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How to Get the Cagtegorical Columns in Pandas : 4 Steps Only
How to Get the Categorical Columns in Pandas
Pandas is the Python package that allows you to create dataframe and manipulate it. To do so it has many inbuilt functions. Suppose you have a column that is categorical, then how y ou can get a list of categories columns in pandas? In this post, you will learn how to Get the Cagtegorical Columns in Pandas through steps.
Sample Dataframe
Before going to the steps let’s first create a sample data frame that will be used in this dataframe. Run the below lines of code to create a dataframe with the column “Gender” as the category column.
import pandas as pd
# Sample data in dictionary format
data = {
'Name': ['John', 'Megan', 'Sarah', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
'Gender': ['Male', 'Female', 'Female', 'Male', 'Female'],
'Age': [25, 30, 27, 32, 28]
}
# Convert data to a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
# Convert 'Gender' column to categorical
df['Gender'] = df['Gender'].astype('category')
# Print the DataFrame
print(df)
Output
sample dataframe to list categories of a dataframe
sample dataframe to list categories of a dataframe
How to get the categorical columns in pandas through steps
Lets know all the steps that will you use to get the categorical columns in pandas.
Step 1: Import the required library
The first step is to import the required library. In our example, only the pandas library will be used so let’s import it using the import statement.
import pandas as pd
Step 2: Read the dataframe
I am using the above sample dataframe. So I will use it here. But in case you have already a CSV file then use the below line of code to read the CSV file.
data = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
You can go to step 3 if you want to use the sample dataframe.
Step 3: Identify the data type of the column
Now the third step is to know the data type of each column. To do so you will use the data.types. Add the below line of code.
data_types = data.dtypes
Step 4: Filter the dataframe
After identifying the columns you will filter the column that will contain the datatype as “category” and find its index. Use the below line of code.
categorical_columns = data_types[data_types == 'category'].index
That is all you have to do to get the categorical columns in pandas.
Full Code
import pandas as pd
# Sample data in dictionary format
data = {
'Name': ['John', 'Megan', 'Sarah', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
'Gender': ['Male', 'Female', 'Female', 'Male', 'Female'],
'Age': [25, 30, 27, 32, 28]
}
# Convert data to a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
# Convert 'Gender' column to categorical
df['Gender'] = df['Gender'].astype('category')
data_types = df.dtypes
categorical_columns = data_types[data_types == 'category'].index
print(categorical_columns)
Output
finding the index for the categorical column
finding the index for the categorical column
Conclusion
Sometimes you want to know the category of the dataframe to build the correct machine-learning model. The above steps will be very useful in categorizing the dataset and Get the Categorical Columns in Pandas. Just follow it for a deep understanding.
I hope you have liked this tutorial. If you have any queries then you can contact us for more help.
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Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Godhctaw/Archive
06 January 2013
* Suspected sockpuppets
* User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
* Editor interaction utility
Both names start with upper case, then seemingly meaningless letters, then end in w. Both single purpose accounts at Talk:My Lai Massacre. Both started edit summary with "Undoing". Both insulted other(s). Anna Frodesiak (talk) 09:32, 6 January 2013 (UTC) Anna Frodesiak (talk) 09:32, 6 January 2013 (UTC) Add Biographyhunter as very, very obvious sock. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:48, 7 January 2013 (UTC)
Comments by other users
Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
Lot's of SPAs there. Technical data is not really useful here, and blocks aren't going to be really helpful here either I'm afraid. The following from the talk page are all : I've semi-protected the talk page for a bit to stop the craziness. Amalthea 12:58, 7 January 2013 (UTC)
* Based on behavior and the CU, I've blocked them all indefinitely. Closing. Reaper Eternal (talk) 01:53, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
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/************************************************************************* * * OpenOffice.org - a multi-platform office productivity suite * * $RCSfile: test_wincb.cxx,v $ * * $Revision: 1.11 $ * * last change: $Author: vg $ $Date: 2006-11-22 10:54:10 $ * * The Contents of this file are made available subject to * the terms of GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1. * * * GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 * ============================================= * Copyright 2005 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. * 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA * * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public * License version 2.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU * Lesser General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, * MA 02111-1307 USA * ************************************************************************/ // MARKER(update_precomp.py): autogen include statement, do not remove #include "precompiled_dtrans.hxx" //_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ // interface includes //_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ #include "..\misc\ImplHelper.hxx" //_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ // other includes //_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ #ifndef _CPPUHELPER_SERVICEFACTORY_HXX_ #include #endif #ifndef _COM_SUN_STAR_DATATRANSFER_XTRANSFERABLE_HPP_ #include #endif #ifndef _COM_SUN_STAR_DATATRANSFER_CLIPBOARD_XCLIPBOARDOWNER_HPP_ #include #endif #ifndef _COM_SUN_STAR_DATATRANSFER_CLIPBOARD_XCLIPBOARDNOTIFIER_HPP_ #include #endif #ifndef _COM_SUN_STAR_DATATRANSFER_CLIPBOARD_XCLIPBOARDEX_HPP_ #include #endif #ifndef _COM_SUN_STAR_DATATRANSFER_CLIPBOARD_XFLUSHABLECLIPBOARD_HPP_ #include #endif #ifndef _COM_SUN_STAR_LANG_XCOMPONENT_HPP_ #include #endif #ifndef _CPPUHELPER_IMPLBASE1_HXX_ #include #endif #ifndef _CPPUHELPER_IMPLBASE2_HXX_ #include #endif #ifndef _RTL_USTRING_HXX_ #include #endif #ifndef _SAL_TYPES_H_ #include #endif #ifndef _OSL_DIAGNOSE_H_ #include #endif #include #if defined _MSC_VER #pragma warning(push,1) #endif #include #include #if defined _MSC_VER #pragma warning(pop) #endif #include #include //------------------------------------------------------------- // my defines //------------------------------------------------------------- #define TEST_CLIPBOARD #define RDB_SYSPATH "d:\\projects\\src623\\dtrans\\wntmsci7\\bin\\applicat.rdb" #define WINCLIPBOARD_SERVICE_NAME L"com.sun.star.datatransfer.clipboard.SystemClipboard" #define WRITE_CB #define EVT_MANUAL_RESET TRUE #define EVT_INIT_NONSIGNALED FALSE #define EVT_NONAME "" //------------------------------------------------------------ // namesapces //------------------------------------------------------------ using namespace ::rtl; using namespace ::std; using namespace ::cppu; using namespace ::com::sun::star::datatransfer; using namespace ::com::sun::star::datatransfer::clipboard; using namespace ::com::sun::star::uno; using namespace ::com::sun::star::io; using namespace ::com::sun::star::lang; //------------------------------------------------------------ // globales //------------------------------------------------------------ Reference< XTransferable > rXTransfRead; HANDLE g_hEvtThreadWakeup; //------------------------------------------------------------ // //------------------------------------------------------------ class CClipboardListener : public WeakImplHelper1 < XClipboardListener > { public: ~CClipboardListener( ); //------------------------------------------------- // XClipboardListener //------------------------------------------------- virtual void SAL_CALL disposing( const EventObject& Source ) throw(RuntimeException); virtual void SAL_CALL changedContents( const ClipboardEvent& event ) throw( RuntimeException ); }; CClipboardListener::~CClipboardListener( ) { } void SAL_CALL CClipboardListener::disposing( const EventObject& Source ) throw(RuntimeException) { } void SAL_CALL CClipboardListener::changedContents( const ClipboardEvent& event ) throw( RuntimeException ) { //MessageBox( NULL, TEXT("Clipboard content changed"), TEXT("Info"), MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION ); } //------------------------------------------------------------ // //------------------------------------------------------------ class CTransferable : public WeakImplHelper2< XClipboardOwner, XTransferable > { public: CTransferable( ); //------------------------------------------------- // XTransferable //------------------------------------------------- virtual Any SAL_CALL getTransferData( const DataFlavor& aFlavor ) throw(UnsupportedFlavorException, IOException, RuntimeException); virtual Sequence< DataFlavor > SAL_CALL getTransferDataFlavors( ) throw(RuntimeException); virtual sal_Bool SAL_CALL isDataFlavorSupported( const DataFlavor& aFlavor ) throw(RuntimeException); //------------------------------------------------- // XClipboardOwner //------------------------------------------------- virtual void SAL_CALL lostOwnership( const Reference< XClipboard >& xClipboard, const Reference< XTransferable >& xTrans ) throw(RuntimeException); private: Sequence< DataFlavor > m_FlavorList; OUString m_Data; }; //---------------------------------------------------------------- // ctor //---------------------------------------------------------------- CTransferable::CTransferable( ) : m_FlavorList( 1 ), m_Data( OUString::createFromAscii( "Ich habe mir ein neues Fahrrad gekauft!" ) ) { DataFlavor df; //df.MimeType = L"text/plain;charset=utf-16"; //df.DataType = getCppuType( ( OUString* )0 ); df.MimeType = L"text/plain;charset=Windows1252"; df.DataType = getCppuType( (Sequence< sal_Int8 >*)0 ); m_FlavorList[0] = df; } //---------------------------------------------------------------- // getTransferData //---------------------------------------------------------------- Any SAL_CALL CTransferable::getTransferData( const DataFlavor& aFlavor ) throw(UnsupportedFlavorException, IOException, RuntimeException) { Any anyData; /* if ( aFlavor.MimeType == m_FlavorList[0].MimeType ) anyData = makeAny( m_Data ); */ if ( aFlavor.MimeType.equalsIgnoreCase( m_FlavorList[0].MimeType ) ) { OString text( m_Data.getStr( ), m_Data.getLength( ), RTL_TEXTENCODING_ASCII_US ); Sequence< sal_Int8 > textStream( text.getLength( ) + 1 ); rtl_copyMemory( textStream.getArray( ), text.getStr( ), textStream.getLength( ) ); anyData = makeAny( textStream ); } else throw UnsupportedFlavorException( ); return anyData; } //---------------------------------------------------------------- // getTransferDataFlavors //---------------------------------------------------------------- Sequence< DataFlavor > SAL_CALL CTransferable::getTransferDataFlavors( ) throw(RuntimeException) { return m_FlavorList; } //---------------------------------------------------------------- // isDataFlavorSupported //---------------------------------------------------------------- sal_Bool SAL_CALL CTransferable::isDataFlavorSupported( const DataFlavor& aFlavor ) throw(RuntimeException) { sal_Int32 nLength = m_FlavorList.getLength( ); for ( sal_Int32 i = 0; i < nLength; ++i ) if ( m_FlavorList[i].MimeType == aFlavor.MimeType ) return sal_True; return sal_False; } //---------------------------------------------------------------- // lostOwnership //---------------------------------------------------------------- void SAL_CALL CTransferable::lostOwnership( const Reference< XClipboard >& xClipboard, const Reference< XTransferable >& xTrans ) throw(RuntimeException) { //MessageBox( NULL, TEXT("No longer clipboard owner"), TEXT("Info"), MB_OK | MB_ICONINFORMATION ); } //---------------------------------------------------------------- // main //---------------------------------------------------------------- int SAL_CALL main( int nArgc, char* Argv[] ) { // create a multi-threaded apartment; we can test only // with a multithreaded apartment because for a single // threaded apartment we need a message loop to deliver // messages to our XTDataObject //HRESULT hr = CoInitializeEx( NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED ); HRESULT hr = CoInitialize( NULL ); char buff[6]; LCID lcid = MAKELCID( MAKELANGID( LANG_GERMAN, SUBLANG_GERMAN ), SORT_DEFAULT ); BOOL bValid = IsValidLocale( lcid, LCID_SUPPORTED ); GetLocaleInfoA( lcid, LOCALE_IDEFAULTANSICODEPAGE, buff, sizeof( buff ) ); //------------------------------------------------- // get the global service-manager //------------------------------------------------- OUString rdbName = OUString( RTL_CONSTASCII_USTRINGPARAM( RDB_SYSPATH ) ); Reference< XMultiServiceFactory > g_xFactory( createRegistryServiceFactory( rdbName ) ); // Print a message if an error occured. if ( !g_xFactory.is( ) ) { OSL_ENSURE(sal_False, "Can't create RegistryServiceFactory"); return(-1); } //------------------------------------------------- // try to get an Interface to a XFilePicker Service //------------------------------------------------- Reference< XTransferable > rXTransf( static_cast< XTransferable* >( new CTransferable ) ); Reference< XClipboard > xClipboard( g_xFactory->createInstance( OUString( WINCLIPBOARD_SERVICE_NAME ) ), UNO_QUERY ); if ( !xClipboard.is( ) ) { OSL_ENSURE( sal_False, "Error creating Clipboard Service" ); return(-1); } Reference< XClipboardNotifier > xClipNotifier( xClipboard, UNO_QUERY ); Reference< XClipboardListener > rXClipListener( static_cast< XClipboardListener* >( new CClipboardListener() ) ); xClipNotifier->addClipboardListener( rXClipListener ); MessageBox( NULL, TEXT("Go"), TEXT("INFO"), MB_OK|MB_ICONINFORMATION); // set new clipboard content xClipboard->setContents( rXTransf, Reference< XClipboardOwner >( rXTransf, UNO_QUERY ) ); /* MessageBox( NULL, TEXT("Clear content"), TEXT("INFO"), MB_OK|MB_ICONINFORMATION); Reference< XClipboardOwner > rXClipOwner; Reference< XTransferable > rXEmptyTransf; xClipboard->setContents( rXEmptyTransf, rXClipOwner ); */ MessageBox( NULL, TEXT("Stop"), TEXT("INFO"), MB_OK|MB_ICONINFORMATION); // flush the clipboard content Reference< XFlushableClipboard > rXFlushableClip( xClipboard, UNO_QUERY ); rXFlushableClip->flushClipboard( ); rXFlushableClip = Reference< XFlushableClipboard >( ); xClipNotifier->removeClipboardListener( rXClipListener ); rXClipListener = Reference< XClipboardListener >( ); xClipNotifier = Reference< XClipboardNotifier >( ); //-------------------------------------------------- // shutdown the service manager //-------------------------------------------------- // Cast factory to XComponent Reference< XComponent > xComponent( g_xFactory, UNO_QUERY ); if ( !xComponent.is() ) OSL_ENSURE(sal_False, "Error shuting down"); // Dispose and clear factory xComponent->dispose(); xComponent = Reference< XComponent >( ); g_xFactory.clear(); g_xFactory = Reference< XMultiServiceFactory >(); CoUninitialize( ); return 0; }
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Swiss stocks - Factors to watch on March 16
ZURICH, March 16 (Reuters) - The Swiss blue-chip SMI was seen opening virtually unchanged at 7960.05 points on Wednesday, according to premarket indications by bank Julius Baer. The following are some of the main factors expected to affect Swiss stocks. The Swiss reinsurer boosted the compensation for outgoing Chief Executive Michel Lies in 2015, according the reinsurer’s annual report which was published on Wednesday. Total 2015 compensation for Lies, who last month said he would retire in July, was 7.02 million Swiss francs ($7.11 million) compared to 6.328 million francs in 2014. For more click The largest investor in the Swiss drugmaker is likely to sell its stake soon as the company splits into two separate, publicly listed units, a Swiss newspaper reported on Tuesday, citing Galenica’s chairman. For more click * Energy insulation systems maker Von Roll posted its fifth net loss in the last six years, of nearly 35 million Swiss francs, compared to a loss of 90 million francs in 2014. It has issued 150 million Swiss francs in convertible bonds to secure long-term funding. * Novavest Real Estate AG said it has expanded its real estate portfolio with acquisition of a residential / commercial property in the center of Lucerne for 12.3 million Swiss francs ($12.45 million). * Pax Anlage AG saide its profit after tax fell to 10.9 million Swiss francs ($11.04 million) versus 32.8 million francs year ago (after restatement). It plans to increase dividend from 23.00 francs to 25.00 francs per share. * BVZ Holding AG said 2015 net income was 7.8 million Swiss francs ($7.90 million) versus 8.2 million francs year ago (after restatement). * Airport shop company Dufry said sales in 2015 grew 46 percent to 6.14 billion Swiss francs, helped by acquisitions including Nuance and World Duty Free. The company posted a 79 million Swiss franc loss, as the company’s results were dented by declining business with Russian passengers amid a slump in their country’s currency. * Property company BFW Liegenschaften sait is proposing a dividewnd 1.35 francs per A share and 0.135 francs per B share, from its reserves. That’s after posting a loss of 2.9 million francs in 2015. * Comet Holding said it appointed Detlef Steck as new president of X-Ray Systems segment effective April 1. * Implenia said it won an order worth over 100 million Swiss francs ($101 million) to build an 80-meter-high tower in Zurich. * Highlight Event and Entertainment said it had a FY net loss from continuing operations of 709,000 Swiss francs ($718,483.99) versus profit 108,000 Swiss francs year ago. * EFG International said it has established a new onshore business in Chile. Reporting by Zurich newsroom
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Amnesty Intl urges trials for Myanmar military over Rohingya
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Image 2 of 2 UNITED NATIONS – Amnesty International released a report Wednesday that details new evidence of atrocities inflicted on Myanmar&aposs Rohingya population and names 13 top military commanders the human rights group says should be prosecuted for crimes against humanity. The report is titled "We Will Destroy Everything." Amnesty said those words, spoken by a military commander in a recording of a telephone call obtained by the group&aposs investigators, sum up the mindset of Myanmar soldiers in dealing with the Muslim Rohingya. About 700,000 Rohingya have fled into neighboring Bangladesh since last August to escape what United Nations and U.S. officials have called an "ethnic cleansing" campaign by Myanmar&aposs government. Amnesty said its investigative team spent nine months gathering evidence of the brutal treatment of Rohingya in a crackdown that began in August after a radical Rohingya group attacked Myanmar security force posts in the country&aposs western Rakhine state. The report said the Amnesty team interviewed hundreds of victims and collected harrowing new evidence of the murderous methods used to drive the Rohingya out of Myanmar. Photographs and video clips, as well as expert forensic and weapons analysis, were used to bolster information. Myanmar government spokesman Zaw Htay was not available for comment Wednesday morning, with calls to his cellphone not going through. Amnesty said its evidence implicates Myanmar&aposs military commander in chief, Gen. Min Aung Hlaing, and 12 others in the commission of nine out of 11 types of crimes against humanity listed in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It says those 12 — nine of the general&aposs subordinates and three border guard police officers — are "those with blood on their hands." It urged that they be put on trial by the international court. "The explosion of violence — including murder, rape, torture, burning and forced starvation — perpetrated by Myanmar&aposs security forces in villages across northern Rakhine State was not the action of rogue soldiers or units," Matthew Wells, an Amnesty crisis researcher who spent weeks at Myanmar&aposs border with Bangladesh, said in the report. "There is a mountain of evidence that this was part of a highly orchestrated, systematic attack on the Rohingya population." Myanmar&aposs senior command deployed fighting battalions with a reputation of being the military&aposs most brutal units, Amnesty said. Wells said several hundred Rohingya villages were burned down and people were tortured, raped and starved. Some men and boys were hanged upside down and then beaten to death. He said homes for other ethnic groups in Myanmar are now being built in the decimated villages, some of which lie under new roads. Soldiers used systematic rape of women and girls as a war weapon in at least 16 villages, according to Amnesty, which interviewed 11 who were gang-raped. The group said satellite images it obtained show fires set to consume entire villages, with people burning inside their homes. The report said massacres took the lives of thousands who were bound and executed or fatally shot while fleeing. The military especially targeted the elderly and children, it said. The 200-page report also provides detailed information on the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, the armed Rohingya group whose attacks set off the crackdown by Myanmar. It said that fighters who were detained were often tortured for information, using waterboarding or having their genitals burned. One farmer told Amnesty he was standing with his hands tied behind his head when a border police guard pulled down his sarong-like garment "and put a candle under my penis." The soldier&aposs superior ordered the farmer to "tell the truth or you will die." Wells expressed "extreme disappointment" in Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar&aposs Nobel Prize-winning de facto political leader, who does not have direct control of the military. "Her office failed to speak out against the crimes that have been committed," Wells said, adding that her aides "often inflamed the situation further by repeatedly denying that any crimes have taken place."
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Talk:Jackson County, Oregon
Material on spotted owl removed from article
* Jackson County was also the battle grounds for the heated Spotted Owl Controversy of the mid to late 1980s. The controversy began when environmentalists in the region wished to place the spotted owl was placed on the endangered species list. In 1990 the spotted owl was placed on the list. As reported by Santa Clara University, "under this provision, timber companies are required to leave at least 40% of the old-growth forests intact within a 1.3 mile radius of any spotted owl nest or activity site, a provision that is vehemently opposed by the timber industry. Industry representatives claim that the measure will leave thousands of Northwest loggers and mill workers jobless, and insist that such protectionist policies thoughtlessly fail to take into account the dire economic consequences of preservation. Environmentalists, on the other hand, argue that society has a fundamental obligation to preserve this rare species and the wilderness it inhabits.' . Then County Commissioner Jeff Golden was subject to a recall attempt for his activism and support of the environmentalists on this issue.
I'm not sure Jackson County was the sole area in the state that experienced the Northern Spotted Owl controversy, so I'm not sure it belongs in the article. I also have to assume a little bad faith here in my suspicion that the inclusion of this material is more about Jeff Golden and his book than about adding to the history of Jackson County. Katr67 (talk) 19:05, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
References in the infobox
There seems to be a problem with adding refs to the infobox pop field (they come up as UNIQblahblah). The docs for infobox county say nothing but numbers, not even commas. It is also administrator protected so I could not impulse edit it. I left the second population ref in the lead article which should be ok until something else can be worked out. Zab (talk) 02:46, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Climate of Jackson County
Dear Author, Please add a Climate section to the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:19, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
Low Vaccination Rates
I believe this County has been studied because it has one of the lowest childhood vax rates in the country. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:55, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
External links modified
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* Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
* Added tag to http://www.randi.org/jr/101003.html
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External links modified
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* Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
* Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Jackson County, Oregon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/607FVQtvo?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/41029.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/41029.html
* Added archive https://archive.is/20070613091244/http://www.newarkcampus.org/professional/osu/faculty/jstjohn/Common%20rocks/Steatite.htm to http://www.newarkcampus.org/professional/osu/faculty/jstjohn/Common%20rocks/Steatite.htm
* Added tag to http://www.bearcreekgreenway.com/index.asp
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 12:36, 19 November 2017 (UTC)
.GOV internet domain transition
On October 11, 2023, the government of Jackson County Oregon changed its internet domain from jacksoncounty.org and jacksoncountyOR.org to jacksoncountyOR.gov. In response to US federal government encouragement, all US States and most local government agencies have already made this transition or are in the process of planning. The .org domains are still owned by the agency but are being phased out and will redirect to the official .gov domain. JCORUSIT (talk) 23:53, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
"Jackson County Sheriff's Office (Oregon)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackson_County_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Oregon)&redirect=no Jackson County Sheriff's Office (Oregon)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. tedder (talk) 05:49, 17 January 2024 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Using a http proxy from a Mendix Java action
As part of some work I have been undertaking to integrate the UK Government Notifications service into Mendix, I needed to be able to make API calls from behind a firewall using a proxy in a Java action.
Due to the lower level Java actions in Mendix run at, proxy settings are not automatically applied, and must be added manually. I wanted to explain how to get the proxy settings from Mendix, and use them a Java action.
I’ve previously explained how to add proxy settings to Mendix, so I assume this step has been completed.
In a Java action, we need to get these from the HttpConfiguration singleton.
import com.mendix.http.HttpConfiguration;
import com.mendix.http.IHttpConfiguration;
import com.mendix.http.IProxyConfiguration;
IHttpConfiguration httpconf = com.mendix.http.HttpConfiguration.getInstance();
IProxyConfiguration proxyconf = httpconf.getProxyConfiguration().orElse(null);
We can now check if we have a proxy configuration set, if we don’t proxyconf will be null.
The username and password for the proxy can be retrieved using the getUser() and getPassword() methods.
String username = proxyconf.getUser().orElse(null);
String password = proxyconf.getPassword().orElse(null);
If they are present we can build a Java Authenticator object and set it as the default authenticator.
import java.net.Authenticator;
import java.net.PasswordAuthentication;
if (username != null && password != null) {
Authenticator authenticator = new Authenticator() {
public PasswordAuthentication getPasswordAuthentication() {
return (new PasswordAuthentication(username, password.toCharArray()));
}
};
Authenticator.setDefault(authenticator);
}
Next we need to create the Proxy object. We need to get the host and port of our proxy server from Mendix using the getHost() and getPort() methods.
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.Proxy;
InetSocketAddress proxyLocation = new InetSocketAddress(proxyconf.getHost(), proxyconf.getPort());
Proxy proxy = new Proxy(Proxy.Type.HTTP, proxyLocation);
The proxy can be used for Java network actions.
An example of using this would be the UK Government Notifications client. It has a second optional paramater in it’s constructor for a Proxy.
client = new NotificationClient('APIKey', proxy);
Using a proxy server from the Mendix Modeller
There are times when building online services you find yourself behind a firewall and need to use a proxy. Sometimes these are transparent, but other times you need to add settings by hand.
In a Mendix app, an example may be when you need to consume a REST service from outside you home network.
To configure proxy settings in Mendix, you need to go to our Project’s “Settings”. Open “Configurations”, select your working configuration, and click “Edit”. Select the “Custom” tab and add the following “Names” and “Values”.
http.proxyHost The name your proxy
http.proxyPort The port your proxy is running off of.
If my proxy was running on proxy.robertprice.co.uk:8080, my settings would be
http.proxyHost proxy.robertprice.co.uk
http.proxyPort 8080
Sometimes the proxy will also need a username and password. You can set these using http.proxyUser and http.proxyPassword. For example
http.proxyUser RobertPrice
http.proxyPassword SecretPassword
You should now be able to access external services through the proxy from Mendix.
Example proxy settings for the Mendix Modeller
More information on using a proxy in Mendix is available at Using a proxy to call a REST service.
Using Disqus On WordPress Behind A Proxy
I had to implement the Disqus Comment System WordPress plugin on a website that will be located behind an outgoing proxy server. By default the Disqus WordPress plugin does not support proxies, so it is unable to run if a proxy is blocking it’s access to the internet.
Since WordPress 2.8, WordPress supports proxy servers using a few defined values, WP_PROXY_HOST and WP_PROXY_PORT. I have now forked the Disqus WordPress plugin on GitHub, and added support that will look to see if these exist, and use them if they do.
To use it, add the following to your wp-config.php file…
define('WP_PROXY_HOST', 'proxy.yourdomain.com');
define('WP_PROXY_PORT', '3128');
Changing the values to match those of your proxy server of course.
Now replace the url.php file in wp-content/plugins/disqus-comment-system/lib/api/disqus/url.php with the url.php found in my github repository.
Visit your WordPress admin panel and you should now be able to activate and configure the Disqus plugin successfully.
I have issued a pull request for my changes to be pulled back into the main plugin, but it’s up to Disqus is they want to implement this or not.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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[No. F007501.
Fifth Dist.
Feb. 24, 1987.]
McCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS, INC., et al., Petitioners, v. THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FRESNO COUNTY, Respondent; PAUL S. MOSESIAN, Real Party in Interest.
Counsel
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Robert S. Warren, Rex S. Heinke, Kelli L. Sager, Dietrich, Glasrud & Jones, Donald H. Glasrud and Timothy J. Buchanan for Petitioners.
No appearance for Respondent.
Nuttall, Berman & Magill and Roger T. Nuttall for Real Party in Interest.
Opinion
HAMLIN, J.
—Petitioners McClatchy Newspapers, Inc., publisher of the Fresno Bee, and two of its reporters, Jeanie Borba and Royal Calkins (collectively petitioners), seek a peremptory writ of mandamus requiring the Fresno County Superior Court (respondent court) to grant petitioners’ motion for summary judgment in this libel case. Their petition requires this court to decide whether subdivision 4 of Civil Code section 47 grants the media an absolute privilege to report testimony and other evidence in a libel action even if that testimony was elicited and the other evidence was produced pursuant to a conspiracy to invoke immunity. We find petitioners’ report of testimony and documentary evidence that had a reasonable relation to the action in which they were introduced is absolutely privileged; we will grant a peremptory writ as prayed.
Procedural and Factual Matters
The real party in interest in this action, Paul S. Mosesian (plaintiff), filed in respondent court an action for libel and false-light invasion of privacy based on an article published in the Fresno Bee on May 31, 1982 (1982 article). The 1982 article reported portions of Fresno Bee reporter Denny Walsh’s testimony and excerpts from one of the documents he produced at his deposition in an unrelated libel case, Todisco v. McClatchy Newspapers, Fresno County Superior Court proceeding No. 253232-3 (Todisco litigation). In his deposition testimony Walsh named plaintiff as a member of the “Fresno mob” and defined that mob as “people who enter into conspiracies to subvert our laws.”
Petitioners moved for summary judgment, contending their statements were absolutely privileged. When the trial court denied petitioners’ motion, they filed in this court a petition for alternative and peremptory writs of mandamus, prohibition and review. This court denied that petition; petitioners sought review by our Supreme Court. The Supreme Court granted review and transferred the case to this court with directions to issue an alternative writ to be heard by this court. An alternative writ was issued as directed.
Petitioners have contended this court should accept as true the allegations in their petition and grant relief as prayed because plaintiff failed to respond to the alternative writ by demurrer or verified answer, or both, as required by Code of Civil Procedure section 1089. After this contention was advanced, plaintiff filed an application for order permitting him to file amendments to his responses. Plaintiff’s application based on mistake or inadvertence is granted. However, the court disregards plaintiff’s denials on information and belief, or for lack of either, as to facts which are matters of public record. (See 5 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Pleading, § 990, P- 415.)
Although plaintiff pleaded a cause of action for false-light invasion of privacy in addition to an action for libel, we consider only the libel action in this opinion. When an action for libel is alleged, a false-light claim based on the same facts (as in this case) is superfluous and should be dismissed. (See Kapellas v. Kofman (1969) 1 Cal.3d 20, 35, fn. 16 [81 Cal.Rptr. 360, 459 P. 2d 912]; Selleckv. Globe International, Inc. (1985) 166 Cal.App.3d 1123, 1136 [212 Cal.Rptr. 838].)
Discussion
I.
Peremptory Writ Relief
Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (/), provides in pertinent part: “... Upon entry of any order pursuant to this section except the entry of summary judgment, a party may ... petition an appropriate reviewing court for a peremptory writ....” Given the discretionary nature of this type of relief, the petitioner for the issuance of a writ must meet certain threshold requirements. First, the petitioner is compelled to establish the absence of “a plain, speedy, and adequate remedy, in the ordinary course of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1086.) Additionally, the petitioner seeking extraordinary relief must prove a clear, present and beneficial or substantial right (Fair v. Fountain Valley School Dist. (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 180, 186 [153 Cal.Rptr. 56]; Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp. v. Superior Court (1962) 208 Cal.App.2d 803, 813-814 [25 Cal.Rptr. 798] ), and that the body invested with discretion acted arbitrarily or without due regard for petitioner’s rights (Huntington Park Redevelopment Agency v. Duncan (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 17, 25 [190 Cal.Rptr. 744]).
Plaintiff vehemently argues that petitioners have not met the threshold requirements for extraordinary relief. Specifically, plaintiff urges that trial and appeal provide adequate remedies. Moreover, plaintiff contends the trial court did not act arbitrarily in denying the petition for summary judgment in that it properly found there were triable issues of material fact (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c)).
The threshold requirement that petitioners establish the absence of an adequate remedy at law has already been satisfied. “[B]y directing the issuance of an alternative writ, the Supreme Court has determined that there is no other adequate remedy.” (Amie v. Superior Court (1979) 99 Cal.App.3d 421, 424 [160 Cal.Rptr. 271]. See also City of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (1959) 51 Cal.2d 423, 429 [333 P.2d 745].)
Our next concern is the existence of a correlative beneficial right or interest held by petitioners and a legal duty, reposed in the judicial body below, which was abused.
Clearly, petitioners had a substantial interest in a favorable resolution of their summary judgment motion. Considering the importance of speech freedoms in a democratic society, the expeditious disposition of defamation litigation is paramount. The media pay the price for protracted proceedings—chilled speech freedoms caused by a hesitancy to print articles carrying the potential for a lawsuit. (See Dombrowski v. Pfister (1965) 380 U.S. 479, 486-487 [14 L.Ed.2d 22, 28, 85 S.Ct. 1116]; Good Government Group of Seal Beach, Inc. v. Superior Court (1978) 22 Cal.3d 672, 684-685 [150 Cal.Rptr. 258, 586 P.2d 572].) As such, “summary judgment is a favored remedy” in libel actions (Reader’s Digest Ass'n v. Superior Court (1984) 37 Cal.3d 244, 251 [208 Cal.Rptr. 137, 690 P.2d 610]), and petitioners have a present and beneficial interest in the outcome of such proceedings. Our failure to recognize this right would be equivalent to turning our backs on years of precedent warning of protracted and costly litigation in the First Amendment area.
The final inquiry is whether respondent court has a present duty to grant summary judgment. (See Mannheim v. Superior Court (1970) 3 Cal.3d 678, 685 [91 Cal.Rptr. 585, 478 P.2d 17].) Plaintiff contends the trial court found the existence of a triable issue of material fact and consequently could not have abused its discretion by denying petitioners’ motion for summary relief. A triable issue to which plaintiff points is whether petitioners conspired to present through Walsh’s deposition defamatory testimony and documents containing defamatory statements to permit later publication of the libelous information in the Fresno Bee under Civil Code section 47 privileges. However, it is the contested degree of protection provided by section 47 that defines the boundary of the trial court’s duty. Hence, we must turn to our analysis of the substantive law; the resulting interpretation of section 47 will indicate whether the lower court committed a legal error and thus abused its discretion. (See 8 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (3d ed. 1985) Extraordinary Writs, § 87, p. 727.)
II.
Civil Code Section 47 Privileges
In pertinent part, Civil Code section 47 states, “A privileged publication or broadcast is one made—[If]... [11] 2. In any (1) legislative or (2) judicial proceeding, or (3) in any other official proceeding authorized by law, ... [If]... [11] 4. By a fair and true report in a public journal, of (1) a judicial, (2) legislative, or (3) other public official proceeding,...” Both subdivisions 2 and 4 are in controversy. Plaintiff argues neither privilege may be claimed by petitioners because of the conspiracy to permit Walsh to make defamatory statements in his deposition regarding plaintiff, thus allowing petitioners to report with immunity Walsh’s deposition testimony and excerpts from a California State Department of Justice report prepared by Special Agent John Gill (Gill Report) on organized crime in the Fresno area on which Walsh relied. Petitioners strongly contend conspiracy or malice allegations do not vitiate the protective cloak of the statute. In addition to this dispute over the nature and extent of the privilege extended by section 47, the parties disagree as to what relationship or pertinency the defamatory statements must have to the proceedings in which they are made to be privileged under subdivision 2 of that section. Finally, the fairness and accuracy of the May 31, 1982, article is challenged by plaintiff in order to preempt an application of subdivision 4.
A. Section 47, Subdivision 2: Statements Made in the Course of Judicial Proceedings.
The nature and extent of the privilege bestowed by section 47, subdivision 2, is significant because of its potential effect upon judicial proceedings and the search for truth. Plaintiff urges that a conspiracy designed to introduce defamatory material into judicial proceedings vitiates the statutory privilege. We must evaluate plaintiff’s contention in light of an apparent conflict in the decisions of the Court of Appeal.
This court considered the so-called conspiracy exception to the privilege in Pettitt v. Levy (1972) 28 Cal.App.3d 484 [104 Cal.Rptr. 650], There, the defendants allegedly submitted a forged or false building permit to the city council, causing the council to deny Pettitt’s requested zoning variance. Pettitt’s argument mirrored plaintiff’s in this case, but it was rejected. This court held the privilege absolute, not obviated by “actual malice or the intent to do harm.” (Id. at p. 488.) “To hold otherwise would be inconsistent with the general public purpose of the privilege to encourage the utmost freedom of access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies.” (Id. at p. 489.)
Thornton v. Rhoden, supra, 245 Cal.App.2d 80 also supports the absolute quality of the privilege. There, a defamation suit was filed due to several unflattering remarks about Thornton at a deposition, which were allegedly the product of a conspiracy. The court disposed of the suit by relying on section 47 and holding the remarks privileged “... regardless of the good faith vel non of the defamer. ‘It [the privilege] protects the attorney from liability in an action for defamation irrespective of his purpose in publishing the defamatory matter, his belief in its truth or even his knowledge of its falsity.’ [Citation.] In the present case, if the allegations against Rhoden are true, he may have been guilty of conspiracy to commit perjury. [Citations.] The sanctions for such conduct, if proven, would be found in the criminal law and possibly in contempt or disciplinary proceedings. [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 93-94.)
Notwithstanding our ruling in Pettitt, supra, 28 Cal.App.3d 484, and the existence of alternative sanctions as mentioned in Thornton, supra, plaintiff asks us to adopt contrary views expressed in Bradley v. Hartford Acc. & Indent. Co. (1973) 30 Cal.App.3d 818 [106 Cal.Rptr. 718]. While Bradley recognized the importance of the statute to the smooth administration of justice, it nevertheless limited the scope of the privilege by laying “special emphasis.. .on the requirement that [the communication] be made in furtherance of the litigation and to promote the interest of justice.” (Id. at p. 826, italics in original.) Since the evidence in Bradley indicated documents were filed with the court as part of a conspiracy to ensure immunity for the defamatory remarks contained in the documents, the court concluded the statements “were not made to achieve the objects of the litigation and to promote the unfettered administration of justice.” (Id. at p. 828.) As such, no privilege attached.
Bradley’s reasoning was rejected in O’Neil v. Cunningham (1981) 118 Cal.App.3d 466, 475 [173 Cal.Rptr. 422]; it was, however, reaffirmed in Barbary Coast Furniture Co. v. Sjolie (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 319 [213 Cal.Rptr. 168]. The latter court stated it simply was not prepared to condone and encourage the “resourceful slanderer” by acknowledging an absolute privilege.
“In essence, we cannot accept the analysis of the court in Pettitt... that heinous conduct must be condoned lest greater mischiefs occur, whereas we can and do endorse the Bradley reasoning that an overly broad construction of section 47, subdivision 2, is bound to encourage wrongful conduct immune from judicial redress.” (Id. at p. 334.)
We are now faced with the identical conflict of views as to the construction of section 47, subdivision 2, that Barbary Coast Furniture Co. attempted to resolve. As with all statutory interpretation, we look first to legislative history. When first enacted by the 1872 Fields Code, section 47, subdivisions 3 and 4, mandated that statements be “without malice” as the threshold to statutory protection. On the other hand, subdivision 2 of section 47 as originally enacted contained no similar requirement that the publication be without malice.
The significance of this legislative history was discussed by our Supreme Court in Gosewisch v. Doran (1911) 161 Cal. 511, 514-515 [119 P.656]: “ ‘Malice,’ says the court in Hollis v. Meux [(1886) 69 Cal. 625], ‘cannot be [the predicate of a limitation]. No one is permitted to allege that what was rightly done in a judicial proceeding was done with malice.’ That malice is not a subject of inquiry where a defamatory statement, relevant to the injury, is made in the course of a judicial proceeding, is not only established by the decided cases [citations omitted], but it is plainly shown by the terms of section 47____Subdivisions 3,4, and 5 of that section... make the privilege, in each case, dependent upon the want of malice. But subdivision 2 is not so qualified.”
Additionally, as petitioners correctly contend, subsequent amendments of section 47, subdivision 2, provide insight into its intended meaning. In 1927, a proviso was added which “changed the absolute privilege to a conditional privilege in a single subclass of judicial proceedings—divorce proceedings” (Comment, Absolute Privilege and California Civil Code section 4 7(2): A Need for Consistency (1982) 14 Pacific L.J. 105, 108) by denying the privilege unless the statements were made without malice. In considering this amendment, the court in Moore v. United States F. & G. Co. (1932) 122 CaLApp. 205 [9 P.2d 562] stated “[A]s far as the legislature could enact, the privilege was made absolute, limited only by the proviso____Obviously, if it had been the legislative intent to extend only a conditional privilege in all cases, the proviso would be meaningless and needless.” (Id. at pp. 210-211.)
This statutory history becomes even more compelling in light of the policy which underlies the privilege. The importance of the basic rationale behind an axiom cannot be underestimated; “[p]olicy is ... the moving force that justifies the existence of the law and the unifying factor that results in [its] homogeneous application.” (Comment, supra, 14 Pacific L.J., p. 109.) Section 47, subdivision 2, simply put, is the backbone to an effective and smoothly operating judicial system. That statutory privilege “afford[s] litigants the utmost freedom of access to the courts to secure and defend their rights without fear of being harassed by actions for defamation. [Citation.] It would be anomalous to hold that a litigant is privileged to make a publication necessary to bring an action but that he can be sued for defamation if he lets anyone know that he has brought it [citation].” (Albertson v. Raboff (1956) 46 Cal.2d 375, 380 [295 P.2d 405].)
In Pettitt, this court embraced these same ideas, first proposed by Justice Traynor. We recognized that open channels of communication and the presentation of evidence were “a fundamental adjunct to the right of access to judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings.” (Pettitt v. Levy, supra, 28 Cal.App.3d at pp. 490-491.) Communication hindered by an external threat of liability is destructive of this fundamental right and inconsistent with the effective administration of justice.
The United States Supreme Court reiterated these concerns in Briscoe v. LaHue (1983) 460 U.S. 325 [75 L.Ed.2d 96, 103 S.Ct. 1108]. After noting that “ ‘the claims of the individual must yield to the dictates of public policy, which requires that the paths which lead to the ascertainment of truth should be left as free and unobstructed as possible’ [citations omitted]” (id. at p. 333 [75 L.Ed.2d at p. 106]), the court expressed concern over witnesses’ reluctance to testify, as well as testimony distorted by fears of protracted and costly defamation suits.
Admittedly, as with the print media’s contention that defamation liability affects their editorial decisions, this chilling effect upon witnesses is theoretical. However, when our Supreme Court has concluded that “[underlying the privilege is the vital public policy of affording free access to the courts and facilitating the crucial functions of the finder of fact” (Ribas v. Clark (1985) 38 Cal.3d 355, 364-365), we must adhere to the policy. The fears of chilled speech and hindered justice are too much a part of our case law to be disregarded as unproved.
We conclude that allegations of conspiracy do not pierce the protective shield embodied in the statute. While the Bradley court attempted to effectuate the policy of free access, it ignored legislative history, limited the application of the privilege and hindered the consistent application of policy necessary to a uniform interpretation of the statute. (Comment, supra, 14 Pacific L.J., pp. 110-111.) As Prosser noted, “The resulting lack of any really effective civil remedy against peijurers is simply part of the price that is paid for witnesses who are free from intimidation by the possibility of civil liability for what they say.” (Prosser, Law of Torts (4th ed. 1971) p. 778.) We continue to adhere to the views expressed in Pettitt without inquiring whether the publication promotes the interests of justice as required in Bradley v. Hartford Acc. & Indent. Co., supra, 30 Cal.App. at page 826, and Barbary Coast Furniture Co. v. Sjolie, supra, 167 Cal.App. 3d at pages 334-335. This adherence seems justified by the Supreme Court’s specific mention of Pettitt in its opinion in Ribas v. Clark, supra, 38 Cal. 3d at pages 364-365, and its recognition there that heinous conduct must sometimes be condoned to preserve free access to the courts. (See Steiner v. Eikerling (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 639, 642, fn. 3 [226 Cal.Rptr. 694].)
In addition to the degree of protection provided by section 47, the parties also disagree over the relationship, if any, the privileged statement must have to the proceedings in which it originated. Plaintiff contends Walsh’s statements were not in any way related to the Todisco litigation and consequently were not protected. While we will find that a nexus requirement does exist, plaintiff’s argument must fail because the statements made by Walsh were indeed reasonably related to the underlying litigation.
Petitioners’ summary of the legislative history of section 47 accurately states the 1874 amendment removed the requirement that the statement be “pertinent and material.” Additionally, petitioners persuasively argue it is significant that the 1927 divorce proviso contains a requirement that the “allegation or averment be material and relevant to the issues in such action.” From this amendment, petitioners logically reason that the Legislature did not intend materiality and relevancy requirements to be read into section 47, subdivision 2; if such had been the case, the language of the 1927 amendment would be surplusage. While strict materiality and relevance requirements do not apply, it is clear that numerous decisions have added a judicial gloss to the privilege afforded by section 47 that requires the statements to further the object of the litigation and be reasonably related thereto.
The Supreme Court’s opinion in Albertson v. Raboff, supra, 46 Cal.2d 375 was apparently the first case to require that the statements or privileged material must “achieve the objects of the litigation” and have a “reasonable relation to the action.” (Id. at p. 381.) This requirement has been embraced by subsequent decisions. In O’Neil v. Cunningham, supra, 118 Cal.App.3d 466, relied upon by petitioners for the premise that no reasonable nexus limitation exists, the court was quite explicit: “It is true that a certain judicial gloss has been placed upon the section so that it does not have quite the uninhibited result we ventured above. In Royer v. Steinberg (1979) 90 Cal.App.3d 490 ..., the court said that the qualifications on the absolute privilege ... are that the publication has some connection or logical or reasonable relation to the proceeding and that the publication be made to achieve the object of the litigation.” (Id. at pp. 474-475.)
This court acknowledged this judicially developed qualification in the Pettitt case. More important, language from that decision helps clarify the conflict presented by the legislative amendment omitting materiality and relevance requirements and the subsequent case law which seems to have reintroduced that which the amendment removed: “The absolute privilege attaches to any publication that has any reasonable relation to the action and is made to achieve the objects of the litigation____The publication need not be pertinent, relevant or material in a technical sense to any issue if it has some connection or relation to the proceedings. [Citations.]” (Pettitt v. Levy, supra, 28 Cal.App.3d at p. 489.) This statement is consistent with language in Bradley, where the court noted that while “the defamatory matter need not be relevant, pertinent or material to any issue before the court, it is an absolute necessity that the publication have some connection or logical relation to the judicial proceeding [citations].” (Bradley v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., supra, 30 Cal.App.3d at p. 824.)
The legislative history of section 47 does not support a conclusion that the limitation developed by these cases should be cast aside. The language in Pettitt and in Bradley indicates the judicial interpretation is not necessarily inconsistent with legislative intent. Indeed, the cases seem to require a threshold more lax than the concept of relevancy itself.
While it may be a question of fact whether the required connection existed, it is not necessarily so. In Pettitt, supra, and O’Neil, supra, both courts freely decided the relationship issue as if it were a question of law. Moreover, in the Younger, supra, and Barbary Coast Furniture Co., supra, cases the trial courts had granted summary judgment motions; the appellate courts, however, independently considered the reasonable-relationship requirement and concluded for themselves whether or not the nexus element had been satisfied. (Younger v. Solomon, supra, 38 Cal.App.3d at pp. 301-302; Barbary Coast Furniture Co. v. Sjolie, supra, 167 Cal.App.3d at pp. 334-335.)
The Todisco litigation concerned an August 19, 1979, Fresno Bee article (1979 article), researched and written by Walsh, dealing with the infiltration of organized crime into Fresno and characterizing Todisco as a “mob lawyer” and a “known associate and sometimes business partner of organized crime figures.” Todisco noticed the deposition of Walsh; the notice requested Walsh to produce “all notes and other documents” on which he relied in writing the 1979 article. Pursuant to this request Walsh produced numerous documents, including the Gill Report, which mentioned Todisco in several places. Walsh was questioned about his reliance on the Gill Report and about his conclusions that a “Fresno mob” existed. Those questions related to the Todisco litigation. Further questions of Walsh about his knowledge of mob figures and his basis for believing any such figure was a part of the “Fresno mob” were similarly connected with the Todisco litigation to substantiate a reasonable basis for the 1979 article. Organized crime in Fresno and Todisco’s apparent connection to it were at the heart of the Todisco litigation. The reference to Todisco in the Gill Report connected that report to the Todisco litigation.
Given the lenient application of the “logical connection test,” we hold that it was satisfied here as a matter of law; no triable issue of fact exists on this question. (See O’Neil v. Cunningham, supra, 118 Cal.App.3d at p.475; Thornton v. Rhoden, supra, 245 Cal.App.2d 80, 93.)
B. Section 47, Subdivision 4: A Fair and True Report of Judicial Proceedings.
Petitioners claim the protective shield of section 47, subdivision 4, applies to the alleged defamatory statements in the 1982 article. It provides that “[a] privileged publication ... is one made—[1Í] ... 4. By a fair and true report in a public journal, of (1) a judicial, (2) legislative, or (3) other public official proceedings, or (4) of anything said in the course thereof.” Plaintiff counters that no privilege attaches to the 1982 article because it was produced pursuant to a conspiracy designed to invoke the immunity. Additionally, plaintiff attacks the fairness and accuracy of the 1982 article.
While our discussion of the absolute immunity provided by section 47, subdivision 2, appears to support a similar immunity under subdivision 4, we recognize that different policy considerations are involved when the media are reporting the contents of a judicial proceeding.
Before section 47, subdivision 4, was amended in 1945, it provided immunity for a publication “[b]y a fair and true report in a newspaper, without malice, of a judicial, legislative, or other public official proceeding, or of anything said in the course thereof.” After the Legislature deleted the requirement that the report be without malice, that subdivision was interpreted as providing an absolute privilege. (See, e.g., Green v. Cortez (1984) 151 Cal.App.3d 1068, 1074 [199 Cal.Rptr. 221]; Conklin v. Sloss (1978) 86 Cal.App.3d 241, 247 [158 Cal.Rptr. 121].) Even when the print media publish an accurate report of a statement they know to be false, the protective cloak of subdivision 4 remains intact, not penetrated by a finding of malice. (Jennings v. Telegram-Tribune Co. (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 119, 128 [210 Cal.Rptr. 485]; Grillo v. Smith (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 868, 873 [193 Cal.Rptr. 414].)
The privilege accorded reports of judicial and other official proceedings stems from the democratic nature of our government. In our society, the power resides with the People; public supervision of governmental administration through informed voting is the cornerstone of democracy. Hence: “The fair report privilege is required because of the public’s need for information to fulfill its supervisory role over government. Thus, reports of official proceedings are not privileged ‘merely to satisfy the curiosity of individuals,’ but to tell them how their government is performing. While the public may not have an overriding interest in knowing the details of every crime committed, its interest in overseeing the conduct of the prosecutor, the police, and the judiciary is strong indeed.” (Note, When Truth and Accuracy Diverge: The Fair Report of a Dated Proceeding (1982) 34 Stan.L.Rev. 1041, 1049-1050, fns. omitted.)
This supervisory responsibility was recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975) 420 U.S. 469, 491-492 [43 L.Ed.2d 328, 347, 95 S.Ct. 1029]: “[I]n a society in which each individual has but limited time and resources with which to observe at first hand the operations of his government, he relies necessarily upon the press to bring to him in convenient form the facts of those operations. Great responsibility is accordingly placed on the news media to report fully and accurately the proceedings of government, and official records and documents open to the public are the basic data of governmental operations. Without the information provided by the press most of us and many of our representatives would be unable to vote intelligently or to register opinions on the administration of government generally. With respect to judicial proceedings in particular, the function of the press serves to guarantee the fairness of trials and to bring to bear the beneficial effects of public scrutiny upon the administration of justice.”
In light of these substantial public concerns and the legislative history of section 47, subdivision 4, we conclude that the privilege provided a report of a judicial proceeding is not vitiated by conspiracy claims. But this conclusion in no way detracts from the requirement that the report be fair and accurate.
Plaintiff contends the 1982 article failed to fairly and accurately report Walsh’s testimony and the contents of the Gill Report. While recognizing that a word-for-word account is not necessary, plaintiff argues that the 1982 article contained conclusionary, fractionalized and unrepresentative statements from Walsh’s deposition and from the Gill Report.
The meaning of a “fair and true report” is well established in California case law. It is undenied that a media defendant does not have to justify every word of the alleged defamatory material that is published. (Kurata v. Los Angeles News Pub. Co. (1935) 4 Cal.App.2d 224,227-228 [40 P.2d 520].) The media’s responsibility lies in ensuring that the “gist or sting” of the report—its very substance—is accurately conveyed. (Hayward v. Watsonville Register-Pajaronian & Sun (1968) 265 Cal.App.2d 255, 262 [71 Cal.Rptr. 295].) Moreover, this responsibility carries with it a certain amount of literary license. The reporter is not bound by the straitjacket of the testifier’s exact words; a degree of flexibility is tolerated in deciding what is a “fair report.” (Reader’s Digest Assn. v. Superior Court, supra, 37 Cal.3d 244, 262, fn. 13.) With these concepts in mind, we evaluate plaintiff’s attack on the fairness and truth of the Fresno Bee article of May 31, 1982. Although the trial judge specifically found this to be a controverted issue and hence not proper for summary judgment disposal, case law indicates this decision is one of law when, as here, there is no dispute as to what occurred in the judicial proceeding reported upon or as to what was contained in the report.
In support of his contention that it is a factual issue whether a report is fair and true, plaintiff cites Handelsman v. San Francisco Chronicle (1970) 11 Cal.App.3d 381 [90 Cal.Rptr. 188]. However, that case held only that it was not error to leave to the jury the determination of whether the article was fair and true. The court stated in dicta that “the effect produced by the particular words used in the article and the fairness of the report is a question of fact for the jury. [Citation.]” {Id. at p. 386.) On the other hand, in Kilgore v. Younger (1982) 30 Cal.3d 770 [180 Cal.Rptr. 657, 640 P.2d 793], our Supreme Court held that the “fair and true” requirement was satisfied as a matter of law. In that case, there was no dispute as to the contents of the report or the news release reported upon. The court concluded that the newspapers captured the substance of the news release: “[I]n other words, we simply do not believe that the average reader would take the article to intimate that Kilgore [plaintiff] was involved in every—or even necessarily more than one—type of organized criminal activity.” {Id. at p. 777.) Similar conclusions as a matter of law were reached in Jennings v. Telegram-Tribune Co., supra, 164 Cal.App.3d 119, 127 , and Grillo v. Smith, supra, 144 Cal.App.3d 868, 873-874.
The 1982 article contained two allegedly damaging references to plaintiff. The first reference was to Walsh’s testimony that plaintiff and others were part of the so-called Fresno mob. This report of what was said was completely accurate; Walsh named those individuals he felt had ties to organized crime in this area. The piecemeal list was reproduced in the body of the article. This report accurately conveyed the “gist” of the testimony. Moreover, it was not unrepresentative or used out of context; plaintiff’s name was not singled out for attack nor was it set forth in the article so as to draw the reader’s immediate attention.
The second reference to plaintiff in the 1982 article appeared in a verbatim quote from the Gill Report: “ ‘The respective individuals who appear to be controlling these activities,’ the report continues, ‘are Gary Prestidge, Edward Meyers, Donald Louis Edwards, Vincent Todisco, Paul S. Mosesian and Gino Copola.’ ”
This word-for-word account of the Gill Report as used in Walsh’s deposition can hardly be considered unfair. A verbatim use of the alleged defamatory material reported in its proper context not only presents the gist and sting of the statement, but it epitomizes the meaning of “fair and true report.”
Based on the undisputed facts presented to the trial court concerning the 1982 article and the matters it reported, we hold the 1982 article was a fair and true report within the meaning of section 47, subdivision 4, as a matter of law. Summary judgment for petitioners should, therefore, have been granted based on the privilege provided by section 47, subdivision 4.
Our conclusions that the statutory privileges of section 47, subdivisions 4 and 2, respectively, apply to the 1982 article and the matters it reported make it unnecessary to consider petitioners’ contentions based on federal and state constitutional protections.
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue directing respondent court to set aside its order denying petitioners’ motion for summary judgment and to enter a new order granting petitioners’ motion. Except as expressly granted, the petition is denied. Petitioners shall recover from plaintiff their costs in this proceeding. (Oksner v. Superior Court (1964) 229 Cal.App.2d 672 [40 CaLRptr. 621].)
Brown, (G. A.), P. J., and Woolpert, J., concurred.
The petition of real party in interest for review by the Supreme Court was denied May 14, 1987.
Further statutory references are to the Civil Code unless otherwise indicated.
It is not contested that a deposition is a “judicial proceeding” within the meaning of the statute. (See Thornton v. Rhoden (1966) 245 Cal.App.2d 80,93 [53 Cal.Rptr. 706,23 A.L.R.3d 1152], and Mortensen v. Los Angeles Examiner (1931) 112 Cal.App. 194, 202-206 [296 P. 927].)
For clarification, we note that this court’s decision in Younger v. Solomon (1974) 38 Cal.App.3d 289 [113 Cal.Rptr. 113] is not inconsistent with the holding in Pettitt. While Younger does cite Bradley with approval, it does so only in support of the proposition that the challenged statement must have some connection or logical relation to the proceeding in which it was made. Younger does not embrace the requirement that the statement must “promote the interests of justice,” the specific language in Bradley which has been used to curtail the application of the privilege. Moreover, the language in the Bradley case has caused consternation among lower courts; in certain parts of that decision, the court freely interchanges the requirement that the statements achieve the objects of the litigation and also promote the interests of justice. Such an interchange is not warranted. We agree with the requirement that the statements must have some logical relation to the judicial proceeding and must be made to achieve the objects of that proceeding. However, we do not embrace the “promotion of the interests of justice” qualification to the absolute privilege.
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CASELAW
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Talk:dù
Vietnamese
Shorto reconstructed the proto-Mon-Khmer term for "umbrella" as (> Khmer and Bahnar ). I doubt the Vietnamese term directly derived from this source, could it be borrowed from a neighbor Mon-Khmer language? PhanAnh123 (talk) 06:43, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
* It definitely seems likely, considering the tone mismatch with PMK and dialectal distribution of the sense "umbrella" (where d is pronounced /j/). It could be from Khmer. Do you know if it is used in this sense in dialects other than the southern dialect? Wyang (talk) 10:51, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Wiki
Version 2 (modified by kobi7, 5 years ago)
--
Introduction
This is the wish list. Don't be shy. Jot down your wishes here, or if it's something that really needs to fixed or done, fill out a ticket. You can also start by mentioning these things on the discussion forum or IRC.
Proper Timeout mechanism
as part of simplifying the complicated things: a timeout keyword. the semantics and what it should actually do are debatable, but there should be an option for each scenario. for example, closing down a bad request, or maybe just resuming the code flow, maybe forcefully releasing resources, etc.
I saw timeout integrated in the TCL language. (they had the os be the external "superviser" managing the time) I think erlang also has it, I don't remember maybe it was called 'after'. ofcourse erlang is a very different language, and its design and constructs reflect that.
with the advent of c#5 it is now easier for the developer: async, await .. it's harder to get this wrong.
ideally, the language can help the developer not even get to deadlock situations, race conditions etc. no shared state was erlang's solution, there are coroutines, mailboxes and message-passing in other languages. making the right constructs go a long way in this regard. in Eiffel, they now have scoop, which as i understand is something like a locked access to a resource, without manually wrapping the value in a class to do the locking. it solves a different part by (sort of) declaring dependencies.
I think it is too complicated for a novice programmer to get right in C#. maybe cobra can provide an alternative way, where the tricky parts will be done by a library or compiler.
Eliminate argument repetition in lambdas
Like many languages with lambda expressions, Cobra requires you to repeat arguments at least twice; once for the parameter declaration and once for using it:
.foo(do(a, b)=a + b)
I propose a "succinct" form for lambdas where the lambda is implied by prefixing the arguments with a tilde (~):
.foo(~a + ~b)
This will look extra sweet when stacking up multiple LINQ calls or any other API that makes heavy use of lambda expressions. Note that one disadvantage is that if the expression needs to use the arguments in a different order then you will have to use the full "do" form.
See Also
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- Russia Weather Seen ‘Mainly Satisfactory’ for Crops Feb. 11-20
Weather will be “mainly
satisfactory” for Russian winter crops today and during the
next nine days, the state weather forecaster said. In the first 10 days of February, temperatures of as much
as 11 degrees Celsius (51.8 degrees Fahrenheit) melted snow and
helped plants resume growth in the southern part of Krasnodar,
Russia’s biggest regional crop area this season, and in some
southern parts of the North-Caucasus Federal District, the
weather center said on its website. Krasnodar harvested 8.8 million metric tons of grains this
season, or 13 percent of the national crop. The North-Caucasus
district harvested about 6.7 million tons, or 9.4 percent of the
national crop, according to the state statistics data. Crops face some risk of damage from excessive wetness in
parts of Tver, Novgorod, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, which
are north-east of Moscow, and covered by 45 centimeters (18
inches) of snow, while frost is weak, the center said. To contact the reporter on this story:
Marina Sysoyeva in Moscow at
msysoyeva@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Claudia Carpenter at
ccarpenter2@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Executive Order 10006
By virtue of authority vested in me by the Federal Register Act (49 Stat. 500, as amended; 44 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:
The following regulations shall govern the preparation, presentation, filing, and publication of Executive orders and proclamations, and shall constitute §§ 1.91 through 1.97 of Chapter I of Title 1 of the Code of Federal Regulations:
This order shall become effective upon publication in the Federal Register, and shall thereupon supersede Executive Order No. 7298 of February 18, 1936, entitled ``Regulations Governing the Preparation, Presentation, Filing, and Distribution of Executive Orders and Proclamations´´.
, October 9, 1948.
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WIKI
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US STOCKS-Dow hits 30,000 on vaccine progress, Biden transition
By Shriya Ramakrishnan and Shivani Kumaresan
Nov 24 (Reuters) - The Dow breached 30,000 points for the first time on Tuesday as investors bet on a swift economic recovery next year following progress on coronavirus vaccines and the formal go-ahead for President-elect Joe Biden's transition to the White House.
Economically-sensitive industrial stocks .SPLRCI surged to a record high, while the financials .SPSY and energy .SPNY indexes jumped 3.3% and 4.8%, respectively.
Electric-car maker Tesla Inc TSLA.O rose 4%, crossing $500 billion in market capitalization as investors lapped up its shares in the run-up to its addition to the S&P 500 index.
"Investors are getting optimistic about the coming six months," said Mike Zigmont, head of trading and research at Harvest Volatility Management in New York.
"There has been a lot of positive vaccine news recently and with the announcement that the transition of the Biden administration is kicking off, it just makes a lot of uncertainties of the future disappear."
Recent data suggesting a COVID-19 vaccine could be available before the end of the year has put the S&P 500 .SPX on course for its best November ever and sparked demand for value-linked stocks that were hammered following the coronavirus-driven crash earlier this year.
The S&P value index .IVX has gained about 15% so far in November compared with an 11% rise in the S&P 500. By contrast, the growth index .IGX, comprising the technology mega-caps that were seen as safe during the recession, is up less than 9%.
Sentiment this week was also boosted by reports that Biden planned to nominate former Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen as Treasury Secretary, which could shift the focus heavily toward efforts to tackle growing economic inequality.
By 12:01 p.m. ET, the Dow Jones Industrial Average .DJI was up 1.69% at 30,092.53. The S&P 500 .SPX was up 1.57% and the Nasdaq Composite .IXIC was up 0.99%.
Boeing Co BA.N jumped 4.2% after European regulators gave draft approval to its 737 MAX jets, paving the way for a formal flight clearance in January.
BlackRock Inc, the world's largest asset manager, on Monday upgraded U.S. equities to "overweight", turning bullish on quality large-cap technology companies and small cap firms that tend to perform well during a cyclical upswing.
Still, with coronavirus cases surging by the day and millions of Americans still unemployed, some traders suggested the U.S. stock market could see a sharp pullback in the next few weeks.
"We are positioning for a 20% stock market pullback between now and the 2021 presidential inauguration," said James McDonald, chief executive officer of Hercules Investments in Los Angeles.
"We wouldn't be putting new money to work in stocks with the Dow at 30,000 because of rising COVID-19 cases...and the likelihood of insufficient fiscal stimulus from Congress."
Advancing issues outnumbered decliners 4.30-to-1 on the NYSE and 2.40-to-1 on the Nasdaq.
The S&P index recorded 50 new 52-week highs and no new low, while the Nasdaq recorded 180 new highs and eight new lows.
(Reporting by Shriya Ramakrishnan and Shivani Kumaresan in Bengaluru; Editing by Sagarika Jaisinghani and Arun Koyyur)
((Shriya.Ramakrishnan@thomsonreuters.com; +91 8061822842 ;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Aurora Teixeira de Castro
Aurora Teixeira de Castro (1891 –1931) was vice-president in 1926 and 1927 of the feminist Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas (National Council of Portuguese Women). She was a lawyer and notary and the first female notary in Portugal.
Early life and activism
Aurora Teixeira de Castro was born in Porto, Portugal in 1891. She studied at the University of Coimbra, where she graduated in Law in 1916. As a member of the Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas, she played a major role in one of its early conferences, on the theme of “The legal situation of women in Portugal”, making four separate presentations. These were titled: (1) "The equivalence of the sexes and the equality of the rights and duties of men and women"; (2) "Disadvantage faced by women until the democracy that followed the arrival of the Republic"; (3) "On the concessions that the Republic's legislation made to women" and, (4) "Demands that can be achieved for the perfect equality of the rights of the two sexes". In these presentations she contrasted the roles that women could then play in society, such as holding professional positions, with the fact that they still could not vote nor have the right to keep their salary for themselves if married.
Campaigning
In 1921 she published Reivindicações Sociais e Políticas da Mulher Portuguesa na República (Social and Political Claims of the Portuguese Woman under the Republic). In February 1923, the Council sent a message of thanks to the Minister of Justice and Religious Affairs, António de Abranches Ferrão, for presenting a draft law on the updating of the legal status of married women in relation to the administration of their property. Teixeira de Castro, in an article published in the council's magazine, Alma feminina, recognized that the draft law represented progress for Portuguese women, but continued to advocate the absolute separation of assets. She criticized Abranches Ferrão for failing to propose reforms in some areas while proposing inadequate reforms in others.
In order to celebrate the tenth anniversary of its foundation in 1914, the Council decided to organize a feminist congress. Teixeira de Castro was a member of the organizing committee, which was chaired by Adelaide Cabete, and included Deolinda Lopes Vieira, Maria O'Neill, and Vitória Pais Freire de Andrade. This Feminist and Education Congress was scheduled for March 1924 but was postponed to allow provincial teachers to take part over Easter. It was aimed at studying, discussing and propagating feminist ideas and those related to them, and took place on 4–9 May 1924 in Lisbon. Teixeira de Castro addressed the themes of Social and Political Claims of Portuguese Women in the Republic; and the Situation of Married Women regarding Marital Property.
As the first female notary in Portugal, she also wrote a paper on "Portuguese Notaries-Their History, Evolution and Nature", which was published as a Monograph of the City of Porto in 1926.
A playwright
Aurora Teixeira de Castro was vice-president of the Conselho Nacional das Mulheres Portuguesas in 1926–27. In 1927 she published two plays with the umbrella heading of Teatro (Theatre); one in five acts called A Sombra (The Shadow), and a three-act piece called Mistérios de Amor (Mysteries of Love). These appear to have had primarily a polemical function, and it is not reported whether they were ever performed. The plays include many references to educational practices and to the right of women to have the same education as men. Interestingly, she had some of the male characters arguing in support of feminism.
Aurora Teixeira de Castro died in Valongo near Porto in 1931. She has roads named after her in Almada and Lisbon.
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WIKI
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Bridgeman
In the context of a copyright discussion, Bridgeman refers to Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.
Bridgeman often refers to the Bridgeman Art Library.
Bridgeman is also a surname [see also Bridgman], and may refer to the following people:
A
* Alexander Bridgeman, Viscount Newport
* Angela Bridgeman, Scottish athlete
C
* Charles Bridgeman
E
* Edward Bridgeman
F
* Francis Bridgeman (Royal Navy officer)
* Francis Bridgeman (British Army officer)
* Sir Francis Bridgeman, 3rd Baronet
G
* Geoffrey Bridgeman
* George Bridgman
* George Bridgeman, 2nd Earl of Bradford
* George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford
* Gerald Bridgeman, 6th Earl of Bradford
H
* Harriet Bridgeman
* Harry A. Bridgeman (1877-1955), American politician and railroad locomotive engineer
* Henry Bridgeman, 1st Baron Bradford
* Henry Bridgeman, British Army officer
J
* John Bridgeman (bishop)
* John Bridgeman (sculptor)
* Sir John Bridgeman, 2nd Baronet
* Sir John Bridgeman, 3rd Baronet
* Junior Bridgeman (born 1953), American basketball player and businessman
L
* Luke Bridgeman
M
* Maurice Bridgeman
O
* Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Earl of Bradford
* Orlando Bridgeman, 3rd Earl of Bradford
* Orlando Bridgeman, 5th Earl of Bradford
* Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Great Lever
* Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Ridley
* Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 2nd Baronet
* Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 4th Baronet
P
* Peter Bridgeman
* Percy Williams Bridgman, an American physicist
* Bridgman–Stockbarger technique
R
* Reginald Bridgeman
* Richard Bridgeman, 7th Earl of Bradford
* Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman
* Robin Bridgeman, 3rd Viscount Bridgeman
W
* William B. Bridgeman
* William Clive Bridgeman
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WIKI
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Intended for healthcare professionals
Letters
So much time for so little: Italy's pharmaceutical industry and doctors' information needs
BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.55 (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:55
1. Emilio Maestri, general practitioner,
2. Gilberto Furlani, general practitioner,
3. Fabio Suzzi, general practitioner,
4. Annalisa Campomori, pharmacist,
5. Giulio Formoso, epidemiologist,
6. Nicola Magrini, head (n.magrini{at}ausl.mo.it)
1. Guastalla, Reggio Emilia, Italy
2. Imola, Bologna, Italy
3. Unit of Drug Evaluation and Evidence-Based Primary Care, Centro per la Valutazione della Efficacia della Assistenza Sanitaria (CeVEAS), 41100 Modena, Italy
EDITOR—Two local experiences in northern Italy may be relevant to the discussion following the recent editorial by Griffith on doctors' reasons for not seeing drug representatives.1
In 1992, eight general practitioners from Guastallae evaluated the amount of time spent with pharmaceutical representatives. On average, each doctor had 435 visits per year from 102 different companies and spent a total of 58 hours every year talking to pharmaceutical representatives. To reduce this time, four doctors allowed up to two visits per day, and four allocated a single weekly session, allowing up to eight visits, but this approach did not lead to the desired results (table).
In 1994, four of these general practitioners contacted 102 drug companies, asking to receive information based on systematic evaluation of available evidence rather than glossy booklets and favourable trials only. Nothing changed except that staff specialists joined the visit. In 1996, drug companies were asked to send their representatives only when invited or when relevant information was available in advance. Most representatives stopped visiting doctors' surgeries, and only three out of 102 agreed to answer specific questions.
Interactions between drug representatives and eight general practitioners in Guastalla, Italy, in 1992-3
View this table:
In 1992, four general practitioners from Imola, after the publication of a drug formulary,2 asked 105 drug companies to submit only clinically relevant information and answer doctors' specific questions. This put a complete stop—which still persists—to visits from drug representatives.
We analysed some typical “information packages” and found that “drug oriented” information is often flawed, biased, or misleading 3 4: protocols of ongoing studies are used as evidence of clinical benefits; unpublished data on file are quoted as reliable references; pharmacological or molecular effects are overemphasised; and all this is almost regularly accompanied by an invitation to gather your own experiences with this drug and then judge. This is not patient oriented information drawn from a systematic evaluation of available evidence.
Transforming advertising into reliable information is probably impossible. Pharmaceutical companies are well equipped to produce and disseminate information about their drugs, and they are one of the main sources of information for doctors. Health authorities should arrange a similar system, using dedicated professionals to provide doctors with valid and unbiased information. Interventions of this sort should be included in the current effort by Italy's health service to produce and implement practice guidelines. Local centres could be used to make this information easily available to doctors and to determine and evaluate the best strategies for dissemination and implementation.5
References
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
View Abstract
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Hitaveita Suðurnesja
Hitaveita Suðurnesja was an Icelandic energy company. The largest shareholder was Reykjanesbær. The company was founded as a geothermal energy firm in the southwest of Iceland in 1974. It built a power plant at Svartsengi to tap the geothermal energy in the area, and was completed in 1976. It was reportedly the first power plant in the world of its kind. It produced and distributed heating and electricity for the entire Sudurnes region.
In May 2008, Parliament passed Act no. 58/2008, amending some laws on natural resources and energy. As a result, Hitaveita Suðurnesja was divided into two independent companies, HS Utilities Ltd., distributing electricity, and HS Orka, heating and freshwater, which came into effect on 1 July 2008.
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WIKI
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Zydis v2.0.0-beta1
Zydis Documentation
zydis logo License: MIT Gitter Build status
Fast and lightweight x86/x86-64 disassembler library.
Features
• Supports all x86 and x86-64 (AMD64) instructions.
• Supports pretty much all ISA extensions (list incomplete):
• FPU (x87), MMX
• SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, SSE4A, AESNI
• AVX, AVX2, AVX512BW, AVX512CD, AVX512DQ, AVX512ER, AVX512F, AVX512PF, AVX512VL
• ADX, BMI1, BMI2, FMA, FMA4
• Optimized for high performance
• No dynamic memory allocation ("malloc")
• Very small file-size overhead compared to other common disassembler libraries
• Complete doxygen documentation
• No dependencies on platform specific APIs
• Should compile on any platform with a complete libc and CMake
• Tested on Windows, macOS and Linux
Roadmap
• Language bindings [v2.0 final]
• Tests [v2.0 final]
• Graphical editor for the instruction-database [v2.0 final]
• Implement CMake feature gates. Currently, everything is always included. [v2.0 final]
• Encoding support [v2.1]
Quick Example
The following example program uses Zydis to disassemble a given memory buffer and prints the output to the console.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <Zydis/Zydis.h>
int main()
{
uint8_t data[] =
{
0x51, 0x8D, 0x45, 0xFF, 0x50, 0xFF, 0x75, 0x0C, 0xFF, 0x75,
0x08, 0xFF, 0x15, 0xA0, 0xA5, 0x48, 0x76, 0x85, 0xC0, 0x0F,
0x88, 0xFC, 0xDA, 0x02, 0x00
};
// Initialize decoder context.
ZydisDecoder decoder;
&decoder,
// Initialize formatter. Only required when you actually plan to
// do instruction formatting ("disassembling"), like we do here.
ZydisFormatter formatter;
// Loop over the instructions in our buffer.
uint64_t instructionPointer = 0x007FFFFFFF400000;
uint8_t* readPointer = data;
size_t length = sizeof(data);
&decoder, readPointer, length, instructionPointer, &instruction)))
{
// Print current instruction pointer.
printf("%016" PRIX64 " ", instructionPointer);
// Format & print the binary instruction
// structure to human readable format.
char buffer[256];
&formatter, &instruction, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
puts(buffer);
readPointer += instruction.length;
length -= instruction.length;
instructionPointer += instruction.length;
}
}
ZYDIS_EXPORT ZydisStatus ZydisDecoderDecodeBuffer(const ZydisDecoder *decoder, const void *buffer, ZydisUSize bufferLen, ZydisU64 instructionPointer, ZydisDecodedInstruction *instruction)
Decodes the instruction in the given input buffer.
ZYDIS_EXPORT ZydisStatus ZydisDecoderInit(ZydisDecoder *decoder, ZydisMachineMode machineMode, ZydisAddressWidth addressWidth)
Initializes the given ZydisDecoder instance.
ZYDIS_EXPORT ZydisStatus ZydisFormatterInit(ZydisFormatter *formatter, ZydisFormatterStyle style)
Initializes the given ZydisFormatter instance.
@ ZYDIS_FORMATTER_STYLE_INTEL
Generates intel-style disassembly.
Definition: Formatter.h:65
ZYDIS_EXPORT ZydisStatus ZydisFormatterFormatInstruction(const ZydisFormatter *formatter, const ZydisDecodedInstruction *instruction, char *buffer, ZydisUSize bufferLen)
Formats the given instruction and writes it into the output buffer.
@ ZYDIS_ADDRESS_WIDTH_64
Definition: SharedTypes.h:120
@ ZYDIS_MACHINE_MODE_LONG_64
64 bit mode.
Definition: SharedTypes.h:76
#define ZYDIS_SUCCESS(status)
Checks if a zydis operation was successfull.
Definition: Status.h:157
Master include file, including everything else.
Defines the ZydisDecodedInstruction struct.
Definition: DecoderTypes.h:778
ZydisU8 length
The length of the decoded instruction.
Definition: DecoderTypes.h:790
Defines the ZydisDecoder struct.
Definition: Decoder.h:141
Defines the ZydisFormatter struct.
Definition: Formatter.h:581
Sample Output
The above example program generates the following output:
007FFFFFFF400000 push rcx
007FFFFFFF400001 lea eax, [rbp-0x01]
007FFFFFFF400004 push rax
007FFFFFFF400005 push qword ptr [rbp+0x0C]
007FFFFFFF400008 push qword ptr [rbp+0x08]
007FFFFFFF40000B call [0x008000007588A5B1]
007FFFFFFF400011 test eax, eax
007FFFFFFF400013 js 0x007FFFFFFF42DB15
Compilation
Zydis builds cleanly on most platforms without any external dependencies. You can use CMake to generate project files for your favorite C99 compiler.
# Linux and OS X
git clone 'https://github.com/zyantific/zydis.git'
cd zydis
mkdir build && cd build
cmake ..
make
ZydisInfo tool
ZydisInfo
Credits
• Intel (for open-sourcing XED, allowing for automatic comparision of our tables against theirs, improving both)
• LLVM (for providing pretty solid instruction data as well)
• Christian Ludloff (http://sandpile.org, insanely helpful)
• LekoArts (for creating the project logo)
• Our contributors on GitHub
License
Zydis is licensed under the MIT license.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Gathering insights from data: An overview of the Elastic stack
Register or Login to like
Rocks stacked
Tony Smith via Flickr (CC BY 2.0)
The Elastic stack is a versatile collection of open source software tools that make gathering insights from data easier. Formerly referred to as the ELK stack (in reference to ElasticsearchLogstash, and Kibana), the growing list of tools that integrate with the platform (such as Beats) have outgrown the acronym but provide ever-growing capability for users and developers alike.
At the upcoming Southeast Linuxfest 2016, I'll be covering some of the steps to get started using each of these parts of the stack. In this article, we'll look at each in turn to summarize the capabilities, requirements, and interesting use cases that apply to each.
Beats & Logstash
Collecting data is where it all starts. Logstash and Beats both serve this need, though each is finely tuned to suit different needs and uses. Whether your priority is light resource usage or extensive features, either solution has been designed to meet those requirements.
Beats
Beats are lightweight, fast data shippers and collectors that typically do one thing and do it well. For example, Packetbeat collects and ships data about packet activity on a network interface, while Filebeat can tail a log file and send logs to be processed downstream. Beats are designed to be fast, portable, and easy to deploy on individual hosts for specific needs. There are even community-created Beats for uses like monitoring HTTP endpoints and NGINX health.
Written in Go and based upon the shared foundation of libbeat, Beats are meant to be easily implemented so that even resource-constrained environments can be measured easily and without much overhead.
Logstash
Logstash is similarly capable of collecting machine data, but where it shines is the plethora of open source plugins available to enrich data. For example, while collecting webserver logs is useful, deeply parsing the user-agent data to extract traffic statistics can be beneficial, which the useragent filter can do. Or, if using the Twitter plugin, you may want to perform sentiment analysis on user tweets.
Custom plugins are simple Ruby libraries, which enable users to extend functionality and prototype new features quickly. Performance isn't an afterthought, however: Logstash ships with JRuby by default, which opens up possibilities for concurrency and real threads.
Elasticsearch
Once data has been collected and enriched, storing it in Elasticsearch opens up a range of possibilities.
Elasticsearch is a search engine at its heart, with a myrid of use cases borne of its flexibility and ease of use. Based on Apache Lucene, Elasticsearch strives to make both the operational challenges (such as scalability and reliability) and application-based needs (like freetext search and autocomplete) easier for end users.
Operationally, Elasticsearch's elasticity stems from splitting indices into shards, which can be spread across multiple hosts to balance load and boost performance. With planning, this means that datasets can grow well beyond the capabilities of one machine to handle.
Some examples of the analytics that can be performed on Elasticsearch include:
• Geo searching. When documents are inserted with geo metadata, results can be overlaid on a map to visualize how documents relate to real-world longitudes and latitudes.
• Graphing. Recent plugins have added graph search to Elasticsearch, which can answer interesting questions such as relationships between data in the Panama Papers.
• Aggregations. Answering questions such as which pages returned the most 500 errors become a matter of forming the right query for the fields in a log file.
While all these capabilities are driven by Elasticsearch's core, exposing them in a user-friendly interface is left to the next layer in the stack.
Kibana
Kibana is a browser-based visualization frontend for Elasticsearch. It enables users to easily consume data in aggregate that would otherwise be difficult to process; making logs, metrics, and unstructured data searchable and more usable for humans. Additional plugins can be used for specialized cases, such as Timelion for timeseries data.
Because Kibana persists most of its data within Elasticsearch, managing Kibana dashboards and visualizations is a similar exercise as managing other indices in Elasticsearch. Charts, graphs, and other visualizations sit atop Elasticsearch APIs which can be easily inspected for closer analysis or use in other systems.
An open ecosystem
Like other multi-faceted systems, the Elastic stack is supported by tools to help manage deployment and configuration, such as with AnsiblePuppet, and Chef. Standard distribution repositories are similarly available.
It's worth noting that all of these open source projects are spread across a wide array of languages. While Beats are written in Go for portable, efficient distribution of compiled binaries, Kibana uses Javascript for unified development of frontend and backend components. With many languages and an open codebase, users should feel free to get involved with the feature development and bugfixing efforts that matter to them.
Now is a great time to play with the stack and see what you can accomplish with it, with a wide variety of solutions and global community standing by to support users and developers alike.
Tyler is an Infrastructure Engineer at Elastic where he wears many hats. In previous lives he's worked in cybersecurity, datacenter floors, and a variety of operations roles. He's an active contributor in the open source community and enjoys working in Linux, functional programming languages, and living in zsh.
Comments are closed.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Cleiton Sousa
It´s a guy born and growth in the countryside of State of Ceará, Brazil. Wrote a short article about himself on Wikipedia. That´s all.
Quotes
* Be ready.
* If someone could observe for too long would see that the crowds behavior are predictable. Bet the crowds behavior in the lottery and you will always win.
* I promise to stop procrastinating. Tomorrow.
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WIKI
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Talk:History of pro-pedophile activism
Clean-up
The most immediate thing needed is a proper introduction. Next would be sections and proper style of citations. -TlatoSMD 17:08, 8 May 2006 (CEST)
* Yes. Skinnyweed 00:34, 9 May 2006 (UTC)
I'd like to emphasize this article is not complete yet, there's still material I have to implement in the second (1970s) and third (late-1970s-onwards) section, as well as amending a guide to the most common acronyms in this context that sources and literature are bursting with. -TlatoSMD 06:16, 12 May 2006 (CEST)
NVD
In response to JayW:
Dutch NVD (their site and their platform seem to be wiped completely off the internet by now) intended to simply abolish a legal necessity to sue in order to persecute. The media called that "lowering the AoC down to 12" while sex with 12 year-olds is legal already in the Netherlands since November 6th 1990 as according to section 245, paragraph 2, and section 247, paragraph 2 of the Dutch penal code, persecution of sexual activities with a child aged 12-16 does NOT take place EXCEPT in the case of a civil law suit. Hence, the Dutch cheat a bit by publicly saying their AoC would be 16. Germany has a pretty similar legal situation according to their penal code's section 182 requiring either a civil law suit as well OR "public interest" in order to persecute sexual activities with a minor aged 14-16, while the more strict section 176 deals with anything below the age of 14, and the Germans are more honest than the Dutch by admitting that it makes their legal AoC 14 (sect. 176) instead of 16 (sect. 182). If you say NVD intended to "abolish the legal AoC" it appears as if they aimed for an AoC of 0, and that's clearly wrong, they simply intended to abolish a last resort to legally persecute sexual activities with a person aged 12-16, that is the requirement to sue before any persecution can take place. -TlatoSMD 20:16, 18 Jun 2006 (CEST)
1979 petition support list
This article was used as a reference in an ongoing discussion. A conservative poster has denied conservative/religious groups could possibly sign the petition, and has thus deleted the list entries which displeased him. He shows no evidence of having read the article quoted along with the list. I think this page should be protected in order to avoid POV-pushing. Amorim Parga 13:18, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
French version of this article
Hey !
Some months ago, I translated this page in French, what lead to violent discussions, and the decision of clearing it from the French Wikipédia until it would be neutral. Now, there is a new History of pedophile activism, using as sources almost 60 different essays and articles, mainly from mainstream media, historian or psychologist — that is non-paedophiles. I think it could be useful to use some elements of the French article in the English one, which is quite incomplete, quite anglo-centered (?), and quite unneutral. Glotz 21:59, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
Merge
This short article on a marginally notable subject should be merged inot the larger Pedophile activism, SqueakBox 05:47, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
* Please no spontaneous merges. as you can see, the discussion is being hosted on the talkpage of the other article. --Jim Burton 18:40, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
NPOV
This article needs to incorporate anti pedophile activist history in order to be NPOV, SqueakBox 03:57, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
* What? The article is specifically here to document the history of the pro - pedophile movement, not any one particular culture war. A decent article about a POV treats that POV as the subject matter, e.g. Gay liberation. Whilst specific historical events do not require separate accounts of either side's POV or activities, e.g. Battle of Sedan or Stonewall riots, historical movements do. Jim ♥ Burton 06:24, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* In this article the opposition and criticism should be incorporated within the flow of the text, rather than being segregated at the end. It's important to reflect the contemporaneous criticism that the "movement" was receiving, and the legal and cultural landscape in which it occurred. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 07:49, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* I agree with this point, and it's worth noting that the current article fulfils such requirements (to some extent, as far as I've read). What I oppose is the idea that the article should consider 'anti pedophile activism' as an equal concern, as part of the subject matter Jim ♥ Burton 08:46, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
Last positive progress although not required does not contain any POV, it simply indicates that progresses in the movement are contributing to a heightening of profile. I think that if someone sees this as POV, it may in fact reveal more about the person reading the sentence. Jim ♥ Burton 03:53, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
Deletion of Wrongly Titled Page
Could someone explain to me why the page entitled "History of pro edophile activism" still exists? The title is clearly misspelled, and any discussion from that page could easily be transferred to the discussion page of the correctly spelled page. If there's no real reason why the incorrectly titled page still exists, could someone please delete it. What's extra funny is that it still redirects to "History of pro pedophile activism," as if someone would actually search in Wikipedia for the incorrect title. I would also appreciate if someone could explain to me how the deletion process works, for I'm still learning my way around Wikipedia.
Thanx in advance, Homologeo 06:09, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* I'll see about deleting the misspelled redirect. For general info see WP:deletion. ·:·Will Beback ·:· 07:02, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
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language death
Noun
* 1) The death of a language, when a language loses its last native speaker
Synonyms
* linguicide
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Fans think E3 Death Stranding footage has bits of PT in it
When PT — a playable teaser for Hideo Kojima’s reboot of Silent Hill — left the PlayStation Store in 2015, it took on an urban legend status. No longer downloadable and with the larger game canceled to boot, only those who already had PT on their system could continue to play it. But after Sony’s E3 press conference earlier this week, some fans think that the legend isn’t entirely dead. PT originally came out in 2014 and instantly became viral on social media. In a departure from most horror games, PT scared players largely by making them walk through a hallway over and over again; the appeal was in how even the mundane could be terrifying in the right hands. As players dove deeper into the game, they realized that there was a much larger mystery hiding within it. To solve it, fans from around the world had to cooperate and share knowledge about how to keep progressing. Once players reached the end, they were surprised to find that PT was actually a teaser for the upcoming Silent Hills. It was made by Metal Gear Solid designer Kojima and director Guillermo del Toro, and it was going to star Walking Dead actor Norman Reedus. Hype around PT exploded and then turned into disappointment after the game was canceled and Kojima left Konami. Since then, Kojima has gone on to create his own company, and he has been working on a new game known as Death Stranding. Death Stranding has accumulated its own fans, partially because of Kojima’s cult of personality and partially because the enigmatic trailers for the title have their own alternate reality game. Fans regularly dissect any new footage, often finding clues that help explain what Death Stranding actually is. The trailer that dropped Monday night is no exception: some hardcore fans believe that it contains imagery that harkens back to PT. Specifically, there are a number of paintings in PT that seem to look like the landscapes in Death Stranding, leading fans like Reddit user TheInvisibleOnes to pair the images up side by side. According to TheInvisibleOnes, this isn’t the only time that Death Stranding appears to have used imagery from PT. Last year, fans noticed that PT has a film negative that once inverted what looks like a tunnel: The claim is that this tunnel went on to be featured in a Death Stranding trailer: Players also claim that a blurry painting in PT appears to connect with an official Death Stranding poster: It’s possible that these are huge coincidences or that players are seeing things that aren’t there. It’s also entirely possible that Kojima didn’t make any of these connections intentionally. But there’s something seductive about the way Kojima fans spin a narrative and make you believe in conspiracies that turn a simple trailer into something larger than life. Think about it: is it really so hard to believe that Death Stranding could have some ideas in it that didn’t make it into Silent Hills? We know that Death Stranding has some horror elements, as there are giant invisible shadow monsters in it that kill people. PT had baby fetuses, and Death Stranding also has babies in it. Reedus is involved in both projects, as is del Toro. “While I don’t believe Death Stranding is PT / Silent Hills, I do think it’s clear that there are heavy visual references,” TheInvisibleOnes wrote back in 2017. The post goes on to reference dialogue from PT, where a character on the radio ominously says, “I will be coming back, and I’m bringing my new toys with me.” Fans have latched on to that quote, making it out to be Kojima breaking the fourth wall. As fans tell it, Kojima knew he was going out the door before PT was released, and he knew that things wouldn’t work out. “Kojima is talking to the player of PT,” TheInvisibleOnes told The Verge. “Telling them directly, I’m about to leave Konami. But these ideas? These are coming along.” The conspiracy theories are fueled by Kojima's own attitude toward Death Stranding. In a recent interview with The Telegraph, the Japanese game developer said, “It’s not that I’m just putting random hints out there — everything comes together. I’m trying to make sure that all the pieces of the puzzle fit in ... The game hasn’t been completed at this point but we already have some sort of game going on with the fans already.” “People are obsessed with the idea of the cancelled PT,” TheInvisibleOnes said. “Most people want to believe that Death Stranding is really secretly PT.” Maybe none of this is true, or maybe people are seeing what they want to see. Death Stranding may turn out to be its own thing, free of any connection to Silent Hills. But even if that ends up being the case, it seems that PT will never stop haunting the players who walked through its darkened halls.
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Tech Stocks Are Crashing, But These 3 Value Stocks Are Just Hitting Their Stride
Glancing at the headline numbers, the stock market seems to be doing well. The S&P 500 is up over 10% for the year and the Dow Jones Industrial Average just hit a new intraday high above 35,000. Yet at the same time, last year's market leaders (small-cap tech stocks) are vastly underperforming the market. Cathie Wood's ARK Innovation ETF, which in many ways embodies hypergrowth investing, is down over 15% for the year.
Investors continue to shift away from growth toward income and value. With that, we asked some of our contributors which value stocks they thought were worth buying now. They chose United Parcel Service (NYSE: UPS), JELD-WEN (NYSE: JELD), and Acuity Brands (NYSE: AYI).
Image source: Getty Images.
Breakout value
Daniel Foelber (United Parcel Service): UPS's surge has been nothing short of extraordinary. It was one of just a handful of industrial stocks that grew revenue and adjusted earnings throughout the pandemic. On top of that, it has been one of the few companies across all sectors that continues to grow in a post-pandemic environment. This dynamic starkly contrasts with other "pandemic plays" like Peloton, whose record-high results will be hard to surpass in the years to come.
UPS's business-to-consumer sales soared during the pandemic as more customers ordered online. Yet what makes UPS stand out is its ability to tap into small and medium-sized businesses looking to grow their e-commerce presence. This was a trend in the making that accelerated during the pandemic.
During its most recentearnings call UPS noted that SMB volumes reached a new high in the first quarter and continue to grow faster than its larger customers. At the same time, UPS is seeing a rebound from its business-to-business customers as the broader economy recovers.
Complementing this strong domestic performance is its international segment. International has been UPS's secret weapon. Its operating margin consistently comes in between 20% to 25%, whereas UPS as a whole tends to garner margin in the low double digits. International has also been the main contributor to growing UPS's bottom line -- comprising over one-third of net income in the first quarter.
Without international, UPS would be a moderate success. But with impressive revenue growth from U.S. domestic paired with the profitability from international, UPS is a breakout value stock that is able to fund its growth and grow its dividend.
JELD-WEN
Lee Samaha (JELD-WEN): Investors in doors and windows company JELD-WEN woke up to a double-digit decline in their stock price on May 11. The reason? It comes down to an offering of 10 million shares by a major shareholder, Onex Corporation, and investment funds managed by Onex. JELD-WEN will purchase 1 million shares with the remaining 9 million offered to the public from time to time.
That's likely to act as an overhang on the stock until it's cleared. Unfortunately, it's tough to predict the timing of this, but what investors can know is the value of the stock. As you can see below, JELD-WEN looks like a good value by most conventional valuation metrics.
Data by YCharts
In addition, if the U.S. housing market is in the early innings of a multi-year recovery, then JELD-WEN is very well placed to be a key beneficiary -- around 47% of its sales go to the new residential construction market. For reference, the company is the leading player in the North American residential doors market.
The heavy exposure to new residential construction means JELD-WEN will suffer in any housing slowdown because it's less reliant on the repair and remodel market than many other housing-related stocks. That said, the housing market is a pretty good place to be in right now, and annual housing sales are still shy of the levels reached before the last housing peak in 2006.
Buying this bargain stock is a bright idea
Scott Levine (Acuity Brands): While tech stocks have suffered precipitous declines recently, many investors unsurprisingly are looking for options that are exhibiting less volatility -- stocks like Acuity Brands. A global leader in lighting products and solutions, Acuity Brands, currently found in the discount bin, provides investors a steady stock that can offset some of the turbulence that they may be finding in other parts of their portfolio.
With infrastructure rising in importance among President Biden's priorities, Acuity stands to benefit considerably from the passage of a bill that would provide for an increase in infrastructure spending -- especially with regards to its Holophane brand, which specializes in outdoor LED lighting. But that's hardly the only reason investors should consider lighting up their portfolios with Acuity.
As is the case for so many other businesses, the coronavirus pandemic has affected the company's top line; however, Acuity has successfully reigned in costs and consistently generated a strong gross profit over the past year. In Q2 2021, Acuity reported a gross profit margin of 43.4%, representing an increase of over 170 basis points above what it reported during the same period last year. Further down the income statement, Acuity recognized more year-over-year growth in profitability; it reported an operating profit margin of 11.7%, an increase of 180 basis points over Q2 2020.
On the Q2 2021 conference call, management recognized that COVID-19 continues to pose challenges for the company, but it also acknowledged that there are signs that its end markets are improving. In addition, management acknowledged the potential growth that the company can achieve through acquisitions -- a strategy that the company has benefited from in the past as it moves into other markets. Speaking to this, CEO Neil Ashe reiterated that the company has aspired "to be a technology company that solves problems and spaces in light and we see the opportunity to expand to additional areas over time."
Despite the fact that shares of Acuity popped 12% in April after the company reported a strong Q2 2021 earnings report, the stock still seems cheap. Currently, it's trading at 14.2 times operating cash flow, a bargain considering its five-year average multiple is 17.3. And that's not the only perspective from which the stock seems inexpensive. Shares are trading hands at about 2.2 times sales, representing a discount to the S&P 500, which has a P/S ratio of three.
10 stocks we like better than United Parcel Service
When investing geniuses David and Tom Gardner have a stock tip, it can pay to listen. After all, the newsletter they have run for over a decade, Motley Fool Stock Advisor, has tripled the market.*
David and Tom just revealed what they believe are the ten best stocks for investors to buy right now... and United Parcel Service wasn't one of them! That's right -- they think these 10 stocks are even better buys.
See the 10 stocks
*Stock Advisor returns as of May 11, 2021
Daniel Foelber owns shares of United Parcel Service. Lee Samaha has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Scott Levine has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Peloton Interactive. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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Page:Weird Tales volume 28 number 02.djvu/47
174 "So we really start tomorrow," Merle Anthony blew a cloud of smoke toward the glittering night sky. "I'm almost sorry. Sollum's been fun. And I've done two of the best pictures I ever made here."
"Was that why you burned them up yesterday?" her cousin, Dale Fleming, inquired in his comfortable pleasant voice.
The girl's clear pallor slowly crimsoned. "Dale! What a"
"It's all right, Merle," Gunnar Sven interrupted her. "Dale's quite right. Why pretend this delay has done you any good? And it's altogether my fault. I found that out today in the market. Overheard some Arabs discussing our expedition to Siwa."
"Your fault!" Merle's beautiful face, and eyes gray as a gull's wing, turned to him. "Why, you've simply slaved to get the caravan ready."
Gunnar got to his feet and walked out to the verge of the headland on which they were camped. Tall, straight as a pine he stood.
The cousins watched him; the girl with trouble and perplexity, the man more searchingly. His eyes, under straight upper lids, flatly contradicted the rest of his appearance. He was very fat, with fair hair and smooth unlined face despite his forty years. A sort of Pickwickian good humor radiated from him. Dale Fleming's really great intellectual power showed only in those three-cornered heavily-lidded eyes of his.
"Why did you give me away?" Merle demanded.
His round moon face beamed on her.
"Why bluff?" he responded.
"Snooping about as usual. Why don't you go and be a real detective?" she retorted crossly.
He gave a comfortable chuckle, but his eyes were sad. It was devilishly hard to watch her falling for this Icelander. Ever since his parents had adopted her—an orphan of six—she had come first in Dale's affections. His love was far from Platonic. Gunnar Sven was a fine creature, but there was something wrong. Some mystery shadowed his life. What it was, Dale was determined to discover.
"Truth will out, my child! The natives are in terror of him. You know it as well as I do! They're all against helping you and me because he's our friend."
"Stop being an idiot. No one could be afraid of Gunnar. And he's particularly good with natives."
"Yes. He handles them well. I've never seen a young 'un do it better."
"Well, then?"
"There's something queer about him. These Arabs know it. We know it. It's about two months now since he joined forces with us. Just after my mother decamped and left us in Cairo. The cable summoning her home to Aunt Sue's death-bed arrived Wednesday, May 3rd. She sailed May 5th. Gunnar Sven turned up May 6th."
"All right. I'm not contradicting you. It's never any use."
"You refused to wait for Mother's return in Cairo, according to her schedule."
"Well! Cairo! Everyone paints Cairo and the Nile. I wanted subjects that every five-cent tourist hadn't raved over."
"You wanted Siwa Oasis. Of all God-forsaken dangerous filthy places! And in the summer"
"You know you're dying to see the oasis too," she accused. "Just trying to save your face as my guardian and protector. Hypocrite!"
He roared with laughter. The Arab cook and several other servants stopped singing round their cooking-pots to grin at the infectious sound.
"Touché! I'd sacrifice my flowing raven locks to go to Siwa. But"—his face grew surprizingly stern—"about Gunnar. Why
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Page:A Voyage in Space (1913).djvu/220
200 a strictly regular supply; but Mr. C. G. Abbot has now found out for us that this is not so: the light and heat do vary, and it is most important for us to watch the variations, considering that the future history of the world may depend on them.
But let us return to the spots and let us look a little more closely at the diagram (Fig. 59) showing their fluctuations. When the curve rises to a peak or maximum there were numerous spots: when it falls to a valley or minimum there were very few. The dates are shown along the bottom line every ten years. You will see that the interval between two minima is not always exactly eleven years: thus there is only about nine years between the minima of 1775–6 and 1784–5; but as much as thirteen years between the minima of 1811 and 1824. The variation is not regular, and there must be some reason for the want of regularity. I have been studying this matter specially for the last year and have found what I think is the key to the puzzle: I think there is a swarm of meteors revolving round the Sun, not in a nearly circular track like our Earth, but in an elongated track like that of a comet. I hope you remember the way in which a comet moves—loitering along slowly when it is far from the Sun, quickening up as it comes nearer, and whizzing round the sharp turn when it is closest to the Sun—what is called perihelion. Now I think this meteor swarm whizzes round so close to the Sun's surface that some of the meteors actually graze the surface and make the sunspots. The swarm is collected mostly at one part of the track, like a lot of people running
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Page:The Writings of Prosper Merimee-Volume 1.djvu/135
Rh prank or wild frolic she didn't indulge in. I told her I should have liked to see her dance, only there were no castanets to be had. Instantly she seized the old woman's only earthenware plate, smashed it up, and there she was dancing the Romalis, and making the bits of broken crockery rattle as well as if they had been ebony and ivory castanets. That girl was good company, I can tell you! Evening fell, and I heard the drums beating tattoo.
"'I must get back to quarters for roll-call,' I said.
"'To quarters!' she answered, with a look of scorn. 'Are you a negro slave, to let yourself be driven with a ramrod like that! You are as silly as a canary-bird. Your dress suits your nature. Pshaw! you've no more heart than a chicken.'
"I stayed on, making up my mind to the inevitable guard-room. The next morning the first suggestion of parting came from her.
"'Hark ye, Joseito,' she said. 'Have I paid you? By our law, I owed you nothing, because you're a payllo. But you're a good-looking fellow, and I took a fancy to you. Now we're quits. Good-day!' "I asked her when I should see her again.
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Diamond is the hardest of all natural materials. The hardness of any given material is usually determined by pressing a carefully shaped indenter onto a surface under a load, resulting in a permanent plastic deformation. The indenter must be at least as hard as the substance being indented; for measuring the hardness of diamond, only a diamond indenter is useful. Even then, the indenter itself becomes misshapen after several uses and must be replaced. The applied force on the indenter is divided by area of the impression left on the surface, and so hardness is expressed in units of pressure.
The Mohs hardness scale assigns the hardness of materials based on a scale of 1-10, with each number represented by a known/defined material. On the Mohs scale, 10 represents diamond, but this extreme hardness is not adequately represented due to the non-linearity of the scale. The Mohs scale gives the impression that #9, corundum (also called sapphire), is nearly as hard as diamond, when in reality, there is a 4x increase in hardness between corundum and diamond.
The carbon-nitrogen bond is thought to be stronger than the hybridized carbon-carbon bond of diamond [1]. If so, a material that could possibly be harder than diamond is C3N4 [2]. The in-plane doubled bonded C=C bonds of graphite are also stronger that the C-C bonds of diamond. The atomic density of diamond is an unequalled 1.76×1023 atoms/cm3.
Diamond has stimulated much interest in the field of tribology, the study and application of friction [3-5]. CVD grown diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have attracted an overwhelming interest from both industry and the research community. These films offer a wide range of exceptional physical, mechanical, biomedical and tribological properties that make them scientifically very interesting and commercially essential for numerous industrial applications.
Mechanically, certain DLC films are extremely hard (as hard as 90 GPa) and resilient, while tribologically they provide some of the lowest known friction and wear coefficients. Because of their excellent chemical inertness, these films are resistant to corrosive and oxidative attacks. The combination of such a wide range of outstanding properties in one material is rather uncommon, so DLC can be very useful in meeting the multifunctional application needs of advanced mechanical systems. In fact, these films are now used in numerous industrial applications, including razor blades, magnetic hard discs, critical engine parts, mechanical face seals, scratch-resistant glasses, invasive or implantable medical devices, optical windows, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) [6].
Recent systematic studies of DLC films have confirmed that the presence or absence of certain elemental species, such as hydrogen [7], nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, tungsten, titanium and fluorine [8], in their microstructure can also play significant roles in their properties.
1. Cohen, M.L., Calculation of bulk moduli of diamond and zinc-blende solids. Physical Review B, 1985. 32(12): p. 7988.
2. Yin, L.W., Li, M.S., Liu, Y.X., et al., Synthesis of beta carbon nitride nanosized crystal through mechanochemical reaction. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2003. 15: p. 309-314.
3. Donnet, C., Recent progress on the tribology of doped diamond-like and carbon alloy coatings: a review. Surface & Coatings Technology, 1998. 100(1-3): p. 180-186.
4. Ali, E. and Christophe, D., Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: recent progress and future prospects. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2006. 39(18): p. R311.
5. Robertson, J., Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2002. 37(4-6): p. 129-281.
6. Krauss, A.R., Auciello, O., Gruen, D.M., et al., Ultrananocrystalline diamond thin films for MEMS and moving mechanical assembly devices. Diamond and Related Materials, 2001. 10(11): p. 1952-1961.
7. Erdemir, A., The role of hydrogen in tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2001. 146-147: p. 292-297.
8. Touhara, H. and Okino, F., Property control of carbon materials by fluorination. Carbon, 2000. 38(2): p. 241-267.
Categories: Properties
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Category talk:Lists of Russian people
Untitled
I don't understand the purpose of this category. Is this a category of ethnic Russians or a category of citizens of the Russian Federation? Tuvans are not Russians nor are Tatars or Chuvash people. Or are you going to have a list of Russian Russians? --Stacey Doljack Borsody (talk) 22:39, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
* The purpose of the category is to sub-categorize Russia-related lists as it becomes more populated (as has been done for other major countries in the same manner) and should include all relevant lists of people. We have chosen to name the country as Russia whose citizens are Russians; Tuva is part of the country so Tuvans (by nationality) are Russians by our definition, and there is no logical problem with the category. However, I created this category with misgivings and share your concern. As a justifiable exception to the conventions for other countries, perhaps Lists of people of Russian nationality or Lists of people of the Russian Federation would be better? I would be happy to support a change. Regards (Crusoe8181 (talk) 09:50, 22 August 2009 (UTC)).
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User:Dckewon5131/한영휘
Han Young-hwi (1904 – ?) was an agent of the Kando Cooperative Association during the Japanese occupation. He also used aliases such as Chun Jisam and Kim Myung-soo.
Life
Little is known about his personal life except that he was born in 1904. In 1929, he joined the Goryeo Communist Youth Association in Wangqing County, Jilin Province, China, and worked as a communist activist.
However, he surrendered to the Japanese Empire in 1934 and became an agent of the Kando Cooperative Inquiry Headquarters, a special organization of the Japanese military police. Han Young-hwi also served as the director of Wangqing's current branch office of the labor introduction office, which was operated by the Gando Cooperation Association for propaganda work and management of transitioners. Specific activity records include touring propaganda lectures and distributing propaganda leaflets to induce the surrender of anti-Japanese forces.
In 1936, he became a member of the Donhwa Special Task Force at the headquarters of the Gando Cooperation Association. Han Young-hwi's positions include the second division leader and the first division member of the second Special Task Force. He was also involved in the surrender of anti-Japanese troops, and on July 7, 1936, under the command of a Japanese officer, he attacked the anti-Japanese coalition with the Manchurian army and killed 25 soldiers.
After the Gando Cooperation Association was dissolved in 1937, he returned to Joseon. After being employed as a businessman of Chosun Life Insurance Co., Ltd., his whereabouts are unknown.
Even after liberation, Han Young-hwi's activities were not revealed for a long time, but in 2007, the Korean Pro-Japanese Anti-national Activities Investigation Committee discovered related records and included them in the list of 195 pro-Japanese anti-national acts. It is also included in the list of pro-Japanese biographical dictionaries published in 2008.
See more
* Korea Communist Youth Association
* the Gando Cooperation Association
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What Does The Word Menopause Mean?
We don’t know enough about menopause. Even the word menopause can be confusing – see below. And we know even less about perimenopause. Menopause and its related stages are under researched and underserved; most doctors receive little to no training. And we are often expected to just ‘get through it’. None of this is okay.
what does the word menopause mean?
Medical schools are not teaching enough about menopause.
Dr. Wendy Wolfman is Canada’s menopause guru. She is the director of the Menopause Clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital, a professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecolgy at the University of Toronto, is President of the Canadian Menopause Society, and a board member of the International Menopause Society.
Dr. Wolfman recently spoke about the fact that medical schools are not teaching enough, if anything at all, about menopause and perimenopause, whether it’s the undergraduate curriculum, training for family doctors, and even OBGYNs.
It has to be women who push physicians and medical societies to change.
Dr. Wolfman has worked tirelessly in her various roles to train more menopause practitioners, but the demand is huge; it’s a 2-year wait to get into the Menopause Clinic at Mount Sinai. As Dr. Wolfman stated on a recent CBC podcast called White Coat, Black Art:
‘Now it has to be women who push physicians and medical societies to change’.
We agree, Dr. Wolfman.
If we are going to push for, and achieve, the change we all deserve, we need knowledge. Let’s start with some definitions.
Menopause
The word menopause actually refers to just one day – the last day of your final menstrual period.
The word menopause is also used informally to describe the entire menopause experience, as in ‘I am menopausal’ once the final period has been confirmed, or ‘I am going through menopause’ when you are still having a period, but your body is telling you that things are changing.
12 months without a period makes it official.
The tricky thing is, you don’t know your last period is your last period until 365 days have passed without one. People who have gone 12 months without a period are very unlikely to start having their period again. In fact if you experience vaginal bleeding after you’ve reached menopause, it’s important to tell your doctor, as it can be a sign of a health problem.
Most Canadians achieve menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, with an average age of 51.
Natural Menopause
Natural menopause is another term used for menopause when it occurs after 12 consecutive months without menstruation for which there is no other obvious physiological or pathological cause and in the absence of clinical intervention.
Perimenopause
The term perimenopause describes the time leading up to the last period. Perimenopause also includes the one-year window after the final period.
This time leading up to menopause is when we face that long list of potential symptoms all related to fluctuating, and overall dropping, levels of hormones in our body. Most of us are surprised by these symptoms, particularly as perimenopause can start as early as age 35 and end as late as 59. Don’t panic. The average length of perimenopause is considered 6 to 8 years.
Menopause Transition
The menopause transition describes the time leading up the last or final menstrual period, but does not include the one-year window after the final period.
Premenopause
The term premenopause is interchangeable with the term menopause transition and describes the time leading up to the final menstrual period.
Postmenopause
The final stage of the menopause experience, postmenopause starts with the final period and lasts for the rest of your life. Many continue to experience menopause-related symptoms well into their postmenopausal years.
Menopause Experience
The term menopause experience describes all of the phases related to menopause.
Early Menopause
Early menopause is when the final menstrual period occurs between the ages of 40 and 45.
There is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and dementia associated with early menopause. Hormone replacement therapy can reduce some of these risks and should be discussed with a qualified medical provider.
Premature Menopause
Premature menopause occurs when the final menstrual period occurs before the age of 40.
There is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and dementia associated with premature menopause. Hormone replacement therapy can reduce some of these risks and should be discussed with a qualified medical provider.
Surgical Menopause
Surgical menopause refers to menopause caused by the removal of both ovaries.
This menopause occurs abruptly on the day of surgery. Treatment, which may include hormone replacement therapy, is usually required to manage menopause-related symptoms and also lower the risk of disease later in life.
Induced Menopause
The term induced menopause can refer to surgical menopause, and also refers to menopause caused by a medical treatment where certain drug and radiation therapies can damage the ovaries and cause menopause.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Josh Harris (long snapper)
Josh Harris (born April 27, 1989) is an American football long snapper for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn. He signed with the Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2012.
Early life
Harris attended Carrollton High School in Carrollton, Georgia, where he was a three sport athlete in football, wrestling, and baseball.
Atlanta Falcons
Harris signed as an undrafted free agent with the Atlanta Falcons on April 26, 2012, following the 2012 NFL draft. He was selected over veteran Joe Zelenka in the pre-season, when the roster was cut down to 53 players. He made his NFL debut in the Week 1 win against the Kansas City Chiefs.
On September 17, 2014, Harris signed a four-year contract extension with the Falcons.
In the 2016 season, Harris and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI, where they faced the New England Patriots on February 5, 2017, losing 28–34 in overtime.
On November 2, 2018, Harris signed a three-year contract extension with the Falcons through the 2021 season.
On December 4, 2018, Harris was placed on injured reserve with a hip injury.
On September 1, 2021, Harris was waived from the Falcons, only to be resigned the next day.
On December 22, 2021, Harris was selected to his first Pro Bowl.
Los Angeles Chargers
On March 16, 2022, Harris signed a four-year, $5.6 million contract with the Los Angeles Chargers.
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WIKI
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Talk:Killer (Alice Cooper album)
2023 expanded remaster
Article should be updated to reflect this, and some summaries from the CD notes. 2603:6080:21F0:6140:CC60:8A9F:F7F9:B96F (talk) 06:05, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Learning is always fun when you incorporate it with play. Durian Square gave another exciting workshop about magnetism for their Junior Creators. In the said workshop, students were able to identify non-magnetic and magnetic objects in an exciting and interactive activity.
D2’s Junior Creators performed a series of activities in relation with Magnetism. One of these activities is the fishing activity to identify the magnetic from non-magnetic objects that was mixed in a bin with water using an improvised fishing rod that has a magnet attached at the end of the string. Aside from that, the Junior Creators were put into test in making their magnetic seesaw where they saw how the magnets works and how it repels and attracts. The magnetic seesaw was made out of Popsicle sticks. Art were also incorporated in this activity because they didn’t just assemble it but they also put unique and special touches to it by designing their own magnetic seesaw creation. They also did other activities where they learned about the poles of the magnet.
Junior Creators in Action:
If you want your to help your kids be ready for the future and equip them with the 21st century skills, let them explore, play, learn, and join the growing family of Durian Square Creative Creators. For more info about their upcoming and current workshops/camps, visit and follow their website and social media accounts:
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Fulton Lovell
Fulton Lovell (August 3, 1913 – September 23, 1980), a native and resident of Rabun County, Georgia, was the director of the Georgia Game and Fish Commission from 1949 until 1963. During his tenure as Game and Fish chief, he directed successful efforts to re-establish wild turkey and white-tailed deer throughout much of Georgia. These game species had been virtually eliminated from Georgia forests due to over-hunting and habitat destruction during the early part of the twentieth century. In the early 1960s, Lovell envisioned a camping and recreation area on Lake Burton to serve an increasing number of boaters and fishermen on the scenic Blue Ridge Mountain reservoir, and land acquisition efforts soon began. Some land parcels were purchased from private owners. Other property was conveyed to the State of Georgia by the Georgia Power Company, Lake Burton's primary owner and operator. In 1963, Moccasin Creek Campground was opened by the Game and Fish Commission under the management of personnel from the adjacent Lake Burton Fish Hatchery. The new lakeside camping area was hugely popular from the beginning and in 1966, after being transferred from the Game and Fish Commission to the Georgia State Parks Department, the area was officially designated Moccasin Creek State Park.
Lovell was elected to represent the 6th District in the Georgia State House of Representatives in 1966. After one term in the state legislature, Lovell joined the Georgia Department of Labor and was named Assistant Director of the department's Employment Security Agency. He retired from the Department of Labor in 1977. Lovell died after a long battle with thyroid cancer on September 23, 1980. On May 16, 1993, a waterfront pavilion at Moccasin Creek State Park was dedicated as the Fulton Lovell Assembly Shelter to honor Lovell's years of state government service.
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WIKI
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Lion Air crash: Investigators detect 'pings' which could lead to flight recorders
Jakarta, Indonesia (CNN)Indonesian investigators searching for the flight recorders of crashed Lion Air flight 610 have heard transponder "pings" that could lead them to the devices, and answer questions as to why the new Boeing 737 MAX 8 went down, killing 189 people. Haryo Satmiko, deputy director of the National Transport Safety Committee, told CNN in a text message that, while the pings had been detected, investigators needed more "technical efforts" to find the exact location of the so-called "black boxes." Small pieces of debris and remains of some people on board the plane have been retrieved from the water off Jakarta, but the main body of the plane has been missing since it disappeared from radar on Monday around 6:30 a.m. local time. Lion Air announced Wednesday it has fired its technical director. The airline gave no reason for the personnel change but said in a news release it was made at "the instruction and the decision of the (Indonesian) transportation ministry." What we know FlightRadar24 published data that shows the plane behaving erratically after takeoff from Jakarta to Pangkal Pinang. Pilots made a request to air traffic control to return to the airport around 22 kilometers (12 nautical miles) after takeoff.Radar data shows the plane didn't turn around, and the pilots didn't indicate there was an emergency.Flight crew reported an issue with the plane the night before the flight, and repairs were carried out.Search and rescue efforts hampered Wednesday by strong underwater currents, officials said. Flight data sought Efforts by divers on Wednesday to confirm the source of the "pings" heard underwater had been impeded by strong currents, according to Indonesia's search and rescue agency BASARNAS. "We can see something (that) is like a part of the body of the aircraft. And also we can hear the ping locator. But, we don't see the black box yet because the waves under the sea are too strong," BASARNAS chief Muhammad Syauqi told CNN. Ir. Suryanto, the head of National Transportation Safety Committee, told Indonesian television outlet TVOne on Tuesday that the "pings" had been detected no further than three kilometers from the group of eight current search points. On Wednesday, Hadi Tjahjanto, commander of Indonesia's Armed Forces, told the same broadcaster that search ships would focus on one particular point that they believe the pings could be coming from. If those pings are indeed from the plane's flight data recorders, investigators will be able to use the devices to determine what exactly caused the plane to go down. The devices, often referred to colloquially as "black boxes," record cockpit audio and flight instrument readings. Soerjanto Tjahjono, Chief of Indonesia's transportation safety committee, said Wednesday that they are "70% sure" the pings are from flight 610's flight data recorder. Tjahjono told reporters that search and rescue workers detected the noise on Monday, but they needed to bring in special equipment to verify the nature of the signal. Search-and-rescue operations expanded to at least 400 square nautical miles Tuesday, with divers working to bring passenger remains and debris out of the water. A group of 100 divers are focusing their efforts on five locations where debris has been identified by sonar equipment --including what could be part of the fuselage -- according to Didi Hamzar, an official with Indonesia's search and rescue agency. Indonesian President Joko Widodo joined search teams at Tanjung Priok port Tuesday, where debris is being sorted and recorded as part of the investigation into the cause of the crash. To date, no sizable parts of the wreckage have been retrieved. Images of items fished out of the sea showed wallets, bags and other personal items, including a child's Hello Kitty purse. At a news conference Tuesday, Muhammad Syaugi of Indonesia's National Search and Rescue Agency said the identification process was proceeding as quickly as possible, but said it was unlikely the remains of all passengers would be found. Boeing team on site The Lion Air plane was a brand-new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft. Lion Air acquired the jet in August and it had flown only 800 hours, according to Indonesia's National Transport Safety Committee (NTSC). A team of Boeing investigators arrived in Indonesia Wednesday at the request of Indonesia's local regulatory authority, Boeing press officer Kevin Yoo told CNN. The aircraft is one of the company's newest and most advanced jets, one of 11 such planes in Lion Air's fleet. In a statement, Boeing said the company was "deeply saddened" by the loss and offered "heartfelt sympathies" to passengers and crew on board, and their families. Indonesian aviation authorities ordered the inspection of 12 other Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircrafts belonging to commercial airlines in the country. Cause of crash remains a mystery Flight 610 was carrying 181 passengers, as well as six cabin crew members and two pilots, from Jakarta to Pangkal Pinang, on the Indonesian island of Bangka. Around 19 kilometers (12 miles) after takeoff, it made a request to air traffic control to return to the airport but did not indicate there was any emergency. Radar data shows that the plane did not turn back, and air traffic controllers lost contact with it soon after, Yohanes Sirait, spokesman for AirNav Indonesia, the agency that oversees air traffic navigation, told CNN. David Soucie, a former safety inspector with the US Federal Aviation Administration, said the fact that an emergency wasn't declared should be a cause for concern. "What's most peculiar to me is the fact that they didn't declare an emergency. They just simply said, 'We're going back'," said Soucie, a CNN safety analyst. "But when I look at the track of the aircraft after that, the aircraft made a very steep dive after that which is not typical of what they would've done," he added. "They would have maintained altitude and made that turn and come back to (the airport)." A pilot who flew the doomed aircraft from Bali to Jakarta the day before it crashed reported a problem with one of the instruments mid-flight, NTSC deputy director Satmiko told CNN. Satmiko had listened to a recorded conversation with air traffic control regarding the problem. Satmiko said that Lion Air told the NTSC the problem had been fixed. The airport, runway and weather have been excluded as points of focus for the investigation, he added, and all attention has turned to the aircraft, pilots, other personnel, and Lion Air's company policies. AirNav Indonesia said the flight would have been given a priority landing spot had it declared an emergency.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Saturday, March 20, 2021
How to Run a Shell Script From Java Program
This post talks about how you can execute a shell script from a Java program.
If you have a shell script say test.sh then you can run it from a Java program using RunTime class or ProcessBuilder (Note ProcessBuilder is added in Java 5).
Shell script
echo 'starting script'
mkdir test
cd test
touch SAMPLE
Using Runtime.getRunTime().exec to execute shell script
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class RunningSS {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Process p;
try {
String[] cmd = { "sh", "/home/adb/Documents/test.sh"};
p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
p.waitFor();
BufferedReader reader=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
p.getInputStream()));
String line;
while((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
After executing this Java program with the given shell script, if you verify at the location where your Java program is you will see a directory test created and a file SAMPLE with in that directory.
Runtime.getRuntime().exec method is used to run the command.
• public static Runtime getRuntime() - Returns the runtime object associated with the current Java application.
• public Process exec(String command) throws IOException - Executes the specified string command in a separate process.
cmd /c which is used with the command has the following explanantion -
• cmd- Starts a new command shell
• /c- Executes the given command and terminates
Execution of the command returns instance of class Process. Using the getInputStream() method of Process class output of the executed command can be printed by reading the stream.
Using ProcessBuilder to execute shell script in Java
If you have to run the same command as above using ProcessBuilder, which is a much clearer way to do that, you can create a list with the command and the required arguments and then pass it to ProcessBuilder instance as command.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class RunningSS {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Process p;
try {
List<String> cmdList = new ArrayList<String>();
// adding command and args to the list
cmdList.add("sh");
cmdList.add("/home/adb/Documents/test.sh");
ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmdList);
p = pb.start();
p.waitFor();
BufferedReader reader=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
p.getInputStream()));
String line;
while((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Recommendations for learning (Udemy Courses)
1. Java Programming Masterclass Course
2. Java In-Depth: Become a Complete Java Engineer!
3. Spring Framework Master Class Course
4. Complete Python Bootcamp Course
5. Python for Data Science and Machine Learning
That's all for this topic How to Run a Shell Script From Java Program. If you have any doubt or any suggestions to make please drop a comment. Thanks!
>>>Return to Java Programs Page
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11 comments:
1. when i tried running your program .
List cmdList = new ArrayList();
// adding command and args to the list
cmdList.add("sh");
cmdList.add("C:\\Users\\mahesh.x.kuma\\Documents\\test\\test.sh");
ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmdList);
p = pb.start();
i am getting error
java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "sh": CreateProcess error=2, The system cannot find the file specified
ReplyDelete
Replies
1. You are trying to run shell script on a Windows system! What do you expect ???
Delete
2. I am getting below exception:
java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "sh": CreateProcess error=2
Help me out resolve the issue.
Can you explain what is "sh"
ReplyDelete
Replies
1. the extension of your file. Here you are executing test.sh, so you need to pass the extension so that system knows how to handle this file.
Delete
3. This is perfectly explained, thank you so much for posting this.
ReplyDelete
4. when i try to run this for rpi script is not executing, I need to run the script manually then only its running
ReplyDelete
5. I want to run multiple scripts from java code.How to do this?
ReplyDelete
6. java.io.IOException: Cannot run program "sh": CreateProcess error=2, The system cannot find the file specified -- while execute this program i'm getting above issue. Team, please can any one look into this and provide the solution.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Process p;
try {
String[] cmd = { "sh", "C://Users//E5601972//Documents//sample.sh"};
p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
p.waitFor();
BufferedReader reader=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
p.getInputStream()));
String line;
while((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
ReplyDelete
Replies
1. You are trying to run shell script on a Windows system! What do you expect ??? Though there are ways to run sh from widows but that will require some work. You can't just rum a sh file from windows command line.
Delete
7. If you are using Windows replace "sh" with "cmd". The terminal of is "powershell" or "cmd". "sh", "/bin/bash", "/usr/bin/python" for other kinds of scripts.
ReplyDelete
8. This method works fine when I try to execute on local. But when I run a jar file it gives File or directory not found exception.
ReplyDelete
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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[No. S222620.
Aug. 22, 2016.]
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. BRANDON LANCE RINEHART, Defendant and Appellant.
Counsel
Murphy & Buchal and James L. Buchal for Defendant and Appellant.
Damien M. Schiff, James S. Burling and Jonathan Wood for Pacific Legal Foundation, Western Mining Alliance and Siskiyou County as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
Parsons Behle & Latimer, Brook B. Bond, L. Michael Bogert; Mountain States Legal Foundation, Steven J. Lechner and Jeffrey W. McCoy for American Exploration & Mining Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Edward C. DuMont, State Solicitor General, Mark J. Breckler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Robert W. Byrne, Assistant Attorney General, Joshua A. Klein, Deputy State Solicitor General, Gavin G. McCabe, Michael M. Edson, Marc N. Melnick and J. Kyle Mast, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Jonathan Evans; Saxton & Associates and Lynne R. Saxton for Karuk Tribe, Center for Biological Diversity, Friends of the River, Klamath Riverkeeper, Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations, Institute for Fisheries Resources, Environmental Law Foundation, California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, Foothill Angler’s Coalition, North Fork American River Alliance, Upper American River Foundation and Central Sierra Environmental Resource Center as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent.
Sean B. Hecht and Eric Biber for John D. Leshy and Alejandro E. Camacho as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent.
John C. Cruden, Assistant Attorney General, and Lane N. McFadden for The United States as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent.
Opinion
WERDEGAR, J.
California was shaped by the search for gold. In time, the state’s other natural treasures—its waters and wildlife, its forests and coastlines—proved similar draws. We consider here a conflict arising from the competing desires to exploit and to preserve these various resources. The People assert the state may, in pursuit of protecting fish habitats and the quality of the state’s waterways, temporarily ban a particular method of gold mining pending adoption of suitable regulahons. Defendant Brandon Lance Rinehart, convicted of engaging in the banned mining technique, asserts it is the only practicable method and federal law promoting mining on federal land preempts the state’s contrary legislahon. The Court of Appeal concluded Rinehart potentially was correct and remanded for consideration of additional evidence and argument. We granted the People’s petition for review.
We conclude the state’s moratorium is not preempted. The federal laws Rinehart relies upon reflect a congressional intent to afford prospectors secure possession of, and in some instances title to, the places they mine. But while Congress sought to protect miners’ real property interests, it did not go further and guarantee to them a right to mine immunized from exercises of the states’ police powers. We reverse the Court of Appeal.
Factual and Procedural Background
Suction dredging is a technique used by miners to remove matter from the bottom of waterways, extract minerals, and return the residue to the water. A high-powered suction hose vacuums loose material from the bottom of a streambed. Heavier matter, including gold, is separated at the surface by passage through a floating sluice box, and the excess water, sand, and gravel is discharged back into the waterway. (See Fish & G. Code, § 5653, subd. (g); Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 228; People v. Osborn (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 764, 768 [11 Cal.Rptr.3d 14]; Karuk Tribe of California v. U. S. Forest Service (9th Cir. 2012) 681 F.3d 1006, 1012 (en banc).)
California has regulated suction dredging for the last half-century. As originally enacted, Fish and Game Code section 5653 authorized the Department of Fish and Game, now known as the Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department), to issue permits for suction dredging, so long as it determined the dredging would not harm fish. Operation of a suction dredge without, or in violation of the terms of, a permit was a misdemeanor. (Stats. 1961, ch. 1816, § 1, p. 3864.) Later amendments gave the Department authority to designate particular waterways off-limits to suction dredging (Stats. 1975, ch. 785, § 1, p. 1807) and made possession of a suction dredge near such waters unlawful (Stats. 1986, ch. 1368, § 23, pp. 4896^-897).
Responding to concerns that suction dredging disturbed endangered coho salmon habitats and contributed to mercury contamination of both fish and humans, in 2009 the Legislature imposed a temporary moratorium on the issuance of dredging permits pending further environmental review by the Department. (Stats. 2009, ch. 62, § 1, adding Fish & G. Code, former § 5653.1; see Sen. Com. on Water, Parks & Wildlife, 3d reading analysis of Sen. Bill No. 670 (2009-2010 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 26, 2009, pp. 3-5.) The moratorium went into immediate effect based on legislative findings that “suction or vacuum dredge mining results in various adverse environmental impacts to protected fish species, the water quality of this state, and the health of the people of this state.” (Stats. 2009, ch. 62, § 2.) Two years later, in 2011, the Legislature placed a June 30, 2016, sunset on the moratorium in the event environmental review and new regulations were not complete by that date. (Stats. 2011, ch. 133, § 6.) The following year, the Department finished its environmental review but concluded it lacked regulatory authority to address fully the environmental impacts of suction dredging. (See Stats. 2015, ch. 680, § 1, subd. (c).) The Legislature removed the 2016 sunset (Stats. 2012, ch. 39, § 7) and in 2015 enacted legislation clarifying the scope of the Department’s and other state agencies’ regulatory authority (Stats. 2015, ch. 680, §§ 2, 4). The moratorium on permits remains in place.
In 2012, defendant Brandon Rinehart was charged by criminal complaint with both possession and unpermitted use of a suction dredge. (Fish & G. Code, § 5653, former subds. (a), (d), recodified as subds. (a), (e) by Stats. 2015, ch. 680, § 2.) He demurred to the complaint. Rinehart sought judicial notice of documents showing, and the People eventually stipulated, that he was operating on a mining claim he held on federal land in the Plumas National Forest. Federal law “allow[s] United States citizens to go onto unappropriated, unreserved public land to prospect for and develop certain minerals. ‘Discovery’ of a mineral deposit, followed by the minimal procedures required to formally ‘locate’ the deposit, gives an individual the right of exclusive possession of the land for mining purposes,” i.e., a mining claim, (United States v. Locke (1985) 471 U.S. 84, 86 [85 L.Ed.2d 64, 105 S.Ct. 1785].) Such a claim may apply to a lode or placer, and may be patented or unpatented. Rinehart holds an unpatented placer claim.
In his demurrer, Rinehart contended section 5653 and the related temporary moratorium statute, Fish and Game Code section 5653.1, effectively banned suction dredging in California, preventing Rinehart from using the only commercially practicable method of extracting gold from his mining claim. Because, according to Rinehart, Congress had granted prospectors the right to mine on federal land free from material interference (see 30 U.S.C. §§ 22, 612(b)), these provisions should be preempted as an obstacle to Congress’s purposes and objectives.
After a hearing, the trial court overruled the demurrer. Having rejected as a matter of law the preemption defense, the court also excluded testimony Rinehart would have presented in support of that defense. Rinehart waived a jury. After a bench trial on stipulated facts, the court convicted Rinehart on both counts and sentenced him to three years’ probation.
The Court of Appeal reversed. The court agreed with Rinehart that federal mining law should be interpreted as preempting any state law that unduly hampers mining on federal land. The court further concluded Rinehart had made a colorable argument that (1) the state regulatory scheme amounted to a de facto ban on suction dredging and (2) this ban rendered mining on his claim “ ‘commercially impracticable.’ ” (Quoting California Coastal Comm’n v. Granite Rock Co. (1987) 480 U.S. 572, 587 [94 L.Ed.2d 577, 107 S.Ct. 1419] (Granite Rock).) Because the establishment of these points hinged on disputed factual issues and the trial court had refused to admit evidence pertaining to them, the court remanded for further proceedings.
Discussion
I. Preemption of State Law on Federal Land
The federal Constitution’s property clause vests Congress with the power to “make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States.” (U.S. Const., art. IV, § 3, cl. 2.) Unlike the commerce clause, the property clause has no prohibitive effect when dormant. Instead, to displace the application of state law on federal land, Congress must act affirmatively. (Kleppe v. New Mexico (1976) 426 U.S. 529, 543 [49 L.Ed.2d 34, 96 S.Ct. 2285] [“Absent consent or cession a State undoubtedly retains jurisdiction over federal lands within its territory. . . .”]; Omaechevarria v. Idaho (1918) 246 U.S. 343, 346 [62 L.Ed. 763, 38 S.Ct. 323] [“The police power of the State extends over the federal public domain, at least when there is no legislation by Congress on the subject.”]; see Granite Rock, supra, 480 U.S. at pp. 580-581; Butte City Water Co. v. Baker (1905) 196 U.S. 119, 125-128 [49 L.Ed. 409, 25 S.Ct. 211] [rejecting the argument that the property clause by itself preempts states from regulating mining claims on federal land].) A state “is free to enforce its criminal and civil laws” on federal land, unless those laws conflict with federal legislation or regulation; in the event of a conflict, of course, “state laws must recede.” (Kleppe, at p. 543.) In the absence of any such conflict, state and federal laws governing the same land routinely coexist. (See, e.g., Granite Rock, at pp. 576-577 [simultaneous state and federal mining permit requirements]; United States v. Locke, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 89 [simultaneous state and federal mining claim filing requirements].) Dual sovereignty is the rule, federal exclusivity the exception.
Rinehart asserts two federal land statutes supply a defense to his criminal convictions. He contends the laws under which he was convicted are preempted by the general mining act of May 10, 1872 (30 U.S.C. § 22 et seq.; popularly known as the Mining Law of 1872) and by title 30 United States Code section 612, enacted as part of the Surface Resources and Multiple Use Act of 1955 (Pub.L. No. 84-167 (July 23, 1955) 69 Stat. 367). These statutes contain no express preemption provision, do not occupy a relevant field that would foreclose state regulation, and do not impose obligations that would make it impossible to comply simultaneously with state and federal law. Rinehart’s preemption argument rests instead on obstacle preemption, the principle that a state may not adopt laws impairing “the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” (Hines v. Davidowitz (1941) 312 U.S. 52, 67 [85 L.Ed. 581, 61 S.Ct. 399]; accord, Quesada v. Herb Thyme Farms, Inc. (2015) 62 Cal.4th 298, 312 [195 Cal.Rptr.3d 505, 361 P.3d 868].) He bears the burden of demonstrating preemption. (Quesada, at p. 308.)
In ascertaining whether preemption applies, “ [congressional intent is the touchstone.” (Quesada v. Herb Thyme Farms, Inc., supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 318; see Wyeth v. Levine (2009) 555 U.S. 555, 565 [173 L.Ed.2d 51, 129 S.Ct. 1187].) Obstacle preemption can play an important role in preventing states from creating, inadvertently or otherwise, functional impediments that materially constrain legitimate federal objectives. But it can also lead to the overzealous displacement of state law to a degree never contemplated by Congress. Accordingly, the threshold for establishing obstacle preemption is demanding: “It requires proof Congress had particular purposes and objectives in mind, a demonstration that leaving state law in place would compromise those objectives, and reason to discount the possibility the Congress that enacted the legislation was aware of the background tapestry of state law and content to let that law remain as it was.” (Quesada, at p. 312.)
The State of California’s role in protecting the waters and the fish and wildlife within its borders is long-standing, predating even the federal laws upon which Rinehart relies. Under English common law, the sovereign held title to the navigable waters within a land’s borders in trust for the benefit of the people. (National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (1983) 33 Cal.3d 419, 434 [189 Cal.Rptr. 346, 658 P.2d 709].) Under this public trust doctrine, California became trustee of the state’s waters, with responsibility for their oversight, from the beginning of statehood. (Ibid.) So too regarding the fish in the state’s streams and lakes: “The fish within our waters constitute the most important constituent of that species of property commonly designated as wild game, the general right and ownership of which is in the people of the state [citations], as in England it was in the king; and the right and power to protect and preserve such property for the common use and benefit is one of the recognized prerogatives of the sovereign, coming to us from the common law, and preserved and expressly provided for by the statutes of this and every other state of the Union.” (People v. Truckee Lumber Co. (1897) 116 Cal. 397, 399-400 [48 P. 374]; see Stats. 1852, ch. 62, p. 135 [regulating to protect the state’s salmon]; Geer v. Connecticut (1896) 161 U.S. 519, 528 [40 L.Ed. 793, 16 S.Ct. 600] [tracing the ancient roots of the recognized “right of the States to control and regulate the common property in game”], overruled on other grounds in Hughes v. Oklahoma (1979) 441 U.S. 322, 326 [60 L.Ed.2d 250, 99 S.Ct. 1727]; see Cal. Const., art. I, § 25.)
Following the United States Supreme Court’s lead, we traditionally have applied a strong presumption against preemption in areas where the state has a firmly established regulatory role. (Quesada v. Herb Thyme Farms, Inc., supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 312-313; City of Los Angeles v. County of Kern (2014) 59 Cal.4th 618, 631 [174 Cal.Rptr.3d 67, 328 P.3d 56].) Rinehart contends no presumption should arise here because state law is being used to regulate conduct on federal land, where congressional power is plenary. (See U.S. Const., art. IV, § 3, cl. 2.) The People disagree, urging that because the challenged state laws involve subjects traditionally within the state’s regulatory purview, preemption is disfavored even on federal land. In the circumstances of this case, we need not resolve this dispute, because the conclusion we would reach with or without the presumption is unchanged: Rinehart has not carried his burden of establishing congressional purposes and objectives that require California’s environmental regulations be displaced.
II. Preemption Under the Mining Law of 1872
Rinehart’s principal argument is that the present moratorium on suction dredging stands as an obstacle to the purposes of Congress implicit in the Mining Law of 1872. In Granite Rock, the leading decision on the mining law’s preemptive effect, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the law categorically forecloses states from imposing permit requirements on federal land. (Granite Rock, supra, 480 U.S. at pp. 582-584.) But Granite Rock involved a facial challenge to the requirement that a company obtain California Coastal Commission permits before engaging in mining. The Supreme Court’s decision left open the possibility of future preemption challenges to specific permit requirements or, as here, refusals to issue a permit. (Id. at p. 594.) Rinehart presents such a challenge.
In Granite Rock, the party asserting preemption ”concede[d] that the Mining Act of 1872, as originally passed, expressed no legislative intent on the as yet rarely contemplated subject of environmental regulation.” (Granite Rock, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 582.) Rinehart makes no such concession, but we reach the same no preemption conclusion: The purposes and objectives underlying the 1872 law do not require displacement of the challenged state laws.
A. Text
We begin with the relevant federal statutes. The Mining Law of 1872 allows citizens to enter federal land freely and explore for valuable minerals. (30 U.S.C. § 22; Granite Rock, supra, 480 U.S. at p. 575; United States v. Locke, supra, 471 U.S. at p. 86.) Locators of valuable minerals may obtain a right to possess and develop the area around their claim, with title remaining with the United States. (30 U.S.C. §§ 26, 35; Granite Rock, at p. 575; Locke, at p. 86.) The law and its regulations spell out further steps a miner may take to acquire not only possession, but formal title—a patented claim. (30 U.S.C. §§ 29, 37; 43 C.F.R. § 3861.1 et seq. (2015); Granite Rock, at pp. 575-576; Locke, at p. 86.)
While these provisions all generally involve mining, their focus is considerably more specific—the delineation of the real property interests of miners vis-a-vis each other and the federal government. The provisions of the 1872 law identify in detail the conditions for obtaining, and extent of, a right of occupancy (30 U.S.C. §§ 26-27), the conditions for obtaining complete title (id., §§ 29, 37), the size of claims (id., §§ 23, 35), the marking and recordation of claims (id., §§ 28, 34), how disputes between claimants are to be resolved (id., § 30), and so on. The discovery of a valuable claim is in every instance a condition for thereafter obtaining some possessory or fee simple interest in federal land (id., § 22; United States v. Coleman (1968) 390 U.S. 599, 600-603 [20 L.Ed.2d 170, 88 S.Ct. 1327]), but the act as a whole is devoted entirely to the allocation of real property interests among those who would exploit the mineral wealth of the nation’s lands, not regulation of the process of exploitation—the mining—itself.
As discussed, the property clause alone does not foreclose states from exercising their ordinary police powers on federal land; Congress must act. From time to time in the years prior to 1872, California had seen fit to regulate mining within its borders. (See, e.g., Stats. 1860, ch. 212, pp. 175-176 [conveyance of mining claims]; Stats. 1863-1864, ch. 91, p. 91 [disputes over property within mining claims]; Stats. 1865-1866, ch. 600, pp. 828-830 [mining partnerships].) The 1872 law is explicit concerning the effect of such past and future laws: it endorses their continuing vitality and prospectors’ ongoing obligations to abide by them. Claimants are granted a right of possession “so long as they comply with the laws of the United States, and with State, territorial, and local regulations.” (30 U.S.C. § 26.) One exception applies; compliance with laws that are “in conflict with the laws of the United States governing [claimants’] possessory title” {ibid.) is not required. This narrow exception further underscores the real property focus of the law: the one area where the law does intend to displace state law is with respect to laws governing title. In other areas, state and local law are granted free rein.
More generally, the law endorses in the first instance local, rather than federal, control over the mining fields. (See 30 U.S.C. §§ 22 [mineral exploration on federal land shall occur subject to “the local customs or rules of miners in the several mining districts, so far as the same are applicable and not inconsistent with the laws of the United States”], 28 [permitting miners to adopt local rules governing the possession of mining claims], 43 [approving state regulation of mining claim sales].) These express acknowledgements of the application of state and local law to federal mining claims suggest an apparent willingness on the part of Congress to let federal and state regulation broadly coexist, especially insofar as those state laws relate to matters other than a miner’s “possessory title.” {Id., § 26.)
The text and history of title 30 United States Code section 21a, enacted a century later and codified as a preface to the Mining Law of 1872, also convey that Congress did not, and does not, intend mining to be pursued at all costs. The provision describes as the “continuing policy of the Federal Government” the promotion of (1) a private, “economically sound and stable domestic mining . . . industry], (2) the orderly and economic development of domestic mineral resources ... to help assure satisfaction of industrial, security and environmental needs, (3) mining . . . research, including the use and recycling of scrap . . . , and (4) the study and development of methods ... to lessen any adverse impact of mineral extraction and processing upon the physical environment that may result from mining or mineral activities.” (30 U.S.C. § 21a.) These policies recognize the importance of stable, sustainable industrial-scale mining in order to avoid foreign dependence. (H.R.Rep. No. 91-1442, 2d Sess., pp. 2^1 (1970), reprinted in 1970 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, pp. 5792-5794.) But they also acknowledge mining must be done in an “orderly” fashion and account for “environmental needs” and “any adverse impact” on “the physical environment.” (30 U.S.C. § 21a; see H.R.Rep. No. 91-1442, at p. 5795 [“The reclamation of mined land, the recycling of scrap and waste materials and the development of methods to lessen any adverse impact on the environment must all receive consideration.”].) Federal support for mining is not limitless.
Rinehart, however, asserts the 1872 law reflects a more expansive congressional purpose, an affirmative intent to grant individuals a federal right to mine, and requires preemption of state laws whenever they unduly infringe that right. He focuses on the opening passage of section 22, which provides: “Except as otherwise provided, all valuable mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United States, both surveyed and unsurveyed, shall be free and open to exploration and purchase, and the lands in which they are found to occupation and purchase . . . .” (30 U.S.C. § 22.) To better understand the purposes and objectives underlying this and other provisions in the 1872 law, we may consider as well the history preceding and context surrounding their adoption. What the text implies, history confirms: no general federal right to mine, superior to the exercise of state police powers, was intended.
B. Legislative History
Gold was discovered in California in 1848. Across the West, other discoveries of valuable minerals followed soon after. (U.S. v. Shumway (9th Cir. 1999) 199 F.3d 1093, 1098.) Congress debated how best to regulate mining of these resources but took no immediate action. (See Remarks of Sen. Stewart, Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866) p. 3226 [discussing earlier inaction]; Remarks of Rep. Ashley, Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866) p. 4053 [same].) For years, the prospectors who entered federal land to seek their fortunes operated without federal regulation (Shumway, at p. 1098; Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co. (C.C.D.Cal. 1884) 18 Fed. 753, 773), subject instead to state and territorial law and local custom (Sparrow v. Strong (1865) 70 U.S. 97, 104 [18 L.Ed. 49]).
As the Civil War concluded, Congress returned attention to the mining of the West and the need for formal rules. Competing proposals contemplated two very different regimes. Led by Congressman George Julian of Indiana, eastern legislators pushed a measure that would have put mining land up for public auction, selling out from under miners the territory they had explored and developed. In response, Senator William Stewart of Nevada proposed a system advocated by western legislators under which miners would be granted a right to occupy and, for a small fee, acquire title to the land they mined. The Stewart approach prevailed. (See Act of July 26, 1866, ch. 262, 14 Stat. 251.)
The 1866 mining law provided a template for what followed. Originally applicable only to lodes, the law’s principles were extended to placer claims in 1870. (Act of July 9, 1870, ch. 235, § 12, 16 Stat. 217; see Deffeback v. Hawke (1885) 115 U.S. 392, 401 [29 L.Ed. 423, 6 S.Ct. 95].) Those principles, and much of the 1866 act’s original language, were then incorporated into the Mining Law of 1872. (Act of May 10, 1872, ch. 152, 17 Stat. 91, codified at 30 U.S.C. § 22 et seq.) The provision at the heart of Rinehart’s preemption claim, title 30 United States Code section 22, was drawn with minor rewording from the 1866 act. (Compare 30 U.S.C. § 22 with Act of July 26, 1866, ch. 262, § 1, 14 Stat. 251.)
These laws undoubtedly had as their central mission the orderly development of the nation’s valuable mineral resources. (See United States v. Coleman, supra, 390 U.S. at p. 602.) But the way in which Congress went about establishing incentives to invest time and capital in a potentially risky enterprise is instructive. First, the main inducement offered was the preservation, and endorsement going forward, of an existing system for the allocation of real property rights. The 1866 act was drafted as protection for miners against the threatened exercise by Congress of its latent property clause power to sell land. (See, e.g., Remarks of Sen. Stewart, Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866) pp. 3225-3229; Remarks of Rep. Higby, Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866) p. 4054.) The “general purpose of the act . . . was to give the sanction of the government to possessory rights acquired under the local customs, laws, and decisions of the courts.” (Jennison v. Kirk (1879) 98 U.S. 453, 461 [25 L.Ed. 240].) By legislating, Congress endorsed the status quo and “prevent[ed] such rights from being lost on a sale of the lands.” (Id. at p. 457; see High Country Citizens Alliance v. Clarke, supra, 454 F.3d at p. 1184.) The mining laws gave prospectors tools to secure their real property interests against federal action.
Second, while occupation and development of one’s claim might protect against a federal sale, it did not insulate against parochial regulation. The 1866 act, unlike Representative Julian’s proposal, gave the force of law to local miner rules. (Compare Act of July 26, 1866, ch. 262, §§ 1-2, 14 Stat. 251-252 with H.R. No. 322, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (1866).) It also authorized state and territorial legislatures to regulate land sales to miners. (Act of July 26, 1866, ch. 262, § 5, 14 Stat. 252.) These features were carried forward to the Mining Law of 1872. (Act of May 10, 1872, ch. 152, §§ 1, 9, 17 Stat. 91, 94, codified at 30 U.S.C. §§ 22, 43.) Additionally, the Mining Law of 1872 conditioned miners’ rights of possession on ongoing compliance with existing and future state regulations. (Act of May 10, 1872, ch. 152, § 3, 17 Stat. 91, codified at 30 U.S.C. § 26.)
From this history, we may infer Congress was concerned principally with removing federal obstacles to mining, and specifically the threat of a property sale, that might deter individual prospectors and mining concerns from investing effort in mineral development. Granted a right to enter federal land, the opportunity to obtain a right of possession, and the opportunity to acquire ownership, miners could pursue mineral discovery and exploitation free from the specter of having the land they worked sold at auction. In contrast, the purpose Rinehart attributes to these laws—an intent to confer a right to mine, immune in whole or in part from curtailment by regulation—is not apparent. The mining laws were neither a guarantee that mining would prove feasible nor a grant of immunity against local regulation, but simply an assurance that the ultimate original landowner, the United States, would not interfere by asserting its own property rights.
Rinehart correctly notes the 1872 law conferred on him and others specific property rights. Rinehart has an interest in land, a real property right to possess the area of his claim for particular purposes. (See Wilbur v. Krushnic (1930) 280 U.S. 306, 316-317 [74 L.Ed. 445, 50 S.Ct. 103]; Cole v. Ralph (1920) 252 U.S. 286, 295 [64 L.Ed. 567, 40 S.Ct. 321].) But the grant of a real property interest does not ordinarily carry with it immunity from regulation, a guarantee that the state police power will be inoperative simply because the source of the real property interest is federal. Given this, if Congress intended to do more, we can reasonably infer it would have said so. It did not; indeed, quite to the contrary, it specifically noted the continuing obligation of miners with possessory interests, such as Rinehart, to obey state law. (See 30 U.S.C. §§ 26, 35.) Collectively, the text and legislative history reveal no intent to displace state law.
C. Congressional Acquiescence in State Regulation of Mining Methods
Our confidence in this reading of the 1872 law is enhanced by Congress’s reaction to state law limitations on mining in the immediate wake of the law’s passage. When in 1884 the application of California law resulted in a de facto ban on a major industrial mining method, Congress did not move to restore the affected mining companies’ rights. Instead, it expressly approved and helped enforce the ban, which stayed in place for nearly a decade.
By the early 1850s, much of the low-hanging fruit, the densest deposits of loose gold flakes and nuggets, had been picked clean from the Sierra Nevada foothills. Prospectors turned from panning and digging to other more efficient techniques. (Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California’s Sacramento Valley (1959) pp. 23-28 (Kelley, Gold vs. Grain); Leshy, The Mining Law (1987) p. 184.) Chief among these, hydraulic mining involved blasting hillsides with large volumes of high-pressure water to liquefy the earth and cull from it gold. (See Pub. Resources Code, § 3982; Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co., supra, 18 Fed. at p. 756; Kelley, at pp. 27-56 [discussing the rise of industrial-scale hydraulic mining].) While effective, this method also had substantial environmental impacts. Its waste products—gravel, silt, and other earthen debris—washed downstream, filled up riverbeds, and triggered devastating floods in lowland farming communities. (Woodruff, at pp. 756-763, 766-768; Kelley, at pp. 56-67; Leshy, at pp. 184-185.) To cope with this “ ‘moving avalanche’ ” (Kelley, at p. 244), Central California towns and the state spent vast sums on dams and levees, with mixed success {id. at pp. 58, 65, 119, 198; Woodruff, at pp. 763-767).
In time, state officials and members of Central Valley communities sued hydraulic mining companies under state nuisance law and obtained permanent injunctions prohibiting the discharge of debris into various waterways (see, e.g., People v. Gold Run D. & M. Co. (1884) 66 Cal. 138, 152 [4 P. 1152]; Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co., supra, 18 Fed. at pp. 806-809), which had the practical effect of banning the mining practice. Of note, the Woodruff court considered at length and rejected the mining industry’s argument for preemption under the Mining Law of 1872. The Woodruff defendants argued federal legislation ‘“recognize [ed] mining as a proper and lawful employment, and encourage [ed] this industry” with full knowledge of the environmental consequences it might impose, and thus they could not be enjoined. (Woodruff, at p. 770.) The court identified as the purpose of the mining laws the granting to miners of estates in land and the legalization of what had been trespasses (id. at pp. 773-774), and found no purpose to authorize mining notwithstanding any proscriptions in state law addressed to its collateral consequences.
Though the injunctions effectively crippled a major industry (North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co. v. U.S. (9th Cir. 1898) 88 Fed. 664, 671; Kelley, Gold vs. Grain, supra, at pp. 243-270) and de facto forbade a predominant form of mining, even on federal land, Congress endorsed the state law ban. In 1886, Congress appropriated money for improvement of the Sacramento and Feather Rivers, but conditioned its expenditure on the Secretary of War satisfying himself ‘“that hydraulic mining hurtful to navigation has ceased on said rivers and their tributaries.” (Act of Aug. 5, 1886, ch. 929, 24 Stat. 310, 326 (1886).) If the Secretary of War found hydraulic mining had not ceased, he was ‘“instructed to institute such legal proceedings as may be necessary” to end it. (Ibid.)
Seeking an accommodation between mining and farming interests, our Legislature warned Congress that ‘“the mining industry of our State is in imminent danger of being entirely suppressed” and asked for action. (Assent. Joint Res. No. 10, Stats. 1887 (1887 Reg. Sess.) res. ch. 10, p. 253.) Senator Stewart, the author of the original 1866 mining act and the chair of the Committee on Mines and Mining, submitted a report to Congress advising that state law injunctions had ‘“practically stopped” hydraulic mining and ‘“rendered valueless” the affected miners’ property (Sen.Rep. No. 1944, 50th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 2 (1888)) and favoring inquiry into whether there was any way to resume hydraulic mining without further damaging California’s rivers {id. at pp. 1, 4). Acting on the committee’s recommendation, Congress allocated money for an “investigation of the mining debris question in the State of California,” directing a commission of engineers to determine whether “the present conflict between the mining and farming sections may be adjusted and the mining industry rehabilitated.” (Act of Oct. 1, 1888, ch. 1057, 25 Stat. 498, 498 (1888).) The commission’s recommendations eventually led to the 1893 re authorization of hydraulic mining, albeit on terms replicating the restraints state law had placed on the mining companies’ perceived right to mine. (Act of Mar. 1, 1893, ch. 183, 27 Stat. 507 (1893), codified as amended at 33 U.S.C. § 661 et seq.) Hydraulic mining now required a permit from the newly formed California Debris Commission, a permit that could be obtained only upon assurances that mining would not harm the state’s rivers and lowland communities. (33 U.S.C. §§ 663, 670-678; see North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co. v. U. S., supra, 88 Fed. at p. 674 [upholding the requirement].) This conditional approval did not revive the practice; hydraulic mining under an obligation to impound one’s own debris proved economically infeasible, and the industry never recovered. (Kelley, Gold vs. Grain, supra, at pp. 291-292.)
From this chapter in history, we may infer that Congress in the late 19th century, at a time not long removed from passage of the Mining Law of 1872 and related enactments, did not view these laws as conveying a federal right to mine on federal land without regard to any environmental impacts a particular method might have and any interests a state might seek to protect. Woodruff and related cases did not merely impose damages, reallocating the burden of the impacts of mining to those responsible, but issued injunctions. For nearly a decade, hydraulic mining, a method of far greater economic significance than the suction dredging at issue here, stood in abeyance based solely on state laws giving priority to other concerns. Congress, including even the author of the law first declaring federal land open to mining, was explicitly aware of this circumstance. Yet it acquiesced in hydraulic mining’s discontinuation, allocating money to prosecute miners (see Sen.Rep. No. 1944, 50th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 2 (1888); Act of Aug. 5, 1886, ch. 929, 24 Stat. 310, 326 (1886)) instead of taking action to assert federal supremacy, protect any supposed federal right to mine, and ensure the continued availability of federal lands for hydraulic mining notwithstanding contrary state law. It stands to reason that Congress did not deem the core purposes and objectives of the mining laws impaired by state regulation of mining methods and further, that states can place limits on effective but environmentally destructive mining methods without contravening the supremacy clause.
Rinehart distinguishes the Woodruff injunction on the ground it involved impacts felt elsewhere than on federal land, but this is a distinction without a difference. The effect of the injunction was to prohibit a major, widespread mining technique everywhere, including on federal land. To the extent the Mining Law of 1872 might have been construed as creating a federal right to mine on federal land, that right would have been equally burdened by a mining technique ban premised on impacts elsewhere as by one premised on impacts on federal land itself. The argument that the suction dredging moratorium challenged here poses a greater or different obstacle to posited federal rights than the nine-year hydraulic mining ban does not withstand scrutiny.
Rinehart also relies on title 30 United States Code section 51, which authorizes damages actions for harm arising from the digging of ditches or canals, as a way to differentiate the Woodruff injunction from the present moratorium. However, if the purposes and objectives of the mining laws were as Rinehart posits, state law authorizing an injunction would still have been preempted, notwithstanding section 51, with the only proper remedy lying in a federal action for damages. In the eyes of the Woodruff court, however, and manifestly in the eyes of Congress at the time, such a state-law-based injunction did not contravene federal rights.
In sum: Like the hydraulic mining industry, Rinehart argues he holds a superior federal right to mine that allows him to proceed, notwithstanding impacts on other interests. Like the court in Woodruff and Congress thereafter, we conclude that is not so. The federal statutory scheme does not prevent states from restricting the use of particular mining techniques based on their assessment of the collateral consequences for other resources.
D. Case Law
Against the lessons of text and history, Rinehart argues that we should follow a series of cases from other courts finding various state restrictions on mineral exploitation preempted on one basis or another. (See South Dakota Mining Assn., Inc. v. Lawrence County (8th Cir. 1998) 155 F.3d 1005, 1009-1011; Skaw v. U.S. (Fed. Cir. 1984) 740 F.2d 932, 940; Ventura County v. Gulf Oil Corp. (9th Cir. 1979) 601 F.2d 1080, 1083; Brubaker v. Bd. of County Commissioners, El Paso County (Col. 1982) 652 P.2d 1050, 1059; Elliott v. Oregon Internat. Mining Co. (1982) 60 Ore. App. 474 [654 P.2d 663, 668]; but see Bohmker v. Oregon (D.Or., 2016) 172 F.Supp.3d 1155 [no preemption of state moratorium on motorized instream mining]; Beatty v. Washington Fish & Wildlife Com. (2014) 185 Wn. App. 426 [341 P.3d 291, 307-308] [no preemption of state restrictions on suction dredging].) We do not find these cases persuasive.
First, all but one predates the United States Supreme Court’s landmark 1987 decision in Granite Rock, supra, 480 U.S. 572, which for the first time clearly established the states’ authority to regulate on environmental grounds mining claims within their borders. Second, two of the cases involve statutes other than the one at issue here. Ventura County, an oil drilling case, found preemption based on a conflict with the Mineral Lands Leasing Act of 1920. (30 U.S.C. §§ 181-263; see Ventura County v. Gulf Oil Corp., supra, 601 F.2d at pp. 1083-1084.) In Elliott, the challenged mining took place on land governed by the Stock Raising Homestead Act of 1916 and subject to a patent that expressly reserved to the defendants “ ‘the right to prospect for, mine, and remove’ ” minerals under the provisions of that act. (Elliott v. Oregon Internat. Mining Co., supra, 654 P.2d at p. 665, quoting 43 U.S.C. § 291 (1970) repealed by Pub.L. No. 94-579, § 702, 90 Stat. 2787 (1976).) Third, the remaining cases uniformly omit any close examination of the text, legislative history, and historical context of the 1872 law. To the extent they rely on a cursory understanding of congressional purposes, they are not convincing.
Rinehart relies most heavily on his only post-Granite Rock case, South Dakota Mining Assn., Inc. v. Lawrence County, supra, 155 F.3d 1005, which the Court of Appeal concluded was “nearly directly on point here.” Lawrence County considered an ordinance banning surface mining in an area overlapping a national forest. Lawrence County concluded the ban was inconsistent with the 1872 law’s purposes, which it held included “the encouragement of exploration for and mining of valuable minerals located on federal lands, providing federal regulation of mining to protect the physical environment while allowing the efficient and economical extraction and use of minerals, and allowing state and local regulation of mining so long as such regulation is consistent with federal mining law.” (Lawrence County, at p. 1010.)
We do not disagree that Congress adopted a real property regime in the Mining Law of 1872 with the larger purpose in mind of encouraging ongoing mineral exploration across the West. Where we part company is with the conclusion that such general, overarching goals would be frustrated by state and local determinations that the use of particular methods, in particular areas of the country, would disserve other compelling interests. Congress could have made express that it viewed mining as the highest and best use of federal land wherever minerals were found, or could have delegated to federal agencies exclusive authority to issue permits and make accommodations between mining and other purposes. It did neither, instead committing miners to continued compliance with state and local laws (30 U.S.C. § 26) and endorsing limits on destructive mining techniques imposed under such laws (Act of Mar. 1, 1893, ch. 183, 27 Stat. 507 (1893)). These actions cannot be reconciled with the view that Congress intended preemption of such state and local determinations.
III. Preemption Under Section 612
Additionally, Rinehart urges the moratorium is preempted by title 30 United States Code section 612(b). We conclude no basis for preemption has been shown.
Section 612 of title 30 United States Code was enacted in 1955 as part of a “ ‘crack-down’ upon unauthorized uses of unpatented mining claims.” (Funderberg v. Udall (9th Cir. 1968) 396 F.2d 638, 639.) Concerned that some mining claims were being staked out as a pretext to support activities wholly unrelated to mineral development, Congress prospectively prohibited the use of unpatented mining claims for anything not ‘“reasonably incident” to prospecting and mining. (30 U.S.C. § 612(a); see U.S. v. Shumway, supra, 199 F.3d at p. 1101; Funderberg, at p. 639; H.R.Rep. No. 730, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 5-7 (1955), reprinted in 1955 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, No. 2, pp. 2478-2480.)
Congress also focused on the need to better accommodate competing surface and subsurface uses of federal land. (H.R.Rep. No. 730, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 3, 8 (1955), reprinted in 1955 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, No. 2, pp. 2475, 2480.) Mining claimants had traditionally been granted exclusive use of the land encompassed by their claims. (30 U.S.C. § 26; H.R.Rep. No. 730, at pp. 2477-2478; U.S. v. Curtis-Nevada Mines, Inc. (9th Cir. 1980) 611 F.2d 1277, 1281.) Congress withdrew that exclusivity in favor of a right retained by the federal government and its permittees and licensees to use, manage, and dispose of the surface resources of the claim. (30 U.S.C. § 612(b); see H.R.Rep. No. 730, at pp. 2482-2483; Curtis-Nevada Mines, at pp. 1281-1283.) In turn, this retained right was subject to the condition that the United States and other users not “endanger or materially interfere with” mining operations. (30 U.S.C. § 612(b); see Curtis-Nevada Mines, at pp. 1283-1286.)
Nothing in California’s regulation of suction dredging implicates or interferes with any of the purposes and objectives underlying this congressional reallocation of rights. Congress concerned itself with abuses of the existing claim system by miners and the need to accommodate competing demands on federal land, and sought to end sham claims and ensure to others enjoyment of federal lands to the extent compatible with mining. Section 612 of title 30 United States Code regulates the respective property rights of miners with claims on federal land, on the one hand, and the United States and its permittees who may wish to use that same land for other purposes, on the other. It does no more.
Rinehart infers from the text of title 30 United States Code section 612(b) a general command that state regulation to protect environmental interests may not “materially interfere” with mining. The text is not susceptible to such a reading. By its terms, the “materially interfere” standard defines what the United States and its licensees and permittees may not do on the surface of mining claims, not what states in the exercise of their police powers may not do.
Rinehart also contends that because the last portion of section 612(b) assures certain states their laws concerning water rights will not be affected, Congress by implication preempted state law in all other regards. The final clause of section 612(b) states: “Provided further, That nothing in this subchapter and sections 601 and 603 of this title shall be construed as affecting or intended to affect or in any way interfere with or modify the laws of the States which lie wholly or in part westward of the ninety-eighth meridian[] relating to the ownership, control, appropriation, use, and distribution of ground or surface waters within any unpatented mining claim.” This language was added to ”make[] clear an intent to leave unaffected the operation of State water laws in the reclamation West governing the ownership, control, appropriation, use, and distribution of ground or surface waters.” (H.Conf. Rep. No. 1096 on H.R. 5891, 84th Cong., 1st Sess. (1955), reprinted in 1955 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, p. 2497.) That Congress wanted to reassure western states that existing critical arrangements concerning their respective water rights would not be disturbed does not thereby establish an intent, not otherwise evident from the text or legislative history, to alter or displace state law in other respects.
Nor do the cases Rinehart relies on support preemption under section 612(b). U.S. v. Shumway, supra, 199 F.3d 1093, 1105-1108 addresses the interplay between the mining laws and the Act of Congress authorizing oversight of the national forests by the National Forest Service. (See 16 U.S.C. §§ 478, 551.) Shumway concludes, consistent with precedent, that the Forest Service’s authority extends to regulating mining claims insofar as such ‘“regulations are ‘reasonable’ and do not impermissibly encroach on legitimate uses incident to mining and null site claims.” (Shumway, at p. 1107; see U.S. v. Weiss (9th Cir. 1981) 642 F.2d 296, 298-299 [concluding the forest service may impose reasonable environmental regulations on mining operations in national forests].) Shumway does not interpret section 612(b), or any other federal statute, as preempting state environmental regulations.
U.S. v. Backlund (9th Cir. 2012) 689 F.3d 986 likewise does not interpret the objectives of section 612(b) in a way that would require preemption of state environmental regulation. Rejecting a void for vagueness challenge to Forest Service limits on unpermitted permanent residences in national forests, the Ninth Circuit explains that the Forest Service’s regulatory authority is limited by, inter alia, the requirement that regulations not “ ‘materially interfere’ ” with mining. (Backlund, at p. 997, quoting 30 U.S.C. § 612(b).) Backlund reads section 612 as we do, as striking an accommodation between federal solicitousness for mining on federal land and federal management of the surface of mining claims. It does not impute to Congress any broader purpose that would support state law preemption.
Disposition
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Court of Appeal.
Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Chin J., Corrigan, J., Liu, J., Cuéllar, J., and Kruger, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for a rehearing was denied November 9, 2017.
A lode is a vein or body of minerals embedded in fixed rock. A placer is an area where minerals are found at or near the surface in loose earth, sand, or gravel, often by a riverside or in a riverbed. (See United States v. Iron Silver Mining Co. (1888) 128 U.S. 673, 679-680 [32 L.Ed. 571, 9 S.Ct. 195]; Oregon v. Pershbaker (1887) 73 Cal. 109, 113-115 [14 P. 401].) The term lives on in names like Placer County and Placerville in the Gold Country of eastern California.
“An ‘unpatented’ claim is a possessory interest in a particular' area solely for the purpose of mining; it may be contested by the government or a private party. By contrast, if a claim is patented, the claimant gets a fee simple interest from the United States and no contest can be brought against the claim.” (Clouser v. Espy (9th Cir. 1994) 42 F.3d 1522, 1525, fn. 2.)
Hughes retracted Geer’s 19th-century view that state regulation of fish and game was immune to commerce clause objections, but left otherwise undisturbed the several states’ power “to protect and conserve wild animal life within their' borders.” (Hughes v. Oklahoma, supra, 441 U.S. at p. 338.)
House of Representatives No. 322, 39th Congress, 1st Session, section 1, as introduced February 21, 1866; see Remarks of Representative Julian, Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 2d Session (1865) pages 684—687; Remarks of Representative Julian, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session (1866) pages 4050-4051.
House of Representatives No. 365, 39th Congress, 1st Session, as amended in the Senate July 19, 1866; see Remarks of Representative Ashley, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session (1866) page 4021; High Country Citizens Alliance v. Clarke (10th Cir. 2006) 454 F.3d 1177, 1183-1184."
See, e.g.. Remarks of Representative Sargent, Congressional Globe, 42d Congress, 2d Session (1872) page 534 (the 1872 law involved no “change in the slightest degree [of] the policy of the Government in the disposition of the mining lands”); High Country Citizens Alliance v. Clarke, supra. 454 F.3d at page 1183 (the 1872 law “essentially served to combine and fine tune” the 1866 and 1870 acts).
During the heyday of hydraulic mining, more than triple the volume of earth excavated in digging the Panama Canal was discharged into the Yuba River, just one of four affected waterways. (Bezerra & West, Submerged in the Yuba River: The State Water Resources Control Board’s Prioritization of the Governor’s Commissions Proposals (2005) 36 McGeorge L.Rev. 331, 332.) During one typically overwhelming 1875 flood, the City of Marysville was turned into “a vast dump for mining debris” after its levees broke. (Kelley, Gold vs. Grain, supra, at pp. 66-67.)
Indeed, it is not even a distinction. The impacts the Legislature perceived as warranting a temporary moratorium here—on fish, water quality, and the health of the state’s inhabitants— are likewise experienced elsewhere than just the federal land on which Rinehart seeks to mine.
Rinehart takes issue with the Legislature’s assessment of those collateral consequences, dismissing the impacts of suction dredging as minimal. In this proceeding, we are without authority to countermand the Legislature’s judgment. The only issue for us is whether federal law permits the Legislature to favor other interests it deems in need of protection at the expense of mining.
Surface mining involves stripping off the top of an area to reach minerals, in contrast to boring down through tunnels or shafts to extract them.
Contrary to Rinehart’s view that Congress has deemed mining the absolute highest and best use of mining land, the congressional committee considering amendments to federal law that led to enactment of section 612 (30 U.S.C.) noted the “principal problem faced by the Congress” in the years since the 1872 law’s adoption had been how to “encourage mining activity” in a way “compatible with utilization, management, and conservation of surface resources such as water [and] fish.” (H.R.Rep. No. 730, 84th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 3 (1955), reprinted in 1955 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News, No. 2, p. 2475.)
That subdivision provides in relevant part: “Any such mining claim shall also be subject, prior to issuance of patent therefor, to the right of the United States, its permittees, and licensees, to use so much of the surface thereof as may be necessary for such purposes [i.e., management etc. of surface resources] or for access to adjacent land: Provided, however. That any use of the surface of any such mining claim by the United States, its permittees or licensees, shall be such as not to endanger or materially interfere with prospecting, mining or processing operations or uses reasonably incident thereto . . . .” (30 U.S.C. § 612(b).)
The 98th meridian cuts through the Great Plains states, from North Dakota through Texas.
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CASELAW
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Nurkent
Nurkent (Нұркент, Nūrkent) is a town under construction in the Panfilov District of the Almaty Region of south-eastern Kazakhstan, set to be built by 2035 and the projected population of 100,000. The town is located near one of Kazakhstan's two railway crossings on the border with China, at the Chinese city of Khorgos.
In autumn 2016, after a go-ahead from president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan's minister of national Economy Kuandyk Bishimbayev announced that Kazakhstan intended to allocate 11.3 billion tenge towards building infrastructure of a new town of Nurkent; it was reported that the construction of the town was seen as instrumental in resettlement of workers of the free economic zone "Khorgos — Eastern Gate", the largest transportation and logistics hub on the New Silk Road. A dry port, a component of the Khorgos — Eastern Gate free economic zone, began to operate in January 2015.
In the summer of 2017, the Chinese state-owned shipping and logistics services supplier company COSCO became the 49 percent owner the land on which the town was being built from scratch.
At the end of 2017, the town was reported to have about 1,200 residents.
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WIKI
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INTC Drags Down Semiconductor ETFs - ETF News And Commentary
The semiconductor space has been rebounded nicely, outpacing the broad markets this year. But of late, the space has shown some weakness due to the sharp fall in price of Intel Corp. ( INTC ), the largest chip maker in the world (read: 6 ETFs Beating the Market Over the Past Year ).
Inside Intel Slump
Recently, Apple ( AAPL ) inked a deal with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing ( TSM ) in which the latter will produce A-series chips for Apple's iOS devices early next year. This news has negatively influenced the Intel share price as the chances of Intel becoming a contract chipmaker for Apple is less likely.
Further, Intel fell 3.64% in Monday's trading session due to negative revisions by three analysts. This marks nearly 9% decline since mid June. The analysts are worried that Intel might cannibalize its sales of desktop and laptop microprocessors with the cheaper "Atom" mobile chips.
This could lead to hard times in maintaining the same level of margins in mobile devices. Moreover, the weakening personal computer market trends are weighing on the top line of Intel (read: The Top Choice in the Tech ETF World? ).
ETF Impact
This chain of negative news in Intel has made trading difficult for semiconductor ETFs over the past week, in particular those with a large exposure to Intel including the following ETFs:
The most popular in the sector, Market Vectors Semiconductor ETF ( SMH ) , lost 2.14% in Monday trading, though it is still up nearly 16% in the year-to-date timeframe. The fund provides concentrated exposure to 26 securities by tracking the Market Vectors US Listed Semiconductor 25 Index.
Intel takes the top position with nearly 20% of assets, followed by Taiwan Semiconductor (13.45%) and Texas Instruments (6.30%). The fund has $263.2 million in its asset base and charges an expense ratio of 35 bps.
The iShares PHLX Semiconductor ETF ( SOXX ) , having amassed $234.8 million, was down 2% in Monday trading. It has nevertheless delivered impressive returns of over 22% so far this year. The ETF follows the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index and offers concentrated exposure to 31 firms.
Intel takes the third spot in the basket with nearly 7.8% share while the first two spots -Texas Instrument and Applied Materials - do not make up for more than 7.9% share in either case. SOXX does charge a higher fee of 48 bps a year from investors (see more in the Zacks ETF Center ).
The other two ETFs - SPDR S&P Semiconductor ETF ( XSD ) and PowerShares Dynamic Semiconductors Fund ( PSI ) - with less exposure to Intel, lost 2.21% and 1.12%, respectively, in the rough Monday trading session.
XSD tracks the S&P Semiconductor Select Industry Index and holds 51 stocks in the portfolio. The product provides diversification benefits across each security as no single company takes up more than 3.1% of the assets. The fund has accumulated $63.1 million in AUM and charges 35 bps in fees per year.
On the other hand, PSI follows the Dynamic Semiconductors Intellidex Index. Holding 30 securities, the fund has large exposure to Micron Technology with nearly 6.01% of assets, closely followed by Analog Devices and Applied Materials with 5% share each. The ETF has $16.2 million in AUM and charges 0.63% in expense ratio.
In the year-to-date timeframe, XSD has added 19% while PSI has gained 10.5% YTD (read: Why Semiconductor ETFs Are Crushing the Market ).
Bottom Line
Although the ETFs have been stressed due to Intel's sluggish performance, these gained nicely in the year-to-date frame (read: Semiconductor ETFs for 2013? ).
The gains could continue moving forward based on some solid trends in the space. Some analysts are expecting global semiconductor sales to continue to rise - even with a decline in PC shipments -given their requirement in the emerging technology applications like tablets and smartphones, so don't write off semiconductor ETFs just yet.
Still, make sure to pay close attention to the space this earnings season, as it could go either way for this important corner of the market. However, with some strong Zacks Industry Ranks for a number of semiconductor-focused segments, the recent INTC weakness could make this a decent buying opportunity, should firms in this industry live up to their lofty Ranks this earnings season and beat rising estimates, despite the Intel worries.
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INTEL CORP (INTC): Free Stock Analysis Report
PWRSH-DYN SEMI (PSI): ETF Research Reports
MKT VEC-SEMICON (SMH): ETF Research Reports
ISHARS-PHLX SEM (SOXX): ETF Research Reports
SPDR-SP SEMICON (XSD): ETF Research Reports
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free report
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Chadarangam (web series)
Chadarangam is an Indian Telugu-language political thriller web series that streamed on Zee5. This political drama series is written and directed by Raj Anantha and produced by Vishnu Manchu from 24 frames factory. The series has Srikanth, Ravi Prakash, Sunainaa, Jeeva, Chalapathi Rao and Nagineedu playing important roles.
Cast
* Srikanth as Pemmasani Gangadhar Rao
* Ravi Prakash as Bapineedu
* Nuthikattu Trinetrudu as Gangadhar Rao's son
* Sunainaa as Kranthi
* Chalapathi Rao as Guru Murthy
* Jeeva as Yogeswar Rao
* Nagineedu as Erra Rama Krishna Rao
* Ramya Pasupuleti as Paro
* Kausalya as Bhavani, Gangadhar Rao's wife
* Kasi Viswanath
* Subhash Gupta as Rathore
* Jayasri Rachakonda as Vasundhara Dhar
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WIKI
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Margot Sunderland
Margot Sunderland is a British child psychologist and psychotherapist. She is Director of Education and Training at the Centre for Child Mental Health and Honorary Visiting Fellow at London Metropolitan University at London Metropolitan University. She has been working with families and children for over 30 years. She is the author of over twenty books in the field of child mental health, which collectively have been translated into eighteen languages and published in 24 countries.
Her internationally acclaimed book, The Science of Parenting won First Prize in the British Medical Association Medical Book awards 2007 Popular Medicine section. The book, endorsed by the affective neuroscientist Professor Jaak Panksepp, is the result of ten years research on the long-term effects of adult-child interaction on the developing brain. The book has also been voted one of the top brain books of our time by the Dana Foundation. Her books which form the "Helping Children with Feelings" series are used as key therapeutic tools by child professionals. Sunderland is also Chief Executive and Founding Director of the Institute for Arts and Therapy in Education, an Independent Higher Education College and academic partner of University of East London, training child psychotherapists, child counsellors and art therapists. Sunderland has written or co-written master's degree programmes, unique in the field of child mental health e.g. MA Integrative Child Psychotherapy and MA Education: Emotional Literacy for Children. She is also founder of the 'Helping Where it Hurts' programme which offers free arts therapy to troubled children in Islington Primary schools.
Publications and media
* Margot Sunderland (2019) Communication Skills and Attachment Play: The First Five Years. DVD, Redshark TV.
* Margot Sunderland (2019) Sensory Enhanced Learning and Attachment Play for 5 to 12 year olds. DVD, Redshark TV.
* Margot Sunderland (2019) Draw on Your Relationships. Second edition (illustrations by Nicky Armstrong), Routledge.
* Margot Sunderland (2018) Draw on Your Emotions. Second edition (illustrations by Nicky Armstrong), Routledge.
* Margot Sunderland (2018) The Emotion Cards, (illustrations by Nicky Armstrong), Routledge.
* Margot Sunderland (2018) The Relationship Cards, (illustrations by Nicky Armstrong), Routledge.
* Margot Sunderland (2015) Best Relationship with your Child: The First Five Years. DVD, Redshark TV.
* Margot Sunderland (2015) Best Relationship with your Child: Creative Quality Time. DVD, Redshark TV.
* Margot Sunderland (2015) Best Relationship with your Child: age 5 to 12. DVD, Redshark TV.
* Margot Sunderland (2015) "Conversations that Matter". Worth Publishing. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland, Nicky Armstrong (Illustrator)(2013) "Helping Children with Troubled Parents: A Guidebook (Helping Children with Feelings)". Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland, Nicky Armstrong (Illustrator) (2013)."Monica Plum's Horrid Problem (Helping Children with Feelings)". Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2012). Bothered: Helping Teenagers to Talk about their Feelings. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2012). Helping Teenagers with Anger & Low Self-Esteem. Hinton House Publishers Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2008). Smasher: A Story to Help Adolescents with Anger & Alienation: A Story to Help Teenagers with Anger and Alienation. Hinton House Publishers Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2008). The Science of Parenting. DK ADULT. ISBN 0-7566-3993-X
* Margot Sunderland (2007). What Every Parent Needs to Know: The incredible effects of love, nurture and play on your child's development. DK ADULT. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2003). The Day the Sea Went out and Never Came Back. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2003). Ruby and the Rubbish Bin". Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2003). Helping Children with Loss: A Guidebook. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2003). How Hattie Hated Kindness. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN 086388461X
* Margot Sunderland (2003). Teenie Weenie in a Too Big World: A Story for Fearful Children. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2003). Helping Children Locked in Rage or Hate: A Guidebook. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2003). Helping Children with Fear: A Guidebook. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). Using Story Telling as a Therapeutic Tool with Children. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). Helping Children Who Bottle Up Their Feelings: A Guidebook. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). A Pea Called Mildred: A Story to Help Children Pursue Their Hopes and Dreams. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). A Nifflenoo Called Nevermind: A Story for Children Who Bottle Up Their Feelings. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). Willy and the Wobbly House: A Story for Children Who are Anxious or Obsessional. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). A Wibble Called Bipley: A Story for Children Who Have Hardened Their Hearts or Becomes Bullies. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
* Margot Sunderland (2001). The Frog Who Longed for the Moon to Smile: A Story for Children Who Yearn for Someone They Love. Speechmark Publishing Ltd. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>
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WIKI
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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Worm day
I just learned that Worm Digest conducted an interview with Dr. Lee Perry regarding Worm Day at the beginning of this decade. I'm looking through their archives as we speak to find a reference to this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cosmoknot (talk • contribs)
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WIKI
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Data Analysis by Data Type
Data analysis is performed in many different fields and on many different types of data. Most fields call it something different. The following list comes straight from Jeff Leek’s Data Analysis Coursera class.
Name of Data Analysis by Data Type
The type of analysis is very similar for all fields, but what separates data science and machine learning from the others is the 3 V’s of big data. Data science and machine learning deal with a greater Volume of data, Variety of data, and Velocity (speed at which new data appears) of data. Because it is becoming cheaper and easier to store massive amounts of data than ever before, I think the other fields are beginning to realize the potential in big data. Signal processing is definitely becoming an area with big data, due to the fact that electrical sensors are everywhere.
What are your thoughts? Do you see any real differences in the data analysis performed for the data types above?
Comments
3 responses to “Data Analysis by Data Type”
1. Allen C Avatar
Allen C
Graph analysis has also been up and coming in the presence of online social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, and it is also relevant in certain areas of bioinformatics. Graphs are an extremely flexible structure that can be used to represent many things.
1. Ryan Swanstrom Avatar
Allen,
I agree with you. Graph Analysis is definitely gaining some attention. After seeing your comment, a better title may have been “Data Analysis by Application Field”
Thanks,
Ryan
2. ThomasV Avatar
ThomasV
When people refer to data science (unfortunately) they usually mean machine learning and programming abilities only.
That is interesting to note that people who have stat skills + domain specific knowledge do not call themselves data scientists.
https://skim.it/u/ThomasV/data-science-is-not-computer-science
Leave a Reply
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- Linklaters Revenue Falls 8.8% as Merger Advisory Work for Law Firms Drops
Linklaters LLP , one of the U.K.’s
highest-grossing law firms, said revenue fell 8.8 percent to
1.18 billion pounds ($1.8 billion) as the global mergers and
acquisitions market stalled.
Linklaters ranked first among law firms advising principals
in global merger and acquisition deals in 2009, according to
data compiled by Bloomberg. The volume of deals fell 38 percent
in 2009 and has remained at a low level this year.
“M&A is about 40 percent of our business,” the firm’s
managing partner Simon Davies said. “Our profitability has been
quite resilient taking that into account.”
Profit per equity partner fell 6.8 percent to 1.2 million
pounds, and overall profit was down 1.2 percent for the year
that ended April 30, the London-based firm said today in a
statement. The lower figure means Linklaters may no longer be
the largest U.K.-based law firm by revenue. Competing firms
Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP and Clifford Chance LLP
haven’t reported their financial results yet this year.
The firm relied on restructuring and financial regulation
work to help offset the decline in deals, and its capital
markets team has been busy advising on high-yield bond
issuances, he said.
“Over the next three to five years there will be a lot of
restructuring work with this new barrage of financial
regulation,” he said. “That will be a buoyant area, and it’s
important that we’re alongside our clients in coping with that
new legislation.”
Linklaters is advising Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc and
Lloyds Banking Group Plc in relation to the British government’s
asset-protection program. The firm also represents Lehman
Brothers International Europe, which is liquidating in the U.K.
Allen & Overy, which ranked fourth last year in revenue
among U.K. firms, said last week its revenue fell 4 percent to
1.05 billion pounds and partner profits were up 10 percent.
To contact the reporter for this story:
Lindsay Fortado in London at
lfortado@bloomberg.net .
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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2004 Honda Accord - Axle Shaft Replacement- Pawlik Automotive Repair, Vancouver BC
2004 Honda Accord – Axle Shaft Replacement
Mark: Hi, it's Mark from Top Local. We're here with Bernie Pawlik, Pawlik Automotive in Vancouver. Vancouver's best auto service experience, serving Vancouver and area for 38 years. Maintaining and repairing all makes and models of cars and light trucks. And of course, 21 time winners, almost lost it there, 21 time winners of Best Auto Repair in Vancouver as voted by their customers and we're talking cars. How're you doing Bernie?
Bernie: Doing well.
Mark: So 2004 Honda Accord had an axle shaft replacement. What was going on with this car?
Bernie: So this car got towed to our shop. The owner was driving it and suddenly just stopped moving forward. There was some hideous noises and the car just would not move forward. Figured maybe the transmission had blown up or something like that. So the car was brought in the shop and we had a look at it.
Mark: And what sort of testing and diagnosis did you need to do?
Bernie: Well in this case, of course, we needed to try out, we put it in drive to see if the car moved. Of course, we heard the noises. Put the car on the hoist, did a visual inspection was all the testing and diagnosis we needed to find that the axle shaft on the left side, it actually snapped in half. Now this is a one inch, sold steel bar that had worn out and actually snapped in half. Let's get into some pictures because this is really the fun part.
So there's our 2004 Accord, two door, nice car. And you know, 15 year, 16 year, 15-16 years old now, still in really good shape because the owner takes good care of it. There's our axle as we found it on the car. So this is looking under the driver's side. You can see the tire, the front tire here. This is the outer CV joint. The axle shaft moving in this direction and that's the other part of the axle shaft. That is just worn down to a taper which is really unusual and snapped. I have a few more pictures of this because it just intrigued me so much. Again there's another view of it. You can see this rubber piece, we'll talk about that in a minute, but this basically is a solid metal bar. This rubber piece is just fitted over top for, it's a vibration dampener but it's the axle snapped off inside of that area. And finally the axle shaft laying on the ground in two pieces. So this is the inner CV joint. This part goes into the transmission. This is the outer Cv joint which bolts into the wheel, splined and goes into the wheel hub that drives the wheel. There's rubber boots on either side and they're inside the CV joint which I call a constant velocity joint inside there. And then of course, our axle, it's broken in two. As you can see, this is pretty large piece of metal and worn down into quite a taper before it actually snapped.
Mark: Ok how? How did this break?
Bernie: Well that's an excellent question and I have to say that I think, I'd like to say that I've seen it all, well to be honest, I've never seen anything like this. We have a new technician we just recently hired who's moved from Ontario and he said he's never seen anything like this. But what I can say, is the car was from Ontario, spent at least the first 8 years of it's life in Ontario, so subject to salt and the you know kind of ugly road conditions and you can see the sort of rustiness on that shaft which is not something you'd normally see in a car that was say, driven around Vancouver for it's life.
So there's some road salt for sure, maybe some grit got in there and then sat in behind. Again, I'll just get this picture up here. You know, there's some grit probably got in behind this little vibration dampener piece here and probably just slowly wore away the metal of the shaft. That's the only thing I can think of. It's just a very unusual situation. If this piece wasn't here, this probably would not have happened but I think it just created a perfect trap for salt and dirt to just sit in and eventually just ground away the shaft. There's really very little movement of this part because it's basically just a bolted on a piece of rubber. But somehow there must of been enough flex and movement that just over time wore it away.
Mark: It wasn't rotating on the shaft that rubber dampener?
Bernie: No it doesn't rotate. It's actually clamped onto the shaft and these parts are, they install these from the factory. When we get replacement axles, they ever normally have these pieces. I believe it's a vibration dampener, I don't even know 100% for certain, but replacement axles don't normally have them because they tend to be cheaper quality. I hate to say that but they don't ever cause any problems, it's never noticed, oh the car's vibrating like crazy because you don't have a vibration dampener on the axle.
Mark: So what are the usual issues you find with drive axles?
Bernie: Well let me, actually I'll go back into the screen share because this is a good, this picture of this axle is actually a really good thing to look at again. So the usual issues with axles are the CV joints will wear out and that CV joint is hidden inside this area here or inside this one here and the outer front CV joints are subject to a lot of abuse. The wheel, not only is the wheel rotating and pushing the car back and forth and sometimes if you accelerate hard there's a lot of pressure put on this but also as you turn and go around a corner, it's putting pressure on an angle. So this joint is subject to a lot of force and wear and it used to be that these joints would wear out a lot. In the earlier days of front wheel drive cars, replacing CV joints as a frequent service because they'd start clicking and clunking and that's not really happening a lot anymore which is a good thing. They've beefed up the quality of these parts substantially over the years. So that replacing CV joints is not overly as common of a service as we used to do. The other part that wears out probably more frequently is this boot. This is a rubber boot and again, it's subject to wear because it's twisting and moving around. Sometimes, the inner boots. This is common on Subarus. The inner boots will often wear because they sit right over top of the exhaust system where there's a lot of heat. So the boot will tend to crack. But the quality of these rubber boots also has improved over the last couple of decades. Again, you know, in sort of the 80s and 90s, a lot of these boots were made out of a rubber that would crack and by the time you it a 100,000 kilometres, a lot of these boots would crack. We'd end up replacing them. But nowadays, they tend to last much much longer. You can see that this boot has been seeping a bit of grease. This darkness here. There's even a little a bit of grease right here. There's a bit of grease that's starting to seep out of this boot. But again it's not broken or torn, so that's pretty amazing for a 15 year old axle shaft. So those are kind of the common things. I have seen the odd axle break but usually I think the last time I saw something, the actual cage, there's a cage that holds the ball bearings, had snapped and so it wouldn't allow, it sort of allowed the ball bearings to fall out of place. But a shaft broken like this, first time and probably the last time.
Mark: Well you never know. With electric cars they have a lot of torque. They might snap axle shafts.
Bernie: That's a good point. I mean we really don't know again with electric cars, we really don't know. But the good news with electric cars and all that torque is they're using axle shafts that have been used for a long time on gasoline powered cars. That you know, they've beefed them up to be pretty strong. So but you never know. Maybe that'll be the issue. You know, there will always be something on every kind of car that that's a common problem and maybe on electric cars it'll be the axle shaft. Who knows - probably not though.
Mark: Hondas have a reputation for being very reliable. How is this generation of Accord?
Bernie: Yeah, this is a super reliable car. It's really good. You know, the owner of this car takes good care of it and we service a lot of others that you know, around this vintage and there's still good cars. You know worth fixing. Worth keeping. There's not really a lot of engine problems. There are some transmission problems with these around this model year. So you do have to be a little careful with that but other than that, you know generally engines are really good. Do have timing belts so that is an expensive maintenance service that needs to be done. But you know, once it's done it's good for a long time. This is definitely on my recommended list car.
Mark: So there you go. If you need service for your Honda or your axle shafts in Vancouver, the guys to see are Pawlik Automotive. You can reach them at 604-327-7112 to book your appointment. You have to call and book ahead they're always busy. Lots of cars to fix in Vancouver. And of course, thanks so much for watching the podcast and listening. And of course, you can check us out at pawlikautomotive.com, the website, over 600 articles on there about all makes and models of cars. Over 300 videos on the YouTube channel, Pawlik Auto Repair. Again thanks Bernie.
Bernie: Thanks Mark, thanks for watching.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2020 June 15
File:Riri Williams.jpg
The result of the discussion was: keep. Ironheart (character) has only one image, and it's this one. (non-admin closure) Mdaniels5757 (talk) 23:57, 24 June 2020 (UTC)
* File:Riri Williams.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by TriiipleThreat ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).
Invalid NFUR: there is already one piece of non-free media to represent this character on this page. ―Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 22:43, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
* Procedural Keep I restored this as the main, single image used in the article in question here for two reasons:
* 1) The image that replaced it, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ironheart.jpg (how does one link to the file page without displaying the image?), does not fully represent the character in a way that is key to her identity.
* 2) More importantly, the file was uploaded by a sock of a blocked user, so it is now up for CSD G5.
* -2pou (talk) 19:16, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
* Keep If it is the single identifying non-free media in the infobox. ★ Bigr Tex 00:06, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
File:Roodog2k-roo1.jpg
The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 14:08, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
* File:Roodog2k-roo1.jpg ([ delete] | talk | [ history] | links | [ logs])  – uploaded by Roodog2k ( [ notify] | contribs | uploads | upload log).
Orphaned, Low Res image of a dog; It was uploaded for use on their user page, and is unlikely to have future encyclopedic value. Was proposed for deletion by User:Fastily last month as "unused, low-res, no obvious use." Prod was declinded by User:Spinningspark with comment "Decline. Files once used in articles should be kept to preserve integrity of article history" ★ Bigr Tex 00:04, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
* Delete per my original prod rationale. Unused personal image. - F ASTILY 04:12, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
* Delete, orphaned with no obvious value. Salavat (talk) 14:37, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
* Note This discussion has been mentioned at Village pump (policy). ★ Bigr Tex 23:15, 23 June 2020 (UTC)
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WIKI
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RICHMOND et al. v. SANGSTER.
(No. 1563.)
(Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. Amarillo.
Nov. 5, 1919.
On Motion for Rehearing, Jan. 22, 1920.)
1. Divobce <&wkey;326 — Collateral attack on FOREIGN DECREE.
Decree of divorce obtained in a foreign state may be collaterally attacked to show that the court which rendered it had no jurisdiction, even though it recites all necessary jurisdictional facts.
2. Divorce &wkey;>329 — Foreign decree procured BY FRAUD ON SUBSTITUTED SERVICE VOID.
Where wife left husband in Texas, and, going to Illinois, sued him for divorce, and citation by publication was based on false affidavit that he could not be found, the substituted service was insufficient; and, where by the statutes of Illinois the wife-,was required to have transmitted to defendant husband a copy of her petition, and by, fraud induced the clerk to send copy to a post office where it would not be received by her husband, there was such a fraud on the jurisdiction of the Illinois court as to void wife’s divorce.
On Motion for Rehearing.
3. Divorce <&wkey;329 — Validity of foreign decree DEPENDS ON ACCURACY OF AFFIDAVIT FOR SUBSTITUTED SERVICE.
The validity of a decree of divorce, procured in the Illinois courts by a wife who left her husband in Texas, depended on the truthfulness of the facts stated in the wife’s affidavit for substituted service upon the husband, rather than upon the good faith of the wife or her attorney in making the affidavit.
4. Husband and wife &wkey;>3(l) — -Domicile of HUSBAND NOT FIXED BY WIFE.
In Texas an erring wife, by leaving her husband, cannot fix his domicile at the place of her own residence, to enable her, after removal to a foreign state,, to make accurate affidavit of his residence there in her divorce suit, based on substituted service.
5. Attorney and client <&wkey;86 — Attorney MAY STIPULATE AS TO FACTS TO BE ESTABLISHED.
Attorneys are authorized to stipulate concerning any facts to be established by the evidence.
6. Divorce &wkey;>327 — No jurisdiction in COURTS OF STATE REMOVED TO WITHOUT INTENTION TO REMAIN.
A wife’s act in merely going to another, state to secure divorce, and in residing there the required length of time, but without any intention to remain permanently or indefinitely, is not sufficient to give the courts of such state jurisdiction of her divorce proceedings.
7. Judgment <&wkey;820 — Collateral attack ALLOWED ON FOREIGN JUDGMENT PROCURED BY FRAUD ON JURISDICTION.
A judgment in an action in rem or in per-sonam, procured in a court of foreign jurisdiction by willful fraud upon the jurisdiction, may be collaterally attacked.
8. Divorce <&wkey;330 — Void foreign decree obtained BY FRAUD OF WIFE. NOT VALIDATED BY HUSBAND’S VISITS TO WIFE.
Divorce decree of a foreign court in favor of the wife, procured through her fraud and falsehood, was not vitalized and validated by the act of the husband, never made a party to the suit, and who knew nothing of the action until after rendition of the decree, in subsequently visiting the wife after her return from the foreign state, and by failing to go there and attack the judgment because of fraud.
9. Appeal and error <&wkey;281(l) — No avoidance OF STIPULATION IN ABSENCE OF MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL BELOW.
Where no effort was made in the trial court by motion for new trial to set aside á stipulation as improvident, the effect of the stipulation cannot be avoided in the Court of Civil Appeals.
Appeal from District Court, Dallam County ; Reese Tatum, Judge.
Suit by Matilda Richmond and another against John C. Sangster. From judgment for defendant, plaintiffs appeal.
Affirmed.
H. E. Hoover, of Canadian, and R. E. Stal-cup, of Dalhart, for appellants.
F. P. Works, of Amarillo, C. D. Works, of Hansford, Newton P. Willis, of Canadian, and Tatum & Stron, of Dalhart, for appel-lee.
HALL, J.
Appellant, joined pro forma by her second husband, H. E. Richmond, sued appellee, Sangster, alleging, in substance, that Mrá. Richmond and appellee were married about the year 188S; that their marriage relation continued until the 1st day of October, 1914, when they were legally divorced, and that after said date she married her coplaintiff, H. E. Richmond; that during the existence of the marriage relation between appellant and appellee they accumulated community property of the estimated value of $40,000, consisting of lands in Hans-ford and Sherman counties, real estate in Dalhart, Tex., and certain personal property, consisting of cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, farming implements, etc. She alleges that appel-lee has been disposing of the property since they were divorced, prays for the appointment of a receiver, for the issuance of a writ of injunction, and that upon a final hearing she have partition of the community property, and in the alternative that she have judgment against defendant for a sum of money equal to one-half the value thereof. Appel-lee answered by general demurrer, general denial, and specially denied that the marriage bond existing between himself and the appellant had ever been dissolved; that if the circuit court of Cook county, Ill., or any other court, ever assumed to divorce them he had no knowledge of the proceedings, and that no legal service thereof or notice of such proceeding by legal process or citation was ever issued or served upon him according to law, and that said court had no jurisdiction to render a decree of divorce; that any such attempted decree is of no force or effect on account of fraud practiced by the said Matilda Richmond, in its procurement and the lack of jurisdiction in the court so attempting to grant such divorce. The answer sets out the substance of certain articles of the statute of Illinois applicable to the case, and alleges that Matilda Richmond, being charged by law with knowledge of the provisions of the statute of Illinois, falsely and fraudulently alleged in the petition for divorce, and falsely and fraudulently swore before the court in procuring said divorce, that he deserted her on or about May 15, 1912, and absented himself from her without any reasonable cause for a space of two years, when she well knew that appellee had all the while remained as her husband in their home, and that she willfully abandoned and deserted him without any reasonable cause; that she falsely and fraudulently alleged in her'petition, and swore upon the witness stand, that she was an actual resident of Cook county, Ill., and had been for two years prior to the filing of her suit, when she knew that she was not such resident, but was merely ‘ a transient, and had gone to Illinois for the purpose of procuring a divorce; that, having left her husband without cause, her domicile remained with him in the state of Texas, and for such reason the court had no jurisdiction over her or her husband for the purpose of divorce; that she further fraudulently concealed from the trial court of Illinois the real place of residence and domicile of the appel-lee, for the purpose of preventing him from having actual notice of her divorce suit, by making a false affidavit and filing the same in said cause as a basis for citation by publication, alleging in said affidavit that appel-lee on due inquiry could not be found so that process could be served upon him; that his last known place of residence was Dalhart, Tex., and that upon inquiry his then place of residence could not be ascertained, when she well knew that her husband was then in Hansford county, Tex., with Zulu as his post-office, and could be found there at any time for service of process; that by means of said false and fraudulent .affidavit she procured the notice to be mailed to appellee at Dal-hart, Tex., where he had never resided and did not get his mail, and in consequence thereof he did not get such notice; that such acts constituted a fraud upon the jurisdiction of the court. There are further allegations which become immaterial in the disposition we make of the case. By a supplemental petition appellant excepted generally to appellee’s ánswer and specially upon the ground that the facts therein alleged constituted a collateral attack upon the judgment of a court of general jurisdiction in the state of Illinois, wherein the divorce decree was entered. There are a number of other special excexstions, which it is not necessary to consider. She answered further by general denial, estoppel, and res judicata. It is further alleged that in the year 1904 appellee informed her that she and her children would have to leave their home in Hansford county, whére they had resided for several years, and that he took her and her small children to Dalhart, Tex., and returned to their home; that by the efforts of herself and her minor daughters they accumulated some property in Dalhart, and that after the year 1904, except for very short intervals, they lived separate and apart from each other until 1912, when appellee wholly abandoned her and left her to her own resources. The case was tried at the March term of the district court of Dal-lam county, to where It had been transferred upon change of venue, and during the trial appellee moved the court to direct a verdict in his favor. The material parts of the motion are as follows:
“Comes now the defendant, just at the close of the offering of the testimony in the above cause, and points out to the court that the matter alleged in defendant’s answer concerning fraud upon the jurisdiction of the circuit court of Cook county, Ill., in the city of Chicago, with reference to the procuring of notice to the defendant, is established by undisputed and un-contradicted testimony on which there is no room for reasonable minds to differ, and the defendant is entitled to a peremptory instruction in his favor, because of the invalidity of the plaintiff alleged divorce decree. To be more specific, defendant alleges that the following matters are indisputably established:
“(1) That defendant had absolutely no notice or knowledge of any kind of the plaintiff’s divorce suit in Chicago prior to the entry of judgment therein.
“(2) That it was required by the law of Illinois that plaintiff should file an affidavit showing where the defendant could be found, so that process could be served upon him at his last known place of residence, if known, and whether same could be ascertained by the use of diligent inquiry.
“(3) That plaintiff did make an affidavit that defendant on due inquiry could not be found, and that process could not be served upon him; that his last known place of residence was Dal-hart, Tex.; and that upon diligent inquiry his present place of residence could not be ascertained, and caused her attorney in the case to make an affidavit to the same effect.
“(4) That at the time of the making of such affidavit the defendant could have been found' in Hansford county, Tex., on his ranch, and could have been served with process there, and that plaintiff well knew, from having seen him there in September,' 1913, and prior thereto, and from having written to him there letters in 1914, and from correspondence with their children, that defendant’s last known place of residence was not Dalhart, Tex., and that he never resided in Dalhart; that upon any sort of inquiry, diligent or otherwise, plaintiff could have ascertained, and in fact did know, that his then place of residence was Hansford county, Tex., and his post office was Zulu, or Ideal.
“(5) That under the laws of Illinois it was the duty of plaintiff, and her right, to cause a copy of her petition, with a notice of the commencement of her suit, to be delivered to defendant in Texas, 30 days before the commencement of the term of the court, which was never done, and which could have been readily done.
“(6) That at the time of the entry and rendition of plaintiff’s divorce decree in Chicago she was then confronted with knowledge by a return letter filed in the cause, having gone by due process of mail, with proper postage, addressed to defendant at Dalhart, Tex., showing unquestionably that he was not living in or getting his mail at Dalhart, Tex., and that plaintiff, with such knowledge, swore upon the trial of said divorce that she had last seen defendant at his ranch in Hansford county, Tex., and permitted such decree to be rendered without revealing to the court that notice ought to be sent to Hans-ford county; that Dalhart was not in Hansford county, and that defendant’s post office address was Zulu, Tex., or Ideal, Tex., and that such facts indisputably showed that plaintiff obtained her decree of divorce by false affidavit and by fraudulent concealment, and fraudulently prevented the defendant from having such notice of the proceedings as he was plainly entitled to under the laws of Illinois.
“Because the foregoing facts are shown without dispute and without controversy in this record, defendant states that there is no issuable fact to submit to the jury that could validate the judgment granting plaintiff a divorce, and that the facts and evidence uncontrovertedly show fraud upon the jurisdiction of the Illinois court as a matter of law.”
Upon the filing of this motion and the reference thereto attorneys for the parties entered upon a stipulation which was filed in the cause, and contains this recital:
“Be it remembered, at this time, the defendant announced in open court that he would close the introduction of his testimony, and thereupon presented to the court his written motion, asking the court to peremptorily instruct a verdict for the defendant for the reasons stated in the motion set forth, being herein filed, and said motion presented at this time by the agreement of the counsel for the plaintiff stating in open court that they had no further testimony to admit or produce upon any issue raised by the motion; and further admitting that under the evidence there was no issuable fact to be submitted to the jury under said motion, and it being agreed by the counsel that the matters raised by said motion in the light of testimony introduced is purely a question of law.”
Section 12, chapter 22, of the Statutes of Illinois was introduced in evidence, and is in part as follows:
“Notice by Publication. Whenever any complainant or his attorney shall file in the office of the clerk of the court in which his suit is pending, an affidavit showing that any defendant resides or hath gone out of this state, or on due inquiry cannot' be found, * * * so that process cannot be served upon him, and stating the place of residence of such defendant - if known, or tha't upon diligent inquiry his place of residence cannot be ascertained, the clerk shall cause publication to be made in some newspaper printed in his county. * * * And he shall also, within ten days of the first publication of such notice, send a copy thereof by mail, addressed to such defendant whose place of residence is stated in such affidavit.”
Under this article the appellant and her attorney each filed an affidavit, reciting that—
“John C. Sangster, the defendant, on due in-, quiry, cannot be found, so that process cannot be served upon him, and affiant further states that the last known place of residence of such defendant is Dalhart, Tex.; that upon diligent inquiry his place of residence cannot be ascertained.”
It appears that the substituted service was .based upon these two affidavits. The effect of the stipulation, when considered in connection with the motion, is to admit the material facts set np in the latter. It, therefore, appears from a consideration of the motion that appellee had no actual knowledge of the divorce suit filed in Cook county, Ill., by appellant; that at the time the affidavits mentioned above were made he was on his ranch in Hansford county, and could have been served with a copy of the petition, and that appellant knew that fact; that she also knew he had never resided in Dalhart, and that his post office was Zulu, or Ideal. This is, in our opinion, sufficient to show a willful fraud committed by appellant upon the Jurisdiction Of the Illinois court and an effort upon her part to prevent appellee from having actual knowledge of the institution of her suit. It was shown that she had previously filed suit against him for divorce in the district court at Dalhart, which she subsequently dismissed; that during her residence in Dalhart she became acquainted with Richmond, who left Dalhart and went to Chicago, either with her or about the same time. While in Chicago, it appears that she had her mail addressed to her at the general .delivery, and the only address ever given by her in Chicago proved to be the place where Richmond resided. When she left Dalhart and went to Chicago she left her furniture in her home at Dalhart, and told her son Tom she was going to Vancouver to see her sister, and told her son, Chris, she wanted to go up there to get a divorce. The city directory of the city of Chicago did not show that' either Mrs. Richmond -or Mrs. Sangster lived in the city. She testified- upon the trial of her case that she did not know her husband's place of residence, and that his last-known place of residence was Dalhart. Under these facts we think the court did not err in directing a verdict for appellee. It is held in several cases in Texas that a decree of divorce obtained in a foreign state may be collaterally attacked to show that the court which rendered it had no jurisdiction, even though the judgment recites all necessary jurisdictional facts. Stuart v. Cole, 42 Tex. Civ. App. 478, 92 S. W. 1040; Morgan v. Morgan, 1 Tex. Civ. App. 315, 21 S. W. 154; Givens v. Givens, 195 S. W. 877; Jones v. Bartlett, 189 S. W. 1107. These decisions seem to be sustained in this holding by the weight of authority, and in accord with the decisions of the state of Illinois. Dunham v. Dunham, 162 Ill. 589, 44 N. E. 841, 35 L. R. A. 70; Field v. Field, 215 Ill. 496, 74 N. E. 443; Davenport v. Davenport, 67 N. J. Eq. 320, 58 Atl. 535; Lister v. Lister, 86 N. J. Eq. 30, 97 Atl. 170; Silvey v. Silvey, 192 Mo. App. 179, 180 S. W. 1071. By the weight of authority in other jurisdictions it is held that a divorce granted either spouse in a fdr-eign jurisdiction upon substituted service is void. Olmstead v. Olmstead, 190 N. Y. 458, 83 N. E. 569, 123 Am. St. Rep. 585; Halter v. Van Camp, 64 Misc. Rep. 336, 118 N. Y. Supp. 545; Ackerman v. Ackerman, 200 N. Y. 72, 93 N. E. 192; Gouch v. Gouch, 69 Misc. Rep. 436, 127 N. Y. Supp. 476; Bruguiere v. Bruguiere, 172 Cal. 199, 155 Pac. 988, Ann. Cas. 1917E, 122; Pettis v. Pettis. 91 Conn. 608, 101 Atl. 13; Thompson v. Thompson, 89 N. J. Eq. 70, 103 Atl. 856; State v. Duncan (S. C.) 96 S. E. 294; Deyette v. Deyette (Vt.) 104 Atl. 232; In re Grossman’s Estate, 263 Pa. 139, 106 Atl. 86, 88. These questions are also briefed and discussed in the notes to Perkins v. Perkins, L. R. A. 1917B, 1039, 1040; Forest v. Fey, 218 Ill. 165, 75 N. E. 789, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 740, 109 Am. St. Rep. 249; Joyner v. Joyner, 131 Ga. 217, 62 S. E. 182, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 647, 127 Am. St. Rep. 220; Succession of Benton, 106 La. 494, 31 South. 123, 59 L. R. A. 183.
“To render a foreign decree of divorce entitled to recognition in another state so far as the marriage relation is affected, jurisdiction of the person of the defendant must be in some way acquired. There must be notice to the defendant, either by service of process or if the defendant be a nonresident, by such publication or other constructive notice as is required by the laws of the state.” 9 R. C. L. p. 510, § 332.
“It is well settled that each state has exclusive jurisdiction over the marriage status of its citizens, and hence a court of another state has no jurisdiction to decree a divorce between parties where neither has a domicile or residence within the state of the forum. Accordingly, a divorce rendered by the court of a state in which neither party had a legal residence, or domicile, especially where there is no personal service of process upon the defendant within the state of the forum, and she or he does not voluntarily appear, is not entitled to recognition in another state under the full faith and: credit clause of the federal Constitution.” Id. p. 511, § 333.
“The general rule that a judgment of the courts of one state may be collaterally impeached in the courts of another state, if it was procured by fraud upon the legal rights of the party against whom it was rendered, applies to foreign decrees of divorce. It has been held that a wife, who on separation from her husband, goes to another state for the purpose of obtaining a divorce, and brings suit without disclosing the fact that a suit was pending in the state of her former residence, involving the same matters alleged as the cause of divorce and in which she has appeared, is guilty of such fraud as to invalidate a decree of divox-ce obtained by her, although the pendency of the prior suit could not have been pleaded in abatement, or in bar to her divorce suit.” Id. § 340, p. 520.
These authorities and the decisions cited and discussed in them unquestionably sustain the court’s action. It is not necessary for us to decide, and wet do not hold, that a foreign decree, rendered upon substituted service, is void, but we are warranted by the authorities in holding that if it cap be shown, as in this, case, that citation by publication was based upon a false affidavit, substituted service is insufficient; and, when it is further shown that by the statutes of the foreign state the plaintiff was required to have transmitted to the defendant a copy of her petition, and by fraud she induced the clerk of the court to send such copy to a post-office where she knew it would not be received by defendant, there has been such á fraud upon the jurisdiction as to render the decree void. We deem it unnecessary to enter into an extended discussion of the principles involved, and content ourselves with reference to the foregoing authorities to sustain us in our holding. The foreign divorce being void, appellant is still the lawful wife of John C. Sangster, the appellee, and is not entitled to maintain this suit ,for a division of the community property.
Believing that the trial judge properly directed a verdict, the judgment is affirmed.
On Motion for Rehearing.
Appellants have filed an unusually vigorous motion for rehearing, attacking the original opinion; and because the motion is teeming with assertions and statements unwarranted and unsupported by either the opinion, the record, or the law, it becomes our duty to consider the motion in detail.
The first ground is that this court erred in assuming as a fact, in the decision, that Matilda Richmond had gone to Chicago for the purpose of procuring a divorce from the appellee, when the question of her bona fide residence in Illinois at the time she filed her petition was a controverted issue in the trial, and should have been submitted to the jury. We did not assume that she had gone to Chicago for the purpose of procuring a divorce from the appellee. We merely recited some potent facts from the record tending to show that that was her purpose. We were not called upon to assume either way' because, under the record, it was an immaterial question what her purpose was in going to Chicago. In this ground of the motion it is stated that her purpose in going there was a controverted issue. In subdivision (a) of the seventeenth ground of the motion it is stated that her bona fide residence in Cook county was not questioned, and to the same effect is the sixth assignment of error. Both statements cannot be true; but for the purpose of this opinion we will admit that both are true, and still appellant is not entitled to a rehearing, because our decision is predicated upon her fraud upon the jurisdiction of the Illinois court, in making an admittedly false affidavit as a basis for service of notice upon her«husband.
The second ground asserts that this court erred in holding that the question of the bona fide residence of the appellant in Illinois was not an immediate or controlling issue in the trial of the cause, and that the validity of the Illinois divorce decree depended upon the truthfulness of the facts stated in the affidavit for service rather than the good faith of the party making the affidavit. We made no such holding, and no such statement can be found in the opinion, but we do hold it now. The appellee’s motion for judgment after the evidence closed charged that her affidavit and the affidavit of her attorney upon which the substituted service was attempted to be based were both false and fraudulent. Immediately upon filing such motion appellant’s counsel prepared a stipulation, the effect of which is to admit the charges of falsehood and fraud upon the jurisdiction of the court. Under this state of the record, her bona fide residence in Illinois is unimportant If she made a false affidavit as a basis for process, she could not have made it in good faith. By the stipulation her counsel admitted its falsity. In such case there can be no good faith shown .or presumed in the making of the affidavit. The case of Haddock y. Haddock, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, 201 U. S. 562, 26 Sup. Ct. 525, 50 L. Ed. 867, and a number _of other cases cited in the original opinion, settle this question against appellant’s contention.
The third ground of the motion says that we erred in finding as a fact that when appellant made the affidavit for notice by publication she acted in bad faith and intended to perpetrate a fraud upon 'the jurisdiction of the Illinois court, and further asserts that this was a disputed issue in the trial of the cause. It was a disputed issue during the trial, but when at the close of the testimony her counsel, by solemn written stipulation, admitted that the affidavit was false, that settled the question, and we either had to find that she acted in bad faith, or find contrary to the stipulation, which we were not authorized to do. It is true that the seventh assignment of error complains of the trial court’s action in not permitting her to testify that she acted in good faith when she made .the affidavit, but this objection was waived when the stipulation admitting fraud was subsequently filed.
The fourth ground "of the motion is that we erred in holding in effect that under the Illinois divorce statute the term “place of residence” “means the same thing in law as post office address,” or place where the defendant at that very time could be found, for the - reason that the Illinois statute required that the affidavit fqr publication state the last known place of residence of the defendant, and not his then post office address or the place where he then might be found. The statute of Illinois required the clerk to send a copy of the notice “by mail, addressed to the defendant, whose place of residence is stated in the affidavit.” Botk statements were, by tke stipulation considered in connection witk tke motion, admitted to be false, and are skown by tke record to kave been willfully false. Mail must, in tke nature of tkings, go to some post office in order to reaek tke addressee’s place of residence. Ske so framed ker affidavit tkat tke clerk was not able to send notice tq eitker place, although she knew botk kis post office address and place of residence.
Tke fifth ground asserts tkat we erred in holding as a matter of law and under controverted facts tkat at tke time tke affidavit for notice for publication was made tke defendant in the divorce case did not reside at Dalkart, Tex., while tke uncontra-dicted evidence showed tkat tke plaintiff for many years before going to Illinois resided at Dalkart, and' tkat it followed as a matter of law that tke legal residence of the defendant was Dalkart, Tex., regardless of where he stayed or. spent kis time. We did not hold it as a matter of fact. In Texas the erring wife cannot fix tke domicile of tke husband, Speer’s Law of Marital Rights, §§ 72, 73, 403. There is not a line of evidence in the record which even remotely tends to show that tke appellee ever fixed, or intended to fix, kis residence at Dalkart, Tex.
Tke sixth ground is tkat we erred in holding tkat tke failure of the appellant to serve tke defendant with a copy of ker petition was willful fraud, because tke Illinois statute in suck cases does not require service of copy of petition upon a .nonresident defendant, but merely tkat a copy of tke published notice of suit should be sent by mail to kis last known place of residence, and not to kis post office address, or to tke place where he might be found. This ground is a mere quibble. Where tke word “petition,” instead of “notice,” was used in the original opinion is where we were summarizing tke facts admitted in effect by tke stipulation and tke motion. Paragraph 5 of tke motion is tkat under tke laws of Illinois it was tke duty of plaintiff and ker right to cause a copy of ker petition, witk a notice of tke commencement of ker suit, to be delivered to defendant in Texas, 30 days before tke commencement of the term of the court, which was never done, and which could kave been readily done. Tke language of tke stipulation is, in part:
“Be it remembered at this time, defendant announced in open court tkat he would close tke introduction of his testimony, and thereupon presented to tke court kis written motion, asking tke court to peremptorily instruct a verdict for tke defendant for tke reasons stated in tke motion set forth being herein filed, and said motion presented at this time by tke agreement of counsel for tke plaintiff, stating in open court tkat they had no further testimony to admit or produce upon any issue raised by the motion, and furtker admitting tkat under tke evidence there was no issuable fact to be submitted to tke jury under said motion, and it being agreed by tke counsel that tke matters raised by said motion, in tke light of testimony introduced, is purely a question of law.”
Attorneys are authorized, to stipulate concerning any fact to be established by tke evidence. Tke effect of this stipulation is, when considered witk tke fifth ground of tke motion, tkat the laws of Illinois required her to serve tke defendant with a copy of ker petition as well as a copy of tke notice. We would kave to set tke stipulation aside to hold otherwise.
Tke seventh ground is tkat we erred in holding tkat the validity of tke Illinois divorce decree depended solely on tke truthfulness of tke facts stated in tke affidavit for service by publication or tke good faith of tke party making tke affidavit. We did so hold, and the holding is correct, and is sustained by every authority cited on tkat point in tke opinion. Appellant asserts in this ground that tke error is in so holding, rather than in holding tkat tke validity of tke decree depended upon tke bona fide residence of tke plaintiff within the state of Illinois at the time of filing ker petition. If by ker false affidavit she perpetrated a fraud upon the jurisdiction of the court, it becomes an immaterial inquiry as to her bona fide residence within tke state of Illinois. It was not necessary for us to discuss tkat question. Her bona fide residence in Illinois would not validate a decree in ker favor rendered there, when ske sought to enforce rights based upon it in tke state of Texas, if tke decree was obtained without jurisdiction. This question is also settled in tke Haddock Case. We did not discuss tke question of ker bona fide residence in Illinois, because it was not necessary; but* since appellant repeatedly in tke motion asserts that ske was a bona fide resident, we will discuss it. The facts show tkat ske formed the acquaintance of and associated witk her coplaintiff herein, Richmond, while ske was living at Dalhart, tkat he departed for Chicago, and tkat ske either went witk him or followed in a short time. While in Chicago, ske had ker mail addressed to ker at general delivery, and tke only address ske ever gave proved to be tke place where Richmond resided. When ske left Dalkart for Chicago ske left ker furniture in ker home at Dalkart; she told ker son Tom ske was going to Vancouver to see her sister, and told her son Chris ske was going to Chicago to get a divorce. Although she claims to have resided in Chicago nearly two years, the city directory of tkat city does not show that either Mrs. Richmond or Mrs. Sangster ever lived there. The facts further show that she made an unsuccessful attempt to get a divorce before she went to Chicago, and dismissed her suit without a trial upon the merits, and that as soon as she thought she was divorced she came back to her home and her furniture- in Texas, bringing her coplaintiff with her, and filed this suit It is immaterial, as said, for us to discuss the bona tides of her residence in Illinois, but under the decisions, not only of the state of Illinois, but of every other state whose decisions we have read, these facts are sufficient to show that When she went to Chicago it was not with an animus manendi, and if the court had submitted the issue to the jury and the jury had so found it would have been the duty of the trial judge to set the verdict aside and impanel a jury with less gullibility. Under these facts, if it became necessary, the appellee could have successfully attacked the divorce decree in Chicago and had the same set aside upon the ground that she was not a bona fide resident of Illinois at the time she filed her suit. This is clear from the language of the Illinois Supreme Court in' Albee v. Albee, 141 Ill. 550, 31 N. E. 153, Way v. Way, 64 Ill. 406, and the cases therein cited. In line with the Illinois - cases is Stuart v. Cole, 42 Tex. Civ. App. 478, 92 S. W. 1040; and the other Texas cases therein cited. The rule in such cases is that merely going to a state for the purpose of securing a divorce and residing there the required length of time, but without any intention of remaining there permanently or indefinitely, is not sufficient to give jurisdiction in divorce proceedings. Bechtel v. Bechtel, 101 Minn. 511, 112 N. W. 883, 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1103, and note. It is further held that the intention, coupled with the acts of the party, must both be considered. What is here said disposes of the ninth ground in the motion.
The eighth ground asserts that we erred in holding in effect that the action for divorte in the state of Illinois was an action in personam, when the Supreme Court of the state of Illinois, in construing its diyorce statutes, holds that such an action is one in rem. In the first place, we did- not make any such holding, either in fact or in effect. We purposely avoided discussing that question. The Stuart Case, supra, holds that such a proceeding is an action in rem. There is no concord in the holdings of the various courts upon the question. In so far as the decision of this case is concerned, it is immaterial whether a divorce proceeding is an action in rem or an action in person-am. .When a judgment rendered in either case is procured in a court of foreign jurisdiction by willful fraud upon the jurisdiction of the court, the judgment may be collaterally attacked, and all the authorities cited in the original opinion which discuss the question so hold. ,
It is said in the tenth ground that we failed to follow the construction of the Illinois statutes given to them by the Supreme Court of Illinois. On the contrary, we followed the decisions of the Illinois courts to the letter, in so far as they construed the Illinois statutes. It was held in the Haddock Case by the Supreme Court of the United States that the full faith and credit clause of the federal Constitution is not binding upon the state courts in considering divorce decrees rendered in foreign jurisdictions. If there wére any decisions of the Illinois courts holding otherwise, they-would be controlled by the holding of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Haddock Case, which court is the court of last resort in construing the federal Constitution.
The remaining grounds of the motion are simply a reiteration of the matters already considered, except in the fourteenth ground it is asserted that because, within two or three months after Matilda Richmond procured her divorce in Illinois, she remarried and came to Dalhart, and because the appellee often visited her there, he recognized the validity of the decree of divorce, and is estopped to deny her right to recover her interest in the community estate. In other words, the proposition is that a decree of a Chicago court, procured through fraud and falsehood, may be vitalized and rendered valid by the act of a defendant, who was never made a party to the suit, and knew nothing of the action until after the decree was rendered, by subsequently visiting the plaintiff and by failing to go to Illinois and attack the judgment because of fraud. Such a holding would open the door for the rendition of divorce decrees by collusion, which is condemned by the Texas statute and in jurisdictions of other states. The proposition is too absurd to require, discussion.
The whole trouble with appellant’s counsel in this case is that thejt entered into the stipulation in the record under the impression that the Chicago judgment, which recited service and upon its face showed jurisdiction, could not be collaterally attacked by -appellee in this state, because of the fraud perpetrated by appellant upon the jurisdiction of the Chicago court. They entered into the stipulation believing that such was the law. This is shown by their pleadings; it is further shown by their brief from beginning to end; it was manifested during the oral argument upon the submission of the case; and even the motion for rehearing shows that they have a lingering hope that such is or will be declared the law. We think the fact of fraud was overwhelmingly established by the evidence, but that becomes immaterial in the light of the agreement that the affidavits were false. No effort was made in the trial court, by'motion for new trial, to set aside the stipulation as being improvident, and its effect cannot be avoided in this court. We are bound by the fact as admitted, and in the light of the motion and the stipulation, which together submitted to the trial court the bare proposition of law whether such fraud upon the jurisdiction would invalidate the decree, the trial judge could do nothing else than peremptorily instruct the jury to find for the appellee.
The motion is overruled.
i&wkey;For other cases see same topic anü KEY-NIÍMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests aná Ináexes
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CASELAW
|
Risk of confrontation between major powers up sharply: survey | TheHill
Experts and officials around the world are anticipating an increased risk of economic and political confrontations — including military clashes — in 2018, according to a new survey. The World Economic Forum's annual Global Risks Report, which includes responses from nearly 1,000 experts in fields such as government, academia and business, found an increasing expectation that geopolitical tensions would worsen in the coming year. Among the survey's respondents, 93 percent said they anticipate worsening "political or economic confrontations/frictions between major powers," while nearly 80 percent said they expected the risk of military conflict between countries to increase. That expectation, the report assessed, is driven by a decreasing willingness by some world leaders to abide by international norms and rules. President TrumpDonald John TrumpTrump pushes back on recent polling data, says internal numbers are 'strongest we've had so far' Illinois state lawmaker apologizes for photos depicting mock assassination of Trump Scaramucci assembling team of former Cabinet members to speak out against Trump MORE, for example, has unilaterally withdrawn from or shaken confidence in multiple international agreements, including various trade deals, the Paris climate accord and the Iran nuclear pact. Also fueling heightened geopolitical volatility and the risk of conflict is the rise of "charismatic strongman politics" around the world, the report said, pointing to Trump and leaders in Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the Philippines as representative of a "trend towards increasingly personalized power." The report listed escalating geopolitical risks as a trend of 2017, citing ongoing tensions between the U.S. and North Korea, which has displayed a number of advancements in its nuclear weapons and missile programs over the past year. Trump has repeatedly traded barbs with the country's government, using a speech before the United Nations General Assembly last year to warn that Washington would "totally destroy" North Korea if it threatened the U.S. or its allies. The Global Risks Report said that the crisis on the Korean Peninsula "brought the world closer than it has been for decades to the possible use of nuclear weapons." The survey results came just days before the World Economic Forum is set to hold its annual gathering in the Swiss resort town of Davos, which Trump and a delegation of top U.S. officials are expected to attend. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
slice-machine-ui - v1.0
Overview
slice-machine-ui is the core package for Prismic's local development tool, Slice Machine.
Upgrade to version 1.0
Are you on a version of slice-machine-ui below 1.0? Follow our migration guide to upgrade.
Dependencies and requirements
slice-machine-ui v1.0 depends on an adapter to work with your framework. There are currently three officially-supported adapters:
Installation
Slice Machine offers an init script to take care of most boilerplate and configuration.
init script
In your project, run this command:
Copy
npx @slicemachine/init@latest
This command will do the following:
1. Create a new Prismic repository or let you specify an existing one.
2. Add a slicemachine script to package.json.
3. Create an slicemachine.config.json configuration file containing your API endpoint and the location of your slice library.
4. Detect your framework (Next.js).
5. Install dependencies: @prismicio/client@prismicio/slice-simulator-react@prismicio/react@prismicio/next, and slice-machine-ui.
6. Create a pages/slice-simulator.js|jsx|tsx file.
Manual install
To manually install Slice Machine, follow these steps:
1. Create a new Prismic repository from the Prismic dashboard.
2. In your project, add a slicemachine script to your package.json:
package.json
Copy
{
scripts: {
"slicemachine": "start-slicemachine"
}
}
3. Create a slicemachine.config.json file at the root of your project and paste in this information:
slicemachine.config.json
Copy
{
"repositoryName": "example-prismic-repo",
"adapter": "@slicemachine/adapter-next",
"libraries": ["./slices"]
}
4. Update the repositoryName property to your repository name and the adapter property with your framework's Slice Machine adapter.
Usage
Launch Slice Machine
slice-machine-ui locally runs a development tool called Slice Machine. Run this command to launch Slice Machine:
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npm run slicemachine
This will launch Slice Machine on localhost and show the URL in your terminal. Open the URL in your browser.
Configure slicemachine.config.json
The slicemachine.config.json file contains an object that contains the following properties:
repositoryName
Required
The repository name for your repository (e.g. "your-repo-name").
libraries
Required
An array of directories where Slice Machine can find slices, relative to the project's root director. By default, this is ["./slices"].
adapter
Required
The name of the npm package to use as an adapter for your framework (e.g. "@slicemachine/adapter-next", "@slicemachine/adapter-nuxt").
apiEndpoint
The endpoint for your repository. Slice Machine automatically uses the correct API endpoint for your repository by default, based on repositoryName. You can override the API endpoint using this property if you are working behind a network proxy that requires a custom URL.
It should use the CDN (.cdn) and use V2 of the API (e.g. "https://sam-230217-next-01.prismic.io/api/v2").
Can't find what you're looking for?
Need technical Support? Spot an error in the documentation? Get in touch with us on our Community Forum.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
This is an alternative site for discovering Elm packages. You may be looking for the official Elm package site instead.
Nri.Ui.Select.V3
Build a select input.
Upgrading to V3
• Remove the old styles. V3 uses compile-at-runtime elm-css!
Configure
type alias Config a = { choices : List { label : String, value : a } , current : a }
Select-specific Choice.Config
Render
view : Config a -> Html a
A normal select dropdown
module Nri.Ui.Select.V3
exposing
( Config
, view
)
{-| Build a select input.
## Upgrading to V3
- Remove the old styles. V3 uses compile-at-runtime elm-css!
# Configure
@docs Config
# Render
@docs view
-}
import Css
import Css.Foreign
import Dict
import Html.Styled as Html exposing (..)
import Html.Styled.Attributes as Attributes exposing (..)
import Html.Styled.Events exposing (..)
import Json.Decode exposing (Decoder, andThen, succeed)
import Nri.Ui
import Nri.Ui.Colors.V1
import Nri.Ui.Styles.V1
import Nri.Ui.Util
{-| Select-specific Choice.Config
-}
type alias Config a =
{ choices : List { label : String, value : a }
, current : a
}
{-| TODO: Consider moving this to Nri.Ui.Util once the non-0.19-approved `toString` is removed
-}
niceId : String -> a -> String
niceId prefix x =
prefix ++ "-" ++ Nri.Ui.Util.dashify (Nri.Ui.Util.removePunctuation (toString x))
{-| A normal select dropdown
-}
view : Config a -> Html a
view config =
let
valueLookup =
-- TODO: probably worth using Lazy here, since choices won't change often
config.choices
|> List.map (\x -> ( niceId "nri-select" x.value, x.value ))
|> Dict.fromList
decodeValue string =
Dict.get string valueLookup
|> Maybe.map Json.Decode.succeed
|> Maybe.withDefault (Json.Decode.fail ("Nri.Select: could not decode the value: " ++ toString string ++ "\nexpected one of: " ++ toString (Dict.keys valueLookup)))
onSelectHandler =
on "change" (targetValue |> andThen decodeValue)
viewChoice choice =
Html.option
[ Attributes.id (niceId "nri-select" choice.value)
, Attributes.value (niceId "nri-select" choice.value)
, Attributes.selected (choice.value == config.current)
]
[ Html.text choice.label ]
in
config.choices
|> List.map viewChoice
|> Nri.Ui.styled Html.select
"nri-select-menu"
[ Css.backgroundColor Nri.Ui.Colors.V1.white
, Css.border3 (Css.px 1) Css.solid Nri.Ui.Colors.V1.gray75
, Css.borderRadius (Css.px 8)
, Css.color Nri.Ui.Colors.V1.gray20
, Css.cursor Css.pointer
, Css.fontSize (Css.px 15)
, Css.height (Css.px 45)
, Css.width (Css.pct 100)
]
[ onSelectHandler ]
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
User:Tjterps/sandbox
Abdul El-Sayed
Abdul (Abdulrahman Mohamed) El-Sayed is an Egyptian American Physician, Epidemiologist, and public health advocate. He currently serves as Executive Director of the Detroit Health Department and Health Officer for the City of Detroit. At 31, he is the youngest health commissioner of any major city in the US. Previously, he was Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University. He is an internationally recognized public health expert, and the author of over 100 scholarly articles, abstracts, and book chapters on public health policy, social epidemiology, and health disparities. His essays on public health policy have also been published in the New York Times, CNN, the Hill, the Huffington Post, the Detroit News, and the Detroit Free Press.
Early Life
El-Sayed was born in metro-Detroit to parents who immigrated to the US from Egypt. He grew up in metro-Detroit with his father, Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed, and stepmother, Dr. Jacqueline El-Sayed, both engineering professors. His mother, Fatten Elkomy, is a nurse practitioner in Missouri.
Education
El-Sayed graduated in 2003 from Bloomfield Hills Andover High School, where he was a three-sport athlete (football, wrestling, and lacrosse) and captain. He attended the University of Michigan, where he majored in Biology and Political Science, and played for the University’s men’s lacrosse team. Winning several awards, including the William Jennings Bryan Prize for Political Science, he graduated with Highest Distinction and delivered the student commencement speech alongside President Bill Clinton in 2007.
He was awarded a full-tuition Dean’s scholarship to attend the University of Michigan Medical School, where he completed his first two years of medical school. There, he led a student medical mission to Peru and founded a student organization which raised money and coordinated community service for a local free clinic. He was awarded the Marshall Scholarship and Rhodes Scholarship in 2009 as a second year medical student. He attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar in 2009, where he competed a Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health in under two years in 2011. While at Oxford, he earned a full blue as captain of Oxford’s men’s lacrosse team. He completed his MD at Columbia University in 2014 on a Soros Fellowship for New Americans and Medical Scientist Training Program fellow funded through the National Institutes of Health.
Career
Public Health Professor
In 2014, he joined the faculty at Columbia’s Mailman School of Public Health as Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology. He served as director of Columbia’s Systems Science Program and Global Research Analytics for Population Health. As a researcher, he has authored over 100 scientific publications, including articles, commentaries, book chapters, and abstracts, about health disparities, birth outcomes, and obesity. His research has been cited over 600 times. He is the recipient of several research awards, including being named one of the Carnegie Council’s Policy Innovators. He created and taught the Mailman School’s first ever course on systems science and population health.
Health Commissioner of Detroit
El-Sayed was appointed by Mayor Mike Duggan as Health Officer and Executive Director of the Detroit Health Department in August, 2015, making him the youngest Health commissioner in a major US city. In his role, he was charged with rebuilding the Detroit Health Department after it was privatized during the City of Detroit’s municipal bankruptcy in 2012. In his first year as Director, El-Sayed led efforts to oppose increases in sulfur dioxide emissions by Marathon Petroleum’s Southwest Refinery, which resulted in reductions in overall emissions. He also led efforts to test Detroit schools for lead in the wake of Flint’s Water crisis. In view of his leadership on lead poisoning reduction, he was appointed to the governor’s statewide Childhood Lead Elimination Board. He also led a transformation at the City’s troubled Animal Control department.
Personal
El-Sayed lives in Detroit, Michigan with his wife, Sarah Jukaku, also a physician. El-Sayed had a sandwich named after him (“the Abdul”) at Ricardo’s, a sandwich shop in Oxford’s Covered market, while a student at Oxford University.
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WIKI
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Hus' House (Vršovice)
The Hus' House or Husův sbor is a Hussite church in the Vršovice area of Prague. This building was one of the first buildings in Prague built from pre-stressed concrete and brick panels. It was built in less than a year and includes a "lighthouse" tower topped with symbol of Hussite church, a chalice and a cross.
History
The Hus' House was built in 1930 using the novel material of pre-stressed concrete. The beginning of that build began with the formation of a committee in 1921 to create this church. The land for the building had previously been used for a coaching inn and a blacksmith. The emerging local Hussite group received national recognition in 1923 and their work led to the appointment of Karel Truksta. Truksta was an architect trained in Prague and it was his role to not only make the design but also the specification for builders to quote for the work.
An unusual foundation stone was laid on 29 September 1929, as the stone had an association with the church reformer Jan Hus who had been burnt for his beliefs in 1415. The stone came from Kozí Hrádek castle near Sezimovo Ústí where Hus had preached of his ideas that led to the formation of the Hussite Church. The main contractor was the builder Václav Nekvasil who was told in March 1930 that they needed to complete the build that year. This was achieved on 21 December when the opening was celebrated.
The design included a theatre that seated almost 300 people with space for an orchestra, dressing rooms and make-up and offices. Other activities in the building include a film club, lectures and other cultural activities. The theatre brings in an income and the multi-function building also included accommodation for pensioners and part of the space is let to the branch of a bank. This income pays for maintaining the building and its columbarium as well as contributing to the wider aims of the church. An Alois Jirásek Theatre was based here although Jirásek had died in 1930. The theatre group was so successful that they credit the closing of the nearby theatre in Vinohrady to their success. The company became known for plays and for opera. The theatre closed in the 1960s due to pressures from the communist authorities who were unhappy with a religious body being involved with a theatre. There have been attempts to relaunch the theatre but the city have said that a prospective company would need to find external funding.
The design of the tower was a collaboration with Pavel Janák who designed the other nearby Hussite church in Vinohrady. It is topped at 33 m by a chalice which is a key symbol of the Hussite church as well as a cross. There is an extended floor near the top of the tower which is surrounded by the four large glass panels. The design for the tower has four tall thin shuttered windows. The tower was intended to be seen as a "ship's lantern" which symbolises a "lighthouse" pointing the way to eternity.
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WIKI
|
The Twain Shall Meet
The Twain Shall Meet is the second album by Eric Burdon & the Animals. It was released in 1968 on MGM Records.
Background
The record includes "Sky Pilot", an anti-war song of the Vietnam War era, and "Monterey", the band's tribute to the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival. Reviewer Bruce Eder of AllMusic describes the song "All Is One" as "unique in the history of pop music as a psychedelic piece, mixing bagpipes, sitar, oboes, horns, flutes, and a fairly idiotic lyric, all within the framework of a piece that picks up its tempo like the dance music from Zorba the Greek while mimicking the Spencer Davis Group's "Gimme Some Lovin'.
The Twain Shall Meet reached the #78 position on the U.S. Billboard album chart.
Side one
* 1) "Monterey" (4:18)
* 2) "Just the Thought" (3:47)
* 3) "Closer to the Truth" (4:31)
* 4) "No Self Pity" (4:50)
* 5) "Orange and Red Beams" (3:45)
Side two
* 1) "Sky Pilot" (7:27)
* 2) "We Love You Lil" (6:48)
* 3) "All Is One" (7:45)
All selections written by Eric Burdon, Vic Briggs, John Weider, Barry Jenkins, & Danny McCulloch except "Orange and Red Beams", written by McCulloch.
Personnel
* Eric Burdon - vocals (1, 3, 4, 6, 8)
* John Weider - guitar, violin
* Vic Briggs - guitar
* Danny McCulloch - bass, vocals (2, 5)
* Barry Jenkins - drums
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WIKI
|
Dr. W. R. and Eunice Taylor House
Dr. W. R. and Eunice Taylor House is a mansion located in Forest Grove, Oregon. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
History
The house was built in 1921 by John Taylor as per the Dutch Colonial Revival-style dwelling. It was remodelled two times, first time in 1982, then the last one was in the year 1995.
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WIKI
|
Disfluency (film)
Disfluency is a 2018 American short film directed by Laura Holliday and starring Libe Barer. Disfluency is a short film that follows a young woman through her daily life, from her passive usage of the phrase "I'm sorry," to her being raped and the emotional aftermath.
Cast
* Libe Barer as Jane
* Dylan Arnold as Mark
* Julia Barrett-Mitchell as Kelsey
* Yoshi Sudarso as Sean
* Jon Berry as Professor
* Kelly L. George as Nurse
* Garrett Louis as Brendon
* Ella Shockey as Doe.
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WIKI
|
Magnified
Magnified is the second album by the American alternative rock band Failure. It was released on March 8, 1994, through Slash Records.
Production
Drummer Robert Gauss departed during the recording of the album; the remaining drum parts were played by John Dargahi and Greg Edwards.
Magnified differs from Failure's debut album Comfort by using a great deal of bass guitar distortion. The use of a bassline as the main structure of the song as well as distortion can be heard best on "Frogs" and "Small Crimes."
Critical reception
In a retrospective article published to coincide with the album's 25th anniversary, Decibel wrote that "druggy chord changes slither unpredictably, oftentimes led by a four-string bassquake alongside primal drumming, both delivered with forceful conviction." Trouser Press called the album "a major improvement [over the debut], but not a thorough success," writing that "Failure paints senseless coats of alternative guitar ... over tuneful material that might actually be enticing if not for the underbrush." The Seattle Times wrote that "the songwriting on Magnified is more pop-oriented than on the band's first disc, Comfort, which had more of an improvisational feel." The Albuquerque Journal wrote that "Failure checks into the rock 'n' roll hall of fame as the only band to have less variation between songs than Boston."
Personnel
* Ken Andrews – vocals, guitar, bass
* Greg Edwards – bass, guitar, drums
* John Dargahi – drums on 1, 2, 6 & 7
Credits
Recorded by Paul Lani. Mixed by David Bianco and Ken Andrews. Frog: Bruce Schwartz
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Page:Organised Crime Act 2015.pdf/73
74 :(c) supply any information specified in the order or produce for inspection any document specified in the order.
(3) The conditions referred to in subsection (2) are that—
* (a) there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that—
* (i) in relation to a proceeding or proposed proceeding under Part 3, 4 or 5—a person has been involved in any Part 2 offence (as defined under section 14(5)) or any serious offence associated with an organised criminal group (as defined under section 14(2)); or
* (ii) in relation to a proceeding or proposed proceeding under Part 9—a person has carried out organised crime activity (as defined under section 48);
* (b) there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that a specified person is able to do one or both of the following:
* (i) answer any question on any matter that is likely to be of substantial value (whether by itself or together with other material) to the proceeding or proposed proceeding;
* (ii) supply any information with respect to any matter that is likely to be of substantial value (whether by itself or together with other material) to the proceeding or proposed proceeding; and
* (c) there are reasonable grounds for believing that it is in the public interest that the question is answered or the information is supplied (as the case may be), having regard to—
* (i) the benefit likely to accrue to the proceeding or proposed proceeding if the information is supplied; and
* (ii) the circumstances under which the person learns of the information.
(4) In an application for an order under this section, any defence that is available to a person who is prosecuted for an offence relating to the involvement mentioned in subsection (3)(a)(i), or an offence
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Interaction of astrocytes and T cells in physiological and pathological conditions
Luokun Xie, Shao Hua Yang
Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review
52 Scopus citations
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has long been recognized as a site of 'immune privilege' because of the existence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which presumably isolates CNS from the peripheral immunosurveillance. Different from the peripheral organs, CNS is unique in response to all forms of CNS injury and disease which is mainly mediated by resident microglia and astrocyte. There is increasing evidence that immune cells are not only involved in neuroinflammation process but also the maintenance of CNS homeostasis. T cells, an important immune cell population, are involved in the pathogenesis of some neurological diseases by inducing either innate or adaptive immune responses. Astrocytes, which are the most abundant cell type in the CNS, maintain the integrity of BBB and actively participate in the initiation and progression of neurological diseases. Surprisingly, how astrocytes and T cells interact and the consequences of their interaction are not clear. In this review we briefly summarized T cells diversity and astrocyte function. Then, we examined the evidence for the astrocytes and T cells interaction under physiological and pathological conditions including ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, viral infection, and Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)63-73
Number of pages11
JournalBrain Research
Volume1623
DOIs
StatePublished - 14 Oct 2015
Keywords
• Alzheimer's disease
• Astrocyte
• Central nervous system
• Multiple sclerosis
• Stroke
• T cells
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Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary
The title rabbi, with several others from the same root, רבב , magnus est, vel multiplicatus est, began first to be assumed, according to Godwin, as a distinguishing title of honour by men of learning, about the time of the birth of Christ. We find it anciently given, indeed, to several magistrates and officers of state. In Esther 1:8 , it is said, the king appointed כלאּ?רב ביתו , which we render "all the officers of his house."
In Jeremiah 41:1 , we read of the רבי המלכּ? , "the princes of the king."
In Job 32:9 , it is said, that the רבים , which we render "great men, are not always wise;" a rendering which well expresses the original meaning of the word. It was not therefore in those days properly a title of honour, belonging to any particular office or dignity, in church or state; but all who were of superior rank and condition in life were called רבים . We do not find the prophets, or other men of learning in the Old Testament, affecting any title beside that which denoted their office; and they were contented to be addressed by their bare names. The first Jewish rabbi, said to have been distinguished with any title of honour, was Simeon, the son of Hillel, who succeeded his father as president of the sanhedrim; and his title was that of rabban. The later rabbies tell us, this title was conferred with a good deal of ceremony. When a person had gone through the schools and was thought worthy of the degree of rabbi, he was first placed in a chair somewhat raised above the company; then were delivered to him a key and a table book: the key, as a symbol of the power or authority now conferred upon him, to teach that knowledge to others which he had learned himself; and this key he afterward wore as a badge of his honour, and when he died it was buried with him: the table book was a symbol of his diligence in his studies, and of his endeavouring to make farther improvements in learning. The next ceremony in the creation of a rabbi was the imposition of hands on him by the delegates of the sanhedrim, practised in imitation of Moses's ordaining Joshua by this rite, to succeed him in his office, Numbers 27:18; Deuteronomy 34:9 . And then they proclaimed his title.
According to Maimonides, the imposition of hands was not looked upon to be essential; but was sometimes omitted. They did not always, saith he, lay their hands on the head of the elder to be ordained; but called him rabbi, and said, "Behold thou art ordained, and hast power," &c. We find this title given to John the Baptist, John 3:26; and frequently to our blessed Saviour; as by John's disciples, by Nicodemus, and by the people that followed, John 1:38; John 3:2; John 6:20 . The reason of our Saviour's prohibiting his disciples to be called rabbi is expressed in these words: "Be not ye called rabbi, for one is your master, even Christ," καθηγητης , your guide and conductor, on whose word and instructions alone you are to depend in matters of religion and salvation. Accordingly the inspired Apostles pretend to nothing more than, as the ambassadors of Christ, to deliver his instructions; and, for their own part, they expressly disclaim all dominion over the faith and consciences of men, 2 Corinthians 1:24; 2 Corinthians 5:20 . The Jewish writers distinguish between the titles rab, rabbi, rabban. As for rab and rabbi, the only difference between them is, that rab was the title of such as had had their education, and taken their degree, in some foreign Jewish school; suppose at Babylon, where there was a school or academy of considerable note; rabbi was the title of such as were educated in the land of Judea, who were accounted more honourable than the others. But as for rabban, it was the highest title; which, they say, was never conferred on more than seven persons, namely, on R. Simeon, five of his descendants, and on R. Jochanan, who was of a different family. It was on this account, it should seem, that the blind man gave this title to Christ, Mark 10:51; being convinced that he was possessed of divine power, and worthy of the most honourable distinctions. And Mary Magdalene, when she saw Christ after his resurrection, "said unto him, Rabboni,"
John 20:16 , that is, my rabban, like my lord in English; for rabbon is the same with rabban, only pronounced according to the Syriac dialect.
There were several gradations among the Jews before the dignity of rabbin, as among us, before the degree of doctor. The head of a school was called chacham, or wise. He had the head seat in the assemblies and in the synagogues. He reprimanded the disobedient, and could excommunicate them; and this procured him great respect. In their schools they sat upon raised chairs, and their scholars were seated at their feet. Hence St. Paul is said to have studied at the feet of Rabbi Gamaliel, Acts 22:3 . The studies of the rabbins are employed either on the text of the law, or the traditions, or the cabbala; these three objects form so many different schools and different sorts of rabbins. Those who chiefly apply to the letter of Scripture are called Caraites, Literalists. Those who chiefly study the traditions and oral laws of the Talmud are called Rabbanists. Those who give themselves to their secret and mysterious divinity, letters and numbers, are called Cabbalists, Traditionaries. The rabbins are generally very ignorant in history, chronology, philology, antiquity, and geography. They understand the holy language but imperfectly. They know not the true signification of a multitude of words in the sacred text. They are prodigiously conceited about their traditions, so that there is very little profit in reading them; and experience shows that most who have applied themselves to peruse their books, have been but little benefited by them, and have entertained a perfect contempt of their understanding and their works. The chief function of the rabbins is to preach in the synagogue, to make public prayers there, and to interpret the law; they have the power of binding and loosing, that is, of declaring what is forbidden, and what allowed. When the synagogue is poor and small, there is but one rabbin, who at the same time discharges the office of a judge and a teacher. But when the Jews are numerous and powerful, they appoint three pastors, and a house of judgment, where all their civil affairs are determined. Then the rabbin applies himself to instruction only, unless it be thought proper to call him into the council to give his advice, in which case he takes the chief place.
These files are public domain.
Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission.
Watson, Richard. Entry for 'Rab'. Richard Watson's Biblical & Theological Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/wtd/r/rab.html. 1831-2.
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Client (prostitution)
Clients of prostitutes or sex workers are sometimes known as johns or tricks in North America and punters in Britain and Ireland. In common parlance among sex workers as well as with others, the act of negotiating and then engaging with a client is referred to as turning a trick.
Female clients are sometimes called janes, although the vast majority of prostitution clients are male in almost all countries.
Lexicology
There are many terms for clients, including whoremonger, sex-buyer, British slang such as punter, terms for those in a vehicle such as kerb crawler, as well as Caribbean slang terms for female clients of gigolos such as milk bottle, longtail, yellowtail or stella.
The term trick is sometimes associated with North America and punter is associated with the term for sex workers' clients in Britain and Ireland. These slang terms are used among both prostitutes and law enforcement for persons who solicit prostitutes. The term john may have originated from the frequent customer practice of giving one's name as "John", a common name in English-speaking countries, in an effort to maintain anonymity. In some places, men who drive around red-light districts for the purpose of soliciting prostitutes are also known as kerb crawlers.
Motivation
Studies reveal that clients seek out sex with prostitutes to satisfy otherwise unfulfilled sexual desires or simply as a means to establish social bonds with women.
Demography
According to Sabine Grenz of the University of Gothenburg, clients come from all socio-economic classes, and include "stockbrokers, truck drivers, teachers, priests or law-enforcement officials." As such, "There are no social characteristics that basically distinguish johns from other men."
According to Megan Lundstrom of Free Our Girls, 80% to 90% of clients are married men. According to a study by Health and Social Life, 55% of clients are married or cohabiting. Only 39% of clients are aware that one could contract an STI from being fellated.
According to Melissa Farley, executive director of Prostitution Research & Education, 60% of clients wear condoms. A survey in Georgia found that 83% of clients would be deterred from purchasing sex if they were outed (name and shame) on billboards which included photos and names. According to a study by Shared Hope International and Arizona State University, 21.6% of clients had professions commonly perceived as one of a position of authority or position of trust such as law enforcement, attorney or military personnel.
In Canada, the average age of a client is between 38 and 42 years old who has purchased sex roughly 100 times over their lifetime. Roughly 70% have completed university or college and earn over 50,000 Canadian dollars a year.
The clients of prostitutes in most countries are overwhelmingly male. The most common age cohort of clients in developing countries are vicenarians (those in their twenties).
Finances
The affordability of prostitution greatly varies from region to region. The prices are lowest in areas where it is legal due to competition within the sex trade that seek to court both sex tourists and local clients. Time magazine has described Germany as the "Cut-Rate Prostitution Capital of the World", in reference to the lower charges.
When the clientele of prostitutes in a specific locality begins to attract modest amounts of newcomers of middle-class or upper-class status, the subsequent cost hike is known to reduce the use of such services by less affluent local prospective clients. In jurisdictions where penalties for buying sex are high, fines imposed on clients can also put low-income clients of prostitution in financial ruin.
Maltreatment and victimization
When the interaction between the clients of prostitutes and sex workers occurs in countries where brothels are illegal, the prostitution trade usually transpires in areas with high amounts of crime, a predicament that puts clients at risk of becoming victims of crime or becoming entangled in the crime in some other manner. According to Atchison, a sociology instructor at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada, and founder of John's Voice, clients are verbally abused, robbed and physically assaulted at a rate of 18%, 14% and 4% respectively. In Ireland, there was a significant increase in physical attacks on sex workers by clients after the passing of laws banning the purchase of sex. Clients also sometimes fall victim to extortion, scamming and blackmail.
Perceptions
The manner in which clients were viewed has varied throughout human history depending on location and era. In some periods of history, clients were viewed as enablers of an evil practice, viewing them as furthering a trade that enabled infidelity and eased the breaking of covenants between committed partners. At other times, particularly during times of war, or other events which segregated the sexes, there would be increased sympathy for clients, particularly if service persons threatened to sever their genitals or castrate themselves to attain anaphrodisia if prospective clients were chastised. In contemporary times, clients are sometimes viewed as enablers of human trafficking and child trafficking due to boosting their demand. Female clients have been purported to be viewed less negatively than male clients, possibly due to a perception of novelty that produces curiosity rather than moral judgment.
Legal treatment
The manner in which clients are treated by the law varies by jurisdiction and country. The laws which are most stringent against clients have gradually been referred to as the Swedish model, which is also called the Nordic model or Sex Buyer Law. This is in reference to the law passed in Sweden in 1999 wherein the buyer, rather than the seller of sex is penalized. Although Sweden was the first country to criminalize clients rather than prostitutes, this influenced similar legislation elsewhere. Other countries that have since adopted this model include Norway in 2008, Iceland in 2009, Canada in 2014, and Israel in 2020. Some analysts have argued that laws criminalizing clients rather than prostitutes is peculiar in Western as well as other legal systems, claiming that throughout Western history, there is no precedence of a purchaser of a controversial service committing a greater infraction than the purveyor.
In Germany, clients of sex workers are required by law to wear condoms. The law, which was proposed by Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked in June 2018, would include fines. In 2018, France increased the penalty against buying of sex to a fine of up to 1,500 euros ($1,700). In Italy, a fine of up to 10,000 Euros was proposed in 2016 for frequenters of prostitutes.
Campaigning
Campaigners against the criminalization of clients include Irish law graduate Laura Lee. In some nations where prostitution is legal such as the Netherlands, rather than being viewed as accessories to human trafficking, clients are called on to join efforts to eradicate its practice by being asked to look out for signs of abuse. In France, some opposition to the fining of clients has come from sex workers unions such as Strass, who argue that initiatives to fine clients make sex work more dangerous as it forces the trade to go underground and due to increased secrecy and less transparency. In 2023, advocates for the decriminalization of sex work in Canada had their constitutional challenge dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court.
In 2018, Pope Francis described clients of prostitution as criminals. In the U.S. state of Arizona, some police forces have adopted fake online advertisements which are police generated in order to lure prostitution clients.
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TG Millner Field
TG Millner Field is in the North West Sydney suburb of Marsfield, New South Wales, Australia, and is currently the home ground of Eastwood Rugby Club, a rugby union Club that competes in the Shute Shield competition.
History
The land where the main field is now was bought originally in 1951 by Colonel TG Millner and subsequently sold to Eastwood Rugby. The clubhouse and oval were built by volunteers and after 1963 and the development of dressing rooms, home games were played at Marsfield. Additional land was bought by Eastwood Rugby in 1967 increasing the site to more than 16 acre.
The complex originally had 3 full sized playing fields which have been floodlit since 1969 and which were available for games and training. The grandstand was also constructed in 1969.
During the 1990s the North Ryde Soccer Football Club played at the TG Millner Field for a number of years. Northern Districts Cricket also played at TG Millner for a season including at least one game with Allan Border playing
North Ryde RSL
In 2000 Vimiera Recreation Grounds, the owners of TG Millner, signed a 99-year lease with North Ryde RSL Community Club which transferred control over the entire complex to the RSL. Following this transfer a number of changes occurred
In 2017, VRG advised that the entire complex had been sold unconditionally to North Ryde RSL.
On August 25, 2020 Ryde Council decided not to proceed with heritage listing T.G. Millner Field.
Application to Develop the Site
In June 2022, North Ryde RSL the owners of TG Millner announced that an application had been lodged with Ryde Council to "renew the TG Millner Field site by creating 132 low-rise, diverse homes and a new public park for the local community."
On Wed, 7 Dec 2022, The Strategic Planning Panel of the North Sydney Planning Panel advised that "The Panel has determined that the planning proposal should not be submitted for a Gateway determination"
On May 3 2023, the NSW Government Planning Portal recorded that SEARS had been issued for a State Significant Development 146-150 Vimiera Rd, Marsfield - Seniors housing. "Relocation of the existing registered club to new premises within the site and construction of a residential aged care facility (RACF) comprising approximately 670 beds."
Following the April 2024 State Government's refusal of permission for Ryde Council to compulsory acquire the site, North Ryde RSL announced that "Our intention is to now resubmit the Marsfield Common planning proposal for determination by the relevant consent authorities."
On July 4 2024 North Ryde RSL advised its members that on July 3 2024 the Marsfield Common proposal had been re-submitted to Ryde Council
Ryde Council Compulsory Acquisition
On 23 May 2023 Ryde Council resolved to compulsorily acquire the TG Millner Field
On 28 November 2023 Ryde Council resolved that "Council advise the Minister for Planning of a funding allocation by City of Ryde Council of $15 million to the purchase of TG Millner"
On April 12 2024 The Sydney Morning Herald reported; "Local government minister Ron Hoenig told the council he had refused permission [to acquire the site] because he was not convinced the council could afford to purchase the land."
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JS Chōkai
JS Chōkai (DDG-176) is a Kongō-class destroyer guided missile destroyer in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). Chōkai was named after Mount Chōkai. She was laid down by IHI Corporation in Tokyo on 29 May 1995 and was launched on 27 August 1996. Commissioning happened on March 20, 1998.
Service
Following her commissioning in March 1998, she was dispatched to Hawaii for the Aegis System Equipment Qualification Test (SQT) until November 4, 1998
From May 16 to August 3, 2001, she participated in US dispatch training with the destroyers Hiei and Samidare.
Chōkai, along with the destroyer Ōnami and supply ship Hamana were assigned to the Indian Ocean in November 2004 to provide assistance to the Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group. She returned to Japan in March 2005.
From May 16 to August 1, 2007, she participated in US dispatch training with the destroyers Kurama and Inazuma.
From 9 September 2008 to December 8, 2008, she participated in ballistic missile defense tests for equipment certification, during which an interception from her RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 failed due to a malfunction of the warhead's orbit and attitude control system.
This ship was one of several in the JMSDF fleet participating in disaster relief after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
In 2012, Chōkai, along with Kongō and Myōkō were deployed in cooperation with the US Navy in preparation for the Democratic Republic of Korea to test the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2. However, the ships were withdrawn after the satellite did not violate Japanese airspace.
From June 7 to August 23, 2016, she participated in the biannual Exercise RIMPAC, conducted in the sea and airspace around Hawaii and the United States West Coast, accompanied by the helicopter carrier Hyūga.
In 2019, Chōkai participated in the Malabar naval exercise. She represented the JMSDF along with the Kaga, Samidare and a Kawasaki P-1. During this exercise, she took part in combat training, anti-submarine warfare training, naval gunnery training, anti-aircraft training, as well as offshore supply training.
Later in 2019, between October 15 and 17, Chōkai, along with the destroyer Shimakaze took part in the Canadian and Japanese joint exercise known as KAEDEX19-2 near Yokosuka, working alongside HMCS Ottawa.
As of April 2020, Chōkai is based in Sasebo.
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Spot Welding Machine Guide
Spot welding machine is a type of resistance welding process that is used mainly for welding two or more metal sheets together by applying pressure and heat to the weld area. This type of spot welders contains a certain specifications of its own with the equipment. Spot welders typically delivers current for 0.1 seconds or less, so the current of spot welders must be extremely high, and spot welding equipment typically deliver 150 amps per phase draw on a 440-volt system. For onsite operators, the welding equipment such as the guns of spot welders are difficult to handle manually for them, because that equipment can be very heavy and often requiring great strength. This heavy duty makes spot welding very dangerous in the manufacturing sites. Furthermore, high amounts of heat and current emitted by spot welders are involved in the spot welding process, and the spot welders are constantly around hazardous sparks and welding fumes. Workers of spot welders shall be very careful to the equipment as well as the surrounding environment to protect themselves from potential menaces.
Welding and Inventory
There are a broad series of welding machines (welders) within the welding machine inventory. The spot welding machines are popular equipment that has been developed for a long time that develops a series of their own kinds across very wide applications in the industry, such as flash butt welding machines (flash butt welder), grating welding machines (grating welder), and other types of similar welder equipment. In the present article, we will take a look at those welding machines besides the spot welders and their features one by one, helping readers know about this welder equipment.
Projection Welding Machine
Inside the spot welding machine, here we introduce the projection welding machine at the very first, because this welder belongs to the spot welding machine and is very popular in the industry. In the welding sector, projection welding machine is also called projection welder, which is considered a modification of spot welders. During the projection welding process, the weld is localized by means of projections on one or both of the work pieces to be joined. The heat is concentrated at the projections. This permits the welding of heavier sections of welds. The projections can also serve as a means of positioning the work pieces of the welders. Projection welding is often used to weld studs, nuts, and other threaded machine parts to metal plates. It is a productive method among welder models.
A resistance spot welder is welding machinery by the process in which contacting metal surface points are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to the electric current. The works by spot welder is recognized as a subset of electric resistance welding. During the process, work pieces of spot welders are clamped together under the pressure exerted by the electrodes. Usually, the sheets are within a certain range, ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm thickness. The cost of this method is reasonable, so that is why the resistance spot welding emitted by spot welders is so widely applied.
Seam Welding Machines
In the metal welding field, resistance seam welding machine is a welding machine in which the process produces a weld at the connecting surfaces of two similar metals. During the process, the seam may be a butt joint and is an automated process. It is different from flash welding in that flash welding welds the entire joint at once while seam welding forms the weld progressively and starts at one end.
Flash butt welding is a very useful welding method. The flash butt welding machine is an electrical resistance welding processes designed on a welding machine that is utilized for joining components. During the process, the energy transfer is offered primarily by the resistance heat from the parts themselves. The parts and components are positioned end to end across the full joint areas. A range of section sizes and complex shapes can be con-joined through this machine. During the welding, the parts are clamped and brought together slowly while a flashing voltage is applied. Though the process can be manually achieved, most welding machines today are automatic for the purpose of improved accuracy including spot welders.
Automatic
Welding is a fabrication process that joins metal materials by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as soldering and brazing. In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a pool of molten material that cools to form a joint that is based on weld configuration. It can be stronger than the base material. Spot welders can do a series of exquisite works that help solidify the spots being welded. This is the reason why spot welders are widely used to weld various spots across the applications.
Automatic welding machine is automated welding process controlled by computer programs to conduct the welding procedures by which human worker don’t need to do simple manual operation in certain specific details and processes. This renders a more stable working process with less reliance on human power, which reduces the cost of human workers and the participations of manual operation. It is anticipated that with the automation to be advanced in the future, such model of welding process can be improved much and obtain more productivity. At the same time, the working safety will be improved as well with the growth of automation procedure. All the spots targeted by spot welders are to be calculated and estimated for automation programming so that it is possible in the future workers of spot welders would experience much better safety circumstances.
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Talk:Organic peroxides
Did you know section
text suggests that peroxides are used in epoxy resins. in fact, peroxides are used as initiators in polyester resins, but not in epoxy resins, where component B usually contains multifunctional amines. Chris
Perhaps a fact from this article could be suggested at template talk:did you know. — Pekinensis 01:00, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
* If you think it's a good idea, please do it. :) --Shaddack 02:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
I would be happy to, but I fear my poor knowledge of chemistry limits my ability to choose the most interesting fact, or phrase it appropriately out of context. — Pekinensis 02:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
Explosive polymerizations
Um, what? Exothermic, perhaps, but in all my chemistry, I've never heard of an explosive polymerization. I'll get back to this article when I have more time/wait out the lock on my account because I have too many passwords. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:31, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
Ethylene oxide will undergo explosive polymerization. Just google "ethylene oxide explosive polymerization".Silverchemist (talk) 16:45, 12 April 2011 (UTC)
Ethylene oxide is an epoxide, not a peroxide. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:02, 31 October 2016 (UTC)
The reference to use by paramilitaries should be changed to terrorists, should it not? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:02, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
Split into hydroperoxide and the other kind?
It seems that ROOR and ROOH have pretty different origins and behaviors (I am unsure what the diorganoperoxides are called, so advice on that would be welcome). If other editors have views on my proposal to split this article into hydroperoxide (currently redirects here) and whatever-ROOR-are called, leave comments here. --Smokefoot (talk) 14:10, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
* I just re-initiated this proposed split. If no objections are registered, then I will act in a couple of days.--Smokefoot (talk) 18:29, 18 March 2019 (UTC)
Merge proposal
I propose to merge alkenyl peroxides into organic peroxides. Most of the content would be jettisoned except the mention that alkenes degrade in the atmosphere partly via this path. Alkenyl peroxide is a specialty of Martin Klussmann, as reflected in many of the references. In summary: minor topic created under suspicious circumstances. --Smokefoot (talk) 00:23, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
* It is not a large topic. March's organic textbook makes no mention of vinyl peroxides or alkenyl peroxides.
* The overview article (ref 1) has accumulated 30 citations
* The founding editor is user:Klusiwurm, which is pretty close to the main researcher's name Klussmann, suggesting a WP:COI.
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Page:Arthur Stringer - Gun Runner.djvu/117
"I don't ask you to believe me now—it's not fair. But do you realise where you stand?"
The solemnity of her manner, more than her words, prompted McKinnon to ask: "Where do you think I stand?"
"Before danger you scarcely dream of," answered the young woman, returning his gaze. "It's not so much that you have formed an alliance with a criminal, an outlaw, who would have to face a fusilado the moment he was caught in Guariqui. But it's the fact that he's as treacherous with his friends as with his foes. You have declared yourself his partner. He will hold you to it. He will use this paper you signed as a proof that you accepted hush-money, if it suits his purpose to do so. He will claim you agreed to work with him. He will hold this over you and force you to act for him."
"But why should I stand for coercion like that?" asked the undisturbed McKinnon.
"What would you do? You can't go to your captain; nor to your company. It's too late for that. You've cut yourself off from them. But that isn't the real danger. The real danger is that Ganley's the actual head of the revolutionary Junta, and that he can now show that you, too, are one of them!"
"That I'm one of them?" almost laughed the other.
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pleroma
Etymology
, from, , from (from (from ) + ) +.
(“plant”) is borrowed from, a genus name (1799–1841) in 1822, from (see above) to describe the way the seeds of the plant filled the capsule.
(“state of perfect fullness”) is chiefly used in reference to Colossians 2:9 of the Bible: “ [For in Christ all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form]”.
Noun
* 1) A plant of the genus.
* 2) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.
* 1) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.
* 1) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.
* 1) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.
* 1) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.
* 1) A state of perfect fullness, especially of God's being as incarnated in Jesus Christ.
Translations
* Finnish: pleroma
* Macedonian:
* Armenian: պլերոմա
* Catalan: pleroma
* Esperanto: pleromo
* Finnish:
* French:
* German: Pleroma
* Greek:
* Hebrew: פלרומה
* Italian: pleroma
* Japanese: プレーローマ
* Lithuanian: pleroma
* Macedonian:
* Occitan: pleroma
* Portuguese: pleroma
* Romanian: pleroma, plerom
* Russian:
* Serbo-Croatian:
* Cyrillic: плеро́ма
* Roman:
* Spanish: pléroma
* Swedish: Pleroma
Proper noun
* 1) Often preceded by the: the spiritual universe seen as the totality of the essence and powers of God.
Translations
* Armenian: պլերոմա
* Catalan: pleroma
* Dutch: pleroma
* Esperanto: pleromo
* Finnish:
* French:
* German: Pleroma
* Hungarian: pléróma
* Italian: pleroma
* Japanese: プレーローマ
* Korean: 플레로마
* Macedonian:
* Portuguese: pleroma
* Romanian: pleroma
* Russian:
* Serbo-Croatian:
* Cyrillic: плеро́ма
* Roman:
* Spanish: pléroma
* Swedish: Pleroma
* Ukrainian: Плерома
Etymology
From.
Etymology
From.
Etymology
From.
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) Pleroma
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WIKI
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Page:Life of William Shelburne (vol 1).djvu/458
432 subjects. The acquaintance then formed never knew any interruption. It was not, however, till after the death of Lady Shelburne that Dr. Price became a regular habitué of Shelburne House and Bowood. He was then forty-eight years of age, having been born in 1723 at Tynton in Glamorganshire, where his father had been minister of a congregation of Protestant Dissenters, originally formed by one of the clergymen ejected after the passing of the Act of Uniformity of Charles II., and he was himself the minister of the Unitarian congregations of Newington Green and Poor Jewry Lane. It was not, however, till his fame as an author was established that Dr. Price obtained any celebrity as a preacher, nature having denied him most of the physical qualities necessary to success in the pulpit. In 1758 he published a Controversial Treatise on the Foundation of Morals, the courtesy of the tone of which so attracted Hume, that he at once sought the acquaintance of the author. In 1767 the three Dissertations already mentioned appeared. In the last of these he applied the words "poor sophistry" to the arguments of Hume against the credibility of miracles, but immediately after, regretting the use of the expression, wrote to the philosopher promising to withdraw it in the next edition. Hume wrote a courteous reply and expressed "his wonder at such scrupulousness on the part of a clergyman."
Hitherto the publications of Dr. Price had been almost entirely of a theological or metaphysical character. A deep religious feeling almost amounting to morbid sentiment, long led him to look upon all other forms of literary activity as so many temptations which it was his duty to guard against, and it was only gradually that, emancipating himself from these prejudices, he entered on the inquiries
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FUT vs. FUE
Few topics within the field of surgical hair restoration draw as much excitement and passion as the comparison between FUT and FUE. A discussion comparing the harvesting techniques typically draws ardent supporters and dissenters from each side of the aisle, and usually becomes impassioned and heated. Those who only perform FUE paint FUT as something “older” and less “advanced;” whereas those who only perform FUT are quick to point to the limitations of FUE – such as lower growth yields, more damage in the donor region, exaggerated marketing claims, and unregulated procedures. The truth of the matter is that framing the argument as FUT “versus” FUE is far too “black and white;” both techniques have merit and their place, and should be discussed and compared as synergistic adjuncts and not enemies. Those who can and do perform both FUE and FUT are generally best suited to provide unbiased information about the techniques. Patients considering whether or not they should undergo FUT or FUE should keep the following in mind:
Number of Lifetime Grafts
The number of grafts a patient can have removed from the donor area over their lifetime is finite. Patients with advanced hair loss or young patients who may progress to an advanced balding pattern must keep this in mind and treat each graft like gold. Efficient harvesting and use of these grafts is paramount to good long-term outcomes with hair transplant surgery. Beginning with FUT and utilizing strip harvesting before switching to FUE provides the greatest number of lifetime grafts. Performing subsequent strip harvests (and removing the previous scar with each new surgery so only a single incision line scar is left behind) until it is no longer advisable and then doing FUE in the areas left unutilized by strip harvesting allows patients to use their entire donor efficiently. Beginning with FUE – particularly large FUE sessions – decreases the number of grafts a patient can use from the donor area. Patients with advanced hair loss or young patients with uncertain patterns are likely best served by starting with FUT and then moving to FUE.
Growth Yield
While research is somewhat sparse and conclusions vary, the consensus of those who can perform both FUT and FUE is typically that grafts harvested via FUT grow, on average, more robust and consistently compared to those harvested via FUE. This is usually attributed to increased graft trauma inherent in the FUE extraction process and less protective tissue supporting FUE grafts during the transplant and crucial post-op period.
Donor Scarring
All hair transplant surgery creates scarring in the donor area. There is no such thing as “scar-less” surgery, and any clinic claiming scar-free surgery exists is being purposely disingenuous and misleading. FUT leaves a linear incision line scar in the donor region. Healing is dependent upon physiology, but typically it is a very fine line of only 1-2mm with hair growing above, below, and even through it (for those who utilize a “trichophytic closure”). Patients can typically go down to a #3 on the buzzer (3/8th of an inch) before the incision line is visible. FUE leaves small “dot” scars scattered throughout the donor region. These are typically 1mm or less in diameter, and can be hidden very well when the excision sites are spread far apart and the patient has favorable skin/hair characteristics (the scars tend to heal lighter than the natural skin tone, so patients with fair skin and lighter hair color tend to heal very well). Patients can typically go down to a #2 on the buzzer (1/4th of an inch) before the dot scarring becomes visible. It is worth noting that scarring with FUE can become much more noticeable when larger sessions are performed. In these instances, the excision sites are placed much closer together and this forms both more visible scarring and can lead to a generalized thinned or “patchy” appearance in the donor. Both FUT and FUE scarring can be addressed with grafting and pigmentation camouflaging if ever needed in the future – though it typically is not necessary. However, patients must remember they will have visible scarring if hair transplantation is performed and typically the option to just “shave your head” is gone after the donor area is operated upon.
Donor Quality and Hair Characteristics
Donor quality and hair characteristics should be considered as well. Patients with dense, healthy donor areas can be suitable candidates for both FUE and FUT harvesting. They are less likely to note a “thinning” effect from the FUE harvest, and can easily hide the scarring from either method. Patients with less dense donor areas, however, need to carefully evaluate goals and proceed cautiously when considering either techniques. Sometimes patients with naturally sparse or “patchy” donor areas are better suited for conservative FUE. This technique provides the ability to “skip” around, and it may be easier to hide FUE scarring compared to a linear incision line in a thin donor area. However, these patients must keep in mind that they are still limiting their overall graft numbers by beginning with FUE. So FUT may still be better for patients who, despite a weaker donor supply, want better coverage on top and are willing to possibly grow the donor hair longer than average to hide the incision line.
The characteristics of a patient’s hair can play a role too. Patients with coarse, thick, wavy hair frequently have larger, heartier, and more robust follicular units. These thicker grafts tend to withstand the more traumatic FUE process better than patients with fine, straight hairs which are typically associated with smaller, more delicate, and less forgiving follicular units. However, this is not a guarantee nor a definitive factor in whether or not FUE will be successful. Sometimes patients with strong follicular units do not do well with FUE while others with seemingly more fragile grafts excel. The characteristics of the skin – both above and below the “surface” – also play a large factor as well.
Conclusions
Both FUT and FUE are refined, modern harvesting techniques which can produce excellent results when performed by the right team (led by an experienced hair transplant doctor) and for the right patient. Those with advanced hair loss or younger patients who need a large number of grafts or may need multiple surgeries over time are likely best suited by starting with FUT. Those who possibly only need a small number of grafts, possess certain donor characteristics, do not require large procedures in very visible areas, and may want to wear their hair as short as possible on the sides, could be good candidates for FUE. Patients should consult with a doctor capable and experienced in both techniques and together determine which approach is best.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Say Goodbye to Micron's Fat Profits
Soaring demand for PCs and other consumer gadgets during the pandemic created the ideal market conditions for memory chip manufacturer Micron (NASDAQ: MU). The average selling price for DRAM chips rose 8% in Micron's fiscal 2021 as demand outpaced supply. Combined with higher bit volumes and the constant driving down of per-bit manufacturing costs, Micron's profits went through the roof.
Micron churned out $5.86 billion of net income on $27.7 billion of revenue in fiscal 2021. For a producer of commodity products, sky-high margins are normal when the stars align. Strong demand pushes up prices, and that extra revenue flows right through to Micron's bottom line.
But this situation was never going to last forever. Markets correct, and shortages give way to gluts. When demand starts to fall short of supply in a commodity market, prices can plunge rapidly. Combined with tumbling unit volumes, profits can very quickly dry up.
Oversupply has arrived
The first signs of trouble showed up in Micron's fiscal third-quarter report in late June. Micron's revenue and profits rose, but its guidance was a bit weak. The company pointed to softening demand for consumer electronics and high inventory levels at customers to explain the shortfall.
In just over a month since that report, the situation has become a whole lot worse. In early August, Micron disclosed that it now expects its fourth-quarter revenue to come in at or below the low-end of its guidance range. Inventory adjustments at customers have intensified, leading Micron to slash its expectations for industry bit demand. By the time the first quarter of fiscal 2023 rolls around, Micron expects its free cash flow to turn negative.
The company is cutting its capital spending plans in response. Micron now expects its total capex in fiscal 2023 to be well below fiscal 2022 levels. This is how cycles in the memory chip industry typically play out. Oversupply leads to tumbling prices and profits, prompting manufacturers to lower spending on capacity expansion. Demand eventually catches up and surpasses supply, leading to higher prices and profits. Everyone gets optimistic again and ramps up investments, which eventually leads to oversupply and another round of pain.
Each cycle is a little different. The pandemic created a historically lucrative environment for Micron, so my guess is the aftermath is going to be historically painful. Prices are dropping fast enough that you can expect Micron's profits to contract quickly.
In early July, researchers at TrendForce revised down their outlook for DRAM pricing in the third calendar quarter. Previously, TrendForce was expecting a modest 3% to 8% drop in prices from the second quarter, with much of pain concentrated in PC and smartphone memory. TrendForce's new outlook called for a 10% drop in prices overall, with an 8% to 13% drop for consumer DRAM chips.
A month later, TrendForce became far more pessimistic. They now see a 13% to 18% sequential decline in prices for consumer DRAM in the third quarter, and "the possibility of sustained decline cannot be ruled out." Once one manufacturer starts slashing prices to move supply, other manufacturers have little choice but to follow suit.
No quick end in sight
This situation won't end until customer inventory levels are brought back down. Given the state of the PC market, that may take a while. Gartner sees PC shipments dropping 9.5% this year , and desktop CPU shipments are at their lowest level in nearly 30 years as customers grapple with too much inventory. In other words, demand bouncing back isn't going to save the memory chip industry. Instead, the painful process of bringing supply and demand back into balance will need to play out.
In cycles of the past, Micron would routinely post losses as the industry hit low points. That looks like a likely outcome this time around. Eventually, the oversupply in the industry will be whittled down and prices will stop declining so quickly. But until then, you can kiss Micron's fat pandemic-era profits goodbye.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Roman Vorobey
Roman Vorobey may refer to:
* Roman Vorobey (footballer, born 1994), Ukrainian footballer
* Roman Vorobey (footballer, born 1995), Ukrainian footballer
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WIKI
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Talk:Tally sort
Problem in source code here. This makes the pigeonholes ints, not bits. Int's are not bits. AndreyF (talk) 17:51, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
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WIKI
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User:Eltrappo Wells
DeThomas Jamanuel Wells. (born March 23, 1990), better known by his stage name Tbm Moneii or simply Moneii (formerly Trvpboy Money), is an American rapper. Moneii began rapping in the 2000s as a member of the Southern Big Boy Records Owned by Landis Wells Jr. Moneii is now signed to Trap Boy Music
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Reginald Hardie Boys
Reginald Hardie Boys (8 June 1903 – 6 December 1970) was a New Zealand lawyer and judge. He was appointed Queen's Counsel and a judge of the Supreme Court (now High Court) in 1958.
Early life and family
Hardie Boys was born in Otautau on 8 June 1903, the son of Frederick William Boys, a Primitive Methodist clergyman, and Hannah Jane Boys (née Hardie). His surname at birth was Boys, but he later used his middle name (his mother's maiden name) as part of his surname, sometimes written Hardie-Boys. He was educated at Palmerston North Boys' High School.
On 2 October 1929, Hardie Boys married Edith May Bennett at St Paul's Methodist Church in Palmerston North, and the couple went on to have two sons, including Michael Hardie Boys.
Career
Hardie Boys became a barrister and solicitor in 1924, practising in Wellington. Over the following 33 years, he worked either on his own account, or as a senior partner in his own law firm conducted under various firm names including: Hardie Boys and Fortune; Hardie Boys, Haldane, and Fortune; Hardie Boys and Haldane; and Scott, Hardie Boys and Morrison. The majority of his legal practice was in the courts, particularly in the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal in later years. In 1948, he was counsel for the Crown before the parliamentary inquiry into the film industry, and in 1954 he was appointed counsel to assist the board of inquiry that investigated the Tangiwai railway disaster.
On 4 March 1958, Hardie Boys was appointed Queen's Counsel, and in July that year he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court, to be based in Auckland. In October 1968, he was appointed an additional judge for the Court of Appeal.
Hardie Boys served the legal profession as a council member of both the Wellington District Law Society and the New Zealand Law Society, and was president of the Wellington District Law Society in 1954.
Military service
During the later years of World War II, Hardie Boys served in the Pacific as part of N Force, having been commissioned as a second lieutenant (temporary) in the Wellington Regiment (City of Wellington's Own) on 3 April 1942.
Hardie Boys later served as president of the Wellington branch of the Returned Services' Association (RSA), and was also a member of the national executive committee of the RSA.
Death and legacy
Hardie Boys died in Auckland on 6 December 1970, at the age of 67. His obituary in The Press newspaper described him as "one of New Zealand's foremost legal figures". His wife, Edith May Hardie Boys, died in 1985. Their son, Michael, became a judge of the High Court in 1980, a judge of the Court of Appeal and privy counsellor in 1989, and served as New Zealand's 17th governor-general, from 1996 to 2001.
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North and South Railway
The North and South Railway (N&S), now defunct, was an American railroad planned for construction between Casper, Wyoming and Miles City, Montana, via Sheridan, Wyoming. Though substantial portions of the railroad's grade were completed in 1923, only the far southern end of the line was ever completed, and that trackage was abandoned in 1935.
History
During the first years of the twentieth century, residents of north-central Wyoming and south-central Montana advanced multiple proposals for the construction of a new railway line between Sheridan and Miles City. The proposed route, which generally followed the course of the Tongue River, would access the vast and remote ranching country between the two towns and would provide Sheridan with a second railway outlet to the east. (The city was already served by a mainline of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.)
The N&S line to Salt Creek operated only until 1935 when it was abandoned. Substantial evidence of the old railroad grade remains visible today, in both Wyoming and Montana.
The never-completed alignment of the N&S in Montana continues to receive attention as a possible rail corridor today – this time by the Tongue River Railroad, a proposed coal-hauling line between the Decker, Montana area and Miles City.
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How Much Does a Helicopter Weigh?
How Much Does a Helicopter Weigh?
How Much Does a Helicopter Weigh?
The average transport helicopter can weigh as few as 1,000 pounds and as much as 10,000 pounds. Helicopter weight varies drastically depending on the size of the helicopter, the helicopter's purpose and the equipment on board. Military or emergency medical helicopters will weigh significantly more than the average, while some passenger helicopters will weigh much less.
The Robinson R22 is one of the lightest helicopters on the market and weighs between 900 and 1,300 pounds. On the other side of the scale, the CH-47D Chinook and UH-60A Blackhawk helicopters weigh 50,000 and 20,000 pounds respectively. The Bell 206L LongRanger, a common rescue and medical helicopter, weighs 3,000 pounds.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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7 A-Rated Stocks to Buy Under $10
We hear a lot about the major averages on a day-to-day basis. But what we don’t hear about nearly as much are the low-priced stocks and the small-cap stocks to buy that are primed to do well in this kind of market.
Assuming all works out in the trade wars, we have going now and we don’t pick any more trade fights with major trade partners, the U.S. economy should do well this year.
And small cap companies can leverage growth far better than big ones, so this will be an ideal time for small caps in general, especially now that the Federal Reserve has announced it’s will to err on the side of growth and lower interest rates if necessary, to keep growth moving.
What’s more, these stocks are all in strong growth sectors that won’t be harmed by the current trade wars. That also makes my Portfolio Grader’s seven A-rated stocks to buy under $10 attractive buyout targets for larger companies that can borrow at very low rates for acquisitions.
Recro Pharma (REPH)
Recro Pharma (NASDAQ:) is a biotech that is in phase 3 trials for a non-opioid drug for acute post-operative pain. That has garnered it a great deal of attention over the past couple of years.
With a market cap of $250 million, it has the wherewithal to mount a good effort in getting this drug over the finish line. Once it finishes trials successfully, it then can either shop the big drug firms for a licensing agreement, go on its own or get acquired by a pharma firm looking to diversify its portfolio.
But the fact that taking a drug through drug trials can cost around $2 billion today means that small firms with good ideas can find it hard to keep generating revenue until they make it through trials.
REPH is generating revenue now as it works on getting its Meloxicam through phase 3 trials. It has two other drugs in the pipeline as well. And its Q1 earnings report was very encouraging.
While earnings were negative, they beat estimates by 87% and revenues were positive. It looks like it will break even by the end of this year and once Meloxicam gets through its hurdles, it may well be off to the races.
Paysign (PAYS)
Paysign (NASDAQ:) is a leader in the prepaid card business. Whether it’s a phone card, rewards card or payment card, it does it all.
This has become a very hot sector recently for temporary and unbanked workers. Instead of dealing with all the issues around delivery a check to workers, they can be given a prepaid card with their earnings on it to use as they please.
Many of the big pharmaceutical firms are also using prepaid cards to give to patients as co-pay help for name brand pharmaceuticals. Local and state governments are also choosing prepaid cards rather then issuing checks to citizens as well as vendors.
In the past year, PAYS is up a whopping 344%, 184% of that is year to date performance. Given that massive run, the stock is already at the $10 mark, but it’s close enough and its potential is big enough that it makes this list.
India Globalization Capital Inc (IGC)
India Globalization Capital Inc (NYSE:) is an odd combination of businesses. On the one hand, and as its name implies, it has a heavy-duty construction business and an industrial commodities trading business that has been in operation in India for 35 years.
And then recently, it has added a cannabinoid therapeutics business, looking for and delivering alternative therapies for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
It was delisted from the NYSE after the price fell below $1 last year. But it won a relisting in February and the stock rose 234% on its first day of relisting. For the year, the stock is up 64% and year-to-date it’s still up 232%. Its cannabis business is likely attracting much of the attention since many companies in the sector are getting purchased at massive premiums. At current prices, this isn’t the stock to bet your retirement on, but it’s certainly worth some fun money.
Pedvco (PED)
Pedvco Corp (NYSE:) stands for Pacific Energy Development Corp. It’s an independent exploration and production company (E&P) that looks for oil and natural gas in Colorado’s Niobrara Shale and Eagle Ford Shale in Texas.
This is a good time to be an E&P, as the U.S. begins to ramp up energy exports. Not only does the solid economy bode well for demand growth, but overseas markets are paying premium prices for energy supplies, especially natural gas.
There are new natural gas export facilities opening in the next few years, which will make natural gas an even more valuable commodity.
What’s more, the consolidation underway in the E&P sector bodes well for PED prospects of getting bought out by a bigger E&P or a diversified player. Up 560% in the past year, the stock is still trading a P/E below of 0.5. Yowza.
Flexible Solutions International (FSI)
Flexible Solutions International Inc (NYSE:) is a Canada-based firm that has some interesting products built to conserve water and energy. One of its key products is a liquid blanket that you put over open water sources like swimming pools or fracking ponds to inhibit evaporation and maintain a stable temperature.
Its other big product line is used by energy, utility, chemical and mining firms to prevent scaling and corrosion in water piping.
This is an increasingly important aspect of the unconventional drilling methods that are used to get oil and natural gas out of the U.S. and Canadian shale regions. As those operations expand, so does FSI’s potential business.
The stock is up 94% year to date and still delivers an impressive 4.6% dividend. And its Q1 earnings report shows that growth is continuing. Sales were up 108% compared to the same quarter last year, and that includes a payment of $250,000 in U.S. tariffs. Net income was up almost 15%. And the P/E is still around 13.
Sachem Capital (SACH)
Sachem Capital Corp (NYSE:) is a regional mortgage originator and lender of short-term loans (1-3 years) secured by first mortgage liens in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York and Rhode Island area.
SACH primarily lends to acquire or renovate residential properties, acquire or construct properties or simply buy and hold existing properties. Given the short-term nature of the loans, much of the lending is to developers who build out properties and then sell them within the window.
Given the low interest rate environment we’re in currently, business is going to get even better since this is a great time to take on debt and lending is easier than it has been.
This is borne out SACH’s recent Q1 earnings in mid-May. Revenue was up 23% and net income was up 4%. The stock is up 33% for the year and it’s still delivering a whopping 9.2% dividend.
DHT Holdings (DHT)
DHT Holdings Inc (NYSE:) is an independent crude oil tanker company, with more than two dozen ships in its fleet.
Most of these tankers are leased out to integrated oil companies to ship products around the world. Given the general growth in the global economy, and the expansion of export efforts in the U.S. market, tankers as a sector are doing well now. Usually, the summer is a slow time for them since much of the summer oil was delivered earlier for refining and in tanks for the summer demand season.
The thing is, lower oil prices always mean that import-dependent countries stock up on oil and that keeps tanker fleets busy as well. DHT is up 47% YTD and that momentum should only increase if the trade wars dissipate. Plus, DHT also sports a 2.9% dividend, which comes in handy.
is a renowned growth investor. He is the editor of four investing newsletters: Growth Investor, , Accelerated Profits and . His most popular service, Growth Investor, has a track record of beating the market 3:1 over the last 14 years. He uses a combination of quantitative and fundamental analysis to identify market-beating stocks. Mr. Navellier has made his proven formula accessible to investors via his free, online stock rating tool, PortfolioGrader.com. Louis Navellier may hold some of the aforementioned securities in one or more of his newsletters.
The post appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Bjarne Riis
Bjarne Lykkegård Riis (born 3 April 1964), nicknamed The Eagle from Herning (Ørnen fra Herning), is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer who placed first in the 1996 Tour de France. For many years he was the owner and later manager of the Oleg Tinkov associated Russian UCI WorldTeam. Other career highlights include placing first in the Amstel Gold Race in 1997, multiple Danish National Championships, and stage wins in the Giro d'Italia. On 25 May 2007, he admitted that he placed first in the Tour de France using banned substances, and he was no longer considered the winner by the Tour's organizers. In July 2008, the Tour reconfirmed his victory but with an asterisk label to indicate his doping offences.
Career
Born in Herning, Riis began cycling at local club Herning CK. When he was not selected for the 1984 Summer Olympics, former cyclist Kim Andersen advised Riis to start his professional career not in Italy, but in Luxembourg. His professional career started in 1986, his first result was a fifth-place finish in the GP Wallonie that year. Following a few years with no personal wins, he had yet to impress when his contract ran out in 1988.
At the 1988 Tour of European Community race, while riding for the Toshiba team, Riis and fellow Danish rider Kim Eriksen were contacted by the former Tour de France winner Laurent Fignon from the Système U team. Fignon was leading the Tour of European Community race, but he needed a few riders to help him secure the victory. In the hope of earning a contract with Système U, Riis helped Fignon achieve the victory and in December 1988 he moved to sports director Cyrille Guimard's Système U team as a support rider for Fignon. For the next three years Riis rode as Fignon's eternal helper in both flat and mountainous terrain, and they became close friends. Riis helped Fignon win the 1989 Giro d'Italia, while Riis himself won his first professional victory as he secured the 9th stage of the Giro.
Tour de France success
When Fignon left Guimard in 1992, Bjarne Riis contacted fellow Danish rider Rolf Sørensen, who got him a job as a rider for Italian team Ariostea under sporting director Giancarlo Ferretti. Riis won stage 7 of the 1993 Tour de France and also wore the polka dot jersey as leader of the mountains classification for a day. He finished 5th place overall, which was the best Danish result in Tour history at the time, bettering former World Champion Leif Mortensen's 6th-place finish in the 1971 Tour de France. Riis was ill during the 1994 Tour de France but went on a break-away and then racing solo for the last 30 km of the day. With the sprinter teams chasing him, he placed first on the stage by just a few seconds. Riis finished 3rd at the 1995 Tour de France, the first Dane to reach the podium in Paris. For the 1996 season, Riis was brought on to the Telekom team as team captain. Following his excellent showing in the high climbs of the 1995 Tour, Riis was confident that he was capable of winning. He asked his new teammates to support him, and convinced them that if they worked for him he could bring the yellow jersey to Team Telekom. By the start of the Tour he was in superb condition, winning the Danish Road Racing Championship the week before the prologue. As a result of snow on both the Col de l'Iseran and the Col du Galibier, the scheduled 190 km stage 9 from Val-d'Isère to Sestriere in Italy was truncated and reduced to a 46 km sprint from Le-Monetier-les-Bains which was claimed by Riis, opening a 44-second gap over his teammate Jan Ullrich. By the Tour's end Riis had placed first in the General classification, with a lead of 1:41 over his young teammate Ullrich. In so doing he ended the string of five successive victories won by Tour great Miguel Indurain. The win by Riis was instrumental in turning Telekom from a second tier cycling team which struggled just to be invited into the 1995 Tour, into one of the biggest teams in road racing. It also had a huge positive effect on the development of cycling in both Denmark and Germany, massively increasing spectator interest and participation in the sport as well.
In 1997, he placed first in the spring classic Amstel Gold Race, with a great effort, riding solo from a long way out, in pouring rain. Bjarne Riis was the favourite at the 1997 Tour de France, but instead it was his young German teammate Jan Ullrich, who won the overall competition, with Riis finishing 7th. On his way to the startup at stage 2 of the 1999 Tour de Suisse, Bjarne Riis hit the curb and crashed. The sustained injuries to his elbow and knee ultimately forced him to retire in the spring of 2000 at the age of 36.
Doping allegations
In the aftermath of the performance-enhancing drugs crisis in cycling following the 1998 Tour de France, Riis acquired the nickname of Mr. 60%, a suggestion that he has used doping. The 60% is an allusion to a high hematocrit (red blood cell) level, an indication of EPO usage. It has been published, but never proven, that Riis had a hematocrit level of 56% during one test in July 1995; well above typical natural levels, as well as his published reading of 41% in the offseason earlier that year. The earliest mention of the nickname can be traced to interviews with riders of Festina in 1998–2000, who apparently suggested that if they had been doped above 50%, then Riis must have been doped to at least 60%, since he was able to win the Tour de France in 1996 ahead of the Festina rider Richard Virenque: in Willy Voet's book Breaking the Chain, he mentions that Festina's team doctor would not allow EPO to be administered if a rider's hematocrit level was near 55%. Bjarne Riis never tested positive as a rider, though no EPO test existed at that time. Reports have noted, however, that police in Italy found evidence that Riis may have been among riders treated with EPO in 1994 and 1995 by medical researchers under Professor Francesco Conconi at the University of Ferrara, which resulted in prosecutions against Conconi and also involved Michele Ferrari. Files used in the court case apparently showed fluctuations in Riis' hematocrit from 41% to 56.3%.
Speculations about Bjarne Riis's doping use was further fuelled by his ambiguous denials. When asked whether he used doping he repeatedly stated that "I have never tested positive," a statement that falls short of an outright denial.
Admission
At the end of April 2007, former Riis' soigneur Jeff d'Hont wrote a book about the doping practices of Riis and other riders during his time in the cycling business. On 21 May 2007, Riis' former Telekom teammate Bert Dietz admitted that he had used doping during his Telekom-time. This prompted other former teammates, Christian Henn and Udo Bölts, and two former team doctors, to admit their involvement in doping. On 24 May, three other teammates Rolf Aldag, Erik Zabel and Brian Holm confessed.
Following this series of confessions, on 25 May 2007 Riis issued a press release that he also had made "mistakes" in the past, and in the following press conference confessed to taking EPO, growth hormone and cortisone for 6 years, from 1993 to 1998, including during his victory in the 1996 Tour de France. Riis said that he bought and injected the EPO himself, and team coach Walter Godefroot turned a blind eye to the drug use on the team. He denied a passage of Jeff d'Hont's book, where it is related that his hematocrit level was once tested by the team and registered 64%. He said if someone wanted to take his yellow jersey they could do so, it meant nothing to him. Riis was removed from the official record books of Tour de France, but in July 2008 he was written back into the books, along with additional notes about his use of doping.
The reactions on Riis's admission have been mixed. Some critics have called him a cheater, and that the results he achieved in his career were worthless. Others have labelled him as a victim of the doping culture that was rampant in professional road cycling, and have insisted that he should not be scapegoated for a wider problem.
In November 2010 Riis published a book about his career as a rider, emphasizing that doping throughout the time he had competed was not considered by the peloton as "cheat", but simply as a part of the "normal preparation" for a professional rider. He described he had started to dope only with corticosteroids in the 80s, and then as he previously had confessed upgraded his doping with EPO in 1993–98. Riis states the last time he doped as a rider was in July 1998. He states he quit during the 1998 Tour de France when he was nearly caught by the police. As part of the probe into the Festina doping scandal, police were on their way to search the rooms of his Telekom teammates. Riis offered the following comment on the episode: “In my room I didn’t have a choice. My vials of doping products had to disappear quickly. In just a few minutes I gathered all my doses of EPO and threw them down the toilet”.
Team manager
Following his retirement, a new life opened up. Bjarne Riis had from the start been one of the people behind Danish cycling team, which became the first Danish team competing in the Tour de France. Following doping allegations and suspension of Home-Jack & Jones rider Marc Streel in 1999, Home withdrew its sponsorship. Bjarne Riis bought the majority of the team through its controlling company Professional Cycling Denmark (PCD), and he became the team manager. In 2001, the team changed sponsor to CSC/World Online, then CSC/Tiscali, and in the seasons 2003 to 2007 the American IT company CSC was the sole sponsor of Team CSC. In season 2008 CSC shared the sponsorship with the Danish bank Saxo Bank which as of season 2009 has been the sole team sponsor. The team later got the name Team Saxo Bank Sungard and is now known as Team Saxo Bank-Tinkoff Bank. Riis renamed PCD to Riis Cycling A/S in 2003. Before the 2005 season, Team CSC had financial problems and some of the riders were asked to take a wage cut. Riis used his own money to keep the team running throughout his first years as team manager, an expenditure he later vowed never to repeat when a new sponsor deal was signed during the 2005 Tour de France.
As a team manager, his team has been involved in some doping cases, with no rider being convicted for using doping while on his team. However, in Tyler Hamilton's book, "The Secret Race," is described how Riis actively encouraged the use of doping on the CSC team. Also, Ivan Basso, who was Team CSC's 2006 Tour de France general classification contender was removed from the team prior to the beginning of the Tour according to the UCI ProTour rules due to his possible involvement in the Operación Puerto doping case, an involvement confirmed by Basso himself in April 2007. Basso's contract with Team CSC has since ended.
The story of team CSC during the 2004 Tour de France has been captured in a documentary titled "Overcoming".
His best results as a manager in Grand Tours were winning the 2006 Giro d'Italia with Ivan Basso, the 2008 and 2010 Tour de France with Carlos Sastre and Andy Schleck respectively, and the 2012 Vuelta a España with Alberto Contador.
In December 2013 it was confirmed that team sponsor Oleg Tinkov had bought the team from Riis, for a reported sum of approximately €6 million, with Riis continuing as team manager on a three-year deal worth €1 million per year. Tinkov had previously criticised Riis and Contador for their performances during 2013 via social media.
In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov. Media reports had initially indicated that Riis had been suspended when he did not appear at the 2015 Milan–San Remo as planned, and that this was due to a disappointing start to the season for the team. On 29 March, it was announced that Riis had been released by the team. News reports cited the "tumultuous relationship" and "difference in character" between Riis and Tinkov as the reason for Riis's departure.
In July 2016 Riis and former Saxo Bank CEO Lars Seier announced that they had taken over the Danish UCI Continental team and renamed it, with the intention of it functioning as the development team for a planned UCI WorldTeam.
In January 2020 Riis was appointed as manager of the NTT_Pro_Cycling team.
Major results
* 1984
* 2nd Overall Flèche du Sud
* 1st Stages 1 & 2
* 1986
* 5th Grand Prix de Wallonie
* 1988
* 8th Grand Prix de Wallonie
* 1989
* 1st Stage 9 Giro d'Italia
* 1st Stage 2 Tour de l'Avenir
* 1st Stage 2 (TTT) Tour de France
* 2nd Grand Prix de la Libération
* 1990
* Tour de l'Avenir
* 1st Stages 7 & 9
* 6th Overall Tour de Luxembourg
* 10th Grand Prix d'Isbergues
* 1991
* 6th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
* 1992
* 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Road race, National Road Championships
* 4th Paris–Brussels
* 8th Giro della Romagna
* 1993
* 1st Stage 7 Giro d'Italia
* 5th Overall Tour de France
* 1st Stage 7
* 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
* 9th Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden
* 9th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
* 1994
* 1st Stage 13 Tour de France
* 2nd GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano
* 5th Züri-Metzgete
* 6th Overall Ronde van Nederland
* 6th Giro del Veneto
* 6th Milano–Vignola
* 7th Giro di Lombardia
* 7th Giro dell'Emilia
* 7th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
* 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
* 1995
* 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Road race, National Road Championships
* 1st jersey yellow.svg Overall Danmark Rundt
* 1st Stage 3b (ITT)
* 2nd Circuit de l'Aulne
* 3rd Overall Tour de France
* 1st Stage 3 (TTT)
* 5th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
* 1996
* National Road Championships
* 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Road race
* 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Time trial
* 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de France
* 1st Stages 9 & 16
* 1st Coppa Sabatini
* 1st GP Herning
* 2nd Grand Prix des Nations
* 3rd Overall Danmark Rundt
* 3rd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
* 3rd Giro dell'Emilia
* 3rd Telekom Grand Prix (with Jan Ullrich)
* 4th Rund um den Henninger-Turm
* 5th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
* 6th Classique des Alpes
* 9th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
* 10th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
* 1997
* 1st Amstel Gold Race
* 1st GP Herning
* 1st Colliers Classic
* 1st Stage 4a Grand Prix Guillaume Tell
* 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
* 2nd Rund um den Henninger-Turm
* 4th Overall Danmark Rundt
* 5th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
* 7th Overall Tour de France
* 7th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
* 10th Grand Prix de Wallonie
* 1998
* 1st GP Herning
* 1st Stage 5 Euskal Bizikleta
* 5th Overall Peace Race
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WIKI
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Establishment and evaluation of the detection method of Cryptosporidium specific DNA fragment by recombinase aided isothermal amplification / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志
Article in Zh | WPRIM | ID: wpr-818953
Responsible library: WPRO
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for detection of Cryptosporidium. Methods Based on Cryptosporidium-specific 18S rRNA selected as the target gene to be detected, and the primer sequences and fluorescent probes designed using the software Amplfix, and a fluorescent RAA assay was established and optimized. The fluorescent RAA assay was performed to detect 18S RNA target sequence-contained recombinant plasmids at various copies, genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium oocysts at various concentrations, and genomic DNA extracted from various numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts to assess the sensitivity of the assay, and to detect genomic DNA extracted from Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, Schistosoma japonicum eggs, Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Clonorchis sinensis eggs, Salmonella and Shigella to determine the specificity of the assay. Results A fluorescent RAA assay was successfully established, which was effective to amplify the specific 18S RNA gene fragments of Cryptosporidium within 20 min at 39 ℃. The lowest limits of the fluorescent RAA assay were 102 copies/μL for detection of 18S RNA target sequence-contained recombinant plasmids at various copies, 1 pg/μL for detection of genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium oocysts at various concentrations, and one Cryptosporidium oocyst/μL for detection of genomic DNA extracted from various numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the fluorescent RAA assay was all negative for detection of genomic DNA from G. lamblia cysts, S. japonicum eggs, A. lumbricoides eggs, C. sinensis eggs, Salmonella and Shigella. Conclusion A novel fluorescent RAA assay is successfully established, which is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific to detect genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium oocysts.
Key words
Full text: 1 Index: WPRIM Type of study: Diagnostic_studies Language: Zh Journal: Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control Year: 2019 Type: Article
Full text: 1 Index: WPRIM Type of study: Diagnostic_studies Language: Zh Journal: Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control Year: 2019 Type: Article
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Eureka Police Department's 125th Anniversary Newsletter Series
At the March 27th, 1858 meeting, the Board expanded Marshal Atcheson’s duties to include keeping the dock clear and safe and collecting wharf fees. He was also to serve legal papers and be the town Fire Chief with the authority to hire all persons needed to extinguish any fire.
On February 20, 1860, a group of citizens calling themselves the "Home
Guard" went to Indian Island and “punished” the Indians by killing
seventy-seven members of the Wiyot tribe. The victims included many
women and children.
Even with the presence of the Army, it was still unsafe to wander outside Eureka. There were still a lot of outlaw whites in the area and they had taken to hiring Indians to kill for them, then make land claims on the murdered person’s property. When this practice of stealing homesteads came to the attention of President Cleveland, he dispatched a Special Agent to the area. As a result, two hundred land claims were cancelled, totaling 60,000 acres.
The Marshal and the Army took care of law enforcement until 1865, when Fort Humboldt was decommissioned. Eureka’s population was at 600. For the next ten years, law enforcement was handled by the Marshal, but the town was growing fast and bars along the waterfront were established at a rapid rate. Twenty-three bar permits were approved at a single Council meeting. Prostitutes moved into the area to take care of the growing male population.
Nighttime activity was increasing rapidly in 1875, so at the July 6 Common Council Meeting (the term Common Council replaced the Board of Trustees) a “Night Policeman” was appointed. This officer was assigned duties as follows under Ordinance 15 of July 6, 1875:
September 4, 1876, a city prison was established at Engine House No. 2
for the Marshal and night policeman. The Marshal worked days and the
policeman worked nights.
On June 9, 1887 the council enacted Ordinance 110 and designated the Marshal as the Acting Chief of Police. This ordinance increased the size of the police force and gave the Chief the following duties:
Ordinance 110 also established some guidelines for the police force as follows:
July 8, 1895, H.B. Hitchings was named the first full time Chief of
Police of Eureka. Four other officers were also named. They were: Ed
Conant, F.G. Barnum, E.A. Chamberlain and J.A. Armstrong. Hitching
wanted his officers in uniform, and a month later on August 5, 1895, the
council adopted a uniform ordinance.
The first policemen in Eureka were selected for their size and ability to handle themselves in fights rather than for their intelligence. Most were ex-loggers and of good size.
During the early 1900’s, problems in the United States had a huge effect on the City’s police force. The population of Eureka grew from 600 in 1865, to 13,000 in 1912. Burly policemen were added as the population increased.
In April of 1917, the United States entered into World War I. The next
year, the deadly Spanish influenza spread across America, killing over
200 people in Humboldt County alone, most of whom were young men.
Several soldiers from prominent families died on trains while traveling
across the country to enter the war.
These two events are reflected in the types of arrests made by Eureka officers during these times. Many arrests were made for “failing to wear masks while in public,” a law enacted to prevent the spread of the flu.
Another common arrest was for “spitting on the sidewalks”. There were three reasons for this law:
Prior to entering the war and during the war there were many arrests for “going north of fourth.” These were always persons born in Germany or Italy. These nationalities were not allowed near the docks. Beginning in 1915, there had been incidents of sabotage on the docks in other cities. The fear was that it could occur here.
The Volstead Act in 1919 made it illegal to sell alcohol until its repeal
in1933. However, even prior to the Volstead Act, it was illegal to sell
alcohol to Indians. The Police blotters were rife with persons charged
with selling alcohol to Indians or to “half breeds.”
During the prohibition period there were many “speakeasies” in the area now known as “Old Town.” In fact, some of the old iron gates which were erected in an attempt to keep the police out (or at least slow them down) can still be found today in the alley behind Second Street. The first female mayor, Emily Jones, was known to accompany Police Chief George Littlefield on raids on the speakeasies with her hatchet.
There have always been prostitutes in Eureka, and early on they were arrested
for being “sporting women.” The prostitutes thrived in Eureka but were
relegated to houses in what was called the “red light district.” They
became street walkers in the early 1950s, after then Attorney General
Edmond Brown closed the houses in the State, which helped to propel him
into the Governor’s office. The fear at the time was that the east coast
Mafia would take over the industry.
Prior to their closure, the women were under the control of a madam, were not allowed to drink while working, and were checked regularly by doctors. Drugs did not exist. Many of the houses were very plush. Sgt. Robert Wiley and his night crew would raid the houses (19 houses within several blocks of the police station at Third and G Streets) and would load the ladies onto buses bound for San Francisco. District Attorney Harold Hammond filed red light abatement proceedings and the houses closed forever. Eureka was the last bastion of open prostitution in California.
With the women on the street and without their madams looking after them, pimps took over and drugs soon followed. For several years the girls were street walkers with pimps looking after them. In the early sixties as the liquor licenses were moved out of the area by Alcohol Beverage Control and Police, the bars were replaced with all night coffee houses, some of which did not open until after 2 a.m.
These coffee houses are where men could find the girls and after hour alcohol from bootleggers. The joke at that time was that more alcohol was sold in the coffee houses then when they were bars. One such coffee house, the Rainbow club, was targeted by Sgt. Murl Harpham who used officers from outside agencies to pose as “Johns” to arrest prostitutes out of that club. In an eight month period of time 67 girls were arrested and the place was closed under the Red Light Abatement law which had not been enforced since 1954.
In his book, “ The Last Days of California”, author Curt Gentry wrote glowingly about Jackson, California and its two houses of prostitution which were closed in the early 1950s. He was missing a bet about not writing about Eureka since there were seventeen more such houses.
Another major event in Eureka’s history which affected the Police Department was a major strike-turned-riot at the Holmes-Eureka Sawmill in 1935. The Holmes sawmill was situated on the property where the Bayshore Mall is now located. When a major fight erupted between the strikers and the strike-breakers, Chief Littlefield and other officers responded. During the fray, five officers were overcome and beaten, and three persons were shot and killed.
Eureka Police had its’ heartbreaks over the years with the loss of officers acting in the line of duty.
On Halloween Night of 1945, the only two police units on duty were both responding to a jail break at Juvenile Hall at 6th and I Streets. Police radios would not come for several years, so the units had no communication. When they did not hear each other’s sirens, they collided at the intersection of 7th and H Streets, killing Officer Pete Carroll, age 55.
On December 1, 1974 there was a major riot at Eureka’s Municipal Auditorium. All on-duty EPD officers, as well as several CHP and Sheriffs’ units, were busy at the riot when a silent burglary alarm sounded at Cannam’s Market at Huntoon and I Streets. Two off duty officers, Sgt. Fred Keplinger and Officer Pat Mitchell, happened to be in the station, and since all on-duty personnel were at the riot, they volunteered to respond to the market. They were southbound on H Street when a vehicle leaving the auditorium ran a stop sign at 16th Street, broad siding the officers’ car. Their car burst into flames, trapping Pat Mitchell inside. He was 26 years old.
On November 21, 1996, Detective Charles Swanson (a lifelong friend of Pat Mitchell) and Detective Pat Freese were attempting to serve an arrest warrant on a subject wanted for rape, molestation, and burglary. When the suspect attempted to flee in his vehicle, he crashed into a ditch. He then attempted to flee on foot, with Swanson in close pursuit. When he and Freese caught the suspect, there was a struggle. Once the handcuffs were on the suspect, Detective Swanson, age 47, fell dead of a heart attack.
The original city hall was located at 3rd and G Streets which is now a
parking lot. It once was home for the Police Department, Fire House,
City Courts and all other city offices. It was damaged beyond repair in
the 1954 earthquake and everyone was ordered to vacate the building
except the Police Department.
The Police Department remained in the condemned building until July 1, 1960 when they moved into the first floor of the new County Courthouse at 4th and J Streets. The old court house had also been condemned in the 1954 earthquake.
The Police Department remained in the County Court house for 21 years until December 15, 1981. At that time they moved in with the firemen at the main firehouse at 6th C Streets while the new police department was being planned and constructed across the street.
The Eureka Police Department moved to the present building at 6th and C Streets in November of 1986
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FINEWEB-EDU
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ClientRepository errors.
I’m using Panda 1.0.0 and the Client Repository seems to freeze on this line:
myclientrepository.connect([URLSpec(“http://localhost:1977”)])
The server and everything starts OK. Although, the server sends no greeting when I telnet in… In the past version it gave a binary greeting… The server is started with this line:
myserv = ServerRepository(tcpPort=1977, udpPort=1977)
And I know it’s not much of a problem on my end, because the chatroom demo in 1.0.0 doesn’t work either… I mean to upgrade, but I don’t want to overwrite my previous Panda3D… Any help?
Ok, it doesn’t work with 1.0.2, either… You set up the server, try to connect
with the repository and the connect call takes forever. And, if you do telnet,
you don’t get any binary greeting…
Is this my computer, my method, or Panda?
The chatroom sample used to work on this computer, though, in Alpha, but here it doesn’t…
Are you running both the server and the client on the same computer?
The windows operating system is very bad about allocating CPU time. It will give ALL the CPU time to one of the two programs, and none of it to the other. There’s a way to get around this: put a
base.setSleep(0.05)
Into both the client and the server. That will keep them from hogging the CPU.
Even with that call, it takes as much as 30 seconds to connect. I don’t know why that is, I haven’t debugged it.
Well, I run the client and server on the same PROGRAM.
I have a client that connects to the server on localhost to control AI.
Whoa! That does take some time to connect.
Can I fix it or tell you that it’s a problem in ServerRepository? It’s the handshaking that takes forever.
Wait–the same program? As in, you fire up Python once, create a server, and then within the same Python process you create the client to connect to it?
If that’s so, that would certainly cause you problems, since Python is single-threaded by default (and Panda would prefer that you kept it that way). So when your client is connecting to the server, the client is blocking, which also blocks the rest of the program from running (including the server).
But you say you are unable to run chatroom.py. Surely you are running the client and server for chatroom.py as separate instances of the same program? In two different windows?
David
Yes, I am. But what’s odd… It used to work with the Client and Server within the same process without connect delay. I don’t run a “Client” on the same process, per say. But the “Client” is what creates the AI and manages it.
Ok, I see what’s happening now. This is actually a problem with OpenSSL, the third-party library that Panda uses for certain kinds of network communications.
To work around the problem, put the following in your Config.prc file:
early-random-seed 0
Be sure to put this in your personal Config.prc file, or in the c:/Panda3d-1.0.2/etc/Config.prc file–don’t put it in the config.prc file in the samples/chatroom directory, since that file is apparently not being read.
David
David - just so you know, our sample program (chat) does create a client and a server in a single process. Is that wrong? I wasn’t aware that these repositories were using threads under the covers. It seems to work okay for the chat program.
Oh, I misunderstood you. It’s using a blocking connect call. Could we just convert that to use a nonblocking connect? It really is useful to be able to put the server and the “master control client” into a single process.
Right; I was mistaken about the blocking connect. It is already using a nonblocking connect call. The real problem here is not a timeout on connect at all; it’s due to the way OpenSSL initializes its random seed on Windows. It does this by walking through the entire heap of allocated memory, adding all the bits it finds into a hash as it goes.
A typical user of the OpenSSL library, apparently, is a relatively small program that initializes its random seed early, when the heap is small or empty. However, a Panda application, running within Python and having already opened a graphics window and started rendering, may have over 100 megabytes in its dynamic heap by the time it creates the HTTPClient object (which initializes the OpenSSL library). It is this random seed generation that is causing the 30 second delay.
I wrote a message to the OpenSSL forum when I discovered this problem a couple of years ago; I even suggested a patch to fix the problem–but my posting was never replied to; I guess they had more important problems to worry about. I guess I should try again sometime.
In the meantime, the workaround I suggested above disables the automatic initialization of the random seed (since you only need the random seed if you are going to be performing https or encryption functions). I’ve also checked in change to the Panda trunk to make this the default, and to move the initialization to static init time, which is a little better.
David
yeesh.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Stewardship Contracting Reauthorization and Improvement Act
Law?
Did this bill become law? Did the House consider it? Both should be clearly stated in the article. — Lentower (talk) 16:58, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Iran's March oil exports fall to two-year low as Asia demand eases: source
TOKYO (Reuters) - Iran’s crude and condensate exports are set to fall to a two-year low this month as loadings for its main Asian buyers will tumble by one-third from the previous month, said a person with knowledge of the country’s tanker loading schedule. Global buyers are scheduled to lift 1.94 million barrels per day (bpd) of Iranian crude in March, down 21 percent from the previous month, said the source who declined to be named as the information is confidential. That is the lowest since March 2016. Compared to a year ago, March liftings from Iran, the third-biggest producer among the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), will be down 26 percent. The decline is occurring despite its efforts to entice customers, including reducing official selling prices and offering to raise the freight discounts to India. Graphic: tmsnrt.rs/2cNidjY Iranian exports in March are set to fall below year-ago levels for the third month in a row. That should help OPEC to tighten global supply, supporting slumping oil prices that have dropped recently on growing concerns about soaring output from the United States. Iran, which has been working hard to regain market share after Western sanctions over its disputed nuclear program were lifted in January 2016, aims to raise its crude output capacity by 700,000 bpd to 4.7 million bpd within the next four years, Deputy Oil Minister Amir Zamaninia said last month. Exports to its main markets in Asia are set to total 1.12 million bpd this month, down by one-third from February and the lowest since November 2015, Reuters calculations showed. Japan, Asia’s fourth-biggest buyer of Iranian oil, will not lift any oil this month, the first time since March 2016, the source said amid uncertainty over whether sovereign insurance for tankers carrying Iranian oil would be extended beyond March. The following table shows monthly loadings of crude and condensate at Iranian ports in 1,000 barrels per day to global markets and countries, as well as rough percentage changes from the previous month, according to the source. Reporting by Osamu Tsukimori; Editing by Christian Schmollinger
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Writing C/C++ on Windows using g++ under Cygwin
I wrote this ages ago, for the benefit of a Windows user who wanted guidance getting set up with a free C/C++ compiler to learn the language. I recommended using the g++ compiler in a command-line environment under Cygwin, with the following guide to getting started. I recently found it lurking on my hard-drive, and figured it’s not doing any good to anyone sitting there, so here it is, just in case.
Introduction
This article outlines one method of using the open source C/C++ compiler, Gcc to compile C/C++ programs on a Windows PC. It uses Cygwin, which emulates a Linux-like command-line environment, which is many times more useful and powerful than the DOS command line that comes out of the box with Windows.
Of course, if you don’t like all this free-as-in-beer, free-as-in-speech, command-line hippy nonsense, you could always just splash out for Visual Studio instead. Such a well-designed IDE has many strengths – but so does the approach I am about to describe. Choose the tool appropriate to the task in hand.
Install Cygwin
Download and run setup.exe from http://www.cygwin.com/setup.exe
The root directory you specify to the installer, default C:\cygwin, will be your Unix root (/) directory under Cygwin. If this doesn’t mean much to you, see the (currently hyperthetical) section on Unix filesystems below.
Install for all users, and leave default text file type as Unix, not DOS. There are more instructions for Cygwin setup online, but my intention is that this document should be sufficient.
Eventually you get to choose which packages to install. This window is resizable, even though it doesn’t look like it. Maximise it. Also, select the ‘Curr’ radiobutton on the top right – so that we only view the current versions of each package. (as opposed to old or experimental versions.)
Expand the categories on the left by clicking their ‘+’ signs. The ‘current’ column is empty, because you don’t yet have anything installed. Under the ‘new’ column, you can click the word ‘skip’ to select which version of each package you wish to install. This installer understands the dependencies between packages, so selecting package A which requires package B will automatically select package B.
Everything under the ‘Base’ category is already selected, plus their dependencies. This is a minimal Cygwin install, to which we will now add one or two things.
Under the ‘Devel’ section, find the entry for ‘gcc. C compiler upgrade helper.’ Selecting the latest version of this package (3.3.3-2 as of 18 Aug 2004) will automatically select all the other parts of gcc that we need (gcc-core, g++, etc.) as well as the ‘binutils’ package.
Make sure the following packages are selected:
• Devel/gcc – will automatically select some other packages
• Devel/make
• Doc/cygwin-doc
You’ll also need a text editor. You can either select and install one of those listed in the Cygwin installer, or else use any Windows program. Notepad will work fine for the moment. Download Textpad for Windows if you want something a little more useful without being intimidating. Use something like Vi or Emacs if you are already familiar with them.
Click [Next] when you’re done. Setup downloads and installs the selected packages.
Run Cygwin
Double click the Cygwin icon on your desktop. You should get an uninspiring DOS-like text terminal in a window. Type the command ‘ls’, which lists the files in the current directory. From now on I’ll show commands you should type in monospace, preceded by a dollar sign, possibly followed by blue text showing the expected output of the command, like this:
$ ls
My Pictures My eBooks My Music
With any luck, you should recognise the files listed as those residing in your My Documents directory. The yellow tilda (~) above your dollar-sign prompt is a symbol that is used to indicate that you are currently looking at your home directory, which is the Unix way of saying My Documents.
I don’t know how much/little Unix or Linux you know, so I’m going to explain that as little as possible for now, and just press on with what commands you need to type to get a C program compiled.
Create a C file
Create a new directory within ‘My Documents’, where our C programs will live. You can use Linux commands if you know them, or use your Windows Explorer thing. I’m going to use Linux commands:
$ mkdir cprogs
$ cd cprogs
(The ‘cd’ changes directory into the new ‘cprogs’ directory. Note that the yellow ‘~’ above your dollar prompt has changed into a yellow ‘~/cprogs’, to indicate this. So now if we type ‘ls’, then it lists nothing – our new directory is empty.)
Next we want to create our c source file. If you installed vi or emacs as part of the cygwin setup, then you can use these here:
$ vi myprog.c
Otherwise, you can just use notepad, or any other windows text editor. You can invoke it from the command line if you wish.
$ notepad myprog.c
Enter and save the following minimal program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char ** argv)
{
printf ("Hello world\n");
return 0;
}
Notice that, while notepad is still open, you can no longer type anything in your Cygwin terminal window. Cygwin is waiting for notepad to finish before it lets you type anything else. Save and quit notepad (now you can type again) and then run it once more, appending an ampersand at the end of the command:
$ notepad myprog.c &
The ampersand tells cygwin to run notepad ‘in the background’, while allowing the cygwin terminal to continue accepting input. For example, while notepad is still open, you can now issue a command to compile your program.
Compiling
To compile the program, we invoke the gcc program that we installed as part of cygwin setup:
$ gcc myprog.c -o myprog
This tells the program gcc to compile myprog.c, and to call the output file myprog. If this produces error messages, check the program in Notepad, save again (Ctrl+S in Notepad) and then recompile. Note that you can re-issue the compile command by pressing the up arrow key, then return. If the compile command produces no error messages, nor any other kind of response, then the compilation has been successful. You can verify this:
$ ls myprog.c myprog.exe
(Note: on a real Unix/Linux box, the program would have no ‘.exe’ extension. It would simply be called ‘myprog’.)
And to run your new program:
$ ./myprog
Hello World
Wrapup
That’s the basics. You’ve got yourself a kick-ass C compiler (or C++ compiler if you invoke it with ‘g++’ instead of ‘gcc’) along with a Linux-like environment to use it in. All for free, and without having to repartition your existing Windows install or suffer the frustration of a dual-boot system.
The Art of Unix
It should be noted that a real Unix/Linux development environment will build on the arrangement described above, often in the Unix style of ‘many small tools talking to each other’, rather than as a single monolithic application in the style of Visual Studio. This allows competing tools to be slotted into place, giving the developer the maximum freedom of choice. For example, it is trivial to replace Gcc with the Intel C++ compiler, Icc, resulting in faster execution speed at a cost of cross-platform compatibility. Such flexibility leaves the developer free to retain their favourite text editor, debugger, etc, regardless of the type of work or what project they are working on.
The command-line is often frowned upon by developers more familiar with a GUI way of working, who tend to assume that such an ancient interface represents a cruder way of working. In actual fact, the reverse is true – a GUI is good for providing guidance to novice users, but ultimately proves limited and inflexible. One can only use a GUI application for exactly the uses the original developer envisaged. With a well-designed command-line, the user is faced with a steeper learning curve, but is then free to combine programs in novel and constructive ways.
For example, suppose we had 100 C programs to compile (not so far-fetched if these are actually libraries or plug-ins.) In many IDE GUI environments, the user would have no choice but to spend all afternoon loading each program in turn and clicking the [compile] button. Knowing a little command line magic, however, makes it a ten-second job:
$ for SOURCE in *.c;
> do
> gcc $SOURCE -o ${SOURCE%.c};
> done
Each method has it’s strengths and should be used where they are most appropriate.
21 thoughts on “Writing C/C++ on Windows using g++ under Cygwin
1. Just don’t. If Cygwin seems like a good idea, move to Unix. Because unless they’ve figured out how binary dependencies are supposed to work, it’s just not worth it.
2. People using cygwin should be aware that, by default, their executables are linked with GPL cygwin libraries, meaning their code must now be GPL. Add -mno-cygwin to gcc/g++ to avoid this. Even still, the app might not work without the cygwin runtime libs.
3. Good points, Josh and Max. I figured it was OK for my friend, who only had access to Windows machines, and just wanted something which which he could try out simply C++ programs for his own benefit, but the considerations you raise are very pertinent in almost any other circumstance.
4. Thanks Michael. If anyone else is ever requires similar help I might try recasting the above exercise with a MinGW slant, see if there’s any mileage in that.
5. Thanks alot for this article. I learnt how to run C program in Cygwin emulator.
is this emulator having C/C++ editor?
Thanks
Shashi Kant
6. Hey Shashi,
Yes, it works with C++. You have to be sure to select the ‘g++’ compiler during your Cygwin install, and then compile your programs using ‘g++’ instead of ‘gcc’.
7. It was 10 years back that I ran C with the Turbo C tool…I wanted to get back and downloaded stuff but it was your article which helped me execute(that’s all which matters)…thanks.
• Hey Rahul. If you using Cygwin on a Windows machine, then you might have to add the directory of notepad.exe (or the text editor of your choice) to your PATH environment variable. I’m on Windows 7 right now, and typing:
where notepad.exe
shows me that it’s in C:\Windows\System32
It seems unlikely that this dir is not already on your PATH. Have a look, using something like:
echo %PATH%
If it isn’t present, then add it:
set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Windows\System32
Then try the command again.
Alternatively, if you are actually on a Linux/Mac/other, then you won’t have notepad.exe available. Find another text editor that is present on your system.
8. Shouldn’t first line of the Hello World program be “#include “, not just “#include”?
Anyway, thanks so much – this was exactly what I was looking for! While I typically use Ubuntu to run my C programs, occasionally I use Windows and would like to test something, and this is the simplest way I’ve found to do it.
• Ha! Thanks Tony, looks like you were caught out by the same problem I was. Bloody WordPress. Is there a blogging software oriented for programmers rather than real people? Fixed now, anyhow.
9. Dear friend when i launch the cygwin terminal and after that when i write command “ls” i got error
-sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable
1019070 [main] -sh 4908 child_copy: linked dll data write copy failed, 0x5461E9000..0x5461E9068, done 0, windows pid 8184, Win32 error 998
1022044 [main] -sh 4908 fork: child 5524 – couldn’t copy linked dll data/bss, errno 11
• Jitesh: Sounds like Cygwin isn’t installed properly, if it can’t even run ‘ls’.
If I were you, I’d uninstall it completely and install it again.
10. nice job, very useful the beginners of cygwin……. could you tell me how to write tcl script and run it …?? do you have any information about xwinserver ??
thank you very much for the cygwin explained …..
11. this works great, but if I try and run the created exe from the dos prompt, it fails. How can I make an executable using gcc in cygwin but it runs from the dos prompt shell ?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:IamBlanco
CARMELA BORDADO BLANCO
Wiki OJT, CBSUA Wiki Education
Carmela B. Blanco is currently in her fourth year at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Calabanga pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in English Language. She is currently one of the first batch of Wiki OJT at CBSUA-Calabanga.
Carmela finds joy in reading novels and indulging in a bit of creative writing. She also enjoys immersing herself in Asian dramas and movies, finding inspiration and entertainment in their stories. Apart from her literary pursuits, Carmela loves listening to music, cooking, and believes in the transformative power of books, which, in her words, 'transported her into new worlds and introduced her to amazing people who lived exciting lives.'
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WIKI
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Richard Kaplan (golfer)
Richard Dennis Kaplan (born 10 March 1962) is a South African professional golfer who currently plays on the Sunshine Tour.
Kaplan was born in Johannesburg and currently lives in Sandton, Johannesburg with his wife and two children. He had a decorated amateur career during the 1980s, which included winning the English Men's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship (Brabazon Trophy) in 1986 and the Southern Transvaal Open Strokeplay in 1984. He also earned his Springbok colors four times.
Kaplan turned professional in 1986 and won for the first time on the Sunshine Tour in 1995. He added three more tour wins between then and 2000. His best year-end finish on the Order of Merit was 9th in 1993, 1994 and 1995.
Kaplan has also competed on the Asian Tour where, in 1996, he won the Royal Thai Classic and finished in the top 20 on the Order of Merit.
Speaking in an interview, Kaplan said that his heroes are Jack Nicklaus because "he's the greatest" and Tiger Woods because "he's becoming the greatest".
Amateur highlights
* Springbok Colors 4 Times
* 1984 Southern Transvaal Open Strokeplay
* 1986 English Men's Open Amateur Stroke Play Championship
Asian PGA Tour wins (1)
Asian PGA Tour playoff record (1–0)
Sunshine Tour wins (4)
Sunshine Tour playoff record (2–1)
Other wins (4)
* 1989 (1) Pietersburg Classic
* 1990 (2) Pietermaritzburg, Nissan Challenge
* 1991 (1) Pietersburg Classic
Results in World Golf Championships
{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}}
Team appearances
* World Cup (representing South Africa): 1999
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WIKI
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Talk:Sukhoi Su-30/Archive 2
specification section is a bit misleading
The specification section lists the maximum speed of the Su-27PU/Su-30, the absolute earliest variant that lacks canards. As stated elsewhere in the article, Su-30s with canards (which vastly outnumber those without) have a maximum Mach number of 1.75. This means at the tropopause (which is what I assume is meant by "high altitude, that region from about 10km to 20km is where Mach 2 equals 1320mph as listed) the maximum speed of most Su-30s is 1155mph, or 1858km/h. It's hard to find actual citations for this because many sources simply cite Mach 2 as the maximum speed and I suspect neither UAC nor Rostec are in a hurry to correct any public misconception in favor of a lucrative export product. I do know that Janes has the correct number for the SM, as it's cited in this Aviationist article: (https://theaviationist.com/2018/01/26/myanmar-to-buy-six-sukhoi-su-30-generation-4-combat-aircraft-from-russia/), but I do not have access to All The World's Aircraft to confirm the citation. Anyone who does and is reading this should consider changing the specifications section to Su-30S or SM, as they're more widely used and likely what users will be actually looking for, rather than specs of the early Su-27PU that isn't in frontline service anymore.
Accidents section modified
27 February 2019: Pakistan claimed to have shot down Indian Air Force Su-30MKI. Squadron Leader Hassan Siddiqui flying JF-17 was credited for the kill. India denied the event.
This paragraph was added in the accidents section. This is not really an accident. Its a claim made by Pakistan and its subsequent rejection by India. This news has already been added in the su30mki page. If still you feel that it is correct, then I suggest adding one more reference where India rejected the claim. Quanta127 (talk) 07:34, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
* A shot down is clearly not an aviation accident. Claiming it is an accident is misleading and not helpful, imo. -Fnlayson (talk) 12:39, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
Users section modified
Armenian Air Force has been added to the list of users; 4 delivered with 8 more on order. ArmenianSniper (talk) 08:52, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
* The note in the Infobox clearly states: "Only THREE (3) 'more users' here. Listed by total number of aircraft in service." Armenia isn't in the top 4 users. so it's not listed there. It is already listed in the main Operators section, however. - BilCat (talk) 10:07, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:23, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
* Kazakh Sukhoi Su-30SM.jpg
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:52, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
* Kazakh Sukhoi Su-30SM.jpg
Bangladesh Air force don't order Su-30 yet.
Bangladesh airforce don't order Su-30 or any other MRCA yet. "World Air Forces 2020" don't have latest information about our airforce. Bangladesh airforce will buy 16 MRCA not 8/12. Link: http://unb.com.bd/m/category/Bangladesh/steps-taken-to-address-irregularities-in-biman-minister/42858 Nafis Fuad Ayon (talk) 09:38, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
I already send mail to Flight Global. They confirmed that "Order of 8 Su-30 of Bangladesh Air Force will be removed from "World Airforce 2021" list. This is their response to my mail, "Please note that the information used in the 2020 directory is now one year old. The previously included Su-30 order has already been deleted by our data provider". Nafis Fuad Ayon (talk) 07:07, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
* As per my email and information form SIPRI,Flight Global removed Bangladesh as a operator of Su-30 from their "World Air Forces 2021" list.So I am right about the information that Bangladesh Air Force is not a future user of Su-30.Please don't add Bangladesh as a future user of Su-30 again.Nafis Fuad Ayon (talk) 07:57, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
Sergei Kosik
Sergei Kosik has been captured probably once, different names are used. Xx236 (talk) 09:38, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Squeezed coherent state
In physics, a squeezed coherent state is a quantum state that is usually described by two non-commuting observables having continuous spectra of eigenvalues. Examples are position $$x$$ and momentum $$p$$ of a particle, and the (dimension-less) electric field in the amplitude $$X$$ (phase 0) and in the mode $$Y$$ (phase 90°) of a light wave (the wave's quadratures). The product of the standard deviations of two such operators obeys the uncertainty principle:
* $$\Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}2\;$$ and $$\;\Delta X \Delta Y \geq \frac{1}4$$, respectively.
Trivial examples, which are in fact not squeezed, are the ground state $$|0\rangle$$ of the quantum harmonic oscillator and the family of coherent states $$|\alpha\rangle$$. These states saturate the uncertainty above and have a symmetric distribution of the operator uncertainties with $$\Delta x_g = \Delta p_g$$ in "natural oscillator units" and $$\Delta X_g = \Delta Y_g = 1/2$$. (In literature different normalizations for the quadrature amplitudes are used. Here we use the normalization for which the sum of the ground state variances of the quadrature amplitudes directly provide the zero point quantum number $$\Delta^2 X_g + \Delta^2 Y_g = 1/2$$).
The term squeezed state is actually used for states with a standard deviation below that of the ground state for one of the operators or for a linear combination of the two. The idea behind this is that the circle denoting the uncertainty of a coherent state in the quadrature phase space (see right) has been "squeezed" to an ellipse of the same area. Note that a squeezed state does not need to saturate the uncertainty principle.
Squeezed states of light were first produced in the mid 1980s. At that time, quantum noise squeezing by up to a factor of about 2 (3 dB) in variance was achieved, i.e. $$\Delta^2 X \approx \Delta^2 X_g/2$$. As of 2017, squeeze factors larger than 10 (10 dB) have been directly observed.
Mathematical definition
The most general wave function that satisfies the identity above is the squeezed coherent state (we work in units with $$\hbar=1$$)
* $$\psi(x) = C\,\exp\left(-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2 w_0^2} + i p_0 x\right)$$
where $$C,x_0,w_0,p_0$$ are constants (a normalization constant, the center of the wavepacket, its width, and the expectation value of its momentum). The new feature relative to a coherent state is the free value of the width $$w_0$$, which is the reason why the state is called "squeezed".
The squeezed state above is an eigenstate of a linear operator
* $$ \hat x + i\hat p w_0^2$$
and the corresponding eigenvalue equals $$x_0+ip_0 w_0^2$$. In this sense, it is a generalization of the ground state as well as the coherent state.
Operator representation
The general form of a squeezed coherent state for a quantum harmonic oscillator is given by
* $$ |\alpha,\zeta\rangle = \hat{S}(\zeta)|\alpha\rangle = \hat{S}(\zeta) \hat{D}(\alpha)|0\rangle $$
where $$|0\rangle$$ is the vacuum state, $$D(\alpha)$$ is the displacement operator and $$S(\zeta)$$ is the squeeze operator, given by
* $$\hat{D}(\alpha)=\exp (\alpha \hat a^\dagger - \alpha^* \hat a)\qquad \text{and}\qquad \hat{S}(\zeta)=\exp\bigg[\frac{1}{2} (\zeta^* \hat a^2-\zeta \hat a^{\dagger 2})\bigg]$$
where $$\hat a$$ and $$\hat a^\dagger$$ are annihilation and creation operators, respectively. For a quantum harmonic oscillator of angular frequency $$\omega$$, these operators are given by
* $$\hat a^\dagger = \sqrt{\frac{m\omega}{2\hbar}}\left(x-\frac{i p}{m\omega}\right)\qquad \text{and} \qquad \hat a = \sqrt{\frac{m\omega}{2\hbar}}\left(x+\frac{i p}{m\omega}\right)$$
For a real $$\zeta$$, (note that $$\zeta = r e^{2 i \phi}$$, where r is squeezing parameter), the uncertainty in $$x$$ and $$p$$ are given by
* $$(\Delta x)^2=\frac{\hbar}{2m\omega}\mathrm{e}^{-2\zeta} \qquad\text{and}\qquad (\Delta p)^2=\frac{m\hbar\omega}{2}\mathrm{e}^{2\zeta}$$
Therefore, a squeezed coherent state saturates the Heisenberg uncertainty principle $$\Delta x\Delta p=\frac{\hbar}{2}$$, with reduced uncertainty in one of its quadrature components and increased uncertainty in the other.
Some expectation values for squeezed coherent states are
* $$ \langle\alpha,\zeta | \hat a | \alpha,\zeta\rangle = \alpha cosh(r) - \alpha^{*}e^{i\theta}sinh(r) $$
* $$ \langle\alpha,\zeta | {\hat{a}}^2 | \alpha,\zeta\rangle = \alpha ^{2}cosh^{2}(r) +{\alpha^{*}}^{2}e^{2i\theta}sinh^{2}(r) - (1+2{|\alpha|}^{2})e^{i\theta} cosh (r) sinh (r) $$
* $$ \langle\alpha,\zeta | {\hat{a}}^{\dagger}\hat{a} | \alpha,\zeta\rangle = |\alpha|^2cosh^{2}(r) + (1+{|\alpha|}^{2})sinh^2 (r) - ({\alpha}^2 e^{-i\theta} + {\alpha^{*}}^2 e^{i\theta})cosh (r) sinh (r) $$
The general form of a displaced squeezed state for a quantum harmonic oscillator is given by
* $$ |\zeta,\alpha\rangle = \hat{D}(\alpha)|\zeta\rangle = \hat{D}(\alpha) \hat{S}(\zeta)|0\rangle $$
Some expectation values for displaced squeezed state are
* $$ \langle\zeta,\alpha | \hat a | \zeta,\alpha\rangle = \alpha $$
* $$ \langle\zeta,\alpha | {\hat{a}}^2 | \zeta,\alpha\rangle = \alpha ^{2} - e^{i\theta} cosh (r) sinh (r) $$
* $$ \langle\zeta,\alpha | {\hat{a}}^{\dagger}\hat{a} | \zeta,\alpha\rangle = |\alpha|^2 + sinh^2 (r) $$
Since $$ \hat{S}(\zeta) $$ and $$ \hat{D}(\alpha)$$ do not commute with each other,
* $$\hat{S}(\zeta) \hat{D}(\alpha) \neq \hat{D}(\alpha) \hat{S}(\zeta)$$
* $$ | \alpha, \zeta \rangle \neq | \zeta, \alpha \rangle $$
where $$ \hat{D}(\alpha)\hat{S}(\zeta) =\hat{S}(\zeta)\hat{S}^{\dagger}(\zeta)\hat{D}(\alpha)\hat{S}(\zeta)= \hat{S}(\zeta)\hat{D}(\gamma)$$, with $$ \gamma=\alpha\cosh r + \alpha^* e^{i\theta} \sinh r $$
Examples
Depending on the phase angle at which the state's width is reduced, one can distinguish amplitude-squeezed, phase-squeezed, and general quadrature-squeezed states. If the squeezing operator is applied directly to the vacuum, rather than to a coherent state, the result is called the squeezed vacuum. The figures below give a nice visual demonstration of the close connection between squeezed states and Heisenberg's uncertainty relation: Diminishing the quantum noise at a specific quadrature (phase) of the wave has as a direct consequence an enhancement of the noise of the complementary quadrature, that is, the field at the phase shifted by $$\tau/4$$.
As can be seen in the illustrations, in contrast to a coherent state, the quantum noise for a squeezed state is no longer independent of the phase of the light wave. A characteristic broadening and narrowing of the noise during one oscillation period can be observed. The probability distribution of a squeezed state is defined as the norm squared of the wave function mentioned in the last paragraph. It corresponds to the square of the electric (and magnetic) field strength of a classical light wave. The moving wave packets display an oscillatory motion combined with the widening and narrowing of their distribution: the "breathing" of the wave packet. For an amplitude-squeezed state, the most narrow distribution of the wave packet is reached at the field maximum, resulting in an amplitude that is defined more precisely than the one of a coherent state. For a phase-squeezed state, the most narrow distribution is reached at field zero, resulting in an average phase value that is better defined than the one of a coherent state.
In phase space, quantum mechanical uncertainties can be depicted by the Wigner quasi-probability distribution. The intensity of the light wave, its coherent excitation, is given by the displacement of the Wigner distribution from the origin. A change in the phase of the squeezed quadrature results in a rotation of the distribution.
Photon number distributions and phase distributions
The squeezing angle, that is the phase with minimum quantum noise, has a large influence on the photon number distribution of the light wave and its phase distribution as well.
For amplitude squeezed light the photon number distribution is usually narrower than the one of a coherent state of the same amplitude resulting in sub-Poissonian light, whereas its phase distribution is wider. The opposite is true for the phase-squeezed light, which displays a large intensity (photon number) noise but a narrow phase distribution. Nevertheless, the statistics of amplitude squeezed light was not observed directly with photon number resolving detector due to experimental difficulty.
For the squeezed vacuum state the photon number distribution displays odd-even-oscillations. This can be explained by the mathematical form of the squeezing operator, that resembles the operator for two-photon generation and annihilation processes. Photons in a squeezed vacuum state are more likely to appear in pairs.
Based on the number of modes
Squeezed states of light are broadly classified into single-mode squeezed states and two-mode squeezed states, depending on the number of modes of the electromagnetic field involved in the process. Recent studies have looked into multimode squeezed states showing quantum correlations among more than two modes as well.
Single-mode squeezed states
Single-mode squeezed states, as the name suggests, consists of a single mode of the electromagnetic field whose one quadrature has fluctuations below the shot noise level and the orthogonal quadrature has excess noise. Specifically, a single-mode squeezed vacuum (SMSV) state can be mathematically represented as,
* $$ |\text{SMSV}\rangle = S(\zeta)|0\rangle $$
where the squeezing operator S is the same as introduced in the section on operator representations above. In the photon number basis, writing $$\zeta = r e^{i\phi}$$ this can be expanded as,
* $$ |\text{SMSV}\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\cosh r}} \sum_{n=0}^\infty (- e^{i\phi} \tanh r)^n \frac{\sqrt{(2n)!}}{2^n n!} |2n\rangle$$
which explicitly shows that the pure SMSV consists entirely of even-photon Fock state superpositions. Single mode squeezed states are typically generated by degenerate parametric oscillation in an optical parametric oscillator, or using four-wave mixing.
Two-mode squeezed states
Two-mode squeezing involves two modes of the electromagnetic field which exhibit quantum noise reduction below the shot noise level in a linear combination of the quadratures of the two fields. For example, the field produced by a nondegenerate parametric oscillator above threshold shows squeezing in the amplitude difference quadrature. The first experimental demonstration of two-mode squeezing in optics was by Heidmann et al.. More recently, two-mode squeezing was generated on-chip using a four-wave mixing OPO above threshold. Two-mode squeezing is often seen as a precursor to continuous-variable entanglement, and hence a demonstration of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox in its original formulation in terms of continuous position and momentum observables. A two-mode squeezed vacuum (TMSV) state can be mathematically represented as,
* $$ |\text{TMSV}\rangle = S_2(\zeta)|0,0\rangle = \exp(\zeta^* \hat a \hat b - \zeta \hat a^\dagger \hat b^\dagger) |0,0\rangle $$,
and, writing down $$\zeta = r e^{i\phi}$$, in the photon number basis as,
* $$ |\text{TMSV}\rangle = \frac{1}{\cosh r} \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-e^{i \phi}\tanh r)^n |nn\rangle$$
If the individual modes of a TMSV are considered separately (i.e., $$|nn\rangle=|n\rangle_1 |n\rangle_2$$), then tracing over or absorbing one of the modes leaves the remaining mode in a thermal state
* $$\begin{align}\rho_1 &= \mathrm{Tr}_2 [| \mathrm{TMSV} \rangle \langle \mathrm{TMSV} | ]\\ &= \frac{1}{\cosh^2(r)} \sum_{n=0}^\infty \tanh^{2n}(r)
* n \rangle \langle n|, \end{align} $$
with an effective average number of photons $$\widetilde{n} = \sinh^2(r)$$.
Based on the presence of a mean field
Squeezed states of light can be divided into squeezed vacuum and bright squeezed light, depending on the absence or presence of a non-zero mean field (also called a carrier), respectively. An optical parametric oscillator operated below threshold produces squeezed vacuum, whereas the same OPO operated above threshold produces bright squeezed light. Bright squeezed light can be advantageous for certain quantum information processing applications as it obviates the need of sending local oscillator to provide a phase reference, whereas squeezed vacuum is considered more suitable for quantum enhanced sensing applications. The AdLIGO and GEO600 gravitational wave detectors use squeezed vacuum to achieve enhanced sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit.
Atomic spin squeezing
For squeezing of two-level neutral atom ensembles it is useful to consider the atoms as spin-1/2 particles with corresponding angular momentum operators defined as
* $$J_v=\sum_{i=1}^N j_v^{(i)}$$
where $$v={x,y,z}$$ and $$j_v^{(i)}$$ is the single-spin operator in the $$v$$-direction. Here $$J_z$$ will correspond to the population difference in the two level system, i.e. for an equal superposition of the up and down state $$J_z=0$$. The $$J_x$$−$$J_y$$ plane represents the phase difference between the two states. This is also known as the Bloch sphere picture. We can then define uncertainty relations such as $$\Delta J_z \cdot \Delta J_y \geq \left|\Delta J_x\right|/2$$. For a coherent (unentangled) state, $$\Delta J_z=\Delta J_y=\sqrt{N}/2$$. Squeezing is here considered the redistribution of uncertainty from one variable (typically $$J_z$$) to another (typically $$J_y$$). If we consider a state pointing in the $$J_x$$ direction, we can define the Wineland criterion for squeezing, or the metrological enhancement of the squeezed state as
* $$\chi^2=\left(\frac{\sqrt{N}/2}{\Delta J_z}\frac{\left|J_x\right|}{N/2}\right)^2$$.
This criterion has two factors, the first factor is the spin noise reduction, i.e. how much the quantum noise in $$J_z$$ is reduced relative to the coherent (unentangled) state. The second factor is how much the coherence (the length of the Bloch vector, $$\left|J_x\right|$$) is reduced due to the squeezing procedure. Together these quantities tell you how much metrological enhancement the squeezing procedure gives. Here, metrological enhancement is the reduction in averaging time or atom number needed to make a measurement of a specific uncertainty. 20 dB of metrological enhancement means the same precision measurement can be made with 100 times fewer atoms or 100 times shorter averaging time.
Experimental realizations
There has been a whole variety of successful demonstrations of squeezed states. The first demonstrations were experiments with light fields using lasers and non-linear optics (see optical parametric oscillator). This is achieved by a simple process of four-wave mixing with a $$\chi^{(3)}$$ crystal; similarly travelling wave phase-sensitive amplifiers generate spatially multimode quadrature-squeezed states of light when the $$\chi^{(2)}$$ crystal is pumped in absence of any signal. Sub-Poissonian current sources driving semiconductor laser diodes have led to amplitude squeezed light.
Squeezed states have also been realized via motional states of an ion in a trap, phonon states in crystal lattices, and spin states in neutral atom ensembles. Much progress has been made on the creation and observation of spin squeezed states in ensembles of neutral atoms and ions, which can be used to enhancement measurements of time, accelerations, fields, and the current state of the art for measurement enhancement is 20 dB. Generation of spin squeezed states have been demonstrated using both coherent evolution of a coherent spin state and projective, coherence-preserving measurements. Even macroscopic oscillators were driven into classical motional states that were very similar to squeezed coherent states. Current state of the art in noise suppression, for laser radiation using squeezed light, amounts to 15 dB (as of 2016), which broke the previous record of 12.7 dB (2010).
Applications
Squeezed states of the light field can be used to enhance precision measurements. For example, phase-squeezed light can improve the phase read out of interferometric measurements (see for example gravitational waves). Amplitude-squeezed light can improve the readout of very weak spectroscopic signals.
Spin squeezed states of atoms can be used to improve the precision of atomic clocks. This is an important problem in atomic clocks and other sensors that use small ensembles of cold atoms where the quantum projection noise represents a fundamental limitation to the precision of the sensor.
Various squeezed coherent states, generalized to the case of many degrees of freedom, are used in various calculations in quantum field theory, for example Unruh effect and Hawking radiation, and generally, particle production in curved backgrounds and Bogoliubov transformations.
Recently, the use of squeezed states for quantum information processing in the continuous variables (CV) regime has been increasing rapidly. Continuous variable quantum optics uses squeezing of light as an essential resource to realize CV protocols for quantum communication, unconditional quantum teleportation and one-way quantum computing. This is in contrast to quantum information processing with single photons or photon pairs as qubits. CV quantum information processing relies heavily on the fact that squeezing is intimately related to quantum entanglement, as the quadratures of a squeezed state exhibit sub-shot-noise quantum correlations.
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WIKI
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Setup IIS for Episerver CMS
I do a lot of training and a constant issue that I run into today is that developers do not have IIS setup or some IIS feature is missing. The old Deployment Center had some benefits checking pre-requisites and ensuring that IIS and your MS SQL server was setup.
How to do a Quick Setup of IIS for Episerver
Updated with IIS-WebSockets as mentioned in comments below.
Start a Command Prompt as Administrator and run the following command:
DISM /Online /Enable-Feature /FeatureName:IIS-ApplicationDevelopment /FeatureName:IIS-ASPNET /FeatureName:IIS-ASPNET45 /FeatureName:IIS-CommonHttpFeatures /FeatureName:IIS-DefaultDocument /FeatureName:IIS-HealthAndDiagnostics /FeatureName:IIS-HttpCompressionStatic /FeatureName:IIS-HttpErrors /FeatureName:IIS-HttpLogging /FeatureName:IIS-HttpRedirect /FeatureName:IIS-HttpTracing /FeatureName:IIS-ISAPIExtensions /FeatureName:IIS-ISAPIFilter /FeatureName:IIS-ManagementConsole /FeatureName:IIS-ManagementScriptingTools /FeatureName:IIS-NetFxExtensibility45 /FeatureName:IIS-Performance /FeatureName:IIS-RequestFiltering /FeatureName:IIS-RequestMonitor /FeatureName:IIS-Security /FeatureName:IIS-StaticContent /FeatureName:IIS-URLAuthorization /FeatureName:IIS-WebServer /FeatureName:IIS-WebServerManagementTools /FeatureName:IIS-WebServerRole /FeatureName:WAS-ConfigurationAPI /FeatureName:WAS-NetFxEnvironment /FeatureName:WAS-ProcessModel /FeatureName:WAS-WindowsActivationService /FeatureName:IIS-WebSockets /FeatureName:IIS-BasicAuthentication /FeatureName:IIS-WindowsAuthentication /all
Now all components needed to use IIS instead of IIS Express to host your Episerver solution should be in place.
You can use the DSIM command on Windows 8, Windows 10 and Windows Server 2012 and later.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Category:University of Louisville faculty
The University of Louisville faculty category is a listing of individuals employed as professors at the University of Louisville. It includes current professors, professors emiriti, and deceased professors.
See also List of University of Louisville people: Notable faculty.
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WIKI
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Asylum seekers sue administration over ‘zero tolerance’ policy
AUSTIN, Texas — Three Central American asylum seekers detained in Texas are suing the Trump administration over its “zero tolerance” immigration policy, which forcibly split them apart from their children. The lawsuit — believed to be the first to challenge the administration’s policy to criminally prosecute all adults suspected of illegally crossing the U.S-Mexico border — adds to the legal woes facing the Trump administration over its immigration policies. That policy remains in place even as President Donald Trump signed an executive order Wednesday that aims to keep children with their detained parents. The three migrants, who are represented by Texas RioGrande Legal Aid, argue in the suit filed in federal court in Washington D.C., that the administration was separating kids from their parents as a form of punishment, which isn’t allowed under the Constitution. They argue that the policy violates their right to due process under the Fifth Amendment. A separate case by the American Civil Liberties Union challenging family separations — but not the “zero tolerance” policy — argues that families have the right to remain unified. The group also filed a class-action suit in February in San Diego federal court over family separation of individuals seeking asylum and the judge set a hearing for Thursday to discuss the new White House executive order. The Texas case, though, goes directly to the Trump administration policy of bringing criminal charges against people for crossing the border illegally. “The question we raise in our lawsuit is, the fact that you are going to force a family to undergo a one-to-five day criminal prosecution does not give you the right to indefinitely take their children away from them and fly them away thousands of miles away,” said Jerome Wesevich, an attorney with Texas RioGrande Legal Aid. “What could possibly be the reason for that except to punish them?” The plaintiffs argue that border agents and detention officials “sadistically tease and taunt parents and children with the prospect of separation, and doing so using words and tones indicating that Defendants’ employees and agents enjoy the pain and suffering that the very idea of separation causes to parents and children.” The migrants ask to be immediately reunited with their children. One migrant, known in the complaint by her initials M.G.U., said that she and her three sons aged 2, 6 and 13, fled Guatemala after her family faced death threats. They crossed the border on May 4 and presented themselves to border agents in San Ysidro, Calif. They were transferred to a residential center near Dilley, Texas, where she was told that she and her family had a credible asylum claim, but that her sons would be taken to a shelter in New York while she remained in Texas. She said that she was told the separation would last a week, but about a month later, she has yet to see her children. She said she speaks to her sons once or twice a week and they express “fear, distress, no understanding of what the future holds.” Her 6-year-old cries during calls and she has only heard her 2-year-old once, according to the complaint. A Honduran citizen said that he and his 12-year-old daughter fled the country after he was shot in the shoulder and received death threats. They crossed the border into Texas on June 4, were arrested and then taken to a processing center in Brownsville, Texas. Later that day, he was separated from his daughter. Shortly after, he pleaded guilty in federal court to illegally crossing the border and was sentenced to time served. He is still being detained in Los Fresnos, Texas, but has yet to see or hear from his daughter. A third defendant said she fled Guatemala with her 9-year-old son after being threatened with violence and crossed the border near Presidio, Texas, on May 14, where they were arrested. She was separated from her son the next day, and on May 18 pleaded not guilty to illegally crossing the border because she said she sought out border patrol agents. On June 6, a judge found her guilty of crossing the border illegally and sentenced her to time served. She said she is being held in an immigration detention center in Texas, but has yet to see her son who she believes is in New York.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Dual Diagnosis Treatment Foxboro MA 02035
Lots of people struggling with dependency and alcoholism are also identified with depression, anxiety, and many other psychological disorders. This is known as “dual diagnosis” or “co-existing conditions”. The majority of them don’t even realize they are really experiencing one main source condition, which is spiritual in nature.
Long Term Dual Diagnosis Drug Rehab Facilities Near Foxboro Massachusetts 02035
Aerobics. Aerobics, in its own sense, suggests “with oxygen”. This type of activity which involves body language in a spontaneous amount of time, it therefore promotes much better respiratory and circulatory functions for the body. We might not be extremely aware of it however the easy things we do each day such as shopping, doing household chores, and even walking is thought about an aerobic exercise. For that reason, one does not have to register in a class in order to perform aerobic exercises. Other kinds of aerobic workouts include jogging, boxing, and swimming. In an average, a person loses over 400 calories just from doing any aerobic activity.
Does it take 7 years to digest, or is it simply a myth to get your kids not to swallow their gum? no its generally a myth like u said to get kids to stop swallowing thier gum – No Certainly dual diagnosis rehab Not. It considers a while bit longer than normal food. Loads of.
How Many People In America Have An Addiction?
Hence, it can be very easy to train your pet considering that they are really smart. On top of this, canines are very empathic animals. This indicates that your pet dog will have the ability to understand your moods and as a result your canine will be able to show upon your feelings. So, owning a pet dog can have a restorative impact on you. A lot of pet dogs will be able to expect your requirements, so that they can react to your psychological changes by offering you their unconditional love.
16. Nevertheless, you need to understand that this illness can be managed but not treated for life. Firstly such patients and their households should comprehend that bipolar disorder is a long term disease that needs life long treatment. With medication & psychiatric treatment, these clients can lead a regulated and happy productive life for sure.
Foxboro Massachusetts 02035 Mental Health Dual Diagnosis Treatment Center
Speak out! Here’s an unclean little therapist secret: We’re not mind readers– and in some cases we completely fizzle! If you’re therapist does not “get you”, or is providing ideas that simply do not work for you, make certain to speak up. Problems in dual diagnosis treatment aren’t always the customer’s fault. As a therapist, I find a lot value when clients can inform me I’m off course and assistance guide me in the ideal direction.
Historically, numerous dual diagnosis program specialists have thought about Unstable and avoidant conflict styles to be destructive to marriages. However Gottmans research suggests that all 3 styles are equally appropriate for keeping or building a healthy marriage. Gottman has discovered that it doesn’t actually matter exactly what conflict design a couple utilizes. What matters is that there are enough favorable interactions in the marital relationship to counter the negative ones. It is believed that in between 4-20 favorable interactions are required to counter one unfavorable interaction. However, arguments can often cause unclean battling between spouse and partner.
For many breast cancer hubbies, as soon as his partner has met her physicians and they’ve created the strategy of care, stress and anxiety will be decreased for both, but up and down as treatments progress and modification.
The End
The finest thing that you can do to avoid breast cancer is screening regularly. You should perform a self examination as frequently as recommended by your physician. Also you must get scientific tests and mammograms as often as advised by your medical professional. You also must consider making sure that you consume a balanced low fat diet that is primarily plant based, minimize your consumption of alcohol, stop smoking cigarettes and get lots of workout.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Van Rensselaer’s Executors vs. Jewett.
In covenant for non-payment of rent on a lease reserving a Certain number Of bushels of wheat and a number of fowls annually, the plaintiff is entitled as matter of law to interest on the value of the property after the time when, by the terms of the lease, it should have been delivered.
Covenant for rent on a lease in fee, dated 8th December, 1813, executed by Stephen Van Rensselaer, since deceased, to William Davis, for 188T37 acres of land in Guilderland, tried at the Albany circuit in October, 1844, before Parker, Cir. J. The lease was produced and proved. It reserved “ the yearly rent of eighteen bushels and three-fourths of a bushel of good, clean, merchantable, winter wheat, and four fat hens, to be delivered at the now mansion house of the said Stephen Van Rensselaer, in the town of Watervliet, unless specially directed by the said Stephen Van Rensselaer, his heirs, executors or assigns, to be delivered at some other place, not more than one mile distant from the said mansion house, or the spot on which it is now erected, and perform one day’s service with carnage and horses, the.first payment to be made on - the first day of February next, and thereafter in and upon the said first day of February in each year.” The lease contained a covenant oy the lessee for himself, his heirs, &c. and assigns, to pay said rent “ at the days and times and in manner aforesaid.” It was proved that the lessor died on the 20th January, 1839, having made his will appointing the plaintiffs executors, &c.: and letters testamentary had been granted to them. In 1834, eighty-four and eight-tenths acres—parcel of the premises—were assigned to the defendant.
The plaintiffs proved that the amount of rent on the part of . the premises assigned to the defendant, for the years 1835, 6, 7, and 8, amounted, with interest, to' $82,18, the rent of said part being estimated, not according to the proportionate value of such part, but in the proportion which the number of acres therein bore to the whole piece leased. The witness who estimated the rent and computed the amount due, also stated “ that the value of each item of rent was different in each of the years 35, 36, 37 and 38, and that he had allowed and included in said amount interest on each item of rent from about one or two months after the time it fell due to the trial.” The defendant objected to the proof of, and the.allowance of interest.. The judge overruled the objection, holding that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover interest on all the items of rent, and he so instructed the jury. The defendant excepted. Verdict for the plaintiff for $82,18. The defendant moves for a new trial on a bill of exceptions.
R. W. Pechham, for the defendant.
D. McMartin & C. M. Jenkins, for the plaintiffs.
By the Court, Whittlesey, J.
The question presented in this case is important in determining the amount of damages upon a vast number of contracts simil ir to that now under consideration. In the indenture upon which this action is brought, the lessee covenanted to pay or deliver a specific number of bushels of wheat, oilier articles of personal prop erty, on a specified day, at a fixed place, as rent of the premises occupied by him. He neglected to pay or deliver the wheat and the other articles according to his covenant—in other words, he neglected to pay his rent at the time, place, and in the manner in which he had covenanted to do'it; and the question presented for adjudication is whether he is legally chargeable with interest, upon the value of the wheat and other property, after the default.
Upon the question of interest generally, there are many and conflicting decisions in the English courts, and in the courts of the different states of the Union. It will neither be necessary nor profitable on this occasion to refer to or collate this mass of scattered, and to some extent, irreconcilable authorities. This has been recently done with great industry and ability on the part of both counsel and judges, in a case involving a question of interest, which was elaborately examined in both the supreme court and the court for the correction of errors. In Reid v. The Rensselaer Glass Factory, (3 Cowen, 393,) in the supreme court, and the same case in the court for the correction of errors, (5 id. 587,) the whole doctrine touching the allowance of interest, in almost every conceivable case, was thoroughly discussed and considered; and all the previous adjudications relating to the subject were passed in review with appropriate commentaries and criticisms. ' We desire not to multiply references to decided cases, but rather, if it is possible, to seize the principle which governs or pervades these decisions, and to apply it to the particular state of facts under consideration. Unfortunately, in the present instance, this is' not easy, and perhaps it is not possible to do it -in any satisfactory manner.
It is difficult, and I may say impossible to extract from the cases which it has been found necessary to examine, the principle which has governed the courts in the allowance of interest. At least there is no principle which can be adopted which will reconcile them all. Spencer, senator, in Reid v. Tne Rensselaer Glass Factory, supposes that in England all interest was unlawful and forbidden prior to the statute 37 Henry 8, ch. 9, which, while it does not affirmatively allow, much less require, payment of interest, forbids the taking of more than ten per cent. The principle supposed to result from that fact is, that while neither by common or statute law is a party required to pay interest, so it follows inevitably that one cannot in any case be liable to pay interest except in pursuance arid by virtue of his own agreement. Hence he resolved the obligation to pay interest in all cases into the agreement of the parties express or implied. The principle, indeed, if sound, furnishes a clue to a great number of the cases found in the books; but if it is to be deemed so certain as to be taken as a law of construction, then it is equally clear that there are also a number of cases which are abnormal. One thing we are however able to see, that the courts have from time to time extended the allowance of interest to cases in which its allowance was not before recognized ; and that the courts of this country have awarded interest in cases as to which the English courts have stopped short. I cannot however perceive that in all cases the allowance is resolvable into any actual or implied agreement between the parties ; but it seems to me the rather to have been adopted in many cases as the application of a just and equitable rule of damages where a party has kept from another money or property beyond the day on which he had agreed to pay or deliver it. I think, too, I perceive a tendency to extend it to still other eases where the allowance of interest will furnish a rational and proper rule of damages, vacillating as yet between giving it to a jury as a rule which they may apply, and directing them as a rule which the law imposes and which the jury musí apply.
Upon the very point now under consideration there have been two decisions in our own courts. The first case was Van Rensselaer’s Executors v. Plainer’s Administrators, (1 John. Rep. 276,) decided in 1806. I give the whole case as it is found in the reports.
This was an action of covenant for rent, and payable in wheat. The question submitted to the court was, whether interest was recoverable on the arrears of rent ? Per Curiam. We are of opinion that as a general rule, interest is not recoverable in such a case; and nothing appears in this instance to hinder the application of that rule.” The other case, Lush v. Druse, (4 Wend. 313,) was decided in 1830. That also was an action of covenant on a lease for non-payment of rent. The rent reserved was 18$ bushels of merchantable wheat, to be delivered annually on the first day of February in each year, at such place in Albany as the lessor, his heirs or assigns should appoint. The plaintiffs on the trial claimed interest on the value of the wheat from the time it was payable. The circuit judge reserved the question, and a verdict was taken subject to the opinion of the court, and interest was to be added if the plaintiff was entitled to recover interest. The case came before the supreme court upon various questions made in it. Chief Justice Savage delivered the opinion of the court. Upon the question of interest he says : “I can see no possible objection to the allowance of interest. The value of the wheat became due on the first of February in each year, in consequence of the default of the defendant in not delivering the wheat according to contract; and interest is as much the right of the creditor after the principal becomes payable as the principal itself.” It is urged by the counsel for the defendant that this last decision is a hasty one, and not well considered; that it has no reference to the previous decision the contrary way—is obiter, and not in harmony with the decisions of this court either before or since; and it is urged that it should not now be relied upon as sufficient to overrule the doctrine established in the prior case of Van Rensselaer's Ex'rs v. Plainer's Adm'rs. The case of Lush v. Druse, which is the object of these criticisms, bears marks of thorough examination and mature deliberation. The points raised were certainly not hastily decided or ill considered. It is true, the question of interest was disposed of with brief remarks from the court; but even in this respect it bears evidence of more deliberation than characterizes the previous case. The decision was not obiter. The question of interest was made at the trial, and was reserved by the circuit judge; and it was stipulated that interest should be added to the verdiet if ths court should decide that it was recoverable. The question of interest was argued before the supreme court by the plaintiff’s counsel, and the right to recover it insisted upon, The defendant’s counsel would seem indeed not to have arguoa that point, but he relied upon it as one raised at the trial am presented by the case then before the court. It was a point upon which the decision of the court was required, and as to which it was clearly and deliberately made.
It is to be regretted, indeed, that many of the decisions of our courts upon points of this character are barren of reasons to sustain them. Such is in a marked manner the case with the first decision upon this point, which the defendant’s counsel would have us take as the rule. All that the court say there is, that they are of opinion that as a general rule interest is not recoverable in such a case. It was doubtless an opinion and decision announced from the bench when the point was presented, without any farther deliberation than such as occurred at the moment. The opinion thus expressed was undoubtedly in consonance with the English decisions at that day, and such doubtless would have been the judgment of the king’s bench upon that very point.
The case of Clark v. Barlow, (4 John. Rep. 183,) which determines that interest is recoverable on rent payable in money, is equally barren of any reason for the decision. Though this case was in hostility to the English decisions, it established a doctrine which has ever since governed our own courts. All that the court say in making the decision is, “We are of opinion that in an action of covenant brought to recover a sum certain due for rent and payable in money, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the interest.” Decisions are therefore not the less authoritative because the reasons therefor are not elaborated as much as would be desirable to understand the principles upon which they are based.
There is no question, I believe, but what theEnglish authorities are opposed to the allowance of interest in such a case as the present, and upon the facts in Lush v. Druse. When an obligation was giv.en for the payment of specific sums of money in goods at specific times, interest was not allowed on default in payment. (Foster v. Weston, 6 Bing. 709.) Such is not the doctrine of our own courts in such cases. (Pinney v. Gleason, 5 Wend. 393.)
On the argument of Lush v. Druse, the case of Spencer v. Tilden, (5 Cowen, 144,) was cited by the plaintiff’s counsel as an authority for the allowance of interest on contracts for the delivery of personal property after the day for delivery had elapsed and default made. In that case the obligation was to pay $360 or twelve cows and twelve calves on a day certain, The day elapsed without either being paid, and the court gave such a construction to the instrument as to make it a contract merely for the delivery of the cows and calves; and the damages allowed were the value of the cattle on the day of delivery and the interest thereon from that day. The question of interest seems indeed not to have been discussed or even considered on the argument or decision before this court; and it is perhaps not fairly a case to authorize the allowance of interest on a contract payable in personal property. But Sellick v. French, (1 Conn. Rep. 32,) decided in 1814, by the supreme court of errors of Connecticut, is a well considered case. One of the propositions respecting the allowance of interest is laid down as follows: When there is a written contract to pay money or other thing on a day certain, and the contract is broken, then interest is allowed by way of damages for the breach, as in the case of notes and bills of exchange.”
In contracts for the payment of a sum of money certain on a prescribed day, the debtor, in case of default in payment, must pay interest from the day the payment should have been made. This is because he detains from the creditor, against his will, a sum of money which he was entitled to have, and interest is the legal compensation or damage allowed for such detention. (See Crawford v. Willing, 4 Dall. 289.) What is there in principle to distinguish a contract for the payment of a specific amount of wheat on a day and at a place certain, from a like contract for the payment of money 1 If default be made in the payment of the wheat at the day and place specified, the party who was entitled to receive it is then entitled to the value in money as its value was on that day. The debtor cannot afterwards absolve himself from the contract by tendering the wheat in specie, nor in any other way than by the payment of its value in money. The party who was entitled to receive the wheat cannot afterwards insist upon having the wheat in specie, or the value in money at any future day; he can, after default has been made in the delivery, only have the value of the wheat in money, reckoning such value as of the day when it should have been delivered. At least such I understand to be the doctrine of the cases as collected in Clark v. Pinney, (7 Cowen, 681.) The legal result of the failure to deliver on the day, is that the delinquent is bound to pay and the creditor is entitled to receive the amount of money which was the value of the wheat on that day. The parties stand to each other on such a contract, after failure to deliver at the day, precisely as they do on a money contract after failure to pay. In either case the debtor owes so much money, and the amount he owes is not susceptible of variation; only in one case the amount is certain, being specified in the contract, and in the other it has to be ascertained by computing the value of the property on the day fixed for the delivery. But that is certain which is capable of being made certain. There is no difficulty in ascertaining the value of the property in money, on the day and at the place of delivery, and thus ascertaining the precise amount of the debt.
As a matter of principle, equity and fair dealing, of mutual justice between party and party, it is difficult to perceive why a creditor in a money contract should be entitled to interest after default in payment, and a creditor in a wheat contract should not be entitled to interest after default in delivery, when the effect upon both classes of creditors is precisely the same. Is it the difficulty of ascertaining the value of the wheat on the day that makes the difference in principle? If I purchase wheat now, to be paid for on the first day of February next at its value on that day, and I neglect to pay, I shall have to pay the value of the wheat on that day, with interest from the de fault until payment be made. I shall have to pay interest be cause my term of credit expired on that day; and I must ascertain at my peril what the value of wheat is on that day, or the courts will find means of ascertaining it at my cost. The difficulty of ascertaining the value on the day does not, in all cases, make the contract so uncertain as to amount, as not to carry interest. Why then should it in any case? If a party in an action on a contract, for the non-delivery of personal property, is confined to the day of delivery for determining the value of the property, and cannot have interest, he is in a much worse situation than one who can bring trover; as in the latter form of action the plaintiff may have the value of the property at any time between conversion and trial, and that with interest too, if the jury choose to allow it. Thus, in one form of action, the plaintiff gets the use of the property, as he should, it being all the time equitably his, while in the other he gets neither the use in value nor the interest on the value.
But it is urged that the principle that interest cannot be recovered on unliquidated damages applies to this case. It has been decided with as much barrenness of reasons as in most of the other decisions in relation to interest, that it is not recoverable on unliquidated damages. (Anon. 1 John. 315 ; Holliday v. Marshall, 7 Id. 211.) Neither can interest be recovered on an unliquidated account for work, labor and services. (Doyle's Adm'rs v. St. James' Church, 7 Wend. 178.) But it is recoverable for the value of labor upon a special contract for a specific compensation per month. (Still v. Hall, 20 Wend. 51.)
The case before us hardly comes within the definition of unliquidated damages, or unliquidated accounts, so far as any definition is conveyed by the decisions in such cases. When one is sued on a quantum meruit for work and services, as there has been no special agreement, he does not know how much will solve the debt. The amount is quite uncertain, and it requires a judgment or verdict to render it certain. In this case the debtor knew precisely what would satisfy his covenant. He had it in his power to protect himself by delivering the requisite number of bushels of wheat at the place and on the day designated. The plaintiff’s damages are not unliquidated and uncertain, unless it is because the value of the wheat on the day of delivery was uncertain, and this we have already seen is capable of being reduced to a certainty.
There is a class of cases like that of Dox v. Dey, (3 Wend. 356,) which was an action of assumpsit brought for the breach of a contract for the sale and delivery of a certain specified quantity of wheat. The circuit judge instructed the jury that the plaintiffs were entitled to the value of the wheat' on the day of the demand, and that they might allow interest by way of damages, if they thought proper to do so. The court by Marcy, J. say, “ the judge did not direct the jury to allow interest on the sum which they should find the wheat to be worth, but in ascertaining the plaintiff’s damages he observed they might, if they thought proper from the nature of the transaction, include interest as.an item in making up the amount of damages. There was not, in this remark, any direction contrary to law.” The defendant’s counsel insist that the principle of these cases should be applied to the one before us, and that if interest is allowable at all upon this contract, it is so only in the discretion of the jury, and that it should have been submitted to them. So Spencer, senator, says, in Reid v. The Rensselaer Glass Factory, “ interest is allowed also in another class of cases by juries, as a measure of damages under the advice of the court, but in their absolute discretion ; which class must be carefully distinguished from that where it is allowed by the courts, as the judgment of law.” In torts it is left to the discretion of the jury to allow interest on the value of the property by way of damages. (Beals v. Gurnsey, 8 John. Rep. 446; Baker v. Wheeler, 8 Wend. 505.) In actions of assumpsit on implied or uncertain contracts, and indeed on specific contracts, as in Dox v. Dey, it may be so left to the discretion of the jury. But where the contract is like the lease under consideration, for the delivery of a precise quantity of wheat on a specific day and place, the difference between leaving it to the discretion of a jury to find interest from" the day fixed for delivery by way of damages, and directing them that interest is due upon the value of the wheat from such day as the judgment of law, wil soon grow to be trifling. In such certain and precise cases we want some certain, precise and fixed rule, and the reasonable and equitable rule is to allow interest in all such cases where the contract is definite and clear; where it is uncertain, or where the action is on an implied contract, it may be left to the discretion of the jury to embrace or reject interest as an item to be taken into account in making up the damages.
I have come to the conclusion that the case of Lush v. Druse was decided deliberately and after full consideration; that it lays down a rule reasonable, just and equitable in itself, and proper for general application to similar cases; that if the rule which it promulgated were less just and reasonable than it is, still, as the authority of that case has been suffered to remain unquestioned for so many years; as many may be presumed to have reposed upon the principle it sanctioned, it would be unjust and unwise now to disturb it. I am therefore of the opinion that a new trial should be denied.
Beardsley, Ch. J. dissented.
In this case the quantity of wheat and its quality and description, with the time and place of delivery, were all specified in the lease, so that in these respects the contract was specific and certain. It was equally so as to the fowls and the service. What the lessee was bound to do annually, in return for the use of the laud demised, was therefore certain in specie, although wholly uncertain in value. This would depend upon the worth of wheat, hens and labor, on the first of February, in each year, and which, like the price of all vendible commodities, would be more or less variable and uncertain. This lease was made in 1813, in the midst of the late war with Great Britain, when produce and labor commanded very high prices. Since that time, prices have often fallen greatly below what they then were, as they may occasionly, have advanced even- beyond war prices. Such changes furnish no reason why the just value of the property and labor, for which the lessee or his assignee might be in default in any year, should not, in such case, be recovered against him; but they show the fluctuating nature of the demand, and the .entire uncertainty as to the amount of money which should, in any case, bé paid, in-liéu of the property and labor stipulated for by the Ieasé: In this action the plaintiffs claim; in money, the value of a certain quantity óf wheat; with a given number of fowls, and a certain amount of labor, as payable in different years, that is from 1835 to 1838, inclusive. Before. the jury could make any computation of interest, they would necessarily have to ascertain and determine the vahle of the property and labor, for which the defendant was in default in one of these years. The same thing would be equally necessary in each of the other years, for the valuation in one year would afford very little if any aid for another. As -there were three separate items for valuation in each year, there must have been twelve for the four years in question in the case. These valuations being made by the jury, it would be their duty; under the decision made at the trial of this cause, to add interest on the several sums so ascertained, and find for the plaintiffs the aggregate amount of said valuations and interest. Tedious as the process might be, a single legal proposition and no more, is involved in it, and that is the question whether interest is demandable as matter of strict legal right on damages which, until ascertained and determined by the jury on a trial, are wholly unliquidated. This question excludes all inquiry as to the discretionary power of jurors, to allow interest by way of damages in such a case, for here the point was ruled as one of strict law. This being the shape in which the proposition is presented, I shall examine it as one of that nature, and as wholly disconnected from any question as to the right of jurors, in any case, to allow interest as damages for the violation of a contract. And upon this, as a legal proposition, all the authorities, English and American, with a single exception, if Indeed that, when properly understood, is an exception, will, as I think, be found to agree. Their language is uniform, that interest is never demandable as matter of legal right, where the damages sought to be recovered áre unliquidated.
In an anonymous case, (1 John. 315,) being an action on a policy of insurance, to recover for a partial loss on a cargo, a question was raised whether interest was allowable, which was thus disposed of by the court. “ The general rule is, that interest is not to be recovered on unliquidated damages, or for an uncertain demand. Jurors have, in many cases, a discretion to allow interest by way of damages, according to the circum stances of the case, and this is a case in which that discretion may be exercised.” The rule of law laid down by the court in that case, is the principle on which Lord Chancellor Talbot proceeded in the case of Ferrers v. Ferrers, (Cases Temp Talbot, p. 2.) He said “ the arrears of an annuity or rent charge are never decreed to be paid with interest, but where the same is certain and fixed; and also where there is either a clause of entry, or nomine pcence, or some penalty upon the grantor which he must undergo, if the grantee sued at law, and which would oblige him to come into this court for relief; which the court will not grant but upon equal terms ; and those can be no other but decreeing the grantor to pay the arrears, with interest for the time during which the payment was withheld : but interest for the rents and profits of an estate was never decreed yet, the sum being entirely uncertain.” In Gil-pins v. Consequa, (Pet. C. C. Rep. 95,) the principle -was thus stated by Mr. Justice Washington. As to interest, that is a question generally in the discretion of a jury. But it is not agreeable to legal principles, to allow interest on unliquidated and contested claims, sounding so much in damages.” Holliday v. Marshall, (7 John. 211,) was an action of covenant, in which a question arose as to the value of certain buildings and improvements, for which, by the covenant, the defendant, was bound to pay. The plaintiff applied to the defendant to agree on the choice of indifferent persons to appraise the buildings and improvements, which he refused to do. The plaintiff thereupon procured three such persons to make the valuation, which they did, at 750 dollars. On the trial the plaintiff claimed interest on this sum from the time the defendant had notice of the appraisement. On this point the court said : “The plaintiff is not entitled to interest on the 750 dollars. The value of the improvements or amount of damages was uncertain ana unliquidated. Although the covenant provided for an appraisement of the improvements, in case the land was not sold to the plaintiff; yet the defendant was not a party to the appraisement. He refused to unite in it, and there is nothing in the covenant making an ex parte appraisement binding on the defendant. The value of the improvements was open to inquiry, at the trial; the plaintiff’s claim is, therefore, to be considered as resting in unliquidated damages, upon which interest is not recoverable.” Chancellor Sanford, in the Renss. Glass Fac. v. Reid, (5 Cowen, 599,) was equally direct and explicit. “ It seems to me,” he observed, “there is no difference whether the demand upon which interest is claimed, lie in account or in any thing else. This cannot be the criterion. If the demand itself be unliquidated, it cannot carry interest; and on the other hand, if it be liquidated it may.” . Precisely the same thing was stated by Cowen, J. in giving the opinion of the court in a more recent case, (Still v. Hall, 20 Wend. 52.) His remark was in these words: “ The principal would have stood in the light of an uncertain demand, to be settled by process of. law. On such demands interest is not allowed.” In Dorrill v. Stephens, (4 McCord, 59,) Johnson, J. said, “It is well settled that interest will not follow as a necessary legal consequence on an open unliquidated demand.” Similar extracts might be made to almost any extent; but these are quite sufficient, "where, at the utmost, a single case stands in opposition to them.
Upon the precise point now before the court, we have the case of The Executors of Van Rensselaer v. The Executors of Platner., decided by this court in 1806. (1 John. 276.) That was, as this is, an action of covenant for rent arrear, payable in wheat The. question was whether interest was recoverable on the arrears of such rent. “ Per Curiam. We are of opinion, that as a general rule, interest is not recoverable in such a case, and nothing appears, in this instance, to hinder the application of that rule.” But in Clark v. Barlow, (4 John. 183,) which was also an action of covenant for non-payment of rent, “the only question submitted to the court was, whether the plaintiff was entitled to recover interest on a rent, being a specific sum payable in money? The court said, “ we are of opinion, that in an action of covenant brought to recover a sum certain, due for rent, and payable in money, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the interest.” These cases, as it seems to me, were both determined on correct principles; the difference is between an unliquidated demand for wheat or anything else, and a certain sum payable in money. On the first, interest does not follow as a necessary legal consequence, as it does on the last.
Let us now turn to the case of Lush v. Druse, (4 Wend. 313,) to which allusion has already been made as an'exception to a series of authorities otherwise uniform and harmonious. That case was decided in 1830. It was an action of covenant on a durable lease, like the one in this case, and which reserved an annual rent of eighteen bushels and one-fourth of a bushel of good merchantable wheat, to be delivered in the city of Albany, on the first day of February, in each year. The plaintiff sought to recover for several years’ rent, alleged to be in arrear. On the trial the value of wheat for the several years in question was proved, and the plaintiff claimed interest on the amount. On this question no opinion was expressed by the judge at the circuit, but finally, a verdict was taken for the value of the wheat, deducting a certain payment, “subject to the opinion of this court; the interest to be added if the plaintiff was entitled to recover interest.” There were various other questions, but which need not be stated. According to what appears in the report of the case, the counsel for the plaintiff made but a single remark on the question of interest, which was that “ the defendant was in fault, and therefore chargeable with it.” For this he referred to, 5 Cowen, 144; id. 615. The counsel for the defendant does not appear to have said any thing on the point. Chief Justice Savage delivered the opinion of the court, and on this question he said: “ I can see no possible objection to the allowance of interest. The value of the wheat became due on the first of February, in each year, in consequence of the default of the defendant in not delivering the wheat according to contract; and interest is as much the right of the creditor after the principal becomes payable as the principal itself.”
■ If this is to be understood as the statement of a legal principle, it cannot, as I think, be maintained. It may be, where the sum is liquidated and fixed, that, after default in payment, interest is as much the right of the creditor as the principal itself, but it never was held that such was the rule where unliquidated damages remained unsatisfied. The cases all stand opposed to such a principle; and we should, as it seems to me, do great injustice to Chief Justice Savage, by understanding what he said as the annunciation of a legal principle. The verdict had been taken subject to the opinion of the court on a case containing the evidence given on the trial, and which, so far as relates to matters of fact, substituted the court for the jury. This practice, although condemned as confounding the powers of the court and jury, and as “ subversive of the fundamental principles of our jurisprudence,” (Hubbard v. Chenango Bank, 8 Cowen, 100,) was continued until a late revision of the rules when it was abolished, it being declared by rule that no verdict should thereafter “be taken subject to the opinion of the supreme court, except where the parties shall agree on the facts proved, or where such facts shall be found by the jury.” (Rule of 1845, No. 36. Banyer v. Ellice, 1 Hill, 24.) When the case of Lush v. Druse was decided, the old practice, however, was in vogue, and the verdict being subject to the opinion of the court on the evidence set out in the case, the court were required to decide upon it as the jury should have done, and as they might have allowed interest by way of damages for the breach of covenant, the court might do the same. What was said by Chief Justice Savage, I understand as expressive of what might, very properly, be held and done by a jury in such a case. They might allow interest as well as the value of the wheat, as only a just equivalent for the damages sustained by the breach of covenant; and as this would be proper for the jury to do, it was equally so for the court in the exercise of a similar power. No authority on this point was referred to, in deciding Lush v. Druse, and it may, as I think, reasonably be inferred from what appears in the opinion of the court, that none had been examined. Certainly, if adjudged cases op the point had been consulted, it could not have been said, as mattter of law, that interest, op unliquidated damages, was as much due as the damages themselves. The habit of Chief Justice Savage was to fortify his opinions qn points of law by copious references to adjudged cases; and I venture to say he would never have decided that interest was a necessary legal consequence in any case like the one before him, without a full examination of the authorities on the subject. Looking then at the shape in which the question of interest was presented and disposed of in that case, I understand what was said by the court as amounting to this, that in such cases the jury have a discretion to allow interest by way of damages, and as that was a point then to be determined by the court instead of the jury, it was on|y just and equitable to allow interest on the value of the wheat as found by the jury. Understood in this sense the case of Lush v. Druse is not an authority for holding that the law, in any case, imperar tively requires interest to be given on unliquidated damages; nor is it, as it otherwise would be, in direct conflict with the case of the Executors of Van Rensselaer v. Plainer, already referred to, and the current of authority on the subject.
On the argument of Lush v. Druse, the case of Spencer v. Tilden was referred to by the counsel for the plaintiff, as an authority for the allowance of interest, and our attention has been called to the same case as in point on the present occasion. Spencer y. Tilden was brought on a written agreement to pay and deliyer three hundred and sixty dollars, or twelve good cows and twelve calves, at a time and place specified in the agreement. Two defences were set up—first usury, and secondly performance. On the trial a verdict was taken for the value of the cows and calyes, with interest, in all two hundred and eight dollars, no questiop as to interest bejng made at any stage of the .cause. The .court held the three hundred and sixty dollars ,to be in the nature of a penalty, and there being no usury in the case, the plaintiff had judgment on the verdict. A legal rule for the allowance of interest cannot well be deduced from a case in which no such question was made, and this case of Spencer v. Tilden, as it seems to me, is not to be regarded as any authority whatever, on such a point.
The opinion of Spencér, senator, in the case of the Renss. Glass Factory v. Reid, (5 Cowen, 615,) was also referred to by counsel in the case of Lush v. Druse. The question in the first of these cases was, as to' a right to interest on divers sums of money advanced by an agent, and not as to interest on unliquidated damages. That case contains a very full, and, as I think, a very just, exposition of the law of interest on loans and advances of money. But there was no claim in that case for interest on unliquidated damages, nor was any thing said in deciding it which gives countenance to the idea that the law adjudges interest to be payable on such damages. The opinion of Senator Spencer was probably referred to for the position of the counsel, that the defendant, being in fault, was chargeable with interest. At the page cited, the opinion, which is throughout lucid and cogent, adverts to several adjudged cases, and then follows this remark : All these cases allow interest where there has been fraud, injustice or delinquency.” But the cases thus referred to were for certain sums of money, and not one of them, like this, for unliquidated damages ; the remark therefore is quite inapplicable here. Every one who omits to perform his engagements, is in fault or delinquent ; as.much so where the damages are uncertain, as where they are liquidated. To say that all who are delinquent must pay interest, is saying that it must be paid in' every case where an action on contract is sustained, a point never yet held in any case.
I have assumed, throughout, that the jury in ascertaining what damages had arisen from the breach of covenant complained of in this case, might compute and allow interest on the value of the wheat, hens and service, for which the defendant was delinquent. There are many cases arising on contract in which this may be done, and the present, in my opinion, is of that description. Not that the law requires such an allowance to be made, as was held at the circuit, in this case, but the jury may or may not allow it, as shall seem to them just and equitable under the circumstances of the particular case. (Anonymous, 1 John. R. 315 ; Renss. Glass Fac. v. Reid, 5 Cowen, 587, opinion of Spencer, sen. ; Dox v. Dey, 3 Wend. 356; McIlvaine v. Wilkins, 12 N Hamp. 474; Eddowes v. Hopkins, Doug. 361; Arnott v. Redfern, 3 Bing. 353; Page v. Newman, 9 B. & C. 378 ; Letcher v. Woodson, 1 Brock. 212; Selleck v. French, 1 Conn. 32; Hovey v. Newton, 11 Pick. 421.) But this point is not material here. It was not made at the trial or on the argument, nor has it been examined with a view to a final opinion. I have merely stated my impression, for no decision on the point can be made as this case is now presented. If my present views of the question should turn out to be erroneous, it would, in no degree, affect the particular point to be decided on the present occasion. ■ But if the case of Lush v. Druse could be taken as in point, to maintain the ruling of the judge on the trial of this cause, I should be unable to follow it as a controlling authority. Understood as announcing a legal principle, that case is in direct conflict with the judgment of this court in the Executors of Van Rensselaer v. Plainer, to which reference has been made, and which, no doubt, would have been regarded as controlling on the legal proposition, if the case had been brought to the notice of the court. It was not, however, referred to on the argument of Lush v. Druse, nor, indeed, was any case on the question of interest cited by the counsel for the defendant on that occasion. Neither did the court refer to that or any other authority on the subject; but the case was, apparently, decided without any examination of the question as one of pure law. These considerations would induce me to disregard the case as authority, if I understood it as decided on a question of law. But understanding that case as I do, it is not in conflict with any other, and its authority is in no degree drawn in question.
I think there should be a new trial in this case.
New trial denied.
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CASELAW
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Paddy Buggy
Paddy Buggy (15 March 1929 – 15 May 2013) was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Slieverue and was a member of the Kilkenny senior inter-county team from 1949 until 1960. Buggy later served as the 27th president of the Gaelic Athletic Association from 1982 until 1985.
Club
Born in Slieverue, County Kilkenny, Buggy played his club hurling with his local Slieverue club. He won one senior county title with the club in 1954.
Inter-county
Buggy first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Kilkenny senior team in the late 1940s. He made his championship debut in 1949 and won his first Leinster the following year in 1950. Kilkenny later played Tipperary in an unexciting final which Tipp won by a point. Three years later in 1953 Buggy won a second Leinster medal; however, Kilkenny were later defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final. In 1957 Buggy won his third Leinster title before lining out in his second All-Ireland final. Waterford provided the opposition on that occasion in an exciting championship decider. Waterford led by six points with fifteen minutes to go, however, Kilkenny stormed back with two quick goals to win the game by a point giving Buggy an All-Ireland medal. The following year he won a fourth Leinster title before being later beaten by Tipperary in the All-Ireland semi-final. In 1959 Buggy won his fifth Leinster title before lining out in a third All-Ireland final. Once again Waterford provided the opposition, however, the game ended in a draw. In the replay it was the Déise who emerged victorious by seven points. Buggy retired from inter-county hurling in 1960.
Provincial
Buggy also won a Railway Cup medal with Leinster in 1954.
Administrative roles
Buggy began his administrative career with the Slieverue club at the age of 18 when he served as secretary of the minor section of the club. He later filled every available administrative position on the club's committee. As well as becoming a club administrator, Buggy was also elected as the Slieverue representative on the Kilkenny Southern Board in 1947, before being elected as one of the club's delegates to the Kilkenny County Board in 1950. He remained on the board until 1955 when he was elected to the Leinster Council. Buggy rose to the position of vice-chairman before gaining promotion to the position of chairman between 1978 and 1980.
GAA presidency
Buggy was officially nominated as the Kilkenny candidate for president of the GAA in January 1981. He also received the backing of Offaly and Wicklow. In the election in Killarney on 29 March 1981, he defeated Mick Loftus, the chairman of the Connacht Council, by 145 votes to 136 and was elected on the fifth count. As president he presided over the centenary celebrations of the organisation in 1984 and was generally regarded as an able administrator, particularly close to the grass-root membership.
Personal life
Buggy also managed the Leinster team to five consecutive Railway Cup victories from 1971 until 1975.
Very proud of his native roots, Buggy was vociferous in the campaign to keep Slieverue in County Kilkenny amid moves to have it incorporated into the expanding City of Waterford as a suburb on the northern bank of the river Suir.
He died on 15 May 2013, aged 84.
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WIKI
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How Much Do Boat Motors Cost? [2023 Edition]
If you are looking to replace the outboard motor in your boat, you may be probably asking yourself, how much do boat motors cost?
How Much Do Boat Motors Cost? [2023 Edition] 1
How Much Do Boat Motors Cost?
Outboard boat motors cost anywhere between $900 and $30,000. However, the actual price will depend on various factors, including the size and power of the motor, the manufacturer, available features, as well as its condition, whether it’s new or used.
We aim to provide boat owners with information that will help them to make full use of their boats.
To this end, we share a wide range of content pieces, including informational guides and product reviews. So, you can always trust us as your go-to source of boat-related information.
About Boat Motors
There are three main types of engines used in boats. They include inboard and outboard. As its name suggests, an inboard boat engine or motor is fitted inside the boat, usually in the midsection part of the hull.
These engines are usually sold with the vessel, meaning you can’t buy them commercially or separately.
An outboard boat engine or outboard motor, on the other hand, is an external power source, which provides propulsion for the boat. Unlike the inboard one, the outboard engine or motor isn’t built into the boat’s body.
As we’ve pointed out above, you can’t purchase inboard boat motors separately. So, in this article, we will only focus on outboard boat motors for boat owners and boat motor pricing.
How Much Do Boat Motors Cost? [2023 Edition] 2
How Much Do Outboard Boat Motors Cost
If you are looking to upgrade your outboard motor, you may be wondering about the boat motor cost and the total cost for outboard motors.
Well, the cost of an outboard boat motor will cost anywhere between $900 to $30,000 or even more. Like anything else, the actual cost will depend on several factors.
Factors that Determine the Cost of Outboard Motors
As we’ve pointed out above, an outboard boat motor will cost you around $900 to $30,000. But, the actual cost that you will pay for the boat motor will depend on a wide range of factors, including:
Condition
When it comes to buying an outboard motor for your boat and the boat motor cost, you have two options to explore.
You can either buy a new boat engine or a used one. As you may expect, the new boat engine cost will be higher compared to the used one.
However, as much as you will spend more to buy a new motor instead of a used one, you will be in a position to purchase the exact type that you want.
It will also depend on the size of the boat. A jon boat motor will be much smaller than a pontoon boat engine.
Furthermore, when you go for a new motor, you don’t have to worry about its history of use, whether it has been well taken care of and properly maintained, or whether it has been neglected, abused, or poorly maintained.
Simply put, there are pros and cons to buying a new or used outdoor boat motor.
Ultimately, the decision to go for a new or used one will depend on your budget and preferences.
Size and Power
How Much Do Boat Motors Cost? [2023 Edition] 3
Outboard motors come in different sizes and could include four-stroke outboard motors, four-stroke engines, and electronic fuel injection. However, they are mainly grouped into three main sizes.
These are small, mid-range, and high-power.
Small outboard motors are those with up to 35 hp. These outboard engines are ideal for smaller boats and water vessels, measuring up to 18 feet long and with a passenger capacity of three.
On average, you can expect to pay around $3,000 for a 15-hp boat motor, $4,000 for a 25-hp motor, and $5,000 for a 30-hp outboard boat motor. Anything below 15 hp will cost you around $1,000 to $2,500.
Mid-range outboard boat motors range from around 40 hp to 100 hp. These outboard engines are powerful enough to propel a pontoon boat or heavier boats with higher passenger capacities.
For this range of the outboard motors cost, boat owners will pay approximately $5,000 for a 40 hp motor, $6,000 for a 50 hp motor, $7,500 for a 60 hp motor, $7,000 for a 70 hp outboard engine, and around $8,000 for a 75 hp outboard boat motor.
Any motor with a horsepower of above 100 is considered high power. As you may expect, these motors will also come with a higher price tag, compared to the ones in the lower categories.
An outboard boat motor within this category is going to cost around $10,000 going up, depending on its horsepower.
Mid-range and high-power outboard boat engines are designed for heavier boats. And, as we’ve highlighted above, these outboard motors cost more compared to the small engines.
Brand
There are dozens of companies out there that manufacture and sell outboard boat motors. Some of the most popular boat brands include Yamaha, Honda, Evinrude, Mercury, Suzuki, Tohatsu, and Minn Kota.
And, each manufacturer follows their own design, manufacturing, and production methods. As you may expect, the different manufacturing methods applied will also determine the outboard motor pricing.
Available Features
Outboard motors come outfitted with various additional features, designed to enhance user experience.
For example, some outboard motors may feature an electric start button, meaning you no longer have to use the pull-start method.
Also, some may feature a powered tilt function, which tends to be more convenient compared to manual tilt.
Consequently, the number of additional features present will also determine the cost of the boat. The higher the number of features, the higher the outboard engine cost.
Fuel Efficiency
Just like vehicle engines, boat engines also come with different levels of fuel efficiency.
For instance, some will deliver better fuel economy than others. Consequently, the better the fuel efficiency, the higher the outboard motor cost.
Tips for Buying Outboard Boat Motors
How Much Do Boat Motors Cost? [2023 Edition] 4
Your options are almost endless when it comes to outboard boat motors. So, how do you ensure that you buy the right one? Well, there are two main factors to consider when buying an outboard boat motor.
First, you should consider the type of boat that you have. The type of boat that you currently have should determine the motor you purchase.
For instance, if you own a skiff or a small boat, then you don’t need a motor that has too much horsepower.
If you buy a motor that has too much horsepower than you need, it will cost you more, and you will only be using a fraction of its power.
Second, you should consider how you will be using your boat. If you only go out to explore with your recreational boat occasionally, then you may not need as much power as other people with commercial fishing boats.
Instead, you can easily get away with a small unit.
Key Takeaways
• Outboard motors are available at different prices
• The price of such a motor can range between $900 to $30,000
• The actual cost will depend on various factors
• Ensure you choose a motor that aligns best with your needs
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:WonderCanada
"Make a career of humanity." Martin Luther King Jr.
Jozef Janiak. Graphic novels, creative nonfiction, memoir, as well as history. I'm off and on here, but when I edit it's usually around political or social events, or make minor corrections. I also worked a bit on Draft:Queer as Folk (2022 TV series) with a friend, and plan to get more involved in LGBT-related films, article creation, community forums, and talk pages.
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WIKI
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Image Sample Files
Download free sample SVG files for testing scalable vector graphics. Use these files to ensure your applications handle SVG formats correctly.
What is Image Sample Files?
Image sample files are pre-existing digital images provided for various testing, demonstration, or learning purposes. These files come in different formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, and more, showcasing diverse resolutions, color depths, and content types. They serve as a standardized reference for users and developers to evaluate software functionality, image processing algorithms, or hardware capabilities. By using image sample files, one can ensure compatibility, performance, and visual quality across different platforms and devices.
What are the Uses of Image Sample Files?
Image sample files have a wide range of uses across multiple industries and applications:
1. Software Testing: Developers use image sample files to test the functionality and compatibility of image-related software, ensuring it handles different file formats and resolutions correctly.
2. Hardware Evaluation: Manufacturers utilize sample images to assess the performance of displays, cameras, and printers, verifying color accuracy and detail reproduction.
3. Educational Purposes: In educational settings, sample images help students learn about image processing techniques, graphic design, and digital photography.
4. Quality Assurance: QA teams use standardized images to perform regression testing and ensure that new software updates do not affect the visual quality or processing speed.
5. Demonstrations and Tutorials: Businesses and educators employ sample images in presentations, tutorials, and product demos to illustrate features and capabilities effectively.
6. Benchmarking: Sample files are essential for benchmarking the performance of image editing software, comparing processing times and resource usage across different systems.
7. Design Prototyping: Graphic designers and UX/UI developers use sample images to create and test prototypes, ensuring the visual elements align with the intended user experience.
8. Marketing and Promotion: Companies use high-quality sample images to showcase the capabilities of their imaging products, attracting potential customers and clients.
By leveraging image sample files, various stakeholders can optimize their products, services, and learning experiences, ensuring superior performance and user satisfaction.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Logo
Dynamic Photonic Structures: Non-Reciprocity, Gauge Potential, and Synthetic Dimensions
Speaker
Fan Shanhui, Stanford University
Time
2018.11.13 16:00-17:00
Venue
Room 111, Physics Building
Abstract
We show that dynamic photonic structures, where refractive index of the structure is modulated as a function of time, offers a wide ranges of possibilities for exploration of physics and applications of light. In particular, dynamic photonic structures naturally break reciprocity. With proper design such photonic structure can then be used to achieve complete optical isolation and to completely reproduce magneto-optical effects without the use of gyrotropic materials. Moreover, the phase of the modulation corresponds to an effective magnetic gauge potential for photons, through which one can explore a wide variety of fundamental physics effects of synthetic magnetic field using photons. Finally, such dynamic photonic structure can be used to explore physics, especially topological physics, in dimensions that are higher than the physical dimension of the structure, leading to intriguing possibilities in manipulation of the frequencies of light in non-trivial ways.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Penny gaff
A penny gaff was a form of popular entertainment for the lower classes in 19th-century England. It consisted of short, theatrical entertainments which could be staged wherever space permitted, such as the back room of a public house or small hall. Unsophisticated, the props and scenery rarely consisted of more than a stage and a piano. The lessee of the venue would often stand by the stage, calling out when each act should finish in an attempt to maximise the evening's revenue.
Clowning, dancing, singing and plays were all featured in the penny gaffs. Easy to perform, well-known to the audience, and with simple exciting stories, the deeds of famous highwaymen, robbers and murderers, such as those featured in The Newgate Calendar were popular subjects for the plays. The stories of the 18th-century robber Jack Sheppard, who escaped from prison on numerous occasions, and the gory Red Barn Murder were among the most enduring. Mangled versions of William Shakespeare's plays were also regularly performed. The time constraints meant the stories would often become unrecognisable, with the final act performed in a flurry of activity. If the owner called time, the play would have to be concluded regardless of what point in the script the actors had reached. Joseph Merrick, the so-called Elephant Man, was exhibited at penny gaffs.
As the gaffs became more popular, larger, more spacious venues opened to accommodate them. The Rotunda in Blackfriars Road, the largest venue in London, could seat 1,000 people and at its peak exhibited shows lasting between an hour and two and a half hours. For the more discerning patron, it offered better seating at the price of tuppence or threepence. The established penny gaff theatres were feared as breeding grounds for criminals by the Victorian moral reformers, as, in the words of one city missionary: "no respectable person goes, so they have it all their own way, and corrupt the minds of youth without rebuke".
Etymology
The name penny gaff derived from the entrance fee, which was normally one penny, and from the name for a cock fighting pit. The shows were popular from about 1830 to around 1870, by which time the street culture that had spawned the impromptu performances had largely disappeared.
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Battle of the Gulf of Corinth
The Battle of the Gulf of Corinth was fought in 873 between the fleets of the Byzantine Empire and the Cretan Saracens in the Gulf of Corinth. The Byzantines under Niketas Ooryphas managed to surprise the Saracens, resulting in a major Byzantine victory.
According to the 10th-century chronicler Theophanes Continuatus—whose work was later reused almost without change by the 11th-century historian John Skylitzes—in the early years of the reign of the Emperor Basil I the Macedonian ( 867–886) the Arab emir of Crete, Shu'ayb ("Saet" in Greek), son of the founder of the emirate, Abu Hafs, sent a Greek renegade called Photios, "a warlike and energetic fellow", on major raiding expeditions against the Byzantine Empire. The first raid was defeated by the droungarios of the Fleet, Niketas Ooryphas, at the Battle of Kardia ( 872/3).
Photios with the remnants of his fleet survived to return to Crete, and some time shortly after—probably 873, although some scholars place it as late as 879—launched another expedition, raiding the shores of the Peloponnese. Ooryphas once again led a fleet to meet the Saracens. Aided by favourable wind, he arrived at the harbour of Kenchreai on the northeastern Peloponnese within a few days. There he learned that the Saracens had moved south and west around the Peloponnese, raiding Methone, Pylos, and Patras, and entered the Corinthian Gulf to raid the western approaches of Corinth. Following them by circumnavigating the Peloponnese would take time, and Ooryphas was unwilling to risk allowing them to escape. Thus, according to the Byzantine historians, he decided to haul his ships over the Isthmus of Corinth into the Corinthian Gulf. This was done, and the Byzantine fleet fell upon the Saracens, who were caught completely off guard. He destroyed many of their ships and killed many of the raiders, including Photios, while many others were captured and—especially the Christian renegades among them—tortured to death in various ways.
Historian David Pettegrew has cast doubt on the historicity of this event, pointing out that Ooryphas' portage of his fleet over the Isthmus is the first and only such recorded event after the 1st century BC, when the diolkos was still active. Given that the portage of entire fleets across the Isthmus was considered even in Antiquity an extraordinary feat, and was hardly possible to be carried out in such short time as to surprise a fleet anchored near Corinth, Pettegrew suggests that Ooryphas' portage and victory must be considered more a literary topos evoking Classical models, specifically Philip V of Macedon's similar action while campaigning against the Illyrians in 217 BC, rather than an actual event.
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