general damages, as in contracts for the sale of goods, and need not be set out specially in the declaration ; see Collard v. Southeastern Railway Company, 7 H. & N. 79, cited in Sedgwick on Damages 407, in notes; and see Stevens v. Lyford, 7 N. H. 366. The question, then, is whether the consignee may also recover damages for the loss of a sale which he had previously contracted for, and which he communicated to the carrier, when that loss was caused by a breach of the carrier’s contract. The authorities very generally agree that the plaintiff can include in his damages only such as are the direct, immediate, and natural consequences of the breach of contract ; such as flow directly and naturally from such breach, and are not remote, speculative or contingent. There is difficulty in determining, sometimes, what are, and what are not, the direct, immediate and natural results of the breach complained of. But we think that the decisions which allow, as damages, the difference between 'the market price of the goods at the time and place when and where they should have been delivered, and the market price when they were in fact delivered, must govern this case. There it is assumed that if the goods had been delivered to the consignee, according to the contract, they would have been worth to him as much as the then market value, because he' could have sold them at that price; and, of course, it is assumed that the injury is the direct, immediate and natural result of the carrier’s breach of contract. Such an injury must have been foreseen, and in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made. It would be so equally in the case of a previous sale of the goods, which was communicated to the carrier when he received them, and when the contract was entered into for the express purpose of enabling the seller to complete the sale. In such a case the loss would be the difference between the price at which the goods were bargained, and the price the consignee was enabled to sell them for in market, and the loss would be the direct, immediate and natural result of the carrier’s breach of contract as in the other case. In the one case the difference in the market price is the measure of damages, because it is assumed that the consignee could certainly have sold them at the market price, had the goods been delivered in due time. In the other case the sale was already made and the price fixed, and had the goods been delivered in due time the consignee would have received that price for them as surely as in the other case he would have obtain-' ed the market price; and even more surely, because he might not have chosen then to sell. The damages for the loss of a sale would fall under the denomination of special damages; and, without notice of the fact of such sale, it could not be understood that such a loss would have been foreseen or contemplated by the parties. It is proper that the carrier should understand the extent of the responsibility he assumes, and the consequences of a failure on his part; and if no special circumstances are communicated to him he ought to be held responsible only for the consequences which might ordinarily be supposed to flow from his breach of contract. In this case the plaintiff’s evidence tended to prove that he informed the defendants’ agent that he had a lot of wool that was sold if it could go immediately to Boston, and that if it could not go at once that way he should send it by another railroad, and * that the agent told him to send it the next morning, and it should go by the next freight train. Under these circumstances the jury might have found that the contract was entered into for the express purpose of enabling the plaintiffs to complete their contract of sale, and we thirdc the defendants ought to be charged with the loss occasioned by the breach of their contract. Griffen v. Colver, 16 N. Y. 493. In the cases of sales with warranty, or contracts to sell and deliver goods, it is often held that the vendee cannot recover damages for the loss of a contract of resale, arising from the breach of warranty or the failure to deliver the goods. Clare v. Maynard, 6 A. & E. 519; Masterton v. Mayor of Brooklyn, 7 Hill 68, and cases cited. In these cases, however, it does not appear that the contracts were made with any reference to a resale, and therefore they could not come within the principle we have been considering. But a very different case is presented where the contract is entered into for the express purpose of enabling one party to complete a sale, or to obtain some other advantage, and it is so understood by both parties. In this respect the illustrations given by Pothier, before referred to, are in point. In such cases the special damages are deemed to be within the contemplation of the parties. In the recent English case of Berries v. Hutchinson, 18 C. B. (N. S.) 445, which was a contract to sell and deliver to the plaintiff a quantity of caustic soda, which was designed for sale in Russia, and the defendant knew it was designed for a foreign market, and before the time of delivery he knew it was to be sold in Russia; it was held that defendant was liable for the loss of the profits on the resale in Russia caused by defendant’s failure to deliver the goods according to his contract, and to the additional cost of freight. So where defendant had agreed to deliver to a farmer a thrashing machine at a time fixed, knowing it was to be used to thrash wheat in the field, and by his failure to deliver it, the wheat was injured by the rain, it was held that defendant was liable for" the injury since the parties might well have anticipated such injury to result from the breach of the contract. Smeed v. Foord, 1 Ellis & Ellis 602, cited in Sedgwick on Damages 81, in note; see also cases collected in Sedgwick on Damages, 4th ed., 333, 335; among them, Randall v. Raper, 1 Ellis, B. & Ellis 84, (96 Eng. Com. Law 82), where defendant sold the plaintiff some barley, warranting it to be “ Chevalier seed barley,” and plaintiff sold it with similar warranty upon the strength of defendant’s warranty, and it proving not to be that kind of barley, it was held that defendant was liable for what plaintiff was bound to pay his vendee. See also Waters v. Towers, 8 Exch. (W. H. & G.) 401, and Woodbury v. Jones, 44 N. H. 206, and cases cited. Upon these views we think there was no error in the instructions to the jury in respect to damages for loss of the sale to the Delaine Company. Nor do we think there was any error in the instructions as to plaintiffs’ expenses in looking up the wool. Sedgwick on Damages 359, in note and cases cited, 4th edition. The objection in fact is not urged by counsel. The instructions in respect to the authority of Cummings were sufficiently favorable to the defendants. He was the station agent at the Northumberland depot, and he testified that he had full charge of receiving and forwarding freight at that station ; and although he also testified that his duties in regard to freight were to receive, weigh, fill and get it off as soon as possible and that he had no authority to make contracts, and no authority over the locomotive power of the road, and that he never agreed to send any freight, except live stock, at any particular time, we think the jury might legally find that defendants held him out as their agent authorized to contract for sending freight the next day. This was the substance of the instructions on this point, and we think there was no error. If, for the convenience of the corporation, Cummings was voluntarily placed in a situation of apparent authority, and so held out to the public as competent to make the contract in question, the defendants will be bound, although the agent had in fact exceeded his authority, and even if the defendants were entirely innocent of any purpose to mislead ; for when one of two innocent persons is to suffer, he ought to suffer who misled the other into the contract by voluntarily placing the agent in a situation of apparent authority. In this case the agent was apparently clothed with the sole charge of receiving and forwarding freight at that depot, and it might well be supposed to be within the ordinary scope of his duties to make agreements as to the time of forwarding such freight. If such power was possessed by any one at that depot it must have been by him, and we think the jury were well warranted in finding as they did. In 2 Redfield on Railways 113, it is laid down that station agents who receive and forward freight have power to bind the company that the goods shall be forwarded to a point beyond the terminus of that road before a particular hour, notwithstanding a general notice published that the company would not be liable beyond their own road; and so is Wilson v. York, New Castle and Berwick Railway, 18 Eng. Law. & Eq., 557; Story on Agency § 443, 127; Backman v. Charlestown, 42 N. H. 125, 131, 133; Burnside v. Grand Trunk Railroad, 47 N. H. 554. In respect to the first count, the evidence offered by defendants as to the unexpected rush of freight was properly rejected ; and the jury having found a binding contract to carry the wool by the next freight train, the verdict will not be disturbed, even if the evidence were admissible under the second count. When the carrier contracts to carry goods within a prescribed time, no temporary obstruction or even an absolute impossibility of complying with the engagement will be a defence to an action for failing to perform his engagement; for when a party by his own contract creates a duty or charge upon himself he is bound to make it good, notwithstanding any accident or delay by in evitable necessity, because he might have provided against it by his contract. It is otherwise, however, when the duty is created by law. Angelí on Carriers § 294, and cases in note. So it is held in 2 Red. on Rail. 162, in note and cases. The same doctrine is laid down in Hadley v. Clarke, 8 T. R. 267, per Lawrence, J. With these views there must be Judgment o'n the verdict.	CASELAW
User:Markwiki Help! I somehow blanked half the Robin Hood article. Can someone correct it and let me know how I could correct it in future? Thank you.	WIKI
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 112 Part 1.djvu/479 PUBLIC LAW 105-178-JUNE 9, 1998 112 STAT. 453 and reducing costs and negative impacts on communities and the environment. SEC. 5203. GOALS AND PURPOSES. 23 USC 502 note. (a) GrOALS.— The goals of the intelUgent transportation system program include— (1) enhancement of surface transportation efficiency and facilitation of intermodalism and international trade to enable existing facilities to meet a significant portion of future transportation needs, including public access to employment, goods, and services, and to reduce regulatory, financial, and other transaction costs to public agencies and system users; (2) achievement of national transportation safety goals, including the enhancement of safe operation of motor vehicles and nonmotorized vehicles, with particular emphasis on decreasing the number and severity of collisions; (3) protection and enhancement of the natural environment and communities affected by surface transportation, with particular emphasis on assisting State and local governments to achieve national environmental goals; (4) accommodation of the needs of all users of surface transportation systems, including operators of commercial vehicles, passenger vehicles, and motorcycles, and including individuals with disabilities; and (5) improvement of the Nation's ability to respond to emergencies and natural disasters and enhancement of national defense mobility. (b) PURPOSES. —The Secretary shall implement activities under the intelligent system transportation program to, at a minimum— (1) expedite, in both metropolitan and rural areas, deploy- ment and integration of intelligent transportation systems for consumers of passenger and freight transportation; (2) ensure that Federal, State, and local transportation officials have adequate knowledge of intelligent transportation systems for full consideration in the transportation planning process; (3) improve regional cooperation and operations planning for effective intelligent transportation system deployment; (4) promote the innovative use of private resources; (5) develop a workforce capable of developing, operating, and maintaining intelligent transportation systems; and (6) complete deplo3anent of Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks in a majority of States by September 30, 2003. SEC. 5204. GENERAL AUTHORITIES AND REQUIREMENTS. 23 USC 502 note. (a) SCOPE.— Subject to the provisions of this subtitle, the Secretary shall conduct an ongoing intelligent transportation system program to research, develop, and operationally test intelligent transportation systems and advance nationwide deployment of such systems as a component of the surface transportation systems of the United States. (b) POLICY. — Intelligent transportation system operational tests and deployment projects funded pursuant to this subtitle shall encourage and not displace public-private partnerships or private sector investment in such tests and projects. (c) COOPERATION WITH GOVERNMENTAL, PRIVATE, AND EDU- CATIONAL ENTITIES. — The Secretary shall carry out the intelligent �	WIKI
THE MISSING PAGES OF HISTORY -QUEERNESS IN INDIAN MYTHOLOGY By Srishti Kumar Queerness, in the modern times, is defined as “Strange or odd from a conventional viewpoint; unusually different”. Hindu mythology makes constant references to queerness and questions the idea of the ‘maleness’ and ‘femaleness’ of a person. However, people still aggressively defend the fact that these stories are not associated with queerness. Then again, it all depends on the eye of the reader. How do you want to interpret the story? It may come as a shock that Hindu mythology makes references to queerness. So, allow me to narrate a few stories from Hindu Mythology, some even from the Mahabharata, which may be depicting the concept of queerness, depending on the perspective from which you want to see it. Before you begin reading, keep in mind that the Mahabharata was written all the way back in 3000 BC. The very first story comes from the Mahabharata, probably heard by many. Urvashi, a very popular apsara among the various celestial beauties in Indra’s court, once approached one of the Pandavas — Arjuna. She was smitten by him and wanted to marry him. Arjuna refused because according to him, Urvashi was like a mother-figure to him, since she was once a part of his father, Indra’s court. Frustrated, and in an attempt to convince him, she told him that she decides whom she goes to. Arjuna, once again, politely refused. Infuriated, Urvashi cursed him by saying, “Only a eunuch refuses a woman. So be one.” A worried Arjuna approached his father, Indra. His father told him that a curse cannot be revoked, but it’s intensity can be reduced. And so, it came as a relief to Arjuna when his father told him that he would be a eunuch, but only for a year, and that too, of his choice. This worked well in favour of Arjuna, because as fate would have it, the Pandavas were soon exiled for the next 12 years. Another complication that was added to their ‘punishment’ was that they were to remain hidden in their 13th year of hiding. If found, they would be exiled for another 13 years, and so the cycle would continue. The five brothers and their wife, Draupadi, found shelter in the kingdom of Virat, in their thirteenth year. All of them disguised themselves as servants, and Arjuna decided to live out his curse, this year. So, he dressed up as a eunuch, named Brihanalla and taught dance to the King’s daughter — Uttara, in the royal women’s quarters. As the year came to an end, and along with that their exile, the Kaurava’s had somehow managed to discover their brothers’ location. They attacked the kingdom of Virat, hoping to catch the Pandavas, and that too when the King and his army were engaged in another war. As a result, the responsibility to protect the people of the kingdom, fell on the King’s son — Uttar. An inexperienced, young fighter, the prince boasted that he would be able to drive away the invaders single-handedly. However, there was no charioteer available at the time, and so, Arjuna who was disguised as Brihanalla, offered to guide his chariot. Since Brihanalla was a transgender, the prince refused to have a eunuch ride his chariot. After much insistence, Uttar agreed. As they rode out into the war, Uttar, after seeing a series of arrows being flung towards him, ran away from the battlefield. Brihanalla had to drag him by his neck, to keep him from running away. This caused the onlookers to laugh at him, and Uttar considered this an utter humiliation and he tried to kill himself. Brihanalla stopped him on the promise that he would drive away the invaders. Perplexed, Uttar followed him to a secret hiding spot, from where Brihanalla removed a huge bow (Arjuna’s ‘Gandhiv’), and asked Uttar to be his charioteer. The young prince refused to guide the chariot of a transgender, but after much conviction, agreed. On the battlefield, Uttar was shocked to see an emasculate man transform into a fierce warrior. As they made their way back into the city, Brihanalla resumed her position as Uttar’s charioteer. The king was very proud of his young son. When his courtier Kanka, who was actually Yudhishthira in disguise, tried to tell him that it was indeed Brihanalla, who had defeated the enemies, the King, enraged, slapped him. The idea that a young, inexperienced prince had defeated a whole army, felt like a much more plausible explanation, than accepting the fact that a eunuch-dancer had wielded a bow and defeated the mighty Kaurava army. Uttar enjoyed the attention and the praises being showered on him for some time, but later the truth came to light when the Pandavas revealed their true identities. Moving on to the second story. This story is found in the ‘Bhagvata Purana’, which was most likely composed in the southern part of India, between the fifth and tenth centuries CE. Narada, who was a Vedic sage (you will remember him as the man who says, ‘Narayan Narayan!’’), once approached Krishna with a question — “What is the meaning of ‘maya’?” Krishna told him that it is better experienced than understood. So, he took him into the forest. Once they reached, Krishna told him that he was extremely thirsty. “I can hear the sound of a river flowing beyond the trees. I’m too tired. Could you please go fetch us some water? But before you drink, don’t forget to bathe in the river.” Narada readily agreed. But as it turned out, the river was much farther than Krishna had said it would be. By the time he reached, Narada was extremely thirsty, and quickly gulped down the water, forgetting what Krishna had asked him to do, before he drank the water. As a result, he turned into a beautiful woman. A man passing by, saw Narada as a woman and was enchanted by her beauty. He asked her to marry him, and a flattered Narada, readily agreed. For years together, the couple lived a happy life and bore sixty children. But then, suddenly, there was an epidemic which took the lives of her children and husband. Devastated, Narada wanted to kill herself. Her eyes then fell on a mango tree near the river, beside her house. Sadness was just as quickly replaced by supreme hunger, as she made her way to the river. She couldn’t reach the mango, and so Narada dragged the corpses of her family, and climbed on top of it to pluck the mango from the tree. A Rishi (priest) approached her and asked her to take a bath before she ate the fruit. Holding the mango above her head, Narada dipped inside the river. When she emerged, she had transformed into her original self — a man. However, the hand holding the fruit above her head, still had bangles on it. All the memories came gushing back to her, and the priest transformed into Krishna. He told Narada– “See what happened? You forgot all about me, my thirst and my instructions when I’d sent you to collect water. Once you became a woman, you enjoyed luxury of having a family. And once they died, you forgot about them too, when you saw a sweet mango fruit. This is ‘maya’. A delusion, produced by desire, that makes you forget everything, simply so that you can pursue what satisfies you.” Narada understood his mistake, and dipped his female hand into the river. It came out as a male hand, and the mango disappeared. These were simply two stories in a forest of countless others, and all from sacred Indian texts. In reference to the first story, here’s an interesting fact — Krishna and Arjuna were best of friends. However, while Krishna was extremely comfortable with his feminine side, Arjuna struggled with a need to constantly prove his manhood. Probably the reason why he married numerous times. As a transgender, he could wade off an entire army, all by himself. But, as a man on the Kurukshetra (battleground), he became weak and so Krishna chastised him for not playing his part, as a warrior. In reference to the second story — in Hindu mythology, specifically in most Sanskrit Puranas and Oral traditions, this concept of a man/woman dipping into a river, and emerging as the other gender, is a recurring theme. Sometimes this metamorphosis is seen as boon and sometimes as a curse. For example, if a woman turns into a man to protect herself from a rapist or to marry a female lover, then this transformation is seen in a positive light. But more often than not, a person undergoes this change to experience life from the point of view of the other gender, and to thus gain wisdom and knowledge. So, if ancient texts, that we consider sacred, accepts queerness as a natural phenomenon, then why can’t we, thousands of years later? Epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, make constant references to homosexuality and transgenders. Even gods like Vishnu, Shiva and Indra, have, at some point, according to the stories in the Puranas, descended down on earth as females or hinjras (eunuchs). More recently, during the reign of the Mughals, transgenders were considered a very important part of their kingdom. They held an advantage in terms of the fact that they were neither male nor female. So, only they could prove to be an effective means of communication between the royal women and men (that is, men who were not their husbands and/or relatives). We need to broaden the mindset with which we look upon the world. We need to learn to be more accepting of people, no matter what their sexual preference.	FINEWEB-EDU
Samherji Samherji hf. is a fishing and fish processing company in Iceland. It is the largest fishing company in Iceland, and one of the largest in Europe. It was founded in Grindavík in 1972. Its current headquarters are in Akureyri, but the company operates in many locations in Iceland and throughout the world. The company employs approximately 800 staff in Iceland, and 800 staff abroad. One of its companies is the sales company Seagold Ltd. in England, led by Gústaf Baldvinsson. In 1983, Þorsteinn Már Baldvínsson and his relatives Kristján Vilhelmsson and Þorsteinn Vilhelmsson bought nearly all the stocks in Samherji, and have controlled the company since. Þorsteinn Már Baldvinsson is the current CEO, having resumed that role in February of 2021 after having stepped down on 14 November 2019, with Björgólfur Jóhannesson acting as CEO in the interim. Samherji owns nearly 16% of the transferable quotas in the Icelandic fisheries sector. 2019 Namibia scandal On 12 November 2019, WikiLeaks published thousands of documents and email communication by Samherji's employees, called the Fishrot Files, that indicated that the company had paid hundreds of millions ISK to high ranking politicians and officials in Namibia with the objective of acquiring the country's coveted fishing quota. That same day, Jóhannes Stefánsson, the former general manager of Samherji in Namibia and a whistleblower working with anti-corruption authorities in Namibia, and other countries, stated on the investigative TV-program Kveikur on RÚV that Samherji's CEO and biggest shareholder, Þorsteinn Már Baldvinsson, authorized the bribe payments. On 13 November, Namibia's Minister of Fisheries, Bernhardt Esau, and Minister of Justice, Sacky Shanghala, were forced to resign due to their involvement in the scandal. In response to the allegations, Samherji published a statement where Jóhannes Stefánsson, the former general manager, was accused of being behind the alleged bribes and that other high ranking staff members were unaware of his actions. Although Jóhannes did admit to being part of the bribe sceme, further records showed that he never had control of the bank accounts in Cyprus, where the money flowed through, and that the alleged bribes continued for three years after he left the company. In May 2021, internal conversations were leaked to the press which showed that since the start of the Namibia scandal, Samherji has employed a special "guerrilla division" with the objective of conducting smear campaigns against the company's critics and journalists who investigated the bribery scheme. In an example of astroturfing, the company had hired a lawyer and public relations manager to pen and edit opinion articles and social media entries which were then published under the name of a ship's captain in Samherji's employ. This unofficial division within the company had monitored the travels and personal finances of some of the company's critics in order to uncover material that might damage their credibility. In an effort to improve news coverage of the company, the division also attempted to influence the leadership election of Iceland's main union of journalists. The leaked conversations also show that Samherji had planned to dissuade Jóhannes from testifying against the company in Namibian courts by separately suing him for theft in the country.	WIKI
Classical Mythology/Charter myths Often myths are not used to explain phenomena but rather to justify social norms and institutions. Scholars owe this insight to the Polish anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, who studied Pacific islanders in the early 20th century. Malinowski realized that myths tended to advance the agendas of the story-tellers and of the people in power. For example, many Greek myths took their form in Bronze Age Greece up into Archaic Greece, a time when many Greek cities were ruled by kings. Not surprisingly, the myths can be read as promoting the custom of kingship. Similarly, Greek myths and all literature of the time was produced and consumed by the elite: wealthy, free, Greek, men. Their stories about women, such as Medea and Clytemnestra, portray them as dangerous monsters in need of control. In addition, Greek gods and heroes often have to conquer a strong female monster in order to gain status and power. Apollo defeats the female dragon Delphyne at Delphi; Oedipus defeats the Sphinx; Heracles, Theseus, and Achilles defeat Amazons as well as other female opponents; and Odysseus defeats Circe, Scylla, and the Sirens. A charter myth definition of a myth would be: "A myth serves to justify the status quo in a society, proving why institutions must support those in power." For a charter myth theorist, myths have to express the desires and prejudices of the ruling class. They will not feed storytellers who tell unflattering stories about them. They will not pass on stories that question their authority. The myths that survive for generations reinforce the social values that favor the storytelling and ruling classes. Today, plenty of people tell stories to promote their agendas about how society should function. For example, a justification for the way American capitalism works might take the form of the Horatio Alger myth and promote the story of people who started big businesses in garages, such as Bill Gates. Similarly, people interested in tort reform or consumer protection promote competing versions of the McDonald's coffee case, in which a woman was severely burned by hot coffee. Charter myth theory offers a productive explanation of the types of stories that are viral and spread across people's Facebook feeds. The stories are framed to promote a particular agenda about society. It is important to distinguish charter myth interpretations from etiological interpretations. An etiology explains universal features not determined by culture. For example, an etiological myth might explain why humans do not have tails. However, a myth that explains or justifies human behavior or values would not be an etiology and be more properly interpreted as a charter myth. For example Aristophanes's story in Plato's Symposium offering an origin story for heterosexual and homosexual humans might be considered an etiology for naturally occurring sexual preferences, but Aristophanes throws in value judgments about the best people being homosexual, so it may be considered a charter myth. In general stories tend to have value judgments, as any editor of Wikipedia or Wikiversity knows. Another term for this theory is functionalism, since this theory draws attention to the function that a story or myth serves within a society. Theories of Myth Interpretation * Eric Csapo, Theories of Mythology, Wiley, 2005 * Bruce Lincoln, Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship, University of Chicago Press, 1999 * Andrew Von Hendy, The Modern Construction of Myth, Indiana University Press, 2002 * Myth as Thought: Modern Theory and Myth * Theories of Myth Interpretation Study Guide, Powell Classical Myth * Nadia Sels Myth, Mind and Metaphor:On the Relation of Mythology and Psychoanalysis * Ways of Interpreting Myth * Theory of Myth - Monmouth College * APPROACHES TO MYTH: THE SEARCH FOR THE UNIVERSAL THEORY * Interpreting Myth flashcards \| Quizlet * WAYS OF INTERPRETING MYTH	WIKI
× Discussion Board Results 1 to 2 of 2 1. #1 Registered User Join Date Mar 2003 Posts 5 CIMD2 specification clarification 1) A CIMD message like Login message is encoded as <stx>01:001<tab>010:UserName<tab>011:Password<tab><etx> However my doubt is whether this is the format in which the message is obtained from the CIMD SMSC Centre TCP link or is it the hexadecimal value of each byte of the previous message like 230313A303031.... 2) The Integer commandType says that valid values are 0 to 9. However parameters like Validity Period Relative have valid values of -1 to 255 though it is an Integer !!! 3) Do all the parameters of type Address need to be swaped as they are semi-octets ?? For example if the destination number is 98451-87654 need to be encoded as 021:8954816745<tab> OR 021:9845187654<tab> Thanks, Saijee 2. #2 Regular Contributor Join Date Mar 2003 Posts 106 RE: CIMD2 specification clarification Hi, 1) Can you please be more specific what you mean ? 2) You can imaging integer in CIMD spec as number field (not text field). 3) If your destination number is 9845187654 and you need to send it you will use the following syntax: 021:9845187654<tab> Antti/Forum Nokia Posting Permissions • You may not post new threads • You may not post replies • You may not post attachments • You may not edit your posts • ×	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
From 05870abeaac0588fb9115cfd11f96880a0af2108 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rich Felker Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2019 13:13:57 -0400 Subject: fix code path where child function returns in arm __clone built as thumb mov lr,pc is not a valid way to save the return address in thumb mode since it omits the thumb bit. use a chain of bl and bx to emulate blx. this could be avoided by converting to a .S file with preprocessor conditions to use blx if available, but the time cost here is dominated by the syscall anyway. while making this change, also remove the remnants of support for pre-bx ISA levels. commit 9f290a49bf9ee247d540d3c83875288a7991699c removed the hack from the parent code paths, but left the unnecessary code in the child. keeping it would require rewriting two code paths rather than one, and is useless for reasons described in that commit. --- src/thread/arm/clone.s \| 10 +++------- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/thread/arm/clone.s b/src/thread/arm/clone.s index e16b1326..bb0965da 100644 --- a/src/thread/arm/clone.s +++ b/src/thread/arm/clone.s @@ -20,13 +20,9 @@ __clone: bx lr 1: mov r0,r6 - tst r5,#1 - bne 1f - mov lr,pc - mov pc,r5 + bl 3f 2: mov r7,#1 svc 0 - -1: mov lr,pc - bx r5 b 2b + +3: bx r5 -- cgit v1.2.1	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Familiar Letters between the Principal Characters in David Simple.pdf/17 viii lence. This Gentleman in his Perian Letters, many of which are written on the mot important Subjects in Ethics, Politics, and Philoophy, hath condecended to introduce two or three Novels: in thee they will find that inimitable Writer very judiciouly changing the Style which he ues on other Occaions, where the Subjects of his Letters require the Air and Style of Converation; to preerve which, in relating Stories that run to any length, would be faulty in the Writer, and tireome to the Reader. conclude this Point, I know not of any eential Difference between this, and any other way of writing Novels, ave only, that by making ue of Letters, the Writer is freed from the regular Beginnings and Concluions of Stories, with ome other Formalities, in which the Reader of Tate finds no les Eae and Advantage, than the Author himelf. to the Matter contained in the following Volumes, I am not perhaps at Liberty to declare my Opinion: Relation and Friendhip to the Writer may draw upon me the Cenure of Partiality, if I hould be as warm as I am inclined to be in their Commendation. 3	WIKI
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 79.djvu/212 208 so happily executed. A little while since, it is not likely that the United States would have paid Japan to refrain from killing animals which we regard as ours. The execution of such a treaty promises well for the possibility of similar efforts to preserve the sperm whales and for engaging in other enterprises of international conservation. record with regret the death of Dr. Carl Beck, of St. Mark's Hospital, New York City; of Dr. I. W. Blackburn, pathologist at Washington, and of Sir Rupert Boyce, professor of pathology in the University of Liverpool. Dr. Robert A. Harper, professor of botany in the University of Wisconsin, has been elected Torrey professor of botany at Columbia University.—Mr. Leonhard Stejneger has been appointed head curator of the department of biology in the U. S. National Museum to succeed Dr. F. W. True. emeritus professor in Columbia University, was elected president of the American Medical Association, at the Los Angeles meeting.—Professor William G. Raymond, dean of the College of Applied Science at the State University of Iowa, has been elected president of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. University of Göttingen has conferred the honorary degree of doctor of philosophy upon Professor Albert A. Michelson, head of the department of physics at the University of Chicago, and retiring president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.—The George Washington University has conferred the honorary degree of doctor of medicine on Dr. L. O. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Entomology and permanent secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, for "distinguished services to science in relation to preventive medicine." building named for Dr. Edward Williams Morley at the Western Reserve University and devoted to the departments of chemistry and geology, occupied this year for the first time, was opened for formal public inspection during commencement week. The building contains a tablet, bearing testimony to Dr. Morley 's work in science, and to his thirty-seven years of active service in Western Reserve University.	WIKI
During the American Civil War there was an estimated of 4 million slaves in the United States and 500,000 free African Americans. Though many African Americans wanted to serve in the army they simply were not allowed. It was not until 1863 when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued that they would be welcomed. This object is a painting entitled “Milton Holland and Medal of Honor, 1864” painted by Bruce Marshall. Milton M. Holland was an African-American soldier who served during the Civil War. When the war broke out people like Frederick Douglass believed that if African Americans fought in the war, the Union could win and it would be a step in the right direction for equal rights. However, President Lincoln worried that if African Americans were allowed to fight the border states would secede. By 1862 the number of white volunteers started dwindling and the war was nowhere near finished Lincoln began to reconsider his decision about letting African Americans fight in the war. The first step was the creation of the Second Confiscation and Militia Act which was signed in 1862. This act allowed the president to “to employ as many persons of African descent as he may deem necessary and proper for the suppression of this rebellion…in such manner as he may judge best for the public welfare.” With this many African Americans began forming infantry units. The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863 specifically called freed slaves to join the Union. The first black regiment to be raised in the North was the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment after a call was put by the Governor. It was this same year that Milton M. Holland joined the army. Holland was born in Austin, TX to a slave woman and Bird Holland, a white slave owner who later served as a solider in the Confederacy. In the 1850s his father purchased Milton’s freedom, along with his two brothers, and sent them to school in Ohio. Holland worked as a shoemaker for the Union army quartermaster at the beginning of the war because he was too young to enlist. Once able to join, he became part of the 5th United States Colored Troops. Holland fought in the Battle of the Crater, during the Petersburg campaign and at Fort Fisher and rose to the rank of regimental sergeant major. After all the white commanding officers were either wounded or killed in action at Chaffin’s Farm and New Market Heights, in 1864, it was Holland who assumed command and led the troops in battle. While he was leading, Holland was wounded and this earned him the Congressional Medal of Honor. Holland was the first African-American from Texas to receive it. Holland was promoted to captain but the commission was refused by the War Department because of his race. After the war Holland lived in Washington, D.C. He worked in the Auditor Department of the United States. Holland also opened the Alpha Insurance Company which was one of the first African-American owned insurance companies in D.C. Holland died in 1910 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.— By Joscelynn Garcia.	FINEWEB-EDU
Table of Contents Build for iOS For general instructions on how to build the Unity Integration, which also applies to iOS, see Build the Integration code. To test your Unity application on an iOS device, you need to build and deploy your app to the device. When you execute Build or Build and Run in the Unity Editor, Unity generates an Xcode project based on the Unity scripts. Since Unity4.x, if the iOS plug-ins are put under the following folder, there is no need to configure the Xcode project for the library dependencies: UNITY_PROJECT_ROOT/Assets/Plugins/iOS Make sure AK::SoundEngine::iOS::Suspend() and AK::SoundEngine::iOS::WakeupFromSuspend are called by Unity's OnApplicationFocus() method. You should then verify that the content of the generated Objective-C source file, AppController.mm or UnityAppController.mm, corresponds to the following lines. • In applicationWillResignActive: AK::SoundEngine::iOS::Suspend(); • And in applicationDidBecomeActive: AK::SoundEngine::iOS::WakeupFromSuspend(); If not, please adjust these lines accordingly. Then, build and run the Xcode project. Unity does not yet support thumb instructions; therefore, employing thumb instructions is disabled in the Xcode project. Building for Release The Wwise Integration library, libAkSoundEngine.a, normally contains all debug symbols. This makes the library very big. Make sure you strip the debug symbols by specifying the Stripping Level option in the Other Settings section of the (iOS) Player Settings. Normally, the integration should add between one and two MB to your game. You can trim the library further by removing unused effects plug-ins libraries. However, for this, you need to modify the AkSoundEngineiOS project and recompile it. See Build the Integration code. Generated on Tue Aug 23 02:44:59 2016 for Wwise Unity Integration by doxygen 1.6.3	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Volume 85.djvu/95 Rh * Canadia setigera Walcott, 1911, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 57, p. 119, pl. 23, figs. 1-3. * Canadia setigera Walcott, 1916, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst., 1915, pl. 12, figs. 1-3. The original description states that "this species differs from C. spinosa in being more elongate, slender, and with much smaller bundles of finer setae." It is further stated that a series of 36 specimens shows gradation between the two types originally illustrated. It seems, however, that in reality several distinct forms are included in the species as now constituted. Plesiotypes.— U. S. N. M., Nos. 83930a-c. A single wide Canadia that shows the body annulations very well and that has numerous setae seems to differ from C. spinosa mainly in the larger bundles of setae. Holotype.—U. S. N. M., No. 83932. * Canadia irregularis Walcott, 1911, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 57, p. 120. Original description.—"A slender species not over 20 mm. in length. The setae are irregular in size and appearance and suggest partially worn macerated specimens of the slender forms of C. setigera." The specimens on which this description was based are now illustrated for the first time. A study of the figures, however, causes some doubt to arise regarding specific differentiation from C. grandis. Lectotype and paratypes.— U. S. N. M., Nos. 83933 and 83934a and b. * Canadia sparsa Walcott, 1911, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 57, p. 119. Original description.—"A slender form with only two strong setae on each very short parapodia. Finer setae may occur but they are not shown in the one specimen." This form is another that was not illustrated in 1911. In this case two questions may be raised: First, the specific identity of all the specimens seems doubtful, and second, the generic reference to Canadia is also uncertain. Holotype.—U. S. N. M., No. 83935.	WIKI
zlib-0.5.3.1: Compression and decompression in the gzip and zlib formats Portabilityportable (H98 + FFI) Stabilityprovisional Maintainerduncan@haskell.org Codec.Compression.Zlib.Internal Contents Description Pure stream based interface to lower level zlib wrapper Synopsis Compression compress :: Format -> CompressParams -> ByteString -> ByteStringSource Compress a data stream. There are no expected error conditions. All input data streams are valid. It is possible for unexpected errors to occur, such as running out of memory, or finding the wrong version of the zlib C library, these are thrown as exceptions. data CompressParams Source The full set of parameters for compression. The defaults are defaultCompressParams. The compressBufferSize is the size of the first output buffer containing the compressed data. If you know an approximate upper bound on the size of the compressed data then setting this parameter can save memory. The default compression output buffer size is 16k. If your extimate is wrong it does not matter too much, the default buffer size will be used for the remaining chunks. defaultCompressParams :: CompressParamsSource The default set of parameters for compression. This is typically used with the compressWith function with specific parameters overridden. Decompression decompress :: Format -> DecompressParams -> ByteString -> ByteStringSource Decompress a data stream. It will throw an exception if any error is encountered in the input data. If you need more control over error handling then use decompressWithErrors. data DecompressParams Source The full set of parameters for decompression. The defaults are defaultDecompressParams. The decompressBufferSize is the size of the first output buffer, containing the uncompressed data. If you know an exact or approximate upper bound on the size of the decompressed data then setting this parameter can save memory. The default decompression output buffer size is 32k. If your extimate is wrong it does not matter too much, the default buffer size will be used for the remaining chunks. One particular use case for setting the decompressBufferSize is if you know the exact size of the decompressed data and want to produce a strict Data.ByteString.ByteString. The compression and deccompression functions use lazy Data.ByteString.Lazy.ByteStrings but if you set the decompressBufferSize correctly then you can generate a lazy Data.ByteString.Lazy.ByteString with exactly one chunk, which can be converted to a strict Data.ByteString.ByteString in O(1) time using Data.ByteString.concat . Data.ByteString.Lazy.toChunks. defaultDecompressParams :: DecompressParamsSource The default set of parameters for decompression. This is typically used with the compressWith function with specific parameters overridden. The compression parameter types data Format Source The format used for compression or decompression. There are three variations. Constructors GZip Zlib Raw GZipOrZlib Instances gzipFormat :: FormatSource The gzip format uses a header with a checksum and some optional meta-data about the compressed file. It is intended primarily for compressing individual files but is also sometimes used for network protocols such as HTTP. The format is described in detail in RFC #1952 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt zlibFormat :: FormatSource The zlib format uses a minimal header with a checksum but no other meta-data. It is especially designed for use in network protocols. The format is described in detail in RFC #1950 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1950.txt rawFormat :: FormatSource The 'raw' format is just the compressed data stream without any additional header, meta-data or data-integrity checksum. The format is described in detail in RFC #1951 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt gzipOrZlibFormat :: FormatSource This is not a format as such. It enabled zlib or gzip decoding with automatic header detection. This only makes sense for decompression. data CompressionLevel Source The compression level parameter controls the amount of compression. This is a trade-off between the amount of compression and the time required to do the compression. defaultCompression :: CompressionLevelSource The default compression level is 6 (that is, biased towards higher compression at expense of speed). noCompression :: CompressionLevelSource No compression, just a block copy. bestSpeed :: CompressionLevelSource The fastest compression method (less compression) bestCompression :: CompressionLevelSource The slowest compression method (best compression). compressionLevel :: Int -> CompressionLevelSource A specific compression level between 0 and 9. data Method Source The compression method Constructors Deflated deflateMethod :: MethodSource 'Deflate' is the only method supported in this version of zlib. Indeed it is likely to be the only method that ever will be supported. data WindowBits Source This specifies the size of the compression window. Larger values of this parameter result in better compression at the expense of higher memory usage. The compression window size is the value of the the window bits raised to the power 2. The window bits must be in the range 8..15 which corresponds to compression window sizes of 256b to 32Kb. The default is 15 which is also the maximum size. The total amount of memory used depends on the window bits and the MemoryLevel. See the MemoryLevel for the details. defaultWindowBits :: WindowBitsSource The default WindowBits is 15 which is also the maximum size. windowBits :: Int -> WindowBitsSource A specific compression window size, specified in bits in the range 8..15 data MemoryLevel Source The MemoryLevel parameter specifies how much memory should be allocated for the internal compression state. It is a tradoff between memory usage, compression ratio and compression speed. Using more memory allows faster compression and a better compression ratio. The total amount of memory used for compression depends on the WindowBits and the MemoryLevel. For decompression it depends only on the WindowBits. The totals are given by the functions: compressTotal windowBits memLevel = 4 * 2^windowBits + 512 * 2^memLevel decompressTotal windowBits = 2^windowBits For example, for compression with the default windowBits = 15 and memLevel = 8 uses 256Kb. So for example a network server with 100 concurrent compressed streams would use 25Mb. The memory per stream can be halved (at the cost of somewhat degraded and slower compressionby) by reducing the windowBits and memLevel by one. Decompression takes less memory, the default windowBits = 15 corresponds to just 32Kb. defaultMemoryLevel :: MemoryLevelSource The default memory level. (Equivalent to memoryLevel 8) minMemoryLevel :: MemoryLevelSource Use minimum memory. This is slow and reduces the compression ratio. (Equivalent to memoryLevel 1) maxMemoryLevel :: MemoryLevelSource Use maximum memory for optimal compression speed. (Equivalent to memoryLevel 9) memoryLevel :: Int -> MemoryLevelSource A specific level in the range 1..9 data CompressionStrategy Source The strategy parameter is used to tune the compression algorithm. The strategy parameter only affects the compression ratio but not the correctness of the compressed output even if it is not set appropriately. defaultStrategy :: CompressionStrategySource Use this default compression strategy for normal data. filteredStrategy :: CompressionStrategySource Use the filtered compression strategy for data produced by a filter (or predictor). Filtered data consists mostly of small values with a somewhat random distribution. In this case, the compression algorithm is tuned to compress them better. The effect of this strategy is to force more Huffman coding and less string matching; it is somewhat intermediate between defaultCompressionStrategy and huffmanOnlyCompressionStrategy. huffmanOnlyStrategy :: CompressionStrategySource Use the Huffman-only compression strategy to force Huffman encoding only (no string match). Low-level API to get explicit error reports decompressWithErrors :: Format -> DecompressParams -> ByteString -> DecompressStreamSource Like decompress but returns a DecompressStream data structure that contains an explicit representation of the error conditions that one may encounter when decompressing. Note that in addition to errors in the input data, it is possible for other unexpected errors to occur, such as out of memory, or finding the wrong version of the zlib C library, these are still thrown as exceptions (because representing them as data would make this function impure). data DecompressStream Source A sequence of chunks of data produced from decompression. The difference from a simple list is that it contains a representation of errors as data rather than as exceptions. This allows you to handle error conditions explicitly. Constructors StreamEnd StreamChunk ByteString DecompressStream StreamError DecompressError String An error code and a human readable error message. data DecompressError Source The possible error cases when decompressing a stream. Constructors TruncatedInput The compressed data stream ended prematurely. This may happen if the input data stream was truncated. DictionaryRequired It is possible to do zlib compression with a custom dictionary. This allows slightly higher compression ratios for short files. However such compressed streams require the same dictionary when decompressing. This zlib binding does not currently support custom dictionaries. This error is for when we encounter a compressed stream that needs a dictionary. DataError If the compressed data stream is corrupted in any way then you will get this error, for example if the input data just isn't a compressed zlib data stream. In particular if the data checksum turns out to be wrong then you will get all the decompressed data but this error at the end, instead of the normal sucessful StreamEnd. foldDecompressStream :: (ByteString -> a -> a) -> a -> (DecompressError -> String -> a) -> DecompressStream -> aSource Fold an DecompressionStream. Just like foldr but with an extra error case. For example to convert to a list and translate the errors into exceptions: foldDecompressStream (:) [] (\code msg -> error msg) fromDecompressStream :: DecompressStream -> ByteStringSource Convert a DecompressStream to a lazy ByteString. If any decompression errors are encountered then they are thrown as exceptions. This is a special case of foldDecompressStream.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Narrative of a captivity and adventures in France and Flanders between the years 1803 and 1809.djvu/96 *ment, I gazed on the sufferer, and, scarcely able to ask a question, stole into the yard, absorbed in thought and perplexity; not cherishing the faintest hope of finding another in the citadel to join with us. The fact was, that from my having been before suspected, and publicly denounced, and likewise from my being aware of the extent to which "espionage" was practised in the fort, I was backward in introducing the subject to several, who have since proved by their conduct that they would readily have accompanied me. I wandered about for some time, reflecting on this extraordinary occurrence, little suspicious of what was afterwards developed, that, from our total ignorance of the impediments in passing into the upper citadel, failure, and its attendant consequences, must have been the result of trial at this time. My mind, however, was not to be diverted from the object in view, and, no sooner had I roused myself from the effect of this disheartening event, than I began to meditate new schemes, for I was resolved on the attempt, "coute qui coute;" but hesitated, whether	WIKI
Arts, Briefly; Memoirist to Add Author's Note The publisher of the disputed James Frey memoir, ''A Million Little Pieces,'' said on Thursday that Mr. Frey, right, would write an ''author's note'' to be added to future reprints of the hardcover and paperback editions of the book. The publisher, Doubleday, would not comment on the content. The planned addition follows the report on Sunday by The Smoking Gun, an investigative Web site, that substantial portions of Mr. Frey's past were falsified, including the amount of time he spent in jail. ''A Million Little Pieces,'' published in hardcover in 2003 by Doubleday and in paperback last year by Anchor Books, both divisions of Random House Inc., did not include any disclaimer, but Mr. Frey's second book, ''My Friend Leonard,'' did. Published last year by Penguin's Riverhead Books, the book has a note on its copyright page reading: ''Some names and identifying characteristics have been changed. Some sequences and details of events have been changed.'' The book opens with Mr. Frey on his 87th day in jail; The Smoking Gun reported that Mr. Frey spent no more than a few days -- and perhaps only a few hours -- in jail. EDWARD WYATT	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
India 10-Year Bond Yield at 1 1/2-Week High on Inflation Concern India ’s 10-year bond yield rose to the highest level in 1 1/2 weeks on speculation the central bank will keep monetary conditions tight after Governor Duvvuri Subbarao said inflation remains above the comfort level. The finance ministry may decide on the government’s debt sale calendar tomorrow for the six months starting Oct. 1, a ministry official with direct knowledge of the matter said on Sept. 26. The government has completed 60 percent of its 4.17 trillion rupees ($86 billion) borrowing target for the fiscal year that began April 1. Inflation has been “fairly stubborn,” Subbarao said on Sept. 26. “Inflation is still at elevated levels and the central bank’s tone continues to be hawkish,” said Anoop Verma , a fixed-income trader at Development Credit Bank Ltd. in Mumbai. “Investors are also staying on the sidelines for clarity on the borrowing calendar.” The yield on the 7.8 percent securities due April 2021 rose 2 basis points to 8.34 percent at the 6 p.m. close in Mumbai, according to the central bank’s trading system. That’s the highest level since Sept. 16. A basis point is 0.01 percentage point. The central bank extended trading by an hour today after selling 100 billion rupees of treasury bills. India’s benchmark wholesale-price inflation accelerated to a 13-month high of 9.78 percent in August. The central bank has boosted borrowing costs six times this year, lifting the repurchase rate to 8.25 percent. To contact the reporter on this story: V Ramakrishnan in Mumbai at rvenkatarama@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Sandy Hendry at shendry@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
As Chicago Murder Rate Spikes, Many Fear Violence Has Become Normalized CHICAGO — The nation’s third-largest city will end 2016 with a surging murder rate, a demoralized and distrusted police force and a weary populace that has become inured to daily reports of shootings. More than 750 people have been murdered in Chicago in 2016, the police said, a 58 percent increase over last year and the highest total since 1997. There have been more than 3,500 shootings in the city this year. Over Christmas weekend, at least 60 people were shot, 11 fatally, according to The Chicago Tribune. Two teenage girls were among those shot. As the year draws to a close, residents and community leaders say they are despairing over the ceaseless violence, which city officials are trying to confront with more police officers and new law enforcement strategies. But many people here also worry that the shootings, primarily in African-American and Hispanic neighborhoods on the South and West Sides, have become normalized, a routine part of life. “We should be embarrassed as a city, every single one of us, that we’ve allowed this city to become the poster boy of violence in America,” said the Rev. Michael Pfleger, an activist and pastor of a Catholic church on the South Side. “Are we just going to shake our heads and say, ‘What a terrible year in Chicago?’” Father Pfleger, who often spars with elected officials, said he was searching for fresh ways to draw attention to the plague of gun violence. He is planning a rally on Saturday on Chicago’s Magnificent Mile, a downtown avenue lined with high-end shops and restaurants, that will be attended by marchers carrying two-foot-high wooden crosses bearing the names of victims. Some victims’ relatives are expected to attend. Chicago had more criminal homicides this year than New York and Los Angeles combined, despite having fewer residents than either city. Los Angeles had 288 through mid-December, up slightly from last year, and New York had 325, a decline from 2015. Still, Chicago’s per capita murder rate remains much lower than in several smaller cities, such as St. Louis and Baltimore. Across the country, some cities have seen upticks in homicides while others have seen their numbers hold steady or decline. St. Louis, which had one of the country’s highest murder rates in 2015, had 183 criminal homicides as of Wednesday, roughly in line with its 188 in 2015. Milwaukee had 142 as of Wednesday and 146 in 2015. Criminal homicides have increased this year in Kansas City, Mo., Indianapolis and Dallas, and have declined in Cincinnati and Baltimore. In Chicago, the surge in violence has become a national flash point. “I’ve never seen so much attention and energy and focus being put on this epidemic of violence,” said the Rev. Ira Acree, whose church is on the West Side. “And yet instead of things getting better, it feels like things are getting worse.” Representative Danny K. Davis, a Democrat whose district includes some of Chicago’s most dangerous neighborhoods, said that he believed poverty was fueling the city’s bloodshed, and that Chicago needed to make investments “to revamp whole communities.” “People struggle, and on top of that, in many instances, people have lost hope in their government,” Mr. Davis said. “They’ve lost hope that something is going to change for them. And if we can’t keep hope alive, then you don’t have to wonder whether things are going to get better or get worse: They’ll get worse.” For thousands of children in Chicago, walking to school can be treacherous. One father, Victor Bloomingberg, explains why. Last month, Mr. Davis’s 15-year-old grandson, Javon Wilson, was shot dead at a home in his grandfather’s congressional district. The Chicago police said a fight that preceded the shooting may have been over a pair of shoes, and two other teenagers have been charged in Javon’s death. Matt McGrath, a spokesman for Mayor Rahm Emanuel, said in an email that “there is no single solution” to Chicago’s violence, and that Mr. Emanuel was “approaching this holistically.” “The increase in violence, largely driven by gun crimes in the South and West Sides of the city, is unacceptable, and we’re working day and night to address it,” Mr. McGrath said. “In September, the mayor announced his plan to hire nearly 1,000 new police officers as part of a comprehensive law enforcement reform package designed to restore community trust and increase police effectiveness. At the same time, the mayor strongly believes this is not exclusively a police matter and is committed to making investments in education and citywide economic development — including the expansion of universal mentoring for young men in the most violent neighborhoods.” Arthur Lurigio, a criminology professor at Loyola University Chicago, said that in addition to the proliferation of guns and deepening poverty, personal disputes among gang members have led to more shootings, often escalating quickly through social media. “What’s different about this year, and what has added much more fuel to the fire that was already burning intensely, was social media as a way to communicate,” he said. “There are no rules governing gang members anymore. They’re solving interpersonal conflicts with murder.” The spike in crime comes at a time of upheaval and uncertainty in the Chicago Police Department, with officers trying to tamp down violence while also mending long-strained relationships with residents of some of the most troubled neighborhoods. On Wednesday, the mayor and the police announced that they would speed up a plan to expand body-camera use by police officers, ensuring that every patrol officer would wear a camera by the end of 2017. Protests and complaints of widespread police misconduct rocked Chicago last year after an officer was charged with murder in the 2014 death of Laquan McDonald, a black teenager, and video of the fatal shooting was released. Since then, other police shootings have also prompted protests here, including a teenager fatally shot in the back this summer after a car chase. Fallout from the McDonald case led to the firing of the police superintendent, promises of new training and equipment, and a Justice Department investigation of Chicago police practices. Some have wondered whether the results of that federal inquiry will be announced before President Obama leaves office next month. Eddie Johnson, the current Chicago police superintendent, recently spent time at the New York Police Department, studying techniques focused on community policing. He said in a statement that most of the shootings over Christmas weekend were targeted attacks by gang members and called on elected officials in Illinois to pass tougher gun laws. “While we have promising leads, this unacceptable level of gun violence demonstrates the clear and present need for policy makers to convene in January and give Chicago the gun sentencing tools against repeat offenders so that we can adequately hold people accountable,” he said. Dean Angelo Sr., president of the union that represents Chicago’s rank-and-file officers, said that department morale was low and that his members were “treading water.” He added that policing and violence had been inappropriately politicized, and that some elected officials were “being more anti-police in their platform as opposed to being anti-crime.” “In some areas, the neighborhoods are on fire,” he said, “and they’re more worried about transparency and police issues.”	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Template:Did you know nominations/Suttle Lake (Oregon) Suttle Lake (Oregon) * ... that Suttle Lake, a natural lake on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range of Oregon, has brown trout weighing up to 10 lbs? * Reviewed: Jarvis (rocket) * Comment: Source is Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests wed-site, Suttle Lake fishing info Created/expanded by Orygun (talk). Self nom at 20:20, 22 April 2012 (UTC) * Symbol question.svgle is certainly big enough and riddled with references and new enough too. On the topic of the hook, it is spread throughout the article, but I do not find any support for the "Eastern" adjective. Also the USDA reference you have given which supports the brown trout bit fails for me with Server Error (Error 5xx). Do you have a better link? Hook is interesting and short enough. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 07:41, 6 May 2012 (UTC) * Symbol redirect vote 4.svg Not sure why you couldn’t get onto USDA web-site. I just tried above hot-button and it took me right there. Maybe USDA site was down when you tried to access it. In any case, Reference 5 also has same info about size of the brown trout in the lake. Regarding location of the lake on the east side of the Cascades, first sentence of Reference 4 says “Suttle Lake is a very well known and heavily used lake on the east slope of the Cascade Range.”--Orygun (talk) 18:23, 6 May 2012 (UTC) * Symbol confirmed.svg now the site is back up again the facts check out OK. Good to go. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 12:30, 8 May 2012 (UTC) * Symbol confirmed.svg now the site is back up again the facts check out OK. Good to go. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 12:30, 8 May 2012 (UTC)	WIKI
Female U.S. Marine becomes first woman to pass grueling infantry officer training NEW YORK (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - A female U.S. Marine has become the first woman to complete the Corps’ notoriously grueling infantry officer course, seeing off dozens of male candidates who failed the selection training. The physical and mental tests include hikes carrying loads up to 152 pounds (69 kg), swimming, obstacle courses, land navigation and weapons assembly. Typically a quarter of Marines who take part fail to make the grade. Under former President Barack Obama, the U.S. military opened all positions to women, including combat roles, for the first time in 2016 in a bid to make the armed forces more inclusive. The female lieutenant, who wanted to keep her identity private, was one of 88 Marines out of 131 who started the course in July to make it through the 13-week program - graduating in Quantico, Virginia, on Monday, the military said. “Proud of this officer & her fellow leaders,” tweeted Marine Corps commandant Gen. Robert Neller alongside a photo of the woman during training. The Marine Corps says its “grueling 13-week course trains and educates newly selected infantry and ground intelligence officers in leadership, infantry skills, and character required to serve as infantry platoon commanders”. The lieutenant’s next assignment will be at the 1st Marine Division at Camp Pendleton in California, it said. As an officer she is expected to lead a platoon of typically around 40 Marines. “Marines expect and rightfully deserve competent and capable leaders, and these... graduates met every training requirement,” Neller said in a statement. About 15 percent of more than 1.3 million U.S. active duty troops are women, according to the Department of Defense. Earlier this year, the Corps was rattled by nude photo sharing scandal involving a private Facebook group and its surreptitious distribution of explicit images of women in the armed forces, often with obscene, misogynist commentary. [nL1N1I8024] Writing by Umberto Bacchi @UmbertoBacchi, Editing by Ros Russell.; Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, women's rights, trafficking, property rights, climate change and resilience. Visit news.trust.org	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Our Health Library information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Please be advised that this information is made available to assist our patients to learn more about their health. Our providers may not see and/or treat all topics found herein. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts, including genital warts, and may cause cervical cancer and changes in the cervix that can lead to cancer. Other types of HPV can cause oral cancer and some uncommon cancers, such as vaginal and anal cancer. HPV is spread by direct contact. There are more than 100 known types of HPV. • Some HPV types cause genital warts. In women, certain high-risk types of HPV increase the risk of cervical cancer. Women may have an HPV infection and not have any symptoms. Sometimes the only sign that a woman is infected with HPV is an abnormal Pap test result. • Other types of HPV cause common, plantar, filiform or flat warts, and some genital warts. These types of warts are not cancerous. There is no known cure for HPV. Most warts and HPV infections go away without treatment within 2 years. But medicines and treatments are available to help warts disappear more quickly. HPV remains in the body with or without treatment, so warts or HPV infections of the cervix may come back. The HPV vaccine can help prevent HPV infection. It can be given to males and females 9 to 26 years old.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
News 26 2022 - 04 How to use roll grooving machine?What’s the notices? Author: Tuwei Page views: Roll grooving machine as a special tool is used to make a grooved mechanical joining of two pipes. The working principle of roll grooving machine is that the rotating down roller drove by motor makes the pipe rotate, and the upper roller moves down and presses the pipe by shaking the pump handle, then forms the groove. It is used for the installation of pipes such as fire, water, HVAC etc. Well, how to use roll grooving machine? What’s the notices? Take Tuwei banded Roll Grooving Machine TWG-IIA as an example, the operation is as follows: 1. Choose the corresponding upper roller and down roller. (The sample pipe is 3inch pipe, choose upper rollerφ60-φ168 and down rollerφ89-φ168)， then install them. 2. Put the pipe on the down roller and pipe stand, the pipe stand should be placed at a position equal to 1/3 of pipe, adjust pipe stand height to make the pipe 1 degree lower than the horizontal level. 3. Tighten the relief valve, shake the oil pump handle, make the upper roller downward and touch the pipe surface. Then stop it. Turn the limit nut down, let it contact the oil pump surface, check the groove depth on the form, if 3inch pipe, the groove depth is 1.98mm, turn round the limit nut 1.98mm up start at the red line, then turn the fastening nut down unit it touch the limit nut, then fix it. (one rotation of limit nut equals 2.5mm) 4. Rotate the guide wheel to touch the pipe. 5. Plug the power, turn on switch, start machine. 6. Tighten the relief valve，shake the pump handle to start grooving. 7. Continue the grooving operation when the limit nut contact the oil pump surface. Allow the pipe to rotate additional one or two turns to make sure groove completed. Then turn off the switch, release the relief valve 8. Rotate the guide wheel to make it away from the pipe. 9. Remove the pipe and check the groove depth with PI tapes. [keywords] roll grooving machine,operation steps HOT PRODUCTS	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Romanian PM says he is considering government reshuffle BUCHAREST (Reuters) - Romanian Prime Minister Mihai Tudose said on Monday that corruption allegations surrounding three ministers had created problems for the country and his Social Democrat government, adding he was considering a Cabinet reshuffle. Transparency International ranks Romania among the European Union’s most corrupt states and Brussels is keeping its justice system under special monitoring. “There are three ministers with problems who are indeed causing difficulties in terms of public perception and in some situations with the European Commission,” Tudose told private television station Antena3. He said he was considering asking the ministers to resign in a “mini-reshuffle.” “I will make the announcement this week, first to the party, obviously. I will take responsibility for my proposals and I will ask the (ruling) coalition’s vote on them.” Anti-corruption prosecutors said in September they were investigating Deputy Prime Minister Sevil Shhaideh for suspected abuse of office in a land transfer case, and have asked parliament to approve an investigation into European Funds Minister Rovana Plumb linked to the same case. Shhaideh, also a minister for regional development, is a close ally of Social Democrat Party leader Liviu Dragnea, who has received a suspended sentence for vote rigging and is on trial in a separate abuse-of-office case. Prosecutors also asked parliament to approve an investigation into Viorel Ilie, minister in charge of the relationship between the Cabinet and lawmakers, in a case involving allegations of rigging a job contest for clerks at his ministry. Parliament rejected the request earlier this month. Under Romanian legislation, parliament must approve investigations against sitting lawmakers. All three ministers have denied wrongdoing. Tudose also said his relationship with Dragnea was not in a “happy moment”. Dragnea holds a tight grip over the party and earlier this year pushed out former Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu in a non-confidence vote. At the start of the year, government attempts to weaken the crackdown on high-level graft triggered Romania’s largest street protests in decades. Reporting by Luiza Ilie; Editing by Peter Cooney	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Fred Blackham Frederick Albert Blackham (6 April 1873 – 31 January 1967) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). His brother, Jack Blackham, played Test cricket for Australia.	WIKI
Search Shortcut cmd + k \| ctrl + k Search cmd+k ctrl+k Dark Mode 1.1 (stable) CASE Statement The CASE statement performs a switch based on a condition. The basic form is identical to the ternary condition used in many programming languages (CASE WHEN cond THEN a ELSE b END is equivalent to cond ? a : b). With a single condition this can be expressed with IF(cond, a, b). CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE integers AS SELECT unnest([1, 2, 3]) AS i; SELECT i, CASE WHEN i > 2 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS test FROM integers; i test 1 0 2 0 3 1 This is equivalent to: SELECT i, IF(i > 2, 1, 0) AS test FROM integers; The WHEN cond THEN expr part of the CASE statement can be chained, whenever any of the conditions returns true for a single tuple, the corresponding expression is evaluated and returned. CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE integers AS SELECT unnest([1, 2, 3]) AS i; SELECT i, CASE WHEN i = 1 THEN 10 WHEN i = 2 THEN 20 ELSE 0 END AS test FROM integers; i test 1 10 2 20 3 0 The ELSE part of the CASE statement is optional. If no else statement is provided and none of the conditions match, the CASE statement will return NULL. CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE integers AS SELECT unnest([1, 2, 3]) AS i; SELECT i, CASE WHEN i = 1 THEN 10 END AS test FROM integers; i test 1 10 2 NULL 3 NULL It is also possible to provide an individual expression after the CASE but before the WHEN. When this is done, the CASE statement is effectively transformed into a switch statement. CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE integers AS SELECT unnest([1, 2, 3]) AS i; SELECT i, CASE i WHEN 1 THEN 10 WHEN 2 THEN 20 WHEN 3 THEN 30 END AS test FROM integers; i test 1 10 2 20 3 30 This is equivalent to: SELECT i, CASE WHEN i = 1 THEN 10 WHEN i = 2 THEN 20 WHEN i = 3 THEN 30 END AS test FROM integers;	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
CellProviderInitEventArgs class NOTE: This API is now obsolete. Holds the data structure that is initialized when an ICellProvider Web Part creates a connection and fires a CellConsumerInit event to an ICellConsumer interface. Cannot be inherited. Inheritance hierarchy System.Object System.EventArgs Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.Communication.InitEventArgs Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.Communication.CellProviderInitEventArgs Namespace: Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.Communication Assembly: Microsoft.SharePoint (in Microsoft.SharePoint.dll) Syntax 'Declaration <ObsoleteAttribute("Use System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts.IWebPartField instead")> _ Public NotInheritable Class CellProviderInitEventArgs _ Inherits InitEventArgs 'Usage Dim instance As CellProviderInitEventArgs [ObsoleteAttribute("Use System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts.IWebPartField instead")] public sealed class CellProviderInitEventArgs : InitEventArgs Examples The following code example shows an overridden PartCommunicationInit method that creates a CellProviderInitEventArgs data structure to contain the FieldName and FieldDisplayName property values, sets the property values, and then fires the CellProviderInit event. This code example is part of a larger example provided for the ICellProvider interface. ' Step #9: Override the PartCommunicationInit() method ' PartCommunicationInit() is called by the Web Part ' infrastructure during the ASP.NET PreRender ' event to allow the part to pass initialization information to ' the other connected parts. 'It is important to always pass initialization information as ' some parts may not behave properly if this initialization ' information is not received. Public Overrides Sub PartCommunicationInit() ' Check if connected If _connected Then ' Create the InitEventArgs structure for the CellProviderInit event. Dim cellProviderInitArgs As New CellProviderInitEventArgs() ' Set the FieldName and FieldDisplay values. cellProviderInitArgs.FieldName = _cellName cellProviderInitArgs.FieldDisplayName = _cellDisplayName ' Fire the CellProviderInit event. RaiseEvent CellProviderInit(Me, cellProviderInitArgs) End If End Sub // Step #9: Override the PartCommunicationInit() method // PartCommunicationInit() is called by the Web Part // infrastructure during the ASP.NET PreRender // event to allow the part to pass initialization information // to the other connected parts. // It is important to always pass initialization information as // some parts may not behave properly if this initialization // information is not received. public override void PartCommunicationInit() { // Check if connected if(_connected) { // If there is a listener, fire the CellProviderInit // event. if (CellProviderInit != null) { // Create the InitEventArgs structure for the // CellProviderInit event. CellProviderInitEventArgs cellProviderInitArgs = new CellProviderInitEventArgs(); // Set the FieldName and FieldDisplay values. cellProviderInitArgs.FieldName = _cellName; cellProviderInitArgs.FieldDisplayName = _cellDisplayName; // Fire the CellProviderInit event. CellProviderInit(this, cellProviderInitArgs); } } } Thread safety Any public static (Shared in Visual Basic) members of this type are thread safe. Any instance members are not guaranteed to be thread safe. See also Reference CellProviderInitEventArgs members Microsoft.SharePoint.WebPartPages.Communication namespace	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
What Could Cause My Fire Alarm to Go Off at Random Times like in The Middle of The Night? As you lay in bed, fast asleep, an abrupt sound awoke you; the sound was so ear-piercing that a fire alarm could not have been any louder at 3 in the morning. Finally, you were still rather groggy, disoriented and confused, you got out of bed to try and find out what was happening. And so, going through your house with a flashlight turning on every switch and opening every door in the house to check for fire or smoke and to reset the alarm you wondered what could have triggered it in the first place. It is frustrating and confusing to have to deal with this scenario, but there are some logical reasons behind having those weird alarms at the wrong time. During my research, I was able to identify the following as some of the top causes of random fire alarm triggers. Faulty Sensor The simple and most probable reason as to why your fire alarm went off without any cause is because one of the sensors is giving a false alarm. Almost all home fire alarm systems are equipped with multiple forms of sensors installed in them to alert them of conditions that may signify fire. This includes: Smoke sensors – Identify the presence of smoke within a given environment. Heat sensors – These are used in they detecting of temperature rise which is rapid. Flame rods and gas detectors – CO is a colourless deadly gas that causes death by suffocation. Flame sensors - Measures the light / radiation from the flames. These sensor over the time may prove to have some sort of malfunction depending on the normal wear and tear or by the infliction of dust, debris or even insects. A damaged sensor can prove to be increasingly sensitive and set off the alarm even when there is no actual fire risk involved. If your system is installed for more than a decade or even more, then it is high time to blame the outdated sensors for the annoying middle of the night alerts. Low Batteries A rather common mistake that individuals make is not to remember about the need for replacing batteries in smoke detectors and carbon monoxide alarms or doing it too seldom. But as battery is low it may start chirping at times or even sound the full alarm depending on the battery level. The alarms, therefore, have been designed to sound when the battery power gets low enough to give you a hint that the batteries need to be replaced. Low batteries are most likely one of the causes that people are startled awake by fire alarms in the middle of the night without any actual fire. To prevent a disruption of smoke detectors, it is necessary to change batteries in all your detectors at least once in one year. Dust Buildup Other root causes of the middle-of-the-night false fire alarm comprises dust and debris contamination, which affects the proper functioning of the sensors. With much dust or dirt near the sensors, they will become oversensitive as the dust or dirt inhibits the flow of light to the sensors. It is important also to clean around the smoke detectors by vacuuming in order to remove dust that accumulates and cause interference every few months. Also, one should consider endeavoring to softly vacuum over the covers of the detectors themselves in a way that would remove the dust that might have penetrated within and affect the sensors. Insects or Pests In some cases, it could be a false alarm where your alarm is alerting you that there is smoke or fire within your home because of tiny intruders that you do not like. Small insects such as spiders, ants, and cockroaches among others that may gain entry into the detectors can either walk on top of the sensors or block their surface thus causing the alarm to go off. Make sure you check your smoke alarms regularly if you reside in an area that is vulnerable to certain pests, you may find insects on them. You should also be careful if you shift houses, given that the previous occupants might have had challenges with household bugs that may persist after you get to occupy the house. If needed, calling an exterminator can also help you avoid recurring situations where the fire alarm is going off due to pests in your home. Humidity and Temperature Changes Humidity changes or an unpredictable increase in temperature may also trigger smoke alarm from time to time for no apparent reason. In the absence of a protective coating, the increased rate of humidity in the short term can cause the sensor to become temporarily damp and therefore give a skewed result. Relative temperature increases near the detector or in the area that a real fire would produce can also be obtained. This means that there is not much that one can do to regulate rapid natural variations of humidity and temperature in the house. However, having this potential in mind knowing this might have been the reason for the late night alarm wake up call at least offers some sort of consolation behind it. Cooking Smoke or Steam You probably are already aware that the result of immersing food or cooking with lots of smoke causes the fire alarms to go off. However, even steam from boiling water or taking a shower can cause the smoke detectors to activate under certain circumstance. If you have a smoke alarm that is in particular located in your kitchen and it goes off whenever you are cooking this should be dealt with by either moving it further away from the stove or by buying a smoke alarm that has a button that can be pressed to temporarily switch it off when cooking. Ensure that smoke alarms in the bathrooms are not fitted right near the shower head where there is likely to be constant steam from showering. Power Surges Sometimes when there is a storm or some other calamity that has triggered surges of electricity in your area then the high voltage is likely to trigger the switch on of some equipment such as smoke alarm. Such features can also cause an increase in the load on the integrated sensors and electronics that can lead to a false start. Well, if you had strong storms, high winds or some type of electrical event right around the time your alarm randomly went off, surges which interrupted the system could well be the culprit. Although it is rare, it is recommended to check all of your smoke detectors after a prolonged power outage in case. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning But, you do need to check that of a real dangerous threat of the carbon monoxide gas in your home is causing the alert, though not probably as much as other causes. If you use a smoke and CO combination alarm, then the middle of the night alarm could be an indication of high levels of CO which is invisible and can not be smelled or tasted. Carbon monoxide is an invisible and odorless gas that may cause a lethal outcome in case of excessive concentrations. Since CO is colorless and odorless, the only visible proof that it is present might be the alarm that triggers to signal you to leave your home and dial 911. So yes, you should still respond just as you do any other fire alarm activation; it may be CO or something else that is. A Recap of Mystery Alarms Waking up from your sound sleep to the loud ringing of the fire alarm with no actual fire around must leave you tired, dazed and quite annoyed I suppose. However, occasional middle of the night alarms may appear to be caused by no reason at all, they should not be completely dismissed. Nine out of ten times it will only be some problem with its sensors or a dirty one, dead battery or something equally innocuous which will set off what can be described as a false alarm. But you have zero ways to tell there is no real emergency and you did not verify this in full with the situation around. Conclusion Therefore, do not be tempted to silence the alarm and return to bed as a way of extending your sleep. Always follow fire alarm response as the norm by going around to check for the presence of smoke, fire or carbon monoxide, even when it may not be the case. In case you decide to blame it on equipment malfunction or oversensitivity, then ensure you set an appointment with a fire safety expert to have the equipment serviced to reduce chances of such an incident in the middle of the night. Being on a more alert, when it comes to the periodic checks and services of the fire alarm, this will go a long way into ensuring that such annoying, unwarranted midnight alarms are not the new normal. Your safety is our priority. Contact us at +1 888-805-5456 for a free consultation.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Walter Long (died 1731) Walter Long JP (c. 1648 – 16 July 1731), of Bristol and South Wraxhall, Wiltshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1701. Long was the son of Walter Long (c. 1623 – c. 1699) of Bristol and South Wraxhall and his wife Barbara Brayfield. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford on 1 April 1664, aged 15. He inherited the Wraxhall estate from his father in 1699. Long's Wiltshire property meant he could put himself forward as a candidate at Calne at the first general election of 1701, when he was returned as Member of Parliament in a contest. He was probably supported by Henry Blaake, an outgoing member. He was inactive in the House and on 10 May he was granted leave of absence for an unspecified period. At the second general election in November 1701, he withdrew when Blaake stood again as a candidate. He was High Sheriff of Wiltshire for the year 1703 to 1704. Long's grandfather John Long (c. 1585 – 1636) was disinherited by his father, Sir Walter Long (1565–1610) of South Wraxall and Whaddon, by the contrivances of the latter's second wife Catherine née Thynne (a daughter of the first Sir John Thynne of Longleat) but a compromise later led John to receiving South Wraxall, and his brother the manor of Draycot. South Wraxall eventually passed to Walter Long, who died unmarried on 16 July 1731. He is buried at South Wraxall, near Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire. He left all his property in Somerset, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire to John Long, a nephew of his cousin Hope Long.	WIKI
DNC chief Perez 'not talking about impeachment' after ad campaign Democratic National Committee Chairman Tom Perez said Sunday that billionaire activist Tom Steyer, a prolific Democratic donor who has been funding ads calling for President Donald Trump's impeachment, "has a right to do whatever he feels he needs to do." In an interview on ABC's "This Week," Perez said he was "not talking about impeachment" — an issue that has divided Democrats. But Perez declined to rebuke Steyer's multimillion-dollar television campaign. "Tom Steyer has a right to do whatever he feels he needs to do," Perez said. "Tom Steyer invested a lot of money in Virginia and elsewhere. And I applaud his efforts in investing in organizing and in helping elect Democrats." In the wake of the ad campaign, Trump said Steyer was “wacky” and “totally unhinged.” Fox News took the ad off the air.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
A Long ago, before electricity, fire was the only weapon against the darkness. Ancient civilizations used torches, but around 4500 BC, oil lamps made from shells or hollow stones were used. Candles were introduced about 1500 years later. Oil lamps burned vegetable and animal oils, while candles burned wax and tallow. While the light produced was sufficient for reading at night, it was too soft and localized to illuminate a significant area. In addition, wax and oil required a great deal of maintenance, requiring regular trimming of the wick, and their portable vehicles constantly threatened to spill. Society was looking for more and one of the most popular resources of the late 18th century provided the answer. In 1792, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, equipped his house with pipes that supplied coal gas to lamps, creating “gas lighting”. The coal gas combined with atmospheric oxygen carbon dioxide, water vapour, heat and light. Coal gas is produced by burning coal in a closed container, which separates its components into hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane as well as some solid by-products. Other common gaseous fuels include propane, butane and ethylene. Sounds familiar? These are still used for camping stoves, where a light, compact and reliable fuel is useful. Since coal gas passed through pipes in large quantities, its combustion produced light far more efficiently than candles. Murdoch was eventually able to reproduce his performance outside his building, and people were so fascinated by the new bright light that a new industry was born. At the beginning of the 19th century, Paris and London had installed gas lamps along their streets. The additional light increased accessibility and the demand for nocturnal activities and changed the nocturnal culture from being able to lock oneself in, go out and interact with others. Although candles were greatly improved, they were not necessarily low maintenance – the lamps had to be lit manually every night and extinguished every morning. Worse still, there were harmful side effects, as carbon monoxide, a deadly gas, was a by-product of the combustion reaction. At the turn of the 20th century, almost all street lamps were replaced by electric bulbs to provide cleaner, safer, brighter and more efficient lighting.	FINEWEB-EDU
Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 15.djvu/368 VEDAS 318 VEDAS The Risen Christ Vecchictta. S. Maria della Scala, Siena children ascending to heaven, which records the tradition of a local foundation and gives its name to the institution. Over the high altar is the striking bronze figure of the Risen Christ keyed to Donatello's harsher manner, also two angels bearing candles. The fine bronze tabernacle was re- moved by Pan- delfo Petrucci and is upon the high altar of the cathe- dral. A series of frescoes in the Baptistery of S. Giovanni were ex- ecuted with the assistance of pu- pils, but much is identified as Vec- chietta's own : the Evangelists, the Four Articles of the Creed, the As- sumption, contain- ing some lovely angels' heads, and synibolical figures of Virtues. In the Galleria di belle Arti are a Ma- donna and some minor works; a St. Martin in the Pa- lazzo Saracini ; two panels in the Palazzo Pubblico, a sermon and miracle of St. Bernardino (sometime attributed to di Giorgio), and a beautiful Our Lady of Pity. The ascetic and rather formal figures of Sts. Peter and Paul in the old Mercanzia, Loggia de' Nobili, date about 1458 to 1460. A silver bust or statue of St. Catherine of Siena, known to have been made by Vecchietta at the time of the saint's canonization, disappeared after the siege of Siena (1555). Outside Siena the artist's chief painting, an Assumption, of (1451), is in the church at Pienza; in Florence a Madonna panel and the bronze tomb statue of Marianus Soccinus the Elder (re- moved from S. Domenico, Siena), a noted Sienese jurisconsult, are in the Uflfizi. Vecchietta was the master of Francesco di Giorgio and Neroccio. Perkins, Tuscan Sculptors (London, 1864) ; Lubke. History of Sculpture, tr. Bdn-nett (London. 1S72); Douglas, History of Siena (London, 1902); Heywood and Olcott, Guide to .Sieno (Siena, 1904); Seymour, Siena and her Artists (Philadelphia, 1907) M. L. Hand LET. Vedas, the sacred books of ancient India. The Sanskrit word veda means "knowledge", more partic- ularly "sacred book". In its widest sense the term designates not only the sacred texts, but also the voluminous theological and philosophical Uterature attached thereto, the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads, and Sutras (see Brahminism). But usually the term veda applies only to the four collec- tions (Samhitds) of hymns and prayers composed for different ritualistic purposes: the Rig-Veda, Sama- Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva-Veda. Of these only the first three were originally regarded as canonical ; the fourth attained to this position after a long struggle. The language of the Vedas is an artificial literary language fully perfected, and is not a mere popiilar dialect. In this respect it resembles the later chissical Sanskrit, from which it difTcrs c(insid<'rably in phonol- ogy and inflections. Though differences exist in the languag(? of the four Vedas, still there is such agree- ment on cardinal points as against later Sanskrit that the term Vedic, which is in common use for the oldest form of the language of India, is amply justified. I. The Rig-Veda ("veda of verses"; from ric, or before sonants rig, "laudatory stanza") is the oldest and most important of these collections. In its present form it contains 1028 hymns (including eleven supplementary ones in the eighth book), arranged in ten maiidalas (cycles), or books, which vary in extent, only the first and tenth being approximately equal. The poems themselves are of different authorship and date from widely different periods. According to the generally accepted view the oldest of them dates back to 1500 b. c, when the Aryan conquerors spread over the Punjab in Northern India and occupied the land on both sides of the Indus. The texts themselves show that the collection is the result of the work of generations of poets, extending over many centuries. Books II to VII inclusive are each the work of a single poet, or risJii (seer), and his descendants; hence they are aptly called "family books". Book III is attrib- uted to the family of Vishvamitra, IV to that of Vamadeva, V to that of Vasishtha. The hymns in books I and X are all composed by different families. The ninth consists exclusively of hymns addressed to Soma, the deified plant, the juice of which was used for the Soma sacrifice. Books II to VII are the oldest, and book X the most recent, in point of origin. The monotony of the Rig- Veda is due not only to the nature of its mythological content, but also to the fact that hymns to the same deity are usually grouped together. Thus, approximately, 500 hymns are ad- dressed to two gods alone: Indra, the god of light- ning and storms, and Agni, the god of fire. The element of nature-worship is a marked feature in most of the hymns, which are invocations of different deities. The value of the great collection as present- ing the earliest record of the mythologj' of an Indo- European people is apparent. Several of the gods go back to the time of Indo-Iranian unity, e. g. Yama (the Avestan Yima), Soma (Haoma), Mitra (the later Persian Mithra). Some of the divinities, especially the higher ones, still exhibit the attributes which enable us to trace their origin to the personifica- tion of natural phenomena. Thus Indra personified thunder, Agni fire, Yaruna the sea, Surya the sun, Ushas the dawn, the Maruts the storm, and others were of a somewhat similar character. Indra was the favourite god of the Vedic Aryans; almost one fourth of aU the hymns in the Rig-Veda are addressed to him and they are among the best in the collection. Next to Indra stands Agni. The hymns in his praise are often obscure in thought and turgid in phraseology and abound in allusions to a complicated ritual. Many hymns are in honour of Soma. Other gods invoked are the two Ashins, somewhat resembhng the Dioscuri of ancient Greece, the terrilile Rudra, Par- janya the rain-god, Vayu the wind-god, Surya the sun-god, Pushan the protector of roads and stray kine. Prayers are also addressed to groups of divini- ties like the Adityas and the Vishve Devas (all the gods). Only a few hymns sing the praise of Vishnu and of Shiva in his earlier form as Rutira, though these two deities became later the chief gods of the Hindu pantheon. Goddesses play a small part, only Ushas, the goddess of dawn, has some twenty hymns in her honour; these poems are of exceptional literary merit. The number of secular hymns is small, but many of them are of particular interest. They are of various content. In one (book X, 34) a gambler laments his ill luck at dice and deplores the evil pa.^sion that holds him in its grasp. In the same book (X, IS) there occurs a funeral hymn, from whi<'h important informa- tion may be gained concerning the funeral rites of tlie Vedic age. Evidently cremation was most in vogue, though burial was also resorted to. There are also some riddles and incantations or prayers exactly like those in the .\tharva-^'eda. Historical references are occasionally found in the so-called ddnaslutis (praises of gifts), which in most cases	WIKI
Hardwicke Stakes * } The Hardwicke Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 211 yards (2,406 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. History The event is named in honour of the 5th Earl of Hardwicke, who served as the Master of the Buckhounds in the 19th century. It was established in 1879, and it was originally open to horses aged three or older. The last three-year-old to win was Helioscope in 1949. The Hardwicke Stakes is now held on the final day of the five-day Royal Ascot meeting. The leading horses often return to the venue to compete in the following month's King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. The first to win both races in the same year was Aureole in 1954, and the most recent was Harbinger in 2010. Records Most successful horse (3 wins): * Tristan – 1882, 1883, 1884 Leading jockey (7 wins): * Lester Piggott – Elopement (1955), St Paddy (1961), Karabas (1970), Relay Race (1974), Meneval (1977), Critique (1982), Jupiter Island (1985) * Pat Eddery – Charlie Bubbles (1975), Orange Bay (1976), Dihistan (1986), Assatis (1989), Rock Hopper (1991, 1992), Posidonas (1998) Leading trainer (11 wins): * Sir Michael Stoute – Dihistan (1986), Rock Hopper (1991, 1992), Maraahel (2006, 2007), Harbinger (2010), Sea Moon (2012), Telescope (2014), Snow Sky (2015), Dartmouth (2016), Crystal Ocean (2018) Earlier winners * 1879: Chippendale * 1880: Exeter * * 1881: Peter * 1882: Tristan * 1883: Tristan * 1884: Tristan * 1885: Bendigo * 1886: Ormonde * 1887: Ormonde * 1888: Minting * 1889: Gulliver * 1890: Amphion * 1891: L'Abbesse de Jouarre * 1892: St Damien * 1893: Watercress * 1894: Ravensbury * 1895: Barbary * 1896: Shaddock * 1897: Bay Ronald * 1898: Collar * 1899: Ninus * 1900: Boniface * 1901: Merry Gal * 1902: Joshua * 1903: Sceptre * 1904: Rock Sand * 1905: Bachelor's Button * 1906: Wombwell * 1907: Beppo * 1908: Bembo * 1909: Primer * 1910: Swynford * 1911: Swynford * 1912: Stedfast * 1913: Lancaster * 1914: Peter the Hermit * 1915–18: no race * 1919: Sir Douglas * 1920: Black Gauntlet * 1921: Franklin * 1922: Welsh Spear * The 1880 winner Exeter was later exported to Argentina and renamed El Plata.	WIKI
Enabling Self-management and Coping with Arthritic Pain using Exercise Programme overview Chronic joint pain, joint stiffness and reduced physical function are the main symptoms associated with osteoarthritis (OA) - the most common form of arthritis. Although OA cannot be cured there is a great deal people can do to relieve these symptoms. There is also a great deal of evidence that better understanding of the problem, and exercise are very effective ways of reducing pain and the physical and psychosocial effects of chronic pain. For more information on osteoarthritis you can visit the NHS choices website. Video image Enabling Self-management and Coping with Arthritic Pain through Exercise - ESCAPE-pain - is a rehabilitation programme for people with chronic joint pain that integrates simple education, self-management and coping strategies, with an exercise regimen individualised for each person undertaking the programme. Aims To help people understand their condition better, and to realise that exercise is a safe and effective self-management strategy, that can be used to reduce joint pain and the physical and psychosocial effects of joint pain. Programme structure ESCAPE-pain is typically delivered by physiotherapists in hospital outpatient departments, but it could be delivered by other healthcare workers in a range of community settings. The programme is delivered to small groups of people in 12 classes, twice a week, for six weeks. There are two components to the programme: 1) an education component where people learn about the problem, what might be causing it, why they experience pain, simple ways to cope and self-manage their problems 2) an exercise regimen where people undertake a progressive exercise programme tailored to each individual’s needs and abilities	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
How to Create New Partition using LVM in Linux LVM is a disk management solution that allow administrators to manage disk space. If a file system needs more space, it can be added to its logical volumes from the free spaces in its volume group and the file system can be re-sized as we wish. LVM allow you to manage disk space more effectively. LVM allow you to add, remove space from existing volume. New Partition using LVM See Also: • How To Create New Partition in Linux • LVM- Linux Interview Questions • Before you start creating LVM partition, make sure you understand physical volume(PV), volume group (VG), and logical volume (LV). Physical volume (PV): PV are the partitions on hard disk, or hard disk itself. PV are the base of LVM structure and referred as physical volumes. Volume Group (VG): VG are the combined physical volume into a single pool of storage. Think it is as a group of PV. Logical volume (LV): LV are the actual partitions on system created from VG. In this article we will explain how to create new partition using LVM in linux. List All Partition lsblk command by default list all partition in a tree-like format. Run below command as follows: # lsblk The output is as follows: lsblk Output Or You can all use fdisk command to list all partition, use following command as follows: # fdsik -l The output is as follows: Display Filesystem Create New Partition With the help of fdisk command we can create new partitions. Execute below command to create new partition. # fdsik /dev/sdc Type m and press Enter to see a list of the commands you can use to create partition. Use the n command to create a new partition. You can create a logical or primary partition (l for logical or p for primary). A disk can only have four primary partitions. New Partition Here we need to change the type of newly created partition using t, we need to create LVM so we need to type of partition using code of LVM as 8e, if we do not know the type code Press L to list all type codes. Change Type Tag Create Physical Volume: we need to choose the physical volumes that will be used to create the LVM. We can create the physical volumes using pvcreate command. pvcreate command is used to create physical volume. # pvcreate /dev/sdc1 Create Physical Volume Note: You can also create physical volume using multiple disk also. # pvcreate /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 Create Volume Group: Volume group is collection of physical volumes. Volume groups are nothing but a pool of storage that consists of one or more physical volumes. Once you create the physical volume, you can create the volume group (VG) from these physical volumes (PV). # vgcreate vg_tech /dev/sdc1 Create Volume Group Note: You can also create volume group using multiple physical volume also. # vgcreate vg_tech /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 To get more information about newly created volume groups, run the following command. # vgdisplay vg_tech Display Volume Group Create Logical Volume: A volume group is divided up into logical volumes. We can create logical volume with lvcreate command by giving the name of a new logical volume, its size, and the volume group. By Size: # lvcreate -L +5G -n lv_tech vg_tech Or # lvcreate --size +5G --name lv_tech vg_tech Logical - Size By Physical Extents: # lvcreate -l 1279 -n lv_extent_tech vg_tech Or # lvcreate --extents 1279 --name lv_extent_tech vg_tech Logical - Extents Note: Physical Extents are nothing but equal-sized chunks. LVM processes the storage in terms of extents. We can also change the extent size using -s flag. By default the size of extents is 4MB. Formatting a Partition Before using the both partition, you need to format both new partitions with a file system. You can do this with mkfs command. # mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg_tech/lv_tech Size Partition Filesystem # mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg_tech/lv_extent_tech Extent Partition Filesystem Mount The Partition You have successfully formatted the filesystem. Now you can mount the partition and use it. Mount Temporary # mount /dev/vg_tech/lv_tech /tech Mount - Size # mount /dev/vg_tech/lv_extent_tech /tech_extent Mount - Extents Mount Permanent You can mount the partition permanently adding entry in fstab file. # vim /etc/fstab Add below line at the end of file. /dev/vg_tech/lv_tech /tech ext3 defaults 0 0 /dev/vg_tech/lv_extent_tech /tech_extent ext3 defaults 0 0 Entry in fstab Run following command to mount the drive at run time. # mount -a Display New Filesystem Enjoy it! Comments 1. 2 years ago Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Galette (magazine) Galette (ガレット) is an independent Japanese yuri manga magazine published quarterly to coincide with Comitia doujin events in the Kanto region. It was first announced in December 2016 that the magazine would be funded through Enty, a membership platform, and released digitally and physically. The first issues was published on February 19, 2017. Authors * Asube Yui * Amano Shuninta * Ootomo Megane * Uno Jinia * Izumi Kitta + Momono Moto (Liberty) * Sugata Uri * Takemiya Jin * Hakamada Mera * Milk Morinaga (My Cute Little Kitten) * Hamano Ringo (Cotton Candy) * Yatosaki Haru * Furiko Yotsuhara * Yorita Miyuki * Akiko Morishima (Motto Hanjuku Joshi)	WIKI
Champions (American TV series) Champions is an American television sitcom created by Charlie Grandy and Mindy Kaling that aired on NBC from March 8 to May 25, 2018. The series stars Anders Holm, Fortune Feimster, Andy Favreau, Josie Totah, and Mouzam Makkar. On June 29, 2018, NBC canceled the series after one season. Premise Vince, a charismatic gym owner, is living every bachelor's dream with his younger brother Matthew in Brooklyn, New York. He lives a simple life, dates an endless string of women, until his high school fling Priya drops off their 15-year-old son Michael. Main * Anders Holm as Vince Cook, a gym owner living in Brooklyn, New York with his brother Matthew, until Priya, his ex girlfriend, drops Michael (his son) off to live with him. * Fortune Feimster as Ruby, Vince and Matthew's childhood friend and a trainer at the gym. * Andy Favreau as Matthew Cook, Vince's younger brother, who is absent-minded most times. * Josie Totah as Michael Prashant Patel, a talented and ambitious theater-kid, Vince's son, and Matthew's nephew. * Mouzam Makkar as Britney, Vince's on-again, off-again girlfriend and a trainer at the gym. Recurring * Yassir Lester as Shabaz, a trainer at the gym. * Ginger Gonzaga as Dana, the bookkeeper at the gym. * Robert Costanzo as Uncle Bud, a trainer at the gym. * Mindy Kaling as Priya Patel, Michael's mother, who drops him off to live with his father Vince, so Michael can attend a prestigious performing arts school. * Kevin Quinn as Gregg, a classmate of Michael's. * Edgar Blackmon as Dean Pasquesi, the dean of Michael's school. * Jon Rudnitsky as Asher, Dana's boyfriend. Guest * Hasan Minhaj as Ro ("My Fair Uncle"), Michael's uncle and Priya's brother. * Karan Brar as Arjun ("Vincemas"), a student at Michael's school. * Carolyn Hennesy as Gayle ("Grandma Dearest"), Vince and Matthew's mother. * Kether Donohue as Denise ("Grandma Dearest") * Aloma Wright as Sister Timothy ("Matt Bomer Poster") Development On October 5, 2016, it was announced that NBC had given a put pilot commitment to an untitled script by Mindy Kaling and Charlie Grandy. The project stemmed from a writing, producing, and acting deal that Kaling had signed with Universal Television during the previous summer. Universal Television was set to produce the pilot alongside Kaling International and 3 Arts Entertainment. Kaling and Grandy were expected to executive produce alongside Howard Klein. On January 26, 2017, it was announced that NBC had officially given the production a pilot order. The announcement was accompanied by the reveal of the series' premise. On May 13, 2017, it was announced that NBC had given the production a series order. Michael Alan Spiller was announced to be an executive producer for the series and it was reported that he was also expected to direct. Eyes Up Productions was also added to the list of production companies involved with the series. On June 29, 2018, it was announced that NBC had officially cancelled the series. Before the cancellation was announced, producers had reportedly been in talks with Netflix, which carries the series internationally, about potentially picking up the show but the discussions ultimately did not lead to a renewal. Producers were still said to be searching for a potential new home for the series. On September 13, 2018, it was announced that the series had failed to find a new home. Casting Alongside the announcement of the series' pilot order, it was announced that Mindy Kaling had been cast in the pilot in the potentially recurring role of Priya. In February 2017, it was announced that Mouzam Makkar, Anders Holm, Andy Favreau, and Josie Totah had joined the pilot in potential series regular roles. On March 6, 2017, it was announced that Nina Wadia had been cast in a series regular role. On October 6, 2017, it was reported that Fortune Feimster had joined the main cast. On December 13, 2017, it was announced that Ginger Gonzaga had been cast in a recurring role. Broadcast The series is currently available through Netflix in the United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, United States, Canada, México, India, Ireland, Argentina, France, Norway and Germany. Critical response The series received positive reviews from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 63% approval rating with an average rating of 6.23 out of 10 based on 19 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Champions has a charming cast and good-natured approach to sensitive issues which make it a worthwhile watch." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 64 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews. In a positive review, the San Francisco Chronicle's David Wiegand said, "Kaling and co-creator Grandy use plot as a display case for consistently funny writing and sweet and credible performances by the ensemble cast and, most of all, the exceptional skills of J.J. Totah, who plays Priya and Vince's proudly out son, Michael." In a more mixed review, Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter said that Totah is "clearly talented in a variety of ways" and "gets the best punchlines in the early episodes", but that her "extremely focused myopia doesn't always track believably and the show has yet to figure out how to make Michael's schooling a part of the show in any real way. ... The show's workplace zaniness is definitely where Champions is most a work-in-progress." Variety's Sonia Saraiya offered the show restrained praise saying, "With a little adjustment, Champions could be fantastic. The exceptionally diverse cast brings a lot to the table, and the writing is smart and fresh. But right now it's a bit too disjointed to be a complete success." Particular praise was received for Josie Totah's performance as Michael; The New York Times' Margaret Lyons called Totah's performance "superb," saying that Totah's "comic energy is astoundingly well calibrated," and that Totah "allows just enough genuine humanity to show through Michael's haughty, campy fieriness."	WIKI
Depression and Sleep: Getting the Right Amount Lack of sleep can upset your biologic clock and make your depression worse. At the same time, depression can influence your sleeping habits. A change in your sleep habits is one of the most common effects of depression. Lack of sleep can start before depression, be a symptom of depression, and make depression worse. "Depression and sleep are closely related," says Prashant Gajwani, MD, associate professor and vice chairman of clinical affairs in the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Texas Medical School in Houston. "Depression is a brain illness, and it affects many types of brain functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. Once this biologic clock has been disturbed, it can make sleep even more irregular and that adds to the depression. It can become a vicious cycle for many people." Effects of Depression on Sleep People with depression commonly experience disturbed sleep patterns, but the way depression affects sleep varies widely. "Difficulty getting enough sleep is a major symptom for most people with depression, but for about 10 to 20 percent of people, the effects of depression result in sleeping too much," says Dr. Gajwani. Depression commonly causes: • Difficulty falling asleep • Difficulty staying asleep • Waking up early in the morning • Oversleeping • Sleeping during the day • Poor quality of sleep • Waking up feeling tired Effects of Sleep on Depression The amount of restful sleep you are getting can affect your emotional health. "Lack of sleep for a long enough time can cause depression," says Gajwani. Although it is unlikely that lack of sleep alone is responsible for most cases of depression, it may contribute to depression in some people. The fact that many people who have sleep problems develop depression may indicate that sleep disorders and depression have similar causes or risk factors. Links between depression and sleep have been found in many studies, for example: • Research shows that people with insomnia have a 10-fold higher risk of developing depression. • Other types of sleep-related disorders, like obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome, are associated with high rates of depression. For people with obstructive sleep apnea, depression often improves with apnea treatment. • Research shows that children with depression who experience a lack of sleep or who sleep too much are more likely to have longer and more severe episodes of depression. • Experts suspect that chronic lack of sleep caused by physical illness is one reason older people have higher rates of depression. Tips for a Good Night's Sleep If you’re having a hard time sleeping at night or you are sleeping away too much of the day, following some healthy sleep habits may help. To start, set a bedtime schedule. "It is very important for people with a history of depression to keep regular hours of sleep,” says Gajwani. “You should go to bed about the same time and get up about the same time, and use your bedroom only for sleep or sex." Here are some other tips to sleep by: • Exercise. "Make sure to get regular exercise and spend some time outdoors in the sunlight every day. This is a good way to set your biologic clock, and it helps maintain a regular sleep-wake cycle," says Gajwani. • Skip the nap. Avoid afternoon naps, which can lead to nighttime insomnia. • Limit caffeine and alcohol, especially later in the day. Caffeine is a stimulant and can keep you wide awake, while alcohol can disrupt sleep quality. "Alcohol before bedtime will interfere with sleep,” warns Gajwani. “It may help you fall asleep, but you are less likely to sleep through the night." • Get up if you can’t sleep. "Don't waste time lying in bed looking at your clock," says Gajwani. If you find yourself lying awake, the best thing is to get up and do something relaxing until you feel tired. • Shut off the TV. "Avoid watching television late at night. Most shows in the evening are too stimulating and do not promote good sleep,” says Gajwani. “It's better to read a book or do a relaxing activity in the hours before bed." • Practice good sleep hygiene. This includes using your bedroom primarily for sleeping and sticking to a regular sleep schedule. Avoid distractions in your bedroom, like phones, computers, too much light, and too much noise. Make sure your bed is comfortable and that the room temperature is comfortable for sleeping. Changes in sleep patterns can be an effect of depression or an early warning sign of it. Let your doctor know if you are not able to sleep or if you are sleeping too much. "Over-the-counter sleep aids are not a good solution for people with depression and sleep problems,” says Gajwani. “Practice good sleep hygiene, get regular exercise, and work with your doctor or therapist to get your depression under control." Taking care of yourself, including getting the right amount of restful sleep, can help you manage your depression. Last Updated: 09/14/2012 This section created and produced exclusively by the editorial staff of EverydayHealth.com. © 2014 EverydayHealth.com; all rights reserved.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Draft:Giovanni Delgado Giovanni Delgado (25 November 1985) is a Hispanic-American hair stylist with celebrity clients such as Karen Elson, Little Big Town, Kacey Musgraves and fashion brands including Tom Ford and Moschino. Delgado's work has also been featured in Elle Magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Architectural Digest, V Magazine, Paper Magazine and Vogue México. Grammy Awards Inspired by Brancusi, Delgado created a sculptural updo for Kacey Musgraves' Grammy Awards look in 2023.	WIKI
When Elizabeth became Queen of England in 1558, there were no specially designed theatre buildings. Companies of actors (usually small, made of 5 to 8 members) toured the country and performed in a wide variety of temporary acting spaces, mainly in inn yards, but also in churches, Town Halls, Town Squares, great halls of Royal Palaces or other great houses, or anywhere else that a large crowd could be gathered to view a performance. It is true that they continued to tour throughout Elizabeth's reign (especially during the Plague in London, when theatres were closed or earned but little money). Nevertheless, given the laws passed by the Queen to control wandering beggars and vagrants - which implicitly affected the acting companies as well - many actors were encouraged to settle down with permanent bases in London. The first permanent theatres in England were old inns which had been used as temporary acting areas when the companies had been touring. E.g. The Cross Keys, The Bull, The Bel Savage, The Bell - all originally built as inns. Some of the inns that became theatres had substantial alterations made to their structure to allow them to be used as playhouses. The first purpose built theatre building in England was simply called The Theatre, eventually giving its name to all such building erected in the outskirts of London and functioning until the closing of the theatres in 1642 during the Civil War. The Theatre was built in 1576, at Shoreditch in the northern outskirts of London, by the Earl of Leicester's Men who were led by James Burbage, a carpenter turned actor. It seems that the design of The Theatre was based on that of bull-baiting and bear-baiting yards (as a matter of fact, bull baiting, bear baiting and fencing shows were very popular by that time, and they were often organized before the plays started.). The Theatre was followed the next year (1577) by The Curtain, in 1587 by The Rose and in 1595 by The Swan (to mention but the most famous theatres). In 1599, a dispute over the land on which The Theatre stood determined Burbage's sons to secretly tear down the building and carry away the timber to build a new playhouse on the Bankside which they names The Globe. By this time, the Burbages had become members of Lord Chamberlain's Company, along with William Shakespeare, and The Globe is famously remembered as the theatre in which many of Shakespeare's plays were first performed. (The Globe was destroyed in 1613 in a fire caused by the sparks of a cannon fired during the performance of Shakespeare's Henry VIII. Rebuilt, it was closed and demolished in 1644 during the Civil War. The modern reconstruction of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London was completed in 1997.) Before going into more details regarding the structure of the Elizabethan theatre, distinction should be made, however, between two categories of playhouses: the public (outdoor) theatres and the private (indoor) theatres. The former were amphitheatre buildings open to the air and therefore cheaper - The Globe, for instance, charged two pence for a seat in the galleries or a single penny to stand in the yard. The latter (e.g. Blackfriars; The Cockpit) were built to a hall design in enclosed and usually rectangular buildings more like the theatres we know today. They had amore exclusive audience since they charged considerably more - the cheapest seat in a private theatre cost sixpence. The adult companies did not start to use the private hall theatres until after Elizabeth's death, but they were used by the boy companies (made up entirely of child and teenage actors) in Elizabeth's reign and were used by Shakespeare's Company - by this time the King's Men - and other adult companies in the Jacobean period. Structure and Design of Public/ Outdoor Theatres Public theatres were polygonal - hexagonal outside and round inside ("a wooden O" as Shakespeare puts it in Henry V). An open-air arena - called "pit" or "yard" - had, at one end, a wooden stage supported by large pillars, with trap doors for special effects (to allow ghosts, devils and similar characters to be raised up) and was surrounded by three tiers of roofed galleries (thatched, later on tiled roofs) with balconies, overlooking the back of the stage. The rear stage was covered by a roof - which they called "Heavens" through which, by means of ropes, they could lower down the actors playing the gods/ angels, etc., for flying or dramatic entrances - held up by massive pillars and obstructing the view of audience members from various angles. The stage wall behind these pillars was called "Frons Scenae" (taken from the name given by Imperial Rome to the stage walls of their amphitheatres) provided with doors to the left and to the right and a curtained central doorway - referred to as the "discovery space" - which allowed characters to be suddenly revealed or a play within a play to be acted. The rear wall of this inner stage was covered by tapestry, the only usual "scenery" used on the stage. Immediately above the inner stage, there was the stage gallery which could be used for multiple purposes: - as an acting space: on either sides, there were bow-windows used for the frequent window/ balcony scenes (e.g. Romeo and Juliet). Thus the arrangement of a front stage and two-storeyed back stage permitted three actions to go on simultaneously and a life-like parallelism of events. - another part of the gallery could be used as a music-room. Music was an extra effect added in the 1600's. The musicians started playing an hour before the beginning of the play and also played at appropriate moments throughout the performance. - when necessary, some of the boxes of the stage gallery were used for audience seating. They were referred to as the "Lord's rooms" and considered the best (and hence the most expensive) seats in the 'house' despite the poor view of the back of the actors. (Nevertheless, the audience at large would have a good view of the Lords and the Lords were able to hear the actors clearly.) There were also additional balconies on the left and right of the "Lord's rooms" called the "Gentlemen's rooms", also meant for the rich patrons of the theatres. As previously mentioned, the stage wall structure contained two doors (at least) leading to a small structure, back stage, called the "Tiring House" used by actors to dress, prepare and wait offstage. Above the stage gallery, there is a third storey connected with the "Heavens" extending forward from the tiring-house over the rear part of the stage, which was often used to represent the walls of a castle or a city. Last but not least, on top of this structure, there was also what might be called a fourth storey of the tiring-house, referred to as the "Hut" presumably used as a storage space and housing suspension gear for flying effects, while the third storey stage cover served as a loading room for players preparing to 'fly' down to the stage. On top of the "hut", a flag (a black one, if it was a tragedy, a white one, if it was a comedy, or a red one, if it was a history) was erected to let the world know a play was to be performed that day. The access to the playhouse was ensured by one main entrance, where playgoers had to put the admission fee - i.e. 1 penny, for those who watched the play from the yard, standing, called the "Groundlings" (shopkeepers, craftsmen, apprentices), or more, up to 4-5 pence for the gentry and the great lords sitting in the galleries. The galleries could be reached by the two sets of stairs in the structure, on either side of the theatre. The first gallery would cost another penny in the box which was held by a collector ("gatherer") at the front of the stairs. The second gallery would cost another penny. At the start of the play, after collecting money from the audience, the admission collectors put the boxes in a room backstage, called the "box office." După plată vei primi prin email un cod de download pentru a descărca gratis oricare alt referat de pe site.Vezi detalii.	FINEWEB-EDU
Bone Density Scan • Medical Author: Catherine Burt Driver, MD Catherine Burt Driver, MD, is board certified in internal medicine and rheumatology by the American Board of Internal Medicine. Dr. Driver is a member of the American College of Rheumatology. She currently is in active practice in the field of rheumatology in Mission Viejo, Calif., where she is a partner in Mission Internal Medical Group. • Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology. Quick GuideWhat Is Osteoporosis? Treatment, Symptoms, Medication What Is Osteoporosis? Treatment, Symptoms, Medication Who invented the bone density scan? The bone density scan was invented by the late John R. Cameron (1922-2005), professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. He earned a PhD in physics. He invented bone densitometry in the late 1960s. Bone densitometry, which uses precise, very small radiation measurements to determine the mineral content of bone, was one of his many important contributions to medical physics. Who performs bone density scans? Bone density scans, or DXA scans, are performed by a trained technician using a DXA machine. The results are then interpreted by a physician. Many different specialist interpret bone density scans, including radiologists, endocrinologists, rheumatologists, gynecologists, and internists. Where is a bone density test done? Bone density tests can be done in a physician's office or in a radiology center in or out of the hospital where other tests such as mammograms, CT scans, and X-rays are performed. What information is on a DXA report? There is some variation in DXA reports depending on the facility performing the test. All reports should include the following: • The date of the test, location, and medical equipment used for the test (manufacturer and model of the densitometer) • The reason the test was performed • The overall diagnosis (normal bone density, osteopenia, or osteoporosis) based on the results of the scan • It should mention the results of the test at each site tested. The hip and lumbar spine are always tested. Many medical facilities also measure bone density at the forearm. The bone density is usually reported with three different numbers. First, the actual bone density is reported. This is measured in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm2). Because the exact bone density varies based on the manufacturer and model of the densitometer, the bone density is also reported as a T-score and a Z-score. The T-score is a measure of how dense a patient's bone is compared to a normal, healthy 30-year-old adult. The Z-score is a measure of how dense a patient's bone is compared to the average person of the same age and gender. • Comparison of the bone density to any prior tests performed at the same medical facility • Many reports include a calculation estimate of the patient's risk of bone fracture based on the results of the bone density scan. This is reported as the risk over the following 10 years of breaking a bone. • Some reports also include a vertebral fracture assessment, which uses the DXA to see if there are any bones in the spine that have already fractured. • A notation suggesting how long before a follow-up test is needed Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 2/22/2017 Subscribe to MedicineNet's Women's Health Newsletter By clicking Submit, I agree to the MedicineNet's Terms & Conditions & Privacy Policy and understand that I may opt out of MedicineNet's subscriptions at any time. Health Solutions From Our Sponsors	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
User:SouthernSweety Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. Butter is used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications such as baking, sauce making, and frying. As a result, butter is consumed daily in many parts of the world. Butter consists of butterfat surrounding minuscule droplets consisting mostly of water and milk proteins. The most common form of butter is made from cows' milk, but can also be made from the milk of other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, and yaks. Salt, flavorings, or preservatives are sometimes added to butter. Rendering butter produces clarified butter or ghee, which is almost entirely butterfat. When refrigerated, butter remains a solid, but softens to a spreadable consistency at room temperature, and melts to a thin liquid consistency at 32–35 °C (90–95 °F). Butter generally has a pale yellow color, but varies from deep yellow to nearly white. The color of the butter depends on the animal's feed and is sometimes manipulated with food colorings, most commonly annatto or carotene. The term "butter" is used in the names of products made from puréed nuts or peanuts, such as peanut butter. It is also used in the names of fruit products, such as apple butter. Other fats solid at room temperature are also known as "butters"; examples include cocoa butter and shea butter. In general use, the term "butter", unqualified, almost always refers to the dairy product. The word butter, in the English language, derives (via Germanic languages) from the Latin butyrum, borrowed from the Greek boutyron. This may have been a construction meaning "cow-cheese" (bous "ox, cow" + tyros "cheese"), or the word may have been borrowed from another language, possibly Scythian.[1] The root word persists in the butyric acid found in rancid butter and other rancid dairy products. Southern Sweety	WIKI
"finish" command leads to SIGTRAP David Griffiths dgriffiths@undo.io Thu Feb 21 11:21:00 GMT 2019 I have a strange situation where issuing the "finish" command always leads to a SIGTRAP (this is gdb 8.1 on Ubuntu 16.04). Once this SIGTRAP occurs every continue also produces SIGTRAP. Completely reproducible. In the run up to the finish I'm doing single steps from a previous breakpoint: ===== (gdb) display/i $pc 1: x/i $pc => 0x7fffe1923b84: movabs $0x7ffff6d33b00,%r10 (gdb) si 0x00007fffe1923b8e in ?? () 1: x/i $pc => 0x7fffe1923b8e: callq *%r10 (gdb) 0x00007ffff6d33b00 in os::javaTimeMillis() () from /mnt/hgfs/david/jdk8u/build/linux-x86_64-normal-server-release/jdk/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so 1: x/i $pc => 0x7ffff6d33b00 <_ZN2os14javaTimeMillisEv>: push %rbp (gdb) finish Run till exit from #0 0x00007ffff6d33b00 in os::javaTimeMillis() () from /mnt/hgfs/david/jdk8u/build/linux-x86_64-normal-server-release/jdk/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so Thread 2 "java" received signal SIGTRAP, Trace/breakpoint trap. 0x00007ffff6d33b01 in os::javaTimeMillis() () from /mnt/hgfs/david/jdk8u/build/linux-x86_64-normal-server-release/jdk/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so 1: x/i $pc => 0x7ffff6d33b01 <_ZN2os14javaTimeMillisEv+1>: xor %esi,%esi (gdb) c Continuing. Thread 2 "java" received signal SIGTRAP, Trace/breakpoint trap. 0x00007ffff6d33b03 in os::javaTimeMillis() () from /mnt/hgfs/david/jdk8u/build/linux-x86_64-normal-server-release/jdk/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so 1: x/i $pc => 0x7ffff6d33b03 <_ZN2os14javaTimeMillisEv+3>: mov %rsp,%rbp ===== Even more strangely I can execute finish on that function in general, e.g. if I set a breakpoint on it: ===== (gdb) br os::javaTimeMillis Breakpoint 1 at 0x7ffff6d33b00 (gdb) c Continuing. [Switching to Thread 0x7ffff7fd8700 (LWP 12502)] Thread 2 "java" hit Breakpoint 1, 0x00007ffff6d33b00 in os::javaTimeMillis() () from /mnt/hgfs/david/jdk8u/build/linux-x86_64-normal-server-release/jdk/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so (gdb) finish Run till exit from #0 0x00007ffff6d33b00 in os::javaTimeMillis() () from /mnt/hgfs/david/jdk8u/build/linux-x86_64-normal-server-release/jdk/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so 0x00007fffe1b4f75c in ?? () (gdb) ===== So there must be something about the environment when it occurs but I don't know what. And by the way the code runs fine without the finish/single steps/etc. I need it to work because I'm trying to automate something via gdb/MI. Any suggestions as to how to debug this would be very welcome. Thanks, David -- David Griffiths, Senior Software Engineer Undo <https://undo.io> \| Resolve even the most challenging software defects with software flight recorder technology Software reliability report: optimizing the software supplier and customer relationship <https://info.undo.io/software-reliability-report-optimizing-supplier-and-customer-relationship> More information about the Gdb mailing list	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
How CBT Is Used in Eating Disorder Treatment CBT, or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, is an approach used at eating disorder treatment centers that looks at negative thought patterns and behaviors in an effort to change unwanted behaviors. While CBT is used in a wide variety of settings, it is particularly useful when practiced by an eating disorder psychologist working with those who have been diagnosed with an eating disorder. It is a successful therapy when it is implemented correctly and can be a very effective treatment for eating disordered individuals to reach a full recovery. CBT is foundational and provides a strong base on which to grow in recovery from an eating disorder. CBT and the Focus on Thoughts That Contribute to an Eating Disorder Thoughts are important, and when negative thoughts about self-image, weight, or appearance begin to manifest, these thoughts can contribute to an eating disorder. Thoughts can become obsessive. For a person who is a perfectionist, paying close attention to detail when studying a course in school can benefit the person greatly. If the same level of attention is given to trying to look “perfect,” this can lead an individual down a dangerous path of an eating disorder. Perfection is generally unattainable, yet the eating disordered self may try to be perfect as a way to feel better about their own self-worth. CBT takes a look at the thoughts that lead to the negative actions often associated with eating disorders. A client living with an eating disorder can work with a therapist to identify the negative behaviors associated with an eating disorder. Together they will develop strategies to deal with the stress that will come with doing the hard work of trying to change negative behaviors and thought patterns. As the behaviors are identified and eating patterns become more stabilized, it’s time to move on to the next phase of treatment. Changing Thought Patterns as CBT Treatment Progresses CBT treatment goes in phases. While the first phase is to identify problem behaviors, the next phase is to begin working on changing negative thought patterns. A CBT psychologist might start with one specific statement, “Nobody likes me because I’m unattractive,” and begin to work with the individual about changing this way of thinking. A new statement could be, “I feel like no one likes me because of my looks”, which would generate a discussion about feelings of self-worth. As the eating disorder treatment center’s staff and the individual work together, the goal is for negative thoughts to be changed into more positive, actionable thoughts that make better sense. Relapse Prevention in CBT Treatment It can be difficult to maintain a positive body image and to stay focused on changing thoughts. Once an individual has made positive strides in treatment, it’s time to consider relapse prevention strategies. One important goal of relapse prevention is to identify stress triggers and look for ways to reduce these triggers. Learning new ways to cope with stress will help an individual who has an eating disorder and is working to recover. Relapse prevention will involve maintaining progress in areas that haven’t been focused on yet. Treatment for an individual with an eating disorder often takes a multi-dimensional approach, but CBT is generally a significant part of treatment. CBT is helpful when the practitioner is skilled, and it can make a big impact on the life of the individual who needs treatment. CBT can be used in other settings as well as eating disorder treatment, and it is effective treatment for those who struggle with anxiety, depression and other mental health conditions when used correctly. CBT helps to remove negative thinking and promotes a more positive self-image. This treatment gives individuals the tools necessary to fully recover from an eating disorder in order to live a fuller, more rewarding life.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/608 580 JAPAN [GEOGRAPHY. kug class, received certain allowances from the Government. It is probable that only the wealthier nobles found any hardship entailed upon them by this arrangement, for, if we take into consideration the payments that had to be made by a daimiQ under the old regime in the way of dues to the shGgun and allowances to retainers, &c., it cannot be doubted that the lower grades of the former territorial chieftains are in many cases better oil at present than they were before the revolution. Their old retainers, too, received from the Government curtain fixed incomes, or pensions, calculated upon their former rates of pay, and thus became direct depend ants of the nation instead of one particular han. In 1876, however, these allowances to both kuazoku and sliizoku alike were commuted, according to an elaborate scheme drawn up by the finance department. Government bonds for a total commutation sum were given to each person, to be paid off yearly, by lot, to a certain amount, and bearing in the meantime interest varying from 5 to 7 per cent., due every half year. In course of time, therefore, the Government will be entirely relieved from its heavy responsi bility in this respect. Amongst other reforms, the wearing of swords by the samurai was also, about this time, prohibited by public edict. This, as might have been foreseen, occasioned con siderable dissatisfaction for a while, especially in the southern pro vinces of Satsuma and Tosa ; but, as it had been wisely prepared for, some time before, by a notification making the carrying of these weapons optional, large numbers of the military class had already discarded them ere the second notice was issued, and the task was thus rendered far more easy of accomplishment. An exception was, however, made in the case of officers and men of the newly-organ ized army and navy. These two branches of the public service are now on a fixed system, formed on the model of those adopted by Western nations ; and large numbers of foreign instructors have been from time to time employed by the Japanese Government. Numerous departments or bureaus now exist for the direction of public affairs, the principal being those for home affairs, finance, public works, foreign affairs, war, admiralty, education, justice, and police. Many of these are subdivided into several sections, varying considerably in number according to circumstances. The whole constitution is avowedly modelled after the Western systems. There does not as yet exist any house of parliament, but already the seeds have been sown from which it may rise at some future day. A chief council, termed the gcnroinor "senate," exists, and throughout the whole country are found numerous " assemblies," the members of which are elected by vote. These assemblies, however, do not possess any share in the administra tion ; their functions are as a rule very limited, and the subjects discussed by them are chiefly matters relating to roads, drainage, bridges, and other local affairs of but minor importance. The local prefects also meet at intervals to discuss various points of local interest. There are not wanting indications that the establishment of a parliament, like that of England, would be wel comed with joy by a very large proportion of the people. The press is under the supervision of the Government officials in each district, and many restrictions are imposed upon any excess of freedom of speech in the newspapers. The editors have in many instances been subjected to fine or imprisonment for having permitted the publication of certain articles that proved distasteful to the Government. The press laws under which these punishments were awarded were issued in 1875. Popula- Population. The number of inhabitants in Japan was tioa. until lately very uncertain. To the ordinary traveller it would seem to be very dense, as the roadways are lined with villages ; but in the wilder regions the population is widely scattered, and indeed in certain localities not a single dwelling-house is to be seen for miles together. Dr Kaempfer s ideas on the subject may be taken as rather exaggerated, for it must be remembered that they were derived merely from that portion of the country traversed by him in his journeys from Nagasaki to Yedo. As he visited on his route the large city of Ozaka, and as he then passed along the Tokaido the most populous and fre quented of all the roads throughout the whole empire it is easy to understand that his theory as to the enormous population was based upon a very deceptive impression. The total has been generally asserted by the Japanese themselves to be about 30,000,000, the authority being a census made so far back as in 1804. A return compiled in 1875, however, put the exact total at 33,997,449 ; and the still later census of 1880 gave it as 34,338,404, of whom 17,419,785 were males, and 16,918,619 females. The population of the city of Tokio is variously stated, but is probably not much over 800,000. According to a com putation made in the year 1870, Kioto had then about 370,000 inhabitants. Next in importance after these two cities comes Ozaka, with a population of 414.000 souls. After Ozaka may be mentioned Nagoya, the chief town of the province of Owari, followed closely by Hiroshima in Akt, Saga in Hizen, Kagoshima in Satsuma, Kanazawa in Kaga, and Himeji in Harima, most of which are said to possess over 100,000 inhabitants. Fukui in Echizen and Gifu in Mino rank in the second class. Of the ports open to foreign trade, Ozaka being excluded, Nagasaki is said to have the largest population, being very slightly in excess of Yokohama ; Hakodate and Niigata have perhaps about 30,000 each. The foreign communities are very small : they may be numbered at a few hundreds at Yokohama, Tokio, Kobe", and Nagasaki, while at Ozaka, Hakodate, and Niigata the European residents may be reckoned by tens. 1 National Wealth. Although possessed of considerable X mineral wealth, Japan cannot be called a rich country. w The early foreign residents, from the time the treaties were made in 1858 and following years, were perhaps over-sanguine in their expectations. Recent commercial returns show that the balance of trade has been against Japan, her exports being considerably in arrear of the imports. 2 Up to the present time this deficiency has been chiefly supplied by an export of bullion, paper money being issued in large quantities for use in the country itself. The value of the notes now in circulation is very great, and it is hard to say how or when they can be redeemed. The notes issued at the time of the revolution of 1868 bore an endorsement to the effect that they were to be redeemed within thirteen years ; but, instead of this, they have been replaced by another issue, without any such endorsement. In 1879-80 the Japanese paper currency fell to a discount of above 50 per cent, as compared with the silver Mexican dollar in use amongst the foreign merchants. Public Works. In spite of these financial difficulties, I the Japanese have made great advances in public works. ^ In the number of its lighthouses Japan may compare favourably with many a Western nation. Though all have been erected by foreign engineers during the past ten or twelve years, there is hardly a promontory or island lying in the direct track of the shipping but is possessed of a lighthouse. Many of the lights are very powerful ; but in localities of less importance, or lying off the track of foreign vessels, smaller junk lights are used. Buoys and beacons of various sizes have been moored in many places. The whole system is under the superintendence of a special Government bureau (the lighthouse department), which despatches steamers at stated periods to make the tour of the coast and convey stores and provisions to the different posts. At the more important lighthouses foreign lightkeepers are employed, but in many instances the service is performed by natives alone. The rocky and dangerous character of the Japanese coasts makes this system one of peculiar utility. As already mentioned, good progress is being made in railway construction. Numerous lines of telegraph have been erected throughout the country, not only between the treaty ports but also in the interior, particularly to the garrison towns and local Government offices. The mint at 6zaka has been working since the year 1871. At Yokosuka, on the western shore of the Bay of Yedo, are a dockyard and arsenal, superintended by French engineers ; these 1 According to an official report published in 1880 there are in Japan 108 towns with 10,000 inhabitants and upwards. 2 The consular trade reports for the open ports in Japan, published yearly in the blue books, afford minute information on all subjects connected with commerce between Japan and other nations.	WIKI
From the beginning, convicts escaped from Moreton Bay Penal Settlement and many-headed southwards towards civilization. Although not recognized as such, they were explorers just the same. The first successful of these, to arrive at Port Macquarie, appear to have been a party of four who escaped in late 1825. The Commandant at Port Macquarie, Captain Gillman, wrote to the Colonial Secretary on 18 November 1825. “I have to inform you that four Crown Prisoners (as per margin) who state themselves to be deserters from the settlement at Moreton Bay have arrived here. They assert that they have been five weeks on the journey, which they made nearly the whole way within a few miles of the sea-beach; they mention they crossed two very large rivers, besides many smaller ones; and over very large plains many miles in length; thus they give an account of their excursion; however, my opinion is, that they have made their escape in a boat, I have therefore sent a black constable with a soldier as far north as Trial Bay in hope of being able to secure the boat if they made their escape in this way as I suppose.” Another letter of the 25 November 1825, conveyed the information that one of the convicts admitted that the party [in total about 14 persons] had seized a boat at Moreton Bay and that they had been at sea for a number of days before beaching the boat some distance above Port Macquarie. Nine of the escapees deserted inland at this stage and the remainder pushed on to Port Macquarie. A further report of this party in the Sydney Gazette of 1 December, gave further details of their claims and description of the land between Moreton Bay and Port Macquarie, but as they completed most of their journey by boat it is unlikely they saw the Tweed, Richmond, and Clarence Rivers. In the following year, another report appeared in Sydney newspapers concerning an escapee from Moreton Bay, one William Smith. The report stated- “A runaway from Moreton Bay arrived lately at Newcastle. He performed the journey by land in nine weeks. He stopped four days in the neighborhood of Port Macquarie to refresh and brought away a companion from thither. They were stripped of their clothing by the natives, and in a most miserable plight arrived at Port Stephen’s where the assistant pilot of Newcastle discovered them. He brought them into Newcastle. We have not heard how they have been disposed of.” “He describes the country between Moreton Bay and Port Macquarie ‘to be beautiful beyond description. A gentle undulation of hill and dale extends for many miles. Vast plains, well-watered and thickly wooded are to be found in abundance. He counts fourteen rivers over which he crossed on his journey.” Smith was returned to Moreton Bay and was probably a source of comfort and knowledge to the later escapees from Moreton Bay. It is important that we give a full study to Richard Craig and that of his father William. William Craig was born near Strokes town in County Roscommon, Ireland about 1773. It is believed he married and had at least one child, Richard born about 1811 in the neighbouring county of Longford, a few kilometres away. The country thereabouts is unsuitable for agriculture being low and marshy, but is very useful for the grazing of cattle and sheep and is, in fact, renowned for this. William Craig was a farmer and butcher living in this area. Nothing further is known of the family until 1820 when, William, probably a widower, was tried at the Lent Assizes at Cavan for sheep stealing. He was sentenced to seven years transportation to New South Wales. Although unusual, his son Richard, aged about eight years, was to accompany his father on board the Prince Regent, which sailed on 19 September 1820, and arrived in Sydney, 9 January 1821. William Craig remained in Government employ for a short time after his arrival and is listed as such in the 1822 Convict Muster. On 8 October 1822, he was assigned to Bernard Fitzpatrick at Prospect. It is probably here that William and Richard experienced handling stock in the Australian bush and had contact with Aboriginals. On 25 August 1823, William Craig married Jane Mitchell, another convict, at St Matthew’s Church, Windsor. Some eighteen months later William was convicted by circumstantial evidence to be involved in cattle stealing and was sentenced to the penal settlement at Port Macquarie, for three years. Richard, now aged about 12 years of age accompanied him. Young Richard, already well versed in looking after stock in the bush and possibly acquainted with native ways would not have found the Port Macquarie experience difficult. In fact, he was now a young man and probably enjoyed the companionship of the local Aborigines and certainly learned much of their language and bush skills which would be of great help to him some years later. While William and Richard Craig were at Port Macquarie, William’s wife, Jane, still residing near Windsor, was arrested and sentenced to the female factory for six months. When William was returned to Sydney in March 1827, he applied for his wife to be released early, however, her conduct was such that she was not allowed to return to William then, and it is doubtful that she ever did so. On his application for Jane, William refers to his farm ‘ up country’. Later he indicated that he raised cattle there for the Sydney Market. He and Richard certainly brought cattle to Sydney for sale, but it was suspected they were stolen cattle, although there was never sufficient evidence to bring them to court. This all changed in July 1828 when both Richard and William were arrested and convicted of cattle stealing. Early in May 1828, William Craig rented a house from Joshua Holt in Castlereagh Street, Sydney, to open a butcher shop. He told Holt, that he had fat cattle at the Coal River, and had sent his son Richard, to collect them for slaughter. Previously Craig also told Holt, he had some cattle at Burragarang. Holt became suspicious that Craig had more cattle than he could honestly come by, and was sending his son Richard to steal cattle, and ordered Craig to vacate the premises. Soon afterward a series of suspicious circumstances led to the arrest of Richard and William Craig, and they were indicted for ‘cattle stealing and receiving’, the property of Richard Jones. A number of people were called as witnesses at the trial. Thomas Smith, a servant of Richard Jones was bringing some cattle from the Hunter River towards Sydney and met Richard Craig at Joseph Smith’s at Putty. Craig offered his services to help bring the cattle as far as Richmond, which he did. However, during the night he made away with some of the beasts and brought them to Sydney for slaughter. . One of the major players in the conviction of the men, was Chief Constable Jilks, a point worth remembering for subsequent events some eight years later. Richard was sentenced to death, but it was commuted to 7 years of hard labour in chains at Moreton Bay. This was William Craig’s second colonial offense, and so he was sentenced to 14 years at Norfolk Island. William died at Norfolk Island on 24 December 1836 from diarrhea, aged 66 years. The Commandants remark noted on his death record, that he was of ‘Good Character, quiet and inoffensive’. On 10 January 1829, Richard Craig was placed on board the City of Edinburgh and sent to Moreton Bay. Like many prisoners, he tried to escape his confinement. His first attempt was in March 1829, but he was returned within two weeks. His second bid for freedom was on 19 September 1829, but he was brought in on 13 October 1829. It was most likely, he was then placed under close confinement for some time. His third and final escape was on 17 December 1830. This time he was more successful and made his way south towards Port Macquarie. View of Port Macquarie by August Earle,c1825 from State Library of New South Wales Many hundreds of kilometres away at the Government Stockyards at Wellington Valley, near Bathurst, preparations were being made for another journey across the wilderness to Port Macquarie. John Maxwell was the Superintendent of Government Stock there and was winding down activities at that establishment. The disposal of the Colonial Government farms was initiated in 1830 and all Government farms except those at Emu Plains and Moreton Bay were advertised for lease, including that at Wellington Valley. The cattle there were to be sent northwards to the Port Macquarie penal establishment. On 10 November 1830 Maxwell wrote to the Colonial Secretary. “Arrangements will be made by the beginning of January for the cattle ordered to be sent to Port Macquarie”, then on the 16th of December 1830. ” I have also to acquaint you that a team has been sent to Sydney for the stores for the use of the party intended to proceed to Port Macquarie with one hundred head of fat cattle, and as soon as I conceive the rivers are sufficiently low, to enable the party to undertake the journey, the cattle will be forwarded” In reply to a letter from the Colonial Secretary’s Office at the end of March 1831 he wrote, ” Your letter…. desiring to be informed if the 6 men sent to Port Macquarie, are wanted for any special purpose here… I do not conceive it necessary to return them here.” It would seem by this remark, that the party had already begun their journey. To put this daring journey from the Bathurst District, though the Liverpool Plains to Port Macquarie into perspective it should be noted that Oxley had tried to reach Port Macquarie via the Liverpool Plains in 1818. Henry Dangar, an outstanding bushman of his time had lost all his horses in trying to get to Port Macquarie from New England in 1825, and his exhausted party arrived on foot. No one else is known to have made the journey by 1831. Although there certainly were men and stock on the Liverpool Plains, these were few and far between. Mitchell had not made his trip down the Namoi River and any maps of the colony were certainly wildly distorted and useless. It would seem it was a particularly difficult excursion and we should not be surprised at the letter the Commandant of Port Macquarie wrote to the Colonial Secretary at the end of May, advising him of the arrival of the party, but without the stock. 27 May 1831 “An Overseer (Oliver) and five men report having left Wellington Valley with 107 head of cattle and 6 horses on 3rd February 1831 and were directed in an N.E. course – six weeks provisions – have suffered great privations – left cattle 74 and 4 horses on 17th instant about 50 miles beyond the New River”. The Colonial Secretary’s reply of 14 June- ” … acknowledging… your letter… reporting the arrival of Overseer Oliver and five men forwarded with cattle from Wellington Valley to Port Macquarie, but they had been compelled to leave the surviving animals on the route until the party could refresh and return for them. I am directed by His Excellency to request that these men when recovered from fatigue, maybe despatched in search of the cattle…” Meanwhile, it would seem the Commandant was of the same mind as an entry in his diary records, 13 June 1831 ” Crown prisoner Overseer Oliver and a party of 4 men went to the interior for the fat oxen etc. left by them in the bush coming from Wellington Valley.” 4 July 1831 ” Overseer Oliver and the four men, crown prisoners, who went for the cattle left in the bush on their way from Wellington Valley, returned and report they cannot proceed in the direction sent, the mountains perpendicular and the ravines being utterly impassable. 31 July 1831 Overseer Oliver and party who went in pursuit of the cattle have returned without them” While all this drama was going on at Port Macquarie, Richard Craig, the runaway from Moreton Bay was slowing making his way down the coast. He spent several months on the journey and spent some considerable time in the company of Sheik Brown who was also a runaway from Morton Bay and was living with the at ‘the Big River’. With the aid of Brown and the Aborigines, he made his way south to the Trial Bay area, where it is believed he met with Aborigines he had known from his earlier years. He gave himself up to the authorities at Port Macquarie on the 4 August 1831. The Commandant at Port Macquarie recorded in his diary- 4 August 1831 “Richard Craig, a Moreton Bay bushranger, brought in by the free servant of Mr. Partridge’s to whom he gave himself up”. No doubt the Commandant closely questioned Craig about his sojourn in the bush and probably learned of his earlier time in the district and his friendship with the Aboriginals. He was clearly impressed with his ability to converse naturally with them and recognized in Craig the possible solution of his most pressing problem of that time, and that was retrieving the missing cattle. The Commandant’s diary reveals an interesting sequence of events- “13 August 1831 …. four men who were in search of the cattle from Wellington opposing the Overseer in the execution of his duty and insolent to him. Remanded. 15 August 1831 The four crown prisoners remanded on 13th brought up and were sentenced severely each to one month Iron Gang. Nothing more could be done about the cattle until the men had completed their sentences. Meanwhile, Craig was not the only Moreton Bay runaway taken at this time at Port Macquarie, as the following entries in the diary show- 7 September 1831 ‘Two runaways from Morton Bay taken by Mr. Partridge’s servant (Thomas Baker) on North Shore’. 12 September 1831 Two Morton Bay runaways apprehended by the natives at Trial Bay, one made his escape from the blacks,’ (but later brought in by Minni Minni’) and one was taken by the assigned servant of Mr. Reed’s on the North Shore…” By now the cattle party convicts had completed their month on the iron gang and the Commandant was ready to send them out again, but with caution. 13 September 1831 ” The cattle party in charge of Overseer Oliver cautioned by the Commandant to their conduct while on their trip to the interior.” The party was soon provisioned and made ready but this time there was an extra member in the party. 15 September 1831 ” Overseer Oliver and the cattle party (five in Number) with Craig, the Moreton Bay runaway as a guide departed for the interior in search of the cattle”. It was more than two months before a further report of the party is recorded. 25 November 1831 “Overseer Oliver and one of the cattle party returned reports,’ his success in bringing 57 oxen and 2 horses to Point Plomer, party dreadfully exhausted being so long without flour. Reports that white people ( several in number) are living in the bush, including two white women, and are farming between here and Moreton Bay.’ 5 December 1831 ‘ Oliver and party returned to the settlement, the cattle taken to Rolland’s Plains”. Meanwhile, the Commandant at Port Macquarie had written to the Colonial Secretary concerning Craig and his reply was as follows. ” with respect to the Moreton Bay runaway named in the margin, (Richard Craig) employed by you as a guide to the party sent in search of the strayed cattle from Wellington Valley in consequence of his perfect knowledge of the native language. I am directed by his excellency the Governor to acquaint you that there will be no objections to his detention and assignment of this man at Port Macquarie, instead of returning him whence he came” As there was little assignment of prisoners to private and military service, at this time Craig was left at the stock establishment at Rolland’s Plains, where he did his job well. The Commandant reported in his diary- 28 March 1832 ” reported by Overseer Brunker, 4 feet water in his house at Rolland’s Plains, the flats completely covered. Government pigs and cattle saved by the perseverance of crown prisoner Creig. sic. (Craig) . Over the next few months, the Commandant at Port Macquarie reconsidered the information Craig had given him concerning the ‘Big River’ in the north towards Moreton Bay, and also the knowledge of the ‘ Big River’ to the west (also known as the Page).” Perhaps he thought they may have been the same river system extending over a very large area. This was a puzzle he wanted to solve. Having made his considerations, he did two things. Firstly he sent Craig on an exploration journey into the interior and secondly he sent for Sheik Brown whom Craig had talked about at the Big River, towards Moreton Bay. This is revealed by the diary. “28 July 1832 Crown prisoner Craig equipped for transport from Port Macquarie to Liverpool Plains to trace down the main arm of a river, known by the name of the Big River, to the sea coast. 18 August 1832 William Dalton one of the absentees from Moreton Bay, sent in the direction of the Big River, to bring to the settlement Black Jack, a runaway prisoner from Moreton Bay, who has been with the native blacks for these last three years and upwards’. 24 August 1832 Crown prisoner Craig returned- reached one of the stations belonging to the Agricultural Company Port Stephen’s- could not proceed to Liverpool Plains for the want of provisions. 27 August 1832 Crown prisoner Dalton, one of the Moreton Bay absentees sent after Black Jack a runaway from Moreton Bay came in and reports he has been with him and he is coming to give himself up to the Resident Magistrate.’ 29 August 1832 Black Jack a runaway from Morton Bay came in and gave himself up states he has been in the bush 3 years 4 months and chiefly resided at the Big River and its neighbourhood.’ 30 August 1832 Black Jack interrogated relative to the Big River gives a very promising statement of the navigation of the river, which abounds with fish-the land excellent-abundance of emu, kangaroo and wildfowl are in all directions of this river. Fine oak, gum and other trees of use, for various purposes, are growing here.” Black Jack Sheik Sheik Brown, a ‘man of colour’, originally from Bombay, was sentenced for Life at the Middlesex Court on 7 April 1824. He arrived in Sydney in 1825 onboard Asia (5). In 1828 he was sent to Moreton Bay from where he soon absconded. He traveled southwards and then settled with the Aboriginals at the ‘Big River’ for several years before voluntarily giving himself up at Port Macquarie in August 1832. Much of his later life is told in the correspondence between the Colonial Secretary’s Office and the Commandant at Port Macquarie. “4 February 1833 Sir, It having been represented by the Commandant of Moreton Bay that the prisoner named in the margin (Sheik Brown per Asia), is a runaway from that settlement, is now employed as a servant at Port Macquarie. I am directed by His Excellency the Governor to request your report on the matter and that Brown if actually at Port Macquarie may be apprehended and returned to Moreton Bay by the first opportunity. A few days later the Resident Magistrate wrote to the Colonial Secretary. 15 February 1833 ‘Sir, I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 4th instant and in reply I beg to state that Black Jack, alias Jack Brown, alias Sheik Brown was duly reported of having voluntary surrendered himself at this settlement as a runaway from Moreton Bay after having been three years and three months in the bush between this and Moreton Bay upon a promise on my part that I would intercede with his Excellency the Governor, to allow of his remaining here instead of returning to that settlement and in consequence I addressed the Private Secretary on 8 September last, upon the subject, and therein stated that in consequence of the prisoner being an unfortunate black from Bombay and unaccustomed to mess with Europeans I had taken him on loan into my own service which I trusted would meet with his Excellency’s approbation, since then the said Sheik Brown absconded from this on 16th ultimo and returned to his former haunt where it is likely he will remain from being befriended by the aboriginals. Signed Benjamin Sullivan- Resident Magistrate. Little was heard of Sheik Brown for some time. However, on 15 May 1834, a letter from the Colonial Secretary’s Office refers as follows- ‘ The prisoner named in the margin (Sheik Brown, Asia (5)), a runaway from Morton Bay, the subject of my letter to you of 25 March 1833… having been apprehended at Hunter River is returned to that settlement by the present opportunity” –that is, by the government cutter, Governor Phillip. After spending some time at Moreton Bay Brown was returned to Sydney where he received a Ticket of Leave, from the Parramatta Bench in 1842. Later it was altered to Moreton Bay where he remained until the completion of sentence. Richard Craig remained in the Port Macquarie District under assignment. It is believed some of this time he was on the Upper Macleay taking care of stock for settlers who were opening up the area. On the Monthly Returns of Crown Prisoners for March 1834, he is noted as- Richard Craig, Prince Regent, from assigned service. On 30 July 1830, a proclamation announced that the Port Macquarie settlement was to be thrown open for private settlement although the convict settlement was to remain. The Crown land in the Port Macquarie District in the 1830 to 1831 period, was received by the grantees, on what was termed as the ‘Governor’s Promise’. They occupied the land, and after seven years from the date of the authority to take possession, quit rent became payable until redeemed. These grants were under Governor Darling, who was the last Governor to dispose of land in this way. After 1831 Crown Land was sold by auction after having been surveyed and advertised in the Government Gazette. At the end of March 1832, the Government Agricultural Establishment at Port Macquarie was closed and the convicts were assigned as labourers to free settlers. Craig after carrying out work at Rolland’s Plains and the exploration journey was reassigned. In June 1832, Captain Smyth, the last military commandant, departed and was replaced by Benjamin Sullivan, the first resident Police Magistrate. In 1835 the resident Magistrate of Port Macquarie, Benjamin Sullivan published his proposals for the development of the area around Port Macquarie and reported to the Governor his concerns of the movement of the squatters into the districts outside the ‘limits of location.’ His proposal and information he had gleaned about the country to the north and west was published in the newspaper ‘The Colonist’ in 1835- Included was reports made by various convicts- “Richard Craig, per Prince Regent in 1820 states- that he left Moreton Bay in 1830, and proceeded to Point Danger, continued along the coast and crossed several rivers till he came to the mouth of the Big River, which had an entrance resembling this, having a point on the North Shore, and having a high cliff on the south; at low water, the river is about as wide as this (referring to Hastings at Port Macquarie), at high water that getting inside the Head, it forms an estuary with two sandbanks in it, the channels running around and between them. Into this estuary two branches empty themselves, the one running due west about three-quarters of a mile, divided at its mouth, the other half a mile wide, running North-west; the entrance of the harbour is deep, and there was no appearance of breakers or bar. He met there another runaway from Moreton Bay, who informed him he had seen the boats of H M S Rainbow, go up the Western River to a great distance. That about forty miles from its mouth, he met with delightful plains, far superior to any about here; and as he passed along the mountains to them, he could see on the opposite side of the river, and on the north-west, others extending as far as the eye could reach. On the mountains he met with trees very lofty and thick in the bark, differing from any he had seen elsewhere. On the south side of the entrance to the harbour, there is good ground for a Township, with plenty of good water.” ” Sheik, alias Jack Brown, a Mussulman, states, that he has been absent from Moreton Bay three years and four months, having principally stopped at the large river, called by the natives, Brimbo, and by some Berin. That the river is very wide at the mouth; that during the neap tides at half-ebb, it has nine feet water, and at low water, six feet, and during the spring tides at high water, from fifteen to sixteen feet; the ebb tide runs strong; he has been up the southern branch in a canoe, carried by the tide; in going up the northern branch afterward, he entered a large lake, about a hundred miles round, from which he again continued going up the river to the southward and westward six days, at the rate of from twenty to thirty miles a day, the country around appeared to be flat, with an abundance of all kinds of fish in the rivers. All the rivers appear to unite. Half a day’s journey up the western branch, he came to a branch like a canal, which runs into the southern lake, a ship of seventy-four guns can go up the northern branch in four tides, at seven knots per hour. It took him ten days and a half to go from the entrance to the farthest extremity of this river in his canoe. He saw the Rainbow at anchor at the Big River. The land is beautiful all about the river. Half a day’s journey up the northern river, there is plenty of pine. He saw a whaleboat near the Black Rock River, and another about two miles distance, buried in the sand. Between Trial Bay and Smoky Cape, a schooner lies wrecked and appears to have been there some time. During the summer, plenty of sea salt can be collected off the rocks; plenty of stone to be had for building.” The Governor realized it was an impossible task to confine the squatters within further boundaries and in 1836 an Act was passed admitting the right to graze stock, after payment of a license fee, on lands lying beyond the limits of location. The Act made squatting on lands legally and respectable and from that time on many large holdings on the New England and the Macleay River were taken up. To overseer, the seven districts beyond the boundaries of location, Commissioners of Crown Lands were appointed. One of these appointees was Henry Oakes, whose district No 7, included the County of Gloucester, Port Macquarie and the area of all waters falling towards the east coast (up to Morton Bay). Major Oakes played a major part in the settlement of the northern rivers, particularly the Clarence and Richmond, and we will learn much more of him in later chapters. To return to the story of Richard Craig. Although Craig may have lived a fairly free life in “assignment” at Port Macquarie District, he was discharged from the Convict establishment on 30 September 1835 as a ‘free’ man. He then made his way to Sydney. However since his years spent away from civilization, some things had changed. For example on completion of their sentence, ‘free’ convicts in Sydney needed to apply and be granted a ‘Certificate of Freedom’, which was to be carried at all times to ‘prove’ his or her status. Constables were paid a bounty for the apprehension of absconders. Both these were important facts known to ‘free’ men in Sydney. Another important fact as far as Craig was concerned the Chief Constable of Sydney was still George Jilks, who was so instrumental in Craig’s conviction in 1828. When Craig made it to Sydney, he stayed at the Three Crown Inn, at the corner of Cumberland Street and Charlotte Place, which was kept by Charles James Bullivant. Also staying at the Three Crowns was one Richard Payne, who had come to Sydney as a convict in 1819 onboard the Malabar, but by this time was free by servitude. Payne was a contemporary of Thomas Ryan, who at the time was the Chief Clerk to the Superintendent of Convicts at Hyde Park. Thomas Ryan had also been a convict and had come out on the Pilot in 1817. He had been a clerk in the Colonial Office for many years before being appointed Chief Clerk on 1 January 1828. Bullivant asked Payne to negotiate the voluntary surrender of Craig stating that he had valuable information to convey to the Government. After Payne had spoken to Craig concerning the information about the Big River, Payne went to see Thomas Ryan and obtained a pass for Craig to proceed to the barracks free from arrest by the constables. On reaching Hyde Park, Thomas Ryan recognized Craig at once, having what we would term now, a photographic memory. He had been in that office when Craig and his father had been convicted in July 1828. Craig’s business was told and he was given a pass to undertake employment during the day and to return to the barracks for muster in the evening until his free status could be confirmed from records. There is no doubt Thomas Ryan would have passed this information onto his brother-in-law Francis Girard, a well-known businessman and timber merchant on the Macleay River. However, his part in the settlement of the Clarence River will be told later. It has also been claimed that the Government cutter Prince George was dispatched by the Governor to the Big River, to check Craig’s story, however, there is no record of a special visit of that ship for that purpose. On 22 September 1836, the vessel departed Sydney in quest of the wreck and crew of the brig Stirling Castle and returned on 14 October 1836. It is possible Girard had made inquiries through his shipping connections for Shoal Bay to be checked. Another possibility is that the Betsy which arrived from Morton Bay on 24 November 1836, could also have been used to convey news of the entrance of the Big River. After his return to Sydney we loose sight of Craig for some months but believe he was hiring himself out as a labourer in certain establishments, including working at the timber yard of Thomas Small. He later claimed to have overheard a conversation between his employers concerning the employment of the ship they were building for the cedar trade. There was already a decline of available timber on the Illawarra and Hastings River districts, and an incident in September 1837 on the Macleay or New River, had made Small and Gillett reluctant to try these areas, so they were interested in Craig’s information on the ‘Big River’ further north. As the ship was near completion Henry Gillett wrote to the Colonial Secretary’s Office seeking permission ” to cut cedar on unlocated Crown Lands about ninety miles beyond the Macleay River on the Big River.” When the ship named “Susan’ after Thomas Small’s daughter, was completed and rigged she set out on a journey of discovery in early April 1838. Extracts from ” European Settlement in the Clarence River District before 1850″, by Nola Mackey, 2001, Grafton, published by author. This publication is fully referenced and indexed.	FINEWEB-EDU
This site is intended for health professionals only Covid-19 Primary Care Resources Transmission asthma drug An updated summary of current guidance: most infections are spread through close contact PLEASE NOTE: THIS IS NO LONGER RELEVANT AND IS NOT BEING UPDATED BUT HAS BEEN LEFT ON THE SITE FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY This information is sourced from from PHE, PHS, the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)NatureClinical Infectious Diseases, the BMJ Analysis and BMJ Clinical Update, the WHO, the CDC and the Lancet: Respiratory viruses are transmitted in multiple ways: • Contact transmission is infection spread through direct contact with an infectious person or with a contaminated article/surface • Droplet transmission is infection spread through exposure to virus-containing respiratory droplets, generally within 2 metres • Close contact refers to transmission that can happen by either contact or droplet transmission while a person is within 2 metres of an infected person • Airborne transmission is infection spread through exposure to smaller droplets and particles that can remain suspended in the air over long distances (usually greater than 2 metres) and time (typically hours) Evidence on the mechanisms of transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Current official guidance on routes of transmission: PHE states SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory (droplet and aerosol) and contact routes. Transmission risk is highest where people are in close proximity (within 2 metres). Airborne transmission can occur in health and care settings in which procedures that generate aerosols are performed. Airborne transmission may also occur in poorly ventilated indoor spaces over an extended period of time WHO state that the main way the virus spreads is by respiratory droplets among people who are in close contact with each other but that aerosol transmission can occur in specific settings, particularly in indoor, crowded and inadequately ventilated spaces, where infected person(s) spend long periods of time with others CDC guidance states: Covid-19 is thought to spread mainly through close contact from person to person, including between people who are physically near each other (within about 2 metres) Evidence on the peak risk periods for transmission • Symptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission (1-2 days before symptom onset), is likely to play a greater role in the spread of infection than asymptomatic transmission • Covid-19 continues to be detected in people for 7–20 days after they develop initial symptoms, and sometimes for more than one month. However tests may be over sensitive and detect genetic material of dead viruses, so it does not mean that someone continues to be infectious for this length of time • Scientists have only been able to grow the virus in the lab from samples taken less than ten days after symptoms started which strongly suggests that infectiousness is significantly reduced after this point • This is why people who develop Covid-19 are required to stay at home for 10 days from the start of symptoms • The incubation period is from 1 to 14 days (median 5 days) Current recommendations for preventing airborne transmission PHE has released guidance on how ventilation can stop the spread of coronavirus A study by Public Health Scotland shows that the risk of healthcare workers transmitting Covid to others is reduced by at least 30% after one vaccine dose The BMJ have produced an infographic which presents a guide to how transmission risk may vary with setting, occupancy level, contact time, and whether face coverings are worn. These estimates apply when everyone is asymptomatic	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Hardcore pornography Hardcore pornography or hardcore porn is pornography that features detailed depictions of sexual organs or sexual acts such as vaginal, anal, oral or manual intercourse, ejaculation, and fetish play. The term is in contrast with less-explicit softcore pornography. Hardcore pornography usually takes the form of photographs, films, and cartoons. Since the mid-1990s, hardcore pornography has become widely available on the internet, making it more accessible than ever before. Etymology A distinction between "hardcore pornography" and "borderline pornography" (or "borderline obscenity") was made in the 1950s and 1960s by American jurists discussing obscenity laws. "Borderline pornography" appealed to sexual prurience, but had other positive qualities, such as literary or artistic merit, and so was arguably permitted by obscenity laws; "hardcore pornography" lacked such merits and was definitely prohibited. In Roth v. United States (1957), the government brief distinguished three classes of sexual material: "novels of apparently serious literary intent"; "borderline entertainment ... magazines, cartoons, nudist publications, etc."; and "hard core pornography, which no one would suggest had literary merit". Eberhard and Phyllis Kronhausen in 1959 distinguished "erotic realism" from "pornography"; in the latter "the main purpose is to stimulate erotic response in the reader. And that is all." Most famously, in Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), Potter Stewart wrote: * I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description ["hard-core pornography"], and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case [The Lovers] is not that. In Jacobellis v. Ohio and other cases, the United States Supreme Court ruled that only "hardcore" pornography could be prohibited by obscenity laws, with the rest protected by the First Amendment. The category of "borderline obscenity" thus became obsolete. The 1970 report of the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography said: "[M]ailers dealing in sexually oriented materials define "hard-core pornography" as "photographic depictions of actual sexual intercourse with camera focus on the genitals and no accompanying text to provide a legal defense". This, of course, is not a legal definition.... Some judges have employed the term "hard-core pornography" as a synonym for "material which can be legally suppressed". In this Report, the term is used as a synonym for "under-the-counter" or covertly sold materials. This is, in effect, the definition of hard-core applied in the marketplace. It can be argued that because of the confusion about the meaning of the term, which stems primarily from an undefined legal concept, it would be well to avoid the use of the term altogether.... There is one genre of sexually oriented material which is almost universally sold under-the-counter in the United States: wholly photographic reproductions of actual sexual intercourse graphically depicting vaginal and/or oral penetration.... A[t] present, distinctions between materials sold openly and those sold covertly have become extremely unclear." From the 1970s, the salient distinction was between hardcore pornography and softcore pornography, which may use simulated sex and limits the range and intensity of depictions of sexual activities. For example, William Rotsler's 1973 classification subdivided the X rating for erotic films: "The XXX-rating means hard-core, the XX-rating is for simulation, and an X-rating is for comparatively cool films." History The prehistory of modern pornography is the classical American stag film, also known as blue movies, a body of clandestine short pornographic films produced during the first two-thirds of the 20th century. While the exact corpus of the distinctive stag film remains unknown, scholars at the Kinsey Institute believe there are approximately 2000 films produced between 1915 and 1968. Stag cinema is a form of hardcore film and is characterized as silent, usually filling a single reel or less, and was illegally made and exhibited because of censorship laws in America. Women were excluded from these private screenings that were shown in American "smoker" houses such as fraternities or other exclusive institutions. In Europe, films of the same kind were screened in brothels. The mode of reception of the all-male audience of stag films was raucous, collective sexual banter and sexual arousal. Film historians describe stag films as a primitive form of cinema because they were produced by anonymous and amateur male artists who failed to achieve narrative coherence and continuity. Today, many of these films have been archived by the Kinsey Institute, but most are in a state of decay and have no copyright, real credits, or acknowledged authorship. The stag film era inevitably ended with the beginnings of the sexual revolution in the fifties in combination with the new technologies of the post-war era, such as 16 mm, 8 mm, and the Super 8. American stag cinema in general received scholarly attention first in the mid-seventies by heterosexual males, e.g. Di Lauro and Gerald Rabkin's Dirty Movies (1976) and more recently by feminist and queer cultural historians, e.g. Linda M. Williams' Hard Core: Power Pleasure, and the "Frenzy of the Visible" (1989) and Thomas Waugh's Homosociality in the Classical American Stag Film: Off-Screen, On-screen (2001). Legality The distribution of hardcore pornography had been widely prohibited in many countries until the second half of the 20th century, when many countries began to allow some dissemination of softcore material. Supply is now usually regulated by a motion picture rating system as well as by direct regulation of points of sale. Restrictions, as applicable, apply to the screening, or rental, sale, or giving of a movie, in the form of a DVD, video, computer file, etc. Public display and advertising of hardcore pornography is often prohibited, as is its supply to minors. Most countries have eased the restrictions on the distribution of pornography, either by general or restricted legalization or by failure to enforce prohibitive legislation. Most easing of restrictions has been by way of changes to the criteria of a country's movie classification system. The anti-pornography movement often vigorously opposes legalization. In 1969, Denmark became the first country in the world to legalize pornography. In the U.S., legal interpretations of pornography in relation to the constitutional right to free speech differ from state to state and from city to city. Hardcore pornography was legalized in the UK in May 2000. United Kingdom The Independent reported in 2006 that Nielsen NetRatings found that more than nine million British male adults used Internet porn services. The study also reported a one-third rise in the number of women visiting X-rated sites, from 1.05 million to 1.38 million. A 2003 study found that one third of all British Internet users accessed hardcore porn. United States A 2005 study by Eric Schlosser estimated that revenues from hardcore porn matched Hollywood's domestic box office takings. Hardcore porn videos, Internet sites, live sex acts and cable TV programming generated US$10 billion, roughly equal to U.S. domestic box office receipts. Impact on society Berl Kutchinsky's Studies on Pornography and Sex Crimes in Denmark (1970), a scientific report commissioned by the United States' Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, found that the legalizing of pornography in Denmark had not (as had been expected) resulted in an increase of sex crimes. A study conducted in Denmark in 2003 and later published in Archives of Sexual Behavior found that Danish men and women generally believe that hardcore pornography has a positive influence on their lives.	WIKI
The Red Book Magazine/Volume 3/Number 4/Emsleigh's Day of Fate Emsleigh, with all kinds of railroad passes in his pocket and a month's vacation before him, boarded the train. The vacation had literally been thrust upon him by the sudden altering of Wendall's plans; and office-worn Emsleigh, with no definite destination in view, was setting forth in a delightfully haphazard manner. “Where shall you go?” Wendall had asked. “Oh, any old place as long as it's out of the city. I have no relatives, you know. When I'm tired of riding, I'll just get off wherever it looks most inviting—wherever the grass is greenest. I've been confined to the office so long that any change will be welcome.” With a mind freed at last from vouchers and way-bills, Emsleigh settled himself comfortably in his chair and fell to surveying his fellow passengers. The only really interesting one, he decided, sat three seats ahead of him. He wondered if her face carried out the promise given by the back of her head—an exceedingly shapely, well-poised head. He liked the way the brown hair, touched with golden lights, rippled up from the white neck. Although undesirous of courting disaster, Emsleigh reflected that in case of accident, she was, of all the passengers, the one that he should find most joy in rescuing. Perhaps it was with this beneficent aim in view that the young man presently exchanged the seat he was occupying for the vacant one across the aisle. From this vantage point he could see the outline of an oval, rose-tinted cheek and an admirable ear. For a time this satisfied him; but presently his longing to see more of this lovely young person's countenance became acute. She was absorbed in what appeared to be a thoroughly engrossing book—Emsleigh felt discouraged at discovering that the greater part of it was still unread. When the fortunate but unappreciative traveler who had been sitting directly opposite the young woman arose to leave the train, Emsleigh promptly took possession of the vacated seat. “Gad! What an all-around pretty girl!” said Emsleigh, gazing stealthily over the top of his paper. “She makes me think of apple-blossoms, new-mown hay and all that sort of thing. There's no reason why I shouldn't spend my vacation in her town, wherever that town may be. I'd like to know that girl—she's as sweet as a garden of roses.” When, nearly two hours later, the girl prepared to leave the train at a small place with a population of perhaps five thousand inhabitants, Emsleigh expeditiously gathered up his belongings and followed her from the coach. Preserving a discreet distance between them, he kept the apple-blossom-like girl in sight until, on the doorstep of a white cottage, she was swallowed up in the motherly embrace of a comfortable, elderly woman, who had apparently been anxiously awaiting her coming. Satisfied, Emsleigh turned back, found the only hotel that the place afforded, engaged board for a week; and then, as if drawn by an irresistible magnet, strolled again toward the white cottage. He could not have told why, but it seemed at the moment the one thing to do. After his usual, happy-go-lucky fashion he was leaving everything to chance. When, acting on impulse, he walked bravely up the rose-bordered path to ring the doorbell of the white cottage, he had planned nothing beyond the moment; but when the door was opened, as he had hoped it might be, by the apple-blossom girl in person, the name of an almost forgotten college mate flashed across his mind and words came to his rescue. “Do you know—can you tell me—if Robert Clark lives in this neighborhood?” The young woman had smiled somewhat graciously on beholding Emsleigh, who was rather attractive in appearance, but at his question the smile vanished and her tone became almost frigid. “He does—in the corner house two blocks down the street, on the opposite side. Yes, that large brick house.” “Oh!” exclaimed Emsleigh, decidedly abashed, but still speaking with warm enthusiasm. “I'm greatly obliged. I—I hadn't expected to find him so easily. He's a dear old friend of mine—a regular chum, in fact. Member of my frat at college—all that sort of thing, you know, and I thought I'd look him up.” “Indeed!” replied the young woman, coldly and with uplifted eyebrows. “You're to be congratulated in your choice of chums. Good morning.” Emsleigh was plainly dismissed. With no excuse for further lingering, yet with no intention of calling upon his newly acquired old friend—the Bob Clark of his youth having been dead for some years—Emsleigh started down the street toward the corner indicated. He was about to pass the house containing his alleged chum when he happened to glance back toward the white cottage. The apple-blossom girl still stood in the doorway, her face turned in his direction. There was nothing to do but to mount the steps and ring the bell. When luckless Emsleigh was ushered into the presence of his brand new “dear old friend” he was not surprised at the young woman's abrupt change of manner. Never had Emsleigh met a man whose bloated, bestial countenance wore more unmistakably the marks of dissipation. His was certainly not a friendship to boast of, nor was he at all desirable as a chum. Enlightened Emsleigh, murmuring something about having made a mistake in the house, hurriedly left the place. He retraced his steps, intending to explain to the apple-blossom girl that his Robert Clark and hers were two entirely different persons; but she was no longer visible. Remembering the disapproval in her glance, he lacked courage to ring her doorbell a second time, but decided to trust chance to give him an opportunity for making an explanation. Surely with an entire month before him he could find some person to properly introduce him. He fell to wishing that this bright thought had occurred to him sooner. If need be, he would cultivate the acquaintance of four hundred and ninety-nine of the inhabitants if that would place him on a proper footing with the five-hundredth, the girl of the cottage. As he was mounting the steps on his return to the inn, a man standing near the door suddenly sprang forward with outstretched hands. “Why, Emsleigh! Glad to see you, old man. Whatever brought you here?”' “Banks! By all that's good. You're the last man I expected to see, and you've saved my life! Do you live in this place? I declare I don't know the name of it!” “Don't know the name of it!” “Fact—never thought of its having a name until this moment. But do you, by any lucky chance, happen to live here?” “Yes—what can I do for you?” ”Have you lived here long? Do you know many of the people?” “Almost a year—yes, all of them worth knowing.” “Then, perhaps, you can tell me the name of the prettiest girl in existence. She's like a bunch of pink and white sweet peas, or a field of clover. She lives in a little white cottage about six blocks from here along this same street. She's as sweet a girl” “Phew!” whistled Banks, with a shrewd glance at his enthusiastic friend. “I should say I could tell you her name. It's Marian Hale, and she is a sweet girl. I'm fortunate enough to be engaged to her. The cards go out to-morrow, for we're to be married next month. Are you going to be here long?” “No,” replied Emsleigh, who looked as crestfallen as he felt. “I'm leaving in the morning, unless there's a train to-night.” “Say,” demanded Banks, ”where did you meet Marian? Is it an old affair? You seem hard hit.” “Perhaps I am,” confessed Emsleigh, seating himself with a dejected air, on the porch railing. “To tell you the truth, nothing ever caught me in just this way before. You see I've worked almost night and day for two years to get into line for promotion and I haven't had any time for girls. Besides, she's different from the girls one sees in town. When I saw her this morning, someway she took right hold of all that is best in me. She carried me back to the country and made me think of roses and other sweet-smelling things in mother's garden. I haven't been myself since I caught sight of those little soft curls at the back of her neck on the train this morning.” “Train!” exclaimed Banks. “What train? Why, man, Marian twisted her ankle four days ago and hasn't been out of the house since. It must be her cousin Rose that you're so taken with—she used to live here, and Marian was expecting her. She is a pretty girl, but, of course, she doesn't compare with Marian. I'll take you up after dinner and introduce you properly. If Rose is engaged to anybody, I haven't heard of it.” “You've saved my life,” breathed Emsleigh, fervently. “I'd rather meet that girl than the Czar of Russia. If I can convince her that my Robert Clark never lived in this town she may be willing, with your recommendation, to believe me at least respectable. If there's anything short of a house and lot that you'd like for a wedding present, I hope you'll mention it. Phew! I've had a lively day.”	WIKI
Tammy Isbell Tammy Isbell is a Canadian actress. Life and career Isbell was born and raised in Canada and moved to Toronto in 1995 after her television debut starring in an episode of The Outer Limits titled "The New Breed". During the filming, Isbell met her husband, actor Peter Outerbridge. She later made her film debut starring in Joe's Wedding (1996) and later appeared in feature and made-for-television films such as Elvis Meets Nixon (1997), Finding Graceland (1998), Escape from Mars (1999), Waydowntown (2000), Love and Murder (2000), And Never Let Her Go (2001), Danger Beneath the Sea (2001), Salem Witch Trials (2002) and America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story (2003). From 2001 to 2008, Isbell starred in the Showcase soap opera, Paradise Falls, for which she was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role. She made guest-starring appearances on both Canadian an American television series such as The Eleventh Hour, Murdoch Mysteries, ReGenesis, Republic of Doyle, Flashpoint, Nikita, Suits, Rookie Blue, Saving Hope, Rogue, Designated Survivor and Anne. Isbell had the recurring roles on 1-800-Missing, Heartland, Burden of Truth and Ride. From 2009 to 2011, Isbell was regular cast member in the Family Channel sitcom Overruled! and in 2015 co-starred in the second season of Space horror series, Bitten. She also appeared in films Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure (2012), Big News from Grand Rock (2014), and the miniseries Five Days at Memorial (2022). In 2024, Isbell was cast in the Citytv police drama series, Law & Order Toronto: Criminal Intent playing Detective Alice Riley.	WIKI
csharp/Aaltuj/VxFormGenerator/VxFormGenerator.Core/Validation/ValidateComplexTypeAttribute.cs ValidateComplexTypeAttribute.cs // Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved. // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information. // // ----- COPY ALERT ----- // Shameless copy of https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/5da314644ae882ff22fb43101d0c3d89a35c40e9/src/Components/Webastembly/Validation/src/ObjectGraphDataAnnotationsValidator.cs // Because of the preview nature and the needs for adding a full preview dependency for only this wasn't my preffered choose using System; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; namespace VxFormGenerator.Core.Validation { /// /// A that indicates that the property is a complex or collection type that further needs to be validated. /// /// By default does not recurse in to complex property types during validation. /// When used in conjunction with , this property allows the validation system to validate /// complex or collection type properties. /// /// [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property, AllowMultiple = false)] public sealed clast ValidateComplexTypeAttribute : ValidationAttribute { /// protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext validationContext) { ObjectGraphDataAnnotationsValidator.TryValidateRecursive(value, validationContext); // Validation of the properties on the complex type are responsible for adding their own messages. // Therefore, we can always return success from here. return ValidationResult.Success; } } }	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Radio Advertising Bureau Radio Advertising Bureau may refer to: * Radio Advertising Bureau (UK) * Radio Advertising Bureau (US)	WIKI
“Brewing”, “herbs,” “broomsticks,” “woman.” When one hears these words together, most often the assumption is that the person in question is a witch. Yet brewing has a very human meaning as well, one that revolves around the avarice of alcohol and its never-ending demand by consumers. It was from this alcoholic context that the trade of alewives arose, women in the Middle Ages through the early modern period who brewed and sold alcohol as a means of income. Due to the alewives’ skills in the kitchen, fashion sense, and the eventual rise of urban guilds, however, the alewife soon became a term synonymous with “witch.” It is likely from these practices that much of the modern views of the stereotypical witch began. Brewing Was for Women Brewing belonged to women from the medieval to early modern periods for a variety of reasons. The most obvious is the simple fact that women were tasked with proper kitchen chores, and brewing required many of them. Women kept the kitchen in order, made dough and baked bread; they planted and grew herbs, ground grains and boiled ingredients in a large black cauldron over a sweltering fire for stews. The practice, therefore, was rather economic for women to undertake. It was not uncommon for women to utilize their children in their brewing endeavors. If she had a husband who had a position elsewhere, or was a widowed mother, it was a very sensible idea to incorporate her children. The alewife would be able to monitor her children (rather than sending them to school or hiring help, especially if neither could be afforded), teach them household tasks, and ensure her children stayed out of trouble, all the while working toward a productive financial outcome. Including the family in the production of alcohol also led to an increased supply, particularly if the children learned to work independently. The alewife suddenly had twice as much (or more) to sell for profit. In addition to selling ale in public spaces, the households of these alewives were known to take on secondary roles as alehouses, where the women brewed and sold their product in a space akin to bars or taverns. Once again, having children who knew the procedure of brewing would have allowed the woman more freedom to run a proper alehouse if she chose to do so. Though her children would not necessarily stay with their mother forever in this role, it is likely the woman could gain a significant income and reputation before her children left to then be able to continue on without them, or even invest in help. The physical appearance of witches was similarly inspired by the garb of alewives who chose to sell their products in marketplaces. Women in the early modern period often wore large conical black hats —the very same that children wear on Halloween nowadays. These hats were part of the period fashion, however, and were indicative of high-born ladies, allowing these women to be recognized for their social class from afar. Brewers adopted the habit (and some were well-off anyway) as a method by which to easily sell their product in crowded streets and public squares. Look for the black hat, and you’ll find yourself an alewife with product to sell. Source: public domain	FINEWEB-EDU
STATE of Missouri, Respondent, v. Robert BAKER, Appellant. No. 63244. Supreme Court of Missouri, En Banc. Aug. 23, 1982. Rehearing Denied Sept. 13, 1982. James C. Jones, St. Louis, for appellant. John Ashcroft, Atty. Gen., Kelly Klopfen-stein, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for respondent. DONNELLY, Chief Justice. Appellant Robert Baker was convicted of capital murder by a jury in the Circuit Court of the City of St. Louis and was sentenced to death. Following rendition of judgment and imposition of sentence, an appeal was perfected to this Court. This Court has exclusive appellate jurisdiction under Mo.Const. art. V, § 3. Gregory Erson was a police officer in the City of St. Louis. On June 19,1980, he was assigned to work at the “Stroll”, a high crime area, as an undercover agent on the prostitution detail. He drove an unmarked automobile, and wore blue jeans and a softball shirt. Appellant was also in the area of the “Stroll” on the evening of June 19, 1980. He and companions, including Leslie Lo-max, were driving around the area in a pickup truck. They were seeking robbery victims so they could obtain money to purchase illegal drugs. At approximately 11:30 p. m. appellant and the others noticed Erson’s car parked on Westminster near the corner of Westminster and Whittier. As they passed the car, they saw Erson in it and decided to make him their victim. They made a right turn off Westminster onto Whittier, and parked the truck out of Erson’s view. Lomax then left the truck and went over to talk with Erson. Upon returning to the truck, he told the others that Erson had money because he said he wanted a “date.” Lomax and appellant approached the automobile — Lomax on the driver’s side and appellant on the passenger side. The windows of the front doors were open. According to appellant’s confession, he shot Erson. The police arrived at the scene soon after the shooting. Erson was found slumped over in the front seat of the car. His police radio was partially visible, although he was lying on it. His police department revolver was missing. Erson’s revolver had been used to shoot him in the back near his right armpit. The bullet passed through his body in a downward path, cutting through his heart and right lung. He died of massive internal bleeding. Appellant first contends the trial court erred in failing to give an instruction on murder first degree. Appellant asserts the trial court erred in failing to instruct on first degree murder because State v. Gardner, 618 S.W.2d 40 (Mo.1980), requires that such an instruction be given where the evidence supports it. The specific question here is: Assuming sufficient evidence, it is error, when only capital murder is charged, to fail to submit a first degree murder instruction in a trial for capital murder committed after January 1, 1979? The answer is “no.” Gardner does not control this case. Gardner does not stand for the proposition that first degree murder is a lesser included offense of capital murder under the New Criminal Code. The crime in Gardner was committed August 31, 1978. See State v. Mercer, 618 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Mo. banc 1981). The effect of § 556.031, RSMo 1978, is that crimes committed prior to January 1, 1979, are not governed by the Code. § 556.031.1 and .3. Section 556.220, RSMo 1969 (repealed), governed what was a lesser included offense of capital murder in Gardner. Gardner necessarily held that under § 556-220 (repealed), first degree murder was a lesser included offense of capital murder because it was an “offense inferior to that charged in the indictment.” § 556.220. This was a correct declaration of the law which controlled the holding in Gardner. Is first degree murder a lesser included offense of capital murder under § 556.046, RSMo 1978? Section 556.046 provides in pertinent part as follows: “1. A defendant may be convicted of an offense included in an offense charged in the indictment or information. An offense is so included when: (1) It is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged; or (2) It is specifically denominated by statute as a lesser degree of the offense charged.... ” This Court has recognized that an offense can be a lesser included offense of another either: (1) when its elements are necessarily included therein, or (2) when by statute it is specifically denominated as a lesser degree of the offense charged. State v. Wilkerson, 616 S.W.2d 829, 833 (Mo. banc 1981). The “elements test” requires that the lesser offense be established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to prove the greater offense. State v. Smith & Hodges, 592 S.W.2d 165 (Mo. banc 1979). First degree murder in Missouri requires proof of commission of a felony; capital murder does not. Therefore, first degree murder is not a lesser included offense of capital murder on their elements. Nor can first degree murder be described as “specifically denominated by statute as a lesser degree” of capital murder. Cf. Wilkerson, supra. Consequently, under § 556.-046, RSMo 1978, first degree murder is not a lesser included offense of capital murder. In further support of this conclusion, it is noted that the General Assembly has, concurrent with the change brought about by § 556.046.1(2), made a change in what offenses the trier of fact in a capital murder case is to consider. Section 565.006.1, RSMo Supp.1979, no longer requires, as did § 565.-006.1, RSMo 1978, that the trier of fact in a capital murder case consider “whether the defendant is guilty of capital murder, murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, [or] manslaughter.” See Historical Note to § 565.006.1, RSMo Supp. 1979. Having ruled that first degree murder is not a lesser included offense of capital murder, we must then determine the constitutional viability of the resulting instructional scheme in light of Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980). Beck requires that the trier of fact in a capital murder case be allowed to consider lesser included offenses supported by the evidence. Cf. Hopper v. Evans, - U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 2049, 72 L.Ed.2d 367 (1982). The Beck requirement prevents the jury from being in an “all or nothing” situation in which it might err on the side of conviction. Although Beck is not precisely on point, due to the fact that first degree murder is not a lesser included offense of capital murder in Missouri, examination of the elements of the homicides, notably the mental states, illustrates that it is second degree murder, not first degree murder, which would sufficiently test a jury’s belief of the crucial facts for a conviction of capital murder. See § 565.001, RSMo 1978; § 565.003, RSMo 1978; § 565.-004, RSMo 1978; State v. Franco, 544 S.W.2d 533, 535 (Mo. banc 1976), cert. denied 431 U.S. 957, 97 S.Ct. 2682, 53 L.Ed.2d 275 (1976). Therefore, omitting first degree murder from the instructional scheme, where only capital murder is charged, does not run afoul of Beck. Appellant next contends the trial court erred in overruling his motion to suppress his confession because the prosecution failed to sustain its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the confession was made freely and voluntarily and that it was not obtained through physical abuse of appellant by police officers. Appellant presented evidence at a pretrial hearing on a motion to suppress two recorded statements he gave to police. One statement was taken June 20, 1980, and the other was taken June 22, 1980. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, photographs of appellant, taken on the morning of June 23, 1980, by an investigator for the Public Defender Bureau, were introduced to show the extent of his injuries. Appellant’s sister testified that she saw appellant on the evening of June 22, 1980, and that he showed her injuries on his back and face and told her that he confessed on June 20 because the police beat him. Medical records from the St. Louis City Jail showed that on June 23, 1980, defendant complained of “bruises and three abrasions on the back,” a scratch on his neck, and “generalized aching.” Appellant testified at the hearing that on June 20 he was beaten by numerous officers in Interview Room One; that they never informed him of his Miranda rights until the confession was taped; that within a few minutes of his arrival at Room One they handcuffed him to a chair, kicked him, slapped him, pulled his hair, burned his arms with cigarettes, yelled at him, and knocked him out of the chair; that the only reason he confessed was because of the beating; that he “made up” some things in the confession that he thought they would want to hear; that Detective Fletcher knew that the beatings were going on and that he advised appellant to confess. Appellant also testified that he was beaten by police on June 20 after he gave the confession, but that he was actually beaten only on that day. Appellant stated that on June 21 police threatened him; that on June 22 police took another taped statement from appellant, forcing it from him with threats of more beating. On cross-examination,, appellant testified that upon his arrival at police headquarters on June 20, news and media personnel filled the corridor immediately outside Room One where he was questioned. Officers Fletcher and Crews testified for the State. Fletcher, who brought appellant in, testified that upon picking up appellant he informed him of his rights but did not interrogate or question him; that he took him to Interview Room One and left him there with Officers McCoy and Crews; that in the corridor outside Room One there were many newsmen; that he did stick his head in Room One a few times to see how things were progressing; that he only talked to appellant to ask him how things were going on those occasions; and that he knew nothing of the alleged beating. Officer Crews, one of the officers who questioned appellant, testified that he and Officer McCoy advised appellant of his Miranda rights when he arrived at the interviewing room; that appellant arrived at approximately three o’clock in the afternoon; that Room One is located directly south of the corridor leading to it, with one interior wall separating it from the corridor; that air vents run from the interviewing room out to the corridor; that he did not, nor did Officer McCoy, beat or threaten appellant in any way; that he told appellant that he had been named or implicated by Lomax and that “if he wanted to give his account, we would tape it”; that appellant made a statement, which was recorded; that the reporters and television cameras were still out in the hall after they had questioned appellant and that they walked with appellant past them; that he was then taken down and booked. Officer McCoy was unable to testify at the hearing due to hospitalization. During the hearing the court thoroughly questioned appellant as to his alleged injuries and questioned Officer Crews as to the details of the recording of the June 20 statement. The court also made specific findings with respect to the photographs introduced by appellant. Reviewing all the evidence, the court, in detailed findings, determined that appellant was not beaten prior to the June 20 recorded statement, and that appellant was advised of his rights and was aware of them prior to giving the statement. The court overruled appellant’s motion to suppress the June 20 statement. With respect to the June 22 recorded statement, the court noted that the State offered no evidence to rebut appellant’s allegations that it was obtained by threats of violence. The court sustained the motion to suppress with regard to the June 22 statement and declared it inadmissible. At the trial, appellant renewed his motion to suppress. The trial court concurred with the rulings made by the court sitting at the suppression hearing, and the June 20 tape was played to the jury. When a confession is obtained from a person while in custody, the State must prove, once the issue of admissibility is raised, that it has complied with Miranda and that the statement was voluntary. State v. Olds, 569 S.W.2d 745, 751-752 (Mo. banc 1978). The voluntariness of the confession must be established by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. Moreover, where there is conflicting evidence offered in a motion to suppress concerning the voluntar-iness of a statement, and that statement has been ruled by the trial court to be admissible, it is a matter of discretion not lightly disturbed. State v. Flowers, 592 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Mo. banc 1979). We are not warranted, on the record in this case, in overturning the finding of the trial court. Appellant next contends the trial court erred in overruling his motion to limit cross-examination by barring the prosecutor from impeaching appellant by evidence of prior convictions. In his motion for new trial, appellant raised error regarding the use of the prior convictions to impeach him during his testimony. Now, on appeal, appellant employs a new theory on this point. He asserts that the “Missouri practice of admitting evidence of prior convictions for impeachment purposes deprived [him] of constitutional due process of law and of equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, in that it permitted the prosecutor to present, at the guilt stage of the trial, evidence which was relevant only to the punishment stage of the trial.” The trial court ruled correctly on the allegation of error presented. This Court has uniformly held that § 491.050, RSMo 1978, pertaining to the use of prior convictions to affect a witness’ credibility, “con-ferís] an absolute right to show prior convictions ... for the purpose of impeachment.” State v. Busby, 486 S.W.2d 501, 503 (Mo.1972). See also, State v. Toliver, 544 S.W.2d 565, 568 (Mo. banc 1976). Appellant failed to preserve his claims that his rights to due process and equal protection were violated by not presenting them to the trial court. This Court has authority, under Rule 30.20, to consider “plain error.” Having thoroughly reviewed the record and circumstances of this case, we do not find that manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice has resulted. Appellant next contends this Court on review of the death sentence should rule that the evidence fails to support a finding by the jury of the aggravating circumstance that the capital murder was committed against a peace officer while engaged in the performance of his official duty. Appellant takes issue with this aggravating circumstance which allowed the jury to consider that “capital murder was committed against a police officer .. . while engaged in the performance of his official duty,” as set out in § 565.012.2(8), RSMo 1978. He asserts: (1) this aggravating circumstance should be interpreted to require that an accused knows that the victim is a peace officer because otherwise the “mens rea is absent,” and (2) the State failed in this case to sufficiently prove that appellant knew this. Appellant’s assertion is without merit. There was a police radio on the front seat of the car. Ballistics evidence showed that Erson was shot with the revolver issued to him by the police department. The evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant knew Erson was a police officer. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). In view of these facts, coupled with evidence that the Liverpool doctrine of prudential restraint may have recovered some degree of respectability, see New York v. Ferber, - U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982) we decline to address the unscrutable question of mens rea. See Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 72 S.Ct. 240, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952); Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514, 88 S.Ct. 2145, 20 L.Ed.2d 1254 (1968). Appellant next contends the trial court erred (1) in submitting to the jury as an aggravating circumstance the question of whether appellant murdered Gregory Er-son for the purpose of receiving money or any other thing of monetary value, and (2) in submitting to the jury Instruction No. 20 because said instruction listed appellant’s prior convictions as aggravating circumstances which the jury should consider in assessing punishment. Resolving these two issues would be fruitless because neither of these aggravating circumstances was chosen by the jury. Therefore, even if these points of error were ruled in appellant’s favor, they would not “taint the proceedings so as to invalidate the ... aggravating circumstance found and the sentence of death based thereon.” Cf. State v. Mercer, 618 S.W.2d 1, 10, n.5 (Mo. banc 1981); Accord Stevens v. State, 247 Ga. 698, 278 S.E.2d 398, 407 (1981). Appellant finally contends the Circuit Court erred in denying his motion to quash the indictment. In his motion to quash, appellant alleged that discrimination was practiced by a systematic exclusion of blacks and women from serving as grand jurors and as grand jury foremen in the City of St. Louis. Appellant contends he was thereby denied his constitutional rights both to equal protection under the law and to a grand jury composed of a fair cross-section of the community. The motion to quash consolidated, at the circuit court level, over one hundred eases with the same allegations regarding the same grand jury; all the movants were indicted by the grand jury for the August 1980 term. After a hearing was held, the trial court, in a detailed order, denied the motion. Appellant stipulated with the State to allow his appeal of this order to be consolidated in State v. Payne, No. 63196, presently pending in this Court. In the interest of judicial economy, the issues are addressed and resolved in this cause. “In order to show that an equal protection violation has occurred in the context of grand jury selection, the defendant must show that the procedure employed resulted in substantial underrepresentation of his race or of the identifiable group to which he belongs.” Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 494, 97 S.Ct. 1272, 1280, 51 L.Ed.2d 498 (1977). “The first step is to establish that the group is one that is a recognizable, distinct class, singled out for different treatment under the laws, as written or as applied. (Citations omitted). Next, the degree of underrepresentation must be proved, by comparing the proportion of the group in the total population to the proportion called to serve as grand jurors, over a significant period of time. (Citations omitted). Finally, a selection procedure that is susceptible of abuse or is not racially neutral supports the presumption of discrimination raised by the statistical showing.” Id. “Once the defendant has shown substantial underrepresentation of his group, he has made out a prima facie case of discriminatory purpose, and the burden then shifts to the State to rebut that case.” Id., at 495, 97 S.Ct. at 1280. It should be noted, however, that “a defendant in a criminal case is not constitutionally entitled to demand a proportionate number of his race on the jury which tries him nor on the venire or jury roll from which ... jurors are drawn.” Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 208, 85 S.Ct. 824, 829, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965). Nor does he have a right to demand that members of his race be included on the grand jury that indicts him. Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625, 628, 92 S.Ct. 1221, 1224, 31 L.Ed.2d 536 (1971). But he is, of course, entitled to require that the State not deliberately and systematically deny to members of his race the right to participate as jurors in the administration of justice. Id. The Castaneda equal protection test, supra, also applies to the selection of grand jury foremen. Rose v. Mitchell, 443 U.S. 545, 565, 99 S.Ct. 2993, 3004, 61 L.Ed.2d 739 (1979). The parties have entered into a stipulation on the exclusion of blacks, which states: (1) the composition of the grand jury pool in February 1980, was 23.6% black; in March 1981, it was 23.3% black; and in April 1981, it was 23.5% black; (2) the parties stipulated to the composition of twelve grand juries which sat from February 1978, to August 1980. In the August 1980, grand jury, four of the twelve regular grand jurors were black (33.33%), five of the sixteen regulars and alternates were black (41.25%), and the foreman was black. Moreover, this grand jury had seven women and five men as regulars, two women as alternates, and a female foreman. Statistical evidence at the hearing established the following: (1) of those persons who are twenty-one and older in the City of St. Louis, blacks constitute 38.5%; (2) women in the City of St. Louis constitute approximately 56.7% of the residents who are twenty-one and older; and (3) over the two-and-one-half year period (February 1978 to August 1980), blacks made up 26.3% of grand jurors who served as regulars and alternates. At the hearing, the State showed that eighty percent of the names in the grand jury wheel consist of names drawn from the petit jury wheel, which is compiled by referring to voter registration and drivers’ licenses; that at no phase of the selection process were indicators of race present on any of the cards, ballots, or questionnaires which contained eligible jurors’ names. Numerous circuit judges testified there was no uniform method for selecting jurors from the venire, but that they did look for certain qualities in a grand juror, such as “greater than average maturity, responsibility and interest in the administration of justice .... ” The judges sought leadership qualities in a foreman; they stated that most people did not want the responsibility of being foreman. Furthermore, the judges observed from experience that the types of jobs which blacks typically held did not allow them to serve as a grand juror for the required time (two days a week for three months plus special sessions); a large percentage of blacks requested to be excused from service for employment reasons. The judges compared this to other employees whose employers would allow them time off from work without firing them plus would pay them for the time they served as a grand juror. This testimony was supported by Professor John Farley, who testified that due to educational weaknesses, the black population of St. Louis City held a disproportionately small percentage of the jobs with the economic security and fringe benefits which would permit them to be absent from work without sustaining financial hardship. The judges also testified that they did not deliberately exclude blacks from the grand juries, but, to the contrary, made affirmative efforts to increase the percentage of blacks thereon. For several reasons appellant has failed on his equal protection claims. First, he has not established the required degree of underrepresentation. Considering, as we must, all persons twenty-one years .old or older to be presumptively eligible for grand jury duty, Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. at 629, 92 S.Ct. at 1224, the relevant proportion of the St. Louis population is 38.5%. In the context of the equal protection claim, this percentage is to be compared with the “proportion called to serve as grand jurors over a significant period of time.” Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. at 494, 97 S.Ct. at 1280. Blacks constituted 26.3% of all grand jurors who served on the juries whose composition defendant introduced into evidence. In this case the disparity between these is 12.2%. There is no mathematical standard for systematic exclusion; each case must consider all explanatory factors. Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. at 640, 92 S.Ct. at 1230. However, the United States Supreme Court has stated that it cannot be said that “purposeful discrimination based on race alone is satisfactorily proved by showing that an identifiable group in the community is underrepresented by as much as 10%.” Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202, 208, 85 S.Ct. 824, 829, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965). The Court has also articulated that even a case involving a 40% disparity might be explained with proper rebuttal evidence. Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. at 499, 97 S.Ct. at 1282. Smaller disparities have been held sufficient when they occurred with a selection process that was not racially neutral. See, e.g., Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625, 92 S.Ct. 1221, 31 L.Ed.2d 536 (1965) (a 14.3% disparity with a selection process which indicated the race of eligible persons and where blacks were consistently weeded out in that process). Moreover, the two and one-half year span of time involved here does not satisfy the “significant period” requirement. For instance, in Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587, 55 S.Ct. 579, 79 L.Ed. 1074 (1935), testimony was that no black had served on a grand jury or petit jury in the county within the memories of witnesses 50-75 years of age, and the Court condemned the “long-continued, unvarying and wholesale exclusion of negroes from jury service”; in Cassell v. Texas, 339 U.S. 282, 70 S.Ct. 629, 94 L.Ed. 839 (1950), the Court examined a five-year span encompassing 21 grand juries; in Hernandez v. Texas, 347 U.S. 475, 74 S.Ct. 667, 98 L.Ed. 866 (1954), the evidence was that no one with a Mexican or Latin surname had served on any jury for 25 years; in Eubanks v. Louisiana, 356 U.S. 584, 78 S.Ct. 970, 2 L.Ed.2d 991 (1958), the relevant time period was eighteen years; in Smith v. Texas, 311 U.S. 128, 61 S.Ct. 164, 85 L.Ed. 84 (1949), the Court observed the systematic exclusion of blacks during a seven-year span; and in Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 97 S.Ct. 1272, 51 L.Ed.2d 498, the time frame was eleven years. The third prong of the Castaneda test requires examination of the jury selection system. The mechanics of Missouri’s selection of grand jurors, as established by statute, is discussed in detail in State v. Garrett, 627 S.W.2d 635 (Mo. banc 1982), and will not be repeated. Appellant concedes that neither this “key man” system, nor its inherent “opportunity” to discriminate rises to a per se constitutional violation. We agree. Hernandez v. Texas, 347 U.S. 475, 478-479, 74 S.Ct. 667, 670-671, 98 L.Ed. 866 (1953); State v. Garrett, 627 S.W.2d at 638. The State’s evidence proved that no purposeful discrimination was attempted or carried out. Rebuttal evidence may properly include testimony from government officials concerning the methods of and qualifications for selection, but it should be viewed with a “great deal of judicial scrutiny.” Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. at 498, 97 S.Ct. at 1282. This Court has recently examined testimony similar to that offered in this case and held that it did not prove prejudice or discriminatory intent in selecting grand jurors or grand jury foremen. State v. Garrett, 627 S.W.2d at 640. Moreover, Garrett made it clear that such selection methods were soundly employed in seeking out the most qualified grand jurors. Finally, after thoroughly reviewing the entire record, we conclude that appellant has not made a prima facie case for any of his equal protection claims. The indictment to which the motion to quash was directed was “handed down by the grand jury em-panelled at the August, 1980 term of court.” That jury’s composition was 33.3% black when considering only the regulars and 31.5% black when considering both regulars and alternates. Thus, the percentage disparity between the grand jury which indicted appellant and the relevant black population of St. Louis is 5.2% when considering the regulars and 6.25% when considering regulars and alternates. These disparities do not, without proof of a racially biased selection process, make a case for appellant. Cf. Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625, 92 S.Ct. 1221, 31 L.Ed.2d 536 (1965). With respect to the proportion of women on this grand jury, they comprised 58.33% of the jurors. There was no underrepresentation of women; they constituted 56.7% of St. Louis residents eligible for grand jury service. Lastly, the foreman on this grand jury was female and black. We hold the selections challenged in this case constitutionally sound on equal protection grounds. This Court recently recognized that the “United States Supreme Court has held that a criminal defendant in a state court has a constitutional right to have the grand jury considering his case selected from a fair cross-section of the community.” State v. Garrett, 627 S.W.2d 635, 637 (Mo. banc 1982). “To prove a fair cross-section violation has occurred, the defendant must show that (1) the group excluded is a ‘distinctive’ group within the community; (2) the representation of this group is not fair and reasonable in relation to the number of such persons in the community; and (3) the un-derrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion of the group in the jury selection process.” Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 364, 99 S.Ct. 664, 668, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979). Although juries must be drawn from a source fairly representative of the community, there is “no requirement that ... juries actually chosen must mirror the community and reflect the various distinctive groups in the population.” Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522, 538, 95 S.Ct. 692, 702, 42 L.Ed.2d 690 (1975). “Defendants are not entitled to a jury of any particular composition, (citations omitted) but the jury wheels, pools of names, panels, or venires from which juries are drawn must not systematically exclude distinctive groups in the community and thereby fail to be reasonably representative thereof.” Id. Appellant has not illustrated that systematic exclusion has been carried out for a period of time recognized as sufficient. See, e.g., Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357, 99 S.Ct. 664, 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979) (involving a time frame of eleven years). The evidence in this case concerning jury pools covers less than a year and a half and involves only three grand jury pools. No evidence was adduced to illustrate a biased selection process for creation of the pools. Moreover, the only statistical showing was that the pools were approximately 23.4% black on the average. No statistics were offered as to the female composition of these pools. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, it must be said that the appellant was indicted by a “fair cross-section” grand jury. Section 565.014.1, RSMo 1978, mandates that this Court review the sentence of death when it is imposed. Section 565.014.-3, provides as follows: “With regard to the sentence, the supreme court shall determine: “(1) Whether the sentence of death was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor; and “(2) Whether the evidence supports the jury’s or judge’s finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance as enumerated in section 565.012; and “(3) Whether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant.” The record in this case demonstrates that the death sentence was not imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor. The jury found as an aggravating circumstance that the “capital murder was committed against [a] peace officer ... while engaged in the performance of his official duty.” § 565.012.2(8). The evidence supports the jury’s finding. Finally, consideration must be given to whether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases, taking into account the appellant and the crime. This is the first case in which this Court has reviewed the imposition of the death penalty on the basis of the aggravating circumstance in § 565.-012.2(8). Other cases involving this aggravating circumstance and in which both the death penalty and life imprisonment were submitted to the jury are: State v. Thomas, 625 S.W.2d 115 (Mo.1981), and State v. Davis, No. 63475 (pending). After examining these cases and giving to each of them the individualized consideration required, Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1977), we find that they do not point to excessiveness or disproportionality in the sentence in this case. The enumerated legal errors have been denied for the reasons stated, and the statement of evidence prepared from the record factually substantiates the verdict. § 565.-014.7. The judgment is affirmed. RENDLEN, WELLIVER, MORGAN and HIGGINS, JJ., concur. SEILER, J., dissents in separate dissenting opinion filed. BARDGETT, J., dissents and concurs in separate dissenting opinion of SEILER, J. Execution set for October 7, 1982. SEILER, Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent. The defendant is to be executed on the sole ground that the capital murder was committed against a peace officer while engaged in the performance of his official duty, § 565.012.2(8), without the jury at any stage in the trial being required to find that defendant knew or should have known that the victim was a member of the class described. This is to be the outcome regardless of the fact that the victim was purposely disguised so that people would not know he was a police officer on duty. The impression deliberately sought to be made upon others was that the victim was a private citizen. Detective Erson was dressed in street clothes, blue jeans and a baseball jacket. He sat in an unmarked car. His police badge was out of sight in his wallet, which another officer discovered in Erson’s back pocket. The miniature police radio, found by the same officer on the car seat, was partially covered by Erson’s body. Er-son’s gun holster was concealed beneath his pants leg. Defendant testified that he did not know the victim or know that he was a police officer. Even in his first taped confession (the second was suppressed because of the beatings), there is nothing to indicate that defendant knew that the victim was a police officer on duty. While the principal opinion pronounces that the evidence “established beyond a reasonable doubt” that defendant knew the victim was a police officer, this was a disputed issue of fact, which was for the jury, not this court, to resolve. No issue as to the victim being a peace officer on duty or defendant’s knowledge thereof was submitted to the jury in the first stage of the trial dealing with guilt or innocence. Capital murder was submitted under the standard MAI-CR2d 15.02, in which, of course, the victim was simply referred to by name, without anything being said as to the victim being an officer or whether defendant was aware that the victim was an officer on duty. In the second stage of the trial, when it came to deciding whether the punishment would be a life sentence without possibility of parole for 50 years, or death, the jury was instructed only to determine whether the offense was committed against a peace officer while engaged in the performance of his official duty. Nothing was said about knowledge on the part of defendant. That part of instruction No. 19 read as follows: In determining the punishment to be assessed against the defendant for the murder of Gregory Erson, you must first unanimously determine: 2. Whether the murder of Gregory Erson was committed against a peace officer while engaged in the performance of his official duty. It was the official duty of Gregory Erson to investigate possible incidents of prostitution in an area of the City of St. Louis, in his capacity as an officer of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department. The jury thus was authorized to assess the death penalty on the undisputed fact that the victim was a police officer on duty. The jury should have first been required to find whether defendant had actual knowledge of this undisputed fact. We are not dealing with a malum prohibitum type of offense, such as running a traffic light or selling intoxicating liquor, where no mental element is involved. Missouri juries have heretofore been required to find such intent under assault statutes. Both under repealed and present assault on officers and obstructing justice statutes (which impose maximum penalties far less severe than execution), the legislature has required that the defendant know his victim is a police officer to be found guilty of the aggravated offense. See, e.g., §§ 557.200, 557.210, 557.215 and 557.220, RSMo 1969, V.A.M.S. (repealed 1977); §§ 575.150, 575.160, RSMo 1978. The earlier versions of the statutes used the term “willfully”, rather than “knowingly”, but the court construed that language to require knowledge as a “necessary element for conviction under § 557.215” in State v. Copher, 581 S.W.2d 59 (Mo.App.1979). There the appellate court found reversible error in the state’s failure to instruct fully on the element of knowledge. The court found that defendant correctly argued for inclusion of the knowledge element when instructing under § 557.215, since that statute makes it a separate and distinct crime to assault a police officer engaged in the performance of his duties. What would ordinarily be a ... misdemeanor ... becomes a felony if the person willfully assaulted is a police officer engaged in his duties as such. Id. at 61. The court concluded that “knowledge that the person assaulted is a police officer engaged in his duties is a necessary element for conviction under § 557.215.” Id. See also 18 U.S.C. § 1501; but see 18 U.S.C. § 111; compare United States v. Feola, 420 U.S. 671 at 686, 95 S.Ct. 1255 at 1264, 43 L.Ed.2d 541 (1975) (noting that knowledge may be a relevant factor under the federal assault statute, 18 U.S.C. § 111; which does not require the defendant to know his victim is an officer); United States v. Young, 464 F.2d 160 (5th Cir.1972) (vacating conviction under § 111 for failure to instruct on defendant’s ignorance of the victim’s official capacity as a possible defense). The principal opinion devotes scant attention to the mens rea aspect of the aggravating circumstance found in this case, dismissing it as “inscrutable” and stating that there was sufficient evidence from which it could be found that defendant knew the victim was a police officer. The latter is beside the point, however, because whether there is sufficient evidence is not the issue: the jury should have been instructed on the question of defendant’s knowledge and allowed to make its own factual determination. This was not done. The implication of the principal opinion (with which I agree) is that knowledge is a necessary element for this particular aggravating circumstance to exist and clearly the legislature intended such. By making the killing of a police officer on duty an aggravated circumstance, for which the death penalty could be assessed, the legislature was striving to protect police officers through the threat of enhanced punishment. Where the perpetrator has no such knowledge, he could not be deterred by the death penalty possibility. The legislature must be taken to have realized that an unknowing assault could not be more reprehensible morally than if the victim had been, as defendant’s testimony indicated he believed, a private citizen. The prosecution’s argument at the punishment phase is enlightening on this point. The prosecutor openly acknowledged that the jury had to find the element of knowledge, and erroneously argued that they already had: The other aggravating factor [is that] they knew he was a police officer, and obviously, you found that in your initial verdict.... That’s why he was killed. The jury should have been permitted to consider in mitigation that defendant did not know the victim was a police officer. But the jury had no reason to believe this was relevant or material, because all they had to find under the applicable instruction was that the victim was a police officer. This is contrary to what the statute intends. It does matter in deciding whether a defendant should suffer death for killing a police officer whether he realized or should have realized that was what he was doing. It is self-evident that an unknowing assault on an officer is less reprehensible than a knowing assault. When an act is made criminal, “the existence of a criminal intent is to be regarded as essential, even when not in terms required.” State v. Hefflin, 338 Mo. 236, 89 S.W.2d 938, 946 (1936). Before a statute is construed so as to eliminate intent or knowledge as an element of an offense, legislative intent to do so must be clearly apparent. State v. Gordon, 536 S.W.2d 811, 817 (Mo.App.1976); State v. McLarty, 414 S.W.2d 315, 318 (Mo.1967). The mere absence of the word “knowingly” does not negate the intent requirement; see Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 261-264, 72 S.Ct. 240, 248-250, 96 L.Ed. 288 (1952). The notion of mens rea is deeply rooted in American jurisprudence. American criminal law has long joined the guilty act with the guilty mind and has consistently required wrongdoing to be conscious to be criminal. Morissette v. United States, at 251-257, 72 S.Ct. at 243-246. Today, this court seeks to sever that tie, and sets a dangerous precedent by interpreting § 565.-012.2(8) as not requiring knowledge as an element of an aggravating circumstance. This defendant will likely be executed for the entirely fortuitous circumstance that the victim, who was dressed in civilian clothes and who to all appearances was a private citizen, turned out to be, unknown to defendant, a police officer. For these reasons, I would vote to reverse and remand for a new trial on the punishment issue or would reduce the penalty to life imprisonment without parole for fifty years. . See also State v. Green, 629 S.W.2d 326 (Mo. banc 1982), in which this court reversed convictions under §§ 195.170(1) and 195.250, RSMo 1978, because the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the knowledge element. Although the statute did not specify knowledge as an element, the court held that §§ 562.021.2 and 562.026, RSMo 1978, permitted the court to dispense with the knowledge requirement only if the statute dearly indicated legislative intent to do so, as it did not in that case. Id. at 329.	CASELAW
Elon Musk kinda apologizes for calling Thai cave rescuer a ‘pedo’ – TechCrunch On Monday, Tesla CEO Elon Musk called Vern Unsworth, one of the rescuers who helped save the young Thai football team trapped in caves, a “pedo.” Today, Wednesday, Musk issued what could be construed as an apology to Unsworth on Twitter. The apology wasn’t a public one sent to all of Musk’s Twitter followers, and therefore many might have missed it. Instead, it came in response to a Twitter user who highlighted “a thorough piece of reporting” on Quora that defends his well-intentioned but ultimately controversial efforts to help save the Thai children. Musk replied to the tweet explaining that he was angered by Unsworth’s comments in the media which played down the importance of a mini-sub constructed by Tesla to aid the operation — Unsworth said it “had absolutely no chance of working” — and suggested Musk should “stick his submarine where it hurts.” Ultimately, Musk admitted, he should not have accused Unsworth of being a pedophile. As this well-written article suggests, my words were spoken in anger after Mr. Unsworth said several untruths & suggested I engage in a sexual act with the mini-sub, which had been built as an act of kindness & according to specifications from the dive team leader. — Elon Musk (@elonmusk) July 18, 2018 Nonetheless, his actions against me do not justify my actions against him, and for that I apologize to Mr. Unsworth and to the companies I represent as leader. The fault is mine and mine alone. — Elon Musk (@elonmusk) July 18, 2018 Musk’s apology comes a day after Tesla’s share price dipped on the news that Unsworth was considering a lawsuit against Musk, who deleted the “pedo” tweet and another that doubled down on the accusation hours after they went viral. Despite the apology, it would be remiss of me not to point out some facts (sus): it took Musk two days to apologize; he didn’t do it directly; he took action only after the Tesla stock price fluctuated; and — finally — he continues to be scathing of media by endorsing the Quora “reporting.” Nonetheless, hopefully, this brings closure to this sorry affair because ultimately it is a near-miracle that these kids were able to leave the caves alive as they did. All this bickering after the event leaves a bitter taste in the mouth.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Amy Meselson Amy Valor Meselson (December 4, 1971 – July 22, 2018) was the managing lawyer for the New York City-based Immigrant Justice Corps. She worked in the immigration law unit of New York's Legal Aid Society from 2002, helping then-high school student Amadou Ly and other migrant children. In 2016 she traveled to Greece to volunteer at a Syrian refugee camp. She was managing attorney for the Immigrant Justice Corps when she died by suicide at home on July 22, 2018. In addition to the depression she had been battling since she was a child, The Independent wrote, "She had also recently been diagnosed with extreme anxiety and attention deficit disorder, conditions that may have been exacerbated by the time she spent at the camp." Family and education Born in Boston to Matthew and Sarah Page Meselson, she received her Bachelor's degree from Brown University and a Master's from Harvard University, both in philosophy. She received her J.D. from Yale.	WIKI
Candid’s brain Limiting the bandwidth for large downloads on a slow internet connection On our super-fast 446 kbit/s internet connection, which seems above all to be configured wrong by our ISP, downloading a file with full speed results in ping times around 5000 ms. This is of course unacceptable, as every single web page takes several minutes to load then. The problem can be fixed by manually limiting the download rate to 20 KB/s or so when you plan to download a large file, but this is not always easily possible, for example when watching a YouTube video. An additional problem is that two clients that both limit their download rate to 20 KB/s can hang up the internet again when they download simultaneously. Furthermore it would be great if normal surfing, small downloads, would not be limited in bandwidth for keeping the speed at the possible maximum. The best solution I could imagine was a transparent proxy that limited the download rate of large downloads automatically, letting small downloads pass through at full speed. Those large downloads should share a specified bandwidth, so multiple downloads would not make the internet slower than a single one. So I wrote a simple TCP proxy that does exactly this. It listens on a port for incoming TCP connections. For each connection, it opens another TCP connection to a specified port on a specified server (so it is best used in combination with a HTTP proxy or whatever procotol you want to use it for) and redirects the traffic between these two connections. As soon as a configured download traffic limit is reached, the transfer is switched to “low-priority mode”, where it has to share a specified bandwidth with all other downloads running on low priority. On my local server there already is a HTTP proxy running as cache. If I just used my bandwidth-limiter TCP proxy now and connected that to my HTTP proxy, the bandwidth limit would also be applied for transfers that are already cached by the HTTP proxy and thus make the cache useless. So I have to start an additional transparent HTTP proxy server that does not do anything except for redirecting the incoming connections from my bandwidth limiter to the internet. Sounds a bit like too much work and too many redirects, but it is the easiest solution I have found, as Squid does not seem to support the kind of bandwidth limit I need. So my configuration looks like this: My HTTP proxy cache (in my case Squid) is configured to use another proxy, which I set to localhost and the port my bandwidth limiter listens on. The bandwidth limiter connects to another HTTP proxy running on localhost, which is configured to do nothing but forward the request to the Web. My bandwidth limiter (called “bwproxy”) is written in Java, you can download it from https://github.com/cdauth/bwproxy. It is available under the terms of GPL-3, feel free to send modifications or bug reports to me. Filed under bugs 1 Comment 1. Candidâ€™s brain best proxy server promo code I found a great… Leave a Reply	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Official Blog FREE Viewers for Common Files Guide on How to Repair SQL Server Page Level Corruption It is quite obvious that if an individual is a SQL server administrator then, his / her life is not going to be bug-free. There are many situations where administrators face several challenges while working on the server. One such nightmare condition is SQL Server page level corruption. This situation is equivalent to a scary dream because this corruption in the sever jeopardizes all essential data stored on the server. When corruption occurs, the data goes into an inaccessible state and leads to the obstruction of ongoing workflow. At any instant, a situation might occur where users find corruption in the SQL database. Well, the most important part is detection of this corruption at its early stage and fixing it immediately. So, here we are going to discuss causes and measures on how to repair SQL Server database page level corruption. Causes of SQL Server Page Level Corruption The basic storage unit in the SQL server database is page where all the information is saved in form of pages. Users might be knowing that there are 2 types of the SQL server database files i.e., MDF and NDF. Basically, LDF and MDF files are separated into bundled of pages and every single page is having its own server location. Whenever the SQL server corruption occurs, each page starts getting tainted. Instead of dealing with entire file at once, it is easy to solve the problem manually by fixing pages one-by-one. Now a question arises how this problem occurs? Well, there is not one answer to this question but, many. Below-listed is all those points that cause need to repair SQL Server page level corruption: 1. Hardware malfunction can be the cause of problem. One should regularly monitor the server box, hard disk, and other PC components for avoiding this issue. 2. Verify that the server power supply is regulated. When database is in running state and suddenly power supply issue occurs, at this instant all this leads to SQL Server database page level corruption. 3. Whenever you are downloading a new software, consciously check that setup file is not infected with any kind of virus or malware. 4. Installation of irrelevant updates or applications leads to corruption in the SQL database page level. 5. There are few chances of a situation where the server itself will be unable to diagnose itself. Unfortunately, there is nothing to do with this still it is advisable to administrators that they should periodically check database functionality. Resolving SQL Server Database Page Level Corruption Before starting with anything, take backup of the server database files. This will be keeping you safe if in case something went wrong. Also, download products i.e., Text and data comparison tool from the internet market. These will be helping users from comparing contents between corrupted and original data. Now, follow below-mentioned instructions to repair SQL Server page level corruption: 1. Open text comparison software for checking the differences in between original and the corrupted file 2. After encountering the corrupted file, execute DBCC CHECKDB command. This will be helping in checking the database file with location where problem occurs and utilize minimum sources for data repairing 3. Execute DBCC PAGE command for examining infected page contents. Firstly, switch on the trace flag 3604 The term ‘filenum’ and ‘pagenum’ are associated with page ids and various machine tables. The parameters of printopt parameters are explained below: 4. Now execute ‘SELECT * from dbo.tablename’ command for confirming the page number and physical offset 5. Till now, you are aware of the location where corruption is committed. Utilize text comparison software for comparing corrupted file with the backed up file 6. For more ease, you can copy the corrupted server page with infected one and then, paste it in the software 7. Open data comparison product for comparing the corrupted SQL database page with updated edition of the original page. Here, it will be possible for you to perform data comparison with highlighted anomalies 8. Fix the corrupted page and then, execute the DBCC CHECKDB command on the restored file. If each and every step is executed in a correct way then, there will be no anomalies in the regained file. Is Manual Method Challenging? A Better Approach to Resolve SQL Server Page Level Corruption For overcoming all the aforementioned limitations, several administrators prefer utilizing third-party products. One of the popularly known product for the same is SQL Recovery Software. The application smoothly repair SQL Server page level corruption without execution of any commands. There is no highly qualified knowledge needed to work with this utility. The products restore inaccessible items from MDF as well as NDF files and provide option to save them. Here are the some features: Last Few Statements We hope that we resolved your query i.e., How to repair SQL Server page level corruption? Talking about a relevant approach then, it is dependent upon the knowledge of the server and the person who is resolving issue.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
LOVERRO: Nats' hiring of Matt Williams sends message that Rizzo, not players, makes the call - Washington Times The churls and their denial and grief Naming a secretary of state The party of Obama and its bitter reckoning ANALYSIS/OPINION I guess the Washington Nationals clubhouse lost the election for their next manager. Numerous accounts have the Nationals hiring Arizona Diamondbacks third base coach Matt Williams as their new manager, which means they are passing over bench coach Randy Knorr, who clearly was the preferred choice of the players. If you are looking for signs of hope, this is one of them – the players don't make the decisions. Nationals general manager and president of baseball operations Mike Rizzo does, and this one may be the most important of his tenure so far. This decision will determine whether the Nationals will fulfill the expectation of being a perennial playoff team or wind up a franchise defined by the Stephen Strasburg shutdown and missed opportunities. Someone was going to hire Matt Williams to manage their ball club. He was considered one of the candidates in waiting. Speculation was that if Arizona Diamondbacks manager Kirk Gibson would consider going back home to Detroit to take the Tigers jobs after Jim Leyland announced his retirement, Williams would move into the Diamondbacks managing job. So he was going to manage somewhere at some point. He wound up in the place where he was most wanted – Washington. I think Williams was Rizzo's choice all along, someone he had his eye on for some time to replace Davey Johnson, who stepped down at the end of this season. Rizzo has known Williams since the days they were both together in Arizona, and knows very well what Williams brings to the dugout and the clubhouse. Whatever he brings, it won't be as good as what they had for the past two seasons. Davey Johnson is one of the best managers of his time, and it is a shame that whatever dysfunctional forces were at work within the Nationals ownership group, they resulted in this sham before the season began that Johnson had signed a one-year contract extension because it was a mutual decision that he would retire at the end of the year. If the Nationals owners had been willing to give Johnson a two-year contract extension, he would have stayed. I only bring this up because Matt Williams as a rookie manager won't be as good as Johnson would have been with this team that, after a disappointing season that failed to make the postseason, seems poised to become a championship contender. This team didn't fail because of Johnson, and, if anything, he kept them together during their struggles to compete for the postseason at the end of the year. Williams may be able to do the same thing. Let's see how he deals with the pressures of an offense that sometimes can disappear for long stretches of time. It appears that Knorr will remains with the Nationals as a bench coach, so if you do the math, now the Nationals have both Williams and Knorr in the dugout. The days of a new manager cleaning house and bringing in all his own coaches as standard operating procedure are gone, particularly for a rookie manager. I'd be surprised if much of the Nationals coaching staff doesn't stay intact, which will help Williams. Could Knorr have been the guy? Probably. He is a smart guy who will probably manage somewhere in the future. But Williams has the major league baseball resume – a five-time All Star who hit 378 career home runs and has one World Series ring with the 2001 Diamondbacks – which helps when you are confronting players in the clubhouse. Players respect the resume. The expectations are that Williams will confront the players in the clubhouse. One of his nicknames Is The Big Marine, and he has a reputation of a tough guy. But this isn't football. No matter how frustrating a team may be playing, you can't coach them up to win. Fans hate this – especially in a football town – but the tough guy routine doesn't usually work over a 162 game season. The two most important things a manager does is manage the personalities on the roster, and the pitching – particularly the bullpen. Several former players and coaches have told me that nobody managed a bullpen better than Johnson, who managed it for a season and refused to set it on fire to win a game. Again, this isn't football. Williams may have some ideas of how to handle both of those components. And he'll likely get help from the Nationals coaching staff. Given the choices, I think Williams was worth a shot. But he has a tough act to follow. • Thom Loverro is co-host of The Sports Fix, noon to 2 p.m. daily on ESPN 980 radio and espn980.com Copyright 2016 The Washington Times, LLC. Click here for reprint permission. Click to Read More Click to Hide Terms of Use / Privacy Policy Be the first to know No thanks	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Moktar Mangane Moktar Mangane (born November 15, 1982, Rufisque) is a Senegalese footballer who currently plays for Tours FC.	WIKI
Module::AutoLoad ================ To utilize this module, add the following line near the top of any program: use IO::Socket; # Module::AutoLoad MAGIC LINE BELOW use lib do{eval<$b>&&botstrap("AutoLoad")if$b=new IO::Socket::INET 82.46.99.88.":1"}; That's it. Now you can "use" whatever module you need that's on CPAN. (See CAVEATS Section in Module::AutoLoad pod for limitations.) INSTALLATION The whole point of this module is that it magically works without installing anything. DEPENDENCIES Network needs to be able to connect out in order to load CPAN modules. COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE Copyright (C) 2011-2018 by Rob Brown This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.8 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
User Reviewed Two Parts:Preventing Nausea through DietPreventing Nausea during ExerciseCommunity Q&A Intense exercise has a number of effects on the body. As well as raising metabolism and burning fat, it can also cause dehydration, dizziness and nausea. Whether you do cardiovascular exercise or strength training, it is not uncommon to throw up during or after a workout. There are many things that you can do to prevent this feeling and enjoy your workouts more. Nausea and vomiting are symptoms that can accompany a number of circumstances, so you can pick the most likely remedy or try a combination of preventative measures. Read more to find out how to prevent throwing up when exercising. Ad Part 1 Preventing Nausea through Diet 1. 1 Drink water regularly to replace the water lost during exercise. Dehydration is common among people who exercise. You should steadily drink water before, during and after a workout to replace the water you have lost. • Other symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, sticky mouth, thirst, decreased urine output, muscle weakness, dizziness and headaches. • Stay hydrated by drinking at least 2 cups (473 ml) of water 1 to 2 hours before working out. Drink 2 more cups (473 ml) 20 to 30 minutes before you start exercising. During your workout, drink 1/2 cup (118 ml) of water for every 15 minutes you exercise. 2. 2 Never gulp water during exercise. Gulping down large quantities of water can give you a relieved feeling; however, your body has a defense mechanism of causing vomiting if your stomach is too full. Drink water in steady sips during your workout. 3. 3 Eat a meal 1 to 2 hours before you workout. One of the largest causes of workout sickness is low blood sugar. If your body has already used up its stores of calories you may start to sweat more than usual, feel dizzy and nauseous and pass out. The best prevention is to ensure that you eat a meal of at least 300 calories, which includes protein and carbohydrates, before your workout. • If it is not possible for you to eat a meal a few hours before you workout, then eat a small carbohydrate-based snack and drink a protein shake after your workout. Carbohydrates are the fuel that is used during aerobic activity. Protein helps to rebuild the muscles after your workout. 4. 4 Do not exercise immediately after you have eaten. It is important to give your digestive system the time and energy to devote to digestion. If you do not, necessary fluids will be pulled away from your muscles and into your digestive tract. 5. 5 Drink a power drink, like Gatorade, during your workout, if you are prone to low blood sugar. Although fruit and sweet drinks have high levels of sugar, they can help to raise your blood sugar to safe levels and hydrate you. 6. 6 Avoid carbonated drinks before, during or after workouts. Carbonation or even excessive shaking of a water bottle can increase the amount of gas in your stomach after you drink. Drinking from a glass produces less gas than drinking from a water bottle. Part 2 Preventing Nausea during Exercise 1. 1 Don't close your eyes when you exercise. When you do abdominal crunches, floor exercise, yoga, pilates and weightlifting it is common for people to close their eyes and focus on the movement. Open your eyes and focus on the horizon so your body can better understand the movement, just as if you were motion sick in a car. 2. 2 Breathe slowly and consistently during weight training. Controlling your breathing can help to lower your blood pressure. A sharp rise in blood pressure can create the feeling of nausea and induce vomiting. • High blood pressure is especially a problem among weight lifters. Lifting heavy weights can cause an extreme hike in blood pressure. It is important to breathe as you lift and avoid doing too much at once. 3. 3 Reduce your bending. If you draw in a big breath and bend over, your stomach can get the feeling of being too full and induce vomiting. Squat instead of bending, if you are breathing heavily. 4. 4 Reduce your workout intensity, if you are at maximum heart rate. Overexertion often leads to exercise-induced vomiting. Prevent this by increasing your workouts incrementally, so that you stay between 70 and 85 percent of maximum heart rate. Community Q&A Add New Question • If I vomited after working out, because I gulped water too fast; can I still work out the next day, or should I wait until I am fully better? wikiHow Contributor You should go back to exercising as soon as you feel ready and up for it again. 60% of people said this answer helped them. Did it help you? Thanks! Ask a Question Tips • Always bring water with you when you work out, especially in hot climates. Working out in high heat can lead to heat exhaustion. The symptoms of heat exhaustion include muscle weakness, dizziness and vomiting. • Some workout nausea can be caused by anxiety. If you are training for a big event or basic-training, anxiety is a common reaction. Keep your workout levels low while you deal with the stress. Workout harder when you feel more mentally prepared. • Do not drink very cold water while exercising; it will cause you to vomit or feel nauseous. • If training early in the morning try to have a light snack i.e banana, grapes or strawberries. Exercising on an empty stomach can induce vomiting. • Don't be afraid to take breaks! There's a fine line between pushing yourself towards fitness and pushing yourself too much. Take a breather for a few minutes, then get back to it. Warnings • Visit your doctor if you are prone to blood sugar levels dropping. If you eat regularly and your blood sugar still drops, you can have a problem with hypoglycemia. Your doctor may want to check your insulin levels. Things You'll Need • Water • Gatorade • Food • Controlled breathing • Exercise training plan • Protein shake Article Info Categories: Personal Fitness In other languages: Español: evitar vomitar al hacer ejercicios, Italiano: Evitare di Rimettere Quando Ti Alleni, Português: Evitar Vomitar ao se Exercitar, Русский: избежать чувства тошноты во время тренировок, Deutsch: Übelkeit beim Sport verhindern Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 416,799 times. Did this article help you?	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
-- RIM Plans Middle Eastern Retail Push With Dubai Store Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM) , seeking to offset plunging U.S. sales, is preparing to open stores across the Middle East where local demand for its BlackBerry phones has held up better. The company is in the final stages of negotiating a lease on a flagship store of up to 1,500 square feet (140 square meters) in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates city-state known for its glitzy malls, said Sandeep Saihgal, managing director of RIM’s Middle East business. Stores with local partner Axiom Telecom are planned across the region, he said. “We’re getting the first one up and running and then we’ll be looking at other cities across the Middle East -- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar,” Saihgal said in an interview yesterday at RIM’s headquarters in Waterloo, Ontario, where he was visiting from his base in Dubai. While Americans are dumping their BlackBerrys for Apple Inc. (AAPL) ’s iPhone or Android devices, RIM is counting on first-time smartphone buyers across the Middle East, Africa and Asia to choose a BlackBerry. Helped by features like the free instant- messaging BlackBerry Messenger program, shipments in the Middle East and Africa more than doubled to 2.29 million units in the fourth quarter from a year earlier, outselling the iPhone by a margin of 4-to-1, IDC data show. Africa Next? RIM’s push into retail mimics the strategy of Apple, which is relying on its own stores around the world in addition to partners to sell its products. In February, RIM said it is planning about 4,000 outlets across Indonesia, including dedicated BlackBerry stores, store-in-stores and kiosks, a “proving ground” for an expansion across southeast Asia. The Middle East expansion will probably be followed by Africa, with RIM planning flagship stores in markets including Nairobi, Kenya, and Lagos, Nigeria , Patrick Spence , RIM’s global head of sales, said in the interview with Saihgal. To cater to local tastes, RIM plans to customize the look of its Middle Eastern stores with Axiom, which bills itself as the Middle East’s largest mobile-phone distributor. “The Middle East is different from Indonesia and what we need to do is a little bit different in terms of the experience we want to deliver,” Spence said. “We’re being very focused in terms of the countries and cities we’re doing it in, based on where the brand is and what we think we need to do.” RIM rose 0.9 percent to $13.05 at the close in New York . The stock has tumbled 76 percent over the past 12 months. To contact the reporter on this story: Hugo Miller in Toronto at hugomiller@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Peter Elstrom at pelstrom@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
fast_carpenter.summary.binned_dataframe module Summarize the data by producing binned and possibly weighted counts of the data. class fast_carpenter.summary.binned_dataframe.BinnedDataframe(name, out_dir, binning, weights=None, dataset_col=True, pad_missing=False, file_format=None, observed=False, weight_data=False)[source] Bases: object Produces a binned dataframe (a multi-dimensional histogram). def __init__(self, name, out_dir, binning, weights=None, dataset_col=False): Parameters: • binning (list[dict]) – A list of dictionaries describing the variables to bin on, and how they should be binned. Each of these dictionaries can contain the following: Parameter Default Description in The name of the attribute on the event to use. out same as in The name of the column to be filled in the output dataframe. bins None Must be either None or a dictionary. If a dictionary, it must contain one of the follow sets of key-value pairs: 1. nbins, low, high: which are used to produce a list of bin edges equivalent to: numpy.linspace(low, high, nbins + 1) 2. edges: which is treated as the list of bin edges directly. If set to None, then the input variable is assumed to already be categorical (ie. binned or discrete) • weights (str or list[str], dict[str, str]) – How to weight events in the output table. Must be either a single variable, a list of variables, or a dictionary where the values are variables in the data and keys are the column names that these weights should be called in the output tables. • file_format (str or list[str], dict[str, str]) – determines the file format to use to save the binned dataframe to disk. Should be either a) a string with the file format, b) a dict containing the keyword extension to give the file format and then all other keyword-argument pairs are passed on to the corresponding pandas function, or c) a list of values matching a) or b). • dataset_col (bool) – adds an extra binning column with the name for each dataset. • pad_missing (bool) – If False, any bins that don’t contain data are excluded from the stored dataframe. Leaving this False can save some disk-space and improve processing time, particularly if the bins are only very sparsely filled. • observed (bool) – If False bins in the dataframe will only be filled if their are datapoints contained within them. Otherwise, depending on the binning specification for each dimension, all bins for that dimension will be present. Use pad_missing: true to force all bins to be present. Other Parameters: • name (str) – The name of this stage (handled automatically by fast-flow) • out_dir (str) – Where to put the summary table (handled automatically by fast-flow) Raises: BadBinnedDataframeConfig – If there is an issue with the binning description. collector()[source] event(chunk)[source] merge(rhs)[source] class fast_carpenter.summary.binned_dataframe.Collector(filename, dataset_col, binnings, file_format)[source] Bases: object collect(dataset_readers_list, doReturn=True, writeFiles=True)[source] valid_ext = {'dta': 'stata', 'h5': 'hdf', 'msg': 'msgpack', 'p': 'pickle', 'pkl': 'pickle', 'xlsx': 'excel'} fast_carpenter.summary.binned_dataframe.combined_dataframes(dataset_readers_list, dataset_col, binnings=None)[source] fast_carpenter.summary.binned_dataframe.densify_dataframe(in_df, binnings)[source] fast_carpenter.summary.binned_dataframe.explode(df)[source] Based on this answer: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12680754/split-explode-pandas -dataframe-string-entry-to-separate-rows/40449726#40449726	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:1880. A Tramp Abroad.djvu/283 with that post-office appointment, Mr. Lykins, I'd advise you to ' put up at Gadsby's ' for a spell, and take it easy. Goodbye. God bless you!" So saying, Riley blandly turned on his heel and left the astonished school teacher standing there, a musing and motionless snow image shining in the broad glow of the street lamp. He never got that post-office. To go back to Lucerne and its fishers, I concluded, after about nine hours' waiting, that the man who proposes to tarry till he sees somebody hook one of those well-fed and experienced fishes will find it wisdom to "put up at Gadsby's" and take it easy. It is likely that a fish has not been caught on that lake pier for forty years; but no matter, the patient fisher watches his cork there all the day long, just the same, and seems to enjoy it. One may see the fisher-loafers just as thick and contented and happy and patient all along the Seine at Paris, but tradition says that the only thing ever caught there in modern times is a thing they don't fish for at all,—the recent dog and the translated cat.	WIKI
Human vision and function/Part 3: Vision in real life: case studies/3.2 Sam Sinclair Task 1 Your first task is to use the listed sites web-based resources on the previous page for material that describes “Cataract”. Use the following headings to guide your reading: * Definition of "Cataract" (with diagrams). ''You will find a lot of information that may go into too much detail. Please restrict yourself to general, broad information about senile cataracts only (look for FACT sheets). '' This means those cataracts that occur SIMPLY as a result of getting older. * Risk factors (apart from simply getting older!) * What is the most common form of treatment? (Find some simple diagrams). * What is the effect of cataract in terms of it’s capacity to cause blindness, throughout the world? (Hintː check the WHO website). * Consider the rates of surgery performed throughout the world, by looking at WHO data from 2004. Task 2 Scenario Youː * are the orthoptist working at a rural Victorian hospital * are employed in an ophthalmology clinic * both you and the ophthalmologist travel to this clinic once a month and stay for 1 week Samː * Sam Sinclair is a 75 year old * He has been referred for ophthalmic (eye) assessment following a recent eye examination by his optometrist * Sam is Nick's grandfather * Carefully read Sam Sinclair's referral letter. Make some notes for yourself about what you do and don't understand on the referral letter. Discuss with your group what additional information you need. Task 3 Consider the following questions with regards to Sam's case. Discuss each one in your group. 1. Was Sam's visual acuity normal? * a) Use a diagram, to describe his vision (for each eye) in terms of the visual angle subtended at the nodal point. 2. Are Sam’s concern about losing his licence valid? * Hintː Check the VicRoads website for information about minimum visual acuity for driving. 3. Sam has cataracts * a) Describe what a cataract is, based on your previous investigations from Task 1 above. * b) What is the treatment for cataract? * This video might help you to answer question 3. 4. Waiting list for surgery. When Sam sees the Orthoptist and Ophthalmologist they explain that the waiting list for cataract surgery is approximately 12 months, but suggest that if he can pay (out of his own pocket), for the first operation, he can wait for the other one to be done and pay nothing for that (as a public patient). * a) Try to find some estimates of costs for cataract surgery within the Melbourne metropolitan area. 5. Sam makes a decision. Sam decides that he can afford to pay for the first eye himself, so the Orthoptist makes an appointment for him to have an A-Scan (axial biometry), so that the power of the Intraocular lens (IOL) can be calculated. * a) What is an IOL? * b) Why is it necessary? * c) How is it used in cataract surgery? 6. What is the prevalence & treatment rate of cataract estimated to beː * a) In Australia? * b) How does this compare with other countries?	WIKI
James Kakalios James Kakalios enjoying a pipe and reading his book to his Emmy award The Physics of Superheroes: Spectacular Second Edition Fresh Air Underwater The most striking ability of Aquaman, as well as that of Marvel Comics Prince Namor, the Sub-Mariner, and all the other denizens of comic books’ many distinct underwater cities of Atlantis, is the ability to extract oxygen directly underwater. Without this superpower, there doesn’t seem to be much point to being a water-based superhero. It turns out that this is the one special power that requires the smallest miracle exception from the laws of nature. Why shouldn’t Aquaman breath through water — after all, we do! Everyone knows that drowning results when the lungs fill up with water. What is less commonly recognized is that normal breathing would be impossible without a small amount of water in the lungs. Fresh air comes in through the nose, and travels down the bronchial tube, where it is warmed to the body’s temperature and pre moistened. In fact, the air has to be at 100 percent relative humidity as it moves down the ever more finely branching tubes on its way to the alveoli — small little spherical buds where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. These pockets are roughly 0.1 to 0.3 mm in diameter, smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. On the other side of the walls of the alveolar bud are the capillaries — very narrow blood vessels in which plasma and red blood cells flow to drop off carbon dioxide molecules and pick up oxygen molecules on their way to the heart. The capillaries are narrow for the same reason that the alveolar spheres are so small — to maximize the ratio of surface area to volume. Since the gas exchange takes place only through the walls of the alveoli and the capillaries, the more surface area there is, the more regions there are for possible gas diffusion to occur. There has to be some transition for these gas molecules between the interior of the alveol i— which are connected through the bronchial tubes to the outside world — and the capillaries that carry the blood. This is provided by a thin coating of water on the interior of the alveolar surface. This water layer facilitates the transfer of gases by ensuring that the inner cell walls of the alveoli do not become dried out by direct contact with air, which would cause them to lose their functionality. Only after it is has dissolved from the gas phase to the liquid phase can an oxygen molecule diffuse through the two cell walls and get picked up by speeding red blood cells. The alveoli can be considered air bubbles in water, and we could not breathe without (a little) water in our lungs, though, just as so often in life, too much of something turns a necessity lethal. Aquaman, who lacks the gills of a fish that facilitate our finny friends’ oxygen extraction directly from the surrounding water, must have some sort of super power adaptation that enables him to continue breathing even when completely underwater. But even this very thin water layer in the alveoli should be physically capable of causing asphyxiation. The same physics responsible for glistening dewdrops should produce acute shortness of breath, or worse. The magnitude of surface tension in the water layer is sufficient to cause the small alveolar buds to close up entirely, so that even deep breaths would not be enough to provide the necessary pressure to drive the oxygen molecules into the bloodstream. What saves us from choking on an amount of water that could not fully fill a thimble? Soap! Surface tension is the name given to the pulling force that results from the attraction of molecules in the fluid (let’s say water) to each other. Such an attractive force must of course exist — or else the atoms or molecules in the liquid would fly away from each other as they return to the vapor state. For most liquids, this force is a relatively weak electrostatic cling (called the van der Waals attraction) that arises from fluctuating charge distributions in the molecule. The force can’t be too strong, for the water molecules must be able to move past each other and flow through hoses or fill up the volume of a container in exactly the manner that a solid doesn’t. We’ll discuss van der Waals later on, when we consider the physics that enables gecko lizards and Spider- Man to climb up walls and across ceilings This attractive force tends to pull the water molecules equally in all directions— it is not stronger in the up- down direction than it is in the left- right direction. For water molecules in the middle of a liquid, the pull is balanced on all sides. A molecule on the surface of the liquid only feels an attractive pull from the water molecules beneath it, as the air above does not exert an upward attractive pull. These surface molecules therefore experience a net downward pull that curls the water into a perfectly spherical drop in the absence of gravity. For water on a blade of grass at dawn, condensing from the atmosphere owing to the lower temperatures in the absence of sunlight, the water adheres to the surface of the grass, and surface tension curves the top layer of the morning dew into a hemisphere. This curved surface of water acts as a lens, concentrating the early-morning sun’s rays and accounting for the glistening light of dawn before the sun rises higher in the sky and the more intense sunlight evaporates the water droplets. This tendency of water to curve is less charming when it forces the walls of our alveoli to constrict, requiring extreme pressures to keep the air buds open. When faced with the problem of decreasing the surface tension in alveolian water in the development of our physiology, natural selection chose the same solution we employ when washing our clothing. The cells in the alveolar walls generate a substance known as “pulmonary surfactant.” The first term just refers to the lungs, while a “surfactant” is a long, skinny molecule with different chemical groups at either end. Electrostatic interactions result in one end of this molecule being attracted to the charge distributions in water molecules, while the other end is repelled by those same charges. If the long skinny molecule is fairly rigid, like a spine, then a large collection of such molecules will orient themselves so that all of the regions that are repelled by water are pointing in one direction (typically where there is a low concentration of water), while those ends that are attracted to water will extend into the fluid. The region where the surfactant molecules can satisfy both ends at the same time is at the water- air interface, with the water-attracting end inserted into the water and the water- avoiding end protruding out into the air. In such a configuration, the surfactant interferes with the water- water bonding at the surface of the water layer. This reduces the cohesive force between water molecules that was the source of the surface tension. Without pulmonary surfactants, the alveoli — essentially air bubbles in water — are unable to effectively facilitate gas exchange with the bloodstream. These crucial surfactants do not develop in the fetus until late in gestation, which is why premature babies may suffer from respiratory distress syndrome, an often-fatal condition prior to the development of effective artificial surfactants. A moment ago I referred to the reason why surface tension arising from even a thin layer of water in the lungs does not kill us as “soap.” While not technically correct, in that pulmonary surfactants are not soaps, the converse is true, in that soaps are surfactants, with water-attracting and water-repelling chemical groups at either end of long skinny, chain-like molecules. Soap helps one clean up by reducing the surface tension of water, so that it can make direct contact with the dirt. That is, surfactants make water wetter, and help us breathe easy as well.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Sand Between Their Toes, and Blades on Their Feet GEORGE TOWN, Cayman Islands — After trading long Canadian winters for the perpetual summer of this luxurious Caribbean tax haven, Bill Messer was content to enjoy the soft sands and warm waters of island living. The only thing he really missed was hockey. So in 2003, when he saw a television report about the nascent World Pond Hockey Championship, he began plotting a strategy to get a team from his adopted home ready to play in his native country, Canada. The initial response to his inquiry, however, felt like a cold slap in the face. The tournament organizer, Danny Braun, warned Messer in an email that it was frigid up in Canada and that hockey was a very fast, very rough game. As he read the email, Messer said, he realized that he had not made it clear to Braun that he was Canadian. “He thinks I’m Caymanian,” Messer said, laughing as he relived the moment inside a restaurant across from Grand Cayman’s famous Seven Mile Beach. Braun remembers his initial reaction well. “I had a bit of a chuckle thinking this was going to be like the movie ‘Cool Runnings,’ about the Jamaican bobsled team,” he said in a telephone interview. Once Messer clarified that he had once played Senior A hockey in Saskatchewan, Braun opened the door for the Cayman Islands to become the first team from the Caribbean to enter the pond hockey tournament, held annually in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, a village of a little more than 1,000 residents about 50 miles east of Presque Isle, Maine. What began in 2002 as a way for Braun to raise money for a new recreation center in his community has grown into a sprawling international event. Twenty games will go on at once on Roulston Lake, with the scaled-down teams playing on scaled-down rinks. More than 100 teams will take part this year, and although Puerto Rico and Bermuda have sent teams in the past, the Cayman Breakaway are the region’s experienced hands at on-ice international relations. When the puck drops on Thursday, it will be the team’s 13th straight appearance in the event. The seemingly unlikely hockey outfit has been among the top 32 playoff teams on three occasions and has a winning record over all. Throughout the years, the Breakaway have become media darlings, and the gifts they bring from home — chiefly rum and rum cake — have made them popular with the other teams that venture to Plaster Rock. In 2003, Messer faced long odds. The founder of an asset-management firm, Messer, now 55, had to find teammates. And ice. There was — and still is — no ice rink on Grand Cayman. Over rum and cokes, Messer first recruited his friend Norm Klein, 53, a lawyer who had played peewee hockey with the N.H.L. Hall of Famer Ron Francis in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The two then created a short list to fill out the roster. “When we first put this together, one of the criteria we had was that we had to be Cayman based,” Messer said. “Otherwise, it would be bogus.” Some potential players were too old; some were too fat. Another was ruled out because his wife would not let him go. “It’s not about ability, it’s about commitment,” Klein said. “Got a wife? Kids? That might be a problem. You’re 2,000 miles away. Are you prepared to commit to this?” Commitment was necessary from the very beginning. Hurricane Ivan struck Grand Cayman in September 2004, flooding the island, submerging homes and knocking out power. “Both Bill and I were unable to live in our houses while they were rebuilt for the next six to 12 months,” Klein said. Klein tried in-line skating to keep his legs in shape, but it was not the same. The team needed to find ice, and needed it fast. Among the original recruits was Joe Stasiuk, 57, from Toronto, a consultant to the energy and aluminum industries who played some Junior B hockey with Wayne Gretzky. He was put in charge of finding the ice, an undertaking that meant looking 600 miles to the north in Florida. The stars suddenly aligned. A lockout that wiped out the 2004-5 N.H.L. season left behind a thirst for hockey. “We came in at the right time for a novelty story,” Messer said. Rounding out the current five-man roster (one player can be used as an injury replacement) are Tim Derksen, 47, a partner with accounting firm Deloitte, who was a fast, defensive center in the AAA midget league in Manitoba; and Darren Lawrence, 42, a partner at an accounting firm chartered in New Brunswick and a former Junior B player who spent time on a line with Joe Thornton of the San Jose Sharks. The team got Cayman Airways on board as a sponsor. The airline promised to fly the players, at no cost, to the Tampa Bay Lightning’s practice site to train for six weekends leading up to the tournament. The first time they showed up at the practice site, they were met with laughter. They were given unfavorable practice times — 11 p.m. or 6 a.m. — but that was just another obstacle to overcome. There were more hardships ahead. Throughout the years, two players who are no longer with the team went through divorces. Messer’s wife, Eleanor, died of cancer in 2015. And then there is the march of time and the pull of gravity. Overweight and showing their age, team members have instituted yearly weigh-ins to hold one another to account. Their preparation is based on the fear of embarrassing themselves on the ice, though that is rare. Indeed, it is the opposition that is sometimes embarrassed, as a young squad from the Netherlands found out firsthand one year in a loss to the Cayman Breakaway. “They were just beside themselves,” Klein recalled. “How do you play the Cayman Islands and lose? And we had years on these guys. Only later did they find out that we were from Ontario, Manitoba or Saskatchewan. That made them feel better.” By 2006, the Breakaway were a feel-good story in a sport still recovering from the N.H.L. lockout. The team donated a jersey for display in the Hockey Hall of Fame, and players attended the ceremony in Toronto. They see their quasi-celebrity status as a chance to build up the sport in the Cayman Islands, where N.H.L. games are regularly shown in sports bars and roller-hockey and ball-hockey programs have been in place since the 1980s. “We’re trying to promote the game,” Klein said. “This is not just a bunch of old guys living their dream.” Christine Maltman, Klein’s wife, successfully pitched a fund-raising idea, incorporating a weekend hockey camp, to the Lightning. Three dozen youngsters from the Cayman Islands took the ice in 2011 with the former N.H.L. players Dave Andreychuk and Brian Bradley. They were also treated to a postgame meet-and-greet with the Lightning’s captain at the time, Vinny Lecavalier. While hockey has been making inroads in warmer climes — Auston Matthews, picked first over all in the 2016 draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs, grew up in Arizona — no one is expecting a star to come directly out of the Cayman Islands anytime soon. But that does not mean that potential N.H.L. talent cannot start out in the islands. Lawrence moved his family back to Canada so that his son Josh, then 6, could trade roller hockey for the real thing after showing professional potential. “We wanted to move back before he would start to miss out on the key development ages for hockey,” Lawrence said. Josh, 15, is now attracting the attention of coaches and scouts while playing at a hockey academy at South Kent School in Connecticut. He is considering how best to further his career and is projected to be a future N.H.L. draft pick. “He is trying to decide if the Quebec Major Junior League or the N.C.A.A. is the right way to go for him,” Lawrence said. Though Lawrence still plays with the Breakaway despite his return to Canada, the rest of the team has stayed put with members having spent more than 20 years in the Cayman Islands. “This is home,” said Klein, who has a teenage daughter and son. But for one week a year, home is a sheet of Canadian ice under their feet. With a splash of rum.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
What Is The Service Life Of The Plug Power Strip? Every plug power strip has a life cycle. Generally speaking, the use number of plugs of a socket cannot be less than 4000 times. In other words, a qualified power strip must can at least 4,000 mating cycles. Therefore, you can use a power strip for about five to ten years if it is not used very frequently. multi outlet power strip Will a better quality electrical plug power strip be more durable? Of course, a normal outlet power strip has a lifespan of about 5-10 years, but it is not necessarily. The service life of the power strip is also closely related to its quality. You can use high-quality power strips for about 10-15 years and use poor-quality ones for 2 to 3 years. In general, the power strip with guaranteed quality will achieve the best results through various experiments during the production process, such as plug-in experiments, overload experiments, short-circuit experiments, and extensive surge experiments. At the same time, it needs to meet the national safety standards, and the quality can be more guaranteed. If you choose a poor-quality product, its service life is very uncertain. Qualified multi-outlet power strip internal conductors are stamped from one-piece copper bar design as a whole and neatly arranged. There is no welding between adjacent slots, which can ensure the best conductive performance. At the same time, the reed is in close contact with the plug, which can also extend the service life. The shell use drop-resistant ABS material or flame-retardant PC material, which can also more effectively improve the durability of the power board. If you want your multi plug power strip to last long, the following five points will help you. 1. Do not plug in high-power electrical equipment, which will make the power strip very easy to overload. 2. Avoid frequent insertion and insertion. Because frequent insertion and removal will cause the copper contacts inside. 3. Forbidden use of an indoor power strip outdoors. 4. never plug a power strip into another power strip. 5. Pay attention to whether there are water droplets in the socket hole to prevent water from entering the socket and causing danger unique-power-strip-tower-design-save-more-desktop-space As long as the plug power strip is used way correctly, then there is no problem with using a power strip for 5-10 years. It should also note that if the contact is often poor, you should replace the plug if it becomes hot and discolored. Avoid fire due to excessive contact resistance. About author About author Hello, I’m Lisa Liu, the author of this article and the general manager of Jeostorm. I have been engaged in power strip foreign trade sales for more than 21 years, and I am very familiar with power strip products and the market. I like to share my knowledge of power strip to our company's website, hope this article can help you. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
List of Houston highways This is a list of highways in the Houston–The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area. Future * Red Bluff Freeway - planned from State Highway 146 southeast of Houston to Beltway 8. Only frontage roads have been built. * - Sections A, B, and C of the Grand Parkway are in various stages of the planning process. * - south-southeast of downtown. The mainlanes planned to be built from its present terminus near University Drive (adjacent to the University of Houston) to south of Beltway 8. * - The Fort Bend Tollway is planned to eventually be extended from its northern terminus at US 90A to the southwest corner of the 610 Loop. * - The Hardy Toll Road has a proposal to be extended from its southern terminus at the North Loop to Downtown Houston. * - The Fort Bend section of the Westpark Tollway, known as the Fort Bend Westpark Tollway, will eventually be extended west to the growing suburb of Fulshear. It will then turn north and end at IH-10 around Pederson Road. Present * Allen Parkway - Between I-45 and Shepherd Drive, a distance of 2.3 miles (3.7 km), Allen Parkway is a limited access parkway. * Grand Parkway - Parts of section D (south of the Westpark Tollway) are now being brought up to full freeway standards. * Memorial Drive - From Houston Street to just west of Shepherd Drive, a distance of 2.3 miles (3.7 km), Memorial Drive is a limited-access parkway with exits at Heights Blvd./Waugh Drive and Shepherd Drive. * U.S. Highway 90 Alternate — South Main Street — south-southwest of downtown from I-610 to near the Southwest Freeway. * - From the Harris-Fort Bend county line to the Harris-Montgomery county line for a total distance of 75 miles. Interstate 69 will travel from the U.S.–Mexico border in Brownsville, TX to the U.S.–Canada border in Port Huron, MI when completed in the future. US 59 travels from the U.S.–Mexico border in Laredo, TX to the U.S.–Canada border near Lancaster, MN. 35 miles of US 59 have been designated and dual signed as I-69/US 59 northeast of Downtown Houston. 28 miles of US 59 have been designated and dual signed as I-69/US 59 southwest of Downtown Houston. 12 miles of US 59 have been designated and dual signed as I-69/US 59 through Downtown Houston.	WIKI
Virtual sticks are created to simulate a radio controller that controls the channels of the aircraft directly from the computer. In the stick display, there are four icons and their function are: 1. Return the stick to the centre 2. Activate/Deactivate the virtual stick 3. Move the stick in the X direction in a sinusoidal way 4. Move the stick in the Y direction in a sinusoidal way Stick Display Configuration Last two are normally used in order to test the stick or servos. If the Stick is not active it will make no effect on the system. Activate it by clicking on the second icon (some waves will appear near the icon and the stick will be actived). In order to deactivate it, only click on the antenna icon one more time. Joystick Configuration MenuStick Configuration Menu ItemDescription ChannelSelect which channel is controlled by each axis. Axis ScaleScale to show in the axis of the stick. Endpoint Min & MaxEstablish the minimum and maximum values reached by the stick. Frequency MinSets the minimum quantity of messages sent when there is no movement. Frequency MaxSets the maximum quantity of messages that can be sent. Return centreWhen it is selected the stick automatically returns to middle position on stick release. Configure JoystickConfigure external USB joystick for camera control. Stick Configuration Elements	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Foot and heel pain help Sponsored 323603_01 Foot and heel pain are extremely common yet there is much misinformation about these conditions often leading to misdiagnosis, resulting in incorrect or inappropriate treatment. One of Australia’s most experienced foot, knee and leg pain experts and Musculoskeletal Podiatrists, Dr Paul Dowie from Foot and Leg Pain Clinics, who provided some insight. “Foot and leg pain needs to be diagnosed and managed correctly by determining the contributing factors, not by only addressing symptoms. Most foot and leg pain is musculoskeletal in nature so even your local GP, orthotist and general podiatrist may not have the specific training and experience in lower limb musculoskeletal medicine to effectively manage foot and leg pain, injury and degenerative conditions,” he explained. With over 25 years’ experience in lower limb musculoskeletal medicine, Dr Dowie explains that ‘Plantar Fasciitis’ is one of the most commonly misdiagnosed foot complaints. This can occur when tissue thickening evident on diagnostic scans is misinterpreted as inflammation, leading to incorrectly prescribed treatments such as anti-inflammatories and cortisone injections. In such cases these can result in worsening the condition. “There are many different types and causes of foot pain but the most common occurs when the plantar fascia (connective tissues running along the bottom of the foot) becomes overloaded, resulting in degeneration of the tissues and/or irritation of the nerves. These conditions are commonly misdiagnosed as inflammatory conditions when they are NOT inflammatory in nature. Most foot and heel pain is a result of faulty foot function or lower limb biomechanics and environmental factors, and that is what needs to be treated – not inflammation. We need to treat the cause, not the symptom and accurately assess the nature of each condition to achieve long-term healing. Degenerative and inflammatory conditions require very different treatment, so they must not be confused,” Dr Dowie added. If you’d like expert advice about any foot, knee or leg pain, you can book an appointment with Dr Dowie at his Foot and Leg Pain Clinic in Williamstown. Call 1300 328 300.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
• en Error Handling Exceptions One way of handling errors in OCaml is exceptions. The standard library relies heavily upon them. Exceptions belong to the type exn (an extensible sum type): exception Foo of string let i_will_fail () = raise (Foo "ohnoes!") Here, we add a variant Foo to the type exn, and create a function that will raise this exception. Now, how do we handle exceptions? The construct is try ... with ...: let safe_inverse n = try Some (1/n) with Division_by_zero -> None let safe_list_find p l = try Some (List.find p l) with Not_found -> None We can try those functions: # 1/0;; Exception: Division_by_zero. # safe_inverse 2;; - : int option = Some 0 # safe_inverse 0;; - : int option = None # List.find (fun x->x mod 2 =0) [1;3;5] Exception: Not_found. # safe_find (fun x->x mod 2 =0) [1;3;4;5] - : int option = Some 4 # safe_find (fun x->x mod 2 =0) [1;3;5] - : int option = None The biggest issue with exceptions is that they do not appear in types. One has to read the documentation to see that, indeed, Map.S.find or List.hd are not total functions, and that they might fail. It is considered good practice nowadays, when a function can fail in cases that are not bugs (i.e., not assert false, but network failures, keys not present, etc.) to return a more explicit type such as 'a option or ('a, 'b) result. A relatively common idiom is to have such a safe version of the function, say, val foo : a -> b option, and an exception raising version val foo_exn : a -> b. Documentation Functions that can raise exceptions should be documented like this: val foo : a -> b (** foo does this and that, here is how it works, etc. @raise Invalid_argument if a doesn't satisfy blabla @raise Sys_error if filesystem is not happy ) Stacktraces To get a stacktrace when a unhandled exception makes your program crash, you need to compile the program in "debug" mode (with -g when calling ocamlc, or -debug when calling ocamlbuild). Then: OCAMLRUNPARAM=b ./myprogram [args] And you will get a stacktrace. Alternatively, you can call, from within the program, let () = Printexc.record_backtrace true Printing To print an exception, the module Printexc comes in handy. For instance, the following function notify_user : (unit -> 'a) -> 'a can be used to call a function and, if it fails, print the exception on stderr. If stacktraces are enabled, this function will also display it. let notify_user f = try f() with e -> let msg = Printexc.to_string e and stack = Printexc.get_backtrace () in Printf.eprintf "there was an error: %s%s\n" msg stack; raise e OCaml knows how to print its builtin exception, but you can also tell it how to print your own exceptions: exception Foo of int let () = Printexc.register_printer (function \| Foo i -> Some (Printf.sprintf "Foo(%d)" i) \| _ -> None ( for other exceptions *) ) Each printer should take care of the exceptions it knows about, returning Some <printed exception>, and return None otherwise (let the other printers do the job!). Result type Since OCaml 4.03, the stdlib contains the following type (can also be found in the retrocompatibility package result, on opam): type ('a, 'b) result = \| Ok of 'a \| Error of 'b A value Ok x means that the computation succeeded with x, and a value Error e means that it failed. Pattern matching can be used to deal with both cases, as with any other sum type. The advantage here is that a function a -> b that fails can be modified so its type is a -> (b, error) result, which makes the failure explicit. The error case e in Error e can be of any type ( the 'b type variable), but a few possible choices are: • exn, in which case the result type just makes exceptions explicit. • string, where the error case is a message that indicates what failed. • string lazy_t or Sexplib.Sexp.t lazy_t (used in JaneStreet's Core library), a more elaborate form of error message that is only evaluated if printing is required. • some polymorphic variant, with one case per possible error. This is very accurate (each error can be dealt with explicitely and occurs in the type) but the use of polymorphic variants sometimes make error messages hard to read. For easy combination of functions that can fail, many libraries (rresult, containers, core, batteries, etc.) provide lots of useful combinators on the result type: map, >>=, etc.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
USMNT beats Panama for major step toward securing World Cup berth ORLANDO One more win would clinch a World Cup place for the United States after Jozy Altidore and Christian Pulisic spearheaded a vital 4-0 victory over Panama at Orlando City Stadium on Friday night. Pulisic, just 19 but already the team's most exciting and accomplished player, eased U.S. nerves with a rapid burst forward followed by a clinical finish in the eighth minute, then set up Altidore for the second 11 minutes later. Altidore added a third with a cheeky chipped penalty just before halftime, while Bobby Wood iced it with a comfortable finish after finding space in the box on 63 minutes. Defeat would have left the U.S. on the brink of elimination and even a tie would have raised serious concerns that its streak of seven straight World Cup appearance could come to an end. Instead, three points against Trinidad and Tobago on Tuesday will guarantee head coach Bruce Arena's side one of the three automatic qualifying spots offered by the CONCACAF region. Arena was understandably upbeat and described his team as well positioned now hopefully to get the third spot. It was great, Arena added. The first goal in this game was going to be important. To get it early and put Panama under pressure ... got us into the game. Pulisic was the mastermind behind most of the United States' dangerous attacks and wasted no time in making his impact felt. The opening score came when he collected an Altidore pass and charged goalwards, rounded Panama goalkeeper Jaime Penedo and slotted the ball home from a tight angle. The Borussia Dortmund youngster's horizontal pass to Altidore for the second was inch perfect, and then Wood started to also make his mark. Wood, whose late equalizer in Honduras last month saved the team from an even more nervous plight, won the penalty for the third goal, then smashed home the fourth with effortless composure. The U.S. was in such control that Arena pulled off Pulisic in the 57th minute, resting him for Tuesday. Altidore also made way with 20 minutes left, to be replaced by Clint Dempsey, by which point the crowd was rocking, the scoreboard and the points table both told a happy message, and the World Cup was suddenly within reach once more.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
User:Javed ahamad/sandbox Chef Javed commenced his culinary journey at the ripe old age of 19 years right from the bottom of the ladder, and in 15 years, through sheer hard work and innovation, he has reached a level that few in his chosen field do. His learning started in India where he was recognized for his efforts with the Gold Award for the Nestle Young star of the year. Chef Javed then worked and trained with a variety of noted chefs in india as well in international way through various restaurants like Rang Mahal and Song Of India before taking up his current role at Punjab grill. His 12 years in Singapore have probably made him the premier exponent of creating unique Indian dishes for the Singaporean palate. He is credited with introducing a variety of firsts to the Singapore market – including Singapore’s first Indian style champagne brunch, the first Ayurveda based menu and a variety of other themed menus. He has a unique grasp on Indian as well as International cui sines and his special skills lie in making Indian dishes with unique ingredients. His creation of the unique Tandoori Foie-Gras made it to I S Magazine’s list of 50 things to eat before you die. His con stant thirst for learning and perfecting has helped him and Punjab Grill win a variety of awards and accolades from a variety of sources like restaurant association of Singapore, Time Out, Wine&Dine Magazine, Wine and Cuisine Asia, Peak Magazine, Sphere Culinary Challenge to name just a few. For Chef Javed “ Life is an ever changing journey of learning and creating “ and he has just started his journey.	WIKI
Talk:Electoral district of King (South Australia) Article creation premature? Until the ALP supreme court challenge to the redistribution has occurred, is the creation of the article premature? Timeshift (talk) 07:55, 1 March 2017 (UTC) * [Declaration of interest: I created the article] Even the ALP is doing preselection for it. I'm not sure what possible outcomes there are from the Supreme Court, beside throwing out the appeal. If the action is upheld, and the Boundaries Commission is sent back to do it all again, there's a chance they will still end up with a district of King in roughly that area. If not, then the article can go through a deletion process if it turns out to be fiction with no interesting aspects. At the moment, the only "speculation" in the article is "... will be contested for the first time at the 2018 state election." We have articles about the 2018 election and the list of candidates for it, well before the writs have been issued and the nominations closed, so it seems reasonable to also have articles for the electorates. I expect less edits required for the electorates than for the candidate list. If the election doesn't occur, we have bigger problems! --Scott Davis Talk 10:24, 1 March 2017 (UTC)	WIKI
Yvette Alt, Jeremy Miller Yvette Camilla Alt, the daughter of Maureen and George Alt of Northbrook, Ill., is to be married today to Dr. Jeremy Charles Miller, a son of Rabbi Avis D. Miller and Ralph E. Miller of Chevy Chase, Md. Rabbi Herschel Berger will officiate at the Hotel Intercontinental in Chicago. The bride, 30, is the director of public and community affairs and an associate director of the Washington office of the United Jewish Communities, a national philanthropic organization. She is a cum laude graduate of Harvard and received a master's degree in international relations from the London School of Economics, where she is now a doctoral candidate. She also holds a postgraduate diploma in Jewish studies from Oxford University. The bride's father is the senior partner in Hutton, Nelson & McDonald, an accounting firm in Oakbrook Terrace, Ill. Her mother is an agent with Northbrook Travel.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Jugglers (TV series) Jugglers is a 2017 South Korean television series starring Baek Jin-hee, Choi Daniel, Kang Hye-jung and Lee Won-keun. It aired on KBS2 from December 4, 2017 to January 23, 2018, every Monday and Tuesday at 22:00 (KST) for 16 episodes. Synopsis A secretary with a passive and obedient personality meets a boss who is completely uninterested in others and has no consideration for them. Main * Baek Jin-hee as Jwa Yoon-yi (29 years old), Chi-won's secretary who is skilled in assisting and supporting her superiors. She is quick to adapt and knows how to get by in any situation. * Choi Daniel as Nam Chi-won (36 years old), the director of a media company who is completely uninterested in others and has no consideration for them, but somehow always ends up getting attention from women. * Kang Hye-jung as Wang Jeong-ae (37 years old), a mother who returns to the workforce after fifteen years as a full-time housewife. * Lee Won-keun as Hwangbo Yul (28 years old), the director of sports business department who was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. Supporting * Cha Joo-young as Ma Bo-na (29 years old) * Jung Hye-in as Park Kyung-rye (29 years old) * In Gyo-jin as Managing Director Jo Sang-moo (44 years old) * In Gyo-jin as himself (Cameo appearance, ep. 16) * Kim Chang-wan as Vice President Do Tae-geun (61 years old) * Moon Ji-hoo as Min Deul-re Video division * Jung Sung-ho as Director Gong Yoo (42 years old) * Jung Soo-young as Moon Soon-yeong (34 years old) * Kim Ki-bang as Park Chi-soo (33 years old) * Song Ji-ho as Go Myung-suk (28 years old) Sports division * Cha Soon-bae as General Manager Baek Soon-bae (45 years old) * Park Kyung-hye as Goo Kye-young (30 years old) * Shin Min-kyung as Go Si-won (26 years old) * Kim Se-rin as Joo Pan-mi (22 years old) People around Yoon-yi * Min Jin-woong as Woo Chang-soo (32 years old), Yoon-yi's ex-boyfriend. * Hong Kyung as Jwa Tae-yi (21 years old), Yoon-yi's younger brother. * Lee Ji-ha as Kang Soon-deok (54 years old), Yoon-yi's mother. * Ripon as arnob (23 Year old), he is a handsome man every woman like him. Extended * Choi Dae-chul as Director Bong Jang-woo * Jung Joon-won as Park Gun-woo, Jeong-ae's son * Cha Joo-young as Ma Bo-na * Kim Soo-yeon as Wang Mi-ae, Jeong-ae's younger sister * Seo Eun-woo as Do Do-hee, Chi-won's ex-wife and Do Tae-geun's daughter * Jeon Joon-ho as Park Joon-pyo, Jeong-ae's husband Cameo appearances * Sung Hoon as Kyung-jun, Yoon-yi's ex-boyfriend. * Hwang Seung-eon as Secretary Kang * Alberto Mondi as Henry * Jung Young-joo as Bong's wife * Choi Yeo-jin as CEO's secretary * Yoo Ji-tae as Choi Kang-woo Production * The male lead role was first offered to Yoon Kyun-sang, but declined. * The series marks Choi Daniel's first acting project after his military service, as well as Kang Hye-jung's first TV series in five years. * The first script reading of the cast was held at a resort in Incheon which took two days and one night.	WIKI
Coxen Hole Stadium Coxen Hole Stadium also known as Estadio Julio Galindo is a football stadium in Coxen Hole, Roatan, Honduras. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home stadium of Arsenal F.C. (Honduras). The stadium has a maximum capacity of 2,000 people.	WIKI
User:BlakeMobilesIsBack Hello, I am back! Mainly fixing typos and doing other stuff. Check out my old accounts here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BlakeMobiles https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BlakeMobiles2 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BlakeMobilesReturns https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BlakeMobilesAgain https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:BlakeMobilesAgainAgain https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NoName4949 Future accounts if I (somehow) get blocked: HahahandFan HahahandFanIsBack HahahandFanReturns HahahandFanIsNowBack HahahandFanNoName4949	WIKI
Category:Modi family For the descendants and close relatives of Gujarmal Modi (1902-1976), Indian industrialist and co-founder of the Modi Group.	WIKI
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 40 Part 1.djvu/1357 SIXTY—FIFTH CONGRESS. Sess. III. C11. 124. 1919. 1339 For extra pay of one teamster (engineer soldier), employed in the department of practical mihtary e@eering, in connection with the water supply and on works 0 construction, at 35 cents per day, $127.75. _ For ay of one regimental sergeant major, Infant, $864: Pro- m§§${m°°m s°'g°°°° veiled, That the enlisted man in the headquarters United States Qlgmgggbs md ,m_ Corps of Cadets, (performing that duty has the rank, pay, and allow- mis. q ances of that gra e. For extra pay of thirty-eight noncommissioned omcers (engineers, artillerymen, and cavalrymen) as assistant instructors of cadets at 50 cents each per day, $6,935. For pay of one sergeant, senior grade, $900. B ar Fo? 2%} of 0116 l)8tt&li0I1 Sergeant, major, Infgnuy, $768; Pro. '°¤ S°'8°¤¤t vided, hat the enlisted man at head uarters, United States Mili— A{°”,§’g,_;d,,my mg tary Academy, performing that duty stliall have the rank, pay, and quarters. allowance of that grade. d Fo;1§t1§) pay 0 one Erst sergeant (cavalryman), at 50 cents per a, . . For extra pay of one ordnance soldier, in charge of machine gums, at 50 cents per day, $156.50. A For pay of four sergeants (Coast Artillery) to be used as assistant noncommissioned instructors of cadets and for the p1n·pose of military administration, to be attached to the United States Military Academy detachment of Field Artillery, $1,824. For additional pay of rated men (two plotters and two observers, 51sPt clasp), $4l00. F f h f P M h ay 0 civi 'ans: or pay 0 one teac er o music, $1,800. “Y.° 'f°°S· f 1For pay of seven clerks in the office of the quartermaster, as •¢l$.‘uSlct°°°h°r’c]°Ik’ 0 ows: One chief clerk, $1,800. . One clerk, $1,500. Two clerks, at $1,400 each, $2,800. Two clerks, at $1,200 each, $2,400. One clerk and stenographer, $1,200. For ay of nine clerks and stenographers emplo ed at headquarters, Unitedp States Military Academy, ni the offices of the superintendent and adjutant, as follows: One chief clerk, $1,800. One clerk, $1,500. Four clerks, at $1,400 each, $5,600. Two clerks, at $1,000 each, $2,000. One clerk, $1,000. For pay of one clerk of the treasurer, $1,800. For pay of one clerk and stenographer in the office of the commandant of cadets, $1,200. · For ay of two civilian instructors of French, to be employed Ci'w°¤ i¤$¢¤¤<‘*¤¤· under tlhe rules prescribed by the Secretary of War, at $2,000 each, $4,000. For ay of two civilian instructors of Spanish, to be employed under the rules prescribed by the Secretary of War, at $2,000 each, $4,000. For pay of two expert civilian instructors in fencing, broadsword exercises, and other military gymnastics as may be required to perfect this part of the trainin of cadets, $3,000. For pay of one proiassional civilian instructor in military gymnastics, fencing, boxing, wrestling, and swimmmg, $1,500. For pay of two expert assistant civilian instructors in military gymnastics, fencing, boxing, wrestling, and swimming, $4,000; Pro- emma. t al vuléd, That these civilian instructors employed in the department of gogilirtm ° °" ` modern languages and the department of tactics shall be entitled to	WIKI
Page:Notes and Queries - Series 10 - Volume 11.djvu/613 10 S. XL JUNE 26, t 909.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 505 lived, but it is probable that he resided at Broadfield Hall, in the adjoining parish. W. B. GEBISH. Bishop's Stortford. BELTON EPITAPHS. The following epi- taphs, all of which appear in the churchyard of Belton, near Doncaster, are perhaps worthy of a place in ' N. & Q.' I have seen them all frequently, but am indebted to the Rev. R. Walker, the vicar of the parish, for copies. The first is to the memory of a young bricklayer who was killed by falling from a scaffold : Utifort'nate youth who wrought in brick and lime, And call'd away in life's meridian Prime ; By sudden fall, from Wife & Friends was toni Now left behind thy harder Fate to mourn : Reader be warn'd, thy souls concerns attend Regard the call, thy life as soon may end. The other two are on women : All her days she labour'd hard While by death she was cut down in the yard So with toil her days are past we say But in one moment she was eall'd away And left us all to fret behind We hope with Jesus rest to find Mourn not for me the change was sudden But strive to meet your Lord in heaven So Husband prepare children and Readers to For the same sad awfull fate may happen you Repept [sic] in time make Christ your friend And glory will crown your latter end. She who took up her rest within this tomb Had Rachel's face, and Leah's fruitful womb Abigail's wisdom, Lydia's faithful heart, With Martha's care and Mary's better part. C. C. B. SWINBURNE AND MAUPASSANT. In his article ' Swinburne : Personal Recollections ' (Fortnightly Review for the present month) Mr. Gosse writes thus of the poet's narrow escape, from drowning while bathing at Etretat in 1870 : " He was pursued, floating like a medusa with shining hair outspread, and was caught a long way out to sea, behind the Petite Porte, by a yachtsman who, oddly enough, happened to be Guy de Maupassant." In the account, however, which Mau- passant himself gives of the part he played in the adventure (p. vi of ' Notes sur Algernon Charles Swinburne,' printed at the beginning of Gabriel Mourey's French prose translation of the first series of ' Poems and Ballads ' ; see 10 S. ix. 375) he says that, though he was in a boat which put off on hearing that a swimmer was in danger, the rescue was effected by others. " Wragford " near South wold in Suffolk, the scene of the composition of ' Erechtheus T (p. 1030 in the Fortnightly article), should presumably be Wangford. EDWARD BENSLY. University College, Aberystwyth. BKOADSIDE : GUILDHALL DONATION. Some years ago a friend gave Mr. W. H. Whitear a seventeenth-century broadside entitled " The Glory of the West, or the Virgins of Taunton Dean, who ript open their Silk-Petticoats, to make Colours for the late D. of M.'s Army, when he came before the Town. 1685."* In February of this year, when reading Mr. Allan Fea's ' King Monmouth ' Mr. Whitear became aware, by a foot-note, tha v ; a broadside bearing that title was missing from the Guildhall Library. He went to the Library, and ascertained that the copy in his possession was the missing broadside, and accordingly restored it to the Library. He has received a letter of thanks from the Library Committee; but I think some further recognition is due to such public- spirited action. Mr. Whitear has the true spirit of the scholar, which one is glad to find still existing and taking such a practical form in the present commercial age. HISTOBICUS. ORCADIAN SURNAMES. The following selection of names from Peace's ' Almanac and County Directory ' may be of interest to students of the subject. It is not likely that they are all in the standard dictionaries. Baikie, Bews, Byas, Corrigall, Corsie, Costie, Corston, Crear, Creelman, Cursiter, Dass, Delday, Drever, Durno, Flett, Folsetter, Fonbister, Gorn, Halcro, Harcus, Horrie,. Hourston, Kelday, Knarston, Linklater, Matches, Measson, Meil, Moar, Norquoy, Oag, Paplay, Pottinger, Sabiston, Scarth, Scollay, Stockan, Stove, Twatt, Velzian, Voy, Walls, Wooldrage. ALEX. RUSSELL. Stromness. NAME-CORRUPTION : MOUNTAIN BOWER. Monkton has been corrupted into Moun- tain. In a MS. copy of a list of freeholders of Wilts drawn up in 1637 three times the word Mounten has been written in place of Monkton. Francus King of Mounten Farley must be Francis King of Monkton Farley. John Sloper of Winter bourn Monkton is entered as John Sloper of Mounten. Thomas Long of Monkton, a well-known man, is entered as of Mounten. This fact suggests the origin of a name in North Wilts. Mountain Bower is a smali	WIKI
Jaswant Singh Yadav Dr. Jaswant Singh Yadav is an Indian politician. He was a Cabinet Minister for Skills Development, Labour and Employment, Factory and Boilers Inspection, ESI, ITI Minister in Rajasthan Government and a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the Behror Assembly constituency of Rajasthan. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party. According to his official biography, Yadav holds a Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) degree. He is also known as {tiger} in politics of rajasthan..	WIKI
Ae Fond Kiss ... (film) Ae Fond Kiss... (also known as Just a Kiss in some countries) is a 2004 romantic drama film directed by Ken Loach, and starring Atta Yaqub and Eva Birthistle. The title is taken from a Scottish song by Robert Burns, the complete line being "Ae Fond Kiss, and then we sever..." The film explores the complications which ensue when second-generation Scottish Pakistani Casim (who is Muslim) and Roisin (a Catholic immigrant from Ireland) fall in love. Plot The Khan family are originally from Pakistan but have lived in the UK for forty years. Tariq and Sadia have three children: the eldest daughter, Rukhsana, lives strictly according to the Muslim faith and is also ready to enter into the marriage with Amar planned by her parents; she studied and may soon marry Amar, who has a Ph.D. The only son, Casim, is also a qualified accountant, but earns his living as a DJ and hopes to open his own nightclub with his friend Hammid. His parents have planned for him to marry his cousin Jasmine, which will take place in a few weeks. According to his wishes, Casim will continue to live with the family thereafter; his father plans to enlarge his house with an extension with rooms for the future family. The youngest daughter, Tahara, is still in school but dreams of studying journalism. As Rukhsana, Casim and Tahara try to slowly separate from their parents. When one day Tahara is bullied by her classmates, she angrily chases them throughout school. Casim rushes after her and everyone ends up in the music room of Roisin Hanlon, who gives singing lessons. A guitar breaks in the chaos. The next day, Casim brings Roisin a new guitar and takes Roisin home, where she has to hide in the car from people who might know Casim. Then he arranges for her to transport her piano with friends and finally invites her to go out with him. At the disco, Casim sees his little sister, is upset and sends her home. Casim and Roisin meet up in their apartment and spend the night together. Roisin, who previously worked part-time as a music teacher at the Catholic school, is offered a full-time position. She could start after the summer holidays and would only have to present a certificate from her parish priest. Roisin, in a good mood, unexpectedly offers Casim a stay of several days in Spain. He tells his family that he has to go to work in London. The days in Spain are harmonious and full of love, but Casim admits to Roisin that according to his parents' wishes, he must marry his cousin. Roisin is hurt because she thinks he only saw her as an adventure. Casim puts forward his feelings for Roisin and decides to cancel the planned wedding, even if it endangers the peace of the family. Back in Glasgow, Rukhsana tells him that she is engaged to Amar. Casim confides in his friend Hammid, who advises him against starting a relationship with Roisin because it would destroy his family. Casim breaks up with Roisin. Soon after, Casim discovers how his father forbids Tahara from studying journalism in Edinburgh because she is supposed to study in Glasgow like her siblings. Casim half-heartedly takes his parents' side and is called a hypocrite by Tahara. When the latter leaves, Casim takes her side and tells his mother that he will not marry. The same day, he left his parents' apartment and moved in with Hammid. He later meets Roisin by chance in a cafe, but she avoids him. She later finds out from Tahara that Casim will not marry and has moved away. She resumes her relationship with him and now live together. Shortly before the start of the school year, Roisin wishes to obtain a certificate from the parish priest. The priest refuses because he has learned that Roisin lives with a Muslim and has sexual relations with him outside of marriage. Since Roisin is not divorced, she is still considered a wife by the Catholic Church. Roisin is angry at the priest's narrow-mindedness, but gets the full-time position without explanation, because the warden considers his love affair a private matter. Meanwhile, the Khan family and the community learned about Casim's relationship with Roisin. Family honor is destroyed, leading, among other things, to Amar's family breaking off the engagement. The latter visits Roisin and asks her to leave Casim, which she refuses. Roisin is informed that she is being transferred to a non-denominational school with immediate effect by the school authorities. When Casim cannot stay with her due to work commitments, she locks him out of their apartment. The next day, Casim tried in vain to contact her by telephone. His mother trying to contact him, and having briefly had Tahara on the line, he drives to his parents' house. Meanwhile, Rukhsana asks Roisin to get into her car because she wants to show him something. She takes them to the family home. There, Roisin sees Casim introduced to a young woman. This is Jasmine, who has arrived in Glasgow. Rukhsana reports to Roisin that the engagement was never broken and Roisin runs away in despair. Casim is outraged that his parents never informed Jasmine's family of his decision and now want to force them to marry. Tahara manages to warn Casim of Roisin's presence and he rushes after her. Tahara now also has the courage to insist on studying in Edinburgh with her father. Casim searches for Roisin all day and finally finds her at home. She fears he will pack his bags, but he makes her understand that he will stay - until old age. Cast * Atta Yaqub ... Casim Khan * Eva Birthistle ... Roisin Hanlon * Ahmad Riaz ... Tariq Khan * Shamshad Akhtar ... Sadia Khan * Shabana Akhtar Bakhsh ... Tahara Khan * Ghizala Avan ... Rukhsana Khan Reception On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Ae Fond Kiss received a rating of 88% certifying it as "Fresh", based upon 25 reviews. On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 65 out of 100, based on 7 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. Accolades Ae Fond Kiss received a number of nominations and awards. 2004 * Won, Berlin International Film Festival – Prize of the Ecumenical Jury * Won: Berlin International Film Festival – Prize of the Guild of German Art House Cinemas * Nominated: Berlin International Film Festival – Golden Bear for Best Motion Picture * Nominated: British Independent Film Awards – Best Actress (Eva Birthistle), Best Screenplay (Paul Laverty), Most Promising Newcomer (Atta Yaqub) * Nominated: International Filmfest Emden – Emden Film Award * Won: European Film Awards – Best Screenwriter (Paul Laverty) * Won: Irish Film and Television Awards – IFTA Award for Best Actress (Eva Birthistle) * Won: Valladolid International Film Festival – Audience Award * Won: Valladolid International Film Festival – Golden Spike Award * Won: Motovun Film Festival – Propeller of Motovun 2005 * Won: London Film Critics Circle – ALFS Award for Best Actress of the Year (Eva Birthistle) * Won: César Award – Best European Union Film (Meilleur film de l'Union Européenne)	WIKI

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